ROLE OF MASS MEDIA ON SOMALI POLITICS

1

ROLE OF MASS MEDIA ON SOMALI POLITICS

_____________________________________________

SUBMITTED BY

ILYAS MOHAMED ABDULKARIM

HK-MDIR-014/12

BIT, SU

_____________________________________

_____________________________________

A RESEARCH DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF

THE DEGREE OF MASTER INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS & DIPLOMACY

OF KAMPALA UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER 2014

2

DECLARATION A

I Ilyas Mohamed Abdulkarim declare this thesis is my original work and has not been

presented for a Degree or any other academic award in any university or Institution of

learning”

Signature: _____________________________________

Date: __________/_______/_______________________

3

APPROVAL

“I confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under

my/our supervision”.

Name and signature of Supervisor:

Date: ___________________________

4

DEDICATION

The researcher dedicates this thesis his parents Ubah Agane and Mohamed Abdulkarim,

with much love, for any effort and sacrifice they provided throughout my academic life and

career development and my respected friends for being supportive to me spiritua l ly,

emotionally, morally.

5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First praise is due to Allah who made me this book possible to be completed.

Furthermore, the researcher would like to convey deep appreciation to Kampala Univers ity

and Hope University.

Likewise, the researcher thanks his supervisor Mrs. Monica A. Ssengendo, for the precious

advice, valuable comments, remarks and suggestion since starting of this research.

6

Table of Contents

DECLARATION A 2

APPROVAL 3

DEDICATION 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5

ABSTRACT 8

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 10

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 11

1.0 Introduction 11

1.1 Background to the Study 11

1.2 Statement of Problem 14

1.3 Purpose of the Study 15

1.4 Objectives of the Study 15

1.4.1 Major Objectives: 15

1.4.2 Specific Objectives: 15

1.5 Research Questions 15

1.6 Scope of the Study 16

1.6.1 Content Scope 16

1.6.2 Geographical Scope 16

1.6.3 Time scope 16

1.7 Definition of Key Terms 16

1.8 Significance of the Study 17

1.9 Theoretical Framework 18

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 20

2.0 The Role of the Media in Peace Building, Conflict Management, and Prevention 20

2.1 Relationship between Media and Politics 23

2.2 Politics and Journalism 24

2.3 Shaping the Political Agenda 25

2.4 Freedom of Speech 26

2.5 Role of Mass Media in today’s world 27

7

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY 31

3.0 Introduction 31

3.1 Research Design 31

3.2 Study Area and Population 31

3.3 Sample techniques 32

3.3.1 Sampling Procedure 33

3.4 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 33

3.5 Data Collection Methods 33

3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation 34

3.7 Ethical Considerations 35

3.8 Limitation of the Study 35

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 37

4.1 Biographical Information 37

4.2 Analysis of Variables Based on Objectives 42

4.3 Interview Guide Discussions 52

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, SUMMARIES CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 54

5.1 Summary of Findings 54

5.2 Conclusion 56

5.3 Recommendations 57

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research 57

REFERENCES 58

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE 61

APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 64

8

ABSTRACT

The theme of this research is all the role of media on the political situations in Somalia;

mass media has been very active in the essence of political plays in the country, this research

illustrates the relationship between them and the implication of their correlations.

Journalists face many problems from both the government of Somalia as they are detained

and accused of poor referenced broadcast of news and the assassinations from militants of

Alshabab for the unfavorable news they provide to the public in any channel, this makes in

Somalia a very red area that the being a journalist one of the riskiest jobs in the country and

in particularly.

The objectives of this research is disseminate the effects of Somali Media on the politica l

stabilization, good governance and economic development, in addition to determine the

relationship between the media and politics in Somalia. Moreover, to inaugurate methods,

strategies and means of using media to best stabilize the political situation in Somalia.

The findings of the research include that lack of national policy and unprofessional media

workers caused the relationship between the media and the politicians more insignificant

nowadays; this made the killing of journalists in Somalia and in particularly Mogadishu

more acquainted and familiar. Furthermore, training and seminars on capacity building

programs for the journalists are needed to build the capacity of the media. Journalists face

many problems from both the government of Somalia as they are detained and accused of

poor referenced broadcast of news and the assassinations from militants of Alshabab for the

unfavorable news they provide to the public in any channel, this makes in Somalia a very

red area that the being a journalist one of the riskiest jobs in the country and in particular ly

Mogadishu.

Media in Somalia has been in anarchism role of for two decades and half, they seldom

contain nationalist and those who know the goodness of good governance and systems,

therefore the need for training courses to reinforce these fellows are crucial. However, the

need for national policy plan that guides the relationship is vital.

9

LIST OF APPREVIATION AND ACRONYMS

FGS : Federal Government of Somalia

SNA : Somali National Army

10

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: Selection of Sample size.

Table 2: Age Distribution of the Respondents

Table 3: Gender of the Respondents

Table 4: Marital Status of the Respondents

Table 5: Education Level of the Respondents

Table 6: Experience of the Participants

Table 7: Occupation of Respondents

Table 8: Level in the Organization

Table 9: Objective One Table

Table 10: Objective Two Table

Table 11: Objective Three Table

Table 12: Objective Four Table

11

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.0 Introduction

This research dissertation titled the role of mass media on Somali politics; it focuses on the

relationship between the two parties of journalists and the politicians, the effects of media

on the political stabilizations, and the role of media on good governance, economic

development, peace process, conflict resolutions and community mobilization and

awareness to the security, health and environmental factors

While press freedom is only one among many civil and political liberties, the historica l

contribution of the press to democracy merits special attention. Around the world, the media

has historically played a vital role in social transformation and political liberalisa t ion

through the exercise of two principal functions: informing the public of matters of public

interest and serving as a watchdog of government. Access to information enables the public

to make informed choices, to actively participate in decision-making processes and to assess

the performance of their leaders: essential elements of a functioning democracy.

So critical are these functions to the healthy functioning of the body politic that freedom of

opinion and expression including the right to “receive and impart information and ideas

through any media and regardless of frontiers” is enshrined in Article 19 of the Universa l

Declaration of Human Rights, and further guaranteed by the constitutions of most

democratic states.

1.1 Background to the Study

Somalis are accustomed to such a well-preserved pattern of freedoms. Liberty of speech and

movement were inherent in their traditional nomadic livelihood, and their egalitar ian

political culture was famously described as a “pastoral democracy.” Even the colonial

powers were careful not to antagonize the Somalis by excessively restricting their free

expression and movement. It was firmly and repeatedly drummed into serving colonial

officers in Somalia that nothing should be done that might seriously antagonize the local

population. (Lewis, 1994).

12

Media of Somalia includes various radio, television, print and internet outlets. The federal

government operates two official radio and TV networks, which exist alongside a number

of private and foreign stations. Print media in the country is progressively giving way to

news radio stations and online portals, as internet connectivity and access increases. In

February 2013, the Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunication also launched a

broad-based consultative process for the reformation of media legislation, while in August

2014 the legislation has been passed by the Council of Ministers. Zakaria F. (2013)

There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Radio is the most important

and effective communication channel in the country and the most popular type of mass

media. In total, about one short-wave and over ten private FM radio stations broadcast from

the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions

and from Puntland. Zakaria F. (2013)

In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers

were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times,

Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka,

Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free

electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over

from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number

of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no

longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the

political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining

newspapers printed in the capital. Street, J. (2001)

It is an undisputable fact that the media plays an integral role in the way we, society, view

daily politics and the politicians. Somalis spend almost a full day each week watching

television, listening radios and reading websites or newspapers. This is an obvious

indication that people rely heavily on the information portrayed in the news. In an age where

the popularization of television and other media sources has dominated the information

scene, it is hard to know if the information you are receiving is from reliable and unbiased

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information,_Posts_and_Telecommunication_(Somalia)

13

sources, due to the last couple of decades war and anarchy experienced by the state, Street,

J. (2001)

In democratic societies, mass media have been defined as the "fourth power" because of

their social influence and their function as a counterbalance to possible abuses by the other

powers. In this sense, the media are seen as a tool for invigorating the democratic health of

a country. The media plays an important part in influencing public policy by influenc ing

our thoughts and opinions about what we feel is important. It also influences our opinions

on how the problems should be solved and pressures politicians into implementing new laws

and programs in order to meet our needs. Zioutos, G. (1954)

According to Zioutos, G. (1954), media and politics are in a tense relationship in a

functioning democracy. Despite their divergent missions, it is a symbiotic correlation.

Political forces turn to the public to motivate their actions, to campaign for their ideas and

to win people’s trust. Media, in turn, have to inform people about politics and to exercise

control over politicians when the latter perform their duties. They need each other and, at

the same time, they benefit from each other. Without access to current affairs, media would

be deprived of topics to cover, and without media, politicians would hardly find a way to

the people. Both players have to be aware of their roles and to live up to them. The

politicians have to correctly communicate their public activity to the people.

What they mostly need is trust. Making good policy alone is not enough. Of no less

importance is the skilful public presentation of goals, decisions and achievements. Only

those who are familiar with the rules of media democracy and know how to apply them

would survive as politicians and win majorities. With this communication missing, the

image of the political institutions would be distorted and prejudices would be reinforced

(Street, J.2001).

It becomes critical when politicians try to erect a media façade, to instrumentalize media

and even to manipulate them. At this juncture, media are called upon as watchdog and

corrective. For this task to be accomplished, free and independent media are required. The

status and plurality of media are vital for the quality of the democratic public because the

14

level of citizens’ awareness and the public opinion are largely shaped by the media.

Therefore, it is even more imperative to ensure press freedom and transparency of the media

structures, to guarantee fair working conditions for journalists, to counteract partisanship

and corruption in media and to provide for plurality of views and the free formation of

opinion. The relationship between politics and media thus lies at the core of democracy.

This relationship needs constant rebalancing. Highest transparency and a permanent critical

evaluation are of utmost importance. Despite their interdependence, the demarcation line

between them must be maintained. We need a sensible balance between media and politics

for the sake of democratic society. This holds true not only for transition countries like

Somalia but also for all free democratic policies (Garnham, N. (2000).

1.2 Statement of Problem

Somalia has been on an anarchy for the past two decades, this brought substantia l ly

lawlessness/uncontrolled media containing radios, TVs, Newspapers and Websites

providing out defectively and relatively weak edited news that sometimes target directly

towards some politicians/ social workers. Despite this, some of the reports that the media

provides can to a large extent rub the wrong way and offend some target politicians thus

with the result to that they may use extra powers to the media and fracture the freedom of

speech. Zakaria F. (2008)

Journalists face many problems from both the government of Somalia as they are detained

and accused of poor referenced broadcast of news and the assassinations from militants of

Alshabab for the unfavorable news they provide to the public in any channel, this makes in

Somalia a very red area that the being a journalist one of the riskiest jobs in the country and

in particularly Mogadishu.Zakaria F. (2008)).

Currently, Shabelle Media Network, Sky FM has been closed down by the government of

Somalia, and their chairmen has been detained and waiting for the court to review their

cases, while other local FM has experienced temporary suspension and pressure from the

militants and the government itself.

15

In this research dessertation, the researcher focused what is wrong with the media and define

the role of mass media on the politics of Somalia, the researcher will also look for obtaining

strategies that media should be safe from political effects and improve their relationship and

the role of media on politics without harm.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to assess the role of media in Somali Politics.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 Major Objectives:

The objective of the study is to identify the role of Somali Media on Politics.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives: To be sought further study were as follows

1. To define the effects of Somali Media on the political stabilization, good governance

and economic development of Somalia.

2. To demonstrate the relationship between the media and politics in Somalia.

3. To establish methods, strategies and means of using media to best stabilize the

political situation in Somalia.

4. To utilize media’s positive broadcasting programs and minimize the side effects of

it on both politics and the entire society.

1.5 Research Questions

1. What are effects of Somali Media on the political stabilization, good governance and

economic development of Somalia?

2. What is the relationship between the media and politics in Somalia?

3. What are the methods, strategies and means of using media to best stabilize the

political situation in Somalia?

4. How can media’s positive broadcasting programs be utilized; and minimized the

side effects of it on both politics and the entire society?

16

1.6 Scope of the Study

1.6.1 Content Scope

The researcher has focused to explain deeply the role of media on the political stabilizat ions

and the general political situation of Somalia.

1.6.2 Geographical Scope

This study was conducted in Mogadishu where is the capital city of Somalia and has

enormously subsequently outnumbering media for the last decade.

1.6.3 Time scope

The research was conducted between the periods of 2009 to 2013. For the reason of

choosing this time scope is that, it is a period that the country got various political situations

that had a great impact generally on the society and in the media in particular.

1.7 Definition of Key Terms

Good Governance: Good governance refers to the management of government in a manner

that is essentially free of abuse and corruption, and with due regard for the rule of law.

Curran, J., Gurevitch, M. & Woollacott, J (eds) (1977)

Media: means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers,

and magazines, which reach or influence people widely. Deutsche Welle (2009)

Political Stability: Political stability is the durability and integrity of a current government

regime. This is determined based on the amount of violence and terrorism expressed in the nation

and by citizens associated with the state. A stable society is one that is satisfied with the ruling party

and system of operations and is not interested in revolutionary or despotic ideas.

A stable political scene is one where the ruling government is favored by the population and

does not experience strong indicators of social unrest. While there are problems within any

nation, and times of war or hardship are common, a stable political system is one that can

withstand these occurrences without major societal upheaval and ongoing endurance of

these circumstances.

17

Politics:The science of government; that part of ethics which has to do with the regulat ion

and government of a nation or state, the preservation of its safety, peace, and prosperity, the

defense of its existence and rights against foreign control or conquest, the augmentation of

its strength and resources, and the protection of its citizens in their rights, with the

preservation and improvement of their morals. David Brewer (2012)

The management of a political party; the conduct and contests of parties with reference to

political measures or the administration of public affairs; the advancement of candidates to

office; in a bad sense, artful or dishonest management to secure the success of politica l

candidates or parties; political trickery.

Social Responsibility: is an ethical theory that an entity, be it an organization or individua l,

has an obligation to act to benefit society at large. Social responsibility is a duty every

individual has to perform so as to maintain a balance between the economy and the

ecosystems. Hallin, D., Papathanasopoulos, S. (2002)

1.8 Significance of the Study

This study provides the information of the role of media and the political situation of

Somalia and tries to lighten up the current relationship between the government of Somalia

and the media.

The findings and recommendation of the study would be useful for academic institution and

public and the private media which deal with politics and good governance through reading

this thesis which will be available in public libraries and a printed copy would be available

for those participants that contributed in.

The study helps future researchers in this discipline to get father information that is useful

for understanding the relationship between the media and Somali politics, while it attempts

to create solid better relationship between the two sides.

To the researchers the study is a requirement for the partial fulfillment of the award of

Master of International Relations and Diplomacy at Kampala University.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual

18

1.9 Theoretical Framework

Few would argue with the notion that the institutions of the mass media are important to

contemporary politics. Yet the media are not just neutral observers but also political actors.

There are various theoretical approaches, which aim to tackle this relationship. To analyze

all different theories and schools is beyond the scope of this thesis.

Classical Marxism proposes an opposition between superstructure and economic base. A

Marxist tradition sees the media as integrated into the existing economic and political elites

and therefore reflecting their interests. The different schools of thought within Marxist

media theory are categorized and listed in three paradigms: structuralist, culturalist and

political economy (Gurevitch et all: 1982: 8).

Media political economy considers ideology as subordinate to the economic infrastruc ture

(Curran et all: 1982: 26). Graham Murdock and Peter Golding (1977) deem that a 'critical'

political economy approach' that locates the power of media in the economic processes and

structures of media production is the most important way to analyze the current and past

developments, such as ownership concentration, conglomeration and content of the media

systems. Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman (1988) see media as close to an instrument

of class domination, because of the interests of conglomerates are reflected in the

commercial press and the broadcasting outlets they control.

Street's (2005:18) proposes three theoretical schisms regarding the relationship between the

politics and the mass media. These are those represented bypluralism, constructivism and

structuralism. Pluralism, as a theoretical approach supports that media effects are limited

or improvable, the effects of watching television news and reading newspaper are largely

positive, that the mass media contribute positively to political knowledge (Norris: 2000:

212) and that the media act only as instrumental inter-mediaries between agents and the

options offered by the political system.

Constructivism sees the political world that it is re-constituted according to the conventions

of the medium in which it comes to exist; it is constructed as 'reality' by the media that

present and report it, a reality in which politics is a superficial game of appearances (Street:

2005: 23). Bob Franklin, for instance, regards that the spin doctors and advertising

19

executives were recruited by governments and parties to disempower citizens and to

diminish politics (Franklin: 1994). According to Street, Franklin approach could be located

within constructivism.

The third theoretical approach is that of structuralism. The development of the media has

to be understood as part of a larger process of state formation and capitalist development.

Garnham, for example, writes that all theories of the media rest upon historical theories as

to the process of the historical development of media institutions and practices and their

relationship to the development of modernity and its characteristic social structures and

practices' (Garnham: 2000:38). According to Street, Garnham represents an account of the

politics-mass media relationship that locates it within the structures of the political economy

that organize both (2005:29).

20

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 The Role of the Media in Peace Building, Conflict Management, and

Prevention

Information is power and insight can affect public discourse. This way, perceptions can be

changed by access to media. Different types of media are utilized globally to distribute

knowledge and idealistically, free mass media is a tool of and signpost for democracy.

Freedom of expression is not only the core of a healthy media but also a fundamental human

right and vital for a democratic structure. It stands for freedom of speech, the right to

information and the representation of different opinions in a heterogeneous society. In any

culture of prevention, effective and democratic media are an essential part and indispensab le

for societies trying to make a transition towards peace and democracy. Harry S. Truman

once said, “You can never get all the facts from just one newspaper, and unless you have all

the facts, you cannot make proper judgments about what is going on” Trueman, H. (2011).

This statement reflects the need for free access to unbiased information. Not giving people

the possibility of political participation and not allowing them to express themselves freely

is a significant cause of conflict. On the one hand free, independent and pluralistic media

provide a platform for debate and different opinions. On the other hand, media can be

misused for propaganda purposes, to incite hatred and spread rumours and therefore

artificially create tensions, Wolfsfeld, Gadi (2004).

The transmission of ideas is also not limited to conventional media such as newspapers, TV

or radio. Arguably, the traditional media takes primacy in this, however, new technologies,

the internet and digital content should also be considered in this context. Pankowski, Rafal

(2007). Lack of information can, at any stage of a conflict, make people desperate, restless

and easy to manipulate. The ability to make informed decisions strengthens societies and

fosters economic growth, democratic structures and the positive outlook on the future. For

this very reason, the United Nations Millennium Declaration stressed the need “to ensure

the freedom of the media to perform their essential role and the right of the public to have

access to information”.

file:///C:/Users/Kamal/Downloads/Documents/The%20Role%20of%20the%20Media%20in%20Peace%20Building,%20Conflict%20Management,%20and%20Prevention_files/The%20Role%20of%20the%20Media%20in%20Peace%20Building,%20Conflict%20Management,%20and%20Prevention.html

file:///C:/Users/Kamal/Downloads/Documents/The%20Role%20of%20the%20Media%20in%20Peace%20Building,%20Conflict%20Management,%20and%20Prevention_files/The%20Role%20of%20the%20Media%20in%20Peace%20Building,%20Conflict%20Management,%20and%20Prevention.html

http://www.sayings-quotes.com/harry_truman_quotes/

http://books.google.de/books?id=2Nwnjf3XLwcC&pg=PA8&dq=role+of+media+peace+building&hl=de&ei=zbwxTIiXEKSqsQa_ouXNBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=role%20of%20media%20peace%20building&f=false

21

Journalism does not need justification for its existence. Its service to society is justifica t ion

in itself. Journalism can not only help to distribute information but also counter hate-speech

and create an environment of balanced opinions, an information equilibrium. Koven, Ronald

(2004, For the media it can be problematic to find a balance between preventing harm

caused by speech and protecting individual expression. Being able to find this balance,

however is important especially in conflict situations. Responsible journalism does not just

re-publish press releases but is truly concerned with a truthful, balanced and fair account of

events. In order to achieve this journalists have to stay clear of judgemental representations

and describe reality without embellishment. If democracy is to work properly, society needs

access to news and information; analysis of the status quo, debate, practical information and

exchange as well as entertainment are needed and provided by the media. The definition of

conflict and defining conflict areas is not easy and no two places are alike. Journalists need

to know what they can expect on sight in order to define the objectives of their project.

Deutsche W. (2009).

In case of a crisis or a conflict, the international media can attract worldwide attention. The

mass media is a pervasive part of daily life especially in industrialized countries and thus

able to shine a light on conflicts anywhere in the world. Since most armed conflicts, these

days have governmental and not territorial reasons; the parties are often concerned with

making sure that the majority of people are on “their” side, which bears a lot of potential

for misrepresenting facts and trying to seize control over the distribution of information. For

this very reason, the intervention of unbiased and free global media is important not only

for the world public but also for the people directly affected. The number of conflicts,

however, that gets international attention is small; therefore, local media is vital in this

context. United Nations Office for West Africa (2005).

Broadcasting news by using community radios can help reach people in different areas, even

with different languages more easily. This way people can be addressed directly and their

own personal experiences and lives can be incorporated much better, than with foreign

media. The danger of manipulation and inflammation of ethnic tensions, however, cannot

be ignored. Another advantage of local media, especially radio is that in border areas it is

possible to convey peace messages to passing fighters and refugees alike. Democratic media

http://www.un.org/unowa/unowa/studies/media-wkshp-final-report.pdf

22

structures need more than this; it is vital that the use of information within a society is not

solemnly passive but that the population gets actively involved in creating content and

broadcasting it. Deutsche W. (2008).

Internal conflicts do not occur spontaneously but tend to have a history. Local media usually

have a deeper understanding of the existing political structures, the participants of the

conflict as well as the changes preceding the outbreak of violence. The media can therefore

not only influence society before the conflict by recognizing and properly addressing the

issue but afterwards. Unlike international media covering conflicts, local media are a

recognized part of society with the ability to accelerate and magnify fears or reduce them.

One should not forget that journalism could play a role in escalating conflicts, which also

demonstrates the potential for positive purposes. The media have the power to defuse

tensions before they even reach a critical point and keep a critical eye on government,

opposition and society. By supplying credible information and reaching a large audience,

the media help in managing conflicts and promote democratic principles. In the aftermath

of a conflict, reconciliation and societal development can be encouraged as well. Westphal,

F. (2004).

A measure of peace building can be enhanced peace journalism. Peace journalists try to

uncover the causes behind a conflict and true goals of all participants while making sure to

humanize all victims of the conflict. The journalists do not try to exploit the loss and

suffering but make sure that the reporting is balanced and also demonstrate how easily news

can be manipulated. Part of the ethical guidelines for this kind of reporting is to bring out

people that use peaceful measures, speak out against war and violence, and document the

suffering and loss on all sides. Possible solutions and trying to prevent further escalation of

the conflict are at the centre of peace journalism as well. A suggested framework used by

peace-building media can employ different strategies such as (1) Conflict-sensitive and

peace journalism; (2) Peace-promoting entertainment media; (3) Media regulation to

prevent incitement of violence, but also (4) Peace-promoting citizen media. Himelfarb,

Sheldon and Chabalowski, Megan (2008).

23

Media and journalism can be a great assistance in conflict management and peace building.

However, the power they have is also limited, as they will never be able to eliminate armed

conflicts altogether. The media can be a good tool in a healthy and functioning environment

but more is needed than ethical and responsible reporting to ensure lasting peace and safety.

The role of the media is twofold: on the one hand, the media report and reflect on pressing

issues and can help to question established concepts and ideas. On the other hand, they can

be used for propaganda purposes and instead of revealing truths, try to cover things up and

by this curtail people’s freedom and right to information. Regardless, the potential of the

media in conflict and post-conflict situations remains a net positive, and has been sadly

underutilized to this point in time.

2.1 Relationship between Media and Politics

The relationship between politics and media has begun to develop as a rather semi-

autonomous research field, within social sciences, in the last three decades. Historically the

issue of mass media's relationship to politics has been framed by the idea of propaganda and

fear of its effect on mass society (Street: 2005: 19). For instance, Lasswell wrote his doctoral

dissertation on propaganda and that became his first book (Schramm: 1997:32). The so-

called 'Frankfurt School' turned its attention to the role of the media after the fascist success

in Germany in 1933 (Curran and Corner, Seaton: 199 1: 249). The Frankfurt theorists tried

to explain the role of the press and radio, which were extensively used by Nazis, as means

of propaganda. These approaches although they were different in ideological and

epistemological departures, they had to do more with the effects f the media to the public

rather than a specific research approach concerning media's relationship to politics itself on

the basis of political and economic structures. The latter was accompanied by the historica l

orientation of communication research with media effects. According to Hallin and Mancini

'For many years empirical research in communication was almost synonymous with the

media effects paradigm which was concerned not with larger media structures but with the

effects of particular messages on individual attitudes and beliefs' (Hallin and Mancini: 2002:

15).

24

John Street (2005: 19-20) proposes four additional categories of research focusing mass

media's relationship to politics.

o The 'political effects' research which is concerned and organized around the

elections;

o Research that has been focused on political communication, party organization and

government communication;

o Research that has been focused on the relationship between media and democracy.

o Research that has been devoted to the relationship between public policy and the

media which has to do also with regulation of media and broadcasting policy and

2.2 Politics and Journalism

In many ways the history of journalism in the world is closely parallel to political history of

the media. Limited development of media markets meant that newspapers were smaller, and

less likely to be self-sustaining. And state intervention, particularly in periods of

authoritarianism, interrupted the development of journalism as a profession. The level of

professionalization in journalism thus has remained lower in the world (Zioutos: 1954),

although it increased in important ways in the last couple of decades of the twentieth century

(Hallin and Papathanassopoulos: 2002). The notion of journalistic professionalism, which

forms the basis for journalists' claims of autonomy, is connected with the idea that

journalists serve a public interest that transcends the interests of particular parties, owners

of social groups. To what extent this model can be applied to other countries, especially to

those, which have experienced a different political culture and development? How can this

model be applied to everyday practices of other countries, especially in those societies

where a sense of public interest transcending particular interests has been increasingly

difficult to achieve? Paolo Mancini (2000: 266) referring to Italy notes that: 'In reality [in

other countries] journalists act in a different way: they follow a different model of

journalism'.

As Papathanassopoulos argues (2001), this is the case of Greek journalism as well. One can

say that due to the political particularities of Greek society, it is difficult to develop a culture

of journalistic professionalism faithful to the Anglo-American model. This is because

25

journalism always reflects and embodies the historical processes within which it has

developed and the contemporary social conditions within which it is made (McNair: 1998:

64).

It is worth mentioning to make clear what the researcher means when he says the level of

professionalization is lower. This does not, for example, mean that journalists in Greece are

less educated than their European colleagues. Journalists in Somali are more likely to have

university degrees today than those in major Developed countries (Weaver: 1998).

2.3 Shaping the Political Agenda

Shanto Iyengar looks at why we think what we do about politics in Is Anyone

Responsible? But the theories and premises of his research are derived in large part from

his 1987 book News That Matters (co-authored with Donald Kinder). In the book, he

examines how we think about politics, suggesting that television determines what we

believe to be important issues largely by paying attention to some problems and ignoring or

paying minimal attention to others. "Our evidence implies an American public with a limited

memory for last month's news and a recurrent vulnerability to today's," Iyengar and Kinder

write. "When television news focuses on a problem, the public's priorities are altered, and

altered again as television news moves on to something new."

The idea of the media as agenda-setter was hardly new. In the late 1960s, Maxwell E.

McCombs and Donald L. Shaw began studying the agenda-setting capacity of the news

media in American presidential elections. They were especially interested in the question of

information transmission — what people actually learn from news stories, rather than

attitudinal changes, the subject of earlier research. Their research precipitated a stream of

empirical studies that underscored the media's critical role as vehicles of politica l

information.

In their 1977 book, The Emergence of American Political Issues, McCombs and Shaw

argued that the most important effect of the mass media was "its ability to mentally order

and organize our world for us." The news media "may not be successful in telling us what

26

to think," the authors declared, "but they are stunningly successful in telling us what to think

about."

McCombs and Shaw also note that the media's tendency to structure voters' perceptions of

political reality in effect constitutes a bias: "to a considerable degree the art of politics in a

democracy is the art of determining which issue dimensions are of major interest to the

public or can be made salient in order to win public support."

The presidential observer Theodore White arrived at the same conclusion in his landmark

book, The Making of a President: "The power of the press in America is a primordial one.

It sets the agenda of public discussion; and this sweeping political power is unrestrained by

any law. It determines what people will talk and think about — an authority that in other

nations is reserved for tyrants, priests, parties and mandarins."According to David Brewer

(2012).

2.4 Freedom of Speech

The media has been called the “fourth branch” of government and is sometimes placed on

a level akin to the three official branches of government—legislative, executive, and

judicial. Though the media has no direct governing power, at times it may serve as a check

on the other three branches by informing the public of the government’s actions, allowing

the people to respond accordingly. Like other forms of exmediaion, freedom of the media

is essential to the advancement and operation of a democracy, providing important benefits

to individuals, to society, and to the government:

• A free media allows for communication and the open exmediaion of ideas with others.

Human dignity advances when people can print their thoughts and ideas and read from

others with similar or different views.

• A free media informs people of new and better ideas, which benefits a community and

allows it to improve and change with the times. This contributes to intellectual growth and

broader understanding.

• A free media provides a mechanism for communicating freely with local, state, and

national representatives and is essential to the operation of representative government.

27

• A free media can help bring about peaceful social change by working as a mediaure valve

to release tension when people feel wronged or mistreated. It also gives the government

and members of society important information on how their actions or statements have

been received.

• A free media provides people with a mechanism to speak out against perceived violat ions

of personal rights and is essential for the protection of all people’s rights.

The existence of independent media is a vital component of any democratic society. Under

the Libertarian Media Model, the news media play a critical role in democratic governance.

Its key functions include serving as a timely and reliable information source for the public;

providing objective reporting and interpretation of political issues and events; performing a

watchdog function by keeping the activities of the government under scrutiny; and

facilitating dialogue between politicians and citizens (McCombs, Shaw & Weaver, 1997).

2.5 Role of Mass Media in today’s world

According to David Brewer (2012), the continuing explosion of digital communica t ion

technology has raised new questions about the inclusion of cell phones, video and computer

games in mass media. Currently, marketers and advertisers are planning to tap into satellites

and broadcast commercials and advertisements directly to millions of cell phones,

unsolicited by the phone's user. Advertisers are looking into placing advertisements as well

as incorporating product placement into the video games as well.

Mass media has the potential to play a key role in developing a culture of peace and non-

violence. Unfortunately, it has failed to live up to its potential. To the contrary, it has not

only almost completely ignored the culture of peace and non-violence, but also it privileges

news of the culture of war and violence. In fact, it appears as if a campaign or propaganda

has beenpromulgated in the mass media in order to justify political policies of militarism. It

has been used to increase publicity in recent decades for the myth that war and violence are

intrinsic to human nature.

The present situation can be compared to the earlier use of racist myths to justify slavery

and colonialism in mid-19th and mid-20th centuries as a last-resort effort by those who had

28

a vested interest in slavery and colonialism. That was their last effort to defend these

institutions by appealing to the vulnerable belief systems of individual psychology at a time

when they could no longer justify the institutions by economic or political arguments. If this

is correct, even for certain sections of the media, the struggle for culture of peace in the

mass media needs to receive top priority and careful strategy.

It has been observed in recent past, during a violent incident, the media goes full- fledged

reporting and covering it live. However, the same cannot be said about a peaceful but

important event. The media has to remember that it influences how their audiences think

and behave. In fact, mass media plays a crucial role in forming and reflecting public opinion,

connecting the world to individuals and reproducing the self- image of society.

There is a complex interaction between the media and society, with the media on generating

information from a network of relations and influences and with the individua l

interpretations and evaluations of the information provided, as well as generating

information outside of media contexts. Thus, the consequences and ramifications of the

mass media relate not merely to the way newsworthy events are perceived, but also to a

multitude of cultural influences that operate through the media.

The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has

the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society. Marshall McLuhan

uses the phrase "the medium is the message" as a means of explaining how the distribution

of a message can often be more important than content of the message itself.

The ability of the media to reach a wide audience with a strong and influential message has

the potential to have a strong social and cultural impact upon society. Marshall McLuhan

uses the phrase "the medium is the message" as a means of explaining how the distribution

of a message can often be more important than content of the message itself.

It is through the persuasiveness of influential media such as television, radio and print media

that they have been largely responsible for structuring people's daily lives and routines.

Television broadcasting has a large amount of control over the content society watches and

29

the times in which it is viewed. The internet creates a space for more diverse politica l

opinions, social and cultural viewpoints and a heightened level of consumer participation.

Studies of various commercials, advertising and voter campaigns prove that media influence

behavior. In the 20th century, aggressive media attention and negative coverage of trials

involving celebrities like Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle or Michael Jackson influenced the general

public‘s opinion, before the trials effectively started.

Though the media could have an effect on people's behavior, it is not necessarily always the

case. Many copycat murders, suicides and other violent acts nearly always happen in

abnormal upbringings. Violent, emotionally neglectful or aggressive environments

influence behavior more than watching certain programs, films or listening to certain music.

Just because an audience sees acts of violence in media, this does not mean they will actually

commit them. Of the millions of people who watch violent films, only a small number have

carried out acts of violence as a direct result. People regularly exposed to violent media

usually grow up to be completely normal people. If there are any effects from media, they

only affect a very small number of people. So, there also develops a case where it is wrong

to always blindly blame the media because people are not copycats, instead we should be

aware of someone mental state and take other factors into account before making such

claims.

There are other social and cultural factors in criminal acts in which the media are not the

basic influence. Actually, there is no such thing called violence in the media that either could

or could not cause violence. It is the social factors and background that make some people

consume media in specific way. There is no connection between exposure to media violence

and real life violence, because humans are not copycats and can realize what is wrong and

what is right. Although some research claims that heavy exposure to media violence can

lead to more aggressive behavior, it has been suggested that exposure alone does not cause

a person to commit crimes.

Often, there are demands for the banning of certain songs or the labeling of obscene albums.

Such demands are put forward by people with political objectives. The public is bribed with

30

good radio, television and newspapers into an acceptance of the biased, the misleading, and

the status quo. The media are, thus, not crude agents of propaganda, but are those who

organize public understanding.Vineet Prakash, (2012).

However, the overall interpretations they provide in the long run are those most preferred

by, and least challenging to, those with economic power. It cannot be denied that the mass

media play an agenda-setting function as people tend to share the media's composite

definition of what is important.

Although a sizable portion of mass media offerings particularly news, commentar ies,

documentaries, and other informational programmes deal with highly controversia l

subjects, the major portion of mass media offerings are designed to serve an entertainment

function. These programmes tend to avoid controversial issues and reflect beliefs and values

sanctified by mass audience.

Such programmes have the potential to make individuals 'irrational victims of false wants'

that are thrust upon them by corporations through both the advertising in the media and

through the individualist consumption culture it promulgates. Thus, the modern media train

the young for consumption. It would not be wrong to state that 'leisure had ceased to be the

opposite of work, and had become a preparation for it.'

Again, there is a threat of media bringing hyper-reality i.e. projecting more than what the

reality is. The case of O.J. Simpson is an example. Another threat arises from self-

censorship by members of the media in the interests of the owner, or in the interests of their

careers. The two-way relationship between mass media and public opinion is now beginning

to change, especially after the advent of new technologies such as blogging. Vineet Prakash,

(2012).

31

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This study focused on the relationship between the Somali Media and the Political Actors

and player, while it established core aspects that should build sustainable better relationship

between the parties. Nevertheless, this study would use one of the most popular mixed

methods designs in educational research, which is the correlational research.

3.1 Research Design

This study employed correlation research design to investigate the relationship between

Media and the politics of Somalia. The research design was about the arrangement of

variables, conditions and participants for the study. The researcher used Correlation

research design, which involves conducting data in order to determine whether and to what

degree a relationship exists between two or more variables.

3.2 Study Area and Population

This study was conducted among government members, Somali politicians, private and the

public media, and civil society group. The researcher selected those groups because they

have information, facts and experience of the role of media on the politics and the

association/relationship that persists currently between them and how this can be improved.

The study consists of 300 target populations of civil society, Somali politician, civil servants

and the media. All these are most important sources that we could get reliable information

about the study. For this reason, it is the most suitable for the required information relating

to this study.

The sample size of the study identified using Slovin’s formula –the sample has been revised

after correcting the population

32

n= N / (1 + (N*e^2))

Where

N= Population

n= Sample

e= is the confidence level at 0.05

n=300/ (1+ (300*0.0025)) 170 subjects.

Table 1: Selection of Sample size

No. Respondents Target

Population

Sample size

1 Civil servants 70 38

2 Mass Media 95 55

3 Politician 68 30

4 Civil Society 67 47

5 Total 300 170

Source: Primary Data, 2014

The sample size consisted of 47civil society members, 30 politicians; 55 mass media and

38 civil servants selected from the target population 170 members.

3.3 Sample techniques

A sampling technique is the name or other identification of the specific process by which

the entities of the sample should be selected. Alternatively, the methods used in drawing

samples from a population usually in such a manner that the sample facilitated determina tion

of some hypothesis concerning the population.

33

3.3.1 Sampling Procedure

This study employed purposive sampling techniques. Purposive sampling technique is a

technique that the researcher uses his or her own judgment or common sense regarding the

participant from whom information was collected (Amin, 2005). The researcher shall use

purposive sampling to choose the respondents believes that they have the relevant

information.

3.4 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument

The validity of an instrument refers to the ability of the instrument to collect justifiable and

truthful data. In other words, it is about the ability of the instrument to measure what it is

developed to measure. Validity is the quality of the test doing what is designed to do

(Salkind; 2000).

Reliability of the respondent’s through the instruments of the questionnaire shall be

established. The reliability of the research instruments concern with the degree to which the

research instrument has given the same result. The reliability of an instrument refers to the

ability of the instrument to collect the same data consistently under similar conditions

(Odiya; 2009).

To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, the researcher has used method of expertise

judgment, after construction of the questionnaire; the researcher approached the supervisor

and other experts to ensure the reliability and validity of the research instruments.

3.5 Data Collection Methods

The following data collection procedures have been implemented while the researcher used

questionnaire, interview, observation, and survey for this study.

A. Before the administration of the questionnaires and interviews

The researcher shall requested for an introduction letter from Hope University/Kampala

University postgraduate Centres addressed to the authorities of the university under

study for their permission to conduct this study. The letter shall contained the criteria

34

for selecting the respondents and the request to be provided with list of bonafide students

in the university.

After approval, after approval, the researcher identifies that information based on the

role of media on the political stability and the general political situation of the county.

Thus, the researcher utilizes the table on the respondents (Table 1) to determine the

suitable participants to be included in the research.

B. During the administration of the questionnaires and interviews

Especially the researcher is seriously particular in requesting the respondents to the

following: (1) to sign the informed consent; (2) to answer all the questions hence, they

should not leave any item unanswered; (3) to avoid bias and to be to the objective in

answering the questionnaires. The researcher and his assistants tried retrieving the

questionnaires with 5 days from the day of distribution. All questionnaires retrieved

were checked if they are completely filled out.

C. After administration of the questionnaires and interviews

The data collected has been organized, collected, summarized, statistically treated

and drafted in tables using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS).

3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation

To determine the profile of the respondents, frequency and percentage distribution was used

for analyzing it. Mean, Ranking and Interpreting data was also be used to compute for the

role and the relationship between the mass media and the Somali politics. An item analysis

based on the mean scores and ranking were reflected the strengths and weakness of the

respondents in the items of mass media and politics. The measurement of media and politics

was measured in different questionnaires, each shall be selected in one to four scale for

respondents 1= Strongly Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= Agree, 4= Strongly Agree. To interpret

the obtained data profile of the media and politics for the following numerical value and

descriptions was used.

35

Mean Range Description Means

3.21-4.00 Very good You agree without doubt

2.51-3.20 Good You agree with doubt

1.76-2.50 Fair You disagree with doubt

1.00-1.75 Poor You disagree without doubt

3.7 Ethical Considerations

The data that the researcher is to collect from the respondents was kept at most confidentia l

and be used for the purpose of the fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree

of Master of International Relations and Diplomacy. The respondent was also informed the

content of the research and its aims because researchers whose subjects are people or

animals must consider the conduct of their study and give attention to the ethical issues

associated with carrying out the research.

Some of the key ethical issues that was given due attention in this study were privacy of

participants, voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw partially or

completely from the process, consent and possible deception of participants, maintenance

of the conditionality of data to be provided by individuals or identifiable participants and

their anonymity.

3.8 Limitation of the Study

1. Testing: The use of research assistants can be about inconsistency in the

administration of the questionnaire in terms of tie of administrat ion,

understanding of the items of in the questionnaire and explanations given to the

respondents.

2. Attrition/ Morality: Not all questionnaires may be turned completely answered

nor even retrieved back due to circumstances on the part of the respondents such

as travels sickness, hospitalization and refusal/withdrawal to participate. In

anticipation to this, he the researcher reserved more respondents by exceeding

the minimum sample size. The respondents also reminded not to leave any item

36

in the questionnaires unanswered and was closely followed up as to the date of

retrieval.

37

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

DISCUSSIONS

4.0 Introduction

This chapter presents and analyzes the findings of the study and their interpretation that is

based on the research questions and objectives which included assessing the role of media

on Somali politics. To investigate the impact of media on the politics and the vise verse. To

identify challenges faced by Somali media development towards the political effect. This

part presents the summary of information about the respondents using statistical frequency

table.

4.1 Biographical Information

Profile of Respondents

The profile of the respondents are personal information of the participants, this allows the

researcher to know the age, gender, experience and education of the respondents of the

research.

Age Distribution


Age of the respondents of this research is shown in the table, the age of the respondents

were useful for this research in order to know the level of the majority of participants.

38


Age

Frequency Percent

Valid 20-25 6 3.5

26-31 22 12.9

32-37 45 26.5

38-43 24 14.1

44-49 47 27.6

50 and Above 26 15.3

Total 170 100.0


According to the first table of 2; 3.5 % of the respondents were between the ages of (20-

25), whereas 12.9% were between (26-31); while26.5% of the respondents were aged

between (32-37), whereas 14.1% were (38-43) years old whilst 27.6% were 44-49 years old

and lastly 15.3% of the respondents were aged 50 years and above.

So, the findings of the table above indicates that most participants of the study were between

the age of 44-49 years as shown in the table while a significant number of the respondents

also aged 32-37 years.

Gender of the Respondents

The profile of gender distribution of the respondents are explained in the table 3 below, this

gives the researcher the chance to discover the proportion of gender participation in the

research that was conducted.

39

Table3: Gender of the Respondents

Gender

Frequency Percent

Valid Male 108 63.5

Female 62 36.5

Total 170 100.0

Source: Primary Data 2014

Table 3 indicates that the majority of the respondents which is 63.5% are male on the other

hand 36.5% of respondents were female.

This indicates that men were the most respondents of the study met by the researcher, for

the reason that most of experts in this kind of media political relationships were men.

Marital Status

There are various categories of the respondents ranging from single to divorced as indicated

in table 4.

Table 4: Marital Status of the Respondents

Marital Status

Frequency Percent

Valid Single 51 30.0

Married 66 38.8

Widowed/Divorced 53 31.2

Total 170 100.0

Source: Primary Data

40

The table 4 shows that 30 % respondents were single , while other 38.8% of the participants

were married as revealed in the above table, Also the table shows that 31.2% out of the

respondents were either widowed or divorced.

Although it was a close annexation, the conclusion of the table shows that married people

were the most participants of the study.

Education Level of the Respondents

The table 5 below indicates the level of the education of the respondents ranging from

certificates to postgraduate level.

Table 5: Education Level of the Respondents

Educational Level

Frequency Percent

Valid Certificate 55 32.4

Diploma 62 36.5

Bachelor 20 11.8

Postgraduate Level 33 19.4

Total 170 100.0


As table 5 reveals, regarding the qualifications of respondents, with diploma among them

were 36.5% out of total of the respondents, while respondents with certificate (Secondary

Certificate or equivalent) were 32.4%. Bachelor Degree holders among the participants

were 11.8%, while Postgraduate holders of these research participants were 19.4%.

The finding of the study in table 5 shows that respondents with Diploma were dominant

participants in the research with close inclusion of Certificate holders.

41

Experience Level

The table below indicates the level of experience of the research participants.

Table 6: Experience of the Respondents

Years of Experience

Frequency Percent

Valid 1-2 Years 6 3.5

3-4 Years 43 25.3

5 Years and Above 121 71.2

Total 170 100.0


Table 6; which indicates the experience level of the respondents states, 71.2% of the

respondents had an experience of 5 years and above, whereas 25.3% out of the respondents

had (3-4 Years) of experience. Also 3.5% had 1 -2 years of experience. (

The table concludes that 5 years and above of experience were most participants of the study

as table 6 illustrates.

Occupation of Respondents

The table 7 below illustrates the occupation of the participants in the research

Occupation

Frequency Percent

Valid Politician 30 17.6

Journalist 55 32.4

Civil Servant 85 50.0

Total 170 100.0

42


The table above signposts the occupational type of the respondents of this research, 50% of

the research participants were civil servants, while 32.4% were Journalists and those with

high information and experience in media and related issues, also 17.6% of the respondents

were politicians.

The table designates that the civil servants were the leading part participating in this research

that has information on both media and its role on political situations in Somalia.

Level in the Organization

As the below table shows, the level of the participants in the organization, ranging from top

level to supervisory level.

Table 8: Level in the Organization

Level in The Organization

Frequency Percent

Valid Top Level 27 15.9

Middle Level 113 66.5

Supervisor Level 30 17.6

Total 170 100.0


4.2 Analysis of Variables Based on Objectives

The variables of this research conducted is Somali Media and politics which is to discover

the effect of media on the political situations in Somalia, meanwhile four aspect ratio was

used to measure this effect on the entrepreneurship which was: 1= Strongly Disagree, 2=

Disagree, 3= Agree, 4= Strongly agree. The responses from the research participants were

used SPSS’s summary of statistics showing the mean of the responses as shown in the table

9 below:

43

Objective 1: To define the effects of Somali Media on the political stabilization, good

governance and economic development of Somalia.

Descriptive Statistics

N Mean Rank Interpretation

1. The Somali media focuses on ethics in their

editorial part in broadcasting news. 170 3.03 1 Good

2. Televisions and newspapers are the best

sources of accurate newscast, while

websites and radios are foundations of

erroneous news programs in the country.

170 2.33 2 Good

3. Somali media is contributing to the good

governance of the country. 170 2.58 3 Good

4. Somali media broadcasts news that creates

nationalism 170 2.30 4 Good


The table above indicates that media and journalist give greater attention to the details of

the news they broadcast, they always discover, according to the participants’ reaction and

the results shown in the table which is 3.03 mean range illustrates that producing favorable

news to the public is a theme, but the media network containing radios, TVs, Newspapers

and websites motivate the good editorial journalistic ethical news that are impersonal to a

specific individual or group of people. However, ethical differences are in everywhere, and

one man’s meat is another man’s poison. Some of the participants submitted their argument

that personality issue in broadcasting news is rarely involved.

Similarly, the table 9 above signposts that radios and websites have greater erroneous

contents in their news, this comes after the details that is to be given to the headline or the

44

issue need to be addressed more exhaustive to satisfy the need of the target audiences for

the niceties and the details of a particular caption of news. Unlike TVs and Newspapers, this

research divulges that both TVs news need videos and evidence for the newsflash, they

comparatively address more accurate information and their editorial image in the country is

relatively positive while newspapers which have reasonably fewer audiences compared to

all other media means focus on the realities of the bulletin and the details that follow.

A remarkable number of the participants in this research demonstrates that Somali media

is contributing the good governance of the country, it broadcasts nationalism programs that

build the mental nationalism ideology of audiences, they mobilize the peace, conflict

resolutions, and hygiene agendas and programs to the community, they promote the

prevention of security harms, terrorism activities; disease outbreak and other detrimenta l

activities expected. The table concludes that Somali media has virtuous effect on the good

governance of Somalia.

Nationalism is a attaching to one’s nations, so many numbers of nationalist have been

involved in this research, the researcher identified that the participants have been created as

nationals by the media through their creative programs that enhance the recreation and

redesign of nationalism ideology in Somalia. Some few numbers disagree the argument that

media takes part on the patriotism and devotion of the individual blood to the country, the

community and the entire country’s interests. The table above indicates that Somali media

has reflective influence on this issue of nationalism and its related productions.

45

Objective 2: To demonstrate the relationship between the media and politics in Somalia.


N Mean Rank Interpretations

1. It is a business root cause why radios are nowadays

outnumbering in Mogadishu. 170 2.91 1 Good

2. Media gets information from informal/casua l

sources with substandard editing. 170 2.72 2 Good

3. During elections, politicians have very good

relationship with the mass media in Somalia. 170 2.62 3 Good

4. Politicians use media to advertise their politica l

opinions, and their personal politics. 170 2.54 4 Good

5. One of the reasons why journalists are killed is that

they provide inaccurate and or unfavorab le

targeted personal information.

170 2.51 5 Good

6. Many politicians avoid media usage when they are

no usage of it. 170 2.42 7 Fair

7. There is a significant relationship between the

media and politicians in Somalia. 170 2.00 8 Fair

8. Media and politics have been dwindling

relationship between them for the last couple of

decades.

170 1.91 9 Fair

9. Media is the fourth power in the country after the

government’s three other systems. 170 1.84 10 Fair


During the past decade, the radio networks especially FMs are outnumbering in the country

more than ever, yet there more 30 news broadcasting FM radios in Mogadishu, the capital

46

city of Somalia while there are more than 100 other radio network organizations in other

parts of the country, The table elucidates that it’s a business motive that creates the

outstripping radios FM broadcasts in Somalia, as 2.91 mean average of the participants of

this research declared. They emphasized their effects can be multiple and need to be

addressed, so that the government of Somalia and their parliament should as soon as possible

pass their policy that guides, directs and controls the media especially radios in Somalia.

As the participants of this research professed and as already the table 9 prior this current

one indicates, media especially radios and websites have greater flawed blemished news

that can create bad impact on the community and the country at large. This table the

information of its former one indicating that radios and websites get informal information

form the public or they do not moderately edit their bulletin and reports in a professiona l

moral way, the mean in the above table which is 2.72 shows that research participants agree

that sources of news from the local media in Somalia is not relatively trustful.

One of the most interesting part of the findings of this research indicates that politicians are

the friends of the media whenever their interest is sought in media campaigns, for example,

in the times of elections that the politicians want to market their personal politics and their

figurative appearances, media is the best way they can gain the giant audiences. The table

shines that politicians have biggest interest to use media when the time is best for them as

their mean indicates 2.62, which means the respondents have agreed with some little doubt

in it.

Somalia is one of the country that is not a safe haven for the journalists, according the

statistical facts shown by the Somali Journalist Associations indicates, every month 2-4

journalists are killed in the country, 10-15 others are threatened to death while 5-10 of them

imprisoned by the authorities. This research indicates that the news they broadcast does

reasonably relate to the way, type, editorial and the intention of the newscast they broadcast

to the public audience, this may effect to a specific persons, group or groups that has a

common or exclusive interest in it. The table above, which as mean range of 2.51 shows

that despite the fact of there is a reservation and doubt in the existence of this motive, the

47

respondents believe that the case of killing has a relationship with the news that journalists

carry and convoy.

Rendering to the significance of the relationship between the two sides of media and politics

in Somalia, the table above indicates that there is no significant affiliation and connection

between them, whenever the side captures the interest to work with the politicians, they

directly target and vise verse is also true; the table which has a mean of 2.00 mean range

indicates that with the respect of some reservation and hesitations from the respondents of

the research they declined the existence of noteworthy relationship between the parties.

According to the table 10 above divulges, the relationship between the media networks and

political figures of Somalia has been ambiguous, it neither declined nor increased in value.

The table also indicates that there was always a fair relationship between the two organs and

has been with each other according to their personal judgment, interests, tryouts and

probations. This does not mean that the researcher found out the relationship has been

deteriorating or growing in good graphic way, it means that their relationship was more or

less passive.

Somalia as a country has three powers, the Presidential , the Parliament and the Courts of

the country, its arguable that the fourth power in Somalia is the media, although the results

of this research unveils that Somali media is not the fourth power succeeding after other

three systems of the government; the table above exposes that media is far to be more or

less the fourth power in Somalia, the mean of this issue as the researcher realized is 1.84

which is a negative result shown by the respondents of the research.

Objective 3: To establish methods, strategies and means of using media to best stabilize

the political situation in Somalia

48



1. Media is powerful tool that can be

used to stabilize the country. 170 3.58 1 Very Good

2. Media is double-edged blade that can

cause harm and good to the country. 170 3.23 2 Very Good

3. Peace and good governance programs

are tools that can boost country’s

peace and stabilization.

170 3.15 3 Good

4. Use of media to create nationalists and

mobilized community is the best way. 170 2.29 4 Good


Media is an influential gizmo that has an impact on the community, the country and common

cause of activities related to the entire Somalia, the table above illuminates that Somali

media has outstanding grander impact on the stabilization of the country, and use of media

to alleviate and improve the stabilization of Somalia. The mean range with outstanding 3.58

mean range that indicates the respondents of the research have no doubt to agree with the

Barney, which indicates that media can be used to stabilize the country.

All media networks are two-edged tool that can either detriment or can be virtuous, thus

more care is needed to effectively use and benefit from it. The participants of the research

has displayed the requirement for attention and consideration of the side effects of media

despite the fact that their mean is 3.21 which entitles that they agree that careful

responsiveness to details of the importance and usage of media.

49

Good governance and peace building programs are some of the artistic ways to benefit from

media that can broadcast the control and implementation of good governance to the target

audience in Somalia. As the table above indicates, the participants of this research believes

that the tools that media can be utilized is to transmit programs that enhances and improves

peace and good governance in Somalia as their mean shows 3.15 that means they agree this

indication.

Mobilization of community through media means is a fundamental notion, which has its

greater importance for the nationalism enhancement and improvement of its related

aspects, the research participants explained the power of media to mobilize the community

and develop nationalism inspiration in Somalia.

Objective 4: To utilize media’s positive broadcasting programs and minimize the side

effects of it on both politics and the entire society.

50



1. Media has great “positive” impact on

community mobilization and awareness. 170 3.32 1 Very Good

2. Giving training to journalists about good

governance, peace and nationalism is a

way to minimize the side effects of media

on society.

170 3.22 2 Very Good

3. There is a strong need for bill/legal policy

that guides the media to passed by the

government of Somalia and it’s a heavy-

duty.

170 3.21 3 Very Good

4. Some of the Somali journalists are not very

professionals in the field 170 2.43 4 Good


The impact of media can surely be positive if it is used in an approach or system that goes

forward to the awareness and creating good independent society and country, that effect can

be done in many ways that includes mobilizing the community in various currently based

programs including prevention of decease outbreak, giving reliable information and other

facets which can reinforce and underline the positive of media to the society at large. The

table above indicates that media has ‘positive’ impact on the community.

51

Providing capacity building and technically related training and seminars for journalist is

obligatory in order to flourish journalists ability, skills and talents to publish and broadcast

reports, newscast and bulletin to the public audiences. The table above shows the need for

such training and seminar programs for the journalist in Somalia as their mean points out.

Planning guiding, controlling, monitoring and taking corrective action plan is the

responsibility of the Federal Government of Somalia and the FGS cannot excise such actions

if there is no written and passed bill that dictates the does and don’ts that a journalist needs

to follow, such policies are important but the FGS is yet drafting the bill and hopes to pass

through the parliament of Somalia. The researcher’s findings explains that the respondents

have pointed out the importance of such law to be processed immediately.

A reality and observational based approach in this research indicates that if you visit the

radio, TVs and website centers, you will discover that professionalism in this media

programs are more than important as a word. While the mean in the table above of 2.43

indicates a little bit of disagreement while the respondent has a doubt about it, the journalists

need more capacity building, training and technical assistance to be better effective workers

for the country and its people.

52

4.3 Interview Guide Discussions

Interview guides have been created in this research to question and collect information that

busy participants who do not have much time to excel in the questionnaire, and those who

want to provide more and effective information that questionnaire was not sufficient way to

deliver their contributions to the research.

Below you can find the summary of the interview points that has been brought up by the

respondents of the research.

Some of the strategies that can be used to minimize the side effects of media on

political aspects include:

o Training programs to the journalists that builds the capacity, skills and the

knowhow of media.

o Mobilization to media workers, owners, editors and journalists to be and act

as nationalists for the country.

o To develop a policy plan that governs, guides and controls radios,

newspapers, websites and Televisions in Somalia.

According to the respondents of the research, they admired that media can be utilized

in different ways that can assist the community through mobilization, awareness,

preparation and prevention programs to protect the public from decease outbreak,

terrorism and security problems and so on and so forth.

To the interview question about the reason why journalists are killed in Somalia and

in particularly Mogadishu , the respondents included their argument that journalists

are killed in some reasons consisting:

o Sources, types and the target of the news they provide to the audiences.

o General security problem in Somalia.

o Personal related target.

According the respondents of the research, media increase in number is nowadays

familiar in the eyes and ears of the audiences in Somalia, the participants pointed

out simple reasons, they mentioned that political aim is one of them, this facilita tes

the politician to submit his/her political ideas, personal politics and market his party

53

to the community, another reason that some of respondents claimed is a business

motive.

Media is a powerful tool that governs the community, media is the eye of society,

they get accustomed to what media broadcasts, and political stabilization has been

effected much by the media networks. Participants acknowledged the effects of

media on political steadiness and balance is uncountable and limitless.

Respondents of the research indicated the times when politicians use most in media

are the times of election, times of political disorder, and whenever politicians think

that media should be used right away.

Media and political relationships can be harmonized in different ways according to

the respondents of this interview, they stated:

o The need for policy plan that administers, guides and controls media powers

and gives them their rights, points out the dos and don’ts in media.

54

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, SUMMARIES CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the study,

First it would discuss the major findings of the study as it is based on the findings discovered

by the researcher secondly, Conclusion would be drawn from the findings of the study and

lastly the researcher shall bring recommendation and further researches are to be suggested

in the study.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The study was guided by four objectives, which were before them to determine the

demographic characteristics of the respondents in terms of: (a) Age, (b) Gender (c) Marital

Status, (d) Educational Level (e) Years of Experience (f) position in the organization, (1)

To define the effects of Somali Media on the political stabilization, good governance and

economic development of Somalia. (2)To demonstrate the relationship between the media

and politics in Somalia. (3) To establish methods, strategies and means of using media to

best stabilize the political situation in Somalia. (4) To utilize media’s positive broadcasting

programs and minimize the side effects of it on both politics and the entire society.

Consistent with the respondents of the study, descriptive statistics result showed frequencies

and percentages indicating the characteristics of the respondents and showed the distribution

of the population in the study. The study results indicated that men dominated in media

political relationship; also the finding indicates that that diversified age among respondents

from youth to elders who have more information about the field of study and can provide

very useful information to the study.

In addition, level of experience and the level of education of the research participants was

another useful factor that declared how experienced and educated those in the media, civil

society and politicians were.

55

According to the first objective of the research, the effects of media on Somali Politics, A

remarkable number of the participants in this research demonstrates that Somali media is

contributing the good governance of the country, it broadcasts nationalism programs that

build the mental nationalism ideology of audiences, they mobilize the peace, confl ict

resolutions, and hygiene agendas and programs to the community, they promote the

prevention of security harms, terrorism activities; disease outbreak and other detrimenta l

activities expected. This makes the findings of this objective that the media is having a

positive effect on the stabilization, good governance and other important factors that are

favorable to the society at large.

The second objective of the research of the relationship between the parties One of the most

interesting part of the findings of this research indicates that politicians are the support

system of the media whenever their interest is sought in media movements, for example, in

the times of determinations that the politicians want to market their personal politics and

their figurative appearances, media is the best way they can gain the giant audiences. The

table shines that politicians have biggest interest to use media when the time is best for them

as their mean indicates 2.62,

The significance of the relationship between the two sides of media and politics in Somalia,

the table above indicates that there is no substantial affiliation and connection between them,

whenever the side captures the interest to work with the politicians, they directly target and

vise verse is also true; the mean of 2.00 mean range indicates that with the respect of some

reservation and hesitations from the respondents of the research they declined the existence

of noteworthy relationship between the parties.

The Third Objective media is an influential gadget that has an impact on the community,

the country and common cause of activities related to the entire Somalia, the research

indicates that Somali media has outstanding grander impact on the stabilization of the

country, and use of media to alleviate and improve the stabilization of Somalia. The mean

range with outstanding 3.58 mean range that indicates the respondents of the research have

no doubt to agree with the run-in.

56

On the other hand, media networks are two-edged tool that can either detriment or can be

virtuous, thus more care is needed to effectively use and benefit from it. The participants of

the research has displayed the requirement for attention and consideration of the side effects

of media despite the fact that their mean is 3.21.

Lastly, the utilization of media, first of all a reality and observational based methodology in

this research identifies that if you visit the radio, TVs and website centers, you will the

journalists need more capacity building, training and technical assistance to be better

effective workers for the country and its people. However, planning guiding, controlling,

monitoring and taking corrective action plan is the responsibility of the Federal Government

of Somalia and the FGS cannot excise such actions if there is no written and passed bill that

dictates the does and don’ts that a journalist needs to follow, such policies are important but

the FGS is yet drafting the bill and hopes to pass through the parliament of Somalia. The

researcher’s findings explains that the respondents have pointed out the importance of such

law to be processed immediately.

5.2 Conclusion

It is an undisputable fact that the media plays an integral role in the way we, society, view

daily politics and the politicians. Somalis spend almost a full day each week watching

television, listening radios and reading websites or newspapers. This is an obvious

indication that people rely heavily on the information portrayed in the news. In an age where

the popularization of television and other media sources has dominated the information

scene, it is hard to know if the information you are receiving is from reliable and unbiased

sources, due to the last couple of decades of war and anarchy experienced by the state.

There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Radio is the most important

and effective communication channel in the country and the most popular type of mass

media. In total, about one short wave and over ten private FM radio stations broadcast from

the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

The need for policy plan and more capacity building seminars for the media workers,

owners, editors and chiefs to train them to effectively broadcast positive ideologies to the

society.

57

5.3 Recommendations

According to the findings of the data collected and analyzed by the researcher, the following

recommendations have been drawn:

Need for Capacity Building: Media in Somalia has been in anarchy role of law for

two decades and half, they rarely contain nationalist and those who know the blimey

goodness of good governance and systems, thus the need for seminars and training

programs to strengthen these fellows are crucial.

Development of National Policy Plan: National policy plans govern to the

goodness of the society, media currently doesn’t have a policy that guides, controls

and takes a corrective action plan to those who break the law. According to this

research, the need for this plan is inexhaustible and unlimited.

Security Reinforcement for Media: Nowadays killing a journalist is familiar in

Somalia and in particularly the capital city Mogadishu, The Federal Government of

Somalia and its National Army (SNA) needs to boost its security capabilities to offer

media.

Mobilization through Media: Nationalism, good governance, conflict resolution

and peace building programs should be the main aim of media in order to double the

positive effect of media to the society.

Political Pressure to Media: Politicians should decrease their compression and

pressure to the public media, in order for the relationship between them be a

significant and favorable one.

5.4 Suggestions for Further Research

The Role of Media on Peace and Good Governance of Somalia.

The Effects of Media on the Economic Development of Somalia.

The effects of Media on the Civil War in Somalia.

The Role Media in Peace Building and Conflict Resolution.

58

REFERENCES

Amin M. E. (2005), Social Science Research: Concept, Methodology

Berry, D. (2008) “Journalism, Ethics and Society” pages 75-77, Ashgate Publishing

Limited (Farnham)

Corner, J., Robinson, P. (2006) 'Politics and Mass Media: A response to John

Street' Political Studies Review, vol. 4, pp 48-54.

David Brewer (2012) the Relationship between Journalists and Politicians. Indiana,

Kothari C.R. (2004), Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques Jaipur,

India, New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers.

Deutsche Welle – Global Media Forum (2008) Media in Peacebuilding and Conflict

Prevention. p.59-61.

[ [

Deutsche Welle – Global Media Forum (2009) Conflict Prevention in the Multimedia Age. p.69

[

Curran, J., Gurevitch, M. & Woollacott, J (eds) (1977) Mass Communication

and Society, London, Edward Arnold.

Deutsche Welle – Global Media Forum (2009) Conflict Prevention in the Multimedia Age.

Franklin, B. (1997) Newszak and News Media, Edward Arnold, London.

Garnham, N. (2000) Emancipation, the Media and Modernity, Oxford,

OxfordUniversity Media.

59

Hallin, D., Papathanasopoulos, S. (2002) 'Political clientelism and the media:

southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective',

Media Culture and Society, vol. 24:2, pp 175-195.

Himelfarb, Sheldon and Chabalowski, Megan (2008) Media, Conflict Prevention and

Peacebuilding: Mapping the Edges. United States Institute for Peace.

URL: http://www.usip.org/resources/media-conflict-prevention-and-peacebuilding-mapping-edges

Koven, Ronald (2004) An Antidote to Hate Speech: Journalism, Pure and Simple.

McCombs, M., Shaw, D. L. & Weaver, D. eds. (1997). Communication and Democracy.

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

McNair, D. and Siune. K. 1992 (eds),Media policy Convergence, Concentration

and Commerce, London: Sage.

Nations Office for West Africa (2005) UNOWA Workshop on Reporting for Peace. p.3-5

Noam, Eli (1991) Television in Europe. New York: Oxford University Media.

Pankowski, Rafal (2007) How to Understand and Confront Hate Speech.

Papathanassopoulos, S. (1997a) 'The Politics and the Effects of the

Deregulation of Greek Television', European Journal of

Communication 12(3), pp. 351-68.

Samaya T. (2005) Research Methods and Writing Research Proposal Cairo, Egypt,

University of Cairo Publishers.

Street, J. (2001) Mass Media, Politics and Democracy, Palgrave, New York.

Trueman, Harry S. URL: http://www.sayings-quotes.com/harry_truman_quotes/

http://www.usip.org/resources/media-conflict-prevention-and-peacebuilding-mapping-edges

http://www.usip.org/resources/media-conflict-prevention-and-peacebuilding-mapping-edges

http://www.sayings-quotes.com/harry_truman_quotes/

60

Vineet Prakash, (2012) Mass Media And The World, New York

Weaver. (1998) Opposition and Disagreement: Newspapers' attitude during;

the dictatorship, Kastaniotis, Athens

Westphal, Florian (2004) The Right Information at the Right.

Time. URL:http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001389/138983e.pdf page 27-29

Wolfsfeld, Gadi (2004) Media and the path to peace. p.8-10

Zakaria F. (2013)Social Media and Politics in East Africa. Case of Somaliland.

Zioutos, G. (1954), Introduction to the Media Science, Athens.

http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001389/138983e.pdf

http://books.google.de/books?id=2Nwnjf3XLwcC&pg=PA8&dq=role+of+media+peace+building&hl=de&ei=zbwxTIiXEKSqsQa_ouXNBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=role%20of%20media%20peace%20building&f=false

61

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Sir/Madam,

Greetings!

I am a Master of Arts in Diplomacy and International Relations candidate of Kampala University/

Hope University. Part of the requirements for the award is a Thesis. My study is entitled, The Role

of Somali Media on Politics , within this context, may I request you to participate in this study by

answering the questionnaire; kindly do not leave any option unanswered. Any data you will provide

shall be for academic purposes only and no information of such kind shall be disclosed to others.

May I retrieve the questionnaire within five days?

Thank you very much in advance.

Yours faithfully,

Ilyas Mohamed Abdulkarim

INFORMED CONSENT

I am giving my consent to be part of the research study of Ilyas Mohamed Abdulkarim that focused

on The Role of Somali Media on Politics . I shall be assured of privacy, anonymity and

confidentiality and that I will be given the option to refuse participation and right to withdraw my

participation anytime.

I have been informed that the research is voluntary and that the results will be given to me if I ask

for it.

Initials: ____________________________

Date: ______________________________

62

FACE SHEET

Code #_________ Date received by the respondent______________

RESPONDENT’S PROFILE

Age

__ 20-25

__ 26-31

__ 32-37

__ 38-43

__ 44-49

__ 50 and above

Gender

__ Male

__ Female

Occupation

__ Journalist

__ Politician

__ Civil Servant

Level in the Organization

___ Top Level

___ Middle Level

___ Supervisor Level

Marital Status

__ Single

__ Married

__ Widowed/ Divorced

Educational Level

___ Certificate

___ Diploma

___ Bachelor

___ Postgraduate Level

Years of Experience

__ 1- 2 Years

__ 3-4 Years

__ 5 Years and Above

Attention: 1=Strongly Agree, 2=Agree, 3= Disagree, 4=strongly disagree

Questions Ranking

1 2 3 4

1. Somali media broadcasts news that creates nationalism.

2. The Somali media focuses on ethics in their editorial part in broadcasting news.

3. Televisions and newspapers are the best sources of accurate newscast, while websites and

radios are foundations of erroneous news programs in the country.

4. Somali media is contributing to the good governance of the country.

5. Media and politics have been dwindling relationship between them for the last couple of

decades.

6. Media gets information from informal/casual sources with substandard editing.

7. Media has great “positive” impact on community mobilization and awareness.

8. . It is a business root cause why radios are nowadays outnumbering in Mogadishu.

9. Some of the Somali journalists are not very professionals in the field

10. One of the reasons why journalists are killed is that they provide inaccurate and or

unfavorable targeted personal information.

11. There is a significant relationship between the media and politicians in Somalia.

12. Politicians use media to advertise their political opinions, and their personal politics.

13. During elections, politicians have very good relationship with the mass media in Somalia.

14. Media is the fourth power in the country after the government’s three other systems.

15. Many politicians avoid media usage when they are no usage of it.

16. Media is powerful tool that can be used to stabilize the country.

17. Media is double-edged blade that can cause harm and good to the country.

18. Peace and good governance programs are tools that can boost country’s peace and

stabilization.

19. Use of media to create nationalists and mobilized community is the best way.

20. Giving training to journalists about good governance, peace and nationalism is a way to

minimize the side effects of media on society.

21. There is a strong need for bill/legal policy that guides the media to passed by the government

APPENDIX II: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

1. What strategies do you think can be used to minimize the side effects of media to the

public community of Somalia?

2. How do you think that media can be best utilized for its goodness and positive

effects of the nation and the society?

3. What are the reasons can you mention that Somalia journalists are targeted by

Alshabab and the government of Somalia?

4. Why do you think Somali media e.g. websites and radios are nowadays

outnumbering in Mogadishu and entire of Somalia?

5. What is the role of media on the political situation in Somalia?

6. What are effects of Somali Media on the political stabilization, good governance and

economic development of Somalia?

7. When do politicians use mass media most? And why?

8. How can the relationship between media and politics be improved in a positive

sustainable manner?

9. Any other comments, recommendations and remarks you want to contribute to this

research on the role of Somalia media and politics.

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

ROLE OF MASS MEDIA ON SOMALI POLITICS

Documents

Transcript of ROLE OF MASS MEDIA ON SOMALI POLITICS