RP1312 v3 - World Bank Documents & Reports

RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

(RAP) FINAL

March, 2012

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RP1312 v3

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Final

Volume I: Main Report

March 2012


Final

Volume II: Annex M (Signatures PAHs)

March 2012

Resettlement Action Plan (Final) i

Ambo - Woliso Road Project

Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

March 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

PROJECT LOCATION MAP

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... I

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Objectives and Scope of the RAP ...................................................................................... 1

1.2. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.3. The RAP Guideline Structures .......................................................................................... 2

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA ...................................... 4

2.1. Location and Population .................................................................................................... 4

2.2. Social Services ................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1. Education ............................................................................................................. 8

2.2.2. Health Service ................................................................................................... 10

2.2.3. Water supply...................................................................................................... 14

2.2.4. Travel Pattern, Transport and Communication Services ................................... 14

2.2.5. Tourist Attraction Sites ..................................................................................... 14

2.3. Economic Activities ......................................................................................................... 15

2.4. Gender Issues ................................................................................................................... 18

3. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK ....................... 21

3.1. Legal Background ............................................................................................................ 21

3.2. The Constitution .............................................................................................................. 21

3.3. Regional States Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation ................................. 22

3.4. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................ 23

3.5. Proclamation Number 455/2005 ...................................................................................... 24

3.6. Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework) ............................................................. 24

3.7. Land use and the Right of Way ....................................................................................... 25

3.8. The World Bank Operational Policies (OP4.12) ............................................................. 26

3.9. Institutional Framework ................................................................................................... 31

3.9.1. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) ............................ 31

3.9.2. The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) ............................................................. 31

3.9.3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) ...................................................... 31

3.9.4. General Remarks on Legal, Policy and Institutional Issues .............................. 32

4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................................................. 33

4.1 Discussion with Woreda Administrative Officers ........................................................... 33

4.1.1 Attitude about the Project ................................................................................................ 33

4.1.2 Positive Expectations ....................................................................................................... 34

4.1.3 Negative Expectations ..................................................................................................... 34

4.1.4 The results of the public Consultations ............................................................................ 35

5. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ............................. 36

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5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs ............................................................................... 36

5.2. Assets Possession ............................................................................................................. 37

5.3. Vulnerable Groups ........................................................................................................... 37

5.4. Compensation Preference ................................................................................................ 38

5.5. Historical, cultural and religious resources ...................................................................... 38

5.6. Social acceptability of the project road ............................................................................ 38

5.7. Socio-economic impacts of the project ............................................................................ 38

5.8. Social impacts in urban and rural areas ........................................................................... 43

5.8.1 Impact of the project on farmlands .................................................................... 43

5.8.2 Impact on fruit and non fruit bearing trees ........................................................ 43

5.8.3 Disruption to services ........................................................................................ 43

5.8.4 Impacts associated with ancillary works ........................................................... 44

5.8.5 Gender, Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS ............................................................... 45

6. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ................................................................................................... 47

7. METHODS OF VALUING OF AFFECTED ASSETS ...................................................... 48

7.1. Guidelines for Expropriation ........................................................................................... 48

7.2. Valuing compensation for loss of houses and business ................................................... 49

7.2.1 Compensation for loss of houses and other structures ...................................... 54

7.2.2 Compensation for business ................................................................................ 54

7.3. Methods of valuing compensation for loss of Farmlands ................................................ 55

7.3.1 Compensation for Permanent Loss of Farmlands/Grazing Lands ..................... 59

7.3.2 Compensation for Temporary Loss of Farmlands /Grazing lands .................... 60

7.3.3 Compensation for fruit and none fruit bearing trees.......................................... 60

7.3.4 Compensation for Affected Services ................................................................. 61

8. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS 62

8.1 Compensation Committee................................................................................................ 62

8.2 Awareness Creation Phase ............................................................................................... 67

8.3 Committee Formation Phase ............................................................................................ 67

8.4 Compensation Phase ........................................................................................................ 67

8.5 Time required for Compensation and Relocation ............................................................ 67

8.5.1 Reporting ........................................................................................................... 67

8.5.2 Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee ......................................... 68

9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ........................................................................... 69

9.1 General Arbitration Process ............................................................................................. 69

9.2 Grievance Process ............................................................................................................ 70

10 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST ....................................................................................... 72

11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................. 74

11.1 Responsible Authority ..................................................................................................... 74

11.1.1 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 74

11.1.2 Performance Monitoring of the RAP ................................................................ 75

11.1.3 Impact Monitoring of the RAP .......................................................................... 76

11.2 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Assistance .................................................................... 76

11.2.1 Beekeeping and Honey Production:- ................................................................... 77

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11.2.2 Handcraft ........................................................................................................... 78

11.2.3 Flour Mill .......................................................................................................... 78

11.2.4 Agricultural Extension Support ......................................................................... 79

11.2.4 Petty trading for organized women ................................................................... 79

11.2.5 Training and Capacity Building ........................................................................... 79

11 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS AND LOCAL OFFICIALS ........................................... 80

12 THE RAP DISCLOSURE ..................................................................................................... 82

ANNEXES

Annex A: Minutes of Meetings

Annex B: Compensation for Buildings

Annex C: Compensation for Farm land and Grazing land

Annex D: Compensation for Tree

Annex E: Compensation for Fence

Annex F: Electric Pole data

Annex G: Telephone Pole data

Annex H: Water Tap data

Annex I: Unit price

Annex J: PAHs

Annex K: Vulnerable Group

Annex L: List of Consulted Persons and Organizations

Volume II:

Annex M: Signatures PAHs

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrial

CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet

CSA Central Statistical Authority

DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ESMT Environmental and Social Management Team

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

FHH Female headed household

GCRC Gross Current Replacement Cost

Ha Hectare

HCB Hollow Concrete Block

HHH Household Heads

HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Km Kilometer

MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

M’s Meters

NA Not Available

NGO Non Governmental Organization

OD Operational Directives

PAPs Project Affected Persons

Qt Quintal

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

ROW Right of Way

RSDP Road Sector Development Program

WB World Bank

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KEY CONCEPTS

Affected Population Groups of people who likely lose their physical or non physical assets

like residential houses, working places, productive land resources,

religious or cultural sites and social net-works due to the project.

Assessment The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and

communicating data relevant for the preparation of RAP.

Auditing The process through which then provides an opportunity and

mechanism to learn from the experience, correcting setbacks or to

refrain project design and implementation procedures.

Compensation The payment in kind, cash or other assets given in exchange for the

taking of land, or loss of other assets, including fixed assets there on in

part or whole. Compensation payments incorporate transaction

payments or assistances.

Compliance To act in accordance with the rules and regulations set for the purpose.

Cut-off-Date The date of commencement of the census of PAPs within the project

area boundaries (RoW). This is the date on and beyond which any

person who occupied land designated for the project use will not be

eligible for compensation.

Development The act of altering or modifying resources in order to obtain potential

benefits.

Displacement Could be physical, i.e. whether the affected people are required to

relocate, or economic, where the impacts or loss of incomes forces the

affected persons to move or to initiate alternative strategies for income

restoration.

Entitlement Range of measures comprising compensation, income restoration,

transfer assistance, income substitution, relocation and other

provisions depending on the nature of their losses to restore or

improve their livelihoods.

Environmental Impact The degree of change in an environment resulting from the effect of an

activity on the environment, whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts

may be the direct consequence of the project activities or may be

indirectly caused by them.

Environmental Impact

Assessment

A process of examining the environmental consequences of the project

activities.

Evaluation The process of weighting information, the act of making value

judgments or ascribing values to data in order to reach decision.

Expropriation An action of annihilating productive land or other assets by the

government involuntarily for the project cause in compliance to its

sovereignty.

Host community Community residing in or near the area to which resettles are to be

relocated.

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March 2012

Impact The effect of an activity on use and property rights, assets, social net-

works and the environment whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts

could be the direct consequences of the project or be indirectly caused

by a specific project.

Income Restoration Restitution / giving backs of income generating activities to PAPs at

least equivalent to their pre-project income level.

Involuntary

Resettlement

Project affected people who have no option but to give up their use or

property rights and as a result lawfully forced to restore their

homesteads, income and asset bases elsewhere.

Land use The activities that takes place within a given area or a space.

Mitigation Measures taken to prevent, reduce or ratify impacts of a particular

project of the assessment processes and concludes that the impacts are

significant.

Monitoring The respective and continued observation, measurement and

assessment of the project activities that likely to be changed over a

period of time to assess the efficiency of control measures.

Negative Impact A change that reduces the quality of the environment, damaging

health, property, causing nuisance, disturbances in free movements,

access to resources etc.

Positive impacts A change that improves the quality of life, development endeavors,

access to social services, transport facilities, access to resources etc.

Rehabilitation Restoration of livelihoods and the environment to better or pre-project

level.

Rehabilitation

Assistance

The provision of development assistance in addition to compensation

such as land preparation, credit facilities, training, or job opportunities,

needed to enable project affected persons to improve their living

standards, income earning capacity and production levels, or at least

maintain them to pre- project level.

Replacement cost The amount required to replace the asset in its existing condition. It

should be equal to the cost of constructing / purchasing a new

structure, without making any deductions for depreciation.

Resettlement The entire process of relocation and rehabilitation.

Resettlement Assistance The means to ensure that project affected persons who may require

physically relocated are provided with assistances such as moving

allowances, residential housing constructions or rentals whichever is

feasible and as required, for ease of resettlement during relocation.

Resettlement Plan A time bound action plan with objectives, resettlement strategy, a

budget, entitlements, actions, responsible bodies, time table and

monitoring and evaluation.

Relocation Rebuilding residential housing, working places and other assets

including productive land and public utilities to another location.

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Squatters and

Encroachers

Groups of people or individuals without legal titles to the land and

structures occupied/used by them. The term ‘squatters’ is typically

used for those occupying structures for residential/commercial

purposes, while ‘encroachers’ are those occupying land for agriculture.

Vulnerable Group Group of people likely disproportionately affected by the project. The

concept incorporates female headed households, the disabled,

marginalized ethnic groups, the aged, child headed households, street

children’s and HIV/AIDS positive headed households.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

A) General

The proposed Ambo - Woliso upgrading project (62.3km’s) traversed and connected West Shewa

and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the

specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major

towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi

and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town. Table 1.1 describes list of villages and

towns traversed by the envisaged road project.

Table 1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road

No. List of Villages/

towns Change Zone Woreda Remark

1 Ambo Town 00+000-01+000 W/Shewa Ambo Town

Zuria

Woreda &

Zonal Capital

2 Ya’e Chibo 14+900-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo

3 Altufa 17+0000-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo

4 Haro-wanchi 26+0000-27+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

5 Merfo 28+300-28+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

6 Haroji 32+600-33+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

7 Adarie 34+900-35+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

8 Gugufte 35+300-36+100 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

9 Darian town 37+800-39+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

10 Sankolie 45+400-45+900 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

11 Chitu Town 51+200-52+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

12 Woliso Town 61+100-61+800 S/W/Shewa Woliso Town Woreda &

Zonal capital

Source: Consultant Field Survey: 2010

B) Objectives of the RAP

The main purpose of this Resettlement Action Plan is to prepare a guideline, identifying adverse

social impacts induced by the road construction operations, and to suggest mitigation measures. In

line with the overall requirements of the RAP includes costing of displacement/resettlement

activities incurred by the road project to provide information to the client and development

partners. In addition to these objectives, the RAP incorporates sufficient data about the likely

impacts on the existing socio-economic and ecological conditions of the proposed road project

influence area and mitigation measures. This RAP will be used to justify, modification or rejection

of the proposed road project for further financing and implementation.

C) Methodology

As per the agreed methodologies outlined in the inception report for the preparation of this RAP,

the consultant adopted the following:-

• Desk studies and document reviews:

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• Field visits and surveys to collect first hand data on the socio-economic impacts of the

project and the characteristics of the people affected.

• Public consultations to procure information about public attitudes towards the project

and compensation mechanisms, and giving clarifications about the project for the

public.

• Focus group discussions to identify the positive and negative impacts of the project and

propose mitigation measures.

• Identification of key informants to inform the project team about customary laws,

traditions, religious observances, needs and aspirations of the community, and

• Studies of the livelihood situations, incomes, religious observances, and personal

attitudes towards the project.

D) Population structure

Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies.

According to data obtained from Finance and Economic Development Offices of Woredas of the

project area, out of the total population (508,649), male and female population account 248923

(49%) and 259,726(51%) respectively.

Age is also very important variable in measuring potential school age population, voting

population, working age population and the like. In view of this, in Ambo town where the project

road starts, 43% of the population are falling under less than 15 years age group; 54.4% are under

working age group (Between 15-64) and 2.8% are falling under 65 and above age group. Whereas

in Ambo Woreda 47.7, of the population are less than 15 years age group and 48.7% and 3.6% are

falling between 15-65 and 65 as well as above age group respectively. Nonetheless, in all cases,

significant portion of the population are falling under working age group population and this is one

of the major social factors that derive the project to be feasible, it is deemed to pave job to

significant proportion of unemployed youth.

E) Public and stakeholders Consultation

A serious and continuous public consultation has been undergone for the preparation of this

Resettlement Action Plan and the project cause at different times and localities. The main purpose

of executing public consultation was to inform the public about the proposed project, collecting

data on public attitudes towards the project, informing the public about the likely impacts of the

project and mitigation measures that will take place by the client, seeking all possible assistances

and support from responsible institutions and the public for the project cause. Hence, during the

field survey, i.e. 14/08/2010, 15/08/2010 and 20/08/2010 at Chitu, Woliso and Ambo towns

respectively for the preparation of RAP manual respectively, the consultant undergone focused

group discussions with community elders, professionals at zone and Woreda level, women

associations, and administrative officials. Moreover, the consultant interviewed possible project

affected people and community members and inventoried possible affected properties all along the

RoW.

Public consultation outcomes indicate that all consulted are supportive of the project cause and

vowed to cooperate and provide their assistance at their capacity. During the sessions the

consultant team discussed matters on the possible expropriation of properties, physical

displacements and provisions like land to land compensations and monetary remunerations. They

all agreed on the aforementioned terms.

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F) Socio-Economic Survey

The socio- economic survey incorporates all those living close to the project road alignments and

assessed the likely impacts of the project on the socio-economic and cultural situations of residents.

All potentially affected people were identified, impact types and categories checked. The socio-

economic survey identified 1117 affected household heads with their 6702 family members and 31

institutions will be affected by the project. Moreover, the survey assessed the general demographic,

health, schooling, agricultural systems and productions, religious observances, gender issues,

linguistic classifications, and other social services.

Table 2: Key Data of the RAP

1 Location Southern western Ethiopia

a. Region Oromia

b. Zone West Shewa and South-West Shewa

2 Project Length (km) 62.3km’s

3 Status Gravel/earth surface

4 Road functional classification Link road

5 Proposed surfacing type Asphalt concert

6 Number of project affected household heads 1117

7 Total number of project affected persons 6702

8 Total residential houses and other buildings that will

be fully affected

65

9 Total residential houses and other buildings that will

be partially affected

240

10 Total public and government buildings to be affected

partially and fully, (out of the total)

53

11 Total number of residences, shops and other

buildings to be affected partially and fully

177

12 Total loss of agricultural strips of lands permanently 19.8ha

13 Total loss of agricultural strips of lands temporarily 48.80ha

14 Total number of fruit bearing and non fruit bearing

trees to be affected

159,8911

15 Telephone line to be affected 226 poles

16 Electric lines to be affected 218 poles

17 Water pipes, point and well to be affected 41, 70 and 1

Source: Consultant Survey, 2011

1 Of these, approximately 81% are exotic trees predominantly Eucalyptus spp. that comprise about 64% of the total number of trees and

perennial crops potentially affected. It is followed by Cypress tree (Cuppressus lustanica), which is about 16%. The proportion of

potentially affected indigenous species (including Acacia, Cordia, Hagenia, Albizia, Croton, Juniper, Ficus, Olea spp.) is only about

1.3% (approximately 2000 trees). The rest comprises fruit trees (like Avocado, Mango, Guava), shrubs (like Koshim, which is used as

live fencing), and perennial crops including Enset, Coffee, Bananas, and Sugar cane.

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G) Legal Framework

ERA is responsible for initiating preparation, implementation, and execution of compensation

payments as per the guidelines set in this resettlement action plan. The Environmental and Social

Management Team (ESMT) and Right of Way (ROW) branch are directly responsible for

reviewing, monitoring, and implementation of RAP. ESMT is also responsible and in charge for

the identification of adverse environmental and social impacts and for monitoring the

implementation of its mitigation measures.

A series of legal documents like Proclamation No. 455/2005, on expropriation of land holdings for

public use and Regulation No 135/2007 on payment of compensation for property situated on

landholdings expropriated for public purposes, ERA’s Resettlement Policy Framework,

Environmental policy of Ethiopia and the World Bank OP and BP 4.12 have formed basis for

preparation of this RAP. In addition to these the Oromia national regional government land use and

administration proclamation No. 56/2002 is used for the purpose. Article 44.2, of the constitution

of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995) provides interventions for public goods,

which may cause displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihoods of the local

populations. It shall also give the right to commensurate by monetary or other means of

compensations including relocation, (resettlement), with adequate state assistances. The World

Bank policies on OP and procedures BP 4.12 explicitly addressed the need for proper

compensation payments and restitution of lively hoods. Based on these broad legal and institutional

frameworks, the required compensation types, amounts and organizational procedures are prepared

in this guideline. If there is a conflict between the national and the international law, the latter has

precedence over the former. However, this statement will be applicable for only internationally

funded projects.

H) Potential impacts and mitigation measures

The proposed 62.3km’s road ROW limit is vary from section to sections, the methodology is used

to survey was +3m on both side from construction area in rural areas and +1.5m of ROW in urban

areas likely incur negative impacts on residential houses, farmlands, institutions and business

installations along its corridors. Although it is temporary, the project impact will be felt also in

possession of lands for the purpose of ancillary works. (Quarry sites, borrow pits, camps and detour

roads). As to the consultant survey result, a total of 1117 household and 31 institutions are likely

affected by the proposed project. Out of this total 122 of them are female headed households and

985 of them are male headed. (For further details see section four of the manual)

In urban areas, major impacts of the project will be on residential houses, institutions and business

installations. This condition may entail dislocations / relocations. In rural areas major impacts of

the project will be on18.9 ha of farm and 1.207ha of grazing lands.

The demographic assessment result shows that a total of 6702family members are living in the

1117 households covered by the present socio-economic survey, which implies an average family

size of 6 persons per household. Out of the total surveyed, 88 % of them are male headed and the

remaining 12% are female headed. These female-headed households constituted either a widowed,

divorced or single female bread winners. Male constitute 52% of the surveyed population while the

proportion of female is 48%. About 84.7 percent of the total population belongs to the working

force (18-65 years old). Those above 65 years constitute 12.9 percent of the total and the rest

remaining are below 18 and children’s. The age range of household heads starts from 1 to 120

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years old. The marital status data of Project Affected People shows that 90% of household heads

are married; 8% widowed and divorced and the remaining is single.

To mitigate adverse impacts of the project, a replacement cost approach is adopted for computing

compensation payments. The RAP shows the total amount of resources and organizational

procedures required for rehabilitation / restoration of livelihoods. A summary of the main findings

of adverse impacts are presented under table above.

I) Positive and Negative impacts of the project

The upgrading project expected to have both positive and negative impacts. To begin with its

positive impacts, the project is expected to reduce vehicles operating costs, transport and time costs

for passengers and freight, and improvement in the availability of motorized transport services.

Moreover, the project is envisaged to create development impacts in facilitating socio-economic

and cultural activities. In the long term the project is envisaged to change the quality of life of the

people residing along the project influence area for better.

The following are some of the major positive impacts the upgrading project:

• Increase and improve trade and market facilities

• Timely provision of agricultural inputs

• Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides,

herbicides and other modern technologies.

• Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices.

• Facilitate conditions for the development of small scale business and enterprises

• Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements

• Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities

• Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places.

• Employment opportunities during and after construction

• Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities.

• Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements

The upgrading project may have the following negative impacts:

• Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS

• Growth of squatters and uncontrolled settlements

• Noise disturbance specifically during construction

• Hazardous and waste materials dumping on farmlands, settlement areas, water points

• Pressure on local facilities and services

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• Land acquisitions for the project and related activities

• Demolition of residential, commercial and institutional structures.

• Pressure on vegetative cover of the area

However, these negative impacts shall be minimized by employing appropriate mitigation

measures.

Table 2: Mitigation Measures

S.

No.

Negative

Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies

Impact types Actions to be taken

1 Loss of

productive assets

that incorporate

land, income,

livelihood and

networks

Remuneration payments at

replacement rates or replacement of

the lost productive assets. Income

substitution and transfer costs

during re-establishment plus

income restoration measures in the

case of lost livelihoods.

ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda

and Kebele Administrations in

association with sector bureaus

at Woreda level like bureaus of

agriculture and rural

development, rural roads

authority, capacity building

etc.

2 Loss of housing,

possibly entire

community

structures,

systems and

services.

Compensation for loss of housing

and associated assets at

replacement rates, relocation

options including relocation sites

development if required plus

measures to restoring living

standards.

ERA’s RoW branch, zone

sector bureaus of the Ethiopian

Telecommunication and

Electric Power Corporations,

Woreda and Kebele

Administration’s, and lowest

level sector bureaus of water,

health, roads, schools and

agriculture.

3 Loss of entire

assets.

Remuneration payments at

replacement rates or replacement

including important provisions up

to restitution of livelihoods to pre-

project level or better.

ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda

and Kebele Administration’s,

sector bureaus like town

administrations, agriculture

and rural development,

4 Loss of

community

resources, habitat,

cultural sites and

goods.

Replacement of the lost community

resources, habitat, cultural sites and

goods, restoration if possible or

payment of compensation to the

community based on consultations

and agreements.

ERA’s ESMT, Woreda

Administration’s, Woreda

level Environment Protection

Authority, cultural bureaus and

other sector bureaus like

capacity building.

5 Spread of

sexually

transmitted

diseases (STD)

and HIV/AIDS

Execution of HIV/AIDS alleviation

program at the workplace based on

the sectoral policy

ERA’s ESMT and the

contractor in association with

Woreda health bureaus and

nongovernmental

organizations.

6 Growth of This could be tamed by controlling ERA’s ESMT and RoW

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S.

No.

Negative

Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies


squatters and

uncontrolled

settlements

This could be tamed by controlling

ribbon developments (building of

house near along the road) and

unlawful squatters in collaboration

with the lowest administrative

bodies.

branches, Woreda

Administrations, the contractor

and supervision consultant.

7 Noise

disturbances

specifically

during

constructions

Disturbances could be mitigated by

using new machineries and limiting

operations to only working hours in

densely populated areas.

The contractor and supervision

consultant.

8 Hazardous waste

materials

dumping on

farmlands,

settlement areas

and water points

Collecting and storing in septic

tanks for further removal of

hazardous waste materials or

burning solid wastes.

The contractor and supervision

consultant.

9 Pressure on local

facilities and

services

These could be mitigated by

provision of independent basic

facilities and services to the

working force.

The contractor.

10 Land acquisition

for the project

cause

Remuneration payment for the lost

productive asset or replacement of

it with equal productive capacity.

ERA’s ESMT and RoW

branches, Woreda and Kebele

administrations.

11 Demolition of

residential houses,

commercial

ventures, service

providing

installations and

institutions

Remuneration payments for the lost

structures at replacement rates,

providing new sites, important

provisions till restitution of

livelihoods.


branches, Woreda

administrations and lowest

level sector bureaus.

12 Pressure on flora

and fauna of

project influence

area

Replacement of the lost flora if

possible or other types and

precautionary measures not to

disturb wild animals and including

construction of animal crossings

during construction.

ERA’s ESMT, the contractor,

Woreda level Environment

Protection Authority,

agriculture and rural

development bureaus and

supervision consultant.

13 Demolition of

Historical and

Archaeological

sites

A serious precautionary measures

to be taken during design and

construction in not to endanger

these past relics.


branches, Woreda level culture

bureaus, the contractor and

supervision consultant.

J) Principles of Compensations

Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VIII




March 2012

• For agricultural lands impacted temporarily compensation payments shall be based on lost

income, measured as the average annual income secured for the last five years, multiplied by

the number of years of impact. Lands used for ancillary works (temporarily) shall be

reinstated to their original conditions.

• For permanently impacted agricultural lands, a land to land compensation is desirable. If land

of comparable productivity can be substituted for the lost land, compensation will also be

equal to the average annual income secured in previous five years. If comparable land is not

available, compensation payments will be equal to ten times average income.

• Compensation for annual crops shall be based on the current market value of the estimated

production that could have been harvested from damaged crops. Compensation for fruit and

other trees will be based on the current and net present value of the future income that could

have been generated until a similar new tree comes to maturity.

• For the partially affected structures, i.e. properties affected 25% and above shall receive full

compensation. Properties affected below 25% shall receive partial compensation.

Compensation payments shall include inconvenience costs and other transactions to rebuild a

similar or better residence in the remaining plot.

• For partially affected business installations compensation payments will be based on the

above set principles. However, compensation for business shall include additional payments

for disruption periods.

• For fully affected residences, compensation payments shall be inclusive of land replacements

for private holders, full compensation to rebuild a similar new structure or better and

displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the demolished

residence. Tenants in buildings owned by urban administrations will be provided with new

residential or business structures at the same rental costs as well as a payment based upon the

annual rental coast for inconvenience and other transaction cost.

• Compensation for fully affected business will be inclusive of substitution of land, the costs of

building a similar or better structure, displacement / transaction payments for disruption

periods and transport cost.

• For resident tenants compensation payments shall include transport and other transaction

coasts. Resident tenants shall have a priority privileges to rent the newly constructed

structures by municipalities or Kebele associations at the same rental coast to the demolished

ones.

K) Resettlement / Rehabilitation Budget

The method adopted for valuing affected assets and properties has been based on a replacement

cost approach. The compensation for affected farmlands is based on unit rates and productivity

established in this RAP. The following is a summary of the total amount of fund that will be

required for the implementation of this manual.

Resettlement Action Plan (Final) IX




March 2012

Table 3: Resettlement/Rehabilitation Budget

No. Budget Item Quantity

Unit

Rate Total Cost (ETB)

A-Compensation Costs-4

1 Replacement Cost of

Houses & Fences

784 varies

8,262,613

2 Compensation for

Trees/Fruits

varies

25,033,764

3 Compensation for

Farmland and

Annual/Cereal Crops

19.8ha number 459,122.40

4 Compensation for Grazing

land or Pasture

1.207ha number

232,485

5 compensation for loss of

income and business

167 number 1,539000


affected social services

305 80 24,400

7 compensation for

temporary loss of strips of

land 48.8 2,318.80 565,787.20

8 compensation for

vulnerable groups 282 number 1,184,400.00

B- Resettlement &

Rehabilitation

Support

1 Shifting Cost 396 50 19,800

2 Transitional Allowance 396 2100 831,600

C-Support for

Project

Implementation

1 Monitoring &Evaluation

Cost

Ls 278,645

2 Training on HIV/AIDS

Prevention Activities

Ls 2,000,000

Total 40,431,616.90

Contingency 10 % 4,043,161.69

Resettlement Action Plan (Final) X




March 2012

Grand Total 44,474,778.59

Source: Consultant cost estimation, 2011.

L) The RAP Disclosure

Once approved, for public disclosure purposes the RAP shall be made available for immediate

stakeholders like donors, Regional and Woreda Administrations and to the public through

electronic media or news papers. In addition, short brochures shall be printed and distributed to the

public on the RAP implementation arrangements.

M) Implementation of the RAP and Monitoring

ERA’s Environmental and Social Management Team and its Right of Way, (ROW), division with

other stakeholders’ specifically local authorities will be responsible for the implementation and

management of the RAP activities. Again ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch, in

close collaboration with the ROW agent will be responsible for the monitoring and evaluation

tasks. In that the following variables will be checked for the purpose.

• Appropriateness of relocation sites

• Restoration and restitution of PAPs

• Amounts and methodologies used for compensation payments

• Special cares and supports given for vulnerable group members

• Restoration of affected social services

• Appropriateness of the time schedule

• Grievances and problems encountered in the implementation of the RAP

• Appropriateness of grievance alleviating mechanisms

Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 1




March 2012

1. INTRODUCTION

The proposed Ambo - Woliso upgrading project (62.3km’s) traversed and connected West Shewa

and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the

specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major

towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi

and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town.

1.1. Objectives and Scope of the RAP

The main objectives of preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan are: (a) to prevent or at least

mitigate the adverse impacts associated with the implementation of the road project, (b) to deliver

entitlements to project affected people and support them in restoration of livelihoods in line with

ERAs Resettlement Policy Framework and the World Bank operational policies and procedures

(BP & OP 4.12), (c) to maximize PAPs and community members participations in all stages of the

project and, (d) to ensure that the standard of living of PAPs is improved or restored to pre-project

level. Moreover, the RAP addresses pertinent issues to be considered in the compensation process

and other subsequent operations.

In line with the overall requirements of the TOR, the broad objectives of the RAP study are:

Preparation of RAP for the proposed road project including costing of resettlement activities along

the route corridor so as to provide the Government and the development partners (i.e. Donors)

with sufficient information about the likely impacts of the proposed road project on the existing

environmental and socio-economic factors in the project area to justify acceptance, modification

or rejection of the proposed road project for further financing and implementation.

Consistent with the objectives of the RAP, the scope of works include the following

• Legal, policy and institutional framework

• Socio-economic survey

• Eligibility for compensation and resettlement

• Valuation of compensation for losses

• Public consultations

• Resettlement measures

• Site selection, preparation and relocation

• Housing infrastructure and social services

• Implementation schedule

• Costs and budgets

• Monitoring and evaluation

1.2. Methodology

For the preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan the following sociological and social

anthropological methodologies have been adopted:-





March 2012

• Desk study / Document review: In the process of desk studies, the consultant reviewed

project documents, Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) resettlement / rehabilitation policy

framework, World Bank operational procedures (OP and BP 4.12), national legislations

on expropriation of properties for public purposes and compensation payments, Federal

and Regional level Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamations and other

relevant legal documents. Central Statistical Authorities (CSA) releases were also

checked to procure information on demographic and population variables.

• Field visits: Detailed visits and surveys have been executed from 22/03/09 to 05/04/09,

24/06/09 to 18/07/09 and 13/02/ 10 to 9/03/10 to collect first hand qualitative and

quantitative data on the socio-economic, cultural and linguistic composition of the project

area. This methodology was used to collect data and familiarization on the specific socio-

economic, cultural, settlement patterns, geographical and ecological condition of the

project area. The field level assessment was instrumental in identifying problem related to

the project road and identifying mitigation measures.

• Public consultation: - This methodology is employed to obtain data on public attitudes

towards the project, livelihood strategies, to understand local knowledge about grievance

redress mechanism and to give clarification about the project to the public. Focus group

discussions have been held and identified both the negative and positive impacts of the

project collectively. Agreements have been reached with specific government bodies

regarding collaboration and facilitation of administrative measures directly related to the

road project and implementation of the RAP.

• Identification and consultation with key informants: These informants are knowledgeable

about their environs, customary laws, traditions, religious observances and adherences,

needs and aspiration of the community. Furthermore, a series of meetings, discussions,

and consultations with different Woreda level government officials, professionals, and

experts were held during the field surveys. Minutes of these meetings are incorporated at

Annex A.

• Structured and unstructured questionnaires: Structured questionnaires were prepared and

used to obtain information on individual PAP’s, institutions and government offices. The

unstructured questionnaires have been targeted on the general socio-economic and

cultural aspects of communities residing in the project area.

1.3. The RAP Guideline Structures

This RAP is divided into twelve sections as follows:

Executive Summary: gives a brief summary of the guideline, highlighting the major findings and

activities undertaken in the preparation of the RAP.

Introduction (Section 1): contains brief background of the present study along with its objectives,

ToR and methodologies adopted for preparation of the RAP.

Socio-economic Condition of the Project Area (Section 2): describes the project area in terms of

its socio- economic and demographic aspects.





March 2012

Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework (Section 3): presents a summary of the legal,

policy and institutional frameworks related to compensation and resettlement /rehabilitation issues.

Public Consultation (Section 4 :) describe the public consultation which explain the community

response to word the proposed road project.

Potential Socio-economic Impacts of the Project (Section 5): describes the socio-economic

profile of PAP’s and the likely impacts of the project.

Eligibility Criteria (Section 6): This section deals with eligible groups, draws criteria’s and

analyses the process of eligibility based on the National legislations, policies and international

donor’s procedures.

Methods of Valuing Affected Assets (Section 7): describes and analyzed the methods adopted for

valuation of all properties affected by the project.

Organizational Procedures and RAP Implementation (Section 8): This section deals or

indicates the responsibility of the various stakeholders in the delivery of entitlement rights and

compensation payments. Moreover, RAP implementation deals with responsible bodies for the

implementation of RAP and how compensation committee shall be formed for the purpose.

Moreover, the section will show proposed implementation schedule and budget required for

Compensation Committee.

Grievance Redress Mechanism (Section 9): This section deals with available arbitration

processes and grievance redressing channels.

RAP Implementation Cost (Section 10): This section deals with budget requirement for the

implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan.

Monitoring and Evaluation (Section 11): This section deals with how these variables shall be

executed and responsible bodies for Monitoring and Evaluation processes. Moreover, the section

elaborates objectives of the variables.

Consultation with PAPs (Section 12): This section discussed public outlooks towards the project

and outcomes.

The RAP Disclosure (Section 13): This section high lights the importance of disclosure and

transparency.





March 2012

2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA

2.1. Location and Population

The road is planned to connect West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and

Woliso towns which are capitals of the specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all

weather road linking the specified major towns. The road passes through many small villages with

settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso

town. Table 2.1 describes list of villages and towns traversed by the envisaged road project.

Table 2.1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road

No List of Villages/ towns Change Zone Woreda Remark

1 Ambo Town 00+000-01+000 W/Shewa Ambo

Town Zuria

Woreda &

Zonal Capital

2 Ya’e Chibo 14+900-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo

3 Altufa 17+0000-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo

4 Haro-wanchi 26+0000-27+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

5 Merfo 28+300-28+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

6 Haroji 32+600-33+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

7 Adarie 34+900-35+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

8 Gugufte 35+300-36+100 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

9 Darian town 37+800-39+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

10 Sankolie 45+400-45+900 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

11 Chitu Town 51+200-52+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi

12 Woliso Town 61+100-61+800 S/W/Shewa Woliso

Town

Woreda &

Zonal capital

Source: Consultant Field Survey: 2010

As can be inferred, from table 2.1 and 2.2, besides to the major towns (Ambo & Woliso) the road

links several rural communities falling in three Woreda namely Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso.

Table 2.2: Road length distribution by Woreda

S. No Woreda Capital Zone Change Distance (km) Percent

1 Ambo Ambo W/Shewa 00+00-23+00 23 37

2 Wenchi Chitu S/W/Shewa 23+00-56+80 34 55

3 Weliso Weliso S/W/Shewa 56+80-61+80 5 8

Total 62 100

Source: Consultant Field Survey July: 2010





March 2012

Significant portion 55% of the road crosses Wenchi Woreda, Ambo Woreda 37% and Woliso

Woreda 8%.Ambo town and Ambo Woreda are found in West Shewa zone, whereas Woliso town

and Woliso Woreda as well as Wenchi Woreda are in Southwest Shewa zone.

a) Population size

Development planning would not be viable unless it takes in to account the size and type of

population groups that are expected to benefit and also the kind of human resources available to

plan, develop and implement programs. Nonetheless, efforts to integrated demographic variables

into social and economic development process are of relatively recent phenomenon in Ethiopia.

With the objectives of assessing the beneficiaries, population size and the available human resource

in relation with intended road project, the demographic features of the project area considered in

the social impact assessment study. The major data sources are Central Statistical Authority (CSA)

and zonal and Woreda Finance and Economic Development Departments and offices respectively.

The description of the population by the target zones and Woredas found in the project area

indicates there are a combined total 508,649 populations in rural and urban communities of

Woredas crossed by the project road accounting 73 and 26 Percents respectively. As can be

inferred from table above, there are a total of 178,310 populations in Ambo town and Ambo

Woreda and these account 8.6% of the total population size of West Showa. Similarly, there are a

combined total 330,339 populations in Wenchi, and Woliso Woredas as well as Woliso town and

these account 31% of total population size of South Western Showa zone.

b) Population structure

Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies.

According to data obtained from Finance and Economic Development Offices of Woredas of the

project area, out of the total population (508,649), male and female population account 248923

(49%) and 259,726(51%) respectively.

Age is also very important variable in measuring potential school age population, voting

population, working age population and the like. In view of this, in Ambo town where the project

road starts, 43% of the population are falling under less than 15 years age group; 54.4% are under

working age group (Between 15-64) and 2.8% are falling under 65 and above age group. Whereas

in Ambo Woreda 47.7, of the population are less than 15 years age group and 48.7% and 3.6% are

falling between 15-65 and 65 as well as above age group respectively. Nonetheless, in all cases,

significant portion of the population are falling under working age group population and this is one

of the major social factors that derive the project to be feasible, it is deemed to pave job to

significant proportion of unemployed youth.




Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority March 2012

Table 2.3: Population Distribution by Woredas

Woredas Urban Rural Total

Male Female Total Percent Male Female Total Percent Male Female Total

Ambo Town 34,276 33,238 67,514 100 - - - - 34,276 33,238 67,51

Ambo 564 764 1,328 1.2 54,741 54,727 1009,468.00 98.8 55,305 55,491 110,7

Wenchi 976 928 1,904 1.59 55,280 62,552 117,832.00 98.41 56,256 63,480 119,7

Woliso 2,173 2,680 4,853 3 71,043 73,978 145,021.00 96.76 73,216 76,658 149,8

Woliso Town 29,870 30,859 60,729 100 - - - - 29,870 30,859 60,72

Total 67,859 68,469 136,328 26.8 181,064 191,257 372,321.00 73.2 248923 259,726 508,6

W/Shewa 123,840 118,654 242,494 11.69 912,147 919,120 1,831,267.00 88.31 1,035,987 1,037,774 2,07

S/W/Shewa 50,840 55,809 106,649 10 474,160 479,631 953,791.00 89.94 525,000 535,440 1,06

Source: Zonal/ Woreda finance and economic Development Offices: 2010





March 2012

Table 2.4: Population Size in Broader Age Category

Community

Population Size in Broader Age Group By Percent

<15 Years 15-65 65 & Above Total

Ambo Town 42.75 54.44 2.80 100

Ambo Woreda 47.68 48.7 3.62 100

Woliso Town 40.44 56.2 3.36 100

Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices, 2010

b) Dependency ratio

Large ratio of dependents in a population of an area indicates the burden put up on the active

population. Although children are often engaged in productive activities as of age 7 particularly in

rural Ethiopia, it is conventional to categorize children under 15 as dependents. On the other hand, old

people above the age of 65 too are considered as dependents.

Table 2.5: Dependency Ratio

Community

Dependency Ratio

Youth Elders Total

Ambo Town 63 6 69

Ambo 98 742 105.33

Woliso Town 72 3 75

National 78.53 5.14 83.67

Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development offices: 2010

Accordingly the youth and old dependency ratio of Woredas in the project area indicates there is high

dependency ratio in all Woredas of the project area. As can be inferred from table above, the youth

and old age dependency ratio of Ambo town is 63 and 6 respectively making the total dependency

ratio 69. Similarly, the youth and old dependency ratio of Woliso town is 72 and 3 making the total

dependency ratio 75 which means every 100 persons in the productive age group are responsible for

additional 70 and 75 person in the provision of food, shelter and other necessities in Ambo and

Woliso towns respectively and see Table 3.5

c) Ethnic and religious composition

According to data obtained from the project area the majority of the population in the project area

belongs to Oromo ethnic group adhering Orthodox Christian and the tables under are depicting

thoroughly these issues.





March 2012

Table 2.6: Population Distribution by Ethnic and Religious Composition

Woreda Orthodox Muslim Protestant Catholic Traditional Other Total

Ambo Town 74 2 21 .4 2.4 0.2 100

Wenchi 55 3 42 - - - 100

Woliso Town 77.8 16.9 4.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 100

Ambo town 73.5 18.6 1.7 3 3.2 100

Ambo 80 2.4 1.7 13.7 2.2 100

Woliso Town 80 - 13.7 6.3 100

Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices and Town Administration 2010

Similar to other urban communities, Ambo and Woliso towns are consisting of heterogeneous people

in terms of ethnic and religious composition; whereas the remaining Woredas are consisting of

relatively homogeneous population in terms of religion.

2.2. Social Services

The Ethiopian Government has paid greater attention and made vagarious efforts within the elapsed

tentative few years towards scaling up the number of educational institutions, health services and safe

water supply schemes especially in the rural areas, as the development in education, health and water

supply interventions are important investment sectors for the attainment of social development in

given country.

The government has also enacted a number of policies and adopted strategies to create access to

education opportunities, and other related socio economic services especially for the rural community.

Hence, by the relentless effort of the government and active public participation on development

intervention, some Woredas, which were neglected from social services development, are on track

currently to enjoy the benefits of the country’s overall socioeconomic development impacts. This

situation is true for Woredas of the project area.

2.2.1. Education

Education is a process by which man transmits his experience, new findings and values accumulated

over the years, in his struggle for survival and development through generation. Specially, primary

education and girls’ education are important areas for linking economic growth with human

development. Besides, the realization of agricultural led development industrialization and

democratization would be possible with promotion of education program. This case becomes clear

with the fact that as farmers got the opportunity to attend basic education, they can easily adopt

agricultural technologies, improve their environment and sanitation; and manage properly their

household income. In addition, the availability of skilled and semi-skilled labor could promote the

proliferation of labor intensive industries.

Taking into account the role of education playing in socio economic development of the country; the

Ethiopian government has paid greater attention for the promotion of education program in various





March 2012

regions of the country. Thus, education is one of social development sectors, which have got focus in

the country in general and Woredas of the project area in particular.

Educational institution

The distribution of educational institutions and student enrolment rate varies among Woredas falling

under the project impact zone. Table under shows the distribution of educational institution among

Woredas of the project area.

Table 2.7: Number of Educational institution

No. Woreda Primary Secondary Preparatory

TVET Colleges University 1-4 5-8 1-8 9-10 11-12 9-12

1 Ambo Town 12 8 20 2 1 3 1 8 1

2 Ambo 41 26 67 - 0 0

3 Wenchi 12 19 31 1 0 0

4 Woliso 24 23 47 24 24 48

5 Woliso Town 0 6 6 1 1 2

Total 89 82 171 26 53 79

W/Shewa 684 381 1065 28 14 42

S/West Shewa 172 187 359 13 6 19

Source: Zonal /Woreda Education Offices: 2010

According to information obtained from each Woreda Education Office, the existing numbers of

institutions are not balanced with school age population in the Woreda. In addition, the existing

numbers of education institutions are not balanced with school age population in the Woreda. In

addition, some of the existing schools classrooms are suffering from lack of furniture.

Student Enrolment Ratio

Gross and net enrolment ratios are indicators of the expansion of education program in a given

country or area. With this regard the government of Ethiopia has made relentless efforts and carried

out considerable activities for creating access to education opportunity for the rural communities in all

regions of the country. Among others, a number of strategies have been designed and implemented to

enhance girl’s participation in the education sector. With this sort of intervention remarkable

achievements have been recorded within the elapsed few years in the country. Nonetheless to achieve

the desired goals still much remains to be done in the future.

As can be seen on the table above, both gross and net enrolment ratio varies from Woreda to Woreda.

In addition, both net and gross enrolment ratio of girls is much lower than boys in all Woredas and

zones of the project area.





March 2012

Table 2.8 GER and NER of Primary Students at Primary School Level (1-8)

No.

Woreda

GER(1-8) NER(1-8) Student

Teacher

Ratio (1-8)

Student

Section

Ratio (1-8) Male Female Total Male Female Total

1 Ambo Town 85 106.6 95.4 34.3 41.2 37.6 1:38 1:57

2 Ambo 80 70.3 75.2 30.1 26 28 1:61 1:58

3 Wenchi 97.1 87.6 92 74.7 69.8 72.3 1:66 1:66

4 Woliso 73.6 62.8 68.3 69.7 60.6 65.2 1:58 1:59

5 Woliso Town 96.5 104.3 100.4 71.2 81.4 76.3 1:37 1:55

6

West Shewa 84.2 82.4 83.3 26.5 26.5 26.5 1:60 1:63

S/W/ Shewa 84.1 77.1 80.7 62 59.4 60.70 1:54 1:58

Oromia 94.4 83.3 88.9 80.9 74.8 77.9 1:72 D/N/A

National 97.6 90.7 94.2 84.6 81.3 83.0 1:62 D/N/A

Source: Woreda Education offices: 2008-09; Zonal Education Departments: 2008-09; Ministry of

Education Abstract: 2008-09

Health has great importance to country like Ethiopia to bring about meaningful development and

growth. What are perhaps become more challenging are the means and strategies to be adopted in

order to provide and full fill better health services to citizens. Farmers, whether educated or not,

cannot engage themselves in production unless they are healthy. If, in the absence of choice, they are

made to struggle to earn a living despite high morbidity, their productivity will be low and results in

terms of output will not be satisfactory. Hence, ensuring the health of farmers is as a key element in

the overall objective of enhancing the productive capacity of the agricultural labor force.

The national healthy policy adopted in this respect is envisaged to establish a health delivery system

that places emphasis on disease prevention and primary health care. While it is obvious that medical

service (curative care) is also necessary, this cannot be the main health service option under the

objective conditions in the country. Disease prevention helps to ensure the health of a person without

large expenditures on medicine, medical equipment and medical expertise. On the basis of this, a

number of activities carried out in the project area of which construction of health posts and training

and deployment of health extension workers have been the main undertaking.

2.2.2. Health Service

Providing access to health services has been one of the major intervention areas, which has received

attention from the government. Similar to the education sector relentless efforts and a number of

activities have been carried to create access to health services for the population in the country in

general and the project area in particular.

According to data obtained from each Woreda office, a number of health services constructed in four

Woredas of the project area within elapsed tentative ten years. Nonetheless, to achieve the standards

set on health policy still much remains to be done.





March 2012

Table 2.9: Distributions of Health Services

No. Woreda

Basic

Health

coverage

Health Services

Health

Post

Health

Centre Hospital Clinic Pharmacy

Drug

Vendor

1 Ambo Town 95 3 1 1 12 1 1

2 Ambo 59 13 3 - - - 2

3 Wenchi 97 23 4 - - - 1

4 Woliso 71.6 37 6 - - - 1

5 Woliso Town d.n.a - 1 1 6 6 4

Total 76 15 2 18 7 9

Source: Woreda Health Offices 2010

As stated on the table above, there are 76 health posts, 15 health centres, 2 hospitals, 18 Clinics, 7

pharmacies and 9 drug vendors. The number of health posts out numbers that of other types of health

services and this indicates the direction of the intervention is geared to prevention than curative

activities. The hospitals are concentrated at zonal capital (Woliso and Ambo towns).

Health personnel

Building of health service alone cannot ensure the provision adequate and efficient health services

provision. The health service has to be manned with health professionals at the required number

pursuance to the standard set on the National Health Policy. As to the case of Woredas of the project

area the numbers of health professional are stated in table 2.10.

According to information obtained from each Woreda health office, there is shortage of health

professionals, and even the existing and not working at their maximum capacity due to lack of

treatment equipment.

Table 2.10: Number of Health Personnel in the Project Area

No.

Woreda

Health Personnel

Doctor All

Nurse

Health

Officer Druggist

Laboratory

Technician

Health

Extension

Worker

Health

Assistant

1 Ambo town 9 87 14 11 9 - 3

2 Ambo - 31 1 2 2 70 1

3 Wenchi - 36 4 3 4 44

4 Woliso - 26 3 - - 68 -

5 Woliso Town 13 93 6 - 9 - 9

Total 22 273 28 16 24 182 13

Source: Woreda Health Offices 2010





March 2012

Major Disease

As elsewhere other part of the country, the major diseases prevailing in the project area are ensuing

from lack of primary health care facilities.

Table 2.11: Ten Top Diseases in West and Southwest Showa Zones in 2009

No. West Showa South-west Showa

Diagnosis Number Percent Type of Diseases Number Percent

1 Injury 2772 23.2 Deliveries 2200 42.6

2 Helminthes 1642 13.8 Trauma 600 11.6

3 URTI 1514 12.7 Respiratory 500 9.7

4 Tonsillitis 1507 12.6 Malnutrition 350 6.8

5 Tuberculosis 895 7.5 Abortion 350 6.8

6 Rheumatics 685 5.7 Gast. Intestinal 250 4.8

7 Bronco Pneumonia 884 7.4 Tuberculosis 240 4.7

8 All others 650 5.4 Mussel & Skeleton 230 4.5

9 Adenoids 821 6.9 Surg. G.Int 220 4.3

10 Genitourinary 571 4.8 Tumors 220 4.3

Total 11941 100 Total 5160 100.00

Source: West and southwest Showa Zone Health Dept.:2010

This indicates that most of the diseases prevailing in the area are potentially preventable and could be

talked by promoting primary health care which is the strategy stipulated in the national health policy

of the country. The existing health extension package also deemed to reduce the prevalence rate of top

diseases in the country in general and the project area in particular.

HIV/AIDS

It is well known that most Ethiopian who live in the rural or urban area are highly exposed to

HIV/AIDS pandemic mainly because of their low economic status and lack of access to education

though the degree varies from place to place. Due to this HIV/AIDS infections are very high and

alarming and still AIDS has claimed the lives of thousands and millions of people, it is also knocking

at every ones door. The most destructive loss due to HIV/AIDS happens when the productive part of

the society who are sexually active and highly liable to the virus are infected. Besides, the time and

the money wasted, for treatment of the victims have remarkable impact on the economy of the

country.

According to data drawn from Ministry of Health indicators issued in 2007/2008, there were a total of

323,402 people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA) in Oromia region accounting 24% of the country.

The paper also indicated that the Regional and National HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is 1.5 and 2.1

respectively. When disaggregated by sex, the figure bears 1.2 and 1.8 for Oromia and 1.7 and 2.6 for





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national male and female respectively. This indicates HIV/AIDS in Woliso town, the trends of HIV

positive Persons for the last five years is taken in to account.

Table 2.12: Trends of HIV/AIDs Positive Persons in Woliso Town

Year Number of Visited Persons Number of Positive Persons

Male Female Total Male % Female % Total %

2004 194 85 279 10 3.6 4 1.4 14 5

2005 386 215 601 63 10.5 63 10.5 126 21

2006 1713 1230 2943 256 8.7 249 8.5 505 17.2

2007 3332 2680 6012 540 9 549 9.1 1089 18.1

2008 5860 3914 9774 276 2.8 266 2.7 542 5.5

2009 3803 3402 7205 280 3.9 337 4.7 617 8.6

Total 15288 11526 26814 1425 5.3 1468 5.5 2893 10.4

Source: Woliso Town Health Office and saint Luke Catholic Hospital

From the above table, we can learn that the trend of HIV/AIDS is at an increasing pace. In general

according to data obtained from Woliso town Health office and St. Luke Hospital, the prevalence rate

of HIV/AIDS in the town is 10.8%. This is rate is slightly more than that of the regional prevalence

rate for urban centres, which is 10.7%. Similarly to look the situation of HIV/AIDS in Ambo town,

the trends of HIV infected persons for the last four years is taken in to account.

Table 2.13: Trends of HIV/AIDs Positive Persons in Ambo Town

Year Number of Visited Persons Number of Positive Persons

Male Female Total Male % Female % Total %

2006 179 129 308 11 47.8 12 52.2 23 7.5

2007 5412 3210 8622 190 42.4 258 57.6 448 5.2

2008 7100 5319 12419 199 39.2 309 60.8 508 4.1

2009 1311 1729 3040 33 29.5 79 70.5 112 3.7

Total 14002 10387 24389 433 39.7 658 60.3 1091 4.5

Source: Ambo Hospital and Ambo Town Administration Office, 2009

As can be inferred from figures specified above, the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the town during

the last four years is 4.5. This rate is considerable less than that of the national prevalence rate for

urban centers. Increasing number of the identified HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in the specified towns are

attributed to lack of awareness (unsafe sexual practice), consuming excess alcohol, harmful traditional

practice (HTP), such as circumcision, rape, etc. Besides, the presence of considerable number of

commercial sex workers in the specified towns, the expansion of pornographic video show, high rate

of unemployment, increasing numbers of Chat addiction in the specified towns contributed to the

expansion of HIV/AIDS. The risk is expected to increase in relation with the envisaged road project

and appropriate mitigation measures are stipulated under section 4.8.5 of this report.





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2.2.3. Water supply

The availability of adequate and potable water at reasonable distance is one of the basic necessities for

human survival. Besides to utilizing for drinking and keeping personal and household hygiene,

potable water supply secures health by reducing water born diseases. The merit also trickles to

reducing morbidity and mortality rates and the number of working hours lost for queuing and drawing

water from far distance which in turn increases productivity. Nonetheless, considerable size of

populations is suffering Ethiopia from lack of this vital necessity.

Table 2.14: Coverage of Clean Water Supply by Woredas

No. Woreda Coverage in

%

Protected

Spring

Hand

Pump

Motorized

Scheme

Remark

1 Ambo 58 27 28 16

2 Woliso 51 2 4 1

3 Wenchi 29.7 20 17 1

4 Ambo town 51 - - 1 River Diversion

5 Woliso Town 68 - - 1 Deep Wells

Source: Woreda & Urban Water Supply Offices & services, 2010

As to the case of the project area, the majority of the populations have no access to clean water supply

and suffer from diseases ensuing from consumption of contaminated water drawn from rivers, and

hand dug wells.

2.2.4. Travel Pattern, Transport and Communication Services

The travel and transport pattern of the population in the project area and in the region is mainly

carried out by non-motorized means of transport, and in particular by walking on foot. It is estimated

that more than 70% of households in the project area walk on foot to reach different social services

and facilities, such as, administrative centers, courts, police stations, markets, agriculture input stores,

sources of drinking water, flour mills, and fuel wood collection places.

In the project area, an estimated small percentage of population is also dependent on motorized or

vehicular transport. Public transport services operate in the major towns (Woliso and Ambo) and there

is a daily schedule of public transport service to the specified major towns from Addis Ababa. Large

buses operate from Addis Ababa; medium buses operate between Ambo and Nekmete towns, and

Woliso and Jimma towns. There are also mini buses that carry out short distances between towns

located along the project road. There are taxis (mainly Bajaj) giving services in Ambo and Woliso

towns. All the major towns of the project area have digital and mobile telephone access and services.

The Major towns (Ambo and Woliso) also have postal service and internet access.

2.2.5. Tourist Attraction Sites

Ethiopia is well known with various sorts of historical, cultural as well as natural tourist attractions.

Nonetheless, much of these abundant resources are not utilized effectively for promotion tourist

industry due to economic reasons, lack of experience and trained personnel in the sector. Oromia is

one of the richest regions in the country with natural and manmade (Cultural and historical) tourist

attractions. The region is endowed with a great deal of attractions which can be used and exploited for





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socioeconomic development of the people by development of tourism sector. Similarly there are

natural tourist attraction sites in the project area. Among others Wenchi creator lake, panoramic view

of Wenchi Woreda landscape in wenchi Woreda and panoramic view of Tulu Maja (Abbo Mountain)

in Woliso Woreda of south West Showa zone and Huluka water fall, book-tulle and Boku-chitu ritual

sites are the main tourist attraction identified in Ambo Woreda of West Showa zone. So it is deemed

that the construction of envisaged road will have significant contribution for effective utilization of

the specified attraction and to explore the non-identified sites.

2.3. Economic Activities

(i) General

According to recent World Bank Report, about 81% of the Ethiopian populations live on less than 2

USD a day. The average per capital income is 141 USD compared to 37,000 for UK. More than half

of the GDP is dependent on agriculture, which suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation

process.

The national and regional, dominant sector of the economy agriculture is constrained by age-old

production practices and structural problems. It has failed to provide even sustained incomes for the

great majority of the people who are engaged in the sector and to satisfy national food requirements.

Although 85% of the national population work force is engaged in agriculture, the country has not

been able to feed its citizen. For thousands of years, we have been using the same poor cultivation

system due to limitation in capacity of our farmers and farming practice.

Besides, agriculture is characterized by smallholder subsistence production, with smallholding

farmers growing crops on 96% of the land under cultivation. They produce 90% of all agricultural

production mainly through low input, low-yield rain fed agriculture. The average household land

holding is about one hectare and yet the average house hold size is 5 people per household. The crop

production is based on rain fed agriculture and this made the majority of the population to be

vulnerable for frequent food shortage and its aftermaths. In other words, a growing number of farmers

are no more able to feed themselves because they are too many for the existing cultivable area and

productivity is too low. Poor farmers cannot adopt more intensive production techniques because they

do not have the required minimum income to purchase, the necessary inputs.

(ii) Project Area

a) Agriculture

Agriculture is the main stay for the majority of population in the project area and it provides the

largest share for livelihood of the population. Mixed farming is a common practice in the area

involving dominantly crop production and livestock rearing though both are carried out at private

level in a traditional way. Nonetheless, Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Offices are

aspiring to acquaint farmers with modern production systems by distributing in put (improved seeds

and fertilizers) and giving training via extension package.

Crop Production

Smallholder subsistence agriculture is the main character of crop production in the area, which of

course is the case for other parts of the country. Crop production is mainly rain fed and practiced in

traditional style. The project area and its environs are relatively free from meager and erratic rain fall





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distribution, and food insecurity problem compared with other woredas of Oromia. However, the

production is characterized by lack of access to modern technology, low input supply, dependency on

rainfall and shortage of irrigation practice.

Major Crops

The agro climatic condition of the area is very suitable for the production of cereals, pulses, and oil

seeds. Thus, Teff, wheat, barley, maize and sorghum for cereals and field pea, house bean, Chick pea

and lentil from pulse are the major types of crops produced in three rural Woredas of the project area

as well as West and South West Shewa zones which are going to be linked by the envisaged road

project. Ensat is also dominantly cultivated in Wenchi Woreda. Crop productivity has shown

significant improvements for the elapsed tentative few years in all Woredas an associated with

promotion of extension package and provision of agricultural inputs to the farmers.

Table 2.15: Crops productivity in West and South-West Shewa Zones

Crop Type

West Shewa South-West Shewa

Cultivated

land in ha

production

in Quintal

Produc-

tivity Per

ha.

Cultivated

land in ha

Production in

Quintal

Produc-

tivity Per

ha.

Teff 222905 4006741 18 310085 1806987 14

Wheat 158865 5513534 35 80425.25 2222283 28

Barley 43041 81427 19 33586 87756 26

Sorghum 43041 814237 19 3435.25 81740.25 24

Maize 73589 3185979 43 22345.5 824106 37

Total 541441 14334728 26 269877 5812872 22

Pulses

Field peas 12225 187639 15 16189 283858.8 18

Horse beans 29544 530258 18 4919 2150 0

Chick peas 12237 268680 22 17267 2630 0

Lentils 2391 33851 14 35199.14 585001.8 17

Total 56396 1020427 18 73574.34 87364.6 12

Oil seed

Niger seed 33257 256961 8 867.25 3814 4

Line seed 22596 21567 10 19442.12 230756 12

Rape seed 4171 49202.9 12 6396.2 25671 4

Total 60026 537731 9 26705 260241 10

Total 60026 537731 9 26705 260241 10

Total Sum 657863 15892886 24 370157 6946754 19

Sources: Zonal Agriculture and Rural development Office: 2010.





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According to data obtained from each zone agriculture and rural development offices, although the

zones productivity has been improved, in the past few years, through provision of agricultural imputes

to the farmers, the productivity is still less as compared to the potential.

b) Land Use Pattern

Land use pattern is usually the function of the type of the existing socioeconomic features and

farming system of the people dwelling in the project area. As can be seen in the table 16, the land use

pattern is dominantly utilized for cultivation in the specified three Woredas as crop production is the

major means of livelihood of the people dwelling in the project area.

Table 2.16 Land Use Patterns of Woredas in the Project Area

Woreda Cultivated Grazing Vegetation Water Body

Other

Purposes Total

ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha %

Ambo 57220 72 8370 11 1379 2 2455 3 9228 12 78652 100

Wenchi 24490 33 5583 8 4551 6 490 1 37534 52 72,648 100

Weliso 45500 66 4754 7 4075 6 0 0 14057 21 68386 100

Total 127210 57 18707 9 10005 5 2945 1 60819 28 219686 100

Source; Woreda Agriculture & rural Development Offices: 2010

c) Existing irrigation practices

There are modern and traditional irrigation schemes practiced by a number of households especially

in Wenchi and Woliso Woredas using rivers and streams. According to data obtained from Wenchi

and Woliso Woredas there is about 2943ha irrigated farm currently owned by 19593 households.

Table 2.16: Distribution of Irrigation Farm by Woredas

S. No. Woreda Irrigated Area HHs Remark

1 Ambo N/A N/A

2 Wenchi 928 6194

3 Woliso 2015 13399

Total 2943 19593

Source; Wenchi and Woliso Woreda: 2010

Onion, tomato, potato and other type of vegetables are produced by irrigation farming in the area. The

envisaged road project will have significant contribution to assist farmers transporting their product to

market centers and intensify the production.

d) Livestock

As has been stated in the preceding section, livestock husbandry is one of the dominant means of

livelihood of the people in the project area. All of the studied Woredas have diversified livestock





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population and the number of cattle population stands first for all Woredas accounting 97%. the sector

is stranded by shortage of pasture grazing land), prevalence of cattle diseases, lack of veterinary

clinics, lack of modern know how on livestock herding and the likes.

Table 2.17: Numbers of Livestock

Livestock

Category

Woreda %

Ambo Wenchi Woliso Total

Cattle 114481 89732 1666008 1870221 97

Sheep 36796 29881 20931 87608 1

Goats 18381 24639 30634 73654 0

Poultry 52084 78532 89319 219935 1

Horses 8805 7876 4081 20762 0

Donkey 9660 9225 18104 36989 0

Mules 624 824 1263 2711 0

Total 240831 240709 1830340 2311880 100

Source; Agriculture and Rural Development Offices of Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso Woredas, 2010

The major livestock feed along the project area include open pasture, bushes and hay as well crop

residues. There is gradual declining of grazing land from time to time. On the other hand, there has

been no forage development in regular extension services. As can be seen in the table above, there are

large numbers of livestock in the specified three Woredas. Nonetheless, the land use pattern of the

area is indicating that only 9% of the land is utilized for grazing out of the total area of the Woredas

(See table 2.17) and there is critical shortage of grazing land. Therefore modern forage development is

required to make the sector productive.

2.4. Gender Issues

In Ethiopia, the Gender proportion of men and women shows that women constitute approximately

50% 0 f the population. Having almost equal proportion of men and women, the Gender disparity

between men and women is believed to be very high in the country and this disparity is believed to be

one of the bottlenecks for its development. FDRE Constitution gives women equal right with men,

Article 35 (Rights of Women) No.1 states:

"Women shall, in the employment of rights and protections provided for by this Constitution, have

equal right with men"

Women make a significant contribution in the area of economic and social development of the

country. However, women's contribution to the economy and social development is not recognized as

such, mainly because of the economy and political power is controlled and dominated by men.

Women do not receive equal opportunity in education, employment and in other social development

activities. In the welfare monitoring survey carried out by CSA, it was found that women have low

school enrolment rates and are also less literate than men. This and other development indicators

show that women do not receive equal opportunity and access to education like that of their men





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counterparts.

The social impacts that will be created due to the construction of the project road affect women more

than men, Among the social impacts, resettlement/ relocation of PAPs may lead to the breakdown of

community social networks and this has direct impact on women more than men because women rely

and depend on community and social networks for their emotional, family and practical supports.

Since the different social impacts affect and are reflected more on women than men, there is a need

for women to be consulted concerning the proposed mitigation measures to address those negative

impacts. FDRE constitution, on Article 35, No.6 states that: "women have the right to full

consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of

projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women".

Women have equal right to ownership of property and enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of

property. Hence, compensation payments and other measures related to resettlement/relocation shall

be done equally for women and men; and it will also take into consideration the interest women as

enshrined in FDRE constitution on its Article 35, No.7 that states women have "... the right to acquire,

administer, control, use and transfer property. in particular, they have equal rights with men with

respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in

the inheritance of property” women also have different roles and relations and division labor than

men. The gender roles and division labor is shown in the following paragraphs.

Gender Roles and Relations: Men and women have different roles and responsibilities in the project

road corridor and its influence zone. Men traditionally have more socially recognized power and

authority in decision-making, control and access over resources. Women have limited access and

control over resources and in decision making either at household or community level.

Gender Division of Labor: Men are mostly engaged in productive (agricultural activity) and also in

other socio - political responsibilities also. Women on the contrary play triple roles and

responsibilities. Women are mainly responsible for productive, reproductive and also social activities.

Women play significant r ole in agricultural production in the project influence zone and in the

corridor generally. This is also true f or the country and other parts of Africa. It is estimated that in

rural Africa women account for more than 7 0% of agricultural activity.

The different roles and responsibilities assumed by women and men in the project road corridor imply

that they have differing transport needs and requirements. The transport needs of women and men

obviously vary in accordance with tasks and roles in their everyday life. There is high demand for

travel and transport by women both for within and outside their village travel. Hence, it is highly

crucial that the construction and upgrading of the project road gives sufficient emphasis and proper

attention to Gender related issues and specifically addresses the transport demands of women.

Women play very important role in travel and transport. The demand for travel and transport by

women either for household or community activities is very high. Travel and transport related

activities carried out by women include: domestic travel and transport, agricultural transport and

transport related to social services. In a study carried out by ERA in 1999 on village level travel and

transport (VLTT), it is estimated that the women in Ethiopia are responsible for some 76% of the time

and about 86% of the effort made for transport (domestic transport is the highest).

A study made to introduce IMT in selected woredas shows that women perform major travel and

transport related activities mainly for domestic (fuel wood, water collection, etc), market, agricultural





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and social purposes. Walking on foot is the common mode of transport followed by pack animals in

rural and semi urban parts of Ethiopia. According to the VL TT study "fuel, water, food, etc, accounts

73% of the trips and 61 % of the travel time and 93% of the transport effort".

Women are also responsible to carry out significant transport activities that are related to reproductive

and productive activities. In Ethiopia, "women work from 13-17 hours a day grinding grain, fetching

water, collecting fire wood, preparing manure for fuel, cooking food, raising children, taking care of

domestic animals and managing the family".

In the project road corridor, women’s transport needs are mainly related to:

• Travel for domestic activities: This is travel to collect fire wood, travel to water points,

travel to grinding mills, etc.

• Travel for economic activities: It includes, travel to markets, travel to farm fields, travel t o

saving and credit associations, cooperatives, etc.

• Travel to social service facilities: It includes, travel to health facilities and traditional

healers, women associations meetings, etc.

• Travel for social and communal activities: This is travel to places of worship, to funerals,

visiting the sick, visiting of families and friends, etc.

The construction of the project road is expected to provide some sort of assistance and support to

women in improving their condition in their productive, reproductive and socio political activities.

Productive activities: it is expected to provide and introduce women with labor and time saving tools

and equipment, and at the same time improve their productive capacity.

This could be realized with improved road network and communication. Hence, the construction of

the project road is expected to contribute towards this.

Reproductive activities: It would also provide women to have enough time to look and take care

for their children and other household members.

Socio political activities: In the long term, women would be exposed to improved technologies, tools,

create additional income and build confidence in their day-to-day life and work. It would also create

opportunity for women to participate in other socio political activities and issues that are related to

their community and beyond.

FDRE constitution, on Article 35,No.6 states that:” women have the right to full consultation in the

formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and

particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women”.

In the rural sections of the project road corridor, link most other rural areas of Ethiopia, the poverty

situate on is among women and in particular female head households (FHH). The magnitude of

women’s poverty situation is manifested through lack of transport services and facilities. With the

construction of the project road, it is expected that the poverty situation of women will be changed to

economic development.





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3. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK

3.1. Legal Background

Currently there are a number of legal documents at Federal and Regional levels dealing with

involuntary resettlement & restitution. Previous legal documents which are consistent with the

provisions of the F.D.R.E constitution are also checked. The major documents are proclamation No.

1/ 1995 of the Ethiopian Constitution, the 1997 Environment Policy, the Environmental Impact

Assessment proclamation No. 299/2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document

(July 2000), Proclamation No. 455/2005 on Expropriation of Land holdings for Public Purposes and

Payments of Compensations, Proclamation No. 456 / 2005 on Rural Land Administration and Land

use Proclamation and Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 on the payment of

compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes. The Councils of

Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 is based on Article 14(1) of Proclamation No. 455/2005 which

states: “with a purpose of not only paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore

their livelihood”. In this guideline an attempt has been made to summarize some of the provisions in

these legal documents, which are found to be relevant to the present task. Hence, the present exercise

subject to base these legal documents for identifications, valuation of damaged properties and rights

for compensation payment procedures. In addition to these legal documents and regulations, major

frameworks like ERA’s Resettlement Policy Framework and World Bank procedures are checked for

the preparation of this guideline.

The 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, article 40(2) and 40(3)

stipulates public ownership of land and expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and

payment of compensation. Proclamation No. 455/ 2005 specifically promulgated and provided

provisions for compensations. The basic principle of ERA’s Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy

Framework is to address the importance of compensation payments for the loss of assets at

replacement cost, giving opportunities to locals to share project benefits and assisting PAPs’ during

relocation / rehabilitation. Detailed regulations for valuation of properties situated on landholdings

expropriated for public purposes are promulgated on Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007.

These legal documents have a more or less parallel similarity to the World Bank OP and BP 4.12.

Regarding compensations, all documents clearly state that individuals have the right to be

compensated for the works on land created by labour, capital and land use rights. In line with these

basic principles major resettlement and compensation issues are addressed from various legal

documents as follows. However, if the national and international laws are in conflict, the latter

overrules as to the World Bank policies for International Development Assisted projects.

3.2. The Constitution

As the major binding document for all other derivative national and regional policies, laws and

regulations, the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, (FDRE), have

provisions, which have a direct policy, legal and institutional relevance’s for the appropriate

implementation of resettlement action plans, which will be executed by the Ethiopian Roads

Authority.

Article 40.3 of the Constitution declares public ownership of both rural and urban land as well as all

natural resources. It further states that land is the common property of the Ethiopian people and

cannot be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Moreover, ownership of land is vested on the

public and the people while rural and urban dwellers have only usufruct right over the land. A use





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right gives the user the right to use the land and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labour

and capital which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any other permanent works such as

buildings etc.

Article 44.2 of the Constitution indicates that interventions for public goods that may cause the

displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihood of the local population shall give the right to

commensurate monetary or other means of compensation including relocation / rehabilitation with

adequate state assistance. This provision has a strong relevance to the Resettlement Action Plans that

ERA shall undertake while involved in road projects. The provisions in the constitution clearly states

government’s obligation not only to compensate for the loss of properties created by the labor and

capital but also to compensate for the lost usufruct right over land through resettling the affected

individuals/communities by the state programs with adequate assistances.

3.3. Regional States Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation

Based on the Federal land administration and utilization proclamation No.456 / 2005, (which repealed

the Federal Government Rural Land Administration Proclamation No.89/ 1997); regions will

commence their own land administration and utilization laws. Hence, the preparation of this RAP is

obliged to adopt and used the Oromia and national regional state rural land administration and land

use proclamation. Under proclamation No. 56/2002 of the regional government of Oromia, the

following rights and obligations are stated related to holding rights, expropriation of properties for

public uses and remuneration payments for the lost asset. Article 4(1) stated that “Land is the common

property of the state and people, and shall not be subject to sale or other means of exchange”.

Moreover, on the same article sub-Article (2) declares woman shall have equal right with men in all

activities of rural land use and administration. Article 6(1) is cantered on land use rights and states

that “any peasant or pastoralist, with a holding right of land, has a lifelong right to use land for

agricultural purpose as well as to lease and while the right to remains in effect, bequeath it to his

family member/s/ and includes the right to acquire property produced there on by his labour or capital,

and to sell, exchange and bequeath. Article 6(4) is on termination of rights and stated that “the use of

right of an individual land user shall be subject to termination, only if that land is required for more

important public uses and decided with the participation of the community”. Sub-Article (5) of Article

(6) is on compensation payments and declares “when use right changes hands under condition in Sub-

Article (4) of Article (6), an individual land holder, whose use right is terminated shall be guaranteed

with the right to remove permanent work built or tree crops cultivated on land or to claim payment of

compensation there on or collection of fruits thereof, or compensation of similar land. As to this

proclamation Article 11 any farmer or pastoralist has a right to lease his/her holdings on certain

regulations. Article 11(1) states that “any peasant or pastoralist has the right to lease out up to half of

the land under his holding. However, “duration of land lease agreement between the peasant or the

pastoralist, and the lease shall be; up to three years for those who apply traditional farming and fifteen

years for users of modern farming technology”. Lease agreements shall be valid if and only if

approved by local responsible organ that administer rural land issues according to Article 11(4) of the

aforementioned proclamation. Article 15 is dealing with land user right security. According to this

Article Sub- Article (1), “any peasant or pastoralist, with a holding right of land, shall be provided

with a lifelong certification of holding right by responsible organ”.

According to the World Bank policy Research Working paper No. 4218, rural land certification in

main regions of the country started in 2003. Up to the publication of the above mentioned research

working paper in April 2007, 88% of households in Tigray, 79% in Amara and 46% in SNNPR (not





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available to the Oromia) were undergone the land registration process. Again related to this specific

issue of land registration and certification, Article 15 (2) and (4) of the Oromia regional state has the

following provisions. According to Sub-Article two, “Husband and wife shall be jointly certified to

their common land holding”. In case of polygamy Sub-Article four provides another regulation by

stating “In the case of a polygamous marriage, a husband is allowed to get a holding right certificate

with only one of his wife’s, and the other shall get severally”. Another important Article of the

aforementioned proclamation is provision on Article 1(a) (b) related to conflict and dispute resolution.

As to Article (1) “any conflict or dispute that arose on farmland boundaries or landholding shall be

resolved by; (a) appealing first to local (Ganda) social court. (b) Party who has compliant on the

decision given by local social court can further appeal to the ordinary court. Decisions’ given by the

local court shall be respected by both parties.

3.4. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Environmental Protection Authority which is directly accountable to the prime minister office is

re-established in October 2002, under Proclamation No 295 / 2002. This Proclamation repealed

Proclamation No 9/1995.

The Ethiopian Environment Policy has provisions relevant to preparation of Resettlement Action plan

guidelines. Major elements of the policy are:

• To ensure that the environmental impact assessments (EIA) consider not only physical

and biological impacts but also address socio-economic, political and cultural conditions;

• To recognize public consultation is an integral part of the EIA and ensure that EIA

procedures make provision for both an independent review and public comments before

consideration of decision makers;

• To ensure that, an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plans for

environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents;

• To ensure that, at specified intervals during the project implementation, environmental

audits regarding monitoring, inspection and record keeping take place for activities

where these have been required by the Environmental Impact Statement;

• To ensure that preliminary and full EIA’s are undertaken by the relevant sectoral

ministries or departments, if in the public sector, and by the developer in the private

sector;

• To create by law an EIA process which requires appropriate environmental impact

statements and environmental audits for private and state development projects;

• To establish the necessary institutional framework and determine the linkages of its parts

for undertaking, co-coordinating and approving EIA’s and the subsequent system of

environmental audits required to ensure compliance with conditional ties;

• To develop detailed sectoral technical guidelines in EIA’s and environmental audits;

• To ensure that social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions are considered in

environmental impact assessment procedures and included in sectoral guidelines; and

• To develop EIA and environmental audit capacity and capability in the Environmental

Protection Authority, sectoral ministries and agencies as well as in the regions





March 2012

3.5. Proclamation Number 455/2005

Article 8(1) of this proclamation sates that a rural landholder whose landholding has been

permanently expropriated shall be paid for his (her) displacement/ rehabilitation options an amount

equivalent to ten times (years) the average income he secured during the preceding past five years in

addition to other payments like losing fixed assets, annual and perennial crops and cash crops. Again

Article 8(2) stipulates that a landholder whose land provisionally expropriated shall be paid for the

lost income, based on the average annual income secured for the preceding five years, until he/she

repossesses the land. In accordance with this proclamation Article 14(1) provision which state “The

council of Ministers may issue regulations necessary for the proper implementation of this

proclamation” Regulation No.135/2007 is promulgated and effective as of 4th day of July 2007. There

is an expectation among professionals that this regulation might solve ambiguities related to valuation

of properties and compensation payments. The valuation procedure for determining additional

compensation, (like for permanent land improvement), is yet officially enacted. Those individuals

who will get a land-to-land replacement shall be compensated for the loss an amount equivalent to the

average annual income secured during the preceding five years.

As per this proclamation Article 8(4) urban landholder whose land holding has been expropriated

shall be provided, apart from the estimated payment for the lost structures, with a plot of urban land to

construct a structure and to be paid a displacement compensation equivalent to the annual rent of the

demolished house or be allowed to live in public house without rent for one year.

In order to conduct an effective and full-fledged compensation for project-affected peoples, the

enactment of the regulation has been essential. Article 19(1) of Regulation 135/2007 stipulates on

properties for which compensation is not payable. As to this Article “there shall be no payment of

compensation with respect to any construction or improvements made like buildings, any crops sown,

perennial crops planted or any permanent improvement on land, where such activity is done after the

possessor of the land is served with the expropriation order”. The broad framework within

Proclamation No. 455/2005 and regulation 135/2007 are binding in implementing valuation of

properties and remuneration payments.

3.6. Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework)

Apart from the broad policy frameworks at national level, the main reference behind the preparation

of this Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is ERA’s guiding principles as stipulated in its Resettlement

and Rehabilitation Policy Framework. The principles in the framework are adopted basically from the

World Bank’s policy on resettlement and rehabilitation. The following statement is adopted from

ERA’s Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework to show when and where a RAP is required or

not.

At project identification, social screening/social impact assessment (SIA) of the subprojects will be

conducted with the aim to determine whether or not a subproject requires detailed resettlement action

plans as specified in World Bank policy. The principles of compensation/rehabilitation will be

triggered wherever there will be a land requirement and adverse social impacts. If the SIA findings

reveal that more than 200 persons are affected by a subproject, a resettlement action plan will be

prepared (ERA 2002). However, as to OP 4.12, “where impacts on the entire displaced is minor, or

fewer than 200 people are displaced, an abbreviated resettlement plan may be agreed with the

borrower”





March 2012

As per the above framework and the Bank policy, a threshold has been set whether or not to proceed

with a detail RAP once a social screening is done on any proposed road development project. A Road

development that entails the relocation of more than 200 individuals or above 40 households is

expected to entail a resettlement action plan. Those road projects that would displace less than 200

individuals are not expected to come up with a detailed/full scale RAP. In such cases an Abbreviated

Resettlement Action Plan shall be prepared. Although this is the case, there is a major gap between

the National Legislations and the WB Operational Policies (OP4.12) in notification period and

expropriation of properties. Proclamation No 455/2005 Article (3) (4) requires that property must be

handed over 90 days after compensation has been paid. On the other hand OP.4.12 requires that

displacement must not occur before necessary measures for resettlements are in place. In case of a

conflict between the national and international procedures, OP4.12 states that” where domestic law

does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement cost, compensation under domestic

law is supplemented by additional measures necessary to meet the replacement cost standard”.

3.7. Land use and the Right of Way

Conceptually the term land use implies the function of land determined by natural conditions and

human intervention. Usually it is categorized according to the status of the specific land and

employment by human interventions. Land use in the present context upholds direct use as well as

preservation, conservation, development and management.

Land in Ethiopia is the property of the state / public and does not require compensation. The land

proclamation No. 31/1975 on rural land and No. 47/1975 of the urban land states that government

holds the ownership of land; it is the property of the Ethiopian People. However, Article 7(72) of

proclamation No 47/1975 states that the government shall pay fair compensation for property situated

on the land, but the amount of compensation shall not take any value of the land into account, because

land is owned by state. The change to state ownership was enshrined in proclamation No.1 / 1987 and

proclamation No. 1 / 1995. Moreover, the Federal Government issued the rural land administration

proclamation (No. 456/2005) that vested power on regional states to enact regional laws to the

purpose consistent with the principles and laws of the Federal government. According to this

proclamation Article 17(1) “each regional council shall enact rural land administration and land use

law, which consists of detailed provisions necessary to implement this proclamation”.

Proclamation No.80/1997 article 6(18) states that ERA shall use, free of charge, land and such other

resources and quarry substances for the purpose of construction of highways, camps, storage of

equipment and other required services, provided however, that it shall pay compensation in

accordance with the law for properties on the land it uses. The Oromia National Regional state

proclamation No.56/2002 is more or less consistent with the Federal Government Constitution

dealing with land tenure, expropriation and compensation payments procedures.

The Right-of-Way (RoW) is the land allocated and preserved by the law for public use in road

construction, rehabilitation and maintenance work. For example in the RR50 standard 15mt width on

either side of the road centerline fall into the legal RoW. In recognition of Article 6(17) of

proclamation No.80/1997 in re-establishing ERA gave the mandate to “determine the extent of land

required for its activities in the adjacency as well as surrounding of highways and the conditions of

use of such land by others”. However, this proclamation does not explicitly determine the extent of

the Right of Way. Traditionally ERA exercises 30mt of ROW for its projects. As to this proclamation

ERA has a mandate: (a) to develop and administer highways, (b) To ensure the standard of road

construction and, (c) To create a proper condition on which the road network is co-ordinately





March 2012

promoted. The RoW branch of ERA is the primary and responsible body to posses and maintains land

required for the project causes and compensation payments. Proclamation No 455/2005, which is

targeted on expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensations, is the

base for this RAP. For detailed regulations on valuation of properties situated on landholdings

expropriated for public purposes, the RAP relied on Council of Ministers regulations No.135/2007.

For the Ambo – Woliso road project the consultant adopted +1.5m for urban and +3m for rural from

construction areas to minimize impacts.

The ROW in the urban centers has been reduced to 20m in order to reduce the number of affected

properties. In most town sections like Woliso, Chitu, Sonkole, Darian, Haro Wenchi and Ambo town

the houses are built close to the existing gravel road. 50 m ROW has significant impacts on the road

side houses, shops and institutional buildings. In similar way the 30m in the urban sections ROW has

no less impact on these properties. The 20m ROW has less impact and no need to compromise the

quality and the standard. Therefore, the consultant firmly believes that 20m in the rural sections have

less impact environmentally and socially as well as economically.

The trend in the rural sections along the Ambo-Woliso road project is the farmer plant perennial

crops, trees, commercial trees like eucalyptus (Yebahir Zaf) and Cuppress lustanica (Tid) on the road

side. Therefore, following the 50m ROW has significant impacts on the roadside vegetation and on

farmland in some location. The 20m ROW on the other hand is too narrow. Indeed, ERA could not

protect the ROW boundary in most of his projects. Adopting 20m ROW has significant impact on the

future maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading of the roads. Therefore, 30m in the rural section is

more feasible than the two options (50m and 20m).

3.8. The World Bank Operational Policies (OP4.12)

The Operational Policies of the World Bank on Involuntary Resettlement focused on to ensure project

affected people especially the poor and vulnerable ones have more to say and participate as equal

partners and to improve their livelihoods and standard of living or at least restore them in real terms.

Moreover, it is geared towards to avoid or minimize adverse impacts of projects. The Bank

experience indicates that development projects, if unmitigated, may cause severe long-term hardships,

impoverishment, and environmental damages. Hence, the following are policy objectives of the

World Bank as outlined in the aforementioned Operational Policies.

• Involuntary Resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all

viable alternative project designs.

• Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived

and executed as sustainable development program, providing sufficient investment

resources to enable the person displaced by the project to share in project benefits.

Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to

participate in planning and implementing resettlement program.

• Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and

standards of living or at least to restore them, in real term, to pre-displacement levels or

to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is

higher.





March 2012

Moreover, as per OP4.12 footnote 1; the World Bank requirements for compensation must be

followed with: “Where domestic law does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement

cost, compensation under domestic law is supplemented by additional measures necessary to meet the

replacement cost standard”. These conditions are applicable for all PAPs including squatters and

illegally settled people except prospectors and intruders after the cut-off- dates.





Table 3.1: Comparison of Ethiopian Legislation and OP 4.12

Theme World Bank Op 4.12 Ethiopian Legislation Comparison Recommendations to

Address Gaps

Policy

Objectives

World bank OP4.12 has overall policy

objectives, requiring that:

Involuntary resettlement should be avoided

wherever possible, or minimized, exploring

all alternatives.

Resettlement program should be

sustainable, include meaningful

consultation with affected parties, and

provide benefits to the affected parties

Displaced persons should be assisted in

improving livelihoods etc, or at least

restoring them to previous levels

Proclamation No 455/2005 (Article

3(1)) gives power to Woreda or

urban administrations to “expropriate

rural or urban landholdings for public

purpose where it believes that it

should be used for a better

development…”This is supported by

Article 51(5) and Article 40(8) of the

1995 Constitution.

Proclamation No 455/2005 (Article

7(5) states that” the cost of removal,

transportation and erection shall be

paid as compensation for a property

that could be relocated and continue

it serves as before.”

The World Bank requirement

for avoidance or minimization

of involuntary resettlement is

not written into Ethiopian

legislation. Proclamation No

455/2005 does not indicate

consultation with displaced

persons throughout the

resettlement process, rather only

allows for a complaints and

grievance process. Although

Proclamation No 455/2005

allows for some form of support

to the displaced persons, it does

not explicitly state that

livelihoods should be restored to

previous levels or improved.

World Band OP 4.12

overall objectives shall

be applied to avoiding

or minimizing

involuntary

resettlement to ensure

resettlement program

sustainable and

includes meaningful

consultation.

Notification

period/ timing

of

displacement

Article 10 of World Bank OP4.12 requires

that the resettlement activities associated

with a sub -projects are linked to the

implementation of development program to

ensure displacement or restriction of access

does not occur before necessary measures

for resettlement are in place. In particular,

taking of land and related assets may take

place only after compensation has been

paid, and, where applicable, resettlement

sites and moving allowances have been

Article 4 of Proclamation No

455/2005 requires notification in

writing, with details of timing and

compensation, which cannot be less

than 90 days from notification. It

requires that land should be handed

over within 90 days of payment of

compensation payments. If there is

no crop or other property on the land,

it must be handed over within 30

days of notice of expropriation. It

There is a gap in Proclamation

No 455/2005 to allow land to be

expropriated before necessary

measures for resettlement take

place, particularly before the

displaced person has been paid.

This can have serious

consequences for those affected,

as they may be displaced

without shelter or livelihood.

Displaced person

should always be paid

compensation and

support before the land

is handed over, as per

World Bank OP4.12.






Address Gaps

provided to displaced persons. further gives power to seize the land

through police force should the

landholder be unwilling to hand over

the land

Eligibility for

Compensation

World Bank OP4.12 gives eligibility to:

Those who have formal legal rights to the

land;

Those who do not have formal legal rights

to land, but have a claim to such land; and

Those who do not have recognizable legal

right or claim to the land

Proclamation No 455/2005, Article

7(1) allows’ landholders’ to be

eligible for compensation, where the

term “landholder” (Article2(3)

means” and individual, government

or private organization or any other

organ which has legal personality

and have lawful possession over the

land to be expropriated and owns

property situated thereon”

According to World Bank

OP4.12, eligibility for

compensation is granted to

“affected parties. Ethiopian

Legislation only grants

compensation to those with

lawful possession of the land,

and as per Proclamation No

456, those with traditional

possession i.e. Communal

lands. It therefore does not

recognize those without a legal

right or claim as eligible for

compensation.

The requirements of

World Bank OP4.12, as

described in Column 2

of this table, expected

to be applied,

Compensation World Bank OP4.12 Article 6(a) requires

that displaced persons are provided with

prompt and effective compensation at full

replacement cost for losses of assets

attributable directly to the project. If

physical relocation is an impact, displaced

persons must be provided with assistance

during relocation and residential housing,

housing sites and /or agricultural sites to at

least equivalent standards as the previous

site. Replacement cost does not take

Article 7 of Proclamation No.

455/2005 entitles the landholder to

compensation for the property on the

land on the basis of replacement cost;

and permanent improvements to the

land, equal to the value of capital and

labor expended.

Where property is on urban land,

compensation may not be less than

constructing a single room low cost

The World Bank requirement

for compensation and valuation

of assets it that compensation

and relocation must result in the

affected person must have

property and a livelihood

returned to them to at least

equivalent standards as before.

This is not clearly stated in local

Proclamations. It is expected

that the regulations and

The World Bank

requirements for

compensation must be

followed, as per OP4.12

footnote 1, which

states, “Where domestic

law does not meet the

standard of

compensation at full

replacement cost,

compensation under






Address Gaps

depreciation into account. In term of

valuing assets. If the residual of the asset

being taken is not economically viable,

house as per the region in which it is

located. It also requires that the cost

of removal, transportation and

erection will be paid as compensation

for a relocated property continuing

its service as before. Valuation

formula are provided in Regulation

No. 135/2007

directives will provide more

clarity and clearer guidance in

this regard.

domestic law is

supplemented by

additional measures

necessary to meet the

replacement cost

standard”

Responsibilitie

s of the project

proponent

According to OP4.12, Article 14 and 18),

the borrower is responsible for conducting a

census and preparing, implementing, and

monitoring the appropriate resettlement

instrument. Article 24 states that the

borrower is also responsible for adequate

monitoring and evaluation of the activities

set forth in the resettlement instrument. In

addition, upon completion of the project,

the borrower must undertake an assessment

to determine whether the objectives of the

resettlement instrument have been achieved.

This must all be done according to the

requirements of OP4.12. Article 19 requires

that the borrower inform potentially

displaced persons at an early stage about the

resettlement aspects of the project and takes

their views into account in project design.

Article 5 of Proclamation No

455/2005 sets out the responsibilities

of the implementing agency,

requiring them to gather data on the

land needed and works, and to send

this to the appropriate officials for

permission. If also requires them to

pay compensation to affected

landholders.

The process required for the

project proponent /

implementing agency lacks

descriptive processes in local

legislations...

As per the World Bank

requirements, project

processes included

screening, a census,

development plan,

management of

remuneration payments,

monitoring and

evaluation of success. It

must also include

proper consultation

with the affected parties

throughout the process.





3.9. Institutional Framework

3.9.1. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED)

The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development is the responsible ministry for the disbursement

of the allotted budget for resettlements and restitutions of livelihoods. ERA submits its annual budget

for proposed projects including the portion for resettlements and rehabilitations, which would then be

ratified by the House of the Peoples' Representatives.

3.9.2. The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA)

The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) was established in 1951 and again re-established under

proclamation No.80/1997 with responsibilities for the construction, improvement and maintenance of

the Federal road network. The highest body in the management hierarchy is the board. ERA’s

Environmental and Social Managemnt (ESMT) established in January 1998 with major responsibility

of setting and implementing ERA’s environmental guidelines in support of the national level

requirements. The ESMT holds the capacity of advisory, co-ordination and supervision aspects that

are pertinent to the project road environmental impacts and co-ordination with the respective ERA

district offices.

3.9.3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)

The Environmental Protection authority is a competent agency at Federal level. Hence, the authority

have the following responsibilities in the EIA processes to: (a) ensure that the proponent complies

with requirements of the EIA process, maintain cooperation and consultation between sectoral

agencies throughout the EIA process, (b) Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to

provide guidance on process and; (c) evaluate and take decisions on the documents that arise from the

EIA process.

Prototype authorities shall be organized at regional level to deal with environmental issues. The

regional EPA shall consult and demanded assistances to the federal EPA in case of the EIA have a

national significance or when the regional authority identified a specific EIA beyond its capacity. The

federal authority may involve in the EIA that; (a) have an environmental effect across the

international boundaries of Ethiopia, (b) have an environmental effect across regional boundaries

within Ethiopia, (c) have an effect on an environment of natural or international significance,

including but not limited to natural forests, wetlands, national parks, cultural heritages etc, (d) have a

federal government department, the relevant regional authority or another statuary body as proponent

and, (e) have the federal investment authority as the investment approval body.

The Oromia national regional state established the regional environmental office in 2002. This office

is responsible to ensure matters pertaining to the region’s environmental, social and economic

development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as

well as sustainable use and development of natural resources. To achieve this end the regional

government environmental office adopted a community based or led environmental protection

strategy in addition to having offices at Woreda level. Hence, the roles of Woreda level offices and

communities are important in environmental conservation and management.





3.9.4. General Remarks on Legal, Policy and Institutional Issues

The analysis of all the above legal documents indicates that proper legal and institutional frameworks

are in place to execute all remuneration payments and restitution of livelihoods. This resettlement

action plan is prepared within the provisions of the proclamations and WB policies.

The policy and institutional frameworks in relation to compensation and resettlement has wide cross-

cutting issues that entail the participation of different stakeholders at different levels of the operations.

A number of governmental bodies shall have a horizontal and vertical interaction in implementing the

various legal procedures. Their concerted efforts are very much required. ERA expected to manage its

activities with other relevant bodies outside and within its structures. In executing resettlement action

plan, for instance, management and coordinated efforts between the Environmental Monitoring and

Safety Branch and the Right of Way Branch within ERA is very much essential.

Moreover, the following major issues are adopted to show the ongoing key polices and institutional

reform on the road sector from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development release,

(2005/06).

• Improvement of resource mobilization and allocation through equitable road pricing and

provision, adequate budget for road maintenance and strengthen the road fund,

• Enhancing the capacity of road construction and maintenance by creating an enabling

environment for increased participation of domestic private contractors,

• Reduce reliance on force account by turning ERA’s district maintenance organizations,

(DMOs) into fully commercial operating units,

• Setting strict directives for the enforcement of safety regulations so as to reduce the

number and severity of road accidents,

• Strengthening the enforcement of axle loads limits

• Addressing the environmental effects of road construction by taking measures to ensure

conformity of design standards with environmental protection requirements,

• Promote the use of labour-intensive technology and ensure community participation

wherever possible in building and maintaining local and community roads,

• Provide community based integrated village travel and transport services and reduce travel

time and burden on villages, especially women, to meet the expected increase in the

movement of agricultural input and surplus production,

• Strengthening administration and management in such a manner that federal and regional

road agencies have the institutional capacity to manage and maintain the current road

assets and protecting future investments in the road sector,

• Develop a coherent planning and programming approach based on a net-work stabilization

program, in which federal and regional road agencies formulate common methodologies of

allocation of available and projected resources.





4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Public consultation and field level investigation was carried out in of the major urban centers and in

those villages located along the proposed road project. Public consultations were carried out with the

following major objectives:

• To solicit the attitude of the community towards the project;

• To inform the public on the potential impacts and seek the participation and

contribution of the public during the construction of the proposed road project;

• To ensure that acceptance of the project by the stakeholders and the community along

the route corridor;

• Identifying the potential social impacts (positive and negative); and on the

implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for the negative impacts and on

measures of reinforcement for the positive impacts;

The primary purpose of public consultation is to make the stakeholders at different level and the

community at large participate in the whole process of the project i.e. form design to implementation

phase. It also gives opportunity for the affected people to influence the project to reduce adverse

impacts, maximize additional benefits, and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation. Public

consultation was carried out through formal meetings & public gatherings, focused group discussions,

meeting with women groups, meeting with teachers and health professionals, and also through

informal meetings held with different sections of the community. Nationals have the right to

participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and

projects affecting their community. FDRE Constitution Article 43 No.2

4.1 Discussion with Woreda Administrative Officers

The team held group discussion with Woreda level government officials and Kebele Administrators

crossed by the road and local people to identify their attitude toward the project in general and its

potential impacts in particular. The discussions were cheered by the respective woreda

administrators and attended by heads of different Offices including: Labour and Social Affairs,

Health, Women’s and HIV/AIDS Affairs and esteemed elders, Land Administration &

Environmental Protection officers, Clan and Religious leaders, School Teachers, Health Workers

and Agricultural Development Agents(Das) etc.

The gatherings for the consultations were organised by the local administration. The consultant tried

to involve the local NGOs, particularly those who are working on natural resource protection, health

and sanitation, HIV/AIDS protection, rural development, etc. However, there are no major NGOs

are active along this route. Instead, there were various local groups that took part in the

consultations, including religious leaders, elders, youth associations, women associations, and

farmers groups.

4.1.1 Attitude about the Project

The team consisting of economist and sociologists participated and briefed participants of the public

consultation about objectives and processes of the project. The team has briefed starting and end

points of the proposed road project and locations where impact on properties will be felt.

In the meantime, different questions and views were forwarded by the discussants and replied to them

by the consultant team. Their questions and views focused mainly on the availability of standard

measures in order to compensate the properties that could be lost due to the proposed road

construction and the timing of the ROW clearance.





The team has briefed thoroughly about the existing conventional means to protect public interests and

mitigation measures to minimize the potential impacts of the project. The team had also tried to avoid

their fear on the timing describing what is being planned between the client and the consultant to

accomplish the task of ROW clearance as scheduled.

It was a general consensus with all groups that there is no doubt that the proposed road project will

have an important contribution on the development of the project area in particular and the country in

general. Therefore, it was the demand of all stakeholders consulted that the proposed road should be

built soon.

The participants of the consultation were also asked to list down the positive and negative impacts

that they expect to result from the implementation of the project and the following summarized

impacts were forwarded accordingly. They were also requested to indicate locations where major

social and environmental impacts will be felt in each kebeles crossed by the proposed road.

4.1.2 Positive Expectations

� The proposed road project will accelerate the country’s five year transformation and

development plan to reduce poverty;

� The proposed road project will open a door for modernization to the areas that remained

backward;

� It will reduce the immense transport problem in the project area,

� The project will connect the regions with the neighboring regions;

� The proposed road will enable the inhabitants of the corridor to be benefited from future

development endeavors;

� The construction of the proposed road would also enable the community of the Woredas

traversed to get employed on construction and related works during construction;

� It will enable to transport the products of the project area into central markets and hence

facilitate to get good price for local products;

� It will enable to reduce fright cost;

4.1.3 Negative Expectations

The major apprehension observed by the discussants was that the project may entails affecting HHs

from their current dwelling areas and some other HHs could also lose their farm land and corps on

their land. They also have fear that in connection with compensation and asset valuation process,

people may not be satisfied and may affect the good governance.

� Dislocation of people from their dwelling, trading and farming areas;

� In connection with the speedy nature of proposed road Transport, people,

livestock may be exposed to accident;

� Unless the design work is completed in integration with other development plans

along the ROW, conflict could arise and this could affect the effectiveness and

timely completion of the project;

� Sexual harassment on women and labour Exploitation;

� Students could be attracted to short-term employment created by the project and

hence, School dropout may increase;

� Spread of HIV/AIDS and Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);

� The contractor may share the resources of the community in the project area like

Water ponds and walk over the farm beyond the ROW;

� Many people may come from outside of the local area in search of employment

and business nearby station areas; this could in turn create conflict with local

people and overcrowd;





In response to their apprehension the team briefed the intended mitigation measures based on

statements specified in article 40 of the constitution and proclamation no 445/2005 regarding

compensation for the owner whose property will be affected for development projects.

The team has also confirmed to them that appropriate mitigation measures will be taken with

participation of the local people and concerned offices in the project area. The discussants have

themselves depicted such offices as (the woreda HIV /AIDS Secretariat Offices, Bureau of the

Regional State Information Culture Tourism and Social Affairs) and Woreda land administration and

Environmental protection offices that could play vital role in taking mitigation measures for the

negative impacts throughout the project process.

4.1.4 The results of the public Consultations

In general, the communities are highly supportive and positive about the construction of the

proposed road project and are happy about the plan. The overall understandings of the public and

consensus reached include the following:

• All the woredas, traversed by the proposed road project have agreed to provide

support and assistance for people who will lose their land (farmland or residential

land) for the construction of the right of way, and other construction purposes,

although aware of some inconveniences the community welcomed the construction of

the proposed road project,

• The woreda officials have agreed to contribute their effort in reducing and mitigating

the expected potential negative impacts of the project and in enhancing the positive

expectations,

• Special support will be made by the woredas and the community for female headed

households, elderly and other socially disadvantaged groups if affected by the

construction of the proposed road project.;

• Shall facilitate the smooth implementation of the construction works and provide

other routine administrative supports if need be;

• Shall facilitate the employment of labour force from the locality;

• The woreda administrators shall avail the places and sources selected for

construction materials like places for rock sources, sand sources, water sources and

others that may be selected during construction;

• The administration shall maintain the peace and security of the project area for the

smooth completion of the project,

Finally, all the participants reached common consensus that the construction of the project will

enhance development and growth and contribute to poverty reduction strategy of the country and

hence are looking forewords to the immediate commencement of the construction works.





5. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT

5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs

This part of the report tries to highlight the socio economic profile of the Project Affected People

(PAPs) in particular and the project influence area in general. It draws data from primary level house-

to house survey as well as from secondary sources secured from various relevant offices. The socio-

economic survey was conducted in two rounds and covered 1117 household heads. The number of

households covered by the house to house survey is match with the number of people affected by road

project. The consultant surveyed each and every household of affected people in Woredas and

Kebeles. Hence, a total of 6702 families covered by the surveys do depict the socio economic profile

of all the PAPs and their locality.

5.5.1 Demographic and Livelihood Issues

As already mentioned in the previous chapters of this report Ambo - Woliso Road project area falls

into Ambo, Woliso and Chitu Woredas West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones. The Socio-

economic profile of the Project-Affected People is similar to the rest of the people living elsewhere in

the Ambo or Woliso Woredas. As per the latest National Census (2011), the population of Ambo

Woreda is 12126 Woliso Woreda is 160490 and Chitu’s Woreda 104803 people. The densities, people

living per km2, of the three Woredas are 127.7 in Ambo and 213.6 in Woliso and 227.3 Chitu

Woreda. The Project Affected People are living in a subsistence way of life with mixed agriculture as

their primary occupation. Engagement other than this mixed agriculture is quite rare. Discussions with

the local people and officials at Kebele and Woreda level indicates that the people in the project areas

are in a relatively better socio-economic condition than previous days, according to rural agriculture

officer this days government is providing selected seed, pest side and fertilizers to nearby villages to

reach out farmers. It was reported that they are better endowed with croplands as well as with

livestock possession and milk production. The average cow holding per household is two and above.

The demographic assessment result shows that a total of 6702 family members are living in the 1117

households covered by the present socio-economic survey, which implies an average family size of 6

persons per household. Out of the total surveyed, 88 % of them are male headed and the remaining

12% are female headed. These female-headed households constituted either a widowed, divorced or

single female bread winners. Male constitute 52% of the surveyed population while the proportion of

female is 48%. About 84.7 percent of the total population belongs to the working force (18-65 years

old). Those above 65 years constitute 12.9 percent of the total and the rest remaining are below 18 and

children’s. The age range of household heads starts from 1 to 120 years old. The marital status data of

Project Affected People shows that 90% of household heads are married; 8% widowed and divorced

and the remaining is single.

Table 5.1: Socio-economic and Demographic Indicators amongst PAPs in all Woredas





Family size Illiteracy Rate amongst the Household Heads

(%)

Female Headed Households

(%)

6 25.6 7.7

Source: Household Survey, 2011

Socio-Economic survey result on educational status of the PAPs shows that an average of 25.6% of

the household heads is illiterate. This implies the existence of high level of human capital

development constraint within the project area. 4.8 percent of household heads have religious

education; 8% of the PAPs have basic education: 40.45 % with primary level education. 19.2% of

PAPs have secondary level education. 99% of the project affected household heads are from Oromo

ethnic group and 1% of ethnic group is shared by Amhara and Gurage respectively. 65.2 % of them

adhering to Orthodox Christianity, 30% Protestant and remain 3% shared by Muslim and Traditional

beliefs.

5.2. Assets Possession

The household survey result reveals the current asset possession status of the PAHHs, as mainly

explained by the size of arable land, annual cash income and livestock ownership. The next table

shows that the average total land holding size possessed by a single family is 1.89. As per focus

discussion held with local people in the three Woredas, it was reported that their yearly production

dose not sustain them. To fulfil the food gap they sell their livestock. In terms of livestock ownership,

as one way of gauging asset status amongst the PAPs, the survey result shows the following picture.

Table 5.2: Livestock Ownership amongst PAPs

Woreda Ox Cow Sheep/ goat Donkey Bee Hive

Ambo 1.7 1.5 7.3 1 1.33

Wenchi 2.2 1.8 3 1.7 2.14

Woliso 1.8 1.2 2.25 1 2


5.3. Vulnerable Groups

As per the policy and legal framework of the Government and major donor agencies (like the World

Bank), vulnerable groups, like the elderly, women household heads ( labour poor ones ) and those

with physical and emotional impairment, are expected to have special support to address part of their

problems during the relocation and resettlement process. The house to house survey result shows that

about 23.5 percent of the household heads are falling within the category of vulnerable groups. Those

aged ones (65 and plus) and women headed (labour poor) added to the vulnerable groups.

Table 5.3: Vulnerability Status amongst PAPs

Vulnerability Type

Old Age

( 65 +)

Hearing

Impairment

Sight

Impairment Amputee FHHs

132 15 7 5 123






According to socio-economic survey result 15 hearing, 7 Sight, 5 Amputee impairment, 132 old age

and 123 Female household heads respectively. This group of people needs to be qualified as

vulnerable ones and deserve additional assistance. The additional assistance could be extended in the

form of helping them during the relocation of their properties, giving priorities to select their

relocation sites as well as other physical or financial support that might ease their inconvenience. The

special measure or support they deserve varies according to the local situation and the vulnerability

situation in which they are living.

5.4. Compensation Preference

In identifying compensation preference, field investigation result reveals that 67% Project-Affected

People prefer cash for land compensation and the 6% prefer to have land for land and the remain 27%

demand both in cash and land.

5.5. Historical, cultural and religious resources

The survey did not identify any historical and archaeological sites in the right of way of the proposed

road.

5.6. Social acceptability of the project road

The study team could identify the entire respondents, appreciate the road project. Community

members along the project road give high priority and value to the road construction and are fully

aware of the benefits that the upgrading of the gravel road to asphalt levels to the development of the

towns and the Woredas in West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones. During the field survey, project

affected persons were often heard saying that they would not bear any pains for the realization of the

road project. Some of the benefits of the project they cited are relief from the dust pollution, better

access to transport facilities, reduction of transport tariffs, better movements of goods and agricultural

products, etc.

In addition to community members all administrative bodies of the Zone and Woredas were fully

supportive of the project. They facilitated the study team engagements with the households within the

ROW very effectively and have shown the maximum commitment for the realization of the project.

5.7. Socio-economic impacts of the project

The project road may entail impoverishment with displacement. This phenomenon not only captures

economic hardships, but also social and cultural impoverishments. Displaced people will lose natural

capital, manmade capital, human capital and social capital. Impoverishments that could be created as

a result of displacement are: (1) landlessness, (2) joblessness (3) Homelessness (4) marginalization (5)

increased morbidity (6) food insecurity (7) loss of access to common property (8) social

disarticulation (9) migration (10) increased exposures to HIV / AIDS pandemic and, (11) Loss of

access to schools. These social maladies that may happen as a result of the project will be tamed as a

result of an encompassing strategy to solve these problems. The encompassing strategy should

incorporate the following variables: - (a) A well studied and planed policy framework to restore

livelihoods and other social networks. (b) Financial resources should not be falling short for the

purpose. (c) The displacement/rehabilitation coast needs to be incorporated with the overall budget of

the project. (d) All stakeholders who will participate in the resettlement action plan must have a strong

policy mandate, organizational capacity and professional skill. (e) The displacement / rehabilitation





processes expected to be inclusive of local community members and, (F) Proper participation and

consultation of PAPs. Hence the socio-economic impacts of the project are multi-faceted.

The project with its +3m in rural sections both side and +1.5m of both side from construction limit in

urban areas has a socio-economic impact in all the towns’ and rural villages it passes through. Its

impacts vary from place to place depending on the proximity of the houses and farm areas to the road

alignment. Most of project areas are very little space between the road and other properties like

fences, shops, farmlands and houses.

As it has been indicated above, the project has both positive and negative impacts. To begin with the

anticipated positive impacts of the project, it is expected to reduce vehicles operating costs, transport

and time costs for passengers and freight, and improvement in the availability of motorized transport

services. Moreover, the project is envisaged to create development impacts in facilitating socio-

economic and cultural activities. In the long term the project will also change the quality of life of the

people residing all along the project influence area for better.

The following are some of the major anticipated positive impacts of the project:

• Increase and improve trade and market facilities

• Timely provision of agricultural inputs

• Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides,

herbicides and other modern technologies.

• Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices.

• Facilitate conditions for the development of small scale business and enterprises

• Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements

• Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities

• Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places.

• Employment opportunities during and after construction

• Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities.

• Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements

Although the above outlined issues indicate the major positive impacts of the project, it likely has also

the following negative impacts:

• Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS

• Growth of squatters and uncontrolled settlements

• Noise disturbance specifically during construction

• Hazardous and waste materials dumping on farmlands, settlement areas, water points

• Pressure on local facilities and services





• Land acquisitions for the project and related activities

• Demolition of residential, commercial and institutional structures.

• Pressure on vegetative cover of the area





Table 5.4: Mitigation Measures

No. Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies


1 Loss of productive assets

that incorporate land,

income, livelihood and

networks

Remuneration payments at replacement rates or replacement

of the lost productive assets. Income substitution and transfer

costs during re-establishment plus income restoration

measures in the case of lost livelihoods.

ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda and Kebele Administrations

in association with sector bureaus at Woreda level like

bureaus of agriculture and rural development, rural roads

authority, capacity building etc.

2 Loss of housing,

possibly entire

community structures,

systems and services.

Compensation for loss of housing and associated assets at

replacement rates, relocation options including relocation sites

development if required plus measures to restoring living

standards.

ERA’s RoW branch, zone sector bureaus of the Ethiopian

Telecommunication and Electric Power Corporations,

Woreda and Kebele Administration’s, and lowest level

sector bureaus of water, health, roads, schools and

agriculture.

3 Loss of entire assets. Remuneration payments at replacement rates or replacement

including important provisions up to restitution of livelihoods

to pre-project level or better.

ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda and Kebele Administration’s,

sector bureaus like town administrations, agriculture and

rural development,

4 Loss of community

resources, habitat and

Church.

Replacement of the lost community resources, habitat, church

and goods, restoration if possible or payment of compensation

to the community based on consultations and agreements.

ERA’s ESMT, Woreda Administration’s, Woreda level

Environment Protection Authority, cultural bureaus and

other sector bureaus like capacity building.

5 Spread of sexually

transmitted diseases

(STD) and HIV/AIDS

Execution of HIV/AIDS alleviation program at the workplace

based on the sectoral policy

ERA’s ESMT and the contractor in association with

Woreda health bureaus and nongovernmental organizations.

6 Growth of squatters and

uncontrolled settlements

This could be tamed by controlling ribbon developments

(Meaning building of houses deep along a road) and unlawful

squatters in collaboration with the lowest administrative

bodies.

ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda Administrations,

the contractor and supervision consultant.

7 Noise disturbances Disturbances could be mitigated by using new machineries The contractor and supervision consultant.





No. Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies


specifically during

constructions

and limiting operations to only working hours in densely

populated areas.

8 Hazardous waste

materials dumping on

farmlands, settlement

areas and water points

Collecting and storing in septic tanks for further removal of

hazardous waste materials or burning solid wastes.

The contractor and supervision consultant.

9 Pressure on local

facilities and services

These could be mitigated by provision of independent basic

facilities and services to the working force.

The contractor.

10 Land acquisition for the

project cause

Remuneration payment for the lost productive asset or

replacement of it with equal productive capacity.

ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda and Kebele

administrations.

11 Demolition of residential

houses, commercial

ventures, service

providing installations

and institutions

Remuneration payments for the lost structures at replacement

rates, providing new sites, important provisions till restitution

of livelihoods.

ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda administrations

and lowest level sector bureaus.

12 Pressure on flora and

fauna of project

influence area.

Replacement of the lost flora if possible or other types and

precautionary measures not to disturb wild animals and

including construction of animal crossings during

construction.

ERA’s ESMT, the contractor, Woreda level Environment

Protection Authority, agriculture and rural development

bureaus and supervision consultant.





March 2012

5.8. Social impacts in urban and rural areas

The impact of the project in urban areas will be high on small business installations, fences and

residences. Depending on the proximity of the houses to the road, the impact varies from loss of strips

of land and fences to full displacements of houses and businesses. Apart from these, social services

such as electric, telephone lines and water pipes will also be affected. In rural areas, the project affects

houses, strips of farmlands and permanent trees along the ROW (See subsequent subsections for

further details). In all a total number of 307 residential houses, 477 fences and 171 commercial shops

(kiosks and other properties will be affected due to the road upgrading works. Details of affected

houses are given under Annex B.

Table 5.5.: Number of affected Residential houses by category

Fully Affected Partially Affected Total

65 240 305

Source: Consultant survey result, 2011

As the table above indicates out of the total residential houses impacted by the project 65 of them will

be fully affected by the project and 240 of them partially. All fully affected residential houses are

found in towns as they are closely constructed to the road rights way for various reasons of earlier

design and proximity.

5.8.1 Impact of the project on farmlands

The road alignment, detour, quarry and campsites will have a significant impact on farmlands in the

rural areas. Except in few sections where the existing road is narrower and farmlands are near to the

ROW, the road alignment is not expected to cause significant impact on farmlands. Nonetheless, the

detour, quarry and campsites will be impacted farmlands. Due to the road-upgrading project 19.8

hectares of seasonal farmlands permanently and 1.2 ha of grazing land will be impacted. Moreover,

Gerar, Banana, Mango, Bessana, Weyera, Tid, Wanza, coffee, Avocado and Enset, Hope (gesso zaf)

eucalyptus trees will be impacted permanently. Additionally 48.8 hectares of farmlands will be

needed temporarily for ancillary works like detour quarry and borrow pits, campsites and spoil areas.

5.8.2 Impact on fruit and non fruit bearing trees

It has been indicated above that the road widening does have an impact on fruit bearing and non fruit

bearing trees. Accordingly a total of 159,8912 of them will be dismantled due to the project. The

amounts of remuneration payments for the impacts are given at annex D.

5.8.3 Disruption to services

The project involves relocation of electric and telephone lines and water pipes, especially in the major

towns. Thus there will be a temporary disruption of electric, water supply and telephone services in

major towns. It will be safe and a common practice that E.R.A should discuss this issue with

2 Of these, approximately 81% are exotic trees predominantly Eucalyptus spp. that comprise about 64% of the total number of trees and

perennial crops potentially affected. It is followed by Cypress tree (Cuppressus lustanica), which is about 16%. The proportion of

potentially affected indigenous species (including Acacia, Cordia, Hagenia, Albizia, Croton, Juniper, Ficus, Olea spp.) is only about 1.3%

(approximately 2000 trees). The rest comprises fruit trees (like Avocado, Mango, Guava), shrubs (like Koshim, which is used as live

fencing), and perennial crops including Enset, Coffee, Bananas, and Sugar cane





March 2012

concerned governmental offices regarding compensations and restorations of these social services. In

the process of the civil work, 226 of telephone poles, 218 of electric poles will be impacted.

5.8.4 Impacts associated with ancillary works

Ancillary works associated with the road construction like quarries, construction camps and detour

roads will dispossess certain crop and grazing lands and trees. Normally such demands are temporary

in nature and the land can be reinstated to its original condition. However, past experience in Ethiopia

shows that hardly any attempts were made to reinstate the land. Moreover, campsites as they remained

for other services after the commencement of the road project should not be constructed on rich

agricultural lands and ecologically sensitive areas. Contrary to past experience this RAP assumes that

the land required for temporary activities related to the road construction will be reinstated to their

pre-project situation. Hence, compensation for temporary land expropriation is calculated for the

period of impact only. The following table shows temporary land requirement for the ancillary works.

Table 5.6: Temporary farmland land requirements

No. Item Width Length Area

1a Camp 1 Area 150 200 30,000

1b Camp1 Access 250 1,500

2a Camp 2 150 200 30,000

2b Camp2 Access 200 1,200

Total 62,700

Select Material

No Station Volume (m3) Area (m

2) Area (ha)

1 2+500 25,000 2,500 0.25

2 2+850 20,000 1,000 0.10

3 2+600 100,000 5,000 0.50

4 2+850 4,500 643 0.06

5 26+600 60,000 4,000 0.40

6 39+000 60,000 6,000 0.60

7 51+800 50,000 5,000 0.50

8 2+000 12,000 2,400 0.24

9 3+200 20,000 4,000 0.40

Cumulative Area in hectare 3.5 ha

Quarry Site

No Station Volume (m3) Area (m2) Area (ha)

1 2+000 60,000 2,800 0.28

2 26+600 35,000 4,167 0.42

3 58+400 25,000 5,000 0.5

4 15+700 100,000 3,000 0.3

5 26+600 30,000 2,800 0.28

6 2+000 60,000 4,167 0.42





March 2012

Quarry Site

No Station Volume (m3) Area (m2) Area (ha)

7 26+600 35,000 5,000 0.5

Cumulative Area in hectare 2.6934 ha

Source:-Consultant Engineers Material report, 2011.

5.8.5 Gender, Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS

The 2010 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) of the government of Ethiopia take gender as a cross

cutting issue. The plan underscores the issue as the “inclusion of gender in any effort to alleviate

poverty is non-negotiable”. As to the Central Agricultural Census Commission (2003) agricultural

census result, women constituted 49.5% of the agricultural households. In spite of certain measures to

alleviate gender related problems by the government and nongovernmental institutions , still women in

general and female headed households in particular are identified as disadvantaged and vulnerable. The

survey done by the above mentioned program office in 1999/00 indicated that in terms of determinants

of poverty in rural areas, female headed households face 8.9% higher probability of being poor as

compared to male headed ones. Moreover a number of empirical studies show that there is a trend in

increasing in female headship for various reasons.

Gender related dynamics remained an obstacle for empowerment, equal communications and negotiate

to make family planning and safer sex. To halt the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the most

appropriate starting point is launching mainstreaming of Gender into the national and regional

HIV/AIDS strategic plans and programs. The national policy of the Federal government (1998) on

HIV/AIDS addresses Gender issues as objectives. The policy has acknowledged Gender inequality as

one of the root cause of the spread of HIV/AIDS. Therefore mainstreaming Gender issue in a fight to

the pandemic is an important variable.

A recent study at country level shows that an average adult HIV/AIDs prevalence rate estimated 4.6%.

This ratio comprises 5.2% prevalence among women and 4% among male counterparts. From this total

ratio the urban and rural prevalence rate estimated 12% and 2.8% respectively. However, there is a great

worry among professionals that the rural infection would increase as the urban rate would keep on or

decreasing at country level. Currently the dominant approach of the government, donors and NGOs to

the HIV/AIDS alleviation program focused on information, education, communication and medical

assistance.

However, these alleviation programs faced multiple challenges like, (1) Lack of adequate and reliable

evidence and data on existing prevalence rates, (2) Severe shortages of HIV/AIDS and other sexually

transmitted diseases testing equipments as well as counseling services before and after testing, (3)

Inadequate care and support of people living with HIV/AIDS and their families, (4) Lack of or shortage

of programs that targets vulnerable population that incorporates displaced people, commercial sex

workers and the unemployed, street children, (5) little efforts to prevent mother to child transmission of

the disease and, (6) Knowledge and behavior mismatch among local people. Therefore, these variables

shall attract attentions for successful implementation of HIV/AIDS alleviation programs.

Development projects like road constructions may entail displacements and population mobility’s for

various reasons. Such mobility’s and dislocations does enhance vulnerability to be contracted by HIV/

AIDS pandemic. Various studies on internally displaced people in the country shows there are risk

practices directly related to displacement and mobility. To combat this risk practices at work places

ERA adopted a sectoral policy in June 2004. This sectoral policy is designed to operate within the legal





March 2012

framework created by the labour proclamation No.377/2003.ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and

Safety Branch through its HIV/AIDS program coordinator shall monitor the awareness creation

programs and other related activities at work places. HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases

preventive clauses shall be incorporated in the bill of quantities.

Hence Gender and HIV/AIDS issue is one component of this RAP manual. The 1995 constitution of the

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has certain provisions related to the rights of women of the

country. According to Article 35.6 of the constitution, “Women have the right to full consultation in the

formulation of national development policies, designing and execution of projects, and particularly in

case projects affecting the interests of women.” In the case of the Ambo-Woliso road project women

have been consulted about the benefit of the project and its possible impacts on the community they

resides in general and upon them in particular. All of them are delighted about the proposed project as

their male counter parts.

As to the Oromia national regional state land use and land administration proclamation No.56/2002

Article 5(1) women have an equal right to possess and use right over land. Article 35.7 of the

constitution states,” Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. In

particular, they have equal rights with men in respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land.

They shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property”. Therefore the constitution gender

provisions have a significant importance in the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the RAP.

The project is expected to reduce the burden of women in agricultural and pastoral activities,

transporting utilities, will reduce travel time to market places, schools and health centers.

During the implementation of this RAP special attentions and support shall be given to vulnerable

families, mainly female and elderly headed households. The socio-economic survey result identified a

total of 282 vulnerable PAPs who requested assisted resettlement. Out of these, 123 of them are female

headed households and 132 of them are old age, 15 hearing, and 7 sight and 5 Amputee households.

Assistances and supports that shall be given to this group of people include rebuilding their houses,

transferring and transporting their household items and materials to new sites. Kebele administration

offices in both urban and rural areas and RAP implementation committees have an obligation to give

special attention to this group of PAP’s.

All Project Affected People shall get an access to credit facilities, on time delivery of agricultural

inputs and agricultural extension program’s. Moreover, timely provisions of basic social services and

vocational trainings to Project Affected People have a paramount importance to resituate their lively

hoods. Assistances to vulnerable group members shall include 10% of their total remuneration as

additional provisions which is 1,184,400.00 ETB. The lists vulnerable group are annexed K.





March 2012

6. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA

Past experiences of the compensation process indicate that setting some criteria is very important to

identify eligible individuals for compensation. In this regard setting a particular date as a cut - off -date

is essential. Individuals whose properties inventoried prior to this date are eligible for any

compensation. For the Ambo-Woliso the field level socio-economic survey and property inventory was

completed between 30/06/11 to 29/07/11. Accordingly a cut-off date has been set for 28/07/11. Fixing

such cut-off date is quite essential so as to avoid unnecessary and sometimes fraudulent claims for

compensation. Easing the compensation process through such fixed criteria also helps during the

construction stage that usually delayed by issues related to compensation and relocation.

Once the Woreda and town level compensation committees approve holdings and use rights of an

individual who would lose houses, crop lands, permanent trees, fruit trees, business installations and

other properties, individuals will be eligible for compensation. Eligibility for compensation are

discussed in the World Bank OP 4.12 procedures for resettlement / rehabilitation, proclamation No

455/2005 of the federal government of Ethiopia, article 44(2) of the constitution, and ERAs'

resettlement /rehabilitation framework. These are adopted as part of this RAP.

According to the World Bank OP 4.12, (2001), procedures, the following project affected citizens

would be eligible for compensations.

• Those who have formal legal right to land (including customary and traditional rights

recognized by law of the country).

• Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time of the census begins but have

a claim to such lands assets: provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the

country or become recognized through a process in the resettlement plan.

• Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.

Proclamation No 455/2005 of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, Article 2(1) stipulates the

issue like this:-

• A landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of

compensation for his property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he

made to such lands. However, prospectors or individuals who may come to the project area

after the cut of date for an anticipation of compensations or other reasons are not entitled

for compensation.

Hence, based on the above-mentioned legal platforms and international policy frameworks, all

project-affected individuals (except encroachers after the cutoff date) have a legal and a policy backup

to be eligible for compensation.





March 2012

7. METHODS OF VALUING OF AFFECTED ASSETS

On the basis of proclamation number 455/2005 compensation for expropriation of landholdings for

public purposes or impacts of projects has to be calculated at replacement cost, taking into account

market values for land, structures, and/or materials. In determining the replacement cost, depreciation

of assets and salvage materials are not taken into account, nor is the value of benefits to be derived

from the project deducted from the valuation of affected assets. ERA’s Resettlement / Rehabilitation

Policy Framework, which was issued before the proclamation, also take the gross current replacement

cost as the basis for calculation for compensation.

Gross Current Replacement Cost is defined as “the estimated cost of erecting a building as new

having the same gross external area that existing with the site works and services on a similar piece of

land”. Hence, the valuations of affected assets along the ROW of the Ambo-Woliso project consider a

replacement cost approach for determination of compensation payments. For the methods of valuing

affected land structures, fruit and eucalyptus trees and business both productivity valuation methods,

current market valuation, material and labour valuation and average monthly income are taken into

consideration. Regulation No. 135/2007, (on the payment of compensation for property situated on

landholdings expropriated for public purposes), part two gives provisions on assessment of

compensation and part four miscellaneous provisions.

Article 22 of this regulation is in conflict with the World Bank OP 4.12 procedures in eligibility for

compensation payments in demanding or considering only those groups of PAPs who have legal titles

for eligibility. It states “Any person who claims for payment of compensation in accordance with the

proclamation and this regulation shall produce proof of legitimate possession of the expropriated

landholding and ownership of the property entitling compensation.” This article recognizes only those

who have formal legal rights eligible for compensation. However, for reasons of the Bank OP 4.12

procedures demanded, in case of conflicts between the national and international laws and regulations

the later has precedence over the former for the Bank assisted projects.

7.1. Guidelines for Expropriation

• All immediate stakeholders shall be formally informed about the specific project

• Zone, Woreda and Kebele level government institutions shall be consulted and involved in

the project cycle.

• Project Affected Persons and community members shall be informed, consulted and

encouraged to participate in the project cycle.

• Project Affected People shall be identified and their properties inventoried

• All project affected persons except encroachers’ are equally eligible for compensations

and rehabilitation assistances irrespective of their sex, religion and ethnicity.

• Project affected persons shall be compensated for their lost assets and livelihoods in a way

to ensure at least they are to be well off, if not better off than they would have been before

project.

• The compensation package shall reflect replacement cost approaches.

• Compensation and resettlement packages shall be satisfactory and completed before the

commencement of the civil works.





March 2012

7.2. Valuing compensation for loss of houses and business

According to proclamation No.455/2005, ERA’s policy framework on involuntary resettlement and

established practices, the following considerations and assumptions applied in this RAP in assessing

the amount of compensation for loss of houses and businesses:

• Entitlements and compensations provided to PAPs are adequate to at least to maintain or

improve their pre-project standard of living;

• Compensation for replacement of houses and buildings is calculated at the current

construction cost, (based on the floor area and type of construction material), without

allowing for depreciation of the assets to be replaced;

• The compensation rate was determined in consideration of the information collected from

town municipalities and rural village level administrative organs.

• Urban dwellers who could be completely displaced from their locations are entitled to a

displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the house to be

demolished;

• Business owners shall get remuneration payments for disruption periods in addition to

compensation payments for the lost structure and other fixed assets.

• 25% or more partially affected houses/structures are considered as fully affected and are

entitled to compensation for the entire house/structure.

• The entire project affected persons, irrespective of whether they have formal legal title to

land or not, are considered eligible for compensation.

The compensation principles for urban affected households are provided under the table below.





Table 7.1: Entitlement Matrix for Urban Population

Fully Affected

Category

of PAPs Type of loss

Entitlements

Compensation for

land & structures

Compensation for loss of

assets

Compensation for

loss of income Moving allowance Other Assistances

Business

owner

Land A new land

comparable or better

advantage

Replacement cost lost assets

during relocation/

demolishing & other

improvements done

Additional payments

for disruption

periods. Multiplying

the average monthly

income of the owners

by the disruption and

transition periods.

Shifting cost for non

fixed assets, removal

of salvage materials

& debris

Provisions of basic

social services like

electric city, potable

water and access

roads. Structures Costs to rebuild a

similar or better

structure for the

business.

Business

tenant

Rental

accommodation

Provision/construction

of comparable or better

business structure by

the Kebele/urban

administration at the

same rental cost &

location advantages

Replacement cost of the lost

assets during demolishing &

relocation

Additional payments

for disruption

periods. Multiplying

the average monthly

income of the tenants

by disruption and

transition periods.


fixed assets. Removal


and debris

incorporated with the

costs of the

municipalities or

Kebeles.

Provisions of basic



water and access

roads.

Residence

owner

Land A new land

comparable or better

advantage

Structure Costs to rebuild a new

residence in similar or

better structures within

the new plot.

Replacement cost for the

lost assets, & improvements

made on land and extension

of social services to the

Shifting costs for non



and debris.

Provisions of basic



water and access





Category


Entitlements

Compensation for

land & structures


assets

Compensation for


compound roads.

Residence

tenant

Rental

accommodation

Provision/construction

of comparable or better

houses for the tenants

within the new plot that

has location advantages

and social services.


lost asset during

demolishing and transfer.




and debris included

with costs of the

municipalities or

Kebeles.

Provisions of basic



water and access

roads.

Vulnerable

groups

Structures,

business &

rental

accommodation

Provisions as per the

type of loss and title.


lost assets & title

Additional payments

for the lost income as

stated above if they

engaged in business

activities


fixed assets salvage

materials and debris

based on their

holding rights.

Special attentions

from local officials,

logistical support,

helping to restore

impacted properties

and livelihoods.

10% additional

payments.

Squatters’ Structures/

Business

Costs to rebuild their

lost structures that has

been served for

residences or business


lost asset during


Payment for the

disturbed & transition

period if they

engaged in business.


fixed assets and

salvage materials.

Street

Vendors

Structures/

Business

Costs to rebuild their

lost structure that has

been served for

business.


lost asset during


Payments for the


period if they



fixed assets and

salvage materials.





Partially Affected

Category


Entitlements

Compensation for land and

structures

Compensation for

loss of assets

Compensation for


Business

owner

Land Non

Structures Costs to rebuild/restructure

business premises within the

remaining plot in a similar or

better condition. Structures

affected bellow 25% is partial

impact.

Replacement cost

of the lost assets &

extension of social

services.

Additional payments


Multiplying the

average monthly

income of the owners

by the disruption and

transition periods.


fixed assets & removal


Business

tenant

Rental

accommodation

Provision / construction of

comparable business structure

by the urban / Kebele

administration at the same

rental cost & location

advantages

Replacement cost

of the lost assets

Additional payments


Multiplying the

average monthly

income of the tenants

by disruption and

transition periods.



of salvage materials and

debris will be


costs of the

municipalities or

Kebeles.

Provisions of basic



water and access

road if they

transferred to another

location.

Residence

owner

Land

Structure Costs to rebuild/restructure the

residence in similar or better

conditions within the remaining

plot. Structures affected bellow

25% is partial impact.

Replacement cost

for the lost assets

& extension of

social services.




debris.





Category


Entitlements

Compensation for land and

structures

Compensation for

loss of assets

Compensation for


Residence

tenant

Rental

accommodation

Provision/construction of

comparable or better houses for

the tenants at the same rental

cost within the remaining plot

or other places that has location

advantages.

Replacement cost

for the lost asset in

times of shifting.




debris shall be


costs of the

municipalities or

Kebeles.

Provision of social

services like electric

city, potable water,

and access road if

they transferred to

another location.

Vulnerable

groups

Structures,

business & rental

accommodation.

Provisions as per the type of

loss and title.

Replacement cost

for the lost asset

and title.

Additional payments

for the lost income as

stated above if they

engaged in business

activities


fixed assets salvage


based on their title.

Special attentions


logistical support,

helping to restore

impacted properties

and livelihoods. 10%

additional payments.

Squatters’ Structures/

Business

Costs to rebuild their impacted

structures that has been served

for residences/business

Replacement cost

for the lost assets

during demolishing

& transfer.

Payments for the

disturbed & transfer

periods if they



fixed assets and salvage

materials.

Street

Vendors

Structures/

Business

Costs to rebuild their lost

structure that served for

business.

Replacement cost

for the lost asset

during demolishing

and transfer.

Payments for the


period if they engaged

in business.


fixed assets and salvage

materials.





7.2.1 Compensation for loss of houses and other structures

307 residential houses and 477 fences are affected in urban and rural areas. The rest constituted

churches, institutions and offices. Regarding Kebele (local administration) owned rented houses and

other institutional structures like Woreda administration office, Church, school, and compensation

shall be paid to respective institutions, so that they could reconstruct impacted institutional structures

and residential houses and re- rent to households that were living in the demolished houses at the same

rent as to previous holdings. No houses will be demolished prior to finalization of new constructions.

Table 7.2.: Compensation rates for affected houses and fences

Affected House/ Fence Unit Birr/ Unit

Hollow block building with CIS roof m² of built area 5390

Concrete building with CIS roof m² of built area 3200

Wood and Mud building with CIS roof m² of built area 2250

Cottages (residential) with thatched roof No. 650

CIS with CIS m² of built area 4270

Hard metal with CIS m² of built area 4270

Wooden fence m² of surface 110

Mesh wire fence with iron poles m² of surface 400

Brick fence m² of surface 1200

Hollow block fence m² of surface 900

C.I.S fence m2 900

Source: Respective Woreda Municipality Offices, 2011

7.2.2 Compensation for business

Businesses are mostly located along roadsides in pursuit of location advantages for commercial

activities. In small towns they are often constructed as extensions to the already existing residences at

very small distance from the road. Such is the case with most of the businesses to be affected by the

Ambo-Woliso road project.

Dislocations of businesses have far more significant negative impact on the incomes and livelihoods of

the owners than having to relocate residences. The impact will even get higher when the businesses

are relocated away from the main road or the centers of the towns. Therefore, the business owners will

be paid compensation for loss of earnings besides the compensation for the structures / houses and

displacement compensation. Average monthly income of business will be calculated to establish the

compensation rates.

The trader category upholds those who involved in retail trading activities of various items including

food stuffs, shop keepers, local drink brewers, tea and coffee shop owners, restaurants, rural drug

vendors, bear house owners and small scale commercial endeavors.





During the socio -economic survey, the study team noted that some of the presumed PAPs were

overstating while others were understating their incomes from their businesses. From informal

discussions it was learned that those who overstated their incomes were in anticipation of more

compensation. They have got information from other areas correlating the level of income with the

amount of compensation for the businesses. On the other hand, some of the PAPs were highly

understating their incomes probably afraid of taxes. Still some other portion of the PAPs declined from

giving a conclusive answer for their monthly income levels. Hence, the income data collected from the

PAPs were highly flawed and unreliable to base any compensation calculation for loss of business

earnings. For the purpose of this RAP, the team has estimated 1500 birr as an average monthly income

for businesses after gathering information from all traders PAPs. The total compensation for loss of

business earnings is then calculated to be the estimated average monthly income multiplied by six

months for all businesses affected. (6 x 171x 1500 = 1,539,000 ETB)

7.3. Methods of valuing compensation for loss of Farmlands

Since the project entails upgrading of the existing road, its impact on the existing land use is expected

to be minimal. Furthermore, in sections just outside the road right of way, there are eucalyptus trees

mostly concentrated on the edge of the existing road will be affected. In places where there is a need

for road widening and detour roads, its impact on this roadside cultivation would be significant.

Where road detours are built, it will be possible to restore the abandoned road section as agricultural

land by removing the pavement and restoring topsoil instead. If agricultural land is expropriated for

the project cause, it shall be charged against land reclaimed through such restoration or against

equivalent land nearby and the compensation principles for the temporary dispossession of agricultural

land shall be applied. In instances where it is not possible to compensate land-to-land, then monetary

compensation will be made in consideration of the permanent dispossession of the land.

According to Proclamation 455/ 2005, temporary loss of farmland will entitle the user a compensation

amount equivalent to the five preceding years average annual income multiplied by the number of

years of dispossession of the land. The compensation for permanent loss of land will be ten times the

average annual income stated above. As to the Ethiopian constitution land belongs to the state, but

citizens have a use right.

The compensation principles for temporary and permanent loss of land and crops are given under the

table below.





Table 7.3.: Entitlement Matrix for Rural Population*

Temporarily / Permanently Affected

Category of

PAPs Type of loss

Entitlements

Compensation for land

& structures

Compensation for

loss of assets


income Moving allowance Other Assistances

Own farmer Land

permanently

Full replacement of land

with the same or better

productive potential &

the title for the

permanently affected

land.

Crops on land, for

improvements made

on land and land

preparation for the

new harvest.

Average annual income of

the farmer secured during

the five years preceding

the land expropriation for

ten years. No if a

substitute land is given.

Mobility allowance

that incorporates

transportation cost

for non fixed assets.

Modern farming

techniques’ teaching

by extension workers

and provisions of

selected seeds and

imputes.

Land

Temporarily

Restore land to its

original condition.

Crops on land, for

improvements made

on land and land

preparation for the

new harvest.

Average annual income of

the farmer secured during

the five years preceding

the land expropriation

multiplied by the number

of years of the impact.

Mobility allowance

that incorporates

transportation cost

for non fixed assets

if available.

Reinstatement of the

land and modern

farming techniques.

Partially

impacted houses

& other

structures

Costs to rebuild

/restructure the residence

in similar or better

conditions in the

remaining plot.

Structures affected

bellow 25% will be

considered as a partial

impact.

Replacement cost

for the lost assets

during demolishing

& relocation.

Non for residential houses.

For Business additional

payments for disruption

periods. Multiplying the

average monthly income

of the owners by the

disruption and transition

periods

Shifting costs for

non fixed assets.

Removal of salvage

materials and

debris.

Fully impacted A new land with





Category of

PAPs Type of loss

Entitlements


& structures

Compensation for

loss of assets



houses & other

structures

comparable location

advantage and title

Compensation to rebuild

a similar or better

structure / houses in the

new plot and the title.

Replacement cost

for the lost assets &

extension of social

services if available

Loss of income if there is

a business installation.

Non for residential houses.

Shifting costs for

non fixed assets.

Removal of salvage


Provision of basic



water &access roads.

Crops /fruit &

non fruit bearing

trees

A new land with

comparable productive

advantage.

For annual crops it

shall be based on

the current market

price of the

estimated

production that

could have been

harvested from the

damaged crop.

Valuation of fruit and non

fruit bearing trees shall be

based on the current and

net present value of the

future benefits that could

have been generated until

similar new trees comes to

maturity.

Non Selected seeds & high

yield fruit trees.

Lease holder

farmer

Rental

accommodation

Full replacement of land

equal or better

productive potential or

Refund the amount of

money that covers

remaining years.

Crops on land, for

improvements made

on land and land

preparation for the

new harvest

Refund the amount of

money paid for the

remaining lease years.

This amount takes into

consideration interest rates

and inflation.

Shifting costs for

non fixed assets,

removal of salvage

materials

Vulnerable

groups

Structures,

business &

rental

Compensation amounts

calculated as per above

mentioned variables and

Replacement cost

for the lost asset

Additional payments for

the lost income as stated

above will be done if they

Shifting costs for

non fixed assets,

salvage materials

Special attentions


logistical support,





Category of

PAPs Type of loss

Entitlements


& structures

Compensation for

loss of assets



accommodation the title. engaged in business

activities

and debris based on

their holding titles.

helping to restore

impacted properties

and livelihoods. 10%

additional payments.

Encroacher’s Land Costs to rebuild their lost

asset and improvements

made on land.

Replacement cost

for lost asset/crops.

None Shifting costs for

non fixed assets &

salvage materials.

*Note: The compensation for affected rural residences is similar to the one stated to the urban population.

As to the 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, there will not be a tenant farmer. This is strictly stipulated in article 40(3) of the

constitution. In that “land shall not be subject to sale or other means of transfer”





March 2012

7.3.1 Compensation for Permanent Loss of Farmlands/Grazing Lands

Compensation for permanent loss of farmlands depends on the average income from the same land for

the five years preceding expropriation. Steps followed to calculate the average income is presented

below.

Step 1: Primarily, the average yield, (for five commonly grown crops), per hectare is calculated for

each of the preceding five years. For simplicity, yield per hectare for each Woreda has been worked

out by dividing the total quintal of seasonal crops produced in each year by the total area covered with

the same crops in each year. Based on these Woreda level yields, (data), the average yield per hectare

for the entire projected affected area has been computed as the sample average of Woreda wise yields.

Step 2: Determination of the total area of land to be dispossessed permanently. Based on our

surveying data permanent land expropriated from centre is 23m ROW.

• The 60km’s of a rural road with a width of seven meters, it is estimated that 7m of RoW will be

additionally needed (11% land under cultivation). 62km’s x 23m x 11% =19.8hectares.

• Therefore the total agricultural land to be dispossessed permanently will be 19.8 hectares.

Step 3: Once the average yield per hectare of the major Woreda is given, agricultural land to be

dispossessed permanently determined. Then the total production on the dispossessed land will be

calculated as a product of the two. Moreover, according the information that has been gathered from

Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso Woredas agricultural offices, major environmental disruptions or changes

in productivity may not specifically in all Woredas for the proceeding agricultural seasons.

Table 7.4.: Gross annual income of a given from Woreda

Source: Market price per quintal is obtained from Woreda Agriculture offices, 2011

Step 4: Once the weighted average price for the selected six commonly grown crops in the project

influence area in one hectare of land is obtained, the total value of production on the permanently and

temporarily dispossessed land could be obtained. Accordingly the five years average income from the

permanently expropriated land would be: 19.8 hectares x 2318.8= 45, 912.24 Birr. Again this shall be

multiplied by ten times. The total compensation payment for the permanently dispossessed land

would be: 45912.24 x 10 = 459,122.4 Birr.

Crop

Type

Proportion of

crop area

covered per Ha

Yield (Qt/ha)

Traditional

method

Yield Qt/Crop

area

Traditional

method

Market Price

Birr/Qt

(average)

Gross Sales

(Birr)

1 2 3 4=2x3 5 6=4x5

Teff 0.2 15.6 3.12 719.4 2245

Wheat 0.25 28.52 7.13 424 3023

Barley 0.22 25.56 5.6232 363.4 2043

Maze 0.21 11.86 2.4906 312 777

Chick Pea 0.12 9.9 1.188 500 594

Total 1 19.552 8682.18608





March 2012

7.3.2 Compensation for Temporary Loss of Farmlands /Grazing lands

Compensation calculation for temporary losses of farmlands/grazing lands follows the same logical

procedures as of the above. However, the amount of compensation should be multiplied by the

number of years the land will stay expropriated. For the temporary loss of farmlands, holders shall get

an amount equal to the five years average income multiplied by the dispossessed land and years of

expropriation. Expropriation years in the case of temporary losses upholds three crop years during

construction and two years of soil recovery after the land is reinstated and returned to the holder. For

temporary loss of grazing lands an average yield of hay (205 bundles / hectare) multiplied by current

market price and number of expropriation years shall be taken into consideration. Based on this

calculation compensation payment for temporarily loss of farmlands / grazing lands for the Ambo-

Woliso project is calculated as follows:

• 37.36ha of land for detour roads

• 6.27ha of land is needed for camp sites

• 2.1ha of land is needed temporarily for quarry site

• 3.05ha of land is needed for selected material

The total temporary loss of farmland land is computed as 48.8ha. Hence, 48.8ha x 2318.8x 5years=

565,787.2 Birr.

7.3.3 Compensation for fruit and none fruit bearing trees

All along the project road traversed the study team identified fruit and none fruit bearing trees having

commercial advantages to be impacted by the project. Accordingly there are Acacia seyal Del (Girar),

Banana, Mango, Avocado, Orange, Wanza, Tid, Besana, Mukerba trees, Hope (Gesho), Enset and

eucalyptus trees, Besana, Kondo berbere. Compensation payments for these fruit and non fruit bearing

trees worked out based on their vegetative natures, productivity and usages. For the detail see the

annex D part.

a) Eucalyptus Tree

Eucalyptus trees mature in five years time. Therefore, the compensation for this tree will be the net

present value of harvests from the tree within the five year period. Once eucalyptus tree is cut it is

only after five years that it will again give another harvest from the same original root. So, according

to the compensation principles, this means that the value of compensation for the tree is just the

market value of the single harvest. A total of 110,647.00 eucalyptus trees of different sizes will be

affected by the road construction. Therefore, the total compensation to be paid for eucalyptus trees is

4,411,670.80 Birr.

b) Fruit trees (Enset, Banana and Avocado)

Depending on the number of years each specific trees takes from planting to maturity, the average

annual value of outputs from each tree, the net present values of the trees is calculated based on

present day market value of each fruit trees. Based on the net present values of each plant mentioned

above, the total values of compensations are provided under the table annex D.





March 2012

7.3.4 Compensation for Affected Services

Development of social services and amenities in the entire project area are found, electric, postal and

telephone services. As per the socio-economic survey result, a total of 218 of electric and 226

telephone poles will be impacted. Hence, 305 poles X80 birr = 35,520birr.





March 2012

8. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS

The organizational procedure presented below indicates the responsibilities of the various

stakeholders to be involved in the delivery of entitlement rights and compensation payments due to

the project road. Zone, Woreda, municipality, and Kebele administrative officials are expected to

discharge their respective responsibilities and work together with other stakeholders and professionals

in the verification, organization and facilitation of compensation activities. Major activities for these

primary stakeholders include the followings:

• Final verifications and registrations of Project Affected People (PAP) make clear their

entitlement rights. In this regard the Kebele and Woreda authorities have a role in ratifying

and enforcing entitlements to PAPs who were found to be eligible. The cut–off date for

eligibility shall be respected (the cut- off - date is the final date when the field inventory

was completed). The cut of date for the Ambo-Woliso project is 30/06/11 - 31/07/11.

Although Regulation No. 135/2007 does not have an article specifically dealt with the cut-

off-date, Article 19 gives restrictions on properties that compensation payments are not

payable. As to this Article “there shall be no payment of compensation with respect to any

construction or improvement for a building, any crops sown, perennial crops planted or

any permanent improvement on land, where such activity is done after the possessor of the

land is served with the expropriation order.”

• Work together for the facilitation of the legal and customary rights of PAPs.

• Assessment of the resettlement action plan and monitoring of it to ensure compliance with

national and international agreements.

• Consultations with PAPs to reach a common understanding and consensus regarding their

entitlement rights and to solve misunderstandings.

Commercial Nominees or other financial institutions contracted by ERA shall pay compensations

either in cash or bank payment orders after agreements with individual PAP. Handover of the cash or

check shall take place in the presence of the compensation committee members and affected

individuals (both husband and wife are preferably to be present on the occasion or legal representative

of a given household). Such measures are intended for fast transfer of money and transparency

purposes.

8.1 Compensation Committee

The RAP shall be implemented by the Contract and Planning Division of ERA through the Right of

Way Branch and ESMT in consultations with local government authorities (Woreda, municipality and

Kebele administrations) and road project contractors. Moreover, day to day supervision and

monitoring shall be held by the road project resident engineers. Periodic supervision and monitoring

has to be arranged by the ERA.

As it has been indicated above, ERA is responsible for the implementation of the compensation

process and relocation of PAPs, after new sites are selected and prepared for resettlement. Zone,

Woreda, Municipalities, urban and rural kebele administration officials of the project area shall be

consulted. For the whole process, in addition to the aforementioned government and public

institutions, the participation of representatives of PAPs, community elders and NGOs is highly





March 2012

demanded. During the field assessment by the consultant team, the following governmental

institutions and community representatives were consulted.

• Zone administration offices

• Municipalities of the towns affected

• Woreda level administration offices

• Zone water resource offices

• Zone telecommunication offices

• Zone EEPCO offices

• Zone rural road authority offices

• Woreda level water resource offices

• Woreda level agricultural desks

• Woreda level road authority offices

• Woreda level health bureaus

• Woreda level education bureaus

• Rural and urban Kebele administration offices

• Community elders /Representatives of PAPs

As the above actors do have a direct and indirect stakes over the RAP, their participation should be

sought whenever required. During the field survey it was learned that there is high enthusiasm on the

part of the communities living along the project area. The people had made strong pledge for

cooperation and participation in the entire project implementation period. Tables 8.1 and 8.2 present

respective roles and responsibilities of the major stakeholders during the implementation of the

compensation process for both urban area and rural areas.

Table 8.1: Roles of Institutions for the implementation of the RAP (Town)

No. Institutions Responsibilities

1 Ministry of Federal

Affairs

• Follow up and ensure the practicality of the proclamation

• Giving technical and capacity building assistance

2 Ethiopian Roads

Authority, (ERA)

• Management, implementation of the resettlement action plan,

compensation payments, monitoring and evaluation.

• Management for the restoration of basic amenities like water,

electronic and telephone lines.

3 Oromia Regional

State/ Office

Coordination of the various stakeholders’ offices under its direct

supervisions, awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation of the

implementation of the project

4 Zonal Coordination of the whole resettlement issues, facilitations of land for





March 2012


Administration

Offices

land compensations, restorations of services, monitoring compensations,

selections and confirmations of relocation sites.

5 Zone industry and

urban development

desks or

departments

Preparations of site plans for the relocated PAPs and estimation of

compensation for affected houses and other individual productive

installations.

6 Municipalities Selections and identification of land for the relocated, provisions of

support for the restoration of livelihoods, giving special attentions and

support for the disabled, sick, elderly and female headed households.

7 Zone Agricultural

Offices or desks

Preparation of cost estimation for affected crops, cash crops and other

individually owned vegetations. Provision of technical assistance to PAPs

in the restoration of their livelihoods.

8 Urban Water

Supply

Responsible in the restoration of affected water supplies and construction

of new lines in areas where PAP relocated/housed.

9 Kebele

Associations &

Community

Leaders

Organizing PAPs for the implementation of RAP, awareness creation and

working together with other stakeholders for the fairness of selection of

relocation sites and other related process.

Consultations for the fairness of valuation of properties, resettlement

costs and provisions of special attentions for FHH, elders, disabled and

sick PAPs.

10 Representatives of

PAP

Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings.

They are expected to work together with ERA’s right of way branch and

other stakeholders.

11 Telecommunication Restoration of telephone lines and construction of new ones for PAP’s.

12 EEPC Restoration of electric lines and provisions of its services for relocated

PAPs.





March 2012

Table 8.2: Role of Institutions for the implementation of the RAP (Rural)


1 Ministry of Federal

affairs

• Follow up and ensure the practicality of the proclamation

• Giving technical and capacity building assistance

• Preparation of national valuation formula for determination of

compensation

2 Ethiopian Roads

Authority (ERA)

Management of implementation of the resettlement action plan,

compensation, monitoring and evaluation.

3 Oromia Regional

State/ Office

Coordination of the various stakeholder offices under its direct

supervisions, awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation of the

implementation.

4 Zonal

Administration

Offices

Coordination of the whole resettlement issues, facilitations of land for

land compensations, restorations of services, monitoring

compensations, selections and confirmations of relocation sites.

5 Woreda

Administration

Offices

Identifications and selections of land for relocation of PAPs, provisions

of the necessary support for the restoration of livelihoods. They are

responsible in facilitation of RAP and giving special attentions for the

needy.

6 Woreda Agricultural

Offices/decks

• Preparation of cost estimation for affected crops, perennial crops

and other individually owned vegetations.

• Provisions of technical assistance to PAPs in the restoration of

their lively hoods.

7 Representatives of

PAP

Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings.

They are expected to have strong role and work together with ERA’s

right-of-way branch and other stakeholders.





Fig 8.1: Synchronized Implementation Schedule





March 2012

8.2 Awareness Creation Phase

Briefings to the appropriate bodies (at Regional, Zone and Woreda and Kebele levels) on the Ambo-

Woliso project and its impacts shall be done by the client. Committee members to be formed in

charge of the compensation process needs to be well aware of their duties and responsibilities.

Committee members in turn with representatives of the PAPs and community elders elaborate the

scope and nature of the project to community members and all PAPs.The orientation and briefing

designed to establish a transparent and full participation of the PAPs and others, thereby smoothing

the compensation, relocation and restoration of livelihood. Composition of the compensation

committee in rural areas shall uphold representative from the Woreda administration, ROW agent,

representative from Woreda agriculture and rural development and representatives of PAPs. In urban

sections of the road committee members shall be representatives from the municipality or town

administrations, ROW agent, representatives from Woreda urban development office and

representatives from PAPs.

8.3 Committee Formation Phase

The Ethiopian Roads Authority in close collaborations with the Oromia National Regional state and

its lowest administrative bodies are responsible to inform about the project cause and formation of the

ad-hoc compensation committees at Woreda level. The Client (ERA) has to draw a time frame for this

task. The Oromia National Regional State and its lowest administrative bodies are responsible to

establish these ad-hock compensation committees at Woredas, towns and villages to facilitate

identification of eligible PAPs, property inventories, valuation of affected properties, selection of

resettlement sites and compensation payments in consultations with ERA’s ROW branch.

8.4 Compensation Phase

This phase is a stage where all form of compensations shall be executed in accordance with eligibility

criteria and principles outlined earlier. ERA is responsible for remuneration payments to all impacted

properties and use rights. Proper notifications have to be made by the compensation committee to

project affected people to collect their remunerations. Based on these notifications, owners of

properties or their representatives shall be checked in relation to the study document for eligibility and

receive their compensation amount in the presence of the compensation committee. For fast transfer

of money and transparency purposes ERA shall contract financial institutions like Commercial

Nominees, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia or regional credit and saving institutions.

8.5 Time required for Compensation and Relocation

All compensation and relocation activities shall be completed ahead of the civil works. No relocation

has to done prior to the compensation. Past experiences indicates that four to six (4-6) months would

be enough for relocation of the affected people if proper support, guidance and supervisions are in

place.

8.5.1 Reporting

The RoW branch, zone and Woreda level administrative offices shall produce a report regarding their

accomplishments and submit to ERA and the Oromia Regional State. The regional state has a

responsibility to notify to the client (ERA) about the accomplishment of the remuneration process and

the readiness of sites for road constructions.





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8.5.2 Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee

The ad-hock compensation committee has a responsibility to ensure proper assessment and timely

disbursement of compensations to PAPs. A one day training program for all compensation committee

members at Woreda level has to be given by dispatched Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch

members. The committee shall provide a progress report to the regional government office, zone,

Woreda administrations, municipalities (city councils) and to the client (ERA). As committee

members are entitled for per diem payments compatible to the rate they deserve a minimum of 120

Birr per day has to be paid. Fund required for the compensation committee is given under table below.

Table 8.3: Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee

No. Cost Item Amount (Birr)

1 Per diem for 4 members for 120 days 120 birr/day 57,600

2 Per diem for 2 surveyors for 120 days 80 birr/day 19,200

3 Per diem for 1 driver for 120 days 70 birr/day 8,400

4 Per diem for 1 Professional from ESMT for 45 days 120 Birr/day 5,400

5 Fuel and lubricants 350 birr/day for 120 days 42,000

Total 132,600

Source: Consultant cost estimation

ERA is responsible for provision of financial resources for the implementation of the RAP.

Figure 8.2: Composition of the Implementing Committees

ERA

RAP Compensation

Committee Urban

RAP Compensation

Committee Rural Areas

Representative of the

Municipality

Representative from the

Woreda Urban

office

Representative from PAP

Member


affected Woreda

Chairman


Woreda Agriculture office

Member

Representative from PAP

Member





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9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

9.1 General Arbitration Process

The traditional Geda system among the Oromo initially developed for guiding the social, political,

economic and religious life of the people. This cultural and Juror-political system is instrumental in

management of natural resources like water points, grazing lands, browses and conflict resolutions

among individuals and communities. The foundation of the Geda system is rooted in the informal or

customary Oromo institution of the Aadda, (custom or tradition), Seera, (Borena laws), Safuu (ethics)

and Heera (justice). The Abba Gadda is the highest level of the institution and positioned by different

individuals elected every eight years.

Where a dispute arises between parties, in this case mainly between ERA, project affected persons

(institutions) the initially preferred means of settling disputes is arbitration. For arbitrations local

elders and officials have the capacity to mediate disputes. These traditional conflict resolution

mechanisms are suggested for their timesaving, non bureaucratic, cost saving and traditionally

functional and accepted natures. Moreover, Such grievance redressing mechanism have a legal

backup in the constitution and other proclamations like, Articles 3325-3336 of the civil code (1960),

proclamation No.455/2005 and Article 11 of proclamation No.456/2005.As to this article “Where

disputes arise over rural land holding rights, efforts shall be made to resolve the dispute through

discussion and agreement of the concerned parties. Where the dispute could not be resolved through

agreement it shall be decided by an arbitral body to be elected by the parties or to be decided in

accordance with the rural land administration laws of the region.”

Almost similar to the Federal proclamation the Oromia national regional state land use and land

administration proclamation No. 56/2006 has provisions on customary laws, As per this proclamation

Article 25 (1) (a) and (b) ‘any conflict or dispute that arose on farmland boundaries or landholding

shall be resolved (a) appealing first to local (Ganda) social court, (b) party who has complaint on the

decision given by local social court can further appeal to the ordinary court. Article 25(4) refers such

traditional mechanism as one way of resolving conflicts during land expropriations for public

purposes and compensation payments.

In addition to these statuary and customary institutions aggrieved parties could also organize arbitral

tribunal on site and the concerned parties may determine the number and composition of the arbitral

tribunal. Nevertheless the consultant would like to suggest the maximum number of the arbitral

tribunal members should not exceed five. This would allow meaningful representations and avoid

unnecessary delay in decision-making. Individual members of the compensation committee who

initially decided the compensation rates should by no means be member of the arbitral tribunal since

they have already taken a position.

Accordingly, the ad-hoc arbitration committee will be inclusive of the following members:

In urban areas

• Two members elected by the project-affected persons from the community.

• One member from the kebele administration

• One member from the city council

• One member from urban development department





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In rural areas

• One member from Woreda administration

• One member from Woreda agricultural office

• One member from Kebele peasant association

• Two members elected by the project-affected persons from the community.

9.2 Grievance Process

The procedures for handling grievances will be as follows if not resolved amicably:

• The affected person shall file his discontents in writing to committee chairperson. The

grievance needs to be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. Where the affected person

is unable to write, he shall obtain assistance to write the note and emboss the letter with his

thumb print;

• Committees shall respond within fifteen days after they discussed the matter with the

aggrieved person. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, experts may need to be

requested to revalue the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this

case, the aggrieved person must be notified by the committee that his/her complaint is

being considered;

• If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome

he/she may lodge the case to the local Court;

• Decisions of local courts shall be the final.

But the preferred option for dispute settlement is amicable settlement and arbitration among aggrieved

parties. Project affected people; also have a right to appeal their cases to ERA’s Right-Of-Way

Branch, to the resident engineer or to the contractor before taking their appeals to the court.





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Fig 9.1 General Process

PAP: Project Affected Person

RAP: Resettlement Action Plan

IC: Implementing Committee

ERA: Ethiopian Roads Authority

R.O.W: Right -of Way Agent

RAP - IC presents the

compensation package to PAP

The PAP evaluates the

compensation package

The PAP refuses to accept the

compensation package and expresses

his reservation to the RAP-IC

The aggrieved PAP is given a chance

by the RAP-IC to explain why the

package is not acceptable to him

The PAP and the RAP-IC fail to agree

ad either party reports the situation to

the local authority

The local authority brings the PAP

and the RAP-IC for further discussion

The PAP and RAP-IC fail to agree and the

local authority appoints arbitral tribunal

The arbitral tribunal hears from the

PAP and the RAP-IC. The tribunal

The RAP-IC review the

compensation package

as agreed by the PAP

The PAP refuses to accept the

verdict of the arbitral tribunal

The RAP-IC refuses to review the

compensation package as per the

verdict of the arbitral tribunal

PAP accepts the package

The PAP gives his written

consent to the ROW-A/RAP-IC

The PAP receives the

compensation from ERA

Right of-way Agent

The PAP takes his case to

the first instance court

Decision

Decision

PAP's Decision

PAP's Decision





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10 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST

According to Ethiopian Roads Authority resettlement/rehabilitation policy framework a budget

requirement for the implementation of a RAP is inclusive of compensation costs for the relocations of

project affected households, restoration of assets and properties, replacement of dwellings, working

places and restorations of social amenities and services. Details regarding estimation of compensation

for the affected residential houses and other buildings are presented in table 10.1.

It has been stated earlier that the method adopted for valuing affected assets and properties has been

based on replacement cost approach. Remuneration payments for affected farmlands are based on unit

rates and productivity established in this RAP. Although the project is a new one, there is more

temporary loss of farmlands than permanent losses under the project operations due to the fact that all

through the route inhabitants are residing in a relative congested manner in pockets of settlements and

they are either pastoralist or agro-pastoralist. Beyond pockets of settlement areas, the land is covered

by bushes and woodlands. Compensation payments for residential houses and other buildings are

worked out in assuming full compensation for 25% and above impacted parts of a given property and

payments for only damaged parts bellows. The source of funding for the implementation of the RAP

is the Ethiopian government and disbursement of the budget is subject to monitored by the Ministry of

Finance and Economic Development, (MoFED), after ratified by the house of people’s

representatives. The summery budget is presented bellow.





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Table 10.1: Resettlement/Rehabilitation Budget

No. Budget Item Quantity

Unit

Rate Total Cost (ETB)

A-Compensation Costs-4

1 Replacement Cost of

Houses & Fences

784 varies

8,262,613

2 Compensation for

Trees/Fruits

varies

25,033,764

3 Compensation for

Farmland and

Annual/Cereal Crops

19.8ha number 459,122.40

4 Compensation for Grazing

land or Pasture

1.207ha number

232,485


income and business

167 number 1,539000


affected social services

305 80 24,400

7 compensation for

temporary loss of strips of

land 48.8 2,318.80 565,787.20

8 compensation for

vulnerable groups 282 number 1,184,400.00

B- Resettlement &

Rehabilitation

Support

1 Shifting Cost 396 50 19,800

2 Transitional Allowance 396 2100 831,600

C-Support for

Project

Implementation

1 Monitoring &Evaluation

Cost

Ls 278,645

2 Training on HIV/AIDS

Prevention Activities

Ls 2,000,000

Total 40,431,616.90

Contingency 10 % 4,043,161.69

Grand Total 44,474,778.59

Source: Consultant cost estimation, 2011.





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11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

11.1 Responsible Authority

The Environmental Protection Authority is responsible to give technical and advisory support for the

sustainable use of natural and cultural resources and environmental management at Federal, Regional,

Zone, Woreda and community level.EPA is also responsible for the management, coordination and

evaluation of environmental issues from the Federal down to the community level as stated in the

Environmental Policy of the country (1995). Moreover, the aforementioned authority is responsible

for the integration of environmental planning with development planning.

To minimize and alleviate environmental impacts the Oromia national regional state established

regional environmental office in 2002. This office is responsible to ensure matters pertaining to the

region’s environmental, social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that

shall protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainable use and develop of natural resources.

To achieve this end the regional government environmental office adopted a community based or led

environmental protection strategy in addition to having offices at Woreda level. Hence, the roles of

Woreda level environmental offices and local communities geared towards environmental

conservation and management.

The Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA shall monitor the implementation of this

RAP. Monitoring aim to correct implementation methods during the course of the project as required.

Evaluation is intended to check whether the RAP has been implemented in accordance with the

existing local and international laws and procedures. Monitoring will be internal and external and

shall be done by the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch as an internal monitor, and hired

consultants, municipalities and local administration representatives as an external monitor.

Monitoring will provide both a warning system for corrective measures and a channel for affected

people to make known their needs and reactions to the executed RAP. Internal monitoring is a

performance monitoring of the physical progress of the RAP, inputs, outputs and outcomes. External

monitoring should focus on impacts and outputs.

According to ERA’s Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework, evaluation needs to be

external.ERA will hire or consult local NGO’s or consultants for this purpose. The participation of

project affected people in monitoring and evaluation processes is crucial. Evaluation will be used as a

planning instrument to correct pending issues and suggest a post project monitoring period in the aim

to ensure that PAP’s have not been subject to impoverishment after the project.

11.1.1 Objectives

The general objectives of evaluation and monitoring, which are key components of the resettlement

action plan are: Monitoring of specific situations or difficulties arising from the implementation of the

RAP and its compliance.

• Evaluation of the long and mid-term positive/negative impacts of the

resettlement/rehabilitation framework on the project affected people and the community

in the project area.

• Furthermore, the main purpose of monitoring will be to verify:

• Actions and commitments described in the RAP are implemented;

• Eligible project affected people receive their compensations prior to the civil work;





March 2012

• The magnitude of RAP actions and compensation measures in restoring or improving

pre- project livelihoods and lost incomes;

• Complaints and grievances forwarded by project affected people followed up and

appropriate corrective measures are taken;

• If necessary, changes in RAP procedures are made to improve delivery of entitlements to

project affected people;

• Compensation disbursement to correct parties;

• The physical progress of resettlement and rehabilitation;

• Restoration of social services and amenities; and

• Special care and assistance given for social groups that needs additional help.

11.1.2 Performance Monitoring of the RAP

Performance monitoring shall have to be carried out as an internal management function. In this case

the Resettlement Implementation Committee will play a major role in close workings with the

Woreda environmental protection office and local communities. The participation of the affected

people in performance monitoring is also necessary. The PAPs will elect their representative to

participate in the monitoring of the implementation of the RAP. They should also be involved in the

identification of indicators for monitoring purposes.

Cash compensation shall be paid directly to the PAPs. The compensation committee will monitor the

rehabilitation process and is also responsible for ensuring that the PAPs are using the compensation

fund for restitution of livelihoods, rebuilding the affected houses, structures or other properties.

A simple means of conducting performance monitoring is by measuring progress against a list of

required actions and milestones. For example, each month the compensation committees expected to

document the following indicators:

• The number of meetings held with the PAPs, content of the discussions meetings, and

agreements reached.

• Grievance redress: the number of complaints lodged, how many complaints are being

addressed, how many have been resolved and how the grievance redress mechanism is

functioning;

• The number of compensation payments made, and the number of pending payments;

• The number of houses/structures constructed, and the number pending;

• The number of PAPs relocated to their new houses/structures, and the number that still

have to be relocated;

• The number of vulnerable people assisted the kind of assistance sought and how it was

given.

The Compensation committee shall present monthly reports to the Right of Way Branch and to the

Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA. In addition, the Regional Bureau for Planning

and Economic Development should be availed of the monthly reports.





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11.1.3 Impact Monitoring of the RAP

Impact evaluation commissioned by ERA will be conducted by an independent third party to assess

compliance of the outcome of the RAP with the involuntary resettlement policy, in other words, to

determine the overall impact of the RAP. The key objective of the external evaluation will be to

determine whether efforts to restore the living standards of the affected population have been properly

executed. Evaluation will also verify the results of performance monitoring, and identify adjustments

to the RAP if required.

Evaluation will assess, inter alia:

• The appropriateness of the relocation sites;

• The appropriateness of the implementation schedule;

• The appropriateness of the grievance mechanism;

• Mechanism for assisting vulnerable groups.

During the external evaluation, a social survey shall be conducted. The baseline information collected

on the socio-economic conditions of the affected population at the beginning of the project (before

displacement) will be compared with the data collected during evaluation. Thus, any adverse or

beneficial socio-economic impacts due to the resettlement process (and also due to the road project)

may be determined, such as the impact on income levels, school attendance, health status, changes in

land use, changes in occupation patterns, changes in settlement patterns, etc.

PAPs and local communities shall be actively involved in impact monitoring, particularly in the

identification of indicators. Participatory meetings with PAPs and local community members are

necessary. A working with compensation committee is important during these evaluations. As stated

in the first and second paragraphs of this section, federal and regional EPA’s are responsible to

perform periodic impact monitoring of the project.

Impact monitoring should be first carried out approximately 3 months after the PAPs have been

relocated, and thereafter annually for a period of at least 2 years. At the end of each monitoring and

evaluation, a report should be submitted to the Right of Way and Environmental Monitoring and

Safety Branches of ERA. Costs for internal monitoring are accommodated within the contingency

amount in the total budget for the RAP.

11.2 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Assistance

Resettlement and rehabilitation assistances are mandatory as stipulated in various legal documents

issued by the government and the donors. This is due to the fact that mere compensation given for lost

assets does not necessarily ensure livelihood restoration.

In this report attempt has been made to briefly discuss the resettlement and rehabilitation assistance

that are needed to restore the livelihood of the PAPs at least to the pre project situation. The

consultant recommends that collaboration and integration of all stakeholders to make the proposed

schemes practicable. As a result, the role of the Kebele will organize and motivate the people to

participate to the proposed schemes and at the same time hearing the grievance of the beneficiaries

and minimizing the gap with the respective stakeholders. According to the woreda officials the





March 2012

woreda have a package of schemes, hence, the woreda has to provide the needed assistant like

providing land, consult the kebele level officials and arrange experts those who can give technical

support to the beneficiaries and kebeles’ officials. The Woredas were not only promised just for the

sake of consultation or not only suggested what should happen. The Woreda has mentioned the

location available and elaborated their experience what they did in the same project previously. There

− There are many pocket plot of land which can balance the land loss by PAPs. Almost all

PAPs prefer to have these lands. Because these sites are already developed, all facilities,

schools, markets, grind mills, telephone, water line, etc are available.

− These lands will be provided to the PAPs once approved by the regional government.

Based on the current procedure, the authority of providing the land is that of the regional

government. The Woreda identifies the location and send for approval to the regional

government not only for those who are dismantled due to road but also for investments. If

there is any requests for land for investments the Woreda identify the location and

forward to the regional state for approval. Since it is for the road as per the proclamation

455/2002 and regulation by the council of ministers 135/2007 there will no objection by

the regional government.

− For the dwellers in Kebele house the house to where they shift were already identified

and told to PAPs during public hearings held in each Woreda.

The Mitigation measure is sub divided into five major components and the activities considered under

each component are outline in the following paragraph.

11.2.1 Beekeeping and Honey Production:-

Objective: increase household income and standard of living from the sale of quality honey

production and there by food security.

Description: In order to improve the income as well as standard of living of affected household by

projects, it is essential to train, and provision of the necessary inputs. Thus improving honey

production through the introduction of modern technology/ modern beehives/ well produced through

Woreda Agricultural office and distribute to the affected household by project.

The traditional beekeeping practice is low in yield in region. As a result the average amount of honey

in crude from per harvest from a local hive is around 4 to 4.5 kg. Therefore, through training and

utilizing modern beehives one can harvest two times per year the best quality honey and can sell in a

better price.

To do this there will be two beehives to each households that are affected by the projects, and totally

1–2 honey extractor with fully equipped modern technical instruments (wax printer, spoon, smoker

and the like) for the whole group of beneficiaries.

Output: - the honey yield of the improved hives well increases from 4.5kg of a traditional hives 30kg

to modern hive. Therefore, by providing training in beekeeping with intensive supervision, it would

be possible to increase honey production and increase income of the affected farmers. The main

output expected will be increment in yield and better quality production of honey from bee hive per





March 2012

harvesting season. Improvement in quality and quantity bee products will play role in the livelihood

of affected households by the scheme. The other output from the production of improved apiculture

practice is production of bee wax. Therefore, through training, improved dry season bee forage and

utilization products will pay role in the livelihood dry season bee forage and utilizing modern bee hive

technology the amount of honey production will increase from 4.5 kg to 30 kg pure honey from a

single beehive/harvest period, due to increment in its yield and quality there will be augmentation in

price.

The price of a kilogram honey harvested from traditional beehive in the area costs about 45birr, where

the pure honey produced from modern beehive cost 60 birr, therefore a household having one modern

beehives can harvest 60 kg pure honey per year, of which 10kg for in house compensation and the

result 50kg will be 60birr and each HH will have 3000 Birr.

If each household has two modern beehives he/she will have 4000birr and from the sale of bees wax

approximately will get around 200 birr for the first time and they will get an income from selling of

each honey colony from birr 120 to 180.

11.2.2 Handcraft

Objective: - The main objective of the scheme to benefit and increase the income of affected

Households and poverty alleviation by the proposed venture. It will have support from Government

offices like micro finance development, small scale industry and women association. The micro

finance will have support in financing the organized group correlating with Small scale industries

enterprise and women association. Beside the stated offices have the same packages working on and

enhancing and/or support the project activities.

Description: - In order to improve the income as well as standard of living of affected household by

projects, it is essential to train, and provides necessary inputs. Micro and Small scale enterprises are a

group of people organized together with a minimum capital of 20,000 – 50,000.Through cooperation

with the local government the organizations (group) will have a provision of working premises and

space, information services, registration of new business as tax payers, credit facilitation.

The organizations (groups) will have access to information on market development training and a

market linkage. At the same time other vulnerable people will have the advantage of employment

opportunities. Hence, a provision of training for the beneficiary group is essential and mandatory,

facilitation of credit and monitoring of their business activities developing their business.

Output: - The outcome/profit from handcraft business development will be subsistence used of cloth

and crafty tolls and the amount of cash income obtained from the sale of products.

11.2.3 Flour Mill

Objective: -it is aimed to enhancement financial capacity of the targeted Household heads.

Description:-Establishment of Flourmills for in all Woredas.





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Outputs:-Service giving for community in the project area.

11.2.4 Agricultural Extension Support

Objective: - to enable the project affected households maintain food self-Sufficiency

Description: - this component involves Agricultural extensive

• Provision of input supply fertilizer, proved seed, etc

• If any surplus is produced to provide marketing support

Benefits: -to the minimum the Households affected by the project will secure their food.

11.2.4 Petty trading for organized women

Objective of introducing petty trading for organized women group is to generate income and enhance

project benefit for those female household headed in the project site.

Description

The petty trade will be managed by each individual female household head who at the same time are

in ensure of organized income generating groups to be estimated by the form waredas cooperative

promotion desk. Two IGAs (income generation activity) group would be established in from all

woredas. Seed money will be expended from the project to kick off saving and credit activities in the

two IGAs. The local micro finance organization is expected to handle this until the IGAs reach full

cooperative status and run their own business. The Woreda cooperative is expected to give all

technical support that includes assessment of business option for petty traders, market, legal support,

etc.

Target household

Female headed households affected by the project would be the primary benefit carries from petty

trading revolving fund scheme for female headed households from all woredas would be organized to

start the scheme. Individual beneficiaries have the liberty to choose on what kind of petty trading to

engage in, with strong technical back up by the woreda cooperative office.

11.2.5 Training and Capacity Building

Objective: -it is aimed to enhance the skill and capacity of the implementing bodies including the

affected Households, Resettlement implementation committee as well as concerned offices of form

woredas.

Description: -it will have two sub-components, i.e.; Training, and Capacity Building. The Training

subcomponent focuses mainly on DA’s refreshment course on investigation and such as bee keeping,

Handcraft and others.





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Output/Benefits: Number of households trained in beekeeping and women trained in handicrafts and

petty trading.

• Complementation and Management capacity of the Woreda Agricultural and Rural

development office; RIC Will be strengthened.

11 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS AND LOCAL OFFICIALS

All household head PAPs are consulted about the intended project and possible out-comes. This had

been done in the process of identification of project affected households age categories, occupational

stratifications, religion, and gender related issues. Community members and PAPs have a great

aspiration about the commencement of the intended project and eagerly awaited its realities. Loss of

agricultural and grazing lands, perennial crop areas and residential or other service giving installations

due to the project would be tolerable if reasonable compensations paid for affected properties as per

the consultation outcome. They disclosed that, they could be fully co-operative and participant in all

activities that the project demanded. During the field survey, public consultation meetings were held

with the Woreda officials, PAPs and local communities along the project road.

Public consultations were done through formal meetings and public gatherings. Focus group

discussions with selected women, professionals and elderly community leaders were done to clarify

misunderstandings and gaining additional information’s on public attitudes towards the proposed

project. Informal meetings were held with different age category members of the community. As it

has been mentioned above, local community members and other stakeholders vowed to participate in

activities that the project demanded and contribute whatever assistances at their own capacity. Public

consultation outcomes indicate that problems relating to displacement and dispossession of properties

can be contained by the primary stakeholders (community and local leaders), with the appropriate

assistance from outside.

Local authorities signed a commitment with the consultant to prepare land for resettlement

specifically for those totally displaced and needy households in the urban section of the project.

(Please refer minutes of meetings under Annex A). There is a relative abundance of land for extending

resettlement site within the immediate locality.

Minutes of the meetings were in Amharic major outcomes are summarized as follows:

• List of PAPs within the ROW of the project had been identified in the presence of local

administrative officials, public representatives and professionals. The full list of PAP’s in

Werdea Towns and villages had been given by the consultant to each respective body.

• Local authorities had been informed about the cut-off-date of identifications and

supervisions. They agreed to take precautionary measures to halt new constructions close to

the right of way.

• Local authorities had been requested about the availability of lands for those who would be

displaced and resettled. Despite the current problem to have vacant lands to provide land for

constructions of new residences, shopping and market places and provisions of plots of

lands for fully demolished government, community and non-governmental institutions, they

agreed to make all possible menses to find for the cause.





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• Local authorities were informed about their responsibilities and commitments during the

operational stages for which all agree vehemently. With regard to Kebele-owned houses, all

agreed to construct similar or if possible better houses for the affected people by using

compensation payments. They also agreed to re-rent these newly constructed houses for

PAPs (Kebele clients) with the same amount as they paid previously.

• Local authorities had been informed about their role in monitoring the proper usages of

compensation payments, especially in restorations of livelihoods. They all agreed to

encourage and help the affected people to properly use the compensation.

• Local authorities had been informed about the importance of giving special

attentions to the disabled, elderly, sick household head members and Female headed

families. They all agreed to extend the necessary support for these groups of PAPs to

rebuild their residences and restore livelihoods.





March 2012

12 THE RAP DISCLOSURE

Once the final RAP manual approved by ERA and accepted by the development partner, it is subject

to be disclosed first at national level. Accordingly, the manual with a summary of translation in

Oromiffa will be sent to the Oromia National Regional Government and its lowest administrative

bodies. Once approved and the Ethiopian government allowed the World Bank for public disclosure

purposes, the RAP will be made available via the World Bank Info Shop. In addition, short brochures

will be printed and distributed to inform people on the RAP implementation arrangements. The

following process will be followed by ERA to disclose the RAP.

• ERA will make available the RAP manual at designated places to the public in the

electronic media (including ERA’s Web site) and government news papers;

• ERA will send copies of the final RAP to immediate stakeholders including respective

Regional government, zone and Woreda offices with translations of the executive

summary in local languages and;

Furthermore, before project implementation, RAP consultant and the project director will prepare and

conduct information dissemination program in the project area.

The main objectives this program will be

• To inform and explain the entitlement policy and various options to the affected people

prior to financial assistance.

• To make public consultations and awareness creation for local community members

about relocations / rehabilitation.

• To minimize counter rumors and prevent unnecessary distress.

• To bring clarity on issues that might be raised related to entitlements and benefits

through question and answer.

• To seek help from local government officials and others, and encourage their

participation in the RAP implementation.

• To ensure that vulnerable groups understand the process and their needs are specifically

taken into consideration.

RP1312 v3 - World Bank Documents & Reports

Documents

Transcript of RP1312 v3 - World Bank Documents & Reports