Running head: CAN MEDICATION CURE 0BESiTY IN CHILDREN? Can Medication Cure 0besity in Chiidren

(,JutvJ, Cli aruth'J1€c. Ccm /rusA-

APA Research Paper (Mirano)

Running head: CAN MEDICATION CURE 0BESiTY IN CHILDREN?

Can Medication Cure 0besity in Chiidren?

A Review of the Literature

Luisa Mirano

N orthwest-Shoals Com m unity Co[[ege

The header

consists of a

shortened title inall capital letters atthe left margin and

the page number at

the right margin;

on the title page

only, the shortened

title is preceded by

the words

"Running head"

and a colon.

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ti

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Full title, writer'sname, and school

halfway down thepage.

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An author's note

lists the specific

information about

the course or

department and

can provide

acknowledgments

and contact

information.

Author Note

This paper was prepared for Psycho[ogy 108, Section B,

taught by Professor Kang.

Marginal annotations indicate APA-style formatting and *ifective writing.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006).

This paper follows the style guidelines in the Publlcation Manual of the American Psychological Assocratlon, 6th ed. (2010).

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CAN MEDICATiON CURE OBESITY IN CHILDREN?

Abstract appears

0n a separate page.

Abstract

In recent years, policymakers and medical experts have expressed

alarm about the growing probtem of chiLdhood obesity in the

United States. While most agree that the issue deserves attention,

consensus dissotves around how to respond to the probtem. This

literature review examines one approach to treating chil.dhood

obesity: medication. The paper compares the effectiveness for

adolescents of the onty two drugs approved by the Food and

Drug Administration (FDA) for [ong-term treatment of obesity,

sibutramine and ortistat. This examination of pharmacological

treatments for obesity points out the limitations of medication

and suggests the need for a comprehensive solution that

combines medicat, social, behavioral, and potiticat approaches to

this complex probtem.


'l

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBES]TY IN CHILDREN?

Can Medjcation Cure 0besity in ChiLdren?

A Review of the Literature

in March 2004, U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona calted

attention to a health problem in the United States that, until

recently, has been overtooked: childhood obesity. Carmona said that

the "astounding" 15olo chiLd obesity rate constitutes an "epidemic."

Since the earty 1980s, that rate has "doubted in children and tripted

in ado[escents." Now more than 9 mil[ion children are classified as

obese.l Whiie the traditjonal response to a medical epidemic is

to hunt for a vaccine or a cure-all pil"L, childhood obesity is more

etusive. The lack of success of recent initiatives suggests that

medjcation might not be the answer for the escatating problem.

This literature review considers whether the use of medication is a

promising approach for solving the chjldhood obesity problem by

responding to the fotlowing questions:

1. What are the implications of chil'dhood obesity?

2. Is medication effective at treating childhood obesity?

3. Is medication safe for children?

4. Is medication the best solution?

Understanding the [imitations of medical treatments for ch'ildren

highlights the complexity of the chiLdhood obesity problem in the

United States and underscores the need for

l0besity is measured in terms of body-mass index (BMI):

weight in kitograms divided by square of height in meters. A chiLd

or an adotescent with a BMI in the 95th percent'ile for his or her

age and gender is considered obese.

:

:

:

Full title, centered:

:

Mii.ano sets up

her orgr.inization

i:y posing fourquestions.

iMirano staies he''

thesis.

Mirano uses a

footnote to define

an essential term

that would be

cumbersome to

define within the

text.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2006),

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESiTY IN CHILDREN?

physicians, advocacy groups, and policymakers to search for

other soLutions.

What Are the lmptications of Chitdhood Obesity?

0besity can be a devastating problem from both an

individuaI and a societaL perspective. 0besity puts children at risk

for a number of medical complications, including Type 2 diabetes,

hypertension, steep apnea, and orthopedic probtems (Henry J.

Kaiser Famity Foundation, 2A04, p.1). Researchers Hoppin and

Taveras (2004) have noted that obesity is often associated with

psycho[ogical issues such as depression, anxiety, and binge eating

(Tabte a).

0besity also poses serious probtems for a society struggiing

to cope with rising health care costs. The cost of treating obesity

currentty totals $1L7 billion per year-a price, according to the

surgeon generat, "second on[y to the cost of ftreating] tobacco

use" (Carmona, 2004). And as the number of chjldren who suffer

from obesity grows, [ong-term costs will onty increase.

Is Medication Effective at Treating Chitdhood 0besity?

The widening scope of the obesity problem has prompted

medicaI professionals to rethink old conceptions of the

disorder and its causes. As researchers Yanovski and Yanovski

(2002) have explained, obesity was once considered "either a

moral faiLing or evjdence of undertying psychopathotogy"

(p. 592). But thjs view has shifted: Many medicaI professionals

now consider obesity a biomedicaI rather than a moraI

condition, influenced by both genetic and enyironmental

factors. Yanovski and Yanovski have further noted that the

Headings, centered,

help readers follow

the organization.

I:.:

i.

i

ln a signal phrase,

the word "and"

links the names ot

two authors; the

date is given inparenth eses.

i

:

Because the author(Carmona) is not

named in the signal

phrase, his name

and the date appear

in parentheses.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2006)

.t

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBES]TY IN CHILDREN?

devetopment of weight-loss medications in the ear[y 1990s

showed that "obesity shoul.d be treated in the same manner as

any other chronic disease . . . through the long-term use of

medication" (p.592).

The search for the right [ong-term medication has been

compticated. Many of the drugs authorized by the Food and

Drug Administrat'ion (FDA) in the earty 1990s proved to be a

disappointment. Two of the medications-fenfluramine and

dexfenf[uramine-were withdrawn from the market because

of severe side effects (Yanovski & Yanovski, 2002, p. 592),

and severaI others were classjfied by the Drug Enforcement

Administration as having the "potentiaI for abuse" (Hoppin &

Taveras, 2004, Weight-Loss Drugs section, para. 6). Currently

onty two medications have been approved by the FDA for [ong-

term treatment of obesity: sibutramine (marketed as Meridia)

and orlistat (marketed as XenicaL). This section compares studies

on the effectiveness of each.

Sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake

of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrjne in the

brain (Yanovski & Yanovski, 2002, p.594). Though the drug

won FDA approvaL in 1998, experiments to test its effectiveness

for younger patients came considerably later. In 2003,

University of Pennsylvania researchers Berkowjtz, Wadden,

Tershakovec, and Cronqujst released the first double-blind

placebo study testing the effect of sibutramine on adotescents,

aged 13-17, over a 12-month period. Their findings are

summarized in TabLe 1.

Ellipsis mark

indicates omitted

words.

:

An ampersand

links the names oftwo authors in

parentheses.

Iili[ano dravvs

atieniion lo an

imporiant article

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2006).

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!

Mirano uses a table

to surnmarize the

findings presented

rn two sources.

1l

a

I

A note gives ftesource of the data.

A content note

explains data

common to all

subjects.

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESITY IN CHiLDREN?

Table 1

Efrectiveness of Sibutromine and 1rlistat in Adolescents

Average weightMedication Subjects Treatmenta Side effects loss/gain

Sibutramine ControI 0-6 mos.:ptacebo

6-12 mos.:sibutramine

Mos.6-12:increasedbtoodp ress u re;increasedpulse rate

After 6 mos.:loss of 3.2 kg

(7 tb)

After 12 mos.:loss of 4.5 kg

(e.e r.b)

Medicated 0-12 mos.:sibutramine

After 6 mos.:

Loss of 7.8 kg

(17.2 tb)

After L2 mos.:Loss of 7.0 kg

(15.4 tb)

In creasedbtoodp ress u re;i ncreasedpulse rate

0riistat 0-12 mos.: Noneptacebo

Gain of 0.67 kg

(1.5 tb)

Medicated 0-12 mos.: 0ity spotting; Loss of 1.3 kg

orlistat flatulence; (2.9 ib)abdominaIdiscomfort

ffofe. The data on sibutramine are adapted from "Behavior Therapy

and Sibutramine for the Treatment of Adolescent 0besity," by

R. I. Berkowitz, T. A. Wadden, A. M. Tershakovec, & J. L. Cronquist,

2003, Journol of the Ameican Medicol Association, 289, pp. 1807 -

1809. The data on ortistat are adapted from Xenical (}rlistat)

CapsuLes: CompLete Product Information, by Roche Laboratoijes,

December 2003, retrieved from htlp: / /www.rocheusa.com

f praducts / xenicat/pi. pdf

aThe medication and/or placebo were combjned with behavioral

therapy in alt groups over aL[ time periods.

Source: Diana Hacke. (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2006).

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESITY IN CHILDREN?

After 6 months, the group receiving medication had tost

4.6 kg (about L0 pounds) more than the controI group. But

during the second half of the study, when both groups received

sibutramine, the results were more ambiguous. In months 6-12,

the group that continued to take sibutramine gained an average

of 0.8 kg, or roughly 2 pounds; the control group, which switched

from ptacebo to sibutramine, lost 1.3 kg, or roughty 3 pounds

(p. 1808). Both groups received behavioral therapy covering diet,

exercise, and mental health.

These resutts paint a murky picture of the effectiveness of

the medication: WhiLe initial data seemed promising, the resutts

after one year raised questions about whether medication-

induced weight Loss could be sustained over time. As Berkowitz

et aL. (2003) advised, "UntiI more extensive safety and efficacy

data are avaitabte,... weight-loss medications shoutd be used

on[y on an experimentat basis for adolescents" (p. 1S11).

A study testing the effectiveness of orlistat in adolescents

showed similar[y ambiguous results. The FDA approved ortistat

in 1999 but did not authorize it for adotescents until December

2003. Roche Laboratories (2003), maker of ortistat, released

results of a one-year study testing the drug on 539 obese

adolescents, aged 12-16. The drug, which promotes weight

Loss by blocking fat absorption in the large intestine, showed

some effectiveness in adolescents: an average loss of 1.3 kg, or

roughLy 3 pounds, for subjects taking ortistat for one year, as

opposed to an average gain of 0.67 kg, or 1.5 pounds, for the

controI group (pp. 8-9). See TabLe 1.

1

l

When this article

was first cited,

all lour authors

were named. ln

subsequent

citations of a work

with three to five

authors, "et al." isused after the firstauthor's name.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2006).

For a source withsix or more

authors, the firstauthor's name

followed by "et al."

is used for the firstand subsequent

references.


Short-term studjes of orlistat have shown stightly more

dramatic resutts. Researchers at the National Institute of ChiLd

Health and Human Development tested 20 adolescents, aged

1,2-1,6, over a three-month period and found that ortistat,

combined with behaviora[ therapy, produced an average weight

loss of 4.4 kg, or 9.7 pounds (McDuffie et at., 2002, p. 646). The

study was not controlted against a placebo group; therefore, the

retative effectiveness of orlistat in this case remains unclear.

Is Medication Safe for Chitdren?

Whi[e modest weight [oss has been documented for both

medications, each carries risks of certain side effects. Sibutramine

has been observed to increase btood pressure and pulse rate.

In 2002, a consumer group claimed that the medication was

related to the deaths of 19 people and fited a petition with the

Department of Heaith and Human Services to ban the medication

(Hil,ts, 2002). The sibutramine study by Berkowitz et a[. (2003)

noted elevated btood pressure as a side effect, and dosages had

to be reduced or the medication discontinued in 19 of the 43

subjects in the first six months (p. 1809).

The main side effects associated with ortistat were

abdominal discomfort, oil.y spotting, fecal incontinence, and

nausea (Roche Laboratories, ZAW, p. 13). More serious for Long-

term health js the concern that orlistat, being a fat-btockei,

would affect absorption of fat-soluble vitamjns, such as vitamin D.

However, the study found that this side effect can be minimized

or eliminated if patients take vitamin supplements two hours

before or after administration of orlistai (p. 10). With ctose

Source: Diana -.lacke" (Boston: Bed{ord/St. Martin's, 2006)

'!

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESITY IN CH]LDREN?

monitoring of patients taking the medication, many of the risks

can be reduced.

Is Medication the Best Sotution?

The data on the safety and efficacy of pharmaco[ogical

treatments of chitdhood obesity raise the question of whether

medication is the best sotution for the problem. The treatments

have ctear costs for individuaI patients, inctuding unpteasant side

effects, Ljttte information about long-term use, and uncertainty

that they will" yield significant weight loss.

In purely financial terms, the drugs cost more than $3 a

day on average (Duenwald, 2A04). ]n each of the clinica[ trials,

use of medication was accompanied by an expensive regime of

behavi oraI therapies, i ncludi ng counseli n g, nutritional education,

fitness advising, and monjtoring. As journalist Greg Critser (2003)

noted in hjs book Fat Lond, use of weight-loss drugs is unl.ikely

to have an effect without the proper "support system"-one thatjnctudes doctors, facitities, time, and money (p. :). For some,

this leveI of care is prohibitivety expensive.

A third comp[ication is that the studies focused on

adotescents aged 1?-L6, but obesity can begin at a much younger

age. Littte data exist to establish the safety or efficacy of

medication for treating very young chitdren.

WhiLe the scientific data on the concrete effects of these

medications in children remain somewhat unclear, medication is

not the onty avenue for addressing the crisis. Both medical experts

and policymakers recognize that sotutions might come not only

from a [aboratory but atso from pol'icy, education, and advocacy.

lMirano aevelops

the pa6rer's thesis.


'l

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESJTY IN CHILDREN?

A handbook designed to educate doctors on obesity ca[[ed for

"major changes jn some aspects of western culture" (Hoppin

& Taveras, 2004, Conclusion sectjon, para. 1). Cultural change

may not be the typicaL realm of medical" professionats, but the

handbook urged doctors to be proactive and "focus [their]

energy on pubtic poticies and interventions" (Conclusion section,

para.1).

The solutions proposed by a number of advocacy groups

underscore this interest in potiticaI and cutturaI change. A

report by the Henry J. Kaiser Famity Foundation (2004) outlined

trends that may have contributed to the childhood obesity crisis,

inc[uding food advertising for chi[dren as well as

a reduction in physical education classes and after-schooL

athtetic programs, an increase in the avail.abitity of sodas

and snacks in pubtic schools, the growth in the number

of fast-food outtets . . . , and the increasing number

of highLy processed high-calorie and high-fat grocery

products. (p. 1)

Addressing each ofthese areas requires more than a doctor armed

with a prescription pad; it requires a broad mobilization notjust

of doctors and concerned parents but of educators, food industry

executives, advertisers, and media representatives.

The barrage of possib[e approaches to combating chi[dhood

obesity-from scientific research to potiticat tobbying-indicates

both the severity and the comptexity of the probtem. Whi[e none

of the medications currentty available is a miracte drug for curing

the nation's 9 mil'Uon obese chi[dren, research has i[Luminated

10

Brackets indicate

a word not in the

original source.

i

:

A quotation longer

than 40 words is

indented without

quotation marks.

:

Mirano interprets

the evidence;

she doesn't lusl

,

.

The tone of lhe

conclusion is

oblective.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Madin's. 2006).

'l


some of the underlying factors that affect obesity and has shown

the need for a comprehensive approach to the probtem that

inctudes behaviorat, medicat, social, and poLiticaL change.

11


CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESITY JN CHILDREN?

Refere n ces

Berkowitz, R. L, Wadden, T. A., Tershakovec, A. M., & Cronquist,

J. L. (2003). Behavior therapy and sibutramine for the

treatment of adotescent obesity. Journal of the Americon

MedicaL Associ otio n, 289, 1.805 -181.2.

Carmona, R. H. (2004, March 2). The growing epidemic of childhood

obesity. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Competition,

Foreign Commerce, and Infrastructure of the U.S. Senate

Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.

Retri eve d f r on http: / /www. h h s. g ovla s/testify/t04O3 0 2 . h tm I

Critser, G. (2003). Fot Lond. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.

Duenwald, Yt. (2004, January 6). Slim pickings: Look'ing beyond

ephedra. The New York Times, p. F1. Retrieved from hltp:/ /nytimes.com/

Henry J. Kaiser Famity Foundation. (2004, February). The roLe of

media in childhood obesity. Retrieved from http://www.kff

. org/entmed ia /7 03A.cfm

Hi[ts, P. J. (2002, March 20). Petition asks for removal of diet

drug from market. The New York Tirnes, p. A26. Retrieved from

http:/lnytimes.com/

Hoppin, A. G., & Taveras, E. M. (2004, June 25). Assessment and

management of childhood and adolescent obesity. Clinical

Update. Retrieved from htfp:/ /www.medscape.com

/viewarticte/481633

McDuffie, J. R., CaLis, K. A., Uwaifo, G. I., Sebring, N. G., Fa[Lon,

E. M., Hubbard, V. S., & Yanovski, J. A. (2002). Three-month

toterabi[ity of orlistat in adolescents with obesity-related

comorbid condjtions. )besity Research, 10, 642-650.

1?

;

List of references

begins on a newpage. Heading is

centered.

:

.

i

:

List is alphabetized

by authors' last

names. All authors'

names are invefted.

:

The first line of an

entry is at the left

margin; subsequenl

lines indent %".

Double-spacing is

used throughout.

Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Maftin's, 2006).

CAN MEDICATION CURE OBESITY IN CH]LDREN?

Roche Laboratories. (2003, December). Xenical (orlistot) copsules:

Complete product informotion. Retrieved from http://www

. ro ch eusa. co m/prod u ctsfxeni cal./pi. pdf

Yanovski, S. 2., & Yanovski, J. A. (2002). Drug therapy: 0besity.

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1J


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Eleckonic Book:Chapter lntroduction,Preface Foreword,Afterword,Encvciooedia Entru

Brown, H. L. (2007). GynecolostMerck manuar onlne Retrieved from The Meick Manrlars ontine rveircar iio;; ;iJ;;

'Brown, 2007)

)nline Encyclopedia

if entry has no byline,)lace title in author)osition )

]steoporoSisinWomen(2010).InClin-eguideeatient,tandouri@fromtms=t29167 4A22766

lOsteoporosis inr'Vomen,2010)

:lectronic Journal\rlicle 1 Author Qp]issigned

3ear-Lehman,J.(2002).Awordaboutquaritativeresearch. "tournatotnaniTnerapy,tsrrl,as-aadoi:1 0. 1 053/hanthe.2002.v1 S 01 S8S

BeatrLehman,2002)

:lectronic Journal\rtrcle, 1 Author,vithout DOI assigned

:ulmer, T. (2007). How to try this: Fulmer SptCt .Retrieved from http://www. nursingcenter.com/pdf.asp?AlD=743g77

I-ulmer,2007)

:lectronic Journal 1-2ruthors, DOI assigned

llis,E,L,&Whatley,K,M.(2oos)'Theeuolutionofselected and annotated bibriography and review of serected- progra ms c;lbie e-i;a'eigiaauateLibraries, 1 5(1 t2), 5-2o. dol: 1 o..l08o/1069131 08021 76665

Ellrs & Whatley,1008)

:lectronic Journal\rticle, 1-2 Authors,vithout DOI assigned

)obal, M. T., & Torkelson, D. J. (2004). Marins Oe-E6;a;b;Ii;;;uatof Psychiatic Nursing, 1O(2),68-74. Retrieved fromhttp://l in king hub. elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S088394 i 7O4OOO22

rights in psychiatric facitities. niinives Dobal & Torkelson,1004)

:lectronjc Popularvlagazine Article,etrieved from librarylatabase

Hertzberg, H (2008, December). Eight is enough. IResearch Library database.

'Hertzberg,2008)

:lectronic Newspaper\rticle, 1 author,'etrieved from libraryJatabase

Brody,J(20-08,December16)'oueryforagingpatients:rtowrn,"hd@D7. Retrieved from proQuest Banking lnformation Source database.

Brody, 2008)

Newspaper Article,retrieved from the web

]rody,J.(2008,December16)'QUeryforagingpatienG:Howmi"r,ooffiRetrieved f rom httpt//www. nytimes.com

Brody 2008)

:lectronic Newspaper\rticle, no author,etrieved from libraryJatabase

:ditorial;Gettingthebedbugsout,[Editor.alI1zoos,lanu@from ProQuest Banking lnformation Source database.

Retrieved ( Getting the bedbugs out," 2009)

Thesis retrieved fromibrary database

i.rainovich.l\4il|er.B'(1988).cliniCalValidationofth".n,,sidissertation, corumbia university Teachers coregej. Re'[rieved rrorn cioqrisi Dl;;;;;ii;;. & Thesesdatabase. (Order No. BBZ44O4\

(Krainovich-N4iller,1 988)

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