RNI No : UPBIL 03942/2010 - अखिल गीत शोध दृष्टि

RNI No : UPBIL 03942/2010 ISSN : 2229-7308

iz/kku lEiknd MkW0 vf[kys'k pUnz

,lks0 izksQslj] f’k{kd izf’k{k.k foHkkxJh xk¡/kh ih-th- dkyst] ekyVkjh] vktex<+

eks0 % 09415082614

lEiknd MkW0 xhrk flag

,lks0 izksQslj ,oa v/;{k] LukrdksÙkj fgUnh foHkkxMh-,-oh- ih-th- dkyst] vktex<+

eks0 % 09532225244

o"kZ 7 f}Hkkf"kd ¼fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth½ 29 fnlEcj 2017 vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjrvad 9

fuf/k 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kks/k laLFkku vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjr }kjk izdkf'kr

ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsfUnzr vUrjjk"Vªh; v)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k&tuZy

vf[ky xhr

'kks/k&n`f"V

Half Yearly International Referred Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

AKHIL GEET

'kks/k&n`f"V'kks/k&n`f"Vvf[ky xhr

izdk'kd % MkW0 xhrk flag ¼lfpo½fuf/k 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kks/k laLFkkuvktex<+ ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjr

eqnz.k % f'kokuh vkWQlsV fizUVlZ16/143] [k=hVksyk] vktex<+eks0 % 09455872674

v{kj la;kstu % vjfoUn xqIrk] vktex<+

lEikndh; dk;kZy; %MkW0 xhrk flag edku ua0 466] jkgqy uxj ¼ia0 gfjca'k feJ dSEil½eM+;k] vktex<+&276001 ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjreks0 % 09532225244] 09415082614

EDITORIAL OFFICE :Dr. GEETA SINGHH.No. 466, Rahul Nagar (Pt. Haribansh Mishra Campus)Madya, Azamgarh 276001 (U.P.) IndiaMobile : 09532225244, 09415082614E-mail : [email protected]

^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* 'kks/k&tuZy dh lnL;rk

O;fäxr%Hkkjr esa (India) fons'k esa (Foreign)

okf"kZd % 1000 US $ 25

f=okf"kZd % 3000 US $ 80

vkthou ¼nl o"kZ gsrq½ % 8000 US $ 200

laLFkkxr %Hkkjr esa (India) fons'k esa (Foreign)

okf"kZd % 1500 US $ 35

f=okf"kZd % 4500 US $ 120

vkthou ¼nl o"kZ gsrq½ % 10000 US $ 300

uksV % Ñi;k viuk Hkqxrku udn@psd@euh vkWMj@cSd Mªk¶V vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V vktex<+* ds uke HkstsaA vktex<+ ds ckgj ds psd esa fu/kkZfjr jkf'k esa 50 vfrfjä tksM+dj HkstsaA

NOTE : Please send your cash/cheque/MO/DD in favour of 'Akhil Geet Shodh Drishti Azamgarh'. Add 50 for out station cheques.

RNI No : UPBIL 03942/2010 ISSN : 2229-7308

vf[ky xhr

'kks/k&n`f"Vekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsfUnzr vUrjjk"Vªh; v)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k&tuZy

o"kZ 7] vad 9] 29 fnlEcj 2017 RNI. No. : UPBIL 03942/2010 ISSN : 2229-7308

ewY; % Hkkjr 200 fons'k (Foreign) US $ 15

uksV % idz kf'kr 'kk/s k&i=k@as vky[s kk as d s fopkjk as l s lEiknd e.My@lEiknd dh lgefr vfuok; Z ugh a gAS leLr okn dk {k=s vktex< + gkxs kA 'kk/s k ver tuyZ dk idz k'ku ijw h rjg vO;kolkf;d gAS

izlkj % ubZ fnYyh egkjk"Vª rfeyukMq mÙkjk[k.M tEew&d'ehj >kj[k.M fcgkj ef.kiqjgfj;k.kk f'kykax NÙkhlx<+ vle jktLFkku e/;izns'k mÙkj izns'k xqtjkr iqMqpsjhvkU/kz izns'k iatkc v#.kk¡py izns'k if'pe caxky dsjy dukMk v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg usiky ekjh'kl tkiku

^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* ekufodh ,oa lekt tSls& fgUnh dk cnyrk Lo:i] lquhy dqekj ekuo] foKku ij dsfUnzr vUrjjk"Vªh; v)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k&tuZy nSfud tkxj.k] okjk.klh laLdj.k 14 flrEcj gSA ;g oS/kkfudrk dh n`f"V ls izekf.kd gSA blesa 2010] eaxyokj] i`"B la[;k 10ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ds lHkh mifo"k;ksa ds ekSfyd 9- lUnHk&Z xUz Fk dk mYy[s k 'kk/s k&i= d s vUr e as djAas'kks/k ijd vkys[k] i=] leh{kk dk izdk'ku fd;k tkrk 10- visf{kr lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph ds u jgus ij 'kks/k&i= gSA ;g fgUnh vkSj vaxzsth nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa esa 'kks/k&i= LohÑr ugha fd;k tk;sxkAizdkf'kr djrk gSA 'kks/k i=ksa dks Hkstrs le; fuEufyf[kr 11- 'kks/k&i= ds lkFk bl vk'k; dk ?kks"k.kk&i= vo'; fcUnqvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gSA layXu djsa fd vkidk 'kks/k&i= ekSfyd gS rFkk bls 1- 'kks/k&i= dks dEI;wVj ls Vafdr ,d izfr esa (Hard vkius fdlh vU; 'kks/k&tuZy@if=dk esa

copy) rFkk lh0Mh0 (Soft copy) esa HkstsaA izdk'kukFkZ ugha Hkstk gSA2- 'kks/k&i= dks izdk'kukFkZ Hkstus gsrq vf/kdre 12- ^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* esa mUgh ys[kdksa ds

4500&5000 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djsaA 'kks/k&i= ds lkFk 'kks/k&i= izdk'ku gsrq Lohdkj fd;s tk;sxsa tks bl 150&200 'kCnksa dk 'kks/k&lkjka'k (Abstract) Hkh 'kks/k&tuZy ds lnL; gksxsaAHkstsaA 13- 'kk/s k&i= d s idz kf'kr u gkus s dh fLFkfr e as 'kk/s k&i= dh

3- fgUnh dEI;wVj Vkbi fof/k esa ist esdj ;k okilh lHa ko ugh a gkxs hA blfy, 'kk/s k&i= dh ,d ekbØkslk¶V oMZ esa Ñfrnso 10 ds Font size 12 rFkk dkih viu s ikl ljq f{kr j[k as rFkk nlw jk 'kk/s k i= vaxzsth esa Time New Roman esa Font size 10 esa idz k'kukFk Z lgh Lo:i e as Hkts AasVafdr A4 lkbt esa 1-25 bap pkjksa rjQ NksM+dj 14- 'kks/k vkys[k@i= lkjxfHkZr gksuk pkfg,Adkxt ij ,d rjQ fizaV djk;sa rFkk laLFkk dk 15- 'kks/k vkys[k@i= ;fn cM+k gS rks 'kks/k vkys[k@i= irk@vkokl dk irk ,oa nwjHkk"k ua0@ eksckby ua0 NksVk djus dk vf/kdkj lEiknd e.My ds ikl ds lkFk HkstsaA lqjf{kr jgsxkA

4- 'kks/k&i= dh LohÑfr izkfIr gsrq viuk irk fy[kk 16- 'kks/k&i= ds izdk'ku ds iwoZ nks fo'ks"kKksa dh lgefr gqvk iksLV dkMZ vFkok 5 dk Mkd fVdV yxk ysdj 'kks/k&i= ^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* esa fyQkQk HkstsaA izdkf'kr fd;s tkrs gSaA

5- iqLrd lUnHkZ xzUFk dk mYys[k djrs le; ys[kd ds 17- ^'kk/s k&tuyZ e as iLq rd leh{kk d s fy, leh{kkRed uke dk vfUre 'kCn] eq[; uke] iqLrd dk uke] vky[s k Hkh idz kf'kr fd; s tkr s gAaS leh{kkRed vky[s k izdk'ku dk uke] izdk'ku o"kZ] i`"B la[;k dk Hkts r s le;@iLq rd leh{kk d s fy, iLq rd dh nk s ifz r mYys[k vko';d gSA lEikndh; dk;kyZ ; e as ifss z "kr djAastSls& flag ukeoj] Nk;kokn] jktdey izdk'ku] 18- 'kks/k&tuZy O;fäxr@laLFkkxr lk/kkj.k Mkd ubZ&fnYyh] 2009 i`"B la0 51 }kjk izsf"kr fd;k tk;sxkA

7- 'kks/k&tuZy@if=dk dks lUnHkZ esa lwphc) djrs 19- 'kks/k&tuZy u fey ikus dh fLFkfr esa iathÑr Mkd le; Ñi;k 'kks/k&i= ds 'kh"kZd dk uke] ys[kd dk ls eaxkus ds fy, 250 dk fMek.M uke] 'kks/k tuZy@if=dk dk uke] vad dk uke] Mªk¶V@MO@psd ^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k n`f"V izdk'ku o"kZ] LFkku rFkk i`"B la[;k dk mYys[k djsaA vktex<+* ds uke Hkstsa vfrfjä izfr vkidks Mkd tSls& nfyr lkfgR; dh vo/kkj.kk] daoy Hkkjrh] }kjk miyC/k djk;h tk;sxhaAmÙkj izns'k] flrEcj&vDVwcj 2002] y[kuÅ] i`"B 20- 'kks/k&i= dks E-mail }kjk Hkstus ij Hkh 'kks/k&i= la[;k 11 ,d izfr esa (Hard copy) rFkk lh0Mh0 (Soft copy)

8- nfS ud lekpkj i= dk lUnHk Z nrs s le; 'kh"kdZ dk uke] ds lkFk vo'; HkstsaAy[s kd dk uke] i= dk uke] lLa dj.k dk uke] fnukda ] fnu rFkk i"B l[a ;k dk mYy[s k djAas

ys[kdks ls vuqjks/k


laj{kd e.My% Lekjd f=os.kh ih-th- dkyst] cjng] vktex<+1- izks0 lh-Mh- flag] iow Z dyq ifr] bfUnjk xk/¡ kh 7- MkW0 lq/kkdj mik/;k;] iwoZ izkpk;Z] ds0ch0 ih-

tutkrh; dUs nhz ; fo'ofo|ky; vejdVa d ¼e-i-z ½ th- dkyst] ehjtkiqj2- izks0 lqjsUnz flag dq'kokgk] iwoZ dqyifr] jk¡ph 8- Jh fjrs'k flag] izcU/kd] cq) ifCyd Ldwy]

fo'ofo|ky;] >kj[k.M] iwoZ dqyifr egkRek ehjtkiqjxk¡/kh dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klh ¼m-iz-½ lEikndh; lykgdkj lfefr %

MkW0 xhrw fxjh]izks0 ,l- ds- flag] 1- ,lks- izksQslj] f=Hkqou 3- iwoZ dqyifr] gseoUrh uUnu fo'ofo|ky;] usikycgqxq.kk fo'ofo|ky; x<+oky] mÙkjk[k.M

izks0 o`"kHk izlkn tSu] 2- izks0 vCnqy vyhe] fgUnh foHkkx] vyhx<+ 4- egkRek xk¡/kh eqfLye fo'ofo|ky;] vyhx<+vUrjjk"Vªh; fgUnh fo'ofo|ky;] o/kkZ ¼egkjk"Vª½

MkW0 txnh'k flag nhf{kr] 3- MkW0 fot; cgknqj ;kno] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k 5- iwoZ ,lks- izksQslj foHkkx] vkj-,l-ds-Mh- ih-th- dkyst] tkSuiqjeuksfoKku foHkkx] Vh-Mh- ih-th- dkyst] tkSuiqjMkW0 jkts'k dqekj flag]MkW0 vks-ih- flag] 4- f'k{kk ladk;] nhu 6- Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk foHkkx] tokgj n;ky mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] yky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh

7- MkW0 jketh yky JhokLro] iwoZ foHkkxk/;{k xksj[kiqj5- MkW0 vt; dqekj nqcs] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k foHkkx] euksfoKku] f'kCyh us'kuy ih-th- dkyst]

Vh-Mh- ih-th- dkyst] tkSuiqjvktex<+MkW0 jke izdk'k dq'kokgk]MkW0 dUgS;k flag] 6- izkpk;Z 'kghn eaxy 8- iwoZ v/;{k m-iz- Hkk"kk laLFkku ik.Ms; jktdh; egkfo|ky;] uxjk] cfy;ky[kuÅ] v/;{k ¼dk;Zdkjh½ vf[ky Hkkjrh;

7- MkW0 mn; flag] f'k{kk ladk;] nhu n;ky lkfgR; ifj"kn fnYyh] jkgqy uxj] vktex<+ijke'kZ nk=h lfefr % mik/;k; xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj1- izks0 ij'kqjke iky] iwoZ izksQslj] y[kuÅ 8- Jherh lqferk dksgyh] iwoZ izkpk;Z] deyk

fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅ ekgs'ojh vk;Z dU;k egkfo|ky;] ehjtkiqj2- MkW0 fouksn flag] izkpk;Z] Vh-Mh- ih-th- dkWyst] 9- Jh jktsUnz dqekj jke] f'k{kk ladk;] lrh'k

tkSuiqj pUnz ih-th- dkyst] cfy;k3- MkW0 fnus'k dq'kokg] foHkkxk/;{k fgUnh foHkkx] 10- MkW0 fdju dqekjh] ,lks- izksQslj] Hkwxksy

vo/ks'k izrki flag] fo'ofo|ky; jhok ¼e-iz-½ foHkkx] jktho xka/kh fo'ofo|ky;] jksuks fgYl 4- izks0 fueZyk ,l- ekS;kZ] jftLVkª j] nf{k.k Hkkjr nksbZeq[k] v:.kkapy izns'k

fgUnh ipz kj lHkk mPp f'k{kk ,o a 'kk/s k lLa Fkku 11- MkW0 pUnz Hkw"k.k ikBd] f'k{kk ladk;] dqVhj ih-¼fo'ofo|ky; iHz kkx½ Vh- uxj] pUs ub]Z rfeyukMq th- dkyst] pDds] tkSuiqj

5- MkW0 chuk JhokLro] ,lks- izks- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k 12- MkW0 v'kksd dqekj] foHkkxk/;{k f'k{kk 'kkL=] foHkkx] Jh nqxkZ th LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] Mh-lh-,l- ds- ih-th- dkyst] eÅukFkHkatup.Ms'oj] vktex<+ 13- MkW0 jekdkUr flag] v/;{k f'k{kk ladk;] Jh

6- MkW0 lat; JhokLro] fgUnh foHkkx] xk¡/kh eqjyh euksgj Vkmu ih-th- dkyst] cfy;k

lnL;


14- MkW0 jhrk flag] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k foHkkx] Vh- vktex<+10- MkW0 uhyw diwj] vfl- izks- e/;dkyhu ,oa Mh- ih-th- dkyst] tkSuiqj

15- MkW0 dfork fo'uksbZ] ,lks- izksQslj ch&,M- vk/kqfud bfrgkl foHkkx] deyk ekgs'ojh ih-foHkkx] cjsyh dkyst] cjsyh th- dkyst] ehjtkiqj

16- MkW0 v'kksd dqekj flag] iwoZ ,lks- izksQslj 11- MkW0 vkj0 ,l0 flag] okf.kT; ladk;] ch&,M- foHkkx] gf.M;k ih-th- dkyst] bykgkckn fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn

12- MkW0 LokehukFk xqIrk] laLÑr foHkkx] Mh-,-gafM;k] bykgkckn17- MkW0 izeksn dqekj feJ] vfl- izksQslj ,oa oh- ih-th- dkWyst] vktex<+

13- MkW0 nhik oekZ] vfl0 izksQslj] x`gfoKku] v/;{k ch&,M foHkkx] f'koifr ih-th- dkyst] jktdh; efgyk ih-th- dkyst] vEckjh] 'kksgjrx<+] fl)kFkZuxj

18- MkW0 vkseizdk'k efyd] iwoZ ,lks- izksQslj vktex<+14- MkW0 fgeka'kq flag] j{kk ,oa L=krftd ,oa v/;{k] laxhr rFkk yfyr dyk foHkkx]

v/;;u foHkkx] Vh0 Mh0 ih0 th0 dkyst] deyk ekgs'ojh vk;Z dU;k ih-th- dkyst] tkSuiqjehjtkiqj

fo"k; jsÝh cksMZ % 15- MkW0 ruohj vglu fut+keh] vfl- izks- 1- izks0 of'k"B vuwi] fgUnh foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw vFkZ'kkL= foHkkx] vksfj,UVy dkyst]

fo'ofo|ky;] okjk.klh iVukflVh] iVuk] fcgkj2- MkW0 jkevo/k flag ;kno] fgUnh] izkpk;Z Jh 16- MkW0 'kf'k dqekj feJ] izkphu bfrgkl

xk¡/kh ih-th- dkyst] ekyVkjh] vktex<+ laLÑfr ,oa iqjkrÙo foHkkx] Jh xk¡/kh ih-th- 3- MkW0 'kqfprk JhokLro] izkpk;Z Mh-,-oh- ih- dkyst] ekyVkjh] vktex<+

th- dkyst] vktex<+ 17- MkW0 jsuw frokjh] euksfoKku] vktex<+4- MkW0 fiz;k eq[kthZ] izkpk;Z] Jh vxzlsu

efgyk ih-th- dkyst] vktex<+ iz/kku lEiknd %5- MkW0 Å"kk dq'kokgk] n'kZu'kkL= foHkkx] ch0 MkW0 vf[kys'k pUnz] ,lks0 izksQslj]

ds0 ,e0 ih0 th0 dkyst] dePNk] okjk.klh f'k{kk&ladk; ¼ch0,M~0 foHkkx½] Jh xk¡/kh 6- MkW0 lat;] lekt dk;Z foHkkx] egkRek xk¡/kh LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] ekyVkjh] vktex<+

lEiknd %dk'kh fo|kihB] okjk.klhMkW0 xhrk flag]MkW0 e/kqckyk jk;] ,lks0 izks0 ,oa v/;{k] 7- f'k{kd izf'k{k.k foHkkx] LukrdksÙkj fgUnh foHkkx] n;kuUn LukrdksÙkj Jh nqxkZ th LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] egkfo|ky;] vktex<+p.Ms'oj] vktex<+

8- MkW0 vCnqy j'khn t+ghjh] foHkkxk/;{k mnwZ] uksV % lHkh in voSrfud gSaAJh xk¡/kh ih-th- dkyst] ekyVkjh] vktex<+

9- MkW0 Ñ".kk flag] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] xk¡/kh Lekjd f=os.kh ih-th- dkyst] cjng]


RNI. No. : UPBIL 03942/2010 ISSN : 2229-7308

o"kZ 7 f}Hkkf"kd ¼fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth½ 29 fnlEcj 2017 vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjrvad 9

'kks/k vkys[k

vf[ky xhr

'kks/k&n`f"Vekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsfUnzr vUrjkZ"Vªh; okf"kZd 'kks/k&tuZy

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Øe la0 'kh"kZd ys[kd i`"B la[;k

lEikndh; 9&11

&fgUnh 12&156

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u;h 'krkCnh vkSj vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh

dfork dk la?k"kZ MkW0 jes'k dqekj 12&17

2- eksgu jkds'k ds lkfgR; esa thou&n'kZu MkW- xhrk flag 18&21

3- jkgqy dk lkfgR; lalkj txnh'k izlkn cjuoky dqUn* 22&36

4- vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu vkSj vk/kqfud lanHkZ fuf/k flag 37&40

5- gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ds yfyr fuca/kksa dk ewY;kadu furhu dqekj flag 41&46

6- MkW0 vkyexhj vyh vgen 47&50

7- dchj dh izklafxdrk MkW0 eqdqUnHkkbZ ,p- iVsy 51&54

8- dkedkth efgyk,¡ % lkfgR; vkSj lekt ls

mudk ljksdkj lnkuUn frokjh 55&58

Ñ".k dqekj ;kno 59&66

¼Jherh½ lhek flag 67&68

MkW0 jktho ikWy 69&73

jkejru pkS/kjh 74&77

izxfr'khy vkUnksyu vkSj ukxktqZu pUnu dqekj ekS;Z 78&81

fnus'k dqekj 82&85

15- deys'oj izlkn 'kekZ ,oa mudh pyfp= nqfu;k MkW0 ckypUn izlkn 86&94

16- Nk;koknksÙkj fgUnh dkO; esa lkekftd

ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls mRiUu oxZ psruk xhrk xkSre 95&99

jhfr ijEijk vkSj jlyhu

9- izsepUn dk lkekftd o lkfgfR;d foe'kZ

10- dq¡oj ukjk;.k dh feFkdh; psruk

11- dchj ds dkO; esa lkaLÑfrd psruk

12- jlyhu % LFkk;h Hkko vkSj jl

13-

14- nfyr dfork dh Økafrdkjh laosnuk

17- MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ dh vkykspuk n`f"V MkW0 ftrsUnz dqekj flag 100&103

18- L=h eqfDr dk iz'u vkSj v)Zukjh'oj* miU;kl fQjkst vkye 104&108

19- Hkkjrh; /keZ] v/;kRe] n'kZu ,oa

eqfLye dfo vehj [kqljks ¼Jherh½ lksuy nkyHk 109&112

20- uwj eqgEen ds dkO; esa lkekftd mrkj&p<+ko MkW0 eqgEen vj'kn 113&115

21- ledkyhu fgUnh dfork esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ ujsUnz izrki flag 116&126

22- fujkyk ds xhrksa esa ;qxcks/k MkW0 ';kelqUnj izlkn 127&129

23- izlkn dh l`tu psruk MkW0 _pk flag 130&132

24- ukxktqZu % tupsruk ds dfo xhrk 133&136

25- taxy dgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS vkdk'k oekZ 137&142

26- L=h eqfDr % ,d fo'ys"k.k fiz;adk cksjk 143&147

27- Hkkstiqjh esa izcU/kkRed xhrksa dk dkO;'kkL=h;

foospu ,d lkfgfR;d v/;;u MkW0 foHkk jk; 148&154

28- ve`ryky ukxj th ds miU;klksa dk bfrgklcks/k

ekuo thou esa 'kdqu fopkj MkW0 iwue nsoh 157&160

30- jlksa ds Hksn& ,d foospu MkW0 uferk fuxe 161&163

31- ukV~;'kkL= ds vkfn iz.ksrk MkW0 eqUuh jk; 164&165

32- dfodYiyrk;k% Ik;kyZ kps ue ~ % NUn'p;k&Z NUnk·s H;kl% MkW0 iadt dqekj jk; 166&169

Khuswant Singh : A Superhero – Novelist Dr Ratnesh Baranwal 170-175

34. B.R. AMBEDKAR : Author as a Hero within the

Genre And Beyond Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Ray 176-179

35. Realism and Social Values in Mc Cullers

The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Dr. Sunita Rai 180-184

tSo&fofo/krk laj{k.k orZeku dh vko';drk MkW0 vf[kys'k pUnz 185&188

37- O;fDrRo % n'kk ,oa fn'kk vfer dqekj nwcs 189&192

38- ukjh l'kfDrdj.k cuke vl'kfDrdj.k vkdka{kk ;kno 193&197

39- cq) dk e/; ekxhZ f'k{kk MkW0 jkts'oj flag 198&200

40- uohu p;fur fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f'k{kdk as dh O;olkf;d

larqf"V dk vk;q ds lUnHkZ esa rqyukRed v/;;u MkW0 flrs'k lkjLor 201&206

&

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&vYdk jk; 155&156

&laLÑr 157&169

29- &

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&vaxzsth 170&18433. -

-

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&f'k{kk'kkL= 185&215

36- &

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41. A Comparative Study of The Attitude Towards

Conventional Instructional And Adjunct Auto-

Instructional Materials In Civics At Junior

High School Level. Anita Singh 207-211

42. Tribal Education in India : Challenging Issues Dr Bhartendu Mishra 212-215

lekt'kkL= 216&231

43- xzkeh.k lkekftd ifjorZu esa izkS|ksfxdh dh Hkwfedk

,d lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k MkW0 ¼Jherh½ Ñ".kk flag 216&220

44- xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa rFkk

fMftVy bf.M;k dk;ZØe MkW0 johUnz ukFk feJ 221&22645. Role of Social Tolerance in Deviant Behaviour of

Slum Children -Binu Kumari 227-231

euksfoKku 232&246

46- vk/kqfudrk ,oa ijksidkfjrk MkW0 jkgh izlkn ekS;Z 232&23547. Demographic Patterns and Autonomy Motive -Dr. Tasneem Jamali 236-238

48. The Effect of Hypertension on Diabetic Patients -Dr. Akanksha Srivastava 239-240

49. Patience : A dimension of Social Intelligence

and Depression -Rudal Yadav 241-243

50. Culture and Job Satisfaction -Dr. Himbala 244-246

bfrgkl 247&261

51- e`nkx<+h ls yksgkx<+ rd MkW0 vkyksd dqekj 247&251

52- e/;dkyhu bfrgkl lYrurdkyhu lekt

¼,d laf{kIr i{k½ MkW0 uhyw diwj 252&255

53- lYrur dkyhu jktuhfr e as jDr foHkns vkjS mll s

mRiUu l?a k"k Z dh ,d lfa {kIr :ij[s kk ¼1206&1290 b0Z ½ MkW0 vkuUn dqekj flag 256&261

Hkwxksy 262&265

54- tuin vEcMs dj uxj d s lkekU; Hkfw e mi;kxs ds

dkfyd vkjS LFkkfud ifjoruZ % ,d HkkxS kfs yd v/;;u MkW0 f'ko'kadj 262&265

'kkjhfjd f'k{kk 266&27155. Sports: Can it be a career ? -Ajay Kumar Verma 266-267

56. Yoga Nidra Yogic Conscious Deep Sleep -Amarjeet 268-271

-Dr.

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lEikndh;

l le; egkdfo rqylhnkl dk izknqHkkZo ,sls okrkoj.k esa rqylhnkl dk vkfoHkkZo gqvkA rqylh us txr dks ns[kk] thou dks ns[kkA yksd esa O;kIr gqvk ml le; Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vR;Ur foÜk`a[kfyr ihM+k dk mUgsa vuqHko Fkk] yksd ds izfr lgkuqHkwfr FkhA gks] iru ds dxkj ij vfUre lk¡ls fxu jgh FkhA ns'k os tgk¡ ,d vksj leLr tx dks fl;kjkee; lc tx dh ;g fo"kerk lekt] /keZ] jktuhfr vkfn lHkh {ks=ksa tkuh] d#m¡ iz.kke tksj tqx ikuhA* dgdj yksd dh esa QSy x;h FkhA turk esa ijLij Hksn&Hkko dh Hkkouk iwtk djus okys lqtku Fks ogha jke ds izse esa pkrd dh pje ij FkhA ,d gh /keZ ds vUnj vusd lEiznk;ksa ,oa Hkk¡fr muesa fu"Bk Hkh FkhA jke ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ HkDrksa dk mn; gks x;k FkkA bu erksa esa vkilh mudk vkjk/; ugha gS& oSeuL; vR;f/kd c<+ jgk FkkA ifj.kke Lo:i /kkfeZd

^,d Hkjkslks ,d cy] ,d vkl fo'oklA v'kkfUr ds lkFk gh lkekftd v'kkfUr dk Hkh c<+uk ,d jke ?ku';ke fgr] pkrd rqylh nklAA** LokHkkfod FkkA lEiw.kZ ns'k esa LokFkZijrk vkSj

HkksxfyIlk dk cksy&ckyk FkkA ns'k ds ,sls okRkkoj.k rqylhnkl us vusd 'kkL=ksa vkSj iqjk.kksa dk rFkk esa rRdkyhu HkDrksa ,oa larksa us izk.kksi.k ls ;ksxnku Hkk"kk ,oa izkd`r ds xzaFkksa dk v/;;u fpUru] euu rks fn;kA xksLokeh rqylhnkl Hkh ,sls ojs.; tu uk;dksa fd;k gh FkkA HkqDrHkksxh gksus ds dkj.k lekt ds fy, ,oa lekt lq/kkjdksa esa ls ,d FksA mUgksaus ifjfLFkfr lR; ,oa lqUnj dk rŸo Hkh tkurs FksA bu lcdk

izHkko muds thou esa ,d psruk ysdj vk;kA bl dh xEHkhjrk dks le>rs gq, lekt esa O;kIr fo"kerk ,oa oSeuL; dks nwj djus dk iz;kl fd;kA bl oS"kE; psruk us lkfgR; esa jkepfjr ekul tSls egkdkO; dh

jpuk dh] tks fo'o ds bfrgkl esa <w<+us ij Hkh ugha dks nwj djus ds fy, mUgksaus leUo; dh izo`fŸk }kjk feysxhA rqylh us lxq.k vkSj fuxqZ.k esa vHksn LFkkfir leLr fo"k;ksa /keZn'kZu] lekt] jktuhfr ,oa lkfgR; djds bu nksuksa dk ikjLifjd fojks/k cgqr dqN de vkfn dks viukdj rRdkyhu tu&thou esa O;kIr djus dk vrqyuh; iz;kl fd;kA muds vuqlkj v/kkfeZdrk] ikikpkj] v'kkfUr] oS"kE; vkfn dks nwj fuxqZ.k fujkdkj czã gh HkDrksa dh j{kk ,oa lkekftd djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;kA e;kZnkvksa dh LFkkiuk gsrq i`Foh ij vorfjr gksrk gS& ;|fi jkeuUn Lo;a cgqr cM+s Hkfo";&nz"Vk Fks]

^vxqufg lxqufg ufga dqN HksnkA fQj Hkh muds er dks dksbZ ,slk leFkZ izpkjd ugha feykA tSls vU; erksa dks] blfy, og ladqfpr :i xkofga Jqfr iqjku cq/k osnkAA*ls lekt esa O;kIr Fkk D;ksafd mlesa thou 'kfDr FkhA rqylhnkl us ,sls jke dh izfr"Bk tuthou esa

ft

o"kZ 7] vad 9] 29 fnlEcj 2017 9RNI. No. : UPBIL 03942/2010 ISSN : 2229-7308

rqylhnkl vkSj rRdkyhu ifjos'k

10 o"kZ 7] vad 9] 29 fnlEcj 2017 RNI. No. : UPBIL 03942/2010 ISSN : 2229-7308

dh tks ;qx ds jk{klksa dks gh ugha n'kkuu jko.k dks iRuh] lqxzho vkn'kZ l[kk gSaA y{e.k vkn'kZ HkkbZ gSa] Hkh lekIr djrk gSA tks ^lR;e~ f'koe~ lqUnje~* ls guqeku vkn'kZ lsod gSaA xksLokeh th e;kZnkokn ds iw.kZ gSA ftldk lqUnjrk esa viuk 'kkuh ugha ij izcy leFkZd gSaA mUgksaus yksxksa dks ;g Hkh fn[kk;k gS vkink vku s ij] ij&midkj ds fy, viuk dqlqe&lk fd ikfjokfjd e;kZnk esa tjk Hkh fod`fr vkus ij lkjk g`n; ctz cuk ldrk gSA lekt dks nSR;ksa ,oa jk{klksa dk lkjk ?kj] dyg] nq%[k vkSj v'kkafr dk v[kkM+k cu ls cpkus ds fy, mUgksaus detksj ncs gq, taxyh yksxksa ldrk gSA yksd esa O;kIr lkjh e;kZnk,¡ u"V gks ldrh rd ds Hkhrj mudh lksbZ 'kfDr dks txk;kA gSaA dSds;h dk dksi] foHkh"k.k dk jko.k ds izfr fonzksg

vkSj ckfy rFkk lqxzho blds thoar mnkgj.k gSaA rqylhnkl esa l`tu dh viwoZ {kerk FkhA mUgksaus ftu pfj=ksa dk l`tu fd;k os vtj vej gSa] rRdkyhu lkekftd <k¡ps dks tks ttZjkoLFkk esa Fkk lkFk gh lkFk yksd&eaxydkjh vkn'kZ dh izfr"Bk Hkh mldks lathouh cwVh fiykbZA os e;kZnkoknh Fks vkSj djrs gSa] tks yksd&thou dks le`f)e; cukus eas fuekZ.k esa fo'okl j[krs FksA blfy, thou dks fou"V lgk;d Fks] vkSj jgsaxsA fofo/k ijUrq iw.kZ vU;ksU;kfJr djus okyh o`fÙk;ksa ls la?k"kZ fd;kA mUgksaus lekt esa pfj=ksa dk fp=.k mUgksaus vius dkO; esa fd;k gS mrus O;kIr dke] Øks/k] en] eksg ds fouk'kdkjh izHkko dh pfj= ,d lkFk fdlh dkO;xzUFk esa ugha feyrsA vU;= HkRlZuk dhA mudh jke jkT; dh dYiuk vkt ds ;qx ;fn dgha fn[kkbZ Hkh iM+rs gSa rks bl vU;ksU;kfJr esa Hkh lkekftd psruk dk vkn'kZ gSA rqylh dk ;qx izfr"Bk ds lkFk ughaA jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky dk FkkA prqfnZd gkgkdkj

epk gqvk FkkA jktk vkSj iztk ds e/; dh [kkbZ rqylh ds ;qx esa Å¡p&uhp] NqvkNwr vkfn dk fujUrj c<+rh tk jgh FkhA ,sls le; esa rqylh us vf/kd cksyckyk Fkk dqyhu yksx 'kwnzksa dh Nk;k ls Hkh jkejkT; dk vkn'kZ mifLFkr dj izdkjkUrj ls ijgst djrs FksA rqylh us lcjh ds twBs csj jke dks jktkvksa dks lpsr djus dk iz;kl fd;k& f[kykdj] mudk dsoV ls izsekfyaxu djokdj dqyhuksa

dh vUR;tksa ds izfr ?k`.kk dks cgqr de djk fn;kA^nSfgd nSfod HkkSfrd rkikA ml ;qx esa 'kSo vkSj oS".koksa dk la?k"kZ viuh pje jke&jkt ufga dkgqfga FkkikAA

lhek ij FkkA blfy, f'ko HkDrksa vkSj oS".ko HkDrksa esa vYi e`R;q ugha dofum¡ ihjkA vk;s fnu la?k"kZ gksrk jgrk FkkA 'kSo yksx f'ko dks lc lqUnj lc fu:t ljhjkAA*egku dgrs Fks vkSj fo".kq dh fuUnk djrs FksA ,slh gh rqylhnkl us jkekuUn&lEiznk; dk vuqxeu oS".ko yksx fo".kq dh egkurk dk 'ka[kukn djrs gq, ugha fd;kA mldks ,d uohu thou&n'kZu fn;k] f'ko dk gs; le>rs FksA rqylh us bu nksuksa ds u;k :i fn;k] ubZ psruk nhA ijUrq lHkh dqN ikjLifjd la?k"kZ dks ns[kk vkSj le>k rFkk bu nksuksa esa lkfgR;dkj dh rjg] izpkjd ;k mins'kd dh Hkk¡fr lkeatL; LFkkfir djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;kA ,d ughaA Hkkjrh; thou dh lokZf/kd n`<+ fHkfRr vksj f'ko ls rqylh us ;g dgyok;k fd&ikfjokfjd thou gSA ikfjokfjd thou dh ,slh

lksbZ ee b"V nso j?kqohjkA vkn'kZ izfr"Bk rqylhnkl us dh] tSlh Hkkjr dk vU; lsor tkfg lnk eqfu /khjkAAdksbZ lkfgR;dkj ugha dj ldkA muds jke vkn'kZ

rks nwljh vksj jke ls mUgksaus dgyok;k&iq=] vkn'kZ ifr] vkn'kZ iztk ikyd ,oa e;kZnk iq:"kksRre gSaA dkS'kY;k vkn'kZ ekrk] lhrk vkn'kZ f'ko nksgh ee nkl dgkok]

lks uj liusg¡q eksfg u HkkokA lkfgR; mudh dkO; efgek ds v{k; izdk'k ls efgek ef.Mr gSA bUgha fo'ks"krkvksa ds dkj.k fo'o lkfgR; esa mudh jpukvksa esa jktuhfr ls ysdj osnkar rd rqylh dk fof'k"V LFkku gS D;ksafd rqylh ml lekt dh vfHkO;fDr gS vkSj lHkh {ks=ksa esa mudh ubZ ds fuekZrk gSa] tks u rks lq/kkj gsrq fdlh izdkj dk lw>&cw> viuh ,d ekSfyd ,oa eaxye; Nki vkUnksyu djrs gSa u lekt dks Hkyk cqjk dgdj yxkrh gSA uhfr mins'k dh lwfDr i)fr] lwfQ;ksa dh HkVdkrs gSa og rks lekt ds lEeq[k vPNs vkn'kZ izLrqr nksgk&pkSikbZ okyh i)fr] ohj Ük`axkj dh NIi; djrs gSa vkSj ijks{k :i ls muds Åij pyus ds fy, i)fr] fo|kifr vkSj lwjnkl dh xhfr&i)fr] xax dgrs gSaA lkfgfR;d :i esa mudk ogh LFkku gS tks vkfn pkj.k dfo;ksa dh dfoRr&loS;k i)fr] lHkh okfYedh O;kl vkSj dkyhnkl dk gSA viuh blh lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa dk fu[kkj mudh jpukvksa esa Js"Brk ds dkj.k vkt lk/kkj.k >ksiM+h ls ysdj egyksa feyrk gSA os fo}ku vkSj iafMr FksA mUgksaus vo/kh vkSj rd igq¡p x;s gSaA tc rd lalkj esa jke dk uke czt nksuksa esa gh jpukvksa dh gSa vkSj mudk lkfgfR;d jgsxk] rc rd rqylh dk uke jgsxkA lqlaLd`r :i gh budh jpukvksa esa feyrk gSA Hkk"kk

vkSj lkfgR; dh n`f"V ls mudh nsu fgUnh ds fy, ekul rRdkyhu turk ds lkFk vkt ds ekuo ehy dk iRFkj gSA dk Hkh mUuk;d] izsjd ,oa m)kjdrkZ gSA blesa thou

dks Åij mBkus dh vikj 'kfDr Hkjh gSA ;g lalkj dk lkj gS rqylh ds ekul esaA dfo lhrk lxq.k&fuxqZ.k] n'kZu v/;kRe] HkfDr ;ksx ,oa vkn'kZ ds dh eqfDr dks Hkkjr dh Lora=rk ls tksM+rk gSA lhrk fo'kky lqUnj fp=ksa ls Hkjk gSA blfy, ;g iapeosn ds Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dk izrhd gSa ftldk fonsf'k;ksa us leku vknj ikus okyk xzUFk gSA vigj.k dj j[kk gSA

rqylh th ds lkfgR; esa ekuo thou dk lokZaxh.k fp=.k gqvk gSA ;qxhu tu psruk vkSj laLd`fr ij mUgksaus fo'ks"k /;ku fn;k gSA fgUnh &MkW0 xhrk flag



fgUnh

& *MkW0 jes’k dqekj

*,lksfl,V çksQslj] t-us-jk- egkfo|ky;] iksVZ Cys;j] v.Meku rFkk fudksckj }hi lewg

;h lnh ds fof'k"V dfo ds #i esa vkseçdk'k mUgksaus fy[kk& ^^blhfy, nfyr dfork dks M‚- okYehfd dk uke tkuk tkrk gSA muds pkj vEcsMdj ds thou&n'kZu] vrhr dh Hk;kogrk vkSj dfork&laxzg çdkf'kr gq, Fks tks mudh dkO;&;k=k cq) ds ekuoh; n'kZu dks gj iy lkeus j[kus dh ds l`tukRed vkèkkj gSaA mudh çdkf'kr —fr;k¡ gSa& t#jr iM+rh gS] ftlds cxSj nfyr dfork dk

1^lfn;ksa dk larki* ¼1989½] ^cLl! cgqr gks pqdk* lkekftd i{k detksj iM+us yxrk gSA** nfyr ¼1997½] ^vc vkSj ugÈ* ¼2009½ vkSj ^'kCn >wB ugÈ dfork dk ÅtkZ lzksr cq) ds ekuokoknh n'kZu] cksyrs* ¼uohure~ 2012½A vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh T;ksfrck Qqys ds lekt ifjorZu ds Çpru rFkk ckck dfork bôhloÈ lnh dh vkÆFkd fo"kerk] lkekftd lkgc M‚- Hkhejko vEcsMdj ds lektoknh vlekurk] lkaL—frd&foHksnrk vkSj jktuSfrd yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ls vksr&çksr gSA nfyr dfork dk foæwirkvksa ij xgjh pksV vkSj O;aX; djrh gSA mudh çkphu ljksdkj Je.k laL—fr ds ckS) lkfgR;] dforkvksa ds dsUæ esa nfyr&'kksf"kr euq"; dh fl)&ukFk lkfgR;] lar&lkfgR; vkSj lekt laosnuk] mldh vfLerk dh igpku] mldk 'kks"k.k lqèkkjdksa ds Çpru ls çsfjr dgk tk ldrk gSA djus okys lewps lÙkk&ra= vkSj vrhr ,oa orZeku ds vkèkqfud le; esa ejkBh nfyr dfork vkSj uhxzks vU;k; ,oa vR;kpkjksa dk mn~?kkVu djrh gSA mudh dfork dk çR;{k&vçR;{k çHkko Çgnh dfork ij jgk dfork us gtkjksa lky ds ik[k.M] vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k gSA [kkldj vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork us ds "kM;a= ij çgkj fd;k gSA blfy, mudh dfork 'kkL=ksa dh tM+rk] o.kZ&tkfr dh eek±rd ihM+k] jksekuh çse] fpdus&dksey 'kCnksa ds Hkko ;k vkn'kks± jax&o.kZ oxZ oS"kE; ds çfr çgkj] Qklhoknh& ds udyh rexs igudj ugÈ [kM+h gksrh gSA mudh euqoknh rkdrksa ds çfr foæksg] tkfroknh vjktd dfork dk tUe nfyr euq"; dh Hkw[k] x+jhch vkSj rRoksa ds vU;k; vkSj mRihM+u ds fo#) la?k"kZ] vHkko ds ;FkkFkZ ls gksrk gSA nfyr dfork fdlh lkearh&iw¡thoknh] mÙkj&iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk ds 'kkL=h;rk] jlkLoknu ;k O;fäoknh vkuUn dk fgLlk vkÆFkd 'kks"k.k dk fojksèk] lkaL—frd Nn~e vkSj ugÈ gkrs hA nfyr dfork eyw r% lkekftd&vkÆFkd jktuSfrd çiap ,oa Øwjrk ds f[kykQ+ tax dh gSAljksdkjksa dh dfork jgh gSA vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork u;h lnh ds dfork dk oSpkfjd vkèkkj vEcsMdjokn gSA viuh ç'uksa vkSj Çprkvksa dk è;kukd"kZ.k djrh gSA nfyr dfork dh lkekftd çfrc)rk O;ä djrs gq, lekt viuh laL—fr vkSj vfLerk dks tc&tc

u

u;h 'krkCnh vkSj vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork dk la?k"kZ


[kkstus dk ç;Ru djsxk] rc&rc mls o.kkZJe vk;k Fkk& ^ûaxs cnu@cqurs gq, diM+k@rjk'krs O;oLFkk dh cka> rFkk <ksaxh laL—fr ls lkeuk djuk gq,@rqEgkjs ikao dh twrh@vius fy, oä ugÈ iM+sxk] D;ksafd ;g laL—fr cgqla[;d oxZ dks Fkk@mlds ikl@QVh fcokb;ksa ls fjlrs ygw dh cw¡nksa

3vfèkdkjksa ls oafpr djrh gS rFkk muds lkFk i'kq ls dks@iksaNus dkA** bôhloÈ lnh esa o.kZ vkSj tkfr dk cnrj O;ogkj djrh vkrh gSA mudh dfork ^'kCn HksnHkko fo—r ekufldrk dks tUe ns jgk gSA yksdra= vkSj czã*] olqèkSo dqVqacde* vkSj yksdra= ;k ---- \* esa Hkz"Vra= lÙkk ij viuk opZLo cuk, gq, gSA tgk¡ vkfn esa nfyr lekt ds bUgÈ ç'uksa dks mBk;k x;kA tkfr] xks=] oa'k] dqy vkSj o.kZ dh i{kèkjrk okyk oxZ 'kCn dks czã dgk x;k FkkA czã Kkuh vkSj Kku lÙkk viuk fgr çeq[k #i ls lkèkrk gSA ;gh çcy oxZ ds yksx ÃÜoj ds vorkjokn] iqutZUeokn] vius lkjs ekin.M vkSj ;ksX;rk ds vkèkkj dks tkfr deZQyokn] HkkX;okn] vkRek&ijekRek ds vkèkkfjr cukrk gSA ;g foMacuk lkspuh; rFkk vt+j&vej vkfn fl)kUrksa dks foosfpr djrs jgsA nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS& ^^bôhloÈ lnh esa@ykSV vkrh gS mUgksaus gtkjksa lky ls 'kwæksa rFkk vfr 'kwæksa dks 'kCn is'kokÃ lnh@tgk¡ balku dh vkSdkr@tUeuk tkfr

4Kku ls oafpr j[kkA vr% vrhr dk vieku vkSj ls r; gksrh gSA**orZeku thou dh nqnZ'kk us mls foæksg djus dks vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork esa nfyr euq"; foo'k dj fn;kA ;g foæksg dk rsoj dsoy Hkkokos'k dh osnuk] mlds la?k"kZ vkSj foæksg dh psruk O;kid ;k dkYifud ugÈ Fkk] cfYd blds ekè;e ls lfn;ksa gSA ^vaèksjs esa 'kCn*] ^liu*s] îfjorZu* vkSj ^'kCn >wB ds xw¡xs nfyr xtZu djrs gSaA mUgsa vius Åij gksus ugÈ cksyrs* vkfn dforkvksa esa nfyrksa dk la?k"kZ okys vU;k; dk ,glkl gksrk gS tks ;FkkFkZ Hkh gS & 'kCnc) gqvk gSA dfo dh dfork esa 'kCn >wB ugÈ ^^gtkjksa lky j[k ftUgsa@'kCn ls nwj@czã ls cksyrs gSa cfYd vU;k; rFkk vR;kpkj ds fo#) nwj@tks iy&iy jp jgs Fks@gtkjksa 'kCn vius MVdj la?k"kZ djrs gSaA dfo dks viuh dfork ij ilhus dh xaèk ls@ftls Nhudj@viuh fefYd;r foÜokl gS tks xqyke thou dh ekufldrk dks

2cukdj cSB x, Fks@dqN prqj yksxA** ôlqèkSo rksM+sxhA mudh dfork vkRegR;k djrs fdlkuksa] dke dqVqacde* dh rksrk jVar laL—fr us gtkjksa lky ls djrs et+nwjksa vkSj nqRdkjs tkrs nfyrksa ds lkFk [kM+h nfyrksa ds çfr oSeuL; vkSj ?k`.kk dk Hkko j[kkA mUgsa gSA mudh dfork ds 'kCn vo'; Çtnk jgsaxs D;ksafd euq"; dk ntkZ rd ugÈ fn;kA mUgsa nqRdkjk x;k] muesa 'kksf"kr&oafpr vkneh dh vkx gS] muesa mudh çrkM+uk nh xÃ rFkk dne&tne ij viekfur osnuk dk nnZ Hkjk gS vkSj thou dh eekZUrd lp fd;k x;k Fkk tcfd ,sls 'kwæ >kM+w&cqgkju] diM+s mlesa èofur gksrk gS& ^îhfM+r tuksa dh vkg esa@ cquus dk dk;Z] peZ f'kYi dh oLrq,a cukus] [ksrh vkSj Çtnk jgrs gSa 'kCn@tks dHkh ugÈ ejrs@[kM+s jgrs Je dk;Z vkSj f'kYi dh ukuk oLrq,a fuÆer djrs FksA gSa@lp dks lp dgus ds fy,@D;ksafd@'kCn dHkh

5vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork nfyrksa ds Je vkSj >wB ugÈ cksyrsA** dfo dh dfork nfer yksxksa dks deZ dh egRork crkrh gSA ;g nfyr lekt gh 'kCnc) gh ugÈ djrh gS vfirq lfn;ksa ds larIr mRiknu ds ewy esa jgk gSA muds Je ewY; dks thou dks vuqHkwr djrh gSA dfo dk lewpk thou udkjus okyk ;gh mithoh oxZ gS tks 'kkL=ksa dh la?k"kZ dh yM+kÃ gS tks mls thoar cukrk gSA mls tM+rk ,oa vU;k; ds cy ij mudk nksgu djrk euq";rk dks cpkus ds fy, yM+uk gksxkA dfork euq";


dh ekuork dh i{kèkj gksrh gSA euq"; ds lqanj vkSj djus okys@èkks[ksckt+ksa us fn[kkÃ gS pqLrh@Vkax dj vius lhus ij ukjk@?kksf"kr dj fn;k gS [kqn dks LoLFk thou ds fy, ;g vko';d gksxk fd 'kCnksa dh

8rkdr igpkuh tk,A gtkjksa lky ds ewd yksxksa dks ÃekunkjA** yksdra= esa <ksax] foÜokl?kkr] ik[k.M 'kCn 'kfä dk irk ugÈ FkkA Hkw[ks&I;kls yksx viuh vkSj csÃekuh dk cksyckyk gSA ckt+kjokn us vkneh dks osnuk rd ugÈ dg ldrs FksA vkt viuh [kjhnus&cspus dh oLrq cuk fn;k gSA fl)karghurk l`tukRed 'kfä dk mls cksèk gS] og ;qx ifjorZu ds vkSj voljokfnrk ds voewY;u us ladV iSnk dj fy, rS;kj gks jgk gS& ^^'kCn dh rkdr dks fn;k gS& ^^vkRek fcdus yxh gS@[kqysvke igpkuuk@fdruk t#jh gS@;g gtkjksa lky gkV&cktkj esa@ejus yxh gS@xqipqi le>kSrksa ls@ewd cus foo'krk ds ekjs@yksxksa ls T;knk csgrj esa@tyus yxh gS@fcuk vkx ds@fldqM+us yxh

9dkSu crk,xk@ftUgksaus viuh Çtnxh@pqipki [kik gS@vkilh }s"k esaA** vla[; ckck] ;ksxh vkSj xq#vksa 6nh@nlw jk as dh los k&Vgy eAas ** nfyrk as dh fllfd;k ¡ ds vkMEcjksa us euq"; ij vk?kkr fd;k gSA vkt ds

lquus o ns[kus okyk dksÃ ugÈ FkkA mUgsa vKkurk ds le; esa èkeZ dh vkM+ esa reke 'kks"k.k vkSj vU;k; gksrs vaèkdkj esa j[kk x;kA mUgsa çrkfM+r djus gsrq 'kkL= gSaA vfLFk&foltZu* dfork esa iqjksfgr dh fx) –f"V jps x,A mudh ;krukvksa vkSj çrkM+ukvksa dk pØ laLdkj ls T;knk iSlksa ij jgrh gSA pkjksa vksj ds foæwi pyrk jgkA u;h lnh esa Hkh muds lkFk vHkæ O;ogkj Hkjs thou esa <ksax gh <ksax c<+ jgk gS& ^^blfy, r; gksrk jgkA dfo viuh dfork esa muds t[e vkSj nnZ dj fy;k gS eSaus@ugÈ ugkÅ¡xk ,slh fdlh xaxk dks eglwl djrk jgk gS& ^^jkr xgjh vkSj dkyh esa@tgk¡ iaMs dh fx) ut+jsa xM+h gksa@vfLFk;ksa ds chp gS@vdkyxzLr =klnh tSlh@tgk¡ gtkjksa 'kCn j[ks flôksa@vkSj nf{k.kk ds #i;ksa ij@foltZu ls

10nQu gSa@brus xgjs@fd mudh fllfd;k¡ Hkh igys gh >iêk ekjus ds fy, ckt dh rjgA** 7

lqukÃ ugÈ nsrÈA** ns'k dh vkt+knh vkSj lafoèkku ykxw gq, 70 o"kZ u;h lnh dh vilaL—fr dks mÙkj&iw¡thokn us xqtj x, gSa fQj Hkh gkf'k, ds djksM+ksa yksxksa dks u

tUe fn;k] tgk¡ vfrHkksx vkSj vfr Lora=rk ds ekuoh; vfèkdkj fey ik, vkSj u mUgsa thou thus ds [kqysiu us uXurk dks tUe fn;kA laL—fr ds uke ij lkèku ghA [kkukcnks'k] vkfne tutkfr;k¡] caèkqvk èkek±èkrk] Çglk] iapflrkjk gksVy ds t'u] lsDl et+nwj] f'kYidkj vkSj lQkÃ dÆe;ksa ds thou Lrj esa Lokfe;ksa ds gFkdaMs] tkrh; mUekn vkSj ik[k.Mksa dk dksÃ lqèkkj ugÈ gqvkA mudh x+jhch] vf'k{kk] nkSj jgk gSA mudh dforkvksa esa foæwirkvksa ds fp= csjkst+xkjh vkSj vkokl tSlh leL;kvksa dk lekèkku u mHkjrs gSa tSls& ^lky 2010 dk vkf[kjh fnu*] gk s ldkA ;g lenq k; vkt Hkh gkf'k, ij gAS vkes çdk'k ^Hkksiky dkaM*] laL—fr cuke lsDl*] vkRek*] ukVd okYehfd dh dfork e as gkf'k, d s bu ofa pr lenq k;k as d stkjh g*S] ^os cPps*] ^xqe gksrk xkao* vkfnA Hkz"V çfr xgjh ekuoh; loa ns uk gAS mudh dfork dk ifjo's k O;oLFkk esa x+jhc vkneh Hkw[kk vkSj ykpkj gSA O;kid Qyd ij QyS rk g S rFkk mud s n%q [k&nn Z dk sjktuhfr Lo;a Hkz"V gS tks Ãekunkjh dh Vksih yxkrh O;ä djrk gAS bl –f"V l s mudh dfork, ¡ tlS sgSA lÙkk dk pfj= viuh Ãekunkjh dks ckj&ckj ^[kkukcnk's k*] ^efq ä&l?a k"k*Z fo'k"s k mYy[s kuh; jgh gSaA turk ds lkeus ykrk gS tcfd lewpk ra= gh nyny gkf'k, ds yksxksa ds psgjs l[r] [kqjnjs gkFk vkSj QVs esa Qalk gS& ^^VSDl pksjksa@tek[kksjksa@dkykckt+kjh ikao gksrs gSaA mudh eqfä&la?k"kZ dh Çpxkjh vo';


QwVsxh tks reke caèku] dSn vkSj vojksèk dks rksM+ nknh@tc dke [kRe djds ykSV tkrh gSa@ nsxhA dfo dh dfork esa vuqHkwfr dh vkx ngdrh gSA ?kj&vkaxu gh ugÈ@ckgj dk jkLrk Hkh@èkks;k tkrk

13vaèksjksa ds f[kykQ+ la?k"kZ dj jgh gS & ^ftldh vkap gS xaxkty lsA** dHkh mUgsa ekjk&ihVk tkrk gS] dHkh esa ri dj@vaèksjksa dh Hk;kog =klnh ls@eqä gksuk muds ?kjksa esa vkx yxkÃ tkrh gSA dHkh mudh vkSjrksa

11gS vHkh@vkSj vHkh@rksM+dj reke vojksèkksa dksA** ds lkFk vHkæ O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj dHkh gkf'k, ds yksxksa dk dksÃ LFkk;h ?kj ugÈ gksrkA lkoZtfud {ks=ksa ls cfg"—r fd;k tkrk gSA muds [kkukcnks'k yksxksa dk viuk dksÃ xkao&'kgj ugÈ lkFk gksus okyh ;krukvksa esa deh ugÈ vkrh gS & ^esjs gksrkA jkst+xkj dh ryk'k esa vius Msjksa ds lkFk çns'k esa@tc yqVrh gS fdlh nfyr dh ckjkr@esjs txg&txg ?kwers jgrs gSaA ;s yksx f'kYi dk;Z esa Hkh çns'k dk 'kCnthoh@ekSu èkkj.k dj ysrk gS@Hkwy fuiq.k gksrs gSaA muds cuk, pkdw] Nqjs] njkar vkSj gy tkrk gS i<+uk v[kckj@fudy tkrk gS pkjksa èkke dh

14dh Qky tSls et+cwr lkeku o"kks±&o"kks± rd yksxksa ds ;k=k ijA** ysfdu nfyrksa esa ngdrk ykok tc ckgj ?kjksa esa vo'; jgrs gSaA Hkys gh yksx mUgsa Hkwy tk,a] fudysxk] rc muds foæksg ls vo'; ifjorZu gksxk& muds psgjs ;kn u jgsa Çdrq muds lkeku mudh ;kn ^^os tkurh gSa@rqe dHkh ugÈ cnyksxs@rqEgkjh tkr

15vo'; djkrs gSaA mudh ^[kkukcnks'k* dfork dh gh ,slh gSA** v‚uj fdÇyx ds gknlksa esa nfyrksa ds ;FkkFkZ laosnuk nsf[k,& ^^muds cuk, pkdw@Nqjs@ ?kj tyk, x, FksA ç'kklu vkSj ljdkj ewd cuh jghA njkar@gy dh Qky@tks Çtnk jgrs gSa@jlksÃ esa@ [kki iapk;rksa ds dkj.k xksgkuk rFkk fepZiqj tSls {ks=ksa nkyku esa@[ksr esa@gy dks idM+us okyh [kqjnjh esa vkxtuh gqÃ] muds ?kj tyk, x,A bôhloÈ lnh gFksyh esa@tc&tc èkkj dqan iM+rh gS@;kn vkrs gSa esa nfyrksa ds lkFk gksus okyh eekZUrd ihM+k dk –';

12flQZ muds gkFk@ftudk dksÃ ?kj ugÈ gksrkA** nsf[k, & ^[kki iapk;rksa us [kqys vke@Mads dh pksV

vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork lkekftd ij@Åaph vkokt+ esa lquk, Fks QSlys@xksgkuk vkSj ljksdkjksa ls xgjh lEi`ä gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt lfn;ksa fepZiqj esa@tykdj jk[k dj nks@bu dehuksa ds ls o.kZ&tkfr ds HksnHkko ij vkèkkfjr jgk FkkA vkt ?kj&ckj@ikao dh twrh@flj mBkdj pyus yxh

16Hkh lekt ds lcls fuèkZu ,oa oafpr oxZ ds çfr yksxksa gSA** fugRFks vkSj cscl yksxksa ij vR;kpkj gksrs x,A dh ekufldrk ugÈ cnyh gSA lQkÃ vFkok nkÃ dk mudh cfLr;ksa dks tyk;k x;kA èkeZ vkSj 'kkL= ds ijEijkxr is'kk djus okyh vkSjr dks Hkys gh mPp iqtkjh muds lkFk vU;k; djrs jgsA nfyr dfork o.kZ ds yksx mlls ukrk j[krs gksa] mls pkph&nknh vU;k; ds f[kykQ+ tUe ysrh gSA ;g ,d ,slh rirh dgdj lacksèku djrs gksa ysfdu tkfr dk Hksn tUe ls vkx gS tc lqyxsxh] rc lHkh dks vius vkxks'k esa ys ysdj ej.k rd iwjk ugÈ gksrkA dfo dh vusd ysxhA nfyrksa dh pqIih VwVsxhA gtkjksa lky dh dforkvksa esa ,slh folaxfr;ksa rFkk fo"kerkvksa dk vlekurk] vU;k; vkSj fo"kerk dk vUr gksxkA ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gqvk gSA ^'kCnthoh*] ^mUgsa Mj gS*] ^caèkqvk 'kCn* dfork esa ;g coaMj mB jgk gS tks ^rqEgkjh tkr*] ^ctjh vkSj lhesaV* vkfn dfork,a nfyrksa dh psruk dk tkxzr #i gS& ^^mudh bldk çek.k gSaA ^'kCnthoh* dfork esa nksgjh var%psruk esa @lqyx jgk gS@vkx dk coaMj @tks ekufldrk ij pksV gS tks nfyrksa ds çfr yksxksa ds fdlh Hkh fnu@tkx ldrk gS@viuh gtkjksa lky

17O;ogkj dks fn[kykrh gS& ^^fd vEek] pkph] cqvk] iqjkuh@pqIih rksM+djA** nfyrksa us ÃÜoj ds uke ls


Mjuk NksM+ fn;k gSA os LoxZ&ujd] vkRek&ijekRek] 'kgj vkSj xkao nksuksa txg gknls gksrs gSaA xkao esa iqutZUe vkSj deZQy ds cUèkuksa ls ugÈ ugÈ caèkrs] teÈnkjh çFkk gS rFkk Hkwfeifr;ksa dk ncnck jgrk gSA 'kks"k.k djus okys 'kkL=ksa ds çfr fojksèk O;ä djrs gSaA ^lfn;ksa dk larki* laxzg dh dforkvksa esa xzkeh.k

lekt ds 'kks"kd pfj= csud+kc gq, gSaA ;g lgh gS fd nfyrksa dh u;h ih<+h lqf'kf{kr gqÃA mlus [ksr] gy] dqvka] cSy] rkykc vkSj Qly vkfn lHkh jkst+xkj] O;olk;] f'k{kk] ukSdjh vkSj ç'kklu ds inksa Hkwfeifr;ksa ds gSaA nfyr dsoy Je dk;Z djrs gSa] ij jgdj egRoiw.kZ lsok,a nh gSaA ;g u;h ih<+h mudk viuk dqN Hkh ugÈA nfyrksa dks csxkj djus dks lekt esa lekurk] lerk] U;k;] caèkqrk vkSj çse ds foo'k fd;k tkrk FkkA 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"kr] Hkwfeifr ewY;ksa dks egRo nsrh gSA bl ih<+h us viuk vrhr vkSj et+nwj dk Hksn ;FkkFkZ <ax ls dfork esa vafdr ns[kk gS rFkk orZeku dks cnyus dk lkeF;Z j[krh gSA gqvk gSA dfo dh Bkdqj dk dqvka* dfork esa bu ç'uksa nfyr dfork dk xgjk ljksdkj nfyrksa ij gksus okys dks mBk;k x;k gS& ^^pwYgk feêh dk] feêh rkykc vR;kpkj] vukpkj] 'kks"k.k] HksnHkko dks udkjuk FkkA dh@rkykc Bkdqj dk@Hkw[k jksVh dh] jksVh cktjs mldk nwljk y{; euq"; vkSj ekuork dh j{kk djuk dh@cktjk [ksr dk] [ksr Bkdqj dk@cSy Bkdqj dk] jgk FkkA vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork us nfyrksa

20gy Bkdqj dk] gy dh ewB ij j[kh gFksyh viuhA** dks psruk nh gS rFkk mUgsa vU;k; ds fo#) yM+us dk gkSlyk fn;k gSA ^fcfV;k dk cLrk* ,d egRoiw.kZ nfyrksa ds ikl [ksr] Hkwfe vkSj ?kj ugÈ jgsA dfork gSA dfork esa xksgkuk dkaM dk o.kZu gqvk gSA lfn;ksa ls mUgksaus dHkh taxy dkVs] dHkh [ksrh dh] turk rek'kchu cudj nfyrksa ds tyrs ?kjksa dks dHkh unh&dq,a [kksns vkSj dHkh ;q) yM+s FksA ysfdu ns[krh jgh FkhA 'kgj dk iqfyl ç'kklu ekSu FkkA bu oafprksa dk thou ugÈ cnykA Hkw[ks&I;kls yksx ljdkj vkSj laln Hkh [kkeks'k FkhA dkuwu dk et+kd Je dk;Z djrs jgsA xqykeksa dks viuh xqykeh ls eqfä cukus okys yksx fuMj gksdj vkxtuh dj jgs FksA ugÈ feyhA dfo dh dfork esa nferksa dk ;FkkFkZ dfork esa tyrs ?kjksa ds –'; mHkjrs gSaA ?kjsyw lkeku mHkjrk gS& ^^dkVs taxy@[kksns igkM+@cks, [ksr@ tSls fÝt] vyekjh] fcfV;k dk cLrk vkSj vU; fQj Hkh jgs Hkw[ks@cukÃ ugjsa@[kksns dq,a@yxk, lkeku ty pqds gSaA firk dks csVh dh lHkh oLrq,a uy@fQj Hkh jgs I;kls@yM+s ;q)@thrs

21;kn vkrh gSa tks ,d iwjh nqfu;k dks lesVs gq, Fkh & Hkw[k.M@cnys jkt@fQj Hkh jgs nklA** u;h lnh esa ^^fcfV;k dk cLrk@ftls lgst dj j[krh Fkh djhus ÃÜoj vkSj nsork Hkh uaxs gks x, gSaA nfydksa us 'kkL=ksa] ls@,d&,d pht+@isafly dVj vkSj jcj@ èkeZxzUFkksa vkSj Le`fr xzUFkksa ij ç'ufpUg yxk, gSa d‚ih] fdrkc@gs;j fiu] ÝsaMf'ki cSaM@cLrk ugÈ D;ksafd nsork Hkh nfyrksa ds oèk esa lfEefyr gksrs jgs

18,d nqfu;k Fkh mldhA** xksgkuk dh fpjk;aèk pkjksa gSaA dfo us vusd ç'uksa dk dfork esa mBk;k gS& vksj gok esa QSy jgh FkhA yksx xoZ Hkjs vêgkl ls ^^dk'kh ds ef.kdÆ.kdk?kkV ij \@ D;ksa ugÈ meM+k ywVikV] Çglk] ccZjrk dks QSyk jgs FksA dfork esa pØokr@egklkxj dh foLr`r ygjksa ij\@tc iq"i

22dk#f.kd –'; mHkjrk gS & ^xksgkuk dh fpjk;aèk@ o"kkZ dh Fkh nsorkvksa us@riLoh dh gR;k ijA** QSyh gS gok esa@tgk¡ vkrrkÃ Hkk¡t jgs gSa@ykBh] vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork u;h lnh ds lfj;s] xaM+kls@iVk[kksa dh yfM+;k¡@fn;klykÃ dh Toyar eqíksa dks dfork ds dsUæ esa j[krh gSA mudh

19frYyh@vkSj tyrh vkx+ esa >qylrk Hkfo";A** dfork nfyr euq"; dh vfLerk] mlds vfLrRo dh


igpku] mlds la?k"kZ vkSj foæksg dks ;FkkFkZ <ax ls 4- ogh] i`- 32O;ä djrh gSA gtkjksa o"kks± ds larIr euq"; vius 5- ogh] i`- 115ekuoh; vfèkdkjksa ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA mudh 6- ogh] i`- 100dfork lkekftd lerk] vkÆFkd U;k;] ekuoh; 7- ogh] i`- 15Lokèkhurk dk Loj xqaftr djrh gSA lfn;ksa ls oafpr 8- ogh] i`- 112jgs nfyr] 'kksf"kr] fiNM+s vkSj gkf'k, ds leqnk;ksa dh

9- ogh] i`- 108osnuk] 'kks"k.k ,oa vU;k; ds f[kykQ+ foæksg rFkk

10- ogh] i`- 57ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds çfr mudk la?k"kZ çkekf.kd cu

11- ogh] i`- 49ldk gSA cksypky dh lgt Hkk"kk esa mudh dfork 12- ogh] i`- 85dk tUe gksrk gSA lkekftd&vkÆFkd fo"kerkvksa ds 13- ogh] i`- 80çfr çgkj djrs gq, foLrkj gksrk gSA tkfr&o.kZ &jax 14- ogh] i`- 81&oxZ dk oS"kE; ds thou ij O;aX; mHkjrk gSA Hkz"V 15- ogh] i`- 23O;oLFkk ds çfr foæksg dh psruk mHkjrh gSA lfn;ksa

ds larki ds çfr vkØks'k mHkjrk gS rFkk èkkÆed 16- ogh] i`- 27ik[k.M vkSj 'kkL=ksa dh tM+rkvksa ds fo#) udkj dk 17- ogh] i`- 31Loj gSA u;h lnh esa gkf'k, ds yksxksa dh Hkw[k] x+jhch] 18- ogh] i`- 60vf'k{kk] csjkst+xkjh tSlh Toyar leL;kvksa dh vksj 19- ogh] i`- 60è;kukd"kZ.k gqvk gSA vkseçdk'k okYehfd dh dfork 20- vkseçdk'k okYehfd] lfn;ksa dk larki] i`- 31u;h lnh dh ;k=k dk egRoiw.kZ nLrkost+ cu xÃ gSA

21- vkseçdk'k okYehfd] cLl ! cgqr gks pqdk] i`- 53&54

lUnHkZ 22- ogh] i`- 471- vkseçdk'k okYehfd] 'kCn >wB ugÈ cksyrs] i`- 11

2- ogh] i`- 18

3- ogh] i`- 24


1 gu jkds”k us ftl dky [k.M esa lkfgR; ugha djrkA** euq"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gS blfy, l`tu fd;k] ml le; Lok/khu Hkkjr esa lkekftd] ,d O;fDr dk }U}lekt dk }U} Hkh gksrk gSA ;fn vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd gh ugha lkaLd`frd ,oa lkfgfR;d eksgu jkds”k us dkfynkl ds dky [k.M dks vius la?k"kZ dk Hkh ,d vyx Lo:Ik fn[kkbZ iM+ jgk FkkA ukVd dk fo"k; pquk rks fuf”pr gh jpukdkj ds lkfgR; lekt dk dsoy izfrfcEc ugha gksrk D;ksafd le{k dqN ,slh pqukSfr;ka jgh gksxha tks izk;% gj le; lkfgR;dkj dksbZ futhZo niZ.k ugha gSA og ,d esa mifLFkr jgrh gSaA laosnu”khy izk.kh gS tks vius lkekftd ljksdkj ds eksgu jkds”k ds lkfgR; esa ;FkkFkZ dk tks LOk:Ik cU/ku esa ca/kk gS vkSj t:jr iM+us ij mu ljksdkjksa gS mlesa mUgkasus lkekftd lEcU/kksa dks lexzrk ds dk vfrØe.k Hkh dj ldrk gS vkSj u;s fopkjksa dks lkFk fo'ysf"kr fd;k gSA fxjrs ekuo ewY; dk ;FkkFkZ mlesa “kkfey djrk gSA eksgu jkds”k ds thou&n”kZu fp=.k Hkh tu&tkx:drk dk dkj.k gksrk gSA eksgu dk egÙoiw.kZ i{k ;g gS fd os ekuo lekt dks tM+ jkds”k ds *vk/ks v/kwjs* ukVd esa e/;oxhZ; lekt dk ugha ekurs vkSj ;FkkfLFkfr dks Hkh ugha] Lohdkj og ;FkkFkZ :Ik lkeus vkrk gS tks bl oxZ dh djrsA vfLrRo dh psruk lnSo mudh jpukvksa esa okLrfoDrk ls ifjfpr djkrk gSA tSls& **”kk;n lkekftd thou esa Lo;a ds fy, LFkku [kkstrh jgrh vius ckjs esa bruk dg nsuk dkQh gS fd lM+d ds gSaA vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu esa dkfynkl vius vfLrRo QqVikFk ij pyrs le; vki vpkud fdlh vkneh ds la?k"kZ esa gh HkVdrs gh fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSa& **eSa vius ls Vdjk tkrs gSa] og vkneh eSa gwaA vki flQZ ?kwedj dks lgkjk nsrk fd vkt ugha rks dy eSa ifjfLFkfr;ksa eq>s ns[k ysrs gSa& blds vykok eq>ls dksbZ eryc ij o”k ik ywaxk vkSj lkeku :Ik ls nksuksa {ks=ksa esa vius ugha j[krs fd eSa dgka jgrk gwa] D;k dke djrk gwa] dks ckaV nwaxk ijUrq eSa Lo;a gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds gkFkksa vkSj fdu&fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa thrk gwaA vki eryc curk vkSj izsfjr gksrk jgkA ftl dy dh eq>s izrh{kk ugha j[krs D;ksafd eSa Hkh vkils eryc ugha j[krk vkSj Fkh] og dy dHkh ugha vk;k vkSj eSa /khjs&/khjs [kf.Mr Vdjkus ds {k.k esa vki esjs fy, ogha gksrs gS] tks eSa

2 gksrk x;k----- ;g ugha lkspk fd }U}O;fDr rd vkids fy, gksrk gwaA** vkneh vius esa bruk ladqfpr lhfer ugha gksrk] ifjorZu ,d gh fn”kk dks O;Dr gks x;k gS fd fdlh ls fdlh dks eryc ugha gSA ;g

eks

fgUnh

& *MkW- xhrk flag

eksgu jkds'k ds lkfgR; esa thou&n'kZu

*,lks0 izksQslj ,oa v/;{k LukrdksŸkj fgUnh foHkkx] Mh-,-oh- ih-th- dkWyst] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½lEiknd % vf[ky xhr “kks/k n`f"V* ¼vUrjkZ"Vªh; “kks/k tuZy½ vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½


n`"VkUr ukVddkj ds thou n”kZu ds ek/;e ls muds vkl&ikl dh ftUnxh dh rg esa mrjus dk iz;Ru ge yksx cgqr de dj ikrs gSa exj gesa dHkh&dHkh ,slk le; dh lPpkbZ dks vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA

4dqN iz;Ru djuk t:j pkfg,A** Ekksgu jkds”k us vius lkfgR; esa ;FkkfLFkfrokn

dk izfrjks/k djrs gq, lkekftd :f<+;ksa dk ukVd *vk"kk.k dk ,d fnu* es ,sfrgkfldrk jpukRed izfrokn fd;k gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa ledkyhurk esa cny tkrh gSA vfEcdk ds pfj= dks mudh i{k/kjrk oxZ&la?k"kZ dh voLFkk,a izpfry ns[kus ls D;k ;g izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g fdlh vFkksZ esa ugha gSa ijUrq *eokyh* vkSj *Dyse* tSlh ,sfrgkfld ukjh ik= dk fp=.k gS% **rqEgkjh vis{kk esa dgkfu;ksa esa mudh i{k/kjrk ;FkkfLFkfr dk fojks/k fQj Hkh LoLFk gwaA ;g ?kj lnk ls bl voLFkk esa ugha djrs gq, fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSaA *eokyh* ij fVIi.kh djrs gS jkto/kw! tc esjs gkFk pyrs Fks] eSa izfrfnu bls gq, vtqZu ds0 rM+oh us viuh iqLrd eksgu jkds”k ds yhirh&cqgkjrh FkhA ;gka dh gj oLrq bl izdkj fxjh lkfgR; dk lkekftd fp=.k esa fy[kk gS&ckn esa og VwVh ugha FkhA ijUrq vkt rks ge nksuksa eka&csVh Hkh ;gka

5cPpk rkcht <aw<rk jgk------- og nEifr Hkh pyk x;k VwVh&lh iM+h jgrh gSaA** bl izdkj eksgu jkds”k u rks ij ys[kd us gesa ;g fn[kk;k gS fd vius cPps dks bfrgkl esa ca/krs gSa u gh vk/kqfudrk esa Qalrs gSa os pkgus okys Hkh dbZ ijk;s cPps dks vPNh utj ls ugha ledkyhu thou&lUnHkksZ ds lkfgR;dkj gSa] ftlesa ns[krsA vfHktkR; oxZ ds L=h&iq#"k ds eu esa ;g mudk lkekftd n”kZu fijks;k gqvk gaSAiwokZxzg cu pqdk gS fd etnwjh djus okys] eky <ksus jkds”k e/;oxZ ds jpukdkj gSa ijUrq e/;oxhZ; okys cPps vkSj eokyh gksrs gSaA mUgsa ihVrs Hkh tjk izo`fRr;ksa ds dbZ :Ik gSaA ftldk gj :Ik vUrfojks/kksa n;k vkrh “kk;n ,sls nEifRr ,sls xjhc yM+ds dks ls xzLr gS ftldk dkj.k cnyrk lekt ,oa iwoZ bUlku ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gSaA xksn esa dqRrs dks fufeZr laLdkj gSA lkfgfR;d ljkdkjksa ls budk la?k"kZ laHkkyus okys euq"; ds cPpksa ds lkFk ,slk O;ogkj LokHkkfod gSA bUgkasus viuh dgkfu;ksa esa e/;oxZ ds

3djrs gSaA** ;FkkfLFkfr ds fo:) ;g ØkfUrdkjh lHkh :iksa dk dykRedrk ds lkFk fp=.k fd;k gS izek.k ugha gS ijUrq thou dh folaxfr;ksa ds ek/;e *t[e* mudh NksVh dgkuh gS tks dF; dh rqyuk esa ls vkØks”k dh vfHkO;fDr ml ifjoorZu dk ladsr dF; fcEcks ds dkj.k vf/kd ppkZ esa vk;h gS ijUrq vo”; djrh gS tks iwathoknh&lkearoknh O;oLFkk ls /;ku ls i<+us ij blesa O;fDroknh e/;oxhZ; pfj=

dk foMEcukiw.kZ fp= fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSAla?k"kZ ds fy, vR;Ur vko”;d gSA ;FkkFkZ dk laonsu”khyrk ds lkFk o.kZu Hkh ;FkkfLFkfr ds fojks/k dFkkuk;d d s gkFk ij xgjh pkVs g S og ml s yds j dk ,d ek/;e gSA bldk izek.k gesa *va/ksjs cUn dejs* HkVdrk jgrk gAS mld s O;fDrRo dk ,d :Ik ;gk a ns[kk ds Bdqjkbu okys izlax ls Hkh feyrk gS e/;oxhZ; tk ldrk gS& **gkFk ij [kwu dk yksank------lw[ks vkSj ladh.kZrk dks rksM+dj gh dksbZ lkFkZd fodYi j[kk tk fpids gq, xqykc dh rjgA QqVikFk ij vkSa/ks ihis ls ldrk gS *U;w gsjkYM* ds laiknd dk dFku gS& **eq>s fxjk xk<+k dksyrkj------- lnhZ ls fBBqjk vkSj lgek dbZ ckj ;g lkspdj cgqr vQlksl gksrk gS] gqvkA-------- eyok >M+dj ukyh ls fxjrk gqvkA--------e/kqlwnu] fd ge yksx tks dke djrs gS] mlesa fctyh ds rkjksa ls <dk vkdk”k--------- jkr ds jax esa T;knkrj dke ,slk gksrk gS ftldk lEcU/k dsoy jasxrk gqvkA fpdus ekFks ij <k<+h] dkyh HkkSags-------

6vkt vkSj dy dh ?kVukvksa ds lkFk gksrk gSA vius maxyh vkSj vaxwBs lgyk;h tk jgh gSA** bl dgkuh


dk nwljk i{k ;g gS fd dFkkuk;d nwljksa ds nq[k esa ,d ;qod ls vius I;kj dk jksuk jksdj mlus ipkl :Ik;s fy, Fks] ftldk pkSFkk fgLlk eqf”dy ls :ch nq%[kh gks tkrk gS vkSj dqN dj ugha ikrkA blls

8vR;kf/kd ijs”kku Hkh gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ ,slh laosnuk rd igqap ik;k FkkA** jkds”k th us ;gka diwj ds fdl dke dh] tks LOk;a O;fDr ds fc[kjko dk dkj.k ek/;e ls e/;oxhZ; ik= dk fp=.k fd;k gSA tks cu tk;sA mudk vokafNr ik= gS ftlds d`R;ksa dks lekt ds

e/;oxhZ; vUrfoZjks/k dk lEiw.kZ fp=.k muds lkeus mifLFkr djds e/;eoxZ dh pkykd Hkjh ukVd vk/ks v/kwjs esa gqvk gSA iwjk ifjokj vUrfojks/k esa lkft”kksa dks csudkc djus dk iwjk iz;Ru fd;k gSAthou&;kiu dj jgk gSA ftldh Hk;kogrk ls vusd vkykspdksa us jkds”k ds lkfgR; lalkj esa ifjokj esa la?k"kZ gks ldrk gSaA v”kksd dks vius firk vfLRooknh n”kZu dh [kkst dh gSA vHkh rd muds ls lgkuqHkwfr gS fdUrq og dqN dj ugha ldrk D;ksafd miU;klksa ,oa dqN dgkfu;ksa dks ysdj ;g foe”kZ esa gS mlesa la?k"kZ djus dh psruk ugh gSA ,d laokn esa *vk"kk.k dk ,d fnu* vkSj *ygjksa ds jktgal* nksuksa vUrfoZjks/k nsf[k,& ukVdksa esa vfLrRo psruk ,d izdkj dh gS rFkk cM+h yM+dh % ;g fMCck [kksy nsxk rwa \ *vk/ks&v/kwjs* ,oa muds rhuksa miU;klksa esa vfLRkRo

psruk nwljs izdkj dh gS] ijUrq dksbZ Hkh d`fr yM+dk % eq>ls ugha [kqysxkAlkekftd thou ls iyk;u dh vksj ugha tkrhA os cM+h yM+dh % rks yk;k fdlfy, Fkk \O;fDr ds vfLrRo esa gh lekt dk vfLrRo [kkstrs gSA yM+dk % rwus dgk Fkk tks&tks m/kkj fey lds] *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* esa ekuo&eqfDr dh leL;k dks ys vk cfu;s ls] eSa m/kkj esa ,d Qksu gh lgh vFkksZ esa mithO; cuk;k x;k gSA T;ksfr"k Hkh dj ik;kAtks”kh us fy[kk gS fd **bl ukVd dh lcls eq[; cM+h yM+dh % dgka \fo'ks"krk ;g fd ikB vkSj izLrqfr ds ek/;e ls blus 7yM+dk % tqustk vady ds ;gkaA* vkt dh O;fDr dh ewy leL;k dks LOkj fn;k gSA

bl laokn ds le; yM+dk rk”k [ksy jgk gSA vk/kqfud fodkl esa fuc) gksdj blus O;fDr dh cM+h yM+dh ?kj dh fLFkfr ,oa m/kkj ysus dk c;ku eqfDr dk iz”u mBk;kA blus fn[kk;k fd thou dh dj jgh gSA m/kkj ysdj yM+dk xoZ eglwl dj jgk lkFkZdrk D;k gS] ;g /ofur djus esa lQy fl) gqvk gS vkSj mls cM+h miyfC/k;ka le>rk gSA ;g e/;eoxZ fd vius dks iw.kZr% esa ik ysuk gh lkFkZd thou gS oukZ dk ,d fp=.k gSA ftlls yxkrkj la?k"kZ djrs gq, HkkSfrd le`f) dh izkfIr ds ckotwn ;fn vkRecks/k ugha

9eksgu jkds”k fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA blh izdkj *vk[kjh ik;k tk ldk rks lc O;FkZ] vdkjFk gSA** ;g pV~Vku rd* esa diwj ds pfj= esa e/;oxZ dh vkRecks/k u LOk dks udkj ik;k tk ldrk gS u lekt nq"izo`fÙk;ka fn[kkbZ iM+rh gaSA ukVddkj us fy[kk gS % dk foltZu djdsA **[kq”kfdLerh bruh gh Fkh pkj&ikap jkst ckn og

eksgu jkds”k ds lkfgR; esa tuthou ds la?k"kks± pyk x;kA tkrs gq, esjh ,d fdrkc ekj ys x;kA

dh ,slh vfHkO;fDr feyrh gSa tSlh dbZ ekU; tuoknh mlds tkus ls nks&,d fnu igys ,d vkSj pht dk

jpukdkjksa esa Hkh ugha feyrhA mudh dgkfu;ksa esa tgka Hkh irk pykA :ch dks tks pkSng :Ik;s mlus m/kkj

vHkko ,oa xjhch dk fp=.k feyrk gS] ogka mudh fn;s Fks] os Hkh mlds vius ugha FksA /kuat; uke ds

tuoknh n`f"V gh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA *vk"kk<+ ds ,d


fnu* esa ekrqy dk jktlÙkk ds fo"k; esa eUrO; vFkok 2- vk/ks&v/kwjs % eksgu jkds”k] jk/kk Ñ".k izdk”ku] nUrqy dks dkfynkl dk fn;k x;k mÙkj] tuoknh fnYyh 1969 i`"B& 12psruk dk gh ifjpk;d gSA eksgu jkds”k tgka 3- MkW0 vtqZu HkkbZ ds0 rM+oh % eksgu jkds”k ds L=h&psruk dh ckr djrs gSa] ogka Hkh mudh tun`f"V lkfgR; dk lkekftd fp=.k] jktcqd b.Vj gh izs{ksfir gksrh gSA **jkds”k th dh ukjh pfj=ksa dks izkbtst] t;iqj 1990 i`"B& 167 tks pht fo”oluh; vkSj ltho cukrh gS]** og gS 4- va/ksjs cUn dejs % eksgu jkds”k] jktdey isij mudk vUr}ZU}A ukfj;ka izk;% nks fodYiksa ds chp cSd] u;h fnYyh 1984] i`"B& 56>wyrh gS] fu.kZ; ugha ys ikrh------ blfy, fujk”k 5- jkr chrus rd rFkk vU; /ofu ukVd % eksgu jgrh gSaA muds pfj= dh xgjh mnklh dgkuh ds jkds”k] jktdey izdk”ku u;h fnYyh] 1973] jks;sa&js”kksa esa lek;s jgrh gSA blfy, jkds”k th dh i`"B& 128dgkfu;ka gSa fo'ks"k {k.kksa esa Hkksxs x;s ;FkkFkZ dh 6- eksgu jkds”k dh lEiw.kZ dgkfu;ka % jktiky ,.M dgkfu;kaA muds ukfj;ksa ds pfj= dks uSfrd vFkok lUl] fnYyh 1984 i`"B& 440vuSfrd ugha dgk tk ldrk D;ksafd og rks ;FkkFkZ

7- vk/ks v/kwjs % eksgu jkds”k] jk/kkÑ".k izdk”ku] 10gSA** eksgu jkds”k dh tuoknh psruk mudh Mk;jh fnYyh 1969] i`"B& 59

vkSj o`rkar esa vf/kd Li"V gSA f=osUnze esa Lukrd 8- jkr chru s rd vU; /ofu ukVd % ekgs u jkd”s k]

;qod ds ckrksa dks tuoknh m)j.k esa fy;k tk jktiky idz k”ku ub Z fnYyh] 1973 i"B& 173&174

ldtk gS % **vHkh dqN gh fnu igys ,d yM+dh ml 9- tksfr"k tks”kh % eksgu jkds”k dk ukV~; xkSjo] la0

lkeus dh pV~Vku ls dwndj vkRe gR;k djus vk;h deys”k flag ujsUnz izdk”ku bykgkckn 2007] 11FkhA og dqaokjh Fkh vkSj mlds cPPkk gksus okyk FkkA** i`"B& 65

D;k bls iyk;u dgk tk;sxkA vkRegR;k lnSo 10- MkW0 vtqZu HkkbZ ds rM+oh % eksgu jkds”k ds

iyk;u dk izrhd ugha gksrhA vkRegR;k lkekftd lkfgR; dk lkekftd fp=.k] jktcqd b.Vj

O;oLFkk ij iz”u Hkh mBkrh gSA ml Lukrd ;qod ds izkbtst] t;iqj 1990 i`"B& 113

Loj esa lekt ,oa O;oLFkk ds izkr% izfrjks/k Hkko gS] tks 11- jkr chrus rd rFkk vU; /ofu ukVd % eksgu tuoknh dks mtkxj djrk gSA

jkds”k] jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh 1973] i`"B& 183

lUnHkZ

1- jkr chrus rd rFkk vU; /ofu ukVd % eksgu jkds”k] jktdey izdk”ku ubZ fnYyh] 1973] i`"B& 139&140


fgUnh

& *txnh’k izlkn cjuoky dqUn*

*jsyos LVs'ku cktkj] lQqZíhuiqj] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

bZloha lnh* jkgqy th }kjk fy[kk x;k igyk e`R;q dks izkIr gksus rd dh ?kVukvksa dks fu:fir miU;kl gSA bldh jpuk mUgksuas ;|fi 1918 bZ0 esa fd;k x;k gSA jkgqy th us vNwrksa ds lkFk gks jgs gh dj yh Fkh fdUrq mDr ik.Mqfyfi dgha [kks tkus ds Ik”kqor O;ogkj] /keZ ds nq:Ik;ksx] orZeku “kklurU= dkj.k iqu% Le`fr ds vk/kkj ij mUgksuas 1924 bZ0 esa esa O;kIr vfu;ferrk] lh/ks lkns xzkeh.kksa dks vf”kf{kr gtkjhckx tsy eas fy[k dj iwjk fd;kA cuk;s j[kus dh pky vkfn ckrksa ij Hkh bl miU;kl

ds ek/;e ls izdk”k Mkyk gSA 1924 bZ0 esa fy[kh x;h bl iqLrd esa nks lkS o"kZ flag lsukifr ckn vFkkZr~~~ 2124 bZ0 esa ?kfVr gqbZ ?kVukvksa dks

orZeku ekurs gq, fooj.kksa dks vkRedFkkRed “kSyh esa ^flag lsukifr* jkgqy ds ,sfrgkfld miU;klksa esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blds ek/;e ls ;g fn[kkus dk izFke gSA bldk dFkkud cq) dky dk gSA blesa bZlk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd vkus okyk fnu mÙkjksÙkj ls ik¡p lkS o"kZ iwoZ ds x.krU=h; lekt dh fodklksUeq[kh gSA blesa dFkk ds uk;d dk uke fo"kerkvksa] jktrU=h; iz.kkyh] nklizFkk] L=h iq#"k fo”ocU/kq gS tks rhl o"kZ rd ukyUnk fo|ky; esa laca/k] /keZ laLd`fr vkfn dk thoUr vkSj ltho v/;kiu djus ds i'pkr~ mÙkjk[k.M ?kweus vk;s Fks fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA vkRedFkkRed “kSyh esa fy[ks vkSj mlh le; ogk¡ dh ,d xqQk esa mUgsa ewPNkZ ;k x;s bl miU;kl esa oS”kkyh x.krU= ds lsukifr flag uhan vk x;hA ml le; mudh voLFkk lkB o"kZ dh dk vn~Hkqr ijkØeiw.kZ thou fpf=r gS rFkk r{kf”kyk FkhA mudh ewPNkZ nks lkS o"kZ ckn lu~ 2124 bZ0 esa VwVh ,oa oS”kkyh ds rRdkyhu x.krU=h; O;oLFkk dk vkSj ml le; mUgsa loZ=] izR;sd {ks= esa pkgs og fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA blds fo"k; izos”k esa mUgksaus lkekftd gks] oSKkfud ;k lkaLd`frd gks fodkl ds O;Dr fd;k gS fd Nij ftys esa ,d [ksr dh [kqnkbZ y{k.k fn[kk;h fn;sA djrs le; tehu ds vUnj ls cgqr lh bZVsa fudyha Tkhus ds fy, ftu ij czkãh fyfi esa dqN fy[kk gqvk FkkA ;s bZaVsa

ugha Fkha cfYd iqLrd ds iUus FksA ftUgsa oS”kkyh bl miU;kl esa ,d fu/kZu xzkeh.k ckyd ds iztkrU= ds egku lsukifr flag }kjk mdsjk x;k FkkA cpiu ls ysdj fofo/k ukSdfj;ksa ds djus] iYVu esa eSaus mUgsa ukxjh fyfi esa cny Mkyk tks ^flag HkrhZ gksdj ;q) esa ?kk;y gksus] LoLFk gksus ij lsukifr* iqLrd ds :Ik esa lkeus gSA izkIr leLr lektlsok ls tqM+us] etnwjksa fdlkuksa ds gd ds fy, lksyg lkSa bZaVsa iVuk laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr gSa] ftUgsa yM+us vkSj vUr esa lkeUrh rkdrksa ds izPNUu izgkj ls

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jkgqy dk lkfgR; lalkj


ogk¡ tkdj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ohjrkiwoZd eqdkcyk bl miU;kl dk eq[; dF; gSaA bl ;q) esa ;kS/ks; cPps cw<+s lHkh Ykkx ysrs gSa fQj Hkh jkgqy th dk ;g dFku lp dh rjg izrhr gksrk ekS/ks; ijkftr gks tkrs gSa vkSj t; e`R;q dks izkIr gksrk gS rFkk ikBd ds dkSrwgy dks c<+kus okyk gSA ;g ,d gSA bl miU;kl esa jktrU=h; O;oLFkk esa O;kIr vuwBk rFkk uohu iz;ksx gSA dqN blh izdkj dh “kSyh Hkz"Vkpkj] vR;kpkj] os”;ko`fÙk] /kekZMEcj tSlh dk i;z kxs vkpk; Z i0a gtkjh ilz kn f}ons h d s miU;kl dqizo`fÙk;ksa ds fo:) x.krU=h; O;oLFkk ds izfr ^ck.kHkê dh vkRedFkk* e as fn[kk;h nrs k gAS y[s kd dh vkLFkk O;Dr dh x;h gSA blesa pUnzxqIr foØekfnR; bl u;h “kyS h d s lEcU/k e as Li"Vhdj.k nrs s g,q jkgyq th jktrU=h; O;oLFkk dk rFkk t; dk ijkØe ;kS/ks; dh u s ^foLer ;k=h* d s nk s “kCn e as fy[kk g S fd] ^flag x.kjkT; O;oLFkk dk |ksrd gSA lsukifr dks i<+dj fdrus gh ikBd E;wft;e esas mu e/kqj LoIu bZaVksa dks ns[kus tkrs gSa] ftuds Åij ml xzUFk ds

fy[ks gksus dh ckr mDr miU;kl ds vkjEHk esa dgha ^e/kqj LoIu* bZjku e/;sf”k;k dh i`"BHkwfe ij x;h gSA ;fn og oLrqr% bZaVksa ij mRdh.kZ gksrk] rks og fy[kk x;k ,d ,sfrgkfld miU;kl gSA bldk dky miU;kl ugah gksrkA bZVksa ds n”kZukFkhZ ikBdksa dks 500 bZ0 ds vklikl dk gSA le> ysuk pkfg, Fkk fd og miU;kl gS] gk¡ miU;kl dk uk;d vUntxZ j g]S tk s c)q l s iHz kkfor ,sfrgkfld gS] vFkkZr~~~ ml ns”k dky ds ns”k dky ik= g S rFkk viu s mí”s ;k as l s bjZ kuh turk vkjS rRdkyhu dh ifjf/k ls ckgj ugha tk ldrkA** ckn”kkg Dokr dk s viuh vkjs vkdf"krZ dj yrs k gAS ml t; ;kS/ks; le; ,d vkjs tgk ¡ ogk ¡ dh vdky ihfMr+ turk Hk[w k l s

flag lsukifr dh Hkk¡fr t; ;kS/ks; Hkh ,d =Lr Fkh] ogh a lkeUrh idz fr oky s viu s Hkkxs foykl d s,sfrgkfld miU;kl gSA blesa bZ0 lu 350&400 fy, ukfj;k as dh [kjhn Qjk[s r dju s vkjS mUg as viuh ¼xqIr laor 30&80½ ds Hkkjr dh jktuhfr] lkekftd gol dk f”kdkj cuku s e as yx s g,q FkAs mnkj “kg”¡ kkg voLFkk dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA jkgqy th us bl Dokr dk s ihfMr+ turk dh lgk;rk dju s d s dkj.k miU;kl ds ys[ku esa dkfynkl ds xzUFkksa vkSj mlh xnn~ h l s inP;rq dj fn;k tkrk g S fdUrq vUntZxj le; ds ;k=h phuh fHk{kq Qkfg;ku ds ;k=k fooj.k blls fujk”k ugha gksrk gS vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd dk mi;ksx djus ds lkFk gh MkDVj vYrsdj] oS'kE; dks nwj dj lekurk ykus dk iz;kl djrk gSA izksQslj jk[kky nkl cuthZ vkSj Mk0 vkj0 ,u0 og ,d xk¡o fngoxku] tks mlds e/kqj LoIu dk M.Msdj ds xzUFkksa] xqIrdkyhu f”kykys[kksa vkSj flDds lkdkj :Ik gS] dks viuk dk;Z{ks= cuk dj mls ,slh ls Hkh dkQh lgk;rk yh gSA miU;kl vkRedFkkRed O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj <ky nsrk gS] tgk¡ lEifÙk ij “kSyh esa gS rFkk blesa xqIr lezkVksa ds ledkyhu lcdk vf/kdkj gSA ukjh vkSj iq#"k esa dksbZ vlekurk xkSjo”kkyh ;kS/ks;x.k ds jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj ugha gSA vUntZxj dk ;g ekuorkoknh fopkj lkeUrh lkaLd`frd thou dks dFkkud dh i`"BHkwfe cuk;k O;oLFkk ds i{k/kjksa dks ilUn ugha vk;k vkSj mlls x;k gSA pUnzxqIr foØekfnR; }kjk viuh vFkZyksyqi muds vkØks”k dk f”kdkj gksdj viuk cfynku djuk vkSj jkT; foLrkj dh uhfr ds dkj.k ;kS/ks; x.kjkT; iM+kA bl miU;kl ds ek/;e ls jkgqy th us ij vkØe.k rFkk viuh tUeHkwfe dh j{kk ds fy, t; lektoknh O;oLFkk vkSj ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k dks }kjk vius lg;ksfx;ksa dh lgk;rk ls xqIrksa ls LFkkfir djus dk iz;kl fd;k bSA


jktLFkkuh jfuokl miU;kl gS ftlesa lIrflU/kq ds vk;ksZa vkSj nL;qvksa dk la?k"kZ fpf=r gSA blesa _Xosn dh ckjg _pkvksa ls ;g ,d lkekftd ukf;dk iz/kku miU;kl gSA “kq: ckjg dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls _XoSfnd vk;ksZ ds ?kVukØe chloha “krkCnh ds iwokZ/kZ o"kZ 1910 bZ0 ls thou&l?a k"k]Z “kk;S ]Z vijkt;s “kfDr vkjS mud s ilz kj 1952 bZ0 ds chp ls lEcfU/kr gSaA blesa eq[; ik= foLrkj vkfn dk thoUr fp= iLz rrq fd;k x;k g S ftll sxkSjh gS ftldh vkRedFkk ds ek/;e ls lkekftd rRdkyhu lkekftd thou dh iow Z >kd¡ h n[s ku s dk sfo"kerk] va/kfo”okl] vkfFkZd ijk/khurk] cafnuh ukjh feyrh gAS fnoksnkl miU;kl dk uk;d gSA mlds rFkk lkeUrokn dh vusd fod`fr;ksa dk fp= izLrqr }kjk “kEcq vkSj “kEcj ij fot; izkIr djus] if.k;ksa dks fd;k x;k gSA xkSjh ds thou esa vk;h vusd ijkLr dj fdjkrksa dh lkS iqfj;ksa dks thrus] egf"kZ ifjpkfjdkvksa dk Hkh mYys[kuh; o.kZu gSA d`fr esa Hkkj}kt dh izsj.kk ls vk;ksZ dk “kkS;Z ifjiq"V gksus vkfn jktLFkku ds lEiw.kZ thou dks iwjh rRijrk ds lkFk dh ?kVuk;sa miU;kl dh fo"k;oLrq gSaAfpf=r fd;k x;k gSA dgkuh laxzgfoLe`r ;k=h

jkgyq th u s xkz eh.k] uxjh;] jk"Vhª ; ,o a vUrjk"Z Vhª ; vkRedFkkRed “kSyh esa fy[kk gqvk foLe`r ;k=h* i"BHkfw e ij vrhr l s yds j oreZ ku rd dh ?kVukvk as dk smiU;kl NBh “krkCnh ds ,d ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe dNq ;FkkFk Z dNq dYiuk dk iVq nrs s g,q cgrq lh ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa jkgqy th usa Hkkjr Hkwfe ij o"kZ dgkfu;k as dh jpuk dh g S tk s fHkUu fHkUu dgkuh lxa gz k as e as518 bZ0 esa mRiUu ,d ckS);k=h ujsUnz;”k dk fp=.k lda fyr gAaS ; s dgkfu;k ¡ Hkh mudh vU; jpukvk as dh fd;k gS tks iz.k; {ks= esa izsfedk Hknzk }kjk frjLd`r Hkkf¡ r pfprZ ] i”z kfa lr rFkk fookfnr gAS jkgqy th }kjk gksdj Hkkjr] yadk] phu vkfn ns”kksa esa ?kwerk gqvk ckS) izLrqr pkj dgkuh laxzg gSa ftuds uke lreh ds cPps] /keZ dk izpkj ,oa fofHkUu tkfr;ksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa ds oksYxk ls xaxk] cgqjaxh e/kqiqjh vkSj duSyk dh dFkk gSA yksxksa ds lEidZ esa vkdj u;s vuqHkoksa dks izkIr djrk lreh ds cPpsgSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa O;kIr ml o.kZO;oLFkk esa ftlesa

^lreh ds cPps* dgkuh laxzg esa jkgqy th us vius pk.Mkyksa vkSj “kwnzksa ds lkFk Øwj O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS] ls mldks d"V igq¡prk gSA ckS)LFkyksa esa O;kIr ufugky iUngk dh ckY;Le`fr;ksa dks dbZ dgkfu;ksa ds foykflrk vkSj oSHko izn”kZu ls Hkh og nq[kh gksrk gSA ek/;e ls izLrqr fd;k gSA ml ladyu esa lreh ds tulsok ds izfr lefiZr fpfdRlk”kkL= ls mls cPps] Mhg ckck] ikBd th] iqtkjh] Le`frKku dhfrZ] vR;f/kd izse gSA bl izdkj ljyrk vkSj lgtrk dh t;fljh] jktcyh] jkexksiky] /kqjfou rFkk nyflaxkj izfrewfrZ og viuh izxfr”khy psruk ds vk/kkj ij 'kh"kZd ls dqy nl dgkfu;k¡ nh x;h gSaA lreh ds vusd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku Hkh djrk gSA pw¡fd cPps bl laxzg dh eq[; dgkuh gSA blesa fujkfJr Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk ;g Lej.kh; ?kqeDdM+ ik= lreh vghfju viuh n;uh; vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds dkj.k efLr"d ls folj pqdk Fkk] vr% jkgqy th us bls vius cPpksa dh ;Fkksfpr ns[kHkky ugha dj ikrh gS vkSj ^foLe`r ;k=h* uke fn;k gSA vle; mlds pkj cPps dky dofyr gks tkrs gSaA

mldh iq=h lqf[k;k Hkh ifr i{k ls ihfM+r gksdj ek¡ ds fnoksnklÅij Hkkj Lo:Ik gSA blesa ek¡ csVh nksuksa dk la?k"kZe; ^fnoksnkl* jkgqy th }kjk yxHkx ckjg lkS thou vafdr gSA bZ'ohiwoZ ds dky[k.M ij fy[kk gqvk y?kq ,oa vfUre

lHkh dgkfu;k¡ n;uh; xzkE; thou dk okLrfod duSyk dk izkX,sfrgkfld dky ls ysdj vkt rd dk n`”; mifLFkr djrh gSaA leLr dgkfu;ksa ds uk;d bfrgkl fy[kk gSA blesa nh x;h dgkfu;ksa dks dgkuh jkgqy th ds cpiu ds ifjfpr gSaA bl laxzg dh ,d de laLej.k ;k iqjkrkfRod fooj.k vf/kd dgk tk dgkuh Le`frKku dhfrZ vdsyh iqjkuh ,sfrgkfld ldrk gSA blesa f=os.kh] dk”khxzke] cM+h jkuh] nsoiq=] dgkuh gS] ftldh lkexzh mUgsa frCcr esa feyh FkhaA dykdkj] lS;n ckck] ujes/k] lu~ 57] LojkT; 'kh"kZd

ls ukS dgkfu;k¡ ftudk ?kVukdky 1300 bZ0 iwoZ ls oksYxk ls xaxk 1957 bZ0 ds e/; dk gS] nh x;h gSaA duSyk esa mudk ^oksYxk ls xaxk* jkgqy th dk lcls egÙoiw.kZ cpiu chrk Fkk fdUrq ckY;koLFkk esa ml LFkku ds dFkk laxzg gS] tks izkXoSfnd dky ls 1944 bZ0 rd ds ,sfrgkfld egÙo ls og vufHkK FksAHkkjrh; lekt dks lesVrk gS] ;|fi dgkfu;ksa dk

13 Qjojh 1957 dks og iqjkrkfRod lkexzh ns[kus foLrkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj rd gSA bl iqLrd esa dqy ds fy, duSyk vk;s FksA ml nkSjku mUgksaus ftu chl dgkfu;k¡ nh x;h gSa] ftuesa fu”kk] fnok] LFkkuksa] O;fDr;ksa] xfrfof/k;ksa ls ifjp; izkIr fd;k] ve`rk”o] iq:gwr] iq:/kku] vafxjk] lqnkl] izokg.k] mUgsa gh mUgksaus viuh dgkfu;ksa esa mrkjk gSA okLro esa cU/kqy] eYl] ukxnÙk] izHkk 'kh"kZd dh X;kjg duyS k dh dFkk d s ek/;e l s y[s kd u s Hkkjr d s iow Zdgkfu;k¡ 6000 bZ0 iwoZ ls ysdj 50 bZ0 iwoZ rd ds ,fs rgkfld dky vkjS dkykuØq e e as gkus s oky s lkekftd dky ij vk/kkfjr gSaA lqi.kZ ;kS/ks;] nqeqZ[k] pØikf.k] :ikUrjk as dk y[s kk tk[s kk iLz rr fd;k gAS iLq rd dk ckck uwjnhu] lqjS;k] js[kk Hkxr] eaxy flag] lQnj] leiZ.k mUgksuas viuh izFke ifj.khrk dks bu “kCnksa esa lqesj 'kh"kZd ukS dgkfu;k¡ 420 bZ0 ls ysdj 1942 bZ0 fd;k gSA ^^leiZ.k& mlh izFke ifj.khrk dks ftldk rd ds ?kVukØe dks izLrqr djrh gSaAlkjk thou esjh egkRokdka{kkvksa dk f”kdkj gqvkA**dYiuk vkSj ;FkkFkZ ls lefUor bu dgkfu;ksa ds Ckgqjaxh e/kqiqjhek/;e ls jkgqy lkad`R;k;u us gtkjks o"kks± ds

Deyk isfj;kj ls fookgksijkUr jkgqy lkad`R;k;u bfrgkl] lkekftd fodkl Øe vkSj lH;rk laLd`fr us viuk fuokl elwjh dks cuk;k FkkA blh elwjh dk ds mRFkku iru dh dykRed izLrqfr dh gSA uke e/kqiqjh j[krs gq, ml uxjh ds mrkj p<+ko] dgkfu;ksa esa ftu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ dh x;h gS] os fgUnh ijk/khu Hkkjr esa vaxzsth dky ds blds :Ik vkSj oSHko lkfgR; esa yxHkx vNwrs gh FksA dgkfu;ksa ds ifjn`”; dks ysdj Lok/khu Hkkjr rd ds mRFkku iru vkSj ij izdk”k Mkyrs gq, mUgksaus ^oksYxk ls xaxk* ds vkfFkZd lkekftd thou Lrj dk o.kZu] cw<+s ykyk] f}rh; laLdj.k esa fy[kk gS fd] ^ys[kd dh ,d ,d gk; cq<+kik] dqekj nqjat;] ese lkgc] egkizHkq] dgkuh ds ihNs ml ;qx ls lEcU/k dh og Hkkjh fyif"Vd] Bkdqj th] jkecgknqj] xq: th] ehuk{kh] lkexzh gS tks nqfu;k dh fdruh gh Hkk"kkvksa] xksyw] :ih] jkmr] dey flag] Mksjk] folqu] isM+ ckck] rqyukRed Hkk"kk foKku] feêh] iRFkj] rk¡cs] ihry] lqYrku] ekLVj th] pEiks] dkB dk lkgc 'kh"kZd okyh yksgs ij lkadsfrd o fyf[kr lkfgR; vFkok bDdhl dgkfu;ksa esa fd;k x;k gSA dgkfu;ksa esa vfyf[kr xhrksa] dgkfu;ksa] jhfr fjoktksa] VksVds Vksuksa xkSjkax] L=h iq#"k] lkear] jtokM+as] lsB lsBkfu;k¡] esa ikl;h tkrh gSaA** nqdkunkj] fdlku] :ithok fL=;k¡] Hkaxh] teknkj duSyk dh dFkktSls pfj= gS vkSj âklksUeq[k iwathokn esa lekt dh -^duSyk dh dFkk* esa jkgqy th us vius fir`xzke



lMka/k dks n”kkZ;k x;k gSA ns”kksa tSls Hkkjr] vjc :l vkfn ns”kksa ds gSaA

vuqokn dk;Z ^fujkys ghjs dh [kkst* jkgqy th }kjk vuwfnr mu chl dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg gS tks mUgksaus vius lkfgfR;d 1923&25 bZ0 esa jkgqy th nks o"kZ gtkjhckx tsy thou ds izkjEHk esa fd;k FkkA bu lHkh dgkfu;ksa ij esa FksA mlh vof/k esa mUgksaus LokUr% lq[kk; vaxzsth jkgqy th dh ?kqeDdM+h o`fÙk dh Nki gSA dgkfu;ksa dk miU;klksa dk fgUnh esa ^”kSrku dh vk¡[k*] foLe`fr ds dysoj vfr ekuoh; d:.kk o jgL;ksa ls vksrizksr gSA xHkZ esa] tknw dk eqYd vkSj lksus dh <ky uke ls

vuqokn fd;k FkkA ewy miU;kldkjksa ds uke mUgsa jkgqy th us 1947 ls 1952 ds chp rkftd Hkk"kk ;kn ugha jg x;s FksA vuqokn esa cgqr vf/kd ds N% miU;klksa dk fgUnh esa vuqokn fd;k FkkA buesa LorU=rk ls dke fy;k x;k gSA** blds vfrfjDr ls ik¡p miU;kl nk[kqank] tks nkl Fks] vukFk] vnhuk ,d vkSj miU;kl dk vaxzsth ls vuqokn fujkys ghjs vkSj lwn[kksj dh ekSr ds ys[kd ln:íhu ,suh rFkk dh [kkst* ds uke ls mUgksaus fd;k FkkA “kknh ds ys[kd tyky bdjkeh gSA ^nk[kqank* miU;kl

rkftd Hkk"kk dh cgqewY; fuf/k gSA blesa cq[kkjk vkSj ^”kSrku dh vk¡[k* miU;kl ds eq[; ik= gSa rkftfdLrku dh lcls egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa fot;”kadj] ghjkeksgu] ek/koA os viuh pqukSrhiw.kZ vkSj oxZ ;q) dk fp= [khapk x;k gSA blesa of.kZr ty;k=kvksa }kjk nqyZHk otzef.k dk jgL; mn~?kkfVr ?kVukvksa dk ,d viuk jktuhfrd egÙo gSA nk[kqank djr s g]aS ftl s enq k aZs dh xQq k okyh “krS ku dh vk[¡ k dgk esa] iwohZ cq[kkjk ¼rkftfdLrku½ esa cklefp;ksa dk iSnk tkrk gAS ^foLefr d s xHk Z e*as miU;kl vkRedFkkRed gksuk* vuoj ik”kk dk vkdj muls fey tkuk rFkk “kSyh esa fy[kk x;k gS tks feJ vkSj vÝhdk ds tnhnksa ls mudk ,oa cklefp;ksa ls laca/kksaa dks cM+s iqjkrkfRod LFkyksas dh jgL;kRedrk ,oa muds foLrkj ls crk;k x;k gSA ^tks nkl Fks* miU;kl esa n`"VkUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA miksn~?kkV ls ;g Li"V gksrk bfrgkl ds ,d Hkkx dk cgqr gh Kkuiw.kZ fp=.k gS gS fd blesa Hkh jkgqy th us mRlqdrk txkus okyh vkSj “kq: ls ysdj iztkrU= esa dyk[kkstksa dh LFkkiuk mlh izo`fÙk dk vuqdj.k fd;k gS tSlk fd flag vkSj u;s thou ds fuekZ.k rd ikBd dks ys tkrk gSA lsukifr esa gSAblesa foxr lkS o"kks± dh ?kVukvksa dks vk/kkj cuk;k ^tknw dk eqYd* e/; ,f”k;k esa fLFkr ,d jgL; x;k gSA ,oa jksekap lsa ;qDr LFkku gS tks rqaxkyk tkfr ds

^vukFk* ,d NksVk miU;kl gS] ftls ,suh us eq[; fuokl dk Ik;kZ; gSA blesa ikfy uked tknwxj :Ik ls rkftd vkSj mtcsd ckyd ckfydkvksa ds fy, rqaxkyk tkfr ds euq";ksa ij “kklu djrk gSA rhu fy[kk gS ftuds iztkrU= vQxkfuLrku dh lhek ij lkglh ;qod bl {ks= dh lPpkbZ mtkxj djus dks iM+rs gSA blesa lhekUr ikj ls gksus okys minzoksa dk d`r ladYi gSaA jkgqy th us lksus dh <ky* ds ek/;e o.kZu gSA ;g iqLrd eq[;r;k lhekUr ds r:.k ls oSpkfjd /kjkry ij ,dne u;k iz;ksx fd;k gSA r:f.k;ksa dks ;g ân;LFk djkus ds fy, fy[kh x;h gS fgUnh ds izkfjEHkd dky esa ckcw nsodhuUnu [k=h us fd ekr`Hkwfe dh lhek j{kk ds fy, mUgs afdruk ltx ftl izdkj fryLeh miU;klksa ds i<+us ds izfr :fp jgus dh vko”;drk gSA vnhuk* esa ,suh us ØkfUrdkjh mRiUu dh Fkh] dqN ,slk gh izHkko bl miU;kl esa rktfdLrku dh ,d Hkkoiw.kZ dgkuh rFkk ,d igkM+h fn[kk;h iM+rk gSA blesa lksus dh <ky izkIr djus ds yM+ds ds xjhch ls etcwj gksdj viuh Hkwfe NksM+ dke fy, fd;s x;s la?k"kZ dh dgkuh gSA blds ik= dbZ


dh [kkst esa HkVdus ds thou dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ;g lkeus ykrs gSaA vius ukVdksa esa ân; dks Nw ysus okys miU;kl lejdUn ls fudyus okys vkokts rkftd vusd izHkkoksRiknd xhrkssa dh lqUnj ltZuk djus esa Hkh esa 23 uoecj 1924 bZ0 ls Øe”k% izdkf”kr gqvk FkkA os ihNs ugha jgs gSaA jkgqy th }kjk fy[ks x;s vkBks 1927 bZ0 esa ;g vnhuk* uke ls iqLrdkdkj NikA ukVd ^rhu ukVd* vkSj îk¡p ukVd* nks laxzgksa esa

lfEefyr fd;s x;s gSaA rhu ukVd laxzg esa esgjk:u ^lwn[kksj dh ekSr* miU;kl esa cq[kkjk ds vehjksa ds njq nlk*] ûbdh nfq u;k vkjS tkdas * “kkfey gAaS rhu dk fo'ks"k rkSj ls lfoLrkj o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blesa ukVd d s igy s ukVd egs jk:u d njq nlk* dh “k:q vkr cq[kkjk ds dlkbZ dh Øwjrkiw.kZ dgkuh nh x;h gSA ,d d:.kkijd xhr l s djr s g,q ,d gh ek&¡ cki ls ogk ¡ ,d ijq kuh ikB”kkyk e as vuds ;kXs ; r:.kk as dk mRiUu iq=h esa Hksn Hkko dk ekfeZd fp= [khap dj iq#"k cpiu [kjkc fd;k tkrk FkkA mlh LFkku ij ,d n"q V iz/kku laLd`fr ij mUgksuas lh/ks pksV dh gS&lnw [kkjs vkjS turk d s Hkkjh “k= q d s thou dk volku

gkrs k gAS “kknh miU;kl Hkh rkfUtd Hkk"kk dk gh gAS ,dS ekbZ ciok ls ,d gh mnjok esa]bld s y[s kd dk uke tyky bdjkeh gAS 1929 b0Z l s nwuksa ds tueuok Hkby] js iq:[kokA1939 b0Z d s e/; rkftdLrku e as tk s oKS kfud] vkfFkZd Ikwr ds tueok esa ukp vk lksgj gksyk]rFkk vkS|ksfxd ifjorZu gq,] mldk fo”oLr fp=.k csVh ds tue ijs lksx js iq:[kokAbl miU;kl esa gqvk gSA lgdkjh Ñf"k O;oLFkk dh Hkh /kuok /kjfr;k ij csVok ds gd gksykblesa iz”kalk dh x;h gSA fcfV;k dk dqNq vks uk gd] js iq:[kokA

jkgqy th dh f”keyk ;k=k ds nkSjku dckM+h dh ejnk ds [kbyk debyk ds jgr ck]nqdku ls mUgsa vaxzsth dh ,d iqjkuh fdrkc

frfj;k ds ykxsyk dsokM+ js iq:[kokAAQkmUmlZ vkQ bf.M;k bu fczfVl :y* feyh FkhA

bl ukVd ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus efgykvksa dks bl iqLrd dk Hkh fgUnh vuqokn mUgksuas ^Hkkjr esa

:f<+okfnrk ls eqDr gksdj vius gd dh yM+kbZ ds vaxzsth jkt ds laLFkkid* uke ls fd;k gSA

fy, vkxs vkus dk vkg~oku fd;k gSA jkgqy th us vuqoknd ds :Ik esa mYys[kuh;

nwljk ukVd ûbdh nqfu;k* gS] ftldk izkjEHk dk;Z fd;k gSA og pkgrs Fks fd fo”o dh leLr Js"B

bl xhr ls gksrk gSA d`fr;ksa dk vuqokn fgUnh Hkk"kk esa miyC/k gksA blh

ubdh nqfu;k ds clkSys] bZ dqfy nq[kok tkbZ ukA mn~ns”; ls mUgksaus vaxzsth vkSj rkftd Hkk"kk dh dbZ tgoW ku d s goq s cM + NkVs ykxs ok] lCc S Hkkb Z Hkkb Z ukAd`fr;ksa dk fgUnh esa vuqokn fd;k FkkAdsgq dsr xkty ckM+s vu /ku lksuok] ukVddsgw Hkqf[k;k rM+iS uk]jkgqy lkad`R;k;u us o"kZ 1942 bZ0 esa gtkjhckx dsgq r ugkyk fur vrj xqyyok] tsy thou ds nkSjku Nijk dh Hkk"kk efYydk esa vkB dsgw ifu;k rjlS uk] ukVdksa dh jpuk dh FkhApeok ds NkfM+ tc deok fopkj gksbZ] mUgksaus xzkE;cksyh esa ukVdksa dh jpuk dj rcs Hkqf[k;k Hkkxh ukAAlkekftd ifjorZu ds lkjs vo;oksa dk lkFkZd bl ukVd esa xaMk rkcht] iwtk] mikluk ,oa mi;ksx fd;k vkSj ;s ukVd dkO;s'kq ukVda jE;a* ds

/kkfeZd deZdk.Mksa dh f[kYyh mM+k;h x;h gSA vk/kkj ij jkgqy th dk leFkZ dfo :i Hkh gekjs


vius :l izokl ds nkSjku jkgqy th us ogk¡ dh vk tqVgquq lf[k;k leqgsa] bZ vkf[kj csfj yM+b;kAlkE;oknh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks utnhd ls ns[kk Fkk] jkgqy th ds nwljs laxzg ^ik¡p ukVd* esa <quequ ftlesa 'kks"k.k dk uke ugha Fkk] vehj&xjhc dk Hksn usrk] tjeuok ds gkj fugp;] tifu;k jkNN] bZ ugha Fkk] dke vkSj vf/kdkj dh lekurk FkhA gekj yM+kbZ vkSj nsljPNd ukVd ladfyr gSaA

ikjEifjd izo`fÙk;ksa ls gV dj uohurk ds vkxzgh Vquequ usrk eas ,d ,sls dkaxzslh usrk dk fp=.k gS tks jkgqy dk dguk Fkk fd] fxjfxV dh rjg jax cnyus eas fuiq.k gS rFkk ftldk

u dksbZ fl)kUr gS u pfj=A og eap ls tehankjksa ds <kgk Hkby iqjudk ?kj bZfo:) Hkk"k.k nsdj dkaxzsl dks oksV nsus dh ckr djrk ubdh usao djk rb;kjgS ysfdu tc tehankjh mUewyu dh ckr vkrh gS rks ubZ gosyh fljtk HkkbZLo;a tehankj gksus ds ukrs tehankjksa ds i{k esa gks tkrk u;dk gksbZ vc lalkjgSA nqgjh Hkwfedk thus okys usrk <quequ dk ifjp; bu ukVd tksad* esa nwljksa ds Je vkSj iSls ij ekSt iafDr;ksa esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA mM+kus okys eBk/kh”kksa dks tksad dh laKk nsrs gq, ik=

budj <quequ gos ukWo bZ usrk gosa cM+HkkjhAuksgj }kjk bl dFku esa ifjHkkf"kr djk;k x;k gSA** dcgw¡ pj[kok [knjok ds xhr xkos feyds dcg¡w eq¡g rkjhAtsruk yksx nqljk ds dekbZ ij] nqljk ds ilhuk ij] dcgw¡ fdluok] etqjok ds jtok] lsBu ds dcgw¡ iqNkjhAnqljk ds [kwu ij th;Syk] Å lc tksad goSaA tc ys

tksad nqfu;k esa jfg gSa] tcys tksadu ds ljnkjh jgh] fNfi fNfi d s xko s tiuok s d s fxfr;k] budj jg s gkfs 'k;kjhArc ys etnwju] fdlkuu] tkaxjokyu ds gkWM+h ij 'ks"k pkjksa ukVd f}rh; fo”o;q) dh i`"BHkwfe ij <duh uk cbBhA** bu tksadksa ls eqfDr fnyk dj og fy[ks x;s gSaA buesa tjeuok ds gkj fugp;* esa teZuh ,d ,slh nqfu;k dh dYiuk djrs gSa] ^tkSuk esa tksad dh gkj fu”p; gksus dh Hkfo";ok.kh dh x;h gS] tks u jgsa] ftenkj] fey ekfyd] lsB lkgwdkj uk jgsa] lR; Hkh gqvkA bl yM+kbZ ls fdlku etnwjksa dks gksus tkSuk esa lc dsgw ds nsg ls dke djSds iM+s] lc dsgw okys d"V dk Hkh mYys[k ukVd esa fd;k x;k gSA ds [kk;s] diM+k jgs ds iwjk bUrtke gks[ksA leqPpk ^tifu;k jkNN* ukVd esa tkikfu;ksa }kjk dksfj;k ns”k vkSj nqfu;k ds ,xks [kkunku cfu tk;A gj ,oa phu esa fd;s x;s vR;kpkjksa rFkk tkiku esa iuirh dfj;k&xksj& cM+dh&cM+dh ru[okg okyh tksad gqbZ os”;ko`fÙk ij izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSAlekIr gks tk;A ^bZ gekj yM+kbZ* esa f}rh; egk;q) dks turk dh

muds lHkh rhu ukVdksa dk var fuEukafdr xhr yM+kbZ] ^ihiqYl okj* dk uke nsdj fcuk fdlh Hksn ls gksrk gSA izR;sd ukVd pkj vadksa esa foHkDr gSa rFkk Hkko ds mlesa [kqydj Hkkx ysus gsrq izksRlkfgr fd;k muesa ukVd ds ik=ksa dh la[;k Øe”k% vkB] ckjg ,oa x;k gSA ^nsljPNd* ukVd esa fgUnqLrkuh flikfg;ksa mUuhl gSA dh cgknqjh dk mYys[k gSA tc tkikfu;ksa dh ce o"kkZ

mB mB js Hkq[kcU/kqbZ mBq js /kjrh ds vHkfx;kA ls Mj dj yksx cekZ vkSj caxky ls Hkkx jgs Fks] ml ck U;k; ctj ?ksgjkor] tuer cf<+;k laljokA le; ns”kj{kk dh Hkkouk ls vksrizksr gks Hkkjrh; i:q fot fQu q ukgh a ckUgh] mB q j s vc ufg a r s cUgbq AZ lSfudksa }kjk n”kkZ;h x;h] ohjrk gh ukVd dk eq[; ub uoas mBr ck txok] uk jgyh lc fdN q gkbs ohA dF; gSA


jkgqy th }kjk ;s lHkh vkB ukVd tutkx`fr ds ds fnu] tks izsj.kknk;d gksa] of.kZr gksa] rks fuf”pr gh mn~ns”; ls yksd Hkk"kk efYydk esa vktknh ds igys mudk ewY; gksxkA jkgqy th }kjk fy[kh x;h 1942 esa fy[ks x;sA os tkurs Fks fd yksd lkfgR; vkSj vkRedFkk] tks esjh thou ;k=k* ds uke ls fyfic) yksd Hkk"kk ds lgh mi;ksx ds fcuk yksd tkxj.k gS] 63 o"kks± ds laLej.kksa dks lesVs ,d ,slh gh lEHko ugha gS] D;ksafd okLrfod yksdthou dk Kkuo/kZd ,oa mi;ksxh d`fr gSA gtkj ls vf/kd i`"Bksa ;FkkFkZ yksdlkfgR; esa izfrfcfEcr gksrk gSA esa lek;h esjh thou ;k=k* ik¡p [k.Mksa esa foHkDr gSA

;fn bl thou ;k=k dks fo'odks"k dgk tk; rks dksbZ jkgqy th us vius ukVdksa dk vkjEHk vkSj vUr vfr”k;ksfDr ugha gksxhA blesa mudk lEiw.kZ thou xhrksa ls fd;k gS] ;s xhr yksdthou vkSj vafdr gSA igyk [k.M jkgqy th us viuh Le`fr ds yksdlaLd`fr ds izfr mudh xgjh vkLFkk ds izek.k vk/kkj ij gtkjhckx ds tsy thou esa 16 vizSy 1940 gSaA fonsfl;k] vkYgk] dg¡jok] lksgj vkfn /kquksa dk bZ0 ls 14 twu 1940 bZ0 ds chp fy[k fy;k FkkA blesa mi;ksx dj jkgqy th us yksdlÙkk dks Lohdkj gh tUe ds 9 vizSy 1893 ls vizSy 1927 rd ds thou ugha fd;k gS] eqfDrdkeh psruk ds izlkj eas mls dk ys[kk tks[kk of.kZr gSA dky [k.M ds vuqlkj gfFk;kj cuk;k gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa la?k"kZ psruk vkSj bldks mUgksaus ckY; ¼1893&1900 bZ0½] rk:.; ;FkkFkZ psruk txkus ds fy, jkgqy th us budk ¼1910&14 bZ0½] uoizdk”k ¼1915&22 bZ0½] jktuhfr iz.k;u fd;k gSA buds ik= xzkeh.k ifjos”k ds gSa izos”k ¼1921&27 bZ0½ 'kh"kZdksa okys pkj v/;k;ksa ,oa ftUgsa f[kykM+h dgk x;k gSA buds lEokn rRdkyhu ifjf'k"V] ftlesa 1922 dh Mk;fj;ksa ds va”k rFkk :f<+xzLr lekt ij dgha O;aX;kRed dVk{k djrs gSa lkad`R;k;u oa”k dk fooj.k fn;k x;k gS] esa ckaVk gSA rks dgha iwjh ckSf)drk ds lkFkA ukVdksa dh vUrZoLrq

ds vuq:Ik “kCn la;kstu] laokn la;kstu vkSj Hkk"kk nwljs [k.M esa jkgqy ds Ik;ZVd thou dk fp=.k gS “kSyh dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA ;s ukVd eapu dh ftlesa Jhyadk] frCcr] ;wjksi] yík[k] tkiku] lksfo;r n`f"V ls Hkh vfr lQy gks ldrs gSa D;ksafd n`”;cU/k Hkwfe dh ;k=kvksa dk lkaxksikax o.kZu gS] lkFk gh Hkh dF;kuq:Ik gSA fdlku lR;kxzg] dkjkokl thou] ckS)/keZ ds ckn

lkE;okn dh vksj >qdko vkfn dk Hkh fooj.k fn;k vkRedFkkx;k gSA f}rh; [k.M dk dky[k.M ebZ 1927 ls cpiu ls gh ftKklq jkgqy ds ân; esa vDVwcj 1944 bZ0 rd ls lEcfU/kr gSA fnukuqfnu Kku dk [ktkuk c<+rk tk jgk FkkA muds

r`rh; [k.M esa bZjku vkSj :l esa chrs le; rFkk lEidZ lw=ksa dh dM+h yEch gksrh tk jgh Fkh] nqfu;k ogk¡ ds lkekftd] jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd thou Hkh muds dneksa ds uhps gksus yxh FkhA bl izdkj dh >k¡dh nh x;h gSA blesa uoEcj 1944 bZ0 ls 15 LokHkkfod gh gS fd fur u;s u;s vuqHkoksa ls iwfjr vxLr 1947 bZ0 rd dh ?kVuk;sa izLrqr dh x;h gSA mudk eu dqN vki chrh dqN tx chrh fy[kus dks ;g rhljk Hkkx ^:l esa iPphl ekl* uke ls iwoZ esa m|r gksA muds }kjk fy[kh x;h vkRedFkk] mudh vyx iqLrd ds :i esa izdkf”kr gSA blh lfØ;rk dk ifj.kke gSA

pkSFkk [k.Mk 17 vxLr 1947 ls 31 fnlEcj 1950 vkRedFkk ;fn ek= vkRe”yk?kk gS rks bldk rd dh vof/k esa ?kfVr ?kVukvksa dk ys[kk tks[kk gSA dksbZ eryc ugha] fdUrq vkRedFkk ;fn thou ds mu blesa muds 1947 bZ0 esa gq, cEcbZ esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; izlaxksa ls tqM+h gS] ftuesa thou ds mrkj p<+ko] la?k"kZ


fgUnh lkfgR; lEesyu ds lHkkifr pqus tkus] lk{kkRdkj :Ik ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ;g iqLrd bl ifjHkk"kk fuekZ.k ds dke esa tqVus] oS”kkyh] fdUuj ns”k] vk”k; dk Hkh mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gS fd jkgqy th “kkfUr fudsru] dfyE;kax] uSuhrky] elwjh vkfn dks vius ns”k ,oa ns”kokfl;ksa ls fdruk I;kj FkkA bl LFkkuksa ij tkus] jgus] gSnjkckn fgUnh lkfgR; iqLrd dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd jkgqy th us lEesyu ds vf/kos”ku esa Hkkx ysus rFkk ifjokj clk ftu thouhuk;dksa ij ys[kuh MqykbZ gS] muls Lo;a ysus dh ?kVuk;sa izLrqr dh x;h gSA O;fDrxr lEidZ djds okafNr fooj.k izkIr fd;k gSA

blesa “ksjs d”ehj “ks[k vCnqYyk] dkejsM ;wlwQ] ikp¡ o as [k.M e as ,d tuojh 1951 l s mud s tUe d siwjupUn tks”kh] lTtkn tghn] lgtkuUn ljLorh frjlB o"k Z ijw s gkus s d s fnu vFkkrZ ~~~ uk S viySz 1956 b0Z ,l-th- lj nslkbZ] Hkkj}kt] ,l-,- Mkaxsa ysts , rd dk fooj.k vfa dr gAS u;h lkfgR; ;kts uk l s tMq u+ ]s vgen] dYiuknÙk tks”kh] cafde eq[kthZ] ih- lqUnjS;k] cnhz ukFk] dns kjukFk] uis ky] eljw h] fgekpy] Nijk

dydÙkk vkfn LFkkuk as dh ;k=k] cVs h t;k ,o a i=q trs k ds dsjfyiu] vkj-ch- eksjs] Mk0 xaxk/kj vf/kdkjh] Mk0 dk tUe vkfn bl vof/k dh e[q ; ?kVuk; as gAaS ds ,e- v”kjQ] ,l-,l- okVyhokyk] eqgEen “kkfgn]

lS;n tekyqnn~hu cq[kkjh] Qty bykgh dqjoku] ^esjh thou ;k=k* ds izFke rhu Hkkx jkgqy th ds eqckjdlkxj] egeqnTtQj] lw;Zdkar f=ikBh fujkyk] thou dky esa gh izdkf”kr gks x;s Fks fdUrq prqFkZ ,oa lqfe=kuUnu iUr vkfn dqy 42 mYys[kuh; O;fDr;ksa iape Hkkx mudh e`R;q ds pkj lky ckn vFkkZr~~~ 1967 dh thofu;k¡] gj O;fDr ls lk{kkRdkj dj] mudh bZ0 esa izdkf”kr gq,A vfUre nksukas Hkkxksa dks vius

thou dky esa izdkf”kr ns[kus ds izfr mudh ikfjokfjd oa”k ijEijk] cpiu] dk;Z] lkekftd] mRlqdrk Hkh ugha FkhA jktuSfrd la?k"kZ vkSj ?kVukvksa dk fo"kn fooj.k

izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr esa lektoknh] lkE;oknh Tkhouh ,oa laLej.kfopkjksa ds bfrgkl ij “kks/k dk;Z djus okyksa ds fy, jkgqy th ds ftuls lEcU/k Fks] ftudh ns”kfgr] ;g mi;ksxh xzUFk gSA fo”ofgr esa eq[; Hkwfedk Fkh] ftuds dk;Z vuqdj.kh; Ckpiu dh Le`fr;k¡Fks] jkgqy th pkgrs Fks fd yksx muds pfj= dks

i<+dj Lo;a dks Å¡pk mBk;sa] ;ksxnku ls ifjfpr ^cpiu dh Le`fr;k¡* vkRedFkk “kSyh esa fy[kh x;h gksdj drZO; {ks= esa vkxs vk;saA QyLo:Ik mudh ,d laLej.k iqLrd gSA blesa Le`fr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ys[kuh ls thouh ijd] laLej.kkRed dbZ jpuk;sa vius ckY;thou dh ?kVukvksa dk o.kZu jkgqy th us fu%l`r gqbZA fd;k gSA ;g iqLrd muds tUe tuin esa ?kVh ,d u;s Hkkjr ds u;s usrk midkj ?kVuk dk izfrQy gSA m0iz0 ljdkj us jkgqy

th dks vktex<+ tuin dk xtsfV;j rS;kj djus ds ^u;s Hkkjr ds u;s usrk* egÙoiw.kZ thofu;ksa ,oa fy, vf/kd`r fd;k FkkA blh lUnHkZ esa Qjojh 1957 js[kkfp=ksa dk laxzg gSA mleas eq[; :Ik ls jktuhfr bZ0 esa og ,d lIrkg ds fy, vktex<+ vk;s Fks vkSj ls tqM+s yksxksa ij gh izdk”k Mkyk x;k gS fdUrq dqN vktex<+ ds ,d i=dkj T;ksfrLo:Ik flag] tks ,d lkfgR;dkjksa ds Hkh laLej.k gSaA jkgqy th us of.kZr lkIrkfgd i= deZ;ksxh* ds lEiknd Hkh Fks] ds vkokl pfj=ksa dks ns”k dh rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lUnHkZ ij Bgjs gq, FksA mUgksuass T;ksfrLo:Ik flag ls tc esa ns[kk gSA bu thofu;ksa esa Hkkjr dh ml le; if=dk ds izlkj ds laca/k esa iwNk rks Jh flag us crk;k ¼1942&43 bZ0½ dh fofo/k leL;kvksa ,oa la?k"kks± dk


Eksjs vlg;ksx ds lkFkh fd xzkgd la[;k de gksus ds dkj.k vc bls pyk ikuk dfBu gks jgk gSA flag us vkxzg fd;k fd ;fn êsjs vlg;ksx ds lkFkh* iqLrd esa egkRek xk¡/kh ds vkids ys[k bl i= ds fy, izkIr gks rks xzkgd la[;k vlg;kxs vkUnkys u d s lkfFk;k as eFkjq k ckc]w uxukjk;.k c<+ ldrh gSA jkgqy th us mUgsa vius ys[k nsuk frokjh] ckcw e/kqlwnu flag] ckcw jkemnkj jk;] ckcw Lohdkj dj fy;kA elwjh ykSVdj mUgksaus ^tUeHkwfe jkecgknqj yky] ia0 fxjh”k frokjh] xksLokeh Qwyunso ee ije lqgkou* Jà[kyk ds vUrxZr tUexzke] fxfj] ckcw egsUnz izlkn] ckck >kM+w nkl] gd lkgc] fuokl] tuin] lEidZ] ioZ] bfrgkl vkfn ij lUr dìky nkl] ckcw tyslj izlkn vkfn vM+rhl dsfUnzr yxHkx rhu ntZu ys[kksa dh jpuk dh vkSj egkuqHkkoksa ds laLej.k gSaA bu laLej.kksa ds ik= eq[; mUgsa T;ksfrLo:Ik flag dks izdk”kukFkZ Hkst fn;k tks :Ik ls fcgkj izns”k ds Nijk] ,dek] fllou] ^deZ;ksxh* esa /kkjkokfgd izdkf”kr gq,A mUgha ys[kksa j?kqukFkiqj vkfn Fkkuksa ls lacaf/kr gSA buds ek/;e ls dk laxzg cpiu dh Le`fr;k¡* 'kh"kZd iqLrd gSA Nijk ds xzkeh.k thou dk] mu lkfFk;ksa esa fon~;eku vrhr ls orZeku jk"Vªh; Hkkoukvksa dk cM+s gh izHkko”kkyh <ax ls o.kZu

fd;k x;k gAS ;g iLq rd jkgyq th dh ,d lLa ej.k ^vrhr ls orZeku* iqLrd ds ys[kkas dks rhu jpuk d s lkFk lkFk viu s n”s kokfl;k as dk s mudh LorU=rk [k.Mksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA izFke [k.M pfj= rFkk vius vius vkRe lEeku dh j{kk djus dk Hkh fo"k;d gS ftlesa egUr cks/kkuUn egkLFkfoj ftudh lna ”s k nrs h g]S tk s O;Fk Z ugh a tkrhA ble as viu s le; d sizsj.kk ls jkgqy th ds eu esa ckS) /keZ ds izfr :fp lkekU; urs k l s yds j lkekU; tulos d rd dh los kvk asc<+h Fkh] ekSyoh egs”k izlkn] ftUgsa og xq: leku dk vR;Ur ekfedZ :Ik l s fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA ekurs Fks rFkk vkxjk vk;Zlekt ls tqM+us ds le; ftudk eSa d`rKmuls vjch Hkk"kk dk Kku izkIr fd;k Fkk]

vdknehf”k;u okjkfRrdkso ftUgksaus :lh Hkk"kk esa ftu lkekU; ;k fof'k"V tuksa ls jkgqy th ds jkepfjr ekul dk vuqokn fd;k Fkk] usikyh lEidZ Fks rFkk mUgksaus le; le; ij jkgqy th dk egkdfo nsodksVk ftuls og vf/kd izHkkfor Fks rFkk lkFk fn;k Fkk] muds izfr d`rKrk Kkiu dks og dqN vU; egkiq#"kksa ds laLej.k fn;s x;s gSaA ;s pfj= viuk /keZ le>rs FksA mUgsa gh Lej.k djrs gq, jkgqy vrhr ls orZeku ds foLr`r dky[k.M ls tqM+s gq, gSaA th us ^ftudk eSa d`rK* iqLrd esa LFkku fn;k gSA bu thou pfj=ksa esa ,sls O;fDr gSa ftUgksaus ns”k fons”k iqLrd esa ftuds laLej.k gS] muls jkgqy th ds eas ?kqeDdM+h ,oa] ckS)/keZ ds izpkj izlkj esa ;ksxnku ?kfu"B lEcU/k Fks vr% muds pfj= ls lacaf/kr of.kZr fn;k gSA buesa dqN bfrgkldkj gS rks dqN ?kVukvksa] fLFkfr;ksa ,oa euksn”kkvksa dks O;Dr djus esa lektlsoh ,oa lkfgR;dkj gSaA f}rh; [k.M esa dyk] og iw.kZr% lQy gks lds gSaA iqLrd esa 53 O;fDr;ksa bfrgkl vkSj /keZ fo"k;d cq) dk n”kZu] t; yqfEcuh ftuesa jkenhu ekek] ;ksxs”k] ijegal ckck] ekSyoh vkfn ys[k gSA r`rh; [k.M ns”k n”kZu ds vUrxZr egs”k izlkn] lR;ukjk;.k dfojy] ia0 lUrjke] igkM+h nhokyh] izFke fgeikr] x<+oky izns”k elwjh cynso pkScs] dk”kh izlkn tk;loky] HknUr vkuUn vkfn ys[k izLrqr gSaA dqy ys[kksa dh la[;k 27 gS] dkS”kY;k;u] vkpk;zZ ujsUnz nso] flYok ysoh] blesa mUgksaus lkaLd`frd fuf/k;ksa dh gks jgh mis{kk ij “psokZrLdh] cnzhukFk izlkn] x;k izlkn “kqDy] egknso nq%[k Hkh O;Dr fd;k gSA iafMr] ekSyoh xqyke xkSl] czãpkjh pØikf.k vkSj


lkFkh egewn vkfn eq[; gSa] ds laLej.k ljy “kSyh esa Hkkouk muds eu esa cyorh gks mBh FkhA tkiku ds izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA lEcU/k esa fy[ks x;s ,d fuca/k esa mUgksuas fy[kk Fkk fd]

^^vxj tkiku tSlk NksVk ns”k :l dks gjk ldrk gS ?kqeDdM+ Lokehrks fgUnqLrku tSls cM+s eqYd dk baXyS.M tSls NksVs ns”k 1890 bZ0 ds vklikl dkuiqj esa tUesa dks gjkuk nk;sa ck;sa gkFk dk [ksy gSaA**gfj”kj.kkuUn dh jkgqy th ls igyh foLr`r HksaV 7

jkgqy th ljnkj i`Foh flag ds jksekafpd dk;ksZa ls vxLr 1950 bZ0 dks elwjh essa gqbZ FkhA gfj”kj.kkuUn izsfjr FksA mUgksuas mudh Vkbi dh gqbZ vkRedFkk vkSj th Hkh jkgqy dh gh HkkWfr ?kqeDdM+h ds “kkSdhu FksA muls O;fDrxr :Ik ls izkIr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij mUgksuas ekuljksoj vkSj fgeky; ds vU; dfBu mudh thouh fy[khA ;g iLq rd fujUrj l?a k"k”Z khy LFkkuksa dh ;k=k;sa dh FkhA mUgksaus ;ksx lk/kuk dh thou rFkk ØkfUrdkjh n”s kHkDr dh mexa k as ,o a fuHkhdZ rk FkhA mUgsa vk;qosZn dk vPNk Kku FkkA jkgqy th dh dh nkLrku gAS bldh lHkh ?kVuk;sa ;FkkFkZijd gksus ds gfj”kj.kkuUn ls fnukuqfnu ?kfu"Brk c<+rh x;h FkhA lkFk gh jkspdrk ls Hkh Hkjh gSaA og mUgsa I;kj ls HkS;k dgrs FksA ns”k dh jktuhfr esa

Hkh mudh vPNh iSB FkhA nksuksa yksxkas dk izk;% ,d ohjpUnz flag x<+okyhnlw j s d s ?kj vkuk tkuk gkrs k FkkA Hk;S k d s ijsz d O;fDrRo ^ohj pUnz flag x<+okyh ¼1891&1979½ ,d cgknqj l s iHz kkfor gkds j jkgyq th u s o"k Z 1956 b0Z e as mudh lSfud FksA 23 vizSy 1930 dk fnu FkkA [kku vCnqy thouh fy[k Mkyh tk s ^?keq DdM + Lokeh* d s uke l s NihA x¶Qkj [kku dks fxj¶rkj fd;s tkus ds fojks/k esa ckjg v/;k;ksa esa foHkDr bl d`fr esa ;k=k vkSj thouh muds vuq;k;h vkSj cgqr ls fugRFks lR;kxzgh is”kkoj nksuksa fo/kkvksa dk vn~Hkqr lfEeJ.k gSA ds fdLlk[kkuh cktkj vkSj lM+dksa ij izn”kZu dj jgs Lkjnkj i`Foh flag FksA bl izn”kZu ls ukjkt fczfVl vf/kdkfj;ksa us

v/khuLFk x<+okyh daiuh ftlds eq[; pUnzflag Lkjnkj i`Foh flag cM+s lkglh iq#"k FksA jkgqy th x<+okyh Fks] dks lR;kxzfg;ksa ds Åij xksyh pykus dk dh muls cM+h ?kfu"Brk Fkh vkSj og mudh vkns”k fn;kA pUnzflag x<+okyh us ml vkns”k dk ØkfUrdkjh fopkj/kkjk ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA vesfjdk fojks/k fd;k vkSj dgk fd lR;kxzgh fugRFks gSa] muds fuokl ds le; ljnkj i`Foh flag xnj ikVhZ dh Åij xksyh ugha pysxhA ifj.kke ;g gqvk dh ml xfrfof/k;ksa ls tqM+s gq, FksA rhl o"kZ dh mez esa dEiuh ds vf/kdka”k lSfud c[kkZLr dj fn;s x;sA vesfjdk ds lq[ke; thou dks Bqdjk dj og Hkkjrh; pUnzflag x<+okyh dks vkthou dkjkokl dh ltk LorU=rk laxzke esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, Hkkjr vk x;sA gqbZA mudh py vpy lEifRr uhyke dj nh x;hA ;gk¡ mUgsa dkyk ikuh dh ltk gqbZA ljnkj i`Foh flag ifjokj dks vusd dfBukb;ksa ls xqtjuk iM+kA jkgqy ds eu esa cpiu ls gh ns”kizse dh Hkkouk ?kj dj x;h th ds muls O;fDrxr lEcU/k FksA og mUgsa I;kj ls FkhA tc og cekZ esa d{kk pkj ds Nk= Fks] mUgksaus cM+s HkkbZ dgrs FksA LdkV dh ,d dfork i<+h Fkh ftlus muds ân; esa

ns”k izse dh Hkkouk txk nhA Hkkjr ykSVus ij mUgksuas x<+okyh th ds eqdnesa dh iSjoh cSfjLVj Lo;a ds izfr lkspk fd ^;g vkneh e`rkRek lk lkal eqdqUnyky us dh FkhA mUgksuas og i=koyh jkgqy th ys jgk gS] ftlus dHkh vius ls ugha dgk fd ;g esjh dks miyC/k djk nh FkhA 1933 bZ0 rd fy[kh x;h ekr`Hkwfe gSA** fo|kFkhZ thou esa gh Hkkjr izse dh mudh vkRedFkk Hkh jkgqy th dks fey x;h FkhA


muds thou ds laca/k esa muls O;fDrxr lEidZ eksg FkkA vko”;drkuqlkj muds J)kyq HkDr mudh djds Hkh jkgqy th us vusd tkudkfj;ka izkIr dh lgk;rk dj fn;k djrs FksA jkgqy th ls mudh izFke FkhaA bl izkIr lkexzh ds vk/kkj ij jkgqy th us 7 HksaV frCcr esa gqbZ FkhA dbZ o"kZ ckn iqu% o"kZ 1961 bZ0 esa flrEcj 1955 dks x<+okyh th dh thouh dks fy[kuk nkthZfyax eas tc mudh jkgqy th ls nqckjk HksaV gqbZ rks “kq: fd;kA bl iqLrd esa mUgksaus x<+okyh th dk mudh lkgfld xfrfof/k;ksa ls izsfjr gksdj jkgqay th lEiw.kZ thou fy;k gS lkFk gh bl pfj=uk;d ds us mudh thouh fy[kus dk fu”p; fd;kA mUgsa vius thou lw= dk fodkl] la?k"kZ] ?kkr izfr?kkr vkSj ?kj j[kk vkSj muls iwN iwN dj uksV~l ysdj mudh euksoSKkfud mrkj p<+ko dk dykiw.kZ <ax ls o.kZu thouh fy[khA jkgqy th bl thouh dks foLrkj ls fd;k gSA fy[kuk pkgrs Fks fdUrq vLoLFkrk ds dkj.k viuh

bPNk ds vuq:Ik thouh rS;kj u dj ldsA t;o/kZu dIrku ykyth dk LoHkko cM+k fofp= FkkA jkgqy th ds vuqlkj] nkthZfyax fLFkr jkgqy fuokl ds lehi gh ,d ^^mudk ân; cgqr lkQ gS] ysfdu dM+ok lR; cksys QkSth vQlj dq¡oj tloUr pUn yky jgrs Fks] ftUgsa fcuk ckr ugha djrsA fdlh txg T;knk fVdus ij lc yksx yky lkgc ds lEcks/ku ls iqdkjrs FksA og muds “k=qvksa dh la[;k c<+ tkrh gS] fo'ks"kdj ,sls f}rh; egk;q) esa bEQky vkSj cekZ esa rFkk blds “k=qvksa dh tks muds }kjk viuk LokFkZ fl) djuk igys is”kkoj dh rjQ fczfVl QkSt esa dIrku FksA pkgrs gSaA**iM+ksl esa jgus ds dkj.k izk;% izfrfnu jkgqy th dh flagy ds ohjmuls HksaV gqvk djrh FkhaA muls tkudkjh ysdj

jkgyq th u s mudh thouh o"k Z 1961 e as ^dIrkuyky* ^flagy ds ohj* iqLrd esa Jhyadk ds pfjruk;dksa] 'kh"kdZ l s fy[khA bl thouh esa] tgk¡ tgk¡ dIrkuyky ftudh la[;k lkr gS] dk thou ifjp; izLrqr fd;k jgs] ml HkwHkkx dk HkkSxksfyd ifjp; nsrs gq,] ogk¡ ds x;k gSA ys[kksa ds 'kh"kZd flagy ds izFke ohj fot;] yksxksa ds jgu lgu ,oa jhfrfjoktksaq dk o.kZu djus ds izFke ckS) /keZ izpkjd egsUnz] vts; ohj nq"V xzke.kh] lkFk gh ukxkvksa vkSj ukxk izns”kksa dk Hkh cgqr ltho flagy ds =k.kdrkZ fot; ckgw] iksrqZxht nyu drkZ fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA bEQky vkSj cekZ dh igkfM+;ksa fVdjh e.Mkj vkfn gaSAesa gqbZ yM+kb;ksa ds vkd"kZd vkSj euksjatd mYys[k ds Lrkfyudkj.k ;g dsoy thouh u jgdj jkspd miU;kl lk Lrkfyu :l ds izeq[k jktusrk FksA mUgksasus yxus yxrk gSA ;g mud ys[kdh; thou dh lkE;oknh O;oLFkk dks vkfFkZd :i ls etcwr djus vfUre d`fr gSA vkSj mls dkfLrokn ds ?kkrd ladV ls ikj djkus dk flagy ?kqeDdM+ t;o/kZu egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;k FkkA mudk thou iqjkus ;qx ds

^flagy ?kqeDdM+ t;o/kZu* ,d foLe`r lkglh foukl vkSj u;s ;qx ds fodkl dh dgkuh gSA mUgksaus ;k=h t;o/kZu] ftudk ckS) uke bUnlqeu gS] dh iw¡thoknh 'kks"k.k] lkezkT;oknh xqykeh vkSj ;q) ds thouh gSA og tUetkr ?kqeDdM+ FksA mUgksuas frCcr fo:) esgurdl balkuksa dh vksj ls la?k"kZ fd;k Fkk vkSj usiky ds xzkeksa vkSj tuinksa dh iSny ;k=k dh rFkk blesa lQyrk izkIr dh FkhA og pkgrs Fks fd ,d FkhA ckS) fHk{kq gksus ds ukrs mudh vU; fdlh izdkj LoLFk lekt dk fuekZ.k gks] jk"Vªksa dks vktknh feys dh vfHkyk"kk;sa ugha Fkh] u mUgsa :Ik;s iSls dk gh dksbZ vkSj fo”o esa “kkfUr dh LFkkiuk gksA Lrkfyu dh bUgha


lc fo'ks"krkvksa ls jkgqy izHkkfor FksA muds le; esa nhA ;gk¡ rd fd muds leFkZd ;k vuq;k;h gh ugha] gh mUgksuas nks o"kZ :l esa fcrk;s Fks vkSj muds usr`Ro esa muds fojks/kh rFkk izfr}U}h rd mudh mis{kk u dj gqbZ izR;sd {ks= esa izxfr dks viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[kk FkkA ldsA jkgqy lkad`R;k;u mu dkyZekDl dh fopkj/kkjk vr% mUgksuas mudh thouxkFkk dks ,d iqLrd ds :Ik ls csgn izHkkfor Fks vkSj mudh jpukvksa esa vf/kdka”k esa mrkj fn;kA ;g d`fr ^Lrkfyu* tSls lkE;oknh LFkyksa ij dkyZekDlZ dh fpUrun`f"V dh Nki LFkku usrk ds thou ,oa d`R;ksa] tkj”kkgh ,oa lkE;okfn;ksa LFkku ij fn[kk;h nsrh gSA jkgqy th us ^dkyZekDlZ* ds la?k"kZ ds fo"kn fp=.k ds lkFk gh :lh tuthou iqLrd ds ek/;e ls dkyZekDlZ ds thouo`Ùk] muds dk ltho vkdyu gSA muds futh thou ds ckjs esa d`frRo ,oa mudh fpUrd] nk”kZfud n`f"V ij fHkUu fHkUu iqLrdksa] i=if=dkvksa esa miyC/k lkexzh foLrkjiwoZd izdk”k Mkyk gSA rFkk muds fe=ksa ls izkIr tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij ekvks ps rqaqxmudk thou n`”; bl iqLrd esa mdsjk x;k gSA jkgqy lkad`R;k;u ij lkE;okn dh xgjh Nki Fkh LVkfyu dk ;ksxnku mUgsa izsj.kknk;h yxk Fkk fdUrq vkSj Fkh ekDlZokn ds izfr vVwV fu"BkA blh fu"Bk ds mUgsa mudh O;fDriwtk [kVdrh FkhA jkgqy ds dkj.k mUgksaus dkyZekDlZ dh thouh fy[kh vkSj mu vuqlkj O;fDriwtk lkE;okn ds f[kykQ gSA usrkvksa ij Hkh viuh ys[kuh pyk;h ftUgksaus ysfuu dkyZekDlZ dks viuk /;s; cuk;kA mUgha usrkvksa esa

phu ds yksdfiz; usrk ekvks ps rqax dk Hkh uke gSA phu :l esa vkrad dk Ik;kZ; cus tkj”kkgh dks lekIr Hkkjr ,d nwljs ds iM+kslh ns”k gSa vkSj iwoZ esa nksuksa ds djus eas ysfuu dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gSA ysfuu ?kfu"B laca/k Hkh FksA ekvks dh pkfjf=d fo'ks"krkvksa ls cksy”ksfod ikVhZ ds vxqok vkSj etnwj oxZ ds usrk FksA jkgqy th vizHkkfor ugha FksA vr% mUgksuas ekvks ps rqax ysfuu dk ØkfUrdkjh thou vR;Ur izHkko”kkyh ,oa ds O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo ij izdk”k Mkyus okyh yxHkx lkgl ls Hkjk FkkA cksy”ksfod vkUnksyu ds fy, og pkj lkS i`"Bksa dh iqLrd ^ekvks ps rqax* dh jpuk o"kZ fdlh Hkh [krjs esa lh/ks mrjus ls ugha Mjrs FksA bUgha 1954 bZ0 esa dhA fof”k"Vrkvksa us jkgqy dks izHkkfor fd;k Fkk] vkSj vEcsMdjmUgksuas ysfuu ds thou ,oa mudh miyfC/k;ksa ij

^vEcsMdj* 'kh"kZd ls fy[kh x;h bl izdk”k Mkyus okyh egÙoiw.kZ iqLrd ysfuu dh jpuk iqfLrdk esa usiky esa fn;s x;s ckck lkgc vEcsMdj ls dhA bl iqLrd esa jkgqy th us ysfuu dks nqfu;k ds lacaf/kr Hkk"k.k ladfyr gSaA Jethfo;ksa] xjhcksa dh n”kk esa lq[kn ifjorZu ykus ;k=k lkfgR;okys ,d egkekuo ds :Ik esa fpf=r fd;k gS rFkk esjh yn~nk[k ;k=k&muds fopkjksa ,oa fl)kUrksa dks cgqr l”kDr “kSyh esa

izLrqr fd;k gSA jkgqy lkad`R;k;u dk ;k=k lkfgR; lokZf/kd dkyZekDlZ le`) gSA mUgksaus o"kZ 1926 bZ0 esa yn~nk[k dh ;k=k

dh FkhA lEHko gS ;g ;k=k o.kZu mUgksaus 1926 bZ0 essa dkyZekDlZ dh x.kuk fo”o ds tkus ekus gh dj Mkyk gks fdUrq esjh yn~nk[k ;k=k* 'kh"kZd ls fopkjdksa esa dh tkrh gSA mUgksuas u dsoy ekuo bldk iqLrdkdkj izdk”ku bfUM;u izsl bykgkckn ls bfrgkl dh u;h vkfFkZd O;k[;k izLrqr dh cfYd 1939 bZ0 esa gqvk gSA esjB ls izkjEHk bl ;k=k esa og tuekul dks Hkh vkUnksfyr dj ØkfUr mRiUu dj


iatkc] eqyrku] Msjkxkth [kk¡] ÝfUV;j] iqaN fj;klr ds lkFk dksyEcksa ls ;wjksi dh ;k=k ij x;s FksA bl vkfn LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k djrs gq, d”ehj] tksftyk njkZ ;k=k dk o.kZu mUgksaus ^esjh ;wjksi ;k=k* iqLrd esa ikj djrs gq, yn~nk[k igq¡ps FksA bl iqLrd esa mUgksaus fd;k gSA ;wjksi dh >k¡dh] yUnu Vkoj] dSfEczt] dqYyw dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA ;k=k esa vk;s fHkUu&fHkUu vkDlQksMZ] isfjl rFkk teZuh ds jkspd o.kZu bl LFkkuksa dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] ogk¡ dh tyok;q] Hkk"kk] iqfLrdk esa izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA ijEijk]]ogk¡ dk izkd``frd lkSUn;Z] ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa esjh frCcr ;k=k&ds jhfr fjokt] laLdkj] mudh os"kHkw"kk vkfn ij jkgqy lkad`R;k;u }kjk frCcr dh dh x;h rhljh mUgksaus lE;d <ax ls izdk”k Mkyk gSA yn~nkf[k;ksa ;k=k dk o.kZu ^esjh frCcr ;k=k* ds vUrxZr fd;k dk frCcrh leqnk; ls fdl izdkj dk lEcU/k gS\ x;k gSA ;g iqLrd Mk;jh “kSyh esa fy[kh x;h gS rFkk yn~nkf[k;ksa ds fookg laLdkj] jhfr fjokt dSls gS\ blesa Ygklk] pax] lkD;k] Xusuke] usiky vkfn dh vkfn dks Hkh mUgksaus jkspd “kSyh esa izLrqr fd;k gSA ;k=kvksa dk lqUnj o.kZu gSA rRdkyhu frCcrh lekt yadk& dh fookg izFkk;sa] yksd mRloksa] vU; jhfr fjoktksa ij

jkgqy th us vPNh rjg ls izdk”k Mkyk gSA jkgqy th us yadk dh igyh ;k=k 1927&28 bZ0 esa dh FkhA og ogk¡ fnlEcj 1928 bZ0 rd yxHkx tkiku&mUuhl ekl jgsA ogk¡ fuokl ds le; mUgksaus jkgqy th us 1935 bZ0 esa tkiku dh ;k=k dh FkhA yadkokfl;ksa ds jhfr fjoktkas] jgu&lgu dk v/;;u bl iqLrd esa ys[kd us flaxkiqj] gkaxdkax] “ka?kkbZ] djus ds lkFk gh ogk¡ ds uxjksa ds iqjkus bfrgkl dh dkcs ]sa Vkfs d;k as dkis klku vkfn LFkkuk ass dh dh x;h ;k=kvk asHkh tkudkjh izkIr dhA tu+lkekU; dks yadk dh d s vUrxrZ n[s k s x; s LFkkuk]as ogk ¡ dh lkekftdrk] muds fLFkfr ls ifjfpr djkus gsrq mUgksaus yadk ij dsfUnzr jhfr fjokt vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k gSA^yadk* 'kh"kZd ls ,d iqLrd dh jpuk dhA vhjku&frCcr esa lok o"kZ& 1935&36 bZ0 esa fy[kh x;h ;g iqLrd ^vhjku*

muds }kjk igyh ckj 1929&30 esa frCcr dh izkphu bZjku ,oa uohu bZjku uke ls nks Hkkxksa esa ;k=k dh x;h Fkh] tksa frCcr esa lok o"kZ* 'kh"kZd ls foHkDr gSA izFke Hkkx izkphu bZjku esa Qkjl ,oa ogk¡ izdkf”kr gqbZ FkhA bl iqLrd esa frCcr ;k=k ,oa ckS) ds jktoa”k dk bfrgkl izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA rFkk /keZ laca/kh xzUFkksa dh [kkst dk fooj.k nsus ds lkFk gh f}rh; Hkkx uohu bZjku esa vk/kqfud bZjku dh ml Hkkjr ds ckS) [k.Mgjksa] dUukSt] dkS”kkEch] lkjukFk] ;k=k dk o.kZu gS tks lksfo;r :l ls Hkkjr ykSVrs oS”kkyh] yqfEcuh ls ysdj usiky] “khxphZ] ;kaph] le; dh x;h FkhaA blesa okdw] rsgjku] ,LQgku vkSj Ygklk rd dh ;k=k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blh “khjkt dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS rFkk crk;k x;k gS fd ;k=k ds nkSjku jkgqy th us 22 [kPpjksa ij iqLrdksa bZjku Hkkjr dk cM+k iqjku laca/k jgk gS vkSj Hkkjrh; ,oa vU; lkefxz;ksa dks Hkkjr Hkstk FkkA bldk [kpZ dyk dqN :iksas esa bZjku dyk ls Hkh izHkkfor gSA Jhyadk ds vkpk;Z Jh /kekZuUn egkL;foj us ogu fdUuj ns'k esa&fd;k FkkA jkgqy lkad`R;k;u us ebZ ls vxLr 1948 ds chp esjh ;wjksi ;k=k& pkj ekg rd fgeky; ds ,d misf{kr Hkkx] ftls

jkgyq th o"k Z 1932 b0Z e as HknUr vkuUn dk”S kY;k;u mUgksaus fdUuj ns”k dgk gS] dh ;k=k dh FkhA ;gh


;k=k fooj.k muds }kjk ^fdUuj ns”k esa* iqLrd esa f”k{kk] i)fr uxjksa rFkk ;k=k LFkkuksa dk foLrkj ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blesa mUgksaus fdUuj yksxksa ds o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ckjs esa foLrkj ls izdk”k Mkyk gSA iqLrd esa fdUuj ;k dqekÅ¡ &dukSjh yksxksa ds lkekftd thou] jgu&lgu] dqekÅ¡ iqLrd esa {ks= ds bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] ijEijk] jhfr fjokt] /kkfeZd vU/kfo”okl vkSj mudh yksdlkfgR; vkSj iqjkrRo vkfn fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ dh ekU;rkvksa ij y?kq o`ÙkkUrksa ds ek/;e ls foLrkjiwoZd x;h gSaA izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSA blesa ogk¡ dh Hkk"kk ds dqN x<+oky&m)j.k vkSj yksdxhr Hkh laxzghr gSa rFkk fdUufj;ksa ckjg v/;k;ksa esa foHkDr iqLrd x<+oky esa {ks= dk ds lkSUn;Z ,oa ogk¡ ds u`R; dk Hkh jkspd <ax ls o.kZu ifjp;kRed fooj.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA blesa fd;k x;k gSA dsnkjukFk ;k=k] cnzhukFk ;k=k dk Hkh ys[kd us jkspd nkthZfyax ifjp;& <ax ls o.kZu fd;k gSA iqjkrRo dh n`f"V ls ;s ;k=k;sa

jkgqy th us ns”k n”kZu ls lacaf/kr dqN iqLrdksa egÙoiw.kZ gksus ds lkFk gh ;k=k lkfgR; esa Hkh izeq[k dh jpuk dh FkhA nkthZfyax ifjp; mUgha iqLrdksa esa LFkku j[krh gSaA iqLrd esa x<+oky ds tulkfgR; ij ls ,d gSA blesa bl {ks= ds izkd`frd vkdkj izdkj] Hkh izdk”k Mkyk x;k gSAbfrgkl] tuthou] Ñf"k] m|ksx] O;olk;] ;krk;kr]


fgUnh

& *fuf/k flag

*,e0,0 fgUnh izFke o"kZ] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky;] okjk.klh ¼m0iz0½

/kqfudrk D;k gS\ bldh mRifÙk dgka gqbZ\ ledkyhu Hkkjrh; ukV~; izo`fr;ksa dk m|ksrd gSA blds lEcU/k esa MkW0 nw/kukFk flag dk er gS fd& jkds”k th us fgUnh ukVd dks igyh ckj vf[ky **vk/kqfudrk ;qx lUnHkZ dh Hkkouk ugha gSA** bl Hkkjrh; Lrj gh ugha iznku fd;k oju~ mlds lfn;ksa dFku ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vk/kqfud gksus dk ds vyx&vyx izokg dks Hkh fo”o ukVd dh ,d eryc vkt dk ;k bl n”kd ;k “krkCnh dk gksuk lkekU; /kkjk dh vksj vxzlj fd;kA muds ukVd dh ugha gS] vly esa vk/kqfud gksuk “kk”or gksuk gSA yksdfiz;rk dk vkHkkl blh ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS vk/kqfudrk dh leL;k dky lkis{k de O;fDr lkis{k fd bczkfge vydkth] vkse f”koiqjh] vjfoUn xkSM+] T;knk gS** gekjs efLr"d esa lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZu jke xkiksy cktkt vkfn tSls izeq[k funsZ”kdks us ds dkj.k tks uohurk vk jgh gS ogh vk/kqfudrk *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* ukVd dk funsZ”ku dj mudk vk/kqfudj.k ,oa vk/kqfudrkcks/k gSA vk/kqfudrk ls cgqr gh euksgj <ax ls eapu fd;k gSA 1971 esa

1 funsZ”kd ef.k dkSy us *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* ij vk”k; lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd ifjorZu ls gSA** vk/kkfjr ,d fQ+Ye cukbZ] ftldks lky dh loZJs"B gekjs lekt esa fur&u;s lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd *fQYe Qs;j iqjLdkj* fn;k x;kAifjorZuksa ls tks uohurk vkrh gS mls gh vk/kqfudrk

dgk tkrk gSA *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* ukVd ,sfrgkfld o`Ùk ij fy[kk x;k ,d ,sfrgkfld ukVd gSA **vk/kqfud vk/kqfudrk tc lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd {ks= fgUnh ukVd lkfgR; esa bldh x.kuk Js"B ukVdksa esa esa izos”k djrh gS rks fuf”pr gh lkfgR; Hkh vNwrk dh tkrh gS] bldk ,dek= dkj.k gS fd ukVddkj ugha jgsxkA dgrs gaS lkfgR; lekt dk niZ.k gksrk gS us ,sfrgkfld o`Ùk dks ;qxhu ifjos”k esa fpf=r fd;k rks tks uohurk lekt esa vk;sxh og lkfgR; esa Hkh gSA bl ukVd dk ckg~; ifjos”k ,sfrgkfld gS] blds ifjyf{kr gksxhA fgUnh ukVd ds {ks= esa eksgu jkds”k eq[; ik= Hkh ,sfrgkfld gS] fdUrq ukVd dk dFkkud ,d ,slk uke gS ftls fgUnh&ukVd ds vk/kqfud ;qx ftruk ,sfrgkfld gS] mlls vf/kd og ;qxhu Hkh gS dk izFke ukVddkj dgk tkrk gSA jkds”k th dk blesa ukVddkj us ,sfrgkfld o`Ùk dks uohurk iznku izFke ukVd *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* lu~ 1958 esa

2dh gSA** ukVd dh i`"BHkwfe Hkys gh ,sfrgkfld gS ij izdkf”kr gqvk vkSj mls loZJs"B ukVd gksus ds fy, blesa vk/kqfud euq"; ds vUr}ZU} dh xkFkk dgh x;h *laxhr ukVd vdkneh iqjLdkj* feykA budk ;g gSA *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* esa lQyrk vkSj izse esa ,d ukVd fgUnh esa fy[kk vo”; x;k] fdUrq og

vk

vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu vkSj vk/kqfud lanHkZ


5dks pquus ds }~U} ls tw>rs dkfynkl] ,d jpukdkj mls ns ldrk gSA** dkfynkl ds fy;s tks ckrsa lgh gSa] vkSj vk/kqfud euq"; ds eu dh igsfy;ksa dks lkeus ogh jkds”k th ds fy;s Hkh] D;ksafd ewyr% nkuksa j[kk gSA **jkds”k th us ewyr% vk/kqfud laosnukvksa lkfgR;dkj gh gSaAdks] vk/kqfud ekuo ds }U} vkSj tfVyrk dks gh dkfynkl ,d l`tu”khy dykdkj dk izrhd gS

3mn~?kkfVr djus dh dksf”k”k dh gSA tks O;oLFkk }kjk dqpys x;s] rksM+ fn;s tkus dk izrhd ukVd dh izR;{k fo"k;&oLrq dkfynkl dfo gSA vkt ds ewY;cks/k ls ;qDr vlk/kkj.k dfo ;k

dkfynkl ds thou ls lEcfU/kr gSA ukVd dk lkfgR;dkj u O;oLFkk dks ,dne NksM+ ikrk gS vkSj u dkfynkl O;fDr u gksdj l`tukRed “kfDr;ksa dk mlls le>kSrk djrs gq;s py ikrk gS dkfynkl dk izrhd gSA **ukVddkj dk iz;kl ;gh jgk gS fd vUr}ZUn vkSj VwVu vkt ds lkfgR;dkj dk vUr}ZU} dkfynkl dk pfj= fdlh Hkh dky e as ltu”khy ifz rHkk vkSj ihM+k gSA dkfynkl Lo;a dgrs gS& *eSa jktdh;

4 eqnzkvksa ls Øhr gksus ds fy;s ugha gw¡A* lqizfl) ukV~; dk s vkUnkfs yr dju s oky s vUr}UZ n dk s lda fs rr djAs **lekykspd usfepUn tSu us dgk gS&**fgUnh esa ;g ukVd dh ukf;dk efYydk ds :Ik esa bl ukVd esa ;FkkFkZoknh ukVd gSA blesa ckg~; C;kSjs ds vis{kk ,d lh/kh&lknh lefiZr yM+dh dk fp= gS tks dfo vkUrfjd ;FkkFkZ ds vUr}ZU} dks laosnu”khyrk ds dkfynkl ls izse gh ugha djrh cfYd mls egku~ gksrk

6gqvk Hkh ns[kuk pkgrh gSA egku~ rks dkfynkl vo”; lkFk ns[krk gSA** curk gS ij bldk ewY; efYydk viuk loZLo nsdj dkfynkl uk pkgrs gq;s xzke&izns”k NksM+dj pqdkrh gSA mTtf;uh pys tkrs gSa] bldh izsj.kk Hkys gh efYydk

eksgu jkds”k ds ukVd *vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu* esa mUgsa nsrh gS] ysfdu os vo”; Hkh ogka tkuk pkgrs gSA O;fDr LokrU=; vkSj jktJ; ds chp HkVdrh gq;h ekrqy dks jktJk; egÙoiw.kZ yxrk gS D;ksafd ;g l`tkukRedrk dh ryk”k dk ukV~; fcEc gSA vkt ds ges”kk ls egÙoiw.kZ jgk gS vkfndky ls ysdj ekgkSy esa lkfgR;dkjksa dk nkseqgkaiu leL;k dks vkSj jhfrdky rd vf/kdkf/kd jpuk;sa jkT;kJ; ikus ds xEHkhj cuk nsrk gSA vkt dh fLFkfr esa jpukdkj ,d fy;s gh dh x;ha gS] fQj ,s”kksa&vkjke dh ftUnxh vksj O;fDr LokrU=; dh ckr djrk gS ogha nwljh fdls ilUn ugha gS\ dkfynkl xzke&izns”k ls vksj jktdh; O;oLFkk ds lq[kn izyksHku ds fy;s Hkh mTtf;uh tkus ds fy, rS;kj u gksus ds fo"k; esa ykykf;r jgrk gSA ,d vksj mlh O;oLFkk dk fojks/k crkrk gS& **rqEgsa cgqr vk”p;Z gqvk Fkk fd eSa d”ehj djrk gS vkSj nwljh vksj jktdh; lEeku dh vis{kk dk “kklu laHkkyus tk jgk gwa\ rqEgsa ;g cgqr Hkh djrk gSA eksgu jkds”k us bl ukVd ds izdk”ku vLokHkkfod yxk gksxkA ijUrq eq>s dqN Hkh ds ckn mldh dh x;h vkykspukvksa ds mRrj esa vius vLokHkkfod izrhr ugha gksrk vHkkoiw.kZ thou dh og ukV~;&fpUru dks xaHkhjrk ls iz{ksfir fd;kA muds ,d LokHkkfod izfrfØ;k FkhA laHkor% mlesa dgha mu vuqlkj **,d lkfgR;dkj ds thou dh ewy leL;k lcls izfr”kks/k ysus dh Hkkouk Hkh Fkh] ftUgkasus gS] lkfgR;dkj ds :Ik es vius O;fDrRo dks cuk;s tc&rd esjh HkRlZuk dh Fkh] esjk migkl mM+k;k

7j[kus dh vksj “ks"k leL;k,a bl ,d leL;k ds lkFk FkkA** ;g lkekftd leL;k gS ,d laosnu”khy tqM+h gSA----ys[kd dk O;fDrRo fuLlUnsg mu lc jpukdkj vHkko esa thrk jgs vkSj yksd mldk migkl lqfo/kkvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ gS] tks jkT; mM+k;s] blls d"Vizn ckr vkf[kj mlds fy;s D;k gks


ldrh gS\ **vius ifjos”k ls dVus ds ckn dkfynkl ;”kLoh cus vkSj xkao esa izpfyr viokn dks [kf.Mr esa tks ifjorZu vkrk gS] og vlgt yxrk gS] fdUrq dj ,d fnu okil vk;s] rks og Hkh flj mBkdj th dkfynkl dh lkekftd ifjfLFk;ksa dks ns[krs gq, ldsA dkfynkl vkrs gSa] ij fcuk feys gh pys tkrs

8 gSaA tc os fQj vkrs gSa rks ifjfLFkfr;ka cnyh gq;h LokHkkfod yxus yxrk gSA** dkfynkl us tks fd;k gksrh gSa] dkfynkl mlds lkFk fQj ls u;h ftUnxh og vkt ds le; esa LokHkkfod yxrk gS] O;fDr “kq: djus dh ckr dk vUr rd igqapk;s fcuk pqipki ifjfLFk;ksa ls ;k rks le>kSrk dj ysrk gS ;k lksprk gS pys tkrs gSA ftl vk"kk<+ ds fnu dh izrh{kk esa fd og ,d fnu lc Bhd dj ysxk] ij ,slk gksrk efYydk cSBh gksrh gS og fnu mlds thou esa dHkh dgka gS\ le; fdlh ds fy;s ugha Bgjrk gSAugha vkrkA vk"kk<+ dk fnu rks gj lky ykSVdj vkrk dFkkoLrq ds fp=.k ds ek/;e ls ,d vkSj dF; gS ,d lk& **ysfdu vkneh dh ftUnxh esa vkus okys dk mHkkj Li"V gksrk gSA blds lw= feyrs gSa vk"kk<+ ds fnu dSl&dSls cnys&cnys gksrs gSa] ;g dkfynkl dh vfUre n`”; dh ml mfDr esa tc og ns[kuk gks rks ns[kk tk ldrk gS dkfynkl] efYydk] efYydk ds le{k Lohdkj djrk gS fd& *eSaus dgk Fkk foykse vkSj ekrqy] bu lcdh ftUnxh esaA mudh fd eSa vFk ls vkjEHk djuk pkgrk gwaA ;g lEHkor% ftUnxh esa vkus okyk gj vk"kk<+ ,d u;k eksM+ ysdj bPNk vkSj le; ds lkFk }U} FkkA ijUrq ns[k jgk gwa vkrk gSa vkSj viuh ewlyk/kkj o"kkZ esa mudh O;FkZ gksrh fd le; vf/kd “kfDr”kkyh gS D;ksafd--- D;ksafd og

9 vk jgh ftUnxh dks cgk;s pyk tkrk gSA** vk"kk<+ dh izrh{kk ugha djrk gSA** dkfynkl dh bPNk Fkh og rjg gh dkfynkl vkSj efYydk dh ftUnxh esa xkao esa gh jgs] izd`fr vkSj efYydk ds mUeqDr lEidZ ?ku?kksj dkys ckny f?kj vkrs gSaAesa jgs vkSj lgt Hkko ls dfork fy[ksA le; dk pØ

pyrk gS vkSj mls mTTkf;uh tkuk iM+rk gSA fiz;axq le; ds lkFk euq"; fj”rksa ds izfr fdruk ls fookg Hkh djuk iM+rk gSA os pkgrs Fks fd d”ehj laosnu”khy jg x;k gS ;s Hkh bl ukVd dk ,d i{k dk “kkld cudj yksxksa ls izfr”kks/k ys ftUgksaus dHkh gSA fdl rjg izse vkSj lÙkk esa ls dkfynkl LokFkhZ mudh HkRlZuk dh Fkh ij jktuhfrd "kM~;U= dk ,slk gksdj lÙkk dk nkeu idM+rk gS vkSj efYydk viuh okrkoj.k curk gS fd os ogka Hkh ugha jg ikrsA fojDr Hkkouk oj.k djds vkthou vius fy;s *fo”ks"k.k* cus gksdj dkfynkl u;s fljs ls efYydk ds lkFk u;h jguk gh pqurh gS] vkt dk gh lanHkZ gSA dkfynkl ftUnxh “kq: djus dh bPNk ls xkao ykSVrs gS rks ikrs pkgrs rks okil vk ldrs Fks ysfdu lÙkk ds eksg us gS fd le; us mls vkSj mldh bPNk dks ,d ckj fQj mUgsa ogh cka/k ds j[kk vkSj os ml izsj.kk ls gh foeq[k ihNs NksM+ fn;k gS] efYydk fdlh vkSj dh gks pqdh gS] gks x;s] ftlus fcuk fdlh dh ijokg fd;s lnSo ,slk yxrk gS tSls vc dqN vkSj gh gks pqdh gSA** mudk gh lkFk fn;kA dkfynkl ,d vkRe dsfUnzr bPNk vkSj le; ds blh }Un dk fp=.k iwjs ukVd dh vkSj LokFkhZ euq"; dk pfj= izrhd gS] ftuls ge ?kVukvksa ds ek/;e ls fd;k x;k yxrk gS de ls de viuh jkstejkZ dh ftUnxh esa Vdjkrs gSaA ogha ukVd dh ?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k bl <ax ls dh tk efYydk ,d vkn”kZ ukjh gS ij vk/kqfud le; esa

8 dgha&u&dgha detksj fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSSAldrh gS ftlls dF; dks leFkZu feys**Aeksgu jkds”k ,d izxfr”khy ukVddkj gSa muds ;g }Un efYydk dh fLFkfr esa Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rk

ukVdksa esa vk/kqfudrk dk tks fcEc fn[kykbZ iM+rk gS gS mldh bPNk Fkh fd dkfynkl mT;f;uh tk;s]


og ;FkkFkZ fy;s gq;s vius eq[kj :Ik esa ifjyf{kr gksrk 4- MkW0 Ñ".knso “kekZ ,oa MkW0 ek;k vxzoky] vk"kk<+ gSA ukVd dsoy dkfynkl vkSj efYydk dk ugha] dk ,d fnu ,d foospu] vuhrk izdk”ku] fnYyh vk/kqfud ekuo dh foo”krk mlds vUr}ZUn] laLdj.k&1989] i`"B&193NViVkgV] mldh tfVyrk ,oa losanu”khy eu ds 5- eksgu jkds”k % ygjksa ds jktgal] jktdey Ågkiksg dk gSA **vk"kk<+ ds ,d fnu esa vkt dk izdk”ku u;h fnYyh] 1963] Hkwfedk] i`"B&8lekt lh/ks fpf=r ugha gS] fdUrq vkt ds lekt dh 6- eksgu jkds”k] vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu] jktiky ,.M

10/ofu;ka mlesa cjkcj xwatrh jgrh gSaA** O;fDr ds lUl d”ehjhxsV ubZ fnYyh 110000] laLdj.k fodkl vkSj VwVus ls lkekftd fodkl vkSj VwVu dk 2005] i`"B&117xgjk lEcU/k gSA vr% O;fDr dks NksM+dj lekt dks 7- eksgu jkds”k] jkr chrus rd rFkk vU; /ofu] le>uk gok esa ckrsa djuk gS bl ukVd esa cnyrs gq;s jktdey izdk”ku] u;h fnYYkh] 1973] i`"B&135;FkkFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr gSA efYydk dh R;kx Hkkouk 8- MkW0 ujukjk;.k jk;] jaxf”kYih eksgu jkds”k] vkSj dkfynkl dh jktlÙkk ds izfr eksg dh tks dknEcjh izdk”ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 1991] fLFkfr gS og vk/kqkfudrk ds chp euq";ksa ds la=kl i`"B&46dks mtkxj djrh gSA 9- ogha] i`"B& 36

10- QwypUn dUukSft;k] eksgu jkds”k ds lkfgR; dk lUnHkZ lekt”kkL=h; v/;;u ¼vizdkf'kr ”kks/k&izcU/k½]

1- l0a Mk0W xhrk flga ] vf[ky xhr “kk/s k&nf"V] verk ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fo”ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj jk; dk y[s k *vk/kfq udrk ,o a vk/kfq udhdj.k*] o"kZ 2009] i`"B&1495] vad 5] i`"B& 87

2- MkW0 ch0 ,u0 flag] vk"kk<+ dk ,d fnu] izdk”ku dsUnz] y[kuÅ i`"B& 53

3- la0 MkW0 xhrk flag] vf[ky xhr “kks/k&n`f"V] vkuUn dqekj dk ys[k& *eksgu jkds”k ds ukVdksa esa vk/kqfudrk cks/k*] o"kZ 7 vad 7 i`"B& 67


fgUnh

& *& **furhu dqekj flagMkW0 xhrk flag

***'kks/kNk=] ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy fo'ofo|ky;]tkSuiqj ¼m0iz0½,lks- izksQslj ,oa v/;{k LukrdksÙkj fgUnh foHkkx] Mh-,-oh- ih-th- dkyst] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

ca/k ,d ,slh fo/kk gS] tks lkfgR; ds leLr ds O;kid izpkj dh vko';drk gksxh tks euq"; dks 1fo"k;ksa dks vius esa lekfgr fd, gq, gSA fuca/k fo/kk esa euq"; ds lq[k&nq%[k ds izfr laonsu'khy cukrs gSaA*

gh ys[kd dk vkarfjd O;fDrRo lokZf/kd O;aftr f}osnh th ds yfyr fucU/k lkekftd eaxy dk gksrk gSA f}osnh th dk xgu fparu vkSj Lo;a dk fo/kku djrs gSaA muds fy, ogh lkfgR; vknj.kh; gS] fojkV O;fDrRo muds fucU/kksa esa gh izdV gksrk gSA ftlesa lekt dh eaxy dkeuk fufgr gSA lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] lkfgR;] izd`fr] yksd] jktuhfr O;fDr vkSj lef"V* fuca/k esa os fy[krs gSa&vkfn fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij muds fopkj lekt dks ,d ^lkfgR; lkekftd eaxy dk fo/kk;d gSA ;g u;h fn'kk iznku djrs gSaA fuca/k fo/kk esa f}osnh th lR; gS fd og O;fDr fo'ks"k dh izfrHkk ls gh og dks yfyr 'kSyh gh lokZf/kd fiz; gSA iUnzg fnu jfpr gksrk gS] fdUrq vkSj Hkh vf/kd lR; ;g gS fd

2Qwydj [ka[kM+ gks tkus okys iyk'k dks mruk eku izfrHkk lkekftd izxfr dh gh mit gSA*ugha nsrs] ftruk lqanfj;ksa ds vflatudkjh uwiqj okys blfy, f}osnh th vius fuca/kksa esa Hkkjrh; pj.kksa ds e`nq vk?kkr ls Qwyus okys v'kksd dksA laLd`fr] lkfgR;] lekt vkSj izd`fr dks dsUnz esa j[krs lkfgR; esa Hkh os ykfyR; ds leFkZd gSaA lkfgR;dkjksa gSa vkSj yksdksUeq[k lkfgR; dk l`tu djrs gSaA f}osnh dk nkf;Ro* fuca/k esa os fy[krs gSa th vius fuca/kksa esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds yksd

^gekjh jktuhfr gekjh vFkZuhfr vkSj gekjh dY;k.kdkjh i{k dks mn~?kkfVr djrs gSA muds fy, uofuekZ.k dh ;kstuk,¡ rHkh loZeaxye;h&fo/kkf;uh laLd`fr vkarfjd HkkokRed lRrk gSA laLd`fr dks cu ldsaxh tc fd gekjk ân; mnkj vkSj O;k[;kf;r djrs gq, ^Lokxr* fuca/k esa f}osnh th laosnu'khy gksxk] cqf) lw{e vkSj lkjxzkfg.kh gksxh fy[krs gSa&vkSj ladYi egku vkSj 'kqHk gksxkA dke dsoy ^laLd`fr D;k gS\ euq"; dk tks dqN mRre gS( mi;ksxh vkSj O;ogkfjd lkfgR; ds fuekZ.k ls gh ugha /keZ esa] vkpj.k esa] Hkkouk esa] lkSan;Z cks/k esa mldk iw.kZ gks ldsxkA blds fy, lkfgR; ds mu lqdqekj vaxksa #i gh laLd`fr gSA ;g gekjs lkfgR; esa] /kekZpj.k esa]

fu

gtkjh izlkn f}osnh ds yfyr fuca/kksa dk ewY;kadu


uSfrd O;ogkjksa esa] okLrq esa] u`R; esa] vfHku; esa] xku gSA o"kkZ % /kuifr ls ?ku';ke rd* fuca/k esa f}osnh th 3 fy[krs gSa&esa] dkO; esa ewrZ gksrh gSA*

^oSfnd _f"k us lnk Hk; vkSj vkrad ds va/kdkj esa f}osnh th vk;Z] nzfoM+ vkSj ;{k&ukx lH;rk dh dY;k.k dh T;ksfr ns[kh gSA itZU; nsork ds Hkhe f=os.kh ls Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh egk/kkjk dk vkjEHk

5ekurs gSaA oSfnd ;qx ls ysdj bZlk dh 19 oha 'krkCnh xtZu esa blh dY;k.k dk lUns'k gSA

rd ukuk tkfr;k¡ Hkkjr vkbaZ] ftuesa dqN lH;] dqN f}osnh th 20 o"kksZ rd xq#nso johUnzukFk VSxksj v/kZ lH; vkSj dqN vlH; FkhaA buls Vdjko vkSj vkpk;Z f{kfrxksgu lsu ds lkfu/; esa LokHkkfod FkkA vusd oxZ cu x, Fks] ysfdu Hkkjr us ^'kkfUrfudsru* esa jgsA izd`fr ds lkehI; vkSj vuqjkx

us muesa ykfyR; dk Hkko tkx`r fd;k ftlls izd`fr Hkns dh bl leL;k dk s vefs jdk dh rjg ugh a

dk lqdqekj vkSj yksdjatudkjh #i muds fuca/kksa esa lyq >k;kA mlu s budk neu ugh a fd;k oju ~ iesz vkjS izdV gqvkA v'kksd ds Qwy] dqVt] nsonk#] f'kjh"k ds lkgS kn Z d s jkLr s viuk cuku s dh lQy dkfs 'k'k dhA Qwy] vke fQj ckSjk x,] clUr vk x;k vkfn ^lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr* fuca/k esa f}osnh th fy[krs gSa&lokZf/kd izfl) vkSj yksdfiz; fuca/k gSaA f}osnh th ^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds izk.k esa ,dRo gS] mlds jDr ds ;gk¡ izd`fr rjaxkf;r v'kksd&i= dh rjg vkfn ls esa lgkuqHkwfr gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt bl ns'k esa orZeku rd gksus okys mrkj&p<+koksa dks O;k[;f;r lglzkf/kd lekt ,d nwljs dks ck/kk u igq¡pkrs gq, djrh gSA izd`fr ls gh ykfyR; vkSj lkSan;Z ysdj Hkh viuh fo'ks"krkvksa lesr thfor gSaA Hkkjrh; f}osnh th lkfgR; vkSj lekt dh dq:irk ls eqDr laLd`fr us lnk&loZnk leUo; ds #i esa leL;k dk gksus ds ekxZ ryk'krs gSaA os flQZ :i dh dq:irk dh 4

lek/kku fd;k gSAckr ugha djrs oju~ dq:irk eu dh] Hkkoksa dh fopkj

Hkkjrh; lLa dfr mUufr'khy lLa dfr gAS dh lkfgR; dh] tkfr&/keZ dh Hkh gksrh gSA f'kjh"k

ifjoruZ 'khyrk vkjS x.q kxkz gdrk bldh e[q ; fo'k"s krk, ¡ vkfn ds cgkus dkfynkl ls ysdj orZeku rd dh gSaA Hkkjr us fdlh dk frjLdkj ugha fd;k vkSj u gh lkfgfR;d iM+rky djrs gSaA le;≤ ij gksus gBkr~&cykr~ fdlh ij viuk vf/kdkj tek;kA ;gk¡ okys lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd ifjorZuksa dk lw{e dh laLd`fr f'ko dh rjg lHkh dks vius esa /kkj.k fujh{k.k djrs gSa vkSj ?kqu [kk, 'kgrhjksa ij dh ckjg djus okyh gSA f'koRo ds Hkko ls vksr&izksr [kM+h ck¡pus ds ckn oks fu"d"kZ dk uouhr izLrqr dj lR;e~&f'koe~&lqUnje~ dh lk/kuk djus okyh gSA nsrs gSaA f}osnh th dh 'kSyh fujkyk dh >kM+&QVdkj deZ dks loksZifj j[krs gq, vkSj deZ djrs gq, gh lkS okyh 'kSyh ugha gS& vcs lqu cs xqykc mudh 'kSyh esa o"kZ thus dh bPNk j[kus dk lUns'k nsrh gS& ykfyR; gS] ysfdu ykfyR; vkSj lkSan;Z ds Qsj esa os

^dqoZUusgso dekZfjfr ftthfo"ksPNra J`aralek%A* lR; dks ugha HkwyrsA ^ v'kksd ds Qwy^ fuca/k essa os

fy[krs gSa&Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ^dqVt* dh rjg uke vkSj #i

nksuksa esa viuh ^vijkts; thouh 'kfDr* dh ?kks"k.kk ^v'kksd dk o`{k ftruk Hkh euksgj gks] ftruk Hkh

jgL;e; gks] ftruk Hkh vyadkje; gks] ijUrq og ml djrs gq, izokgeku gSA tu&dY;k.k gh bldk y{;


fo'kky lkear lH;rk dh ifj"d`r #fp dk gh izrhd djsxkA ^Hkkjro"kZ dh lkaLd`frd leL;k* fuca/k esa oks

gS] tks lk/kkj.k iztk ds ijhJeksa ij iyh Fkh] mlds fy[krs gSa&jDr ds lalkj d.kksa dks [kkdj cM+h gqbZ Fkh vkSj yk[kksa ^Hkkjro"kZ dh 'krkf/kd tkfr;ksa dks dY;k.k ekxZ

6djksM+ksa dh mis{kk ls tks le`) gqbZ FkhA* dh vksj vxzlj djus dk ,d ek= rjhdk ;g gS fd

mudh jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd e;kZnk Å¡ph dh ysfdu f}osnh th fujk'k ugha gksrsA oks blh

tk,A ftl fnu bl vdkj.k nfyr tulewg esa fuca/k esa vkxs dgrs gSa&

jktuSfrd xfjek vkSj vkfFkZd Lok/khurk dk lapkj ^exj mnkl gksuk Hkh csdkj gSA v'kksd vkt Hkh 9

mlh ekSt esa gS] ftlesa vkt ds nks gtkj o"kZ igys gksxk] mlh fnu okLro esa og eqDr gks ldsxkA

FkkA dgha Hkh rks dqN ugha fcxM+k gSA dqN Hkh rks ugha Ykksd esa xgjh iSB gksus ds dkj.k f}osnh th 7 yksd&thou esa izpfyr dFkkvksa] vk[;kf;dkvksa] cnyk gSA cnyh gS euq"; dh eukso`fÙkA*

vU/kfo'oklksa vkfn dk viuh dYiuk 'kfDr ls orZeku Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dHkh Hkh fdlh dh fiNyXxw lekt vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls ,slk #id ck¡/krs Fks fd og ugha jghA mlus vU; laLd`fr;ksa ls vPNs xq.kksa dks ltho gks mBrk FkkA eqM+ dV~Vs ¼flj dVs½ Hkwr dh ,d vkRelkr fd;k] ysfdu viuh ewy laosnuk dks dHkh ,slh gh dFkk ls orZeku euq"; dh lH;rk dks nsonk#* ugha NksM+kA fdlh dks viuk fu;ark ugha cuus fn;kA fuca/k esa nsf[k, dSls LFkkfir djrs gSa&vusd ?kkrksa&O;k?kkrksa dks lgrs gq, vkt Hkh

^Hkwrksa esa tSls eqM+dV~Vs gksrs gSa] vknfe;ksa esa Hkh dqN izokgeku gSA dqVt* dh rjg&

gksrs gSaA eLrd uke dh dksbZ pht vkt rd gksrh gh ^dqVt vius eu ij lokjh djrk gS] eu dks 108 ugha] eLrd gh ugha rks efLr"d dgk¡-----\vius ij lokj ugha gksus nsrk---A

lkfgR; ys[kd ds O;fDrRo vkSj vuqHkwfr;ksa dk f}osnh th dk yksd ls izse fdlh ls fNik ugha gSA foLrkj gksrk gSA lkfgR; esa ys[kd dk O;fDrRo nw/k esa yksd ds izfr mudh lgkuqHkwfr gh ugha gS oju~ ?kh dh rjg lek;k jgrk gSA f}osnh th dk fuca/k lkfgR; lekt vkSj laLd`fr ds fuekZ.k esa yksd dh lkfgR; Hkh blls vNwrk ugha gSA muds yfyr fuca/kksa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dks os js[kkafdr djrs gSaA mudk esa mudk fojkV O;fDrRo iq"i esa lqxU/k dh rjg O;kIr lkfgR; yksdksUeq[k gSaA f}osnh th yksd esa xgjh iSB gSA og O;fDrRo ftlds fuekZ.k esa muds xk¡o j[krs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt tkfr&/keZ vkSj Å¡p&uhp vks>ofy;k ¼tuin&cfy;k½] 'kkfUr fudsru] cukjl ds }U} ls ges'kk xqtjrk jgk gS vkSj mlesa Hkh lcls vkSj iatkc dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgkA os vius fuca/kksa esa vf/kd izHkkfor yksd gqvk gSA f}osnh th viuh txg&txg bu LFkkuksa dh ppkZ Hkh djrs gSaA xq#nso bfrgkl n`f"V ls ns[k jgs Fks fd Å¡p&uhp] johUnzukFk VSxksj dh vk/;kfRedrk] dkfynkl dk tkfr&ikfr ds HksnHkko dks feVkus ds fy, pyk, x, ykfyR; vkSj lkSan;Z] oSfnd _f"k;ksa dh eaxy&ok.kh /kkfeZd vkSj vk/;kfRed vkUnksyu lQy ugha gq,A os vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lekgkj dh 'kfDr bu lcls tkurs Fks tc rd mudh vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd feydj f}osnh th dk O;fDrRo fu[kj mBrk gSA fLFkfr ugha lq/kjsxh] rc rd lekt mudk vknj ugha


lkSan;Z ikj[kh mudh n`f"V lkfgR; dh euksgjrk vkSj rks ,d fnu budh e/kqj laxhr /ofu ls fu'p; gh eu 13ltZd dh mnkjrk mn~?kkfVr djrh gSA ^f'kjh"k ds vkSj izk.k rÌr gks tk,¡xsA*

Qwy* fuca/k esa ,d ckuxh nsf[k,& f}osnh th vrhr ls lh[krs gq, vkxs c<+rs FksA ^'kdUq ryk cgrq lUq nj FkhA lUq nj D;k gkus s l s dkbs Z mudk fparu orZeku dks lqUnj cukus ds fy, FkkA

gk s tkrk gAS n[s kuk pkfg, fd fdru s lUq nj ân; l s og vius fuca/kksa esa f}osnh th us ledkyhu ifjos'k vkSj lknaS ; Z Mcq dh yxkdj fudyk gAS 'kdUq yrk dkfynkl izo`fRr;ksa ij Hkh LFkku&LFkku ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k d s ân; l s fudyh FkhA fo/kkrk dh vkjs l s dkbs z dki.Z ; gSA lkfgR;] lkfgR;dkj vkSj vkykspuk rhuksa f}osnh

11 th ds fpUru ds dsUnz esa jgs gSaA lkSan;Z dh lk/kuk ugh a Fkk] dfo dh vkjs l s Hkh ughAa *djus okys dfo vc FkksMs+ gh jg x, gSa vkSj tks gSa Hkh rks f}osnh th thou dks lexzrk esa ns[krs FksA thou vkykspd mUgsa dgha dk ugha NksM+rsA blh ckr dks vkSj lkfgR; dks os lk/kuk ls l¡okjus dh ckr djrs f}osnh th viuh 'kSyh esa dgrs gSa&FksA oks dq#irk esa Hkh lkSan;Z ns[kus okys FksA lalkj dks

êsjs lkeus tks vYgM+ dfo gSa budk D;k gksxkA oks ,d dykd`fr ekurs FksA ftlesa lkrksa jaxksa ds og rks dfg, fd b/kj gkFkh vkrs gh ugha] fQj Hkh Mj lkeatL; ds oks fgek;rh FksA êuq"; dh loksZRRke rks yxrk gh gSA gkFkh u lgh x/kksa vkSj [kPpjksa ls rks d`fr lkfgR;* fuca/k esa oks fy[krs gSa&

14'kgj Hkjk iM+k gSA*;g lalkj Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ fo'kky dykd`fr gSA

blh rjg lekt ds oSpkfjd fpUru vkSj ewY;ksa esa bldks bl <+ax ls ltkuk fd mldh dq#irk vkSj

Hkn~nkiu feV tk;] izR;sd izdkj ds miknku mfpr tks fxjkoV vkbZ gS] vkSj mlls tks {kfr bl ns'k dks gks

ek=k esa] mfpr LFkku ij Bhd ls cSBk fn, tk;¡&;gh jgh gS] mldk Hkh mUgsa dksbZ eyky ugha gSA nsonk#

fuca/k esa gh f}osnh th fy[krs gS& lcls cM+h dyk gSA lkjs ekuo lekt dks lqUnj 12 ^bl n's k d s ykxs ihf<;+ k as l s flQ Z tkfr n[s kr s vk jg scukus dh lk/kuk dk gh uke lkfgR; gSA*

15gAaS O;fDrRo n[s ku s dh mUg as u vknr g]S u ijok gAS *f}osnh th lekt esa gksus okyh mFky&iqFky]

lkfgfR;d [khaprku vkSj lkaLd`frd ifjorZuksa ls flQZ lekt ij gh f}osnh th utj ugha j[krs Fks fopfyr ugha gksrs FksA oks fujk'kk esa Hkh vk'kk ns[krs oju~ lekt ls izLQqfVr vkSj mldks gh izHkkfor djus

FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd y{; dh izkfIr esa vkus okyh okys lkfgR; ij Hkh lw{erk ls fopkj djrs FksA

fo?u&ck/kkvksa dks ns[kdj ?kcjkuk ;k y{;&Hkz"V lkfgR; esa dkSu ls fopkj] fopkj/kkjk vkSj fo"k; oLrq

ugha gksuk pkfg,A tc jkf= dk vU/kdkj ?kuk gksus le;kuqdwy vkSj izklafxd gS] ftldk fp=.k lkfgR;

esa gksuk pkfg,A bl fo"k; ij Hkh mUgksaus cM+h csckdh yxs rks le>uk lcsjk gksus okyk gSA dfooj

ls vius fopkj O;Dr fd, gSaA ^lko/kkuh* dh johUnzukFk dh dkO;kRed Hkk"kk esa oks dgrs gSa&

vko';drk* fuca/k esa os fy[krs gSa&^;g tks yqgkj dh nqdku dh [kV[kVkgV vkSj

/kwy&/kDdM+ gS] buls ?kcjkus dh t#jr ugha gSA ogk¡ ^bu fnuksa gekjh iz/kku leL;k O;fDrxr ;kSu

oh.kk ds rkj rS;kj gks jgs gSaA tc ;s rkj cu tk,axs Hkkoukewyd ekufld foiFkxkferk ugha gSA gekjs ns'k


esa dqN jhfr&jLe ,sls gSa] tks euq"; dks lkekftd #i fy[krs gSa&

esa vLoLFk psrk cuk, gq, gSaA buesa dqN furkar ^r#.k lkfgR;dkj ds fy, vkt Lo.kZ la;ksx izkIr lkef;d gSa] dqN nh?kZdky dh teh gqbZ feV~Vh dh gSA ,sls gh Lo.kZ volj ij #l ds ys[kdksa us ,slk rjg gekjs eu ij lokj gSaA nksuksa dk v/;;u vkSj lkfgR; iSnk fd;k Fkk] tks lalkj esa Js"B lkfgR; ds

16 19fu;eu gksuk pkfg,A* #i esa vuk;kl gh Lohdkj dj fy;k x;kA*

f}ons h th ftl le; lkfgR; lk/kuk e as jr Fk]s ml f}osnh th ds fuca/k viuh fo"k; oLrq ds le; leL;k ifw r Z vkjS rdq &cUnh dk Hkh lkfgR; e as lkFk&lkFk viuh Hkk"kk ds ykfyR; ds fy, Hkh tkus ipz yu FkkA yfs du f}ons h th >xj&s Mxj&s jxj&s cxj s tkrs gSaA dfBu ls dfBu vkSj dVq ls dVq ckr dks okyh rdq &cUnh d s leFkdZ ugh a FkAs o s vFk Z e as rdq d s f}osnh th viuh xYi 'kSyh vkSj Hkk"kk ds ykfyR; ls 'kk/s kdrk Z FkAs nos nk#* fuc/a k e as f}ons h th fy[kr s g&S #fpdj cuk nsrs gSaA mudh dYiuk dh 'kfDr

^rdq og g S tk s nos nk# dh xxu pEq ch f'k[kk vkjS vf}rh; FkhA os dchj dks ^ok.kh dk fMDVsVj* dgrs

lekf/kLFk egknos dh fuokr&~ fu"dEi&inz hi dh Fks] ysfdu oks Lo;a ok.kh ds fMDVsVj FksA vius xk¡o 17 vks>ofy;k ds ,d iafMr th vkSj mudh fo}rk dk Å/oxZ kfeuh T;krs h e as gAS vFkkrZ rdq vFk Z e as jgrk gAS *

fp=.k nsf[k,A Hkk"kk dk ykfyR; vkSj dYiuk dk blh rjg fcuk i<s+ vkykspuk djus okys mRd`"V #i gS&vkykspdksa vkSj ys[kdksa ij Hkh f}osnh th us vius

^gekjs xk¡o esa ,d iafMr th Fks fo|k muds eq¡g ls fuca/kksa esa csckd fVIi.kh dh gSA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd QpkQp fudyk djrh FkhA 'kkL=kFkZ esa os cMs+ fnXxtksa lkfgR;&l`tu vkSj vkykspuk ds dk;Z dks cM+h dks gjk nsrs FksA fo|k ds tksj ls ugha] QpQpkgV ds bZekunkjh vkSj yxu ls djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;g ,d vk?kkr lsA izfri{kh eq¡g iksaNrk gqvk Hkkxrk Fkk-----A ftEesnkjh dk dk;Z gSA vkius esjh jpuk i<+h* fuca/k xk;=h dk eU= ¼muds eq¡g ls vkYgk tSlk lqukbZ nsrk esa os fy[krs gSa&

20Fkk½ vkSj nsonk# dh ydM+h muds vL= FksA*^jgL;oknh vkykspuk fy[kuk dqN g¡lh [ksy

ugha gSA iqLrd dks Nqvk rd ugha vkSj vkykspuk ,slh f}osnh th Hkk"kk dks lk/kuk ekurs FksA lgt Hkk"kk 18 ds oks leFkZd FksA muds fuca/kksa esa Hkk"kk dh lgtrk rks fy[kh fd =SyksD; fodafirA*

gS gh] Hkk"kk dh lgtrk ij xaHkhj fparu Hkh gSA oks f}osnh th ;qok lkfgR;dkjksa dks lnSo izksRlkfgr lgtrk ftlesa cukoVh iu u gksdj ân; ds Hkkoksa dks djrs FksA lkFk gh izkIr voljksa ls ykHk mBkus ds fy, O;Dr djus dh lkeF;Z gksA og lgtrk tks dBksj lnSo lpsr fd;k djrs FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ;qok ifjJe vkSj ri ls izkIr gksrh gSA ^lgt Hkk"kk dk og dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ftls yksx vlEHko ekurs gSaA iz'u* fuca/k esa oks fy[krs gSa&f}osnh th ;qokvksa ds le{k mPp vkn'kZ j[krs Fks vkSj

^lgt Hkk"kk dk vFk Z g]S lgt gh egku cuk nus s okyh mldk vuqlj.k djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djrs FksA Hkk"kkA og Hkk"kk tk s eu"q ; dk s mldh lkekftd nxq fZ r] muds fuca/kksa esa txg&txg bl fo"k; ij ppkZ nfjnrz k] vU/k lLa dkj vkjS ije[q kkifs {krk l s u cpk ld sfeyrh gSA ^lko/kkuh dh vko';drk* fuca/k esa os


fdlh dke dh ugh-a -----A riL;k R;kx vkjS vkRecfynku 3- f}osnh txnh'k ukjk;.k] f}osnh eqdqUn] gtkjh 21 izlkn f}osnh xzUFkkoyh] Hkkx&9 jktdey d s }kjk lh[kh gbq Z Hkk"kk lgt Hkk"kk gAS *

izdk'ku izkbosV fyfeVsM] 8] usrkth lqHkk"k ekxZ] ysfdu lgt Hkk"kk lh[kus ls gh ugha vkrhA ubZ fnYyh&110002] izFke laLdj.k vxLr& D;ksafd Hkk"kk gekjs vUr% dj.k dh vfHkO;fDr gSA 1981] i`"B&227AHkk"kk gekjs vUr% dj.k ds Hkkoksa dh lwpuk nsus okyh

4- ogh] i`"B&199gSA f}osnh th fy[krs gS&^tks yksx lgt Hkk"kk 22 5- ogh] i`"B&65fy[kuk pkgrs gSa] mUgsa Lo;a lgt cuuk iMs+xkA*

6- ogh] i`"B&23f}osnh th ds fuca/kksa dh lgt Hkk"kk vkSj mlds

7- ogh] i`"B&25ykfyR; dh ,d cuxh nsf[k,&

8- ogh] i`"B&34^iqjkus dfo cdqy ds isM+ esa ,slh nksykvksa dks

yxk ns[kuk pkgrs Fks] ij f'kjh"k Hkh D;k cqjk gSA Mky 9- ogh] i`"B&298mldh vi{s kkdr detkjs t#j gkrs h g]S ij mle as >yw u s 10- ogh] i`"B&39okfy;k as dk otu Hkh rk s cgrq T;knk ugh a gkrs kA dfo;k as 11- ogh] i`"B&28dh ;gh rk s cjq h vknr g S fd otu dk ,dne [;ky ugh a 12- xzUFkkoyh] Hkkx&10] i`"B&20djrAs eSa rqfUny ujifr;ksa dh ckr ugha dg jgk gw¡] os 13- xzUFkkoyh] Hkkx&9] i`"B&200

23pkgsa rks yksgs dk isM+ cuok ysaA* 14- ogh] i`"B&41bl foospu vkSj fo'ys"k.k ds mijkUr ge ikrs gSa 15- ogh] i`"B&41

fd f}osnh th ds yfyr fuca/k fgUnh lkfgR; dh 16- f}osnh gtkjh izlkn] v'kksd ds Qwy] yksdHkkjrh

vewY; fuf/k gSaA Hkk"kk] Hkko] fopkj vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh izdk'ku] njckjh fcfYMax] egkRekxk¡/kh ekxZ]

n`f"V ls vf}rh; gSA f}osnh th dk fojkV O;fDrRo bykgkckn&1] laLdj.k&2007] i`"B&45

buesa fu[kj mBrk gSA dYiuk vkSj lkSan;Z ds leUo; 17- xzUFkkoyh] Hkkx&9] i`"B&36

ls fuca/kksa esa jkspdrk vk x;h gSA18- f}osnh gtkjh izlkn] v'kksd ds Qwy] yksdHkkjrh

izdk'ku] njckjh fcfYMax] egkRekxk¡/kh ekxZ] lUnHkZ

bykgkckn&1] laLdj.k&2007] i`"B&501- f}osnh] gtkjh izlkn] v'kksd ds Qwy] yksdHkkjrh

19- ogh] i`"B&46izdk'ku] njckjh fcfYMax] egkRek xk¡/kh ekxZ]

20- xzUFkkoyh] Hkkx&9] i`"B&39bykgkckn&1] vV~Bkbloka laLdj.k&2007] 21- xzUFkkoyh] Hkkx&10] i`"B&273&274i`"B&132&133A22- ogh] i`"B&273&2742- [kaMsyoky] jkes'ojyky] xqIr lqjs'kpUnz] fgUnh 23- ogh] i`"B&26vkykspuk ds vk/kkj LrEHk] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku]

bykgkckn&1] laLdj.k&2010] i`"B&179A


fgUnh

frdky esa Jàxkj o.kZu dh tks ck<+ vk x;h og HkfDrdky dks izHkkfor djrh gqbZ jhfrdky rd Fkh og vugksuh ?kVuk ugha Fkh og ,d ijEijk dk pyh x;hA ukjh ds lgt Jàxkj ls ysdj mlds izfrQy FkkA ijEijk ds egRo dks ;wjksih; vkSj ekufld lkSUn;Z rd igqWpus dh izo`fRr vkfndky esa Hkkjrh; ijEijk ds egku jpukdkjksa dh jpukvksa ds csxorh /kkjk cu xbZ FkhA u[kf'k[k o.kZu] fojg ds izdk'k esa le>k tk ldrk gSA 'ksDlfi;j vkSj fofHkUu :i] fojfg.kh ukf;dk }kjk fiz;re ds ikl rqylhnkl nksuksa viuh ijaijk ls tqM+s gq, dfo gSaA lans'k&izs"k.k] Lodh;k vkSj ijdh;k dh izse dh ijaijk dh fHkUurk ds dkj.k nksuksa dh jpuk/kfeZrk lhek,W bu lcds n'kZu vkfndky ds lkfgR; esa gksrs

1fHkUu&fHkUu gSaA ,d HkkSfrdrk esa euq"; ds izfrHkk gSa Afodkl dks fn[kkrk gS] nwljk vk/;kfRedrk ds ,sfrgkfld izs{k.k ds Øe esa Åij dh ckrksa dk ifjik'oZ esa vkRek dh mnkRrrk dk fun'kZu djrk gSA ftØ fd;k x;k gSA oLrqr% Jàxkj izo`fRr ds mRl bl izdkj ijEijk ,d laLdkfjr iFk gS] ftldks vkfndky esa <wa<+s tk ldrs gSa] fdUrq jhfr* ijEijk ds R;kx dj dksbZ vius fodkl ds eafty rd ugha igqWp lE;d v/;;u ds fy, blds fo'ks"kK ds funsZ'ku dk ldrkA v/;;u vko';d gSA

lkfgR; dh /kkjk dh Hkh viuh fodklkRed MkW0 uxsUnz dh fuEukafdr iafDr;kW bl fo"k; ijEijk gSA jhfr ijEijk tks Ja`xkfjd ijEijk gS] fopkj.kh gS& fgUnh dk vkfne ;qx ohj xhrksaa vkSj bldk chtoiu vkfndky esa gks pqdk FkkA HkfDrdky xkFkkvksa ls eq[kfjr FkkA ohj xhrksa dk rks iz'u gh ugha ds dkO;ksa dk mn~xe Hkh vkfndky esa fo|eku gSA mB ldrk] ijUrq ohjxkFkk ds dfo;ksa esa dqN dfo

fo'ks"kdj pUnzojnk;h&dkO; jhfr ds izfr lko/kku vkfndkyhu fgUnh lkfgR; esa /kkfeZd dFkkvksa vkSj Fks] i`Fohjkt jklks ds Jàxkj fp=ksa esa ,sls fp= fey ,sfrgkfld pfj=ksa dh mu izo`fRr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk tkrs gSa] ftuesa :i ds miekuksa dk jhfr ls tdM+ dj fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tks HkfDrdky esa jkepfjr ekul ,oa j[kk x;k gSA în~ekor* tSls egkdkO;ksa ds u;s :iksa esa O;Dr gqvkA

MkW0 uxsUnz ds izs{k.k ds izek.k ge vkpk;Z gtkjh vkfndkyhu tSu lkfgR;] jklks lkfgR; rFkk yksd izlkn f}osnh ds ^fgUnh lkfgR; ds vkfndky* esa dkO;ksa dh izo`fÙk;k¡ tks ukjh vkSj ;q) ij vk/kkfjr vklkuh ls <wa<+ ldrs gSa] D;ksafd vkpk;Z f}osnh lrdZ FkhaA HkfDr dk vkoj.k vks<+dj vkxs c<+haA izkd`r vkSj

2viHkza'k ls ^jkmyosy* rd Jàxkj dh tks ijEijk Fkh n`f"V ds bfrgkldkj vkykspd nksuksa gSaA

jh

& *MkW0 vkyexhj vyh vgen

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] f'kCyh us'kuy LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

jhfr ijEijk vkSj jlyhu


dqatj mIij fla?k] fla?k mIij nks iCc;A rFkk viHkza'k ls gksrh gqbZ vkfndky ls jhfrdky rd vkrs&vkrs dfork dh eq[;/kkjk cu x;hA Jàxkj dky iCc; mIij Hkàx] Hkàx mIij lfl lqHe;esa Jàxkj jl dh /kkjk vusd oxkZsa esa izog~eku gqbZAe`x mIij dksnaM la?k danzIi c;V~BkSA

jhfrdkO; dh ijEijk mldh izo`fRr;ksa ds vk/kkj vfge;wj efg mIijg gh jljl gseu tj~;ksAij nks oxkZsa esa foHkDr dh tk ldrh gS& eq[; izo`fÙk;k¡ ljq Hkoq u Nfa M dfo pUn dfg frfg ?kk"s k S jktuAA& d- jhfr fu:i.k [k- Jàxkfjdrkbl Øe esa lwj dk ,d mnkgj.k ns[kdj Jàxkj

xkS.k izo`fÙk;k¡ & d- jkt iz'kfLr ¼ohj dkO;½ [k- ijEijk ij~;ks dk izfreku vPNh izdkj le>k tk HkfDr vkSj x- uhfrAldrk gSA yfyrk jk/kk ds lkSUn;Z dks ,d vuqie

3 ge budk fo'ys"k.k xzaFkdkj dh n`f"V ls ckx ds :i esa izLrqr djrh gSa &dkO;&foospu rFkk fu:i.k 'kSyh dh n`f"V ls dj vn~Hkqr ,d vuqie ckxAldrs gSaA xzaFkdkj dh n`f"V ls rhu izo`fÙk;k¡ gSa&igys tqxqy dey ij xtcj ØhM+r] n`f"V ls jhfrdeZ ds xzaFkdkj gSaA budk y{; dfoRo rkij flag djr vuqjkxAAizn'kZu gSA bl n`f"V ls] tloar flag] ;kdwc [kka rFkk gfj ij ljoj lj ij fxfjoj]xksfoUn dk uke fy;k tk ldrk gSA nwljh n`f"V

fxfj ij Qwys dat ijkxAAjhfrdeZ rFkk dfodeZ dks egRo nsus okys xzaFkdkj gSA

:fpj diksr cls rk Åij] blds vUrxZr fparkef.k] efrjke] Hkw"k.k] nso] nkl]

rk Åij vfezr Qy ykxAAdqyifr vkfn vkrs gSaA rhljh izo`fRr ds vUrxZr vkus

Mk0 uxsUnz us jhfrdkO; dh Hkwfedk esa fo|kifr okys xzaFkdkj y{k.kksa dk o.kZu u dj lHkh Nanksa esa

4dk Hkh ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k gS & u[kf'k[k o.kZu djrs gSaA bu dfo;ksa esa fcgkjh efrjke

fdNq fdNq mrifr vadqj HksyA vkfn vkrs gSaA buds xzaFk Jàxkjh gSaApju piy xfr ykspu ysyAA dkO;kax foospu dh izo`fRr ds vk/kkj ij nks oxkZsa vc lc [ku jg vkWpj gkrA esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS& 1- lokZaax foospu 2- fof'k"Vkax ykts lf[kxu u iqN, ckrAA foospuAfd dgfc ek/ko o;fl d laf/kA lokZax foospu dh izo`fRr ds vUrxZr vkus okyksa gsjrbZ euflt eu jgq cf/kAA xzaFkksa esa lkekU; :i ls dkO; y{k.k] dkO; gsrq] dkO;

bu iafDr;ksa esa jk/kk ds fd'kksjkoLFkk dk o.kZu gS iz;kstu] dkO; Hksn] 'kCn&'kfDr] dkO; dh vkRek ¼jl tks Jàxkfjd ijEijk ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA Jàxkj jl /ofu½] dkO; xq.k] dkO; nks"k] dkO; jhfr] vyadkj rFkk ds ckjs esa MkW0 uxsUnz dgrs gSa&jhfrdky ds izk;% lHkh Nan dk fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA dqN yksxksa us dkO;kaxksa vkpk;kZsa vkSj dfo;ksa us vkxzg ds lkFk bldk jl dk foospu ,d xzaFk esa fd;k gSA fpUrkef.k dk jktRo ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA ijUrq dksbZ uohu dYiuk ^dfodYir:* nso dk 'kCn jlk;u*] dqyifr dk jl ugha FkhA 'krkfCn;ksa iwoZ vfXu&iqjk.k*] Jàxkj fryd* jgL;* nkl dk dkO; fu.kZ;* blh izdkj ds dkO; xzaFk vkSj Jàxkj izdk'k] Jàxkj dks ,d ek= jl ekurs gSaA gSaA fof'k"Vkax foospu ds vUrxZr os xzaFk gSa ,d ls bl izdkj Jàxkj jl ftldh ijEijk laLd`r&izkd`r vf/kd dkO;kaxksa dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA jl]


vyadkj] Nan esa ls dHkh nks ;k rhu dk o.kZu ,d xzaFk mYys[k ugha djrs gaSaA laHkor% Hkko ;gkW Lor% vkf{kIr esa fd;k x;k gSA gks tkrk gS fdUrq jlyhu LFkk;h Hkko dh Hkh ckr djrs

9blesa jlyhu loZ jl fu:id dfo ds vUrxZr gSa & vkrs gSaA ;s O;ofLFkr foospu rFkk dfoRo dk lkekU; jR;kfnd fFkj Hkko dks dkju tku foHkkoA :i ls fuokZg djrs gSaA lS;n xqykc uch ^jlyhu* dkjt gS] vuqHkko v: lgdkjh pjHkkoAA¼1699&1750½] dk LFkku vius oxZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSaA Hkjreqfu Hkh LFkk;h Hkko ds egRo dks izfrikfnr

10bUgksaus nks xzaFkksa] jl izcks/k ¼1742½ vkSj ^vaxniZ.k* djrs gSa &¼1737½ dh jpuk dh gS] ;s nksuksa jhfrxzaFk gSaA rFkk ujka.kk u`ifr% f'k";k.kka p ;Fkk xq:%A

^jl izcks/k* ;|fi lHkh jlksa dk o.kZu gqvk gS] ,oa fg loZHkkouka Hkko LFkk;h egkfugAA ¼7@8½rFkkfi bl oxZ ds vU; xzaFkksa ds leku gh ewy fo"k; tSls euq";ksa esa jktk rFkk f'k";ksa esa xq: eq[; gksrs J`axkj jl rFkk ukf;dk Hksn dk foospu gSA vU; jlksa gSa] oSls gh lc Hkkoksa esa LFkk;h Hkko Js"B gksrs gSaA Hkjr dk o.kZu Hkh bl xzaFk esa la{ksi esa gqvk gSA jlyhu jhfr eqfu LFkk;h Hkkoksa dh la[;k 8 crkrs gSa D;ksafd ukVd esa ijEijk dk ikyu djrs gq, Hkh viuh fof'k"Vrk izdV 'kkUr jl dks LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gSA jlyhu Hkkoksa

11djrs gSaA dh la[;k ukS crkrs gSa &os vius xzaFk esa lcls igys Hkko dk o.kZu djrs jfr gkWlh v: lksd iqfu dksi mNkg lq vkfuA

5gSaA os bl xzaFk dh jpuk ds igys os dgrs gSa & Hk; ?k.k vtjt lefq > ifq u fujons fg a fFkj tkfuAAlzou lqur jl 'kCn dks] xzaFku ns[;ks tkbA /kuat; rFkk n'k:id ds Vhdkdkj /kfud us vkB jl y{ku fruds ers] leqf> ij~;ks ;g vkbAA gh Hkko ekus gSaAjl izcks/k dh jpuk ds dky dk mYys[k mUgksaus vkyEcu ds foospu esa Hkh jlyhu Hkjreqfu rFkk

6 /kuat; ls fHkUu gSa] bldk dkj.k gS jhfrdkyhu dfo bl izdkj fd;k gS &vkyacu foHkko dks fpRro`fRr ds lk/ku ds :i esa l=g lS vV~Bkucs] e/kq lqfnNB cq/kokjALohdkj djrs gSaA fcyxzke esa vkbds Hk;ks xzaFk vorkjAA

jlyhu foHkko] vuqHkko dks ijaijk ds vuqlkj jl izcks/k dkO;&'kkL=h; n`f"V ls e/kqdy'k gSA 12ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa &jlyhu dk fopkj gS fd Hkko ls gh jl gksrk gSA

7 FkkbZ dkju dks lqdfo dgr foHkko fo'ksf"kblfy, bl xzaFk esa Hkko dk foospu igys djrs gSa &lks }S fof/k vkyacu v: mn~nhiu vojsf"kAAHkkofga rs jl gksr gS leq> ysgq eu ekWfgAmitS FkkbZ tkfg yS lks vfuHkkofu tkfuAA;krsa ifgys Hkko dfo cjur gSa BgjkfgAA vf/kd tkfg rs gksb lks mn~nhiu ifgpkfuAAHkjreqfu vius ukV~;'kkL= esa jl ds fo/kk;d

138 blh izdkj os vuqHkko dks Hkh fu:fir djrs gSa &lw= esa Hkko dh ppkZ djrs gq, dgrs gSa & ^r= dfg foHkko dks dgr gkSa vc vuqHkko izdkl]foHkkuqHkko O;fHkpkfj la;ksxknzl fu"ifRr%* esa foHkko]

vuqHkko] O;fHkpkjh Hkkoksa ds la;ksx ls jl fu"ifRr dh tks fg; rs jfrHkko dks izdV djs vu;klAAO;k[;k djrs gSaA Hkjr bl lw= esa LFkk;h Hkko dk jlyhu vuqHkkoksa ds izlax esa jlyhu vkpk;Z


fo'oukFk ls izHkkfor izrhr gSaA fo'oukFk dkf;d] vius mnkgj.kksa esa ljyrk rFkk rjyrk nksuksa dks ekufld] vkgkfjt ¼vkgk;Z½ lkfRod pkj izdkj ds izLrqr fd;k gSA vkpk;Z nkl ls izHkkfor gksrs gq, Hkh os

14 viuh fof'k"Vrk cuk;s gq, gSaA vuqHkkoksa dks lkfgR; niZ.k esa crkrs gaS &

dkf;d bd lkSa tkfu;s ekulq nwtks gksbAlUnHkZvkgkfjt gS rhljks pkSFkh lkrqd tksbAA

1- la0 MkW0 uxsUnz o Mk0 gjn;ky % fgUnh lkfgR; Li"V gS jlyhu dk ;g fu:i.k ijEijkxr gSA dk bfrgkl] i`0 76] la0 2012bZ0] e;wj isij lkfRod Hkko O;fHkpkjh Hkko dgykrs gSa] ;s LFkk;h oSDl] uks,Mk&201301Hkkoksa dks izdV djus ds dkj.k ;s vuqHkko dgykrs

15 2- vkpk;Z gtkjh izlkn f}osnh % fgUnh lkfgR; dk gSa &vkfndky] i`0 34] la0 1961bZ0] fcgkj jk"VªHkk"kk ru O;fHkpkjh fofnr gSa ;s lc lkfrd HkkoAifj"kn&6FkkbZ ijxV dju fgr xus tkr vuqHkkoAA

3- ogh] lwj lkfgR;] i`0 140] la0 1980bZ0 jktdey jlyhu us raSrhl O;fHkpkjh Hkkoksa dk o.kZu jl izdk'ku izk0fy0] ubZ fnYyhizcks/k esa fd;k gSA jl izcks/k esa mUgksaus nksgk la[;k

4- MkW0 uxsUnz % jhfrdko; dh Hkwfedk] i`0 182] la0 833 ls 924 rd lapkfj;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA jlyhu 1969bZ0 us'kuy ifCyflax gkml] fnYyh&6us y{k.k rFkk mnkgj.k foLrkjiwoZd izLrqr fd;k gSA

5- jlyhu xazFkkoyh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 37] la0 mUgksaus rSarhl Hkkoksa ds uke fn;s gSa&fuosZn] Xykfu] 2044fo0] dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] okjk.klhnhurk] 'kadk] =kl] vkosx xoZ vkWlw] ve"kZ] mRlqdrk]

6- ogh] jl izcks/k] nksgk 25Le`fr] fpUrk rdZ] xfr] /k`fr] g"kZ] ØhM+k] vofgRFkk] 7- ogh] jl izcks/k] nksgk 35 piyrk] Je] fuUnk] LoIu] oSiFk] vkyl] en] eksg]

mUekn] viLekj] tM+rk] fo"kkn] O;kf/k ej.kA 8- Hkjreqfu% ukV~;'kkL=&"k"B v/;k;] 'yksd 32] la0 2067fo0] pkS[kEHkk laLd`r] okjk.klhHkjr eqfu ds rSarhl Hkko bl izdkj gSa& fuosZn]

Xykfu] 'kadk] vlw;k] en] Je] vkyL;] nSU;] fpUrk] 9- jlyhu xzaFkkoyh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 52eksg] Le`fr] ?k`fr] ØhM+k] piyrk] g"kZ] vkosx] tM+rk] 10- Hkjreqfu % ukV~;'kkL=] v/;k; lkr] 'yksd 8xoZ] fo"kkn] vkSRlqD;] fuUnk] vijLekj] LoIu fooks/k] 11- jlyhu xzaFkkoyh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 48ve"kZ] vofgRFkk] mxzrk] efr] O;kf/k] mUekn] ej.k] 12- ogh] jl izcks/k] nksgk 49&50ekl rFkk fordZA 13- ogh] jl izcks/k] nksgk 51

lexzr% jlyhu ,sls vkpk;Z gSa tks ijEijk dk 14- ogh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 699ikyu djrs gq, vius foosd dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

15- ogh] nksgk 703jhfrdkyhu vkpk;Z dfo jlyhu ds'ko dh ekU;rk dks vius vuqdj.k dk fo"k; ugha cukrsA mUgksaus


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Unh dk e/;dkyhu lkfgR; Hkkjr ns'k ds <dkslyksa] dqfRlr fopkj/kkjkvksa ds çfr nks&Vwd ân; dh /kM+du dk] ;gk¡ ds tuthou dh 'kCnksa esa tks ckrsa dgha] mlls lekt dh vk¡[ksa QVh vk'kk&vkdka{kk] g"kZ&fo"kkn vkSj gkL;&:nu dk dh QVh jg xbZ vkSj lk/kkj.k turk mudh okf.k;ksa lkfgR; gSaA Hkkjrh; turk dh vk'kk&fujk'kk] ls psruk çkIr dj mudh vuqxkfeuh cuus dks ck/; çse&?k`.kk rFkk mYykl& mnklh ds ewfrZeku çfrfcEc gks mBhAlar lkfgR; esa n'kZuh; gSaA Hkkjr ds vUr%dj.k dh ns'k dh lkekftd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd ekuoh; laosnu'khyrk] yksd thou dh –< vkLFkk ,oa lkaL—frd lHkh çdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku vkSj mTtoy Hkfo"; dh ekaxfydrk dh ehBkl lar oS;fäd thou ds ek/;e ls çLrqr djus dk ç;Ru

lar dchj us fd;kA mUgksaus ck¡g mBkdj cyiwoZd lkfgR; esa feyrh gSA Hkkoksa dh lPph vfHkO;fä gha dgk&larksa dk y{; FkkA çfrik| fo"k; dh rhoz vuqHkwfr ls

çsfjr gksdj larksa dh okX/kkjk bruh xfr'khy gqbZ fd Þdchjk [kM+k&cktkj esa] fy, yqdkBh gkFkAos lPph lkSan;Ziw.kZ dfork dk :i /kkj.k dj ldhA tks ?kj Qwds vkiuks] pys gekjs lkFkAAß

fuxqZ.k dkO; /kkjk ds lar dfo lkeU;r;k lekt /kkfeZd vkMacjksa ,oa fo"kerkvksa dk mUgksaus ds fuEu oxksZ esa mRiUu gq, FksA os lk/ku foghu [kqydj fojks/k fd;kA ckákMacjksa dk R;kx rFkk okrkoj.k esa iys&c<+s vkSj cM+s gq, FksA lar dchj Hkh lnkpkjh lR;thou muds iFk dk lEcy FkkAbUgha esa ls ,d FksA lar dchj ,d lQy lk/kd] orZeku lkEçnkf;d ladh.kZrk ds fo"ke okrkoj.k çHkko'kkyh mins'kd] egku lekt lq/kkjd vkSj esa dchj ds dkO; dh vR;Ur mi;ksxhrk gSA dchj us ØkUr ;qxæ"Vk FksA mUgksaus dfork ds lgkjs vius /keZ dks ekuo /keZ dks :i esa ns[kk FkkA vkt ls fopkjksa dks ;qx ;qxkUrj ds fy, vejrk çnku dhA yxHkx 600 lky iwoZ lar dchj us lkEçnkf;drk dh dfork muds fopkjksa] mins'kksa] rF;ksa rFkk vk/;kfRed fo'o leL;k dh vkSj /;ku fnyk;k Fkk] og vkt Hkh vuqHkoksa dks çdV djus dk ek/;e FkhaA vius thou Tokykeq[kh dh Hkk¡fr Hk;adj cudj ns'k ds okrkoj.k esa Hkksxh xbZ fo"kerkvksa] dqRlkvksa vkSj çrkM+ukvksa ls dks fonX/k djrh jgrh gSA Hkkjr ns'k dk ;g cM+k çHkkfor gksdj dchj us ;qxksa&;qxksa dh tuHkkouk dks nqHkkZX; gS fd tgk¡ tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kkxr bZ';k] }s"k] çHkkfor djus okyh ok.kh dgha! mUgksaus Lo;a Hkksxh gqbZ oSj&fojks/k dh Hkkouk] le;&vle; Hk;adj osnukvksa dks vkØks'k iw.kZ lekt esa QSys gq, <+ksax vkSj Tokykeq[kh ds :i esa HkM+d mBrh gSaA nl&chl

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dchj dh izklafxdrk


grkgr Hkh gksrs gSa] djksM+ksa yksxksa dh laifÙk u"V gks ftuds }kjk ogk¡ rd igq¡pus dk ç;Ru fd;k tkrk tkrh gS vkSj fodkl dh xfr ean iM tkrh gSA gSAblfy, dchj lkgc us mu ek/;eksa&iwtk&uekt]

ozr&jkstk] efUnj&efLtn] vYykg] —".k] djhe] dchj ds le; fgUnw&eqfLye turk vkil esa [kqnk] Hkxoku] jke vkfn tu çpfyr bZ'oj okpd efUnj&efLtn ds ç'u ij la?k"kZjr jgrh FkhA /keZ ds 'kCnksa dk viuh okf.k;ksa esa ç;ksx djds lcdk bZ'oj Bsdsnkj /kkfeZd mUekn ds pwYgs ij LokFkZ dh jksfV;k¡ ,d gS ;g fn[kkus dk ç;Ru fd;k –lsdrs Fks] tSlk gh orZeku le; esa gks jgk gSA oksVksa

dh dyqf"kr jktuhfr us bls vkSj Hkh xank dj fy;k ÞdgSa dchj eSa gfj xqu xkÅ¡] gSA efUnj&efLtn ds uke ij lkEçnkf;d naxsa rc fgUnw rqjd nksÅ le>kÅ¡AHkh gksrs Fks vkSj vHkh gks jgs gSaA v;ks/;k dh ckcjh fgUnw rqjd dk djrk ,dS] efLtn dks <+k¡pk crkrs gq, rksM+ fn;k x;k vkSj lkjs rk xfr y[kh u tkgsAAßns'k esa mFky&iqFky ep xbZA blfy, fuf'pr :i ls dchj us lekt esa ,drk ,oa lekurk dh dchj dh ok.kh vkt ds bl ekgksy esa vf/kd Hkkoukvk as dk çpkj&çlkj fd;kA mUgkuas s tkrh;rk d sçklafxd gSA oSKkfud midj.kksa ,oa lq[k&lqfo/kk ds uke ij gkus s oky s O;Fk Z d s >xMk+ as vkjS fgUn&w elq yekuk aslk/kuksa dks tqVkdj Hkys gha ge çxfr dk nkok djsa dh ijLij fojks/kh Hkkoukvksa dk [kqydj fojks/k fd;k fdUrq ekuork ds lanHkZ esa ge jatek= Hkh çxfr ugha nsf[k,&dj lds gSaA vkt Hkh lekt esa /kkfeZd foæksg O;kIr

ÞfgUnw dgSa eksfg jke fi;kjk] rq#d dgS jfgekukAgS] tkfr çFkk us viuh tM+ksa dks etcwr fd;k gS]

vkil esa nksÅ yfj ew;s] eje u dkgw tkukAAßlekt esa fo"kerk c<+rh jgh gS] vlfg".kqrk

fgUnw eqlyeku vius vius vge esa Mwcdj nhu&çfrfnu O;kIr gksrh jgrh gS] lejlrk dgha ,d&nwljs dks cqjk crkrs FksA dchj lkgc us Li"V fn[kkbZ ugha nsrhA blfy, dchj dh çklafxdrk 'kCnksa esa dgk& orZeku lanHkksaZ esa vkSj Hkh c<+ xbZ gSA dchj us ik[kaM]

ÞvOoy vyg uwj mik;k] dqnjr ds lc cansAckákpkj] v¡/kfo'okl] ,oa :f<+;ksa ij dqBkjk?kkr Mkd ujw r as lc txk miT;k] dkuS Fky S dk s ena As Aßfd;kA dchj us loZ/keZ leHkko dk lans'k fn;kA deksaZ ds çfr fu"Bk vkSj laEiw.kZ ekuo tkfr ds fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds nks"kksa dks iwjh fufHkZdrk ls

çfr vknj vkSj çseHkko ns[kdj gha O;fä] lekt ,oa mtkxj fd;k] ftuds vk/kkj ij os ,d&nwljs ds 'k=q ns'k dk dY;k.k gks ldrk gSA ge lHkh ekuo ewyr% cu x;s FksA D;k vkt fgUnw&eqfLye leL;k lqy> ,d gAaS ekuo dh dos y ,d tkfr g S vkjS ifjJe gh xbZ gS\ ;fn ugha lqy> xbZ rks dchj vkt Hkh mUufr dk iFk gAS ;g egke=a lnx~ #q dchj lkgc u sçklafxd gSaAekuo lekt e as Qd¡w kA rRdkfyu mifs {kr] 'kkfs "kr&nfyr lar dchj tkfr tkfr esa] fgUnw&eqlyeku esa tuekul ds nq%[k dks vius dkO; dk vkyEcu 'kkjhfjd –f"V ls dksbZ Hksn ugha ekursA Hksn dsoy cuk;kA euq"; ek= ,d gS] lcdks cukus okyk ,d gS&fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa dk gSaA bu fopkjksa ,oa Hkkoksa ds Hksn

Þ,dS Ropk] gkM ey ew=k] ,d :f/kj ,d xwnkAdks cy /kkfeZd dêjrk vkSj :f<okfnrk ls feyrk ,d cw¡n ls l`f"V jph gS] dks ckã.k dks 'kwækAAßgSA ân; dh pjekuqHkwfr dh n'kk esa jke vkSj jghe esa

dksbZ vUrj ugha gSA vUrj dsoy mu ek/;eksa esa gS ¼lapkfjdk&i`-35½


tkfr&ik¡fr dks NksM+dj gfjHkä dks gh lekt esa ÞlkS ikiu dks ewy gS] ,d #iS;k jksdAJs"Brk çnku djrs gq, mUgksaus dgk& lk/kw gS laxzg djSa] gkjs gfj lks FkksdAAß

^gfj tu pkfj oju rs Å¡psA* dchj lkgc us bl ço`fÙk dks Fkksd ds nkrk Hkxoku ds fo:) crk;kA oSls çR;sd /keZ esa gh bl dchj ls iwoZ lar ukenso Hkh blh rF; dks crk çdkj dh ço`fÙk;k¡ dk fojks/k fd;k x;k gSA dchj pqds gSa&lkgc us larks"k dh ço`fÙk ij gha cy fn;k FkkA çek.k ^tkfr ik¡fr iwNs ugha dksbZALo:i esa iafä;k¡&

gfj dks Hkts lks gfj dk gksbZAA*Þlar us cka/ks xk¡<jh] isV lekrk ysgA

lar dchj ds bl çdkj ds ç;kl ls nks Lor% vkxs&ihNs gfj [kM+s] tc ek¡xs rc nsgAAlEHko ykHk gqvkA ,d vfHktkr oxZ dk vgadkj vk/kh vkS lq[kh Hkyh] lkjh lksx larkiAnfer gqvk] nwljs ifrr lekt esa lkaL—frd psruk tks pkgsxk pwiMh] cgqr djsxk ikiAAßvkSj Økafr mifLFkr gqbZA dchj lkgc us /kkfeZd vkSj lwn [kkusokys 'kkgqdkjksa dh ço`fÙk vktdy T;knk lkekftd oSeuL; ds ml laØked ;qx esa –<rk ds

fodjky cu xbZ gS mlds ckjs esa dchj us dgk Fkk&lkFk euq";&euq"; ds chp lekurk dh ?kks"k.kk djds Þdfy dk Lokeh yksfHk;k] eulk /kjh c<+k;A,drk vkSj Hkzkr`Ro Hkkouk dk çlkj fd;kA

ysg ibZlk O;kt dk] ys[kk djrk tk;AAßbl dky esa Hkh[k ekaxusokyksa dh cgqr cM+h la[;k bZ/kj&m/kj lk/kqvksa ds uke ij Hkh[k ek¡xrh vkt lekt esa dFkuh vkSj djuh esa dksbZ lkE; fQjrh FkhA lar dchj us bldk ?kksj fojks/k djrs gq, ughaA yksx dgrs gS dqN rFkk djrs dqN vkSj gSa] dgk fd& ^eufl vU;r~ opfl vU;r* dk çdksi gSaA lar dFkuh

vkSj djuh esa] vUnj vkSj ckgj esa lkeatL; pkgrs gSaA Þek¡xu ejus leku gS] er dksbZ ek¡xks Hkh[kAdchj dgrs gSa&ek¡xus rs ejuk Hkyk] ;s lrxq: dh lh[kAAß

ÞtSlh eq[k rSa uhdls] rSlh pkys pkyAoLrqr% lar dchj us fHk{kko`fÙk dk ?kksj fojks/k ikjczã usM+k jgs] iy esa dbZ fugkyAAßfd;kA gekjh /ku laxzg djus dh ço`fÙk lnSo ls jgh

dchj lkgc us mu ekuoh; thou vkn'kksaZ ij cy gSA ,d vkSj /ku&nkSyr ds Hk.Mkj Hkjs jgrs gSa] nwljh fn;k tks lekt dks lq[kh cuk ldrs gSaA lekt dks vksj Hkq[kejh QSyrh jgrh gSA vkt lekt esa /kuh lq[kh cukus ds fy, nqxqZ.kksa dks R;kx nsuk vR;ar vf/kd /kuh vkSj nfjæ vf/kd nfjæ gksrk tk jgk gSA vko';d gSA Hkkjr tSls —f"kç/kku ns'k esa Hkwfe vk; laxzg djus okyk O;fä dHkh nhu&nqf[k;ksa dh dk eq[; lk/ku jgh gSA Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fo"kerk dk dfBukbZ;ksa ij /;ku ugha nsrkA ;fn lekt esa /ku dk ,d eq[; dkj.k Hkwfe dk vleku forj.k Hkh jgk gSA lapj.k Bhd <+ax ls gksrk jgs rks vkfFkZd fo"kerk dh cM+s fdlku NksVs fdlkuksa dks gM+ius esa eRL; U;k; [kkbZ 'kh?kz gh nwj dh tk ldrh gSA vkt ljdkj bl pykrs jgsA Hkwfe forj.k dh bl vleku i)fr vkSj fo"kerkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, mRlqdrkiwoZd mlls mRiUu leL;kvksa dh vksj lar fouksck Hkkos dk ç;Ru'khy gSA dchj lkgc us Hkh vius dky esa QSyh /;ku x;k FkkA mUgksaus l'kä 'kCnksa esa dgk fd Hkwfe gqbZ bl fi'kkfpuh ço`fÙk dk dM+s 'kCnksa esa fojks/k forj.k O;fä;ksa dh la[;k vkSj vko';drk ds vk/kkj fd;k&


ij gksuk pkfg,A vkSj lR; dh Hkkouk ls ifjiw.kZ gSA blds çpkj&çlkj ls olq/kSo dqVqEcde* dh Hkkouk tkxzr gks ldrh gSA ^tSrs fto gksrh cqbZ nhtSA*dchj ds ân; esa ve`r çse dk lkxj fgykjsa ysus bl çdkj dky ekDlZ ls yxHkx pkj lkS lky yxrk gSA os gkFk QSykdj tho ek= dh HkykbZ ds fy, igys lar dchj us lPps lektokn dh cqfu;kn nqvk djrs gSa&Mkyus dk ç;Ru fd;k FkkA mudk lektokn /kkfeZd

Þdchjk [kM+k ctkj esa] ek¡xs lcdh [kSjAHkkouk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA ftlesa bZ'oj esa vkLFkk] 'kkafr] lR; vkSj ljyrk dk lglke`r Hkjk gqvk FkkA muds uk dkgw ls nkslrh] uk dkgw ls oSjAAß}kjk crk, x, dqN vkn'kZ vkt Hkkjr esa gha ugha vkt gekjs lekt esa tks foJ`a[kyrk fn[kkbZ ns jgh cfYd fo'o esa viuk;s tk jgs gSaA gS] rFkk ge yksx ftl /kkfeZd fo}s"k ds ekgksy esa

lar dchj ds }kjk LFkkfir fd, x, vkn'kksZ dh thou ;kiu dj jgs gSa] mles dchj dh f'k{kk vf/kd cqfu;kn ij Hkkjr dk HkO; fuekZ.k dk;Z gks jgk gSA çHkkoh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj ldrh gSaA uSfrd ewY;ksa M‚DVj vacsMdj us Nwr&vNwr ds HksnHkko dks dk {kj.k vkt ftl rhozrk ls gks jgk gS rFkk ekuoh; feVkdj lcdks leku LFkku fnykus dk ç;Ru fd;k ewY;ksa dk tks fo?kVu lekt esa fn[kkbZ ns jgs gS mlds FkkA vkt lekt esa Li`';&vLi`';] Å¡p&uhp dh fo"kkä çHkko dks de djus ds fy, dchj dh Hkkouk fnu&çfrfnu de gksrh jgh gSA egkRek xka/kh ve`rok.kh dh vko';drk cjkcj vuqHko dh tk jgh us fgUnw&eqfLye ,drk ds fy, viuk thou mRlxZ gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa dchj dh çklaxfdrk ij dksbZ ç'u dj fn;k Fkk] ysfdu ;g ,drk dk;e u gks ldhA fpUg ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA os dy Hkh çklafxd Fks] cqf)thfo;ksa dk ;g ije drZO; gS fd ,drk] vkt Hkh çklafxd gSa vkSj vkusokys dy esa Hkh çklafxd lekurk vkSj Hkzkr`Ro Hkkouk dk lekt esa vf/kdkf/kd jgsaxsAçpkj&çlkj djsaA ekSykuk :ehus lp gh dgk Fkk&

Þrw ojkgk oLy djnu vkenhA lanHkZu ojkgk QLn djnu vkenhAAß 1- dchj dh çklafxdrk laiknd&M‚-lquhy tksxh]

çse izdk'ku eafnj&fnYyh] i`"B&10&17] 71&89gk bUlku! rw lalkj esa çse] eqgCcr dk çlkj djus ds fy, vk;k gS] >xM+k vkSj fQlkn QSykus ds 2- dchj fo'ks"k& laik- xksfoan Hkä çdk'kd] jke fy, ughaA dchj eafnj VªLV] lqjr] i`"B& 239] 303

dchj ds n'kZu ,oa lkfgR; ds dsUæ esa euq"; gSA 3- v[kaM vkuan] tqykbZ& vxLr&1999dsUæ ls oxhZ; LokFkksZ dks gVkdj euq"; dh çfr"Bk 4- dchjok.kh& Qjojh&1983djus ds fy, dchj us cgqeq[kh Økafr dhA dchj dh 5- c;ku ¼ekfld if=dk½& lia k- ekgs unkl ufS e'kjk;& ok.kh esa ,d jl /kkjk gS ftlds lgkjs ekuorkoknh fnYyh&flra&vDVwcj&2014] i`-14thou ewY;ksa dh tM+s ekuoeu dh xgjkbZ;ksa esa Hksnrh 6- lapkfjdk ¼=Sekfld½ laik- M‚- ek/ko lksuVDds& pyh tkrh gSaA vkSjaxkckn] vDVwcj&fnlacj&2011] i`-35

bl çdkj dchj lkgc dk lkfgR; tu&thou dks txkusokyk lkfgR; gSA og vfgalk] Lusg] 'kkafr


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& *lnkuUn frokjh

*lgk;d v/;kid] jke lgk; b.Vj dkyst] x<+ jksM+ esjB ¼m0iz0½

fgR; Hkko o fopkj dh vfHkO;fDr dk lk/ku la?k"kksaZ ls nks pkj gksrh gS bldh dYiuk rd iq#"k ek= ugha vfirq ;g ys[kd dh lexz thou n`f"V dk lekt ugha dj ldrkA L=h pkgs dkedkth gks ;k Hkh izfrQyu gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks ;g viuh ?kj dks laHkky jgh gks neu o ?kqVu og gj dne ij vfUre ifj.kfr esa thou dk l`tu Hkh gSA gj eglwl djrh gSA l`tu yksd dh vf/k"Bk=h L=h jpukdkj vius ;qx dh mit gksrk gSA vr% ;qx esa vkt Hkh visf{kr cnyko ds fy, fujUrj tw> jgh gSAizpfyr foe”kksaZ ,oa ljksdkjksa dk mudh laosnuk] *dkedkth* “kCn *dkedkt* esa *bZ* izR;; yxus dYiuk ,oa n`f"V ij izHkko iM+uk LokHkkfod gSA ls cuk gSA dkedkt esa nks “kCn gS& dke$dktA chloha lnh esa lekt esa L=h dh vofLFkfr ij xgu *dke* “kCn laLd`r ds deZ ls RkFkk *dkt* “kCn rFkk O;kid fopkj&foe”kZ dk okrkoj.k cukA blh laLd`r ds dk;Z ls O;qRiUu gqvk gSA bl izdkj oLrqr% nkSjku fgUnh lkfgR; eas ukjh tkx`fr dh vkokt nksuksa “kCnksa dh /ofu ,d gh gS ijUrq vFkZ ij cy nsus O;kid /kjkry ij mBus yxhA fgUnh vkRedFkkvksa esa ds dkj.k mldk iz;ksx nks ckj gqvk gSA vaxzsth esa ysf[kdkvksa dh c<+rh rknkn us vuk;kl ukjh eqn~nksa *dkedkth* ds fy, *working* “kCn feyrk gS] ds Lrj dks cny fn;kA eerk dkfy;k] izHkk [ksrku *working* d s eyw e as *work* ftldk vFk Z g S **ckfS )d jef.kdk xqIrk ,oa fueZyk tSu us igyh ckj L=h dks rFkk “kkjhfjd {kerkvk as dk mi;kxs djd s thodkis ktuZ

1L=h dh utj ls ns[kdj mlds futh eu ds dksuksa dks ds fy, fd;k tkus okyk dksbZ dkeA ** [kksyk] ifj.kkeLo:Ik uSfrdrk dh ijEijkxr dkedkth& *dke* vFkkZRk~ deZ] dk;Z] /ka/kk] bPNk] vo/kkj.kk pjejkus yxh vkSj L=h&iq#"k lEcU/kksa ls dkeuk] ukSdjh] jkstxkj vkfnA *dkth* vFkkZr~ dke esa ysdj L=h dh vfLerk dh fofo/k vk;keksa dh iM+rky yxk jgus okyk m|ehA dkedkth efgyk vkt rhozrj gksus yxhA chloha “krkCnh esa gekjh lkekftd n¶~rjksa] ?kjksa] vLirkyksa] fo|ky;ksa] cSadksa vkfn esa O;oLFkk esa ukjh ds izfr fpUru esa xq.kkRed cnyko dk;Zjr v)Zf”kf{kr vFkok lqf”kf{kr efgykvksa dks vk;k gSA vkadM+s ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd orZeku esa L=h] dkedkth fL=;k¡ dgk tkrk gSAlekt dh n`<+ vk/kkjf”kyk cudj mHkjh gSA vkt ,d dkedkth efgyk lkekU; L=h ls vyx izR;sd {ks= esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk jgh gSaA f”k{kk gksrh gSA blds ihNs Bksl dkj.k ;g gS fd lkekU; vkt L=h dks LokoyEch cuk;k gS ijUrq vius ckSf)d L=h dh rqyuk esa mldh n`f"V T;knk iz[kj] vuqHkoh fodkl dh lkekU; & lh pkg esa og ,d lkFk fdrus ,oa laosnu”khy gksrh gSA og ckgjh dk;Z {ks= ds lkFk

lk

dkedkth efgyk,¡ % lkfgR; vkSj lekt ls mudk ljksdkj


tqM+dj mlds ek/;e ls vius lekt dh uCt dks MkW0 jksfg.kh vxzoky us bl lR; dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gS& **T;ksa&T;ksa iq#"k lH; gksrk pyk x;k] ifjokj o idM+rh gS vkSj nksgjs nkf;Roksa ds lkFk fodflr@ lekt dh izeq[k “kfDr curk x;k] R;ksa&R;ksa ukjh xkS.k fo?kfVr gksrs vius O;fDrRo dks ,d [kkl vk;ke nsus

dk iz;kl djrh gSA Bhd ;gh ckr dkedkth efgyk gksdj ml ij vkfJr gksrh x;h vkSj bl lEiw.kZ jpukdkj ds lanHkZ esa Hkh dgh tk ldrh gSaA vkSlr izfØ;k esa og u LorU= jgh] u leku vkSj u 'ks"k jgh efgyk jpukdkj dh vis{kk mlds ljksdkjksa ,oa la?k"kZ mldh vfLerkA og iq#"k dh eqB~Bh esa cUn ,d oLrq

2dk nk;jk vuk;kl O;kid gks tkrk gSA Qyr% cudj jg x;hA**vkfFkZd LokoyEcu ds fy, tw>rh dkedkth efgyk vkt Hkh iq#"k Hkys gh og mPp f”k{kk izkIr D;ksa u jpukdkjksa dh jpukvksa esa la?k"kZ ds eq[;r% rhu Lrj gks] ijEijk ls feys vga Hkko dks iwjh rjg ls NksM+us esa lkeus mHkj dj vkrs gSa& vlQy jgk gSA O;olk;h f”kf{kr L=h dks og vius 1- mlds Hkhrj fNis gq, jpukdkj dh iz[kjrj izfr}U}h ds :Ik esa ns[kus yxrk gSA mlds iq#"kkFkZ dks

laosnukA vk?kkr igq¡prk gS fd mlh ds ?kj esa jgus okyh iRuh] 2- ckgjh nqfu;k esa vkgr vkSj fodflr gksrh cgu] nksLr dks O;kolkf;d txr esa mlls vf/kd

laosnukA lEeku fey jgk gSA O;kolkf;d {ks= esa n{k vius fu.kZ; Lo;a ysrh efgyk,a Hkh fir`lÙkkRed O;oLFkk dh 3- ?kjsyw nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djrh dkedkth efgyk vka[kksa esa pqHk jgh gS D;ksafd vkt f”kf{kr L=h jpukdkjAvFkksZiktZu esa LorU= ,oa ltx gSA blfy, og viuh ?kj dh lhfer ifjf/k esa jgus ds dkj.k L=h dk jkg esa vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks MVdj lkeuk dj jgh gS ekufld ,oa ckSf)d fodkl vo#) gks x;kA blds vFkkZr~ mlesa vkRecy dk fodkl gks jgk gSA blh mijkUr lkekftd O;oLFkk us bl fcUnq ij tksj fn;k LFky ij ekStwnk O;oLFkk dks viuk flagklu [krjs esa fd dkseykaxh vkSj dk;Z {kerk dh vuqHko dh deh ds utj vkus yxrk gSA izHkk [ksrku] MkW ljkZQ ds ek/;e dkj.k L=h dks ?kj ds dk;Z rd gh lhfer jguk ls ikS#"kh; vge~ dks mtkxj dj jgh gS& **rqEgkjs ikl pkfg,A ifj.kkeLo:Ik L=h us vFkd ifjJe fd;k] cfq ) uke dh pht Hkh g\S xLq l s e as mudk pgs jk yky gkrs k ?kjsyw mRiknu esa lg;ksx nsdj iq#"k ds fy, ckgj tk jgk FkkA req viu s vki dk s le>rh D;k gk]s rEq gkjk u;s&u;s jkLrs [kkstus esa enn dh ysfdu L=h ds Je

3;g ekfydkuk ros j e aS ugh a lgu dj ldrkA**dks iq#"k us cjkcjh dk ntkZ ugha fn;kA Qyr%

?kj ls ckgj ukSdjh djus okyh f”kf{kr efgykvksa vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd n`f"V ls L=h dh dk {ks= cM+k O;kid gSA Ldwyksa] vLirkyksa n¶rjksa] fLFkfr detksj gksrh x;hA yEch ekufld xqykeh ds cSadksa] futh f”k{kk laLFkkvksa] jktuhfrd dk;kZy;ksa dkj.k L=h dks yxus yxk fd cU/kuksa esa dSn jguk gh vkfn {ks=ksa esa ukSdjh djds vFkksZiktZu dj jgh gSaA ;s mldh fu;fr cu pqdh gSA ijUrq ifjorZu l`f"V dk efgyk,¡ ifjokj esa vtZd dh Hkwfedk fuHkkdj ifjokj fu;e gS tks ,d “kk”or izfØ;k gSA blh ds dk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dj jgh gSaA vusd f”kf{kr efgyk,¡ ifj.kkeLo:Ik vkt dkedkth efgyk ds lUnHkZ esa vius ifr vkSj ifjokj ds O;olk; ls vyx viuk izkphu vo/kkj.kk,a vkSj ijEijk,a ne rksM+ pqdh gSaA eqdke gkfly djds vkRe&fuHkZj o LokfHkeku ls vkt dh dkedkth efgyk ;g lp Hkyh&Hkkafr tku vius LorU= fu.kZ; ys jgh gSaA blh ds ek/;e ls pqdh gS fd og fdlh Hkh {ks= esa iq#"k ls de ugha gSA


f”kf{kr fL=;k¡ viuh dk;Z dq”kyrk lkfcr dj jgh iz/kkurk nh x;hA f”k{kk us L=h dks vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gSaA vc os fnu yn x;s fd gj laLFkk] m|ksx dk fd;k gSA dkedkth cudj mlus vius O;fDrRo dks losZlokZ iq#"k gh gksxkA vkt O;kolkf;d {ks= esa lqn`<+ cuk fn;k gSA f”kf{kr gksus ds mijkUr efgykvksa efgyk,Wa vusd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA mUgsa ds fy, lokZf/kd lqyHk ,oa lqfo/kktud in f”kf{kdk LokoyEch la?k"kZ'khy Hkh cuuk gS rFkk ?kj ifjokj ds dk gksrk gSA L=h&tkxj.k ds izkjfEHkd dky esa lkFk&lkFk lkekftd fj”rs Hkh fuHkkus gSaA vkt v/;kiu dk;Z gh ,d ek= O;olk; ekuk tkrk Fkk tks f”kf{kr fL=;kWa ,dkf/kd LFkyksa ij la?k"kZ dj jgh gS L=h ds fgr ds fy, mi;qDr FkkA /khjs&/khjs le; ds rFkk viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk jgh gSaA ;gk¡ vU; cnyko ds lkFk L=h O;olk;ksa esa Hkh cnyko ifjyf{kr ikfjokfjd lnL;ksa dk Hkh nkf;Ro curk gS fd ukSdjh gksus yxkA blls vkt L=h MkWDVj] ulZ] Dyklou is”kk okyh fL=;ksa ds izfr izxfr”khy utfj;k cuk;saA vQlj] DydZ tSls O;olk;ksa ds vykok vU; vusd fL=;ksa ds fy, ukSdjh dks oftZr le>s tkus okyh lEekuuh; ,oa O;olkf;d dk;ksaZ dks viuk jgh gSAnwf"kr ,oa lkeUrh ekufldrk ls mHkjdj iq#"k oxZ *eerk dkfy;k* d`r *ujd&nj&ujd* miU;kl dks mudk ;FkklEHko lg;ksx djuk pkfg,A dh lhrk ,d deZB v/;kfidk gSA ewyr% og laLd`r *nqD[ke&lqD[ke* miU;kl esa Hkxorh us nloha dh dh v/;kfidk gSA Ldwy esa tc mls fgUnh fo"k; i<+kus ijh{kk izFke Js.kh esa mRrh.kZ dj Ldwy dk dhfrZeku dks fn;k tkrk gS rc Hkh og viuk dk;Z c[kwch fuHkkrh rksM+k rFkk mlh o"kZ esa mls dLrwjck fo|ky; esa gSA og i<+kus ds fy, [kwc esgur djrh gS( ,d&,d v/;kfidk dh ukSdjh fey x;hA ykyk uRFkhey dfo dks i<+kus ds fy, vgfuZ"k ifjJe djrh gS& [kcj ls gDdk&cDdk jg x;s D;ksafd mUgksaus dHkh **bruk v/;;u “kk;n dksbZ “kks/k&Nk= Hkh u djrs

6 dYiuk ugha dh Fkh fd ,slk tekuk vk;sxk tc gksaxs] ftruk og O;k[;ku rS;kj djus esa djrh gSA og yM+dh Hkh dekbZ djus yxsxhA vknr ds eqrkfcd ,d v/;;u”khy] mRlkgh ,oa ifjJeh efgyk gSA og igys mUgksaus fojks/k fd;k& **HkXxks dke ij ugha viuh v/;kiu dkS”ky ds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fiz; gS tk;sxhA yksx D;k dgsaxs! ¼yM+dh dh dekbZ vkSj Nk=x.k Hkh mldh bTtr djrs gSaA lhrk x`gLFkh

4[kkvksxh½ cfu;k fcjknjh esa rks ukd dV tk;sxhA** okyh gS] mlds rhu cPps gSaA viuh ikfjokfjd ckn esa cM+s cseu ls firk us Hkxorh dks dke Ikj O;oLFkkvksa ds ckotwn Hkh og viuk dk;Z esgur ,oa

yxu ds lkFk djrh gSAHkstus dks jkth gq, vkSj mUgksaus mls fgnk;r nsrs gq, dgk fd **Vhpj cu x;h gS bldk eryc ;g ugha gS *ukfljk “kekZ* d`r *”kkYeyh* dh “kkYeyh fd lMd+ k as ij QDdk ekjrh ?kew A ?kj l s Ldyw ] Ldyw l s vkbZ0,0,l0 ds fy, izfr;ksxh ijh{kk nsrh gSA ijh{kk ?kj lh/k s l s vkuk&tkuk gAS lMd+ ij dHkh fdlh l s ds ckn mldk fookg ujs”k ls gks tkrk gSA nksuksa dk ckys uk ugh a vkjS dku [kkys dj luq y]s Q”S ku dju s dh izkjfEHkd oSokfgd thou cgqr lq[kh jgkA “kSf{kd

5dkbs Z t:jr ughAa ** blesa dqN gn rd o"kksaZ ls tM+ ;ksX;rkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk “kkYeyh ,d lq”khy iRuh Hkh tek;s cSBs iq#"kksfpr laLdkjksa dh ladh.kZ ekufldrk jghA og izfr;ksxh ijh{kk esa ikl gks tkrh gSA Hkh nks"kh gS D;ksafd f”kf{kr efgykvksa ds ukSdjh is”kk b.VjO;wg dh MsV vkrh gS rks ujs”k mlds ukSdjh djus gksus ls ?kj esa iq#"kksa dh Hkwfedk cny jgh gSA ds i{k esa u gksrs gq, Hkh mls b.VjO;w nsus ds fy, Hkst

uotkxj.k ds le; esa L=h&f”k{kk dks lokZf/kd nsrk gSA “kkYeyh mlesa fu;qDr gks tkrh gS vkSj mls

vkbZ0,0,l0 dh Vªsfuax ds fy, elwjh tkuk iM+rk mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS gSA ujs”k mls elwjh tkus dh vuqefr ns nsrk gSA iRuh fd vk/kqfud lekt esa Hkkjrh; L=h dks le>us ds dh fu;qfDr ds dkj.k fe=&e.Myh esa mldk lEeku fy, vk/kqfudrk dk Lo:i foospu vko”;d gSA c<+ tkrk gSA Vªsfuax ds ckn mldh fu;qfDr fnYyh esa vk/kqfudrk dk lEcU/k euq"; ds HkkSfrd fodkl ls gks tkrh gSA “kkYeyh dks nksgjh ftEesnkjh dk fuokZg mruk ugha] ftruk mlds n`f"Vdks.k ls gSA vk/kqfud djuk iM+rk gSA og ?kj vkSj n¶rj nksuksa LFkkuksa ij dkedkth efgyk vius LorU= O;fDrRo dh LFkkiuk iwjh rUe;rk ,oa dq”kyrk ls dk;Z djrh gSA iRuh dh ds fy, dfVc) gks x;h gSA blh fy, mls lQyrk ds dkj.k ifr esa ghu&Hkkouk tkxus yxrh ckgj&Hkhrj ,oa “kkjhfjd&ekufld Lrj ij la?k"kZ gSA dbZ ckj og Lo;a iwNrh gS fd mlds }kjk iRuh djuk iM+rk gSA tc rd efgykvksa dks iq#"k ds leku dk drZO; fuHkk, tkus esa dgk¡ deh jg x;h gSA vf/kdkj ugha fn;k tk;sxk rc rd lekt esa LFkkf;Ro ukSdjh ds dqN fnuksa ckn gh og vuqHko djrh gS fd& ugha vk ldrkA egknsoh oekZ ds “kCnksa esa& **lekt dh **ujs”k fe=ksa ds chp cSBdj “kkYeyh ds ftl O;ogkj nks vk/kkj f”kyk,¡ gS] vFkZ dk foHkktu vkSj L=h&iq#"k ij xoZ ls Hkj mBrk gS] ogha og ?kj esa lgu ugha dk lEcU/kA buesa ls ;fn ,d dh Hkh fLFkfr esa fo"kerk djrk Fkk vkSj cseryc [khtdj yM+ cSBrk FkkA dHkh mRiUu gksus yxrh gS] rks lekt dk lEiw.kZ izklkn

8“kkYeyh Vky tkrh] dHkh fp<+dj lksprh] ckgj esa fgys fcuk ugha jg ldrkA**,d lqf”kf{kr] prqj&pqLr thou lafxuh cuw¡] exj ?kj esa dsoy ,d xw¡xh iRuh tks xw¡xh rks gks gh] lanHkZlkFk&gh&lkFk le; iM+us ij va/kh vkSj cgjh Hkh cu 1- vkDlQksMZ ,MokLM fMD”kujh vkWQ djaV bafXy”k

7ldrh gksA** ifr vius gj d`R; ls og nqfu;k dks i`"B& 992fn[kk nsuk pkgrk gS fd “kkYeyh mldh iRuh gS vkSj 2- Mk0W jkfs g.kh vxoz ky % *fgUnh miU;kl e as dkedkth dgs vuqlkj pyrh gSA “kkYeyh cgqr iz;kl djds Hkh efgyk* i`"B& 20 ujs”k dh ekufldrk dks cny ugha ikrh gSA ghurk

3- izHkk [ksrku % *vU;k ls vuU;k* i`"B& 6&7dh xzafFk ls ihfM+r ujs”k Lo;a dks “kjkc ds u”ks esa

4- eerk dkfy;k % *nqD[ke&lqD[ke* i`"B& 162Mqcksus yxrk gS] ijkbZ vkSjrksa ls lEcU/k cukrk gSA

5- ogh] i`"B& 163mlds bl joS;s ls rax vkdj “kkYeyh mlls rykd 6- eerk dkfy;k % *ujd&nj&ujd* i`"B& 187ysus dh ckr lksprh gS] ijUrq rykd ysus esa leFkZ 7- ukfljk “kekZ % *”kkYeyh* i`"B& 152gksrs gq, Hkh og rykd ugha ysrh D;ksafd mldh n`f"V 8- egknsoh oekZ % J`a[kyk dh dfM+;k¡ i`"B& 134esa rykd leL;k dk lek/kku u gksdj iyk;u gSA

og viuh blh nqfo/kke;h thou esa ls fodkl dk jkLrk [kkstrh gSA


fgUnh

& *Ñ".k dqekj ;kno

*funs'kd Mkd lsok,¡] jktLFkku if'peh {ks=] tks/kiqj ¼jktLFkku½

izsepUn dk lkekftd o lkfgfR;d foe'kZ


920 dk nkSj--- xk¡/kh th ds :i esa ns”k us ,d fookg o iqu”p pkSng o"kZ dh vk;q rd vkrs&vkrs

,slk usr`Ro ik fy;k Fkk] tks lR; ds vkxzg ij tksj fir`&fo;ksx us iszepUn dks thou ds ea>/kkj esa vdsys

nsdj LorU=rk gkfly djuk pkgrk FkkA ,sls gh NksM+ fn;kA ,sls esa lkSrsyh ek¡ ,oa mlds nks cPpksa dk

le; esa xksj[kiqj esa ,d vaxzst Ldwy baLisDVj tc Hkkj Hkh muds da/kksa ij vk iM+kA lkSrsyh ek¡ dk

thi ls xqtj jgk Fkk rks vdLekr ,d ?kj ds lkeus O;ogkj muds izfr dBksj jgk ijUrq mUgksaus vius

vkjke dqlhZ ij ysVs] v[kckj i<+ jgs ,d v/;kid O;ogkj esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dVqrk ugha mRiUu gksus

dks ns[kdj thi :dok yh vkSj cMs+ jkSc ls vius nhA iRuh i{k ls Hkh izsepUn dks dksbZ lq[kn vuqHkwfr

vnZyh ls ml v/;kid dks cqykus dks dgkA ikl ugha izkIr gq;hA firkth viuh e`R;q ls ,d o"kZ iwoZ gh

vkus ij mlh jkSc ls mlus iwNk& ^^rqe cMs+ ex:j iszepUn dh “kknh muls mez esa cM+h yM+dh ls dj x;s

gksA rqEgkjk vQlj rqEgkjs njokts ds lkeus ls Fks tks cn~lwjr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk tqcku dh Hkh

fudy tkrk gS vkSj rqe mls lyke Hkh ugha djrsA** dM+oh FkhA varr% iszepUn us x`g dyg ls rax vkdj

ml v/;kid us tokc fn;k&^^eSa tc Ldwy esa jgrk iRuh dks mlds ek;ds NksM+ fn;kA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa

gw¡ rc eSa ukSdj gw¡] ckn esa vius ?kj dk ckn”kkg gw¡A** ?kj okyksa us mUgsa nwljh “kknh djus ij tksj fn;k]

varr% uk&uk djrs og “kknh ds fy, rS;kj rks gq, ij vius ?kj dk ckn”kkg ;g “kf[l;r dksbZ vkSj ,d “krZ ds lkFk fd fookg og fdlh fo/kok ds lkFk ugha] oju~ miU;kl lezkV iszepUn Fks] tks ml le; gh djsaxsA bl “krZ ij ?kj okyksa dh ukilanxh ds xksj[kiqj esa xouZesUV ukWeZy Ldwy esa lgk;d ckotwn mUgksaus lekt ds c¡a/ks&c¡a/kk;s fu;eksa dks v/;kid ds in ij dk;Zjr FksA 31 tqykbZ 1880 dks Bqdjkdj vkSj fcuk ?kj okyksa dks crk;s f”kojkuh cukjl ds ikl yegh esa tUes izsepUn dk vlyh uke uked ,d efgyk ds lkFk “kknh dj yh] tks fd /kuir jk; FkkA mudh ekrk dk uke vkuanh nsoh rFkk fookg ds ek= rhu&pkj ekg Ik”pkr gh fo/kok gks firk dk uke vtk;c jk; FkkA cpiu esa gh mUgksaus x;h FkhA ;gk¡ ij bl rF; dk mYys[k lekphu gksxk la?k"kZ dh tks nkLrka¡ ns[kh Fkh oks dkykarj esa muds fd nwljs fookg ds le; mUgksaus bl rF; dks Nqik;s lkfgR; esa Hkh izfrfcafcr gq;hA ek= vkB o"kZ dh j[kk fd izFke iRuh dks mUgksaus R;kx fn;k gSA viuh vYik;q esa ekr`&fo;ksx ,oa rRi”pkr firk }kjk nwljk

1

nwljh iRuh dks ;g dgdj mUgksaus yEcs le; rd eSfVªd ijh{kk mRrh.kZ djds thfodksiktZu dh [kkfrj

Hkze essa j[kk fd mudh izFke iRuh dh ekSr gks pqdh gSA mUgksaus Ldwy ekLVj dh ukSdjh Tokbu dj yh ,oa

,d yEcs vUrjky Ik”pkr tc mudh igyh iRuh ds fQj ch-,- ikl djus ds ckn lc fMIVh baLisDVj vkWQ

HkkbZ muls feyus vk;s vkSj f”kojkuh th us vpkud LdwYl gq,A

mudh ckrsa lqu yha rks mUgsa izFke ckj ekywe gqvk fd iszepUn ,d yEcs le; rd ljdkjh ukSdj Hkh mudh lkSr nqfu;k esa gh gSA f”kojkuh bl lPpkbZ dks ugha jg ldsA Qjojh 1921 esa mUgksaus blls bLrhQk ns tkuus ds ckn jg u ldha vkSj mUgksaus viuh fn;kA ;g og nkSj Fkk tc xk¡/kh th ds usr`Ro esa ukjktxh O;Dr djrs gq, izsepUn ls izFke iRuh dks vlg;ksx vkUnksyu vius pje ij FkkA muds ykus ij tksj fn;kA ij viuh izFke iRuh ds O;ogkj vkg~oku ij reke yksxksa us ljdkjh ukSdfj;k¡ vkSj ls okfdQ izsepUn bl gsrq rS;kj u gq,A ;gk¡ rd fd mikf/k;k¡ R;kx nh FkhaA 12 Qjojh 1921 dks xksj[kiqj f”kojkuh us Lo;a viuh vksj ls mudh izFke iRuh dks esa ?kfVr pkSjh&pkSjk dk.M] ftlesa vkanksyudkfj;ksa us i= fy[kdj vkus dk vkea=.k fn;k] ij tokc esa mRrsftr gksdj 21 iqfyl okyksa lfgr lewps Fkkus dks vk;k] Þtc os [kqn ysus vk;saxs rHkh eSa py¡waxhAß [kSj tyk fn;k ,oa izfrfdz;kLo:i xk¡/kh th us fgalk dh og fnu dHkh u vk;kA dkykarj esa f”kojkuh nsoh us fuUnk djrs gq, vlg;ksx vkUnksyu okil ysus dh izsepUn dh e`R;q ds ckn ,d fdrkc izsepUn ?kj esa* ?kks"k.kk dj nhA ml le; iszepUn xksj[kiqj esa gh fy[khA xoesZUV ukWeZy Ldwy esa lgk;d ekLVj ds in ij

blesa dksbZ “kd ugha fd izsepUn dk thou nq[kksa dk;Zjr FksA pkSjh&pkSjk dk.M ds Bhd pkj fnu ckn

vkSj la?k"kks± ls Hkjk jgkA viuh ftUnxh esa Hkksxs x;s 16 Qjojh 1921 dks iszepUn us Hkh ljdkjh ukSdjh ls

;FkkFkZ dks gh iUuksa ij os fofHkUu :iksa esa <kydj R;kxi= ns fn;kA vc viuk iwjk /;ku mUgksaus lkfgR;

vfHkO;Dr djrs jgsA ÞmiU;kl lezkVß dh mikf/k ls jpuk ij dsfUnzr fd;kA blh izdkj 11 vxLr 1908

izfl) izsepUn dk thou [kqn ,d thrk&tkxrk dks tc 15 o"khZ; ØkfUrdkjh [kqnhjke cksl dks vaxzst

miU;kl Fkk] ftlesa ftanxh ds var}ZUnksa ds chp ,d ljdkj us fueZerk ls Qka¡lh ij yVdk fn;k rks

Ñ"kdk; O;fDr dHkh etcwrh ls [kM+k utj vkrk rks izsepUn ds vUnj dk ns”kizse fgyksjsa ekjus yxk Fkk vkSj

vxys gh iy VwVrk utj vkrkA ekrk&firk ds os [kqnhjke cksl dh ,d rLohj cktkj ls [kjhndj

vle; fo;ksx ds pyrs iszepUn dks f”k{kk ikus esa Hkh vius ?kj yk, vkSj dejs dh nhokj ij Vka¡x fn;kA

dkQh la?k"kks± dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA mudh izkjfEHkd izsepUn LoHkko ls vUreqZ[kh Fks] lHkk&lEesyuksa esa f”k{kk ,d ekSyoh dh ns[k&js[k esa ,d enjls esa gqbZ] eqf”dy ls gh tkrs Fks ij mudh Bgkdk yxkus dh tgk¡ mUgksaus mnwZ lh[khA firk dh e`R;q ds le; os vknr e”kgwj FkhA iszepUn dk nkSj Lora=rk vkanksyu cukjl esa uoha d{kk esa v/;;ujr FksA mudh ekSr ds esa Hkkx ysus dk Fkk] ysfdu mudh dye lekt dh ckn rks jgk&lgk vkfFkZd lacy Hkh VwV x;kA V~;w”ku vkUrfjd folaxfr;ksa vkSj cqjkbZ;ksa ij gh T;knk ugha i<+kdj vkSj jkr esa dqIih ds lkeus cSBdj i<+us okys pyh] Lora=rk laxzke ij Hkh mUgksaus [kwc fy[kkA os iszepUn us fdlh izdkj ch-,- rd dh f”k{kk xzg.k dhA Lora=rk laxzke ds igys egkdkO;kRed dFkkdkj FksA


1903 ds djhc izsepUn us fy[kuk “kq: fd;kA ls bls ugha ikj fd;k tk ldrkA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd

mudh igyh jpuk *vksfyoj Økeosy* 'kh"kZd ls ,d izsepUn Åij ls ftrus mf}Xu Fks] vUnj ls mrus gh

ys[k Fkk] tkfs d 1 eb]Z 1903 dk s *vkokt , [kYd* mn Zw fopfyrA izsepUn dh jpukvksa esa oS;fDrDrk ugha oju~

lkIrkfgd] cukjl esa Nik FkkA bl ys[k dh ;g lkekftdrk izfrfcafcr gksrh FkhA

igyh fdLr FkhA blh izdkj muds igys miU;kl izsepUn ,d ,sls jk"Vª&jkT; dh dYiuk djrs Fks *vljkjs evkfcn mQ+Z nsoLFkku jgL;* dh igyh ftlesa fdlh Hkh rjg dk HksnHkko u gks& u o.kZ dk] u fdLr 8 vDVwcj] 1903 dks NihA mudh igyh mnwZ tkfr dk] u jax dk vkSj u /keZ dkA izsepUn dk liuk dgkuh *b'ds nqfu;k gqCcs oru* ¼fgUnh :Ik gj rjg dh fo"kerk] lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa vkSj *lkalkfjd izse vkSj ns'k&izse*½ *t+ekuk* esa vizSy] lkEiznkf;d&oSeuL; ls ijs ,d ,sls jk"Vª dk fuekZ.k 1908 esa izdkf'kr gqbZ Fkh rks igyh fgUnh dgkuh Fkk ftlesa lerk loksZifj gksA izsepUn bl rF; dks *ijh{kk* fot;n'keh] 1914 dks *izrki* esa Nih FkhA Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs Fks fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa fo|eku fgUnh esa mudk igyk miU;kl *izzsek*] 1907 esa gh vk i`Fkdrk gh mifuos”kokn dh tM+ jgk gSA vaxzstksa us pqdk FkkA mnwZ esa os uokc jk; ds uke ls fy[krs Fks ij bl i`Fkdrk o fo"kerk dh [kkbZ dks vkSj Hkh xgjk 1910 esa vius dgkuh laxzg *lksts+&,&oru* dh djus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj Hkkjr dks lkekftd] tCrh ds ckn mUgksaus vius fe= *t+ekuk* mnwZ ds vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd o lkaLd`frd lHkh ekspksZa lEiknd eqa'kh n;kukjk;.k fuxe ds izLrko ij ij {kfr igq¡pk;hA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lu~ 1933 esa tc *iszepUn* uke ls fy[kuk vkjEHk dj fn;kA la;qDr izkUr ds xoZuj ekyde gsyh us dgk] ^^tgk¡

izsepUn us ftl nkSj esa lfØ; :i ls fy[kuk rd Hkkjr dh eukso`fRr dk geas ifjp; gS] ;g dguk

“kq: fd;k] og f}osnh ;qx dk nkSj FkkA izsepUn us ;qfDrlaxr gS fd og vkt ls 50 o"kZ ckn Hkh vius

viu s dk s fdlh okn l s tkMs u+ s dh ctk; rRdkyhu fy;s dksbZ ,slh O;oLFkk ugha cuk ik,xk] tks Li"V :i

lekt e as O;kIr Nvq kNrw ] lkEinz kf;drk] fgna &w efq Lye ls cgqer ds fy;s tokcnsg gksA** izsepUn us bldk

,drk] nfyrksa ds izfr lkekftd lejlrk tSls dM+k izfrokn fd;k vkSj fy[kk] ^ftudk lkjk thou

Toyar eqn~nksa ls tksM+kA ,d ys[kd ls ijs Hkh mudh gh Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vkdka{kkvksa dk neu djrs xqtjk

fpUrk,¡ Fkha vkSj mudh jpukvksa esa bldh eq[kj gS] mudk ;g dFku mfpr ugha izrhr gksrkA**

vfHkO;fDr gqbZ gSA mudh dgkfu;ksa vkSj miU;klksa ds lu~ 1923 esa *ljLorh iszl* dh LFkkiuk vkSj ekpZ ik= lkekftd O;oLFkkvksa ls tw>rs gaS vkSj viuh 1930 esa *gal* if=dk ds izdk”ku Ik”pkr 1936 esa os fu;fr ds lkFk&lkFk Hkfo"; dh bckjr Hkh x<+rs gSaA *izxfr”khy ys[kd la?k* ds v/;{k Hkh cusA bl chp fu;fr esa mUgsa ;kruk] nfjnzrk o ukmEehnh Hkys gh thodksiktZu dh [kkfrj lu~ 1931 esa izsepUn us feyrh gks ij varr% os gkj ugha ekurs gaS vkSj la?k"kks± dkuiqj ds ekjokM+h fo|ky; esa v/;kid dh ukSdjh dh fttho"kk ds chp Hkfo"; dh uhao j[krs gSaA vius dj yh ij fo|ky; ds izca/kdksa ls erHksn gksus ds oS;fDrd thou ds la?k"kks± ls izsepUn us tkuk Fkk fd dkj.k ;gk¡ ls Hkh R;kxi= ns fn;kA gal ds vykok os la?k"kZ dk jkLrk csgn iFkjhyk gS vkSj ek= laosnukvksa e;kZnk] ek/kqjh vkSj tkxj.k uked i=&if=dkvksa ds


laiknu ls Hkh tqM+s jgsA izsepUn vkSj t;”kadj izlkn ldk ,oa dkykarj esa *xcu* o *xksnku* tSls miU;kl

dh vkil esa dkQh curh Fkh vkSj ^gal* if=dk dk rFkk *ln~xfr* o *“krjat ds f[kykM+h* tSlh dgkfu;ksa

ukedj.k t;”kadj izlkn us gh fd;k FkkA viuh ij fQYesa ,oa *fueZyk* o *deZHkwfe* tSls miU;klksa ij

ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu lkekftd leL;kvksa /kkjkokfgdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ;gh ugha mudh dgkuh

vkSj folaxfr;ksa ij miU;klksa] ukVdksa o dgkfu;ksa ds *dQu* ij Qhpj fQYe dk Hkh fuekZ.k gks jgk gSA

ek/;e ls izdk”k MkykA izsepUn th ds ikS= vkyksd jk; dk dFku n`"VO; gS]

^^eSaus vkWDlQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh ls i<+kbZ dh] lapkj fgUnh lkfgR; esa izsepUn dks miU;kl lezkV dh ek/;eksa esa fy[krk jgk] vuqokn fd,] lkaLÑfrd mikf/k nh x;hA muds miU;klksa esa *izzsek*] ^lsok fo"k;ksa ij viuh dye pykÃ& exj gj dksbZ izsepUn lnu* xksnku] xcu] fueZyk] jaxHkwfe] izsekJe] ojnku] ugha gks tkrkA** izfrKk] deZHkwfe] bR;kfn izeq[k gSaA mudk vfUre

miU;kl eaxylw=*] iwjk ugha gks ldk FkkA izsepUn us 19oha lnh ds vfUre n”kd ls ysdj

20oha lnh ds yxHkx rhljs n”kd rd] Hkkjr esa QSyh miU;kl ds vykok izsepUn us yxHkx 300 gqbZ reke lkekftd leL;kvksa ij ys[kuh pyk;hA dgkfu;k¡ fy[kha ftuesa& dQu] iap ijes”oj] ued pkgs og fdlkuksa&etnwjksa ,oa tehankjksa dh leL;k gks] dk njksxk] “krjat ds f[kykM+h] ijh{kk] “ka[kukn] cM+s pkgs NqvkNwr vFkok ukjh&eqfDr dk loky gks] pkgs HkkbZ lkgc] ea=] nks cSyksa dh tksM+h] iwl dh ,d jkr *ued dk njksxk* ds ek/;e ls lekt esa QSys bR;kfn izeq[k gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ds yxHkx 24 laxzg baLisDVj&jkt dk ftØ gks] dksbZ Hkh v/;k; mudh izdkf”kr gks pqds gSa] ftuesa izeq[k gSa& ekuljksoj fuxkgksa ls cp ugha ldkA izsepUn us fgUnh dFkk ¼vkB Hkkx½] xzke thou dh dgkfu;k¡] izse iphlh] izse lkfgR; dks ,d u;k eksM+ fn;kA tgk¡ igys lkfgR; izlwu] izse prqFkhZ] lIrlqeu] lIrljkst] vfXu ek;koh Hkwy&HkqyS;ksa esa iM+k LoIuyksd vkSj foykflrk lekf/k] uofuf/k] eueksnd] dqRrs dh dgkuh] lej dh lSj dj jgk Fkk] ogk¡ izsepUn us dFkk lkfgR; esa ;k=kA miU;kl vkSj dgkfu;ksa ds vykok mUgksaus tuekul dh ihM+k dks mHkkjkA fczfV”k ljdkj Hkh eqa”kh dcZyk] laxzke] izse dh osnh] :Bh jkuh bR;kfn ukVd izsepUn dh jpukvksa ls Hk; [kkrh FkhA ftldh ,d Hkh fy[ksA blds vykok ^fofo/k izlax* uke ls rhu >yd mudh tqywl^ dgkuh esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSA Hkkxksa esa izdkf”kr muds fuca/k Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA mudh d`fr *jaxHkwfe*] *xksnku* vFkok dgkuh laxzg izsepUn us tokgj yky usg: dh fdrkc ysVlZ ÝzkWe *ekuljksoj* vkt Hkh ?kj ifjokj ds cPpksa dks , Qknj Vq fgt MkVj* dk fgUnh esa firk ds i= iq=h laLdkfjr djrs gSaA blh rjg yksHk] ykyp vkSj ik[kaM ds uke* ls vuqokn Hkh fd;kA ;gk¡ ij mYys[k djuk ij vk/kkfjr ykVjh] v¸;k”k tehankjksa ij geyk djrh t:jh gS fd fgUnh ds izdk”kdksa ls mcdj izsepUn *“krjat ds f[kykM+h* vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa dh j{kk djrh ,d ckj flusek dh nqfu;k esa Hkh x, Fks ij cEcbZ ls os *iap ijes”oj* vkfn lHkh d`fr;ka¡ vrqyuh; gSaA [kkyh gkFk ykSV vk;s vkSj ml ek;koh nqfu;ka ds

vuqHkoksa dks lqukdj yksxksa dk euksjatu djrsA ;g izsepUn ds jk"Vª&jkT; esa nfyr] fL=;k¡ vkSj

vyx ckr gS fd ckWyhoqM izsepUn dks foLe`r ugha dj fdlku leku Hkko ls ekStwn gSa] ftuds fodkl ds



fcuk Hkkjr ds fodkl ds dYiuk Hkh csekuh gSA cgkus izsepUnz us /keZ ds uke ij pyus okys

izsepUn us *gksjh*] *?khlw*] *ek/ko* vkSj */kfu;k* ljh[ks vukFkky;ksa ,oa ik[k.Mksa dk Hk.MkQksM+ fd;k gSA

ik=ksa dk p;u djds okdbZ fnyksa dks Nwus dk dke ^deZHkwfe* esa eqUuh }kjk cykRdkjh flikgh dh gR;k

fd;kA izsepUn us Ñ"kd leqnk; dks Hkkjr dh L=h&eqfDr ds la?k"kZ dk vuwBk lk{; gSA izsepUn dk

izk.kok;q crk;kA dtZ esa Mwcs fdlku] mu ij <k;s iwjk lkfgR; gh nfyr] L=h vkSj fdlku dh yM+kbZ dk

tkrs tqYe] mudh cn ls cn~rj gksrh xjhch] lkfgR; gS ftlesa lerk] U;k; vkSj lkekftd

O;oLFkkxr fo{kksHk vkSj fdlkuksa dh leL;kvksa dks ifjorZu dh ?kks"k.kk gSA ;gk¡ /keZ] laLd`fr]

fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj us ml :i esa ugha mBk;k] ftl jhfr&fjokt] tkfr] o.kZ] Å¡p&uhp ds fy;s dksbZ

izdkj izsepUn us mBk;kA izfl) bfrgkldkj izks- txg ugha gS] txg gS rks flQZ ekuork dh& ftlds

fofiu pUnz dh fVIi.kh xkSjryc gS] ^^;fn dHkh fcuk thfor jguk gh vdkjFk gSA

chloha “krkCnh esa vktknh ds iwoZ fdlkuksa dh gkyr izsepUn us NqvkNwr dh leL;k dks nwj djuk] ds ckjs esa bfrgkl fy[kk tk,xk rks bfrgkldkj dk lkekftd lerk ds fy, egÙoiw.kZ crk;kA ijEijkxr izkFkfed L=zksr gksxk izsepan dk ^xksnku*] D;ksafd o.kkZJe O;oLFkk ds lEcU/k esa mUgksaus fy[kk] ßHkkjrh; bfrgkl dHkh Hkh vius le; ds lkfgR; dks vks>y jk"Vª dk vkn”kZ ekuo “kjhj gS ftlds eq[k] gkFk] isV ugha djrkA** *xksnku* ek= fdlku dh la?k"kZ xkFkk vkSj ik¡o& ;s pkj vax gSaA buesa ls fdlh Hkh vax ds ugha gS oju~ blesa L=h dh cgq:ikRed fLFkfr dks vHkko ;k foPNsnu ls nsg dk vfLrRo futhZo gks n”kkZrs gq, mldh la?k"kZ xkFkk dks Hkh fpf=r fd;k tk,xkAß os iz”u mBkrs gSa fd ;fn o.kkZJe O;oLFkk ds x;k gSA fL=;ksa ds lkFk lekt esa gks jgs nks;e ik¡o ekus tkus okys “kwnzksa dk lkekftd O;oLFkk ls O;ogkj dk izsepUn us dM+k fojks/k fd;k vkSj viuh foPNsnu dj fn;k tk; rks bldh D;k xfr gksxh\ jpukvksa esa mls Lora= O;fDrRo dk ntkZ nsrs gq;s] blh vk/kkj ij os lekt esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds NqvkNwr fodkl dh /kqjh cuk;kA *xksnku* esa vfHkO;Dr xkscj o dk l[r fojks/k djrs gSaA vius ,d ys[k esa os fy[krs >qfu;k ds chp voS/k izse vkSj fookg] flfy;k pekbu gSa] ^D;k vc Hkh ge vius cM+Iiu dk] viuh dqyhurk vkSj ekrknhu if.Mr dk izse&izlax tgk¡ ijEijk esa dk f<a<ksjk ihVrs fQjsaxs\ ;g Å¡p&uhp] NksVs&cM+s dk lsa/k yxkrs gSa vkSj L=h dks eqDr djrs gSa ogha esgrk ls Hksn fgUnw thou ds jkse&jkse esa O;kIr gks x;k gSA ge izse djrs okyh ekyrh efyu cfLr;ksa esa eq¶r nok ;g fdlh rjg ugha Hkwy ldrs fd ge “kekZ gSa ;k oekZ] ck¡V dj lkekftd dk;Zd=hs ds :Ik esa utj vkrh gS flUgk gSa ;k pkS/kjh] nwcs gSa ;k frokjh] pkScs gSa ;k ik.Ms] rks Dyc&laLd`fr ds cgkus og thou dk }Sr Hkh nhf{kr gSa ;k mik/;k;\ge vkneh ihNs gSa] pkScs ;k thrh gSA esgrk vkSj ekyrh dk izse ,d izdkj ls frokjh igys vkSj ;g izFkk dqN bruh Hkz"V gks xbZ gS *fyo&bu&fjys”kuf”ki* dk mnkgj.k gSA fd vkt tks fuj{kj HkV~Vkpk;Z gS] og Hkh vius dks

^xksnku* us izsepUn dks fgUnh lkfgR; esa ogh prqosZnh ;k f=osnh fy[kus esa tjk Hkh ladksp ugha

LFkku fn;k tks :lh lkfgR; esa ^enj* fy[kdj djrkA** izsepUn us 1932 esa egkRek xk¡/kh }kjk

eSfDle xksdhZ dks feykA lsok lnu* esa ,d os”;k ds eSdMksukYM vokMZ }kjk izLrkfor i`Fkd fuokZpu ds


fojks/k esa fd;s x, vkej.k vu”ku dk leFkZu fd;k iSls ysus esa bUgsa dksbZ iki ugha fn[krk ij fdlh vNwr

vkSj xk¡/kh th ds bu fopkjksa dk Hkh leFkZu fd;k fd ds eafnj esa izos”k ek= ls gh buds nsork vifo= gks

'ks"k fgUnw lekt ds fy;s fuokZpu dh pkgs ftruh tkrs gSaA ;fn buds nsork ,sls fucZy gSa fd nwljksa ds

dM+h “krasZ yxk nh tk;sa ij nfyrkas ds fy;s f”k{kk vkSj Li”kZ ls gh vifo= gks tkrs gSa] rks mUgsa nsork dguk gh

tk;nkn dh dksbZ “krZ u j[kh tk;s vkSj gjsd nfyr feF;k gSA nsork rks og gS] ftlds lEeq[k tkrs gh

dks fuokZpu dk vf/kdkj gksA oLrqr% izsepUn nfyrkas pkaMky Hkh ifo= gks tk,A** izsepUn /keZ dk mn~ns”;

dks lekt dk ,d vfHkUu fgLlk ekurs Fks] blfy;s os ekuo ek= dh lerk ekurs Fks ,oa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds

mudh i`Fkd igpku ds fy, lger ugha FksA ;gh foHksn dks jk"Vª ds fy;s vfgrdj ekurs FksA izsepUn

dkj.k Fkk fd mUgksaus ukxiqj esa gfjtuksa ds fy;s dk Li"V ekuuk Fkk] ^^gfjtuksa dh leL;k;sa eafnj

LFkkfir i`Fkd Nk=kokl O;oLFkk dh Hkh vkykspuk izos”k ek= ls ugha gy gksus okyhA muds fodkl esa

dhA /kkfeZd ck/kkvksa ls dgha dBksj vkfFkZd ck/kk,¡ gSaA**

nfyrksa ds lEcU/k esa izsepUn }kjk fn;s x;s izsepUn us lkaiznkf;drk ij Hkh dye pyk;hA

mn~xkjksa ls mUgsa czkã.k fojks/kh Hkh dgk x;k ij izsepUn us Li"V :i ls dgk fd fgUnw&eqlyeku dh

izsepUn bldh ijokg fd;s fcuk fgUnw lekt esa vkilh f”kdk;rsa elyu& ßeqlyekuksa dks ;g

O;kIr fo"kerk dh yxkrkj vkykspuk djrs jgsA f”kdk;r gS fd fgUnw muls ijgst djrs gSa] vNwr

mUgksaus nfyrksa ds fy;s dk”kh fo”oukFk eafnj ds iV le>rs gSa] muds gkFk dk ikuh ugha ihuk pkgrs rks

ugha [kksyus ij dgk] ^fo”oukFk fdlh ,d tkfr ;k fgUnqvksa dks f”kdk;r gS fd eqlyekuksa us muds eafnj

lEiznk; ds nsork ugha gaS] og rks izk.kh ek= ds ukFk rksMs+] muds rhFkZ LFkyksa dks ywVk] fgUnw jktkvksa dh

gSaA muij lcdk gd cjkcj&cjkcj dk gSA** “kkL=ksa yM+fd;k¡ vius egy esa Mkyha**] tk;t gks ldrha gSa

dh vkM+ esa nfyrksa ds eafnj izos”k dks iki Bgjkus ij bl vk/kkj ij lkaiznkf;drk dks mfpr ugha

okyksa dks tokc nsrs gq, izsepUn us ,sls yksxksa dh Bgjk;k tk ldrkA mUgksaus fgUnw&eqlfye ,drk dks

fo|k&cqf) o foosd ij loky mBk;k vkSj dgk] gh Lojkt dk ntkZ fn;k ij nksuksa laiznk;ksa dh

^^fo|k vxj O;fDr dks mnkj cukrh gS] lR; o U;k; fof”k"Vrkvksa ds lkFkA mUgksus ,d nwljs ds /keZ dk

ds Kku dks txkrh gS vkSj balkfu;r iSnk djrh gS rks ijLij vknj djus ij tksj fn;k vkSj dgk] ^^fgUnw

og fo|k gS vkSj ;fn og LokFkZijrk o vfHkeku dks vkSj eqlyeku u dHkh nw/k vkSj phuh Fks] u gkasxs vkSj u

c<+kok nsrh gS] rks og vfo|k ls Hkh cnrj gSA** gksus pkfg;sA nksuksa dh i`Fkd&i`Fkd lwjrsa cuh jguh

o.kkZJe O;oLFkk ds leFkZdksa }kjk fgUnw eafnjksa dh pkfg, vkSj cuh jgsaxhA** 1931 esa eSdMksukYM vokMZ

nfyrksa ls j{kk djus ds lUnHkZ esa ok;ljk; dks }kjk nfyrksa ds fy;s i`Fkd fuokZpu dh O;oLFkk fd;s

lEcksf/kr Kkiu dh rh[kh vkykspuk djrs gq, tkus ij eqlyekuksa esa Hkh i`Fkd vkSj la;qDr fuokZpu

izsepUn us o.kkZJe O;oLFkk leFkZdksa ij iz”ufpUg ij cgl fNM+h ij 19 vDVwcj 1932 dks y[kuÅ esa

yxkrs gq, fy[kk] ^jk"Vª dh orZeku v/kksxfr gsrq ,sls laiUu gq, eqfLye loZ/keZ lEesyu esa i`Fkd fuokZpu

gh yksx ftEesnkj gSaA nf{k.kk esa vNwrksa }kjk fn, x;s dh vo/kkj.kk dks vLohdkj dj fn;k x;kA bl ij

fVIi.kh djrs gq, izsepUn us dgk fd jk"Vªh;rk us iwuk bl ij mudk ,d ys[k *gal*] flrEcj 1936 esa Nik

esa izFke fot; ikÃ exj y[kuÅ esa mlus tks fot; FkkA mUgksaus mlh nkSj esa gh iwathokn dh vkgV dks

izkIr dh gS]mlus rks lkEiznkf;drk dks tSls lqjax esa le> fy;k FkkA ;fn vkt os gekjs chp esa gksrs rks Hkh

ck:n yxkdj mM+k fn;k gksA mudh dye esa varjkZ"Vªh; foRrh; iwa¡th O;oLFkk ds

ek/;e ls egktuh dk orZeku Lo:Ik >ydrkA izsepUn ,d ,sls jk"Vª&jkT; dk liuk ns[krs Fks vesfjdu lkezkT;okn us ftl rjg ls fo”o Hkj ds tks lerkoknh lekt ij vk/kkfjr gksA ;gk¡ rd fd ns”kksa dks vius dtZ ds tky esa tdM+ j[kk gS] mldh tc dk”kh esa mUgksaus ljLorh izsl [kksyk rks okLrfod rLohj izsepUn dh ys[kuh esa utj vkrhA deZpkfj;ksa dks jkst dqN&u&dqN nsuk gh iM+rk ij izsepUn us viuh dgkfu;ksa ds ik=ksa ds ckjs esa ,d ckj mruh vk; ugha gksus ls lcdh ek¡x jkst iwjh ugha gks dgk Fkk] ^^gekjh dgkfu;ksa esa vkidks inkf/kdkjh] ikrh FkhA ,sls esa izsepUn lcds lkeus jkst “kke dks egktu] odhy vkSj iqtkjh xjhcksa dk [kwu pwlrs gq, vkenuh dk fglkc j[k nsrs vkSj dgrs&^^brus iSlksa fn[ksaxs vkSj xjhc fdlku] etnwj] vNwr vkSj nfjnz esa rqEgha yksx vius vkSj esjs fy;s C;ksar dj nks] eq>s muds vk?kkr lgdj Hkh vius /keZ vkSj euq";rk dks iku&rEckdw vkSj bDdk&HkkM+k&Hkj nsdj ckdh gkFk ls u tkus nsaxs] D;ksafd geus mUgha esa lcls T;knk vkil esa ck¡V yksA** oLrqr% izsepUn ds fparu vkSj lPpkbZ vkSj lsok Hkko ik;k gSA**O;ogkj esa lejlrk vkSj lkgp;Z egÙoiw.kZ gS]

dsanz&fcanq cuuk ughaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,sls yksx tks lexz ys[ku dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk lekt ds

vkanksyuksa dk dsanz&fcanq cudj Lo;a ds fy;s dqlhZ lHkh i{kksa dks mleas lekfgr djuk gSA izsepan ds

gfFk;kuk pkgrs gSa] izsepUn mUgsa ck/kk utj vkrs gSaA yxHkx lHkh ik= dgkfu;ksa ls fudy dj miU;klksa ls

muds miU;kl ^jaxHkwfe* dh izfr;k¡ tykus okys ckgj vkdj ,d vyx lalkj jprs gSa vkSj bu pfj=ksa

oxhZ; lajpukvksa dh tfVyrk vkSj ;a=.kknk;h dh Nki brus xgjs mrjrh gS fd ;g gekjs vopsru

O;oLFkk ds Lrj dks ugha le>uk pkgrs] flQZ dk fgLlk gks tkrs gSaA iap ijes”oj* ds vyxw pkS/kjh

fuf”pr QkWewZyksa esa fuc) nfyr vkRedFkkvksa o vkSj tqEeu “ks[k U;k; dh fu"i{krk dks ,d #gkuh

?k`f.kr izfrfØ;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr jpukvksa dks gh Å¡pkbZ nsrs gaS vkSj gkfen ds fpeVs esa fNih Hkkouk iwjh

nfyr ys[ku le>rs gSa rks blesa izsepUn dk D;k ^bZnxkg* esa cM+s fe;k¡ ds ltns esa >qdus ls Hkh cM+h

nks"k\ izsepUn us jk"Vªh;rk dks ikfjHkkf"kr djrs gq, bcknr gks tkrh gSA dkYifud ik= ltho gks tkrs gSa]

fy[kk] ^ge ftl jk"Vªh;rk dh ifjdYiuk dj jgs gSa] fdLls&fdonafr;ksa esa rCnhy gks tkrs gSa vkSj dFkkudksa

mlesa tUexr o.kZ O;oLFkk dh xa/k rd ugha gksxhA ds ekewyh pfj= jkstejsZ esa yksxksa dh tqcku ij uk;d

og gekjs Jfedksa vkSj fdlkuksa dk lkezkT; gksxk] vkSj egkuk;d dh rjg p<+ tkrs gSaA ;gh dkj.k gS fd

ftlesa u dksbZ czkã.k gksxk] u gfjtu] u {kf=;] u iszepUn ds ys[kksa esa nf{k.kiaFkh&e/;ekxhZ&okeiaFkh]

dk;LFkA mlesa lHkh Hkkjroklh gkasxs] lHkh czkã.k lHkh /kkjk,¡ QwVdj lkeus vkrh gSaA pw¡fd lekt

gksaxs ;k lHkh gfjtu gksaxsA** foHkkftr gS] vr% muds ys[ku dh Hkh i`Fkd&i`Fkd

O;k[;k djrk gSA vlg;ksx vkanksyu ds dkj.k xk¡/kh egktuh O;oLFkk ij Hkh izsepan us dye pykbZA



th ls izHkkfor gksdj ljdkjh ukSdjh ls bLrhQk nsus jpukvksa esa <wa¡<rs utj vkrs gaSA izsepUn tc viuh

ds dkj.k fdlh us mUgsa xk¡/khoknh dgk rks viuh jpukvksa esa lekt ds misf{kr o “kksf"kr oxZ dks

jpukvksa esa oxZ&la?k"kZ dks izeq[krk ls mHkkjus ds izfrfuf/kRo nssrs gSa rks fuf”prr% bl ek/;e ls os ,d

dkj.k mUgas lkE;oknh vFkok okeiaFkh dgk x;kA ;q) yM+rs gSaa vkSj xgjh uhan lks;s bl oxZ dks txkus

lekt esa NqvkNwr o nfyrksa dh fLFkfr ij ys[kuh dk miØe djrs gSaA jk"Vª vkt Hkh mUgha leL;kvksa ls

pykus ds dkj.k mUgsa nfyr leFkZd dgk x;k vkSj tw> jgk gS ftUgsa izsepUn us dkQh igys js[kkafdr dj

ukjh&eqfDr dks izJ; nsus ds dkj.k mUgas fn;k FkkA pkgs og tkfrokn ;k lkaiznkf;drk dk

ukjh&leFkZd dgk x;kA vk/kqfud nkSj esasa muds tgj gks] pkgs dtZ dh fxj¶r esa vkdj vkRegR;k

miU;kl *jaxHkwfe* esa lwjnkl dk tkfrlwpd “kCn djrk fdlku gks] pkgs ukjh dh ihM+k gks] pkgs 'kks"k.k

fy[ks tkus ij bldh izfr;k¡ tykdj vkSj ^dQu* vkSj lekftd Hksn&Hkko gksA bu cqjkbZ;ksa ds vkt Hkh

tSlh jpuk dks vkjksfir dj mUgsa euqoknh rFkk ekStwn gksus dk ,d dkj.k ;g gS fd jktuSfrd

nfyr&fojks/kh Hkh dgk x;kA lÙkkyksyqirk ds lekarj gj rjg ds lkekftd]

/kkfeZd o lkaLd`frd vkUnksyu dh fn”kk usr`RodrkZvksa izsepUn dk lkfgR; vkSj lkekftd foe”kZ vkt dks dsanz&fcanq cukdj yM+h x;h ftlls ewy Hkkoukvksa Hkh mrus gh izklafxd gSa vkSj mudh jpukvksa ds ik= ds foijhr vkanksyu xqVksa esa rCnhy gks x;s ,oa O;kid vkt Hkh lekt esa dgha&u&dgha ftank gSaA vk/kqfud o lfØ; lkekftd ifjorZu dh vkdka{kk dqN yksxksa lkfgR; ds LFkkfir eBk/kh”kksa ds ukjh&foe”kZ ,oa dh lRrkyksyqirk dh HksaV p<+ x;hAnfyr&foe”kZ tSls rfd;k&dykeksa ds ckn Hkh varr%

yksx buds lw= fdlh u fdlh :i esa iszepUn dh


fgUnh

Unh lkfgR; esa d¡qoj ukjk;.k ,d ,sls uke gSa lIrd* esa “kkfey fd;kA 1965 esa *vkRet;h* tSls ftudk ledkyhu lkfgR; esa ,d fof'k"V LFkku gSaA izca/k dkO; ds izdk”ku ds lkFk gh dq¡oj ukjk;.k us dq¡oj ukjk.k dks viuh jpuk”khyrk esa bfrgkl vkSj vlhe laHkkoukvksa okys dfo ds :Ik esa igpku cuk feFkd ds tfj;s orZeku esa ns[kus ds fy, tkuk tkrk yhA fQj rks *vkdkjkas ds vklikl* ¼dgkuh gSA ubZ dfork vkanksyu ds l”kDr gLRkk{kj dq¡oj laxzg&1979½] *ifjos”k % ge&rqe*] *vius lkeus*] ukjk;.k vKs; }kjk laikfnr *rhljk lIrd* ¼1959½ dksbZ nwljk ugha] *bu fnuksa*] *vkt vkSj vkt ls igys* ds izeq[k dfo;ksa esa jgs gSaA dq¡oj ukjk;.k dk jpuk ¼leh{kk½] *esjs lk{kkRdkj*] *gkf”k;s dk xokg* vkSj lalkj bruk O;kid ,oa tfVy gS fd mldks dksbZ ghy gh esa izdkf”kr *oktJok ds cgkuss* lfgr mudh ,d uke nsuk laHko ughaA ;|fi dq¡oj ukjk;.k dh reke d`fr;k¡ vkrh jghAewy fo/kk dfork jgh gS ij blds vykok mUgksaus feFkd vkSj ledkyhurk dks ,d flDds ds nks dgkuh] ys[k o leh{kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk flusek] igyw ekurs gq, dq¡oj ukjk.k us viuh dforkvksa esa jaxeap ,oa vU; dykvksa ij Hkh c[kwch ys[kuh pykbZ osnksa] iqjk.kksa o vU; /keZxzUFkksa dks m)j.k fn;k gSA gSA blds pyrs tgk¡ muds ys[ku esa lgt dq¡oj ukjk;.k us izkphu dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls tks Hkh laisz"k.kh;rk vkbZ ogha os iz;skx/kehZ Hkh cus jgsA mudh dkO; l`f"V dh] og vizfre gSA muds dkO; esa dforkvksa&dgkfu;ksa dk dbZ Hkkjrh; rFkk fons”kh bfrgkl vkSj iqjk.k ls lacaf/kr o`Rrkarksa dks ysdj tks Hkk"kkvksa esa vuqokn Hkh gks pqdk gSA Hkh jpk x;k mldh mi;ksfxrk orZeku ifjisz{; dks

fgUnh ds iz[;kr dfo dq¡oj ukjk;.k dk tUe 19 ysdj gh l`ftr gSA dfo vius fopkjksa dks O;Dr flracj 1927 dks gqvk FkkA mUgksaus baVj dh i<+kbZ djus ds fy, iqjk.k of.kZr dFkkvksa dks [kkst ykrk gS] foKku ls dh ysfdu vkxs py dj os lkfgR; ds izkphu ijaijkvksa vkSj lewgxr Hkkoukvksa dks rknkRE; fo|kFkhZ cus vkSj 1959 esa y[kuÅ fo”ofo|ky; ls LFkkfir djrk gS vkSj vius fopkjks dks O;Dr djus ds vaxzsth lkfgR; esa ,e-,- djus ds Bhd ik¡p o"kZ 1956 fy, mldh dYiuk Loeso gh feFkdh; ek/;e viuk esa 29 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mudk izFke dkO; laxzg ysrh gSA feFkd gekjs /keZ] n”kZu vkSj laLd`fr dh ubZ *pdzO;wg* uke ls izdkf”kr gqvkA vKs; us o"kZ 1959 esa O;k[;k djds mls loZxzkg; cukrk gSA ;fn uohurk mudh dforkvksa dks dsnkjukFk flag] losZ”oj n;ky ds uke ij iqjkrurk dks vxzkg; eku fy;k tk, rks lDlsuk vkSj fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh ds lkFk *rhljk uohurk dk dksbZ egRo ugha jg tkrkA dfo vius

fg

& *¼Jherh½ lhek flag

*vfl0 izksQslj] jekckbZ vEcsM+dj jktdh; egkfo|ky;] xtjkSyk] vejksgk ¼m0iz0½

dq¡oj ukjk;.k dh feFkdh; psruk

dF; ds vuq:Ik gh fEkFkd dks viukrk gSA dfo dh ftKklk gh mls lk/kkj.k izk.kh ls fof'k"V mu euq";ksa vuqHkwfr dk futh Loj bfrgkl ds iVy ij fodflr dh dksfV esa j[krh gS ftUgksaus lR; dh [kkst esa vius gksdj vius varfoZjks/kksa ds lkFk tc jk"Vªh; vkSj fgr dks xkS.k ekuk] dkf;d thou dks LoIu le>k lkekftd vk;keksa esa <y tkrk gS rc tkdj dkO; esa vkSj ftUgksaus ,safnz; lq[kksa ds vk/kkj ij gh thou ls feFkdh; psruk tUe ysrh gSA feFkdh; L=ksrksa ls le>kSrk ugha fd;k cfYd ml pje y{; ds fy, dfo ubZ O;k[;kvksa dk vUo;u djrk gS rFkk dfo viuk thou vfiZr dj fn;k tks mUgsa ikus ds ;ksX;

1eu ds fpjaru Hkko ekfeZdrk ds lkFk feFkd ds :Ik esa yxkA*izdV gksrs gSaA dfo ds Hkkoks adks l”kDr vkSj lEkFkZ **thou dsoy lq[k dh lk/kuk ugha og fnO; :Ik nsus esa feFkd dh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA dq¡oj “kfDr vuojr [kkst vuFkd iz;kl og eqfDr&cks/k

2ukjk;.k th ds lkfgR; dk ifjos”k ,dkaxh ugha gSA mldks dsoy Ik”kq&lk ru ls ck¡/kuk ughaA**dfo dk vkRefparu vO;Dr ifjos”k dks Hkh lkdkj bl [k.M dkO; esa ufpdsrk vius firk dh vkKk] dj nsrk gSA ufpdsrk gks ;k oktJok ;k fQj ;e *e`R;so Rok nnkfe* vFkkZr eSa rqEgsa e`R;q nsrk gw¡] dks dfo buls viuk earO; fl) dj gh ysrk gSA f”kjks/kk;Z djds ;e ds }kj ij pyk tkrk gS] tgk¡ og

vkRet;h *vkRet;h* dq¡oj ukjk.k th }kjk rhu fnu rd Hkw[kk&I;klk jgdj ;ejkt ds ?kj jfpr izca/kdkO; gS tks *daBksifu"kn* ij vk/kkfjr gSA ykSVus dh izrh{kk djrk gSA mldh bl lk/kuk ls 1965 esa izdkf”kr bl y?kq egkdkO; esa e`R;q ds izfr izlUu gksdj ;ejkt mls rhu ojnku ek¡xus dh mudh n`f"V mtkxj gqbZ gSA e`R;q&ftldk lkeuk gj vuqefr nsrs gSaA ufpdsrk buesa ls igyk ojnku ;g O;fDr dks vius thou esa djuk gksrk gSA mUgksaus ek¡xrk gS fd mlds firk oktJok dk dzks/k lekRi gks vius izca/k *vkRet;h* eas e`R;q laca/kh “kk”or leL;k tk,A dq¡oj ukjk;.k dh jpukvksa esa fujk”kk] dks dBksifu"kn dk ek/;e cukdj vnHkqr O;k[;k ds folaxfr;ksa] ?kqVu vkSj cksf>y fLFkfr;ksa ds fo:) lkFk gekjs lkeus j[kkA 28 'kh"kZdksa esa caVs bl izca/k ekuoh; cks/k dh la?k"kZ psruk dh vfHkO;fDr feyrh dkO; us ewY;ksa dh lS)kafrd foospuk vkSj nk”kZfud gSA vkt HkkSfrdoknh O;oLFkk ls izHkkfor ekuo dk O;k[;k dh gSaA dfo us vius izlaxksas dks lkaLd`frd ,oa vkReijd lkFkZdrk ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA vkt nk”kZfud Lrj ij izLrqr djrs gq, fy[kk gS& HkkSfrdoknh O;oLFkk ls izHkkfor ekuo dk vkReijd

**vkRet;h** esa mBkbZ xbZ leL;k eq[;r% ,d n`f"Vdks.k Lrj lapsruk dks [kk, tk jgk gSA thou ds fopkj”khy O;fDr dh leL;k gS] dsoy ,sls izk.kh dh mnkÙk Hkko vkSj ekuoh; ewY; yqIr gks jgs gSaA leL;k ugha tks nSfud vko”;drkvksa ds vkxs ugha lksprk ;k lksp ikrkA dFkkud dk uk;d ufpdsrk lUnHkZek= lq[kksa dks vLohdkj djrk gS% rkRdkfyd

1- dq¡oj ukjk;.k % vkRet;h dh Hkwfedk lsvko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gh mlds fy, Ik;kZIr ughaA

2- dq¡oj ukjk;.k % vkRet;hmlds vanj og o`gRrj ftKklk gS ftlds fy, lq[kh thuk dkQh ugha] lkFkZd thuk t:jh gSA ;g



fgUnh

Ld`fr;ksa ds L=ksr dk Kku jk"Vªksa ds lkewfgd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dh ;g lkaLd`frd fojklr ,d thou ds bfrgkl ,oa lkfgR; ls gqvk djrk gS vkSj lkewfgd vfHk;ku vFkok tu&tkx`fr }kjk fufeZr mlds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fo'o ds gqbZ gSA ns'k dk ;g lkewfgd vfHk;ku fgUnh lkfgR; f{kfrt ij viokn :i esa ,d ,slh laLd`fr fo|eku ds bfrgkl esa mÙkj Hkkjr ds HkfDr&vkUnksyu ds uke gS] ftlesa fons'kh vkØe.kksa ,oa vR;kpkjksa ds Hk;adj Ks; gSA bfrgkldkjksa us ;g Lohdkj fd;k gS fd >a>korksa ds izgkj lgdj Hkh izcy fojks/kksa ds bldk /;s; vk/;kfRed mUufr ek= u Fkk] fdUrq ;g egklkxj ds lrr~ FkisM+ksa ;k mRihM+u ds chp l`n`<+ lkekftd mRFkku ds lHkh thou&i{kksa dks ysdj

2pV~Vku dh Hkk¡fr viuh vts;rk dks lqjf{kr j[krs O;kid ØkfUr ds dk;Z esa vxzlj gqvk FkkA gq,] muds vUreZu dks thrdj vkRelkr fd;k gSA ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls fopkj fd;k tk;s rks bl fel`] jkse] ;wuku vkfn ns'kksa dh izkphu dgh tkus lkaLd`frd vkUnksyu ds vkjfEHkd izorZu ds i'pkr~ okys laLd`fr;ka dky ds izgkjksa esa pdukpwj gksdj mls lE;d~ fn'kk vkSj xfr'khyrk iznku djus okys HkXuko'ks"kksa ds :i esa dsoy bfrgkl&iqLrdksa vFkok loZizFke vkSj lokZf/kd leFkZ O;fDr dchj gh dgs tk laxzgky;ksa dh 'kksHkk cudj iqjkrRo&osÙkkvksa dh ldrs gSaA [kkst dk fo"k; cu pqdh gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dkO; jpuk dk iz;kstu vkfndky ls ysdj vkt rd thfor gSA dchj us LFkku&LFkku ij ;g ?kks"k.kk dh gS fd os

MkW0 oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky us bls e/;dkyhu fdlh ijEijkxr Kku ;k mlesa iz;qDr lR; ds u rks Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds rstLoh lw;Z dks mifer djrs gq, os dk;y gS vkSj u mlds fy, izfrc) gh gSA mudh fy[kk gS fd ^^pIik&pIik /kjrh mldh fdj.kksa dh Hkko/kkjk dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk LokuqHkwr lR; ls xehZ ikdj dyk] lkfgR; /keZ&thou ds fdrus gh mn~?kkVu dh gSA dkO;xr iz;kstu ds lEcU/k esa

1uohu :iksa dks tUe nsrh gSA** mudk viuk ekSfyd n`f"Vdks.k gSA os u rks fo|kifr vFkok ledkyhu njckjh dfo;ksa dh Hkk¡fr O;fDr ifjfLFkfr vkSj ijEijk nksuksa dk ifj.kke vkJ;nkrk dks izlUu djus ds mn~ns'; ls gksrk gSA mifjfufnZ"V laLd`frd iq#"kksa dk thou dkO;&jpuk mfpr le>rs Fks vkSj u gh lwj&rqylh vkxs pydj ftl lkaLd`frd fuf/k dk laokgd cuk] dh Hkk¡fr lkfgfR;d lzksrksa ls izkIr gfjdFkk dks gh mlh lkaLd`frd fuf/k dh os nsu Hkh dgs tk ldrs gSaA

la

& *MkW0 jktho ikWy

*vflLVs.V izksQ+slj] fgUnh foHkkx] jktdh; jt+k LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] jkeiqj ¼m0iz0½

dchj ds dkO; esa lkaLÑfrd psruk


dkO; ds ek/;e ls izLrqr djuk pkgrs FksA muds bruk c<+ x;k Fkk fd lekt esa Å¡p&uhp dk HksnHkko dkO; dk yksddY;k.kdkjh lkaLd`frd mn~ns'; Hkh xgjkbZ esa izfrf"Br FkkA ;g dchj tSls lUrksa }kjk ;gh Fkk fd lEHko gS fd izsj.kk ikdj nq%[kdkrjtuksa thou ewY;ksa dk gh ifj.kke Fkk fd tks lekt vkt

3 rd tkfr] dqy rFk /ku lEiUurk vkfn ds vk/kkj ij dh =k.k dk volj fey tk;sA os vius inksa dks O;fDr dks Å¡pk fxurk Fkk] ml lekt esa dchj vkfn lkekU; xhfrdkO; u cukdj dsoy vkRe&lk/kuk ds

4 us O;fDr dh Js"Brk dk vk/kkj mlds xq.k] vkpj.k lkj:i dks izLrqr djus ds ek/;e cukuk pkgrs FksA rFkk vk/;kfRed Js"Brk dks crk;kAblhfy, dksjs dfo&deZ ds mn~ns'; ls dkO; jpuk

dchj dh rn~fo"k;d pqukSrh&Hkjh mfDr;k¡ ,sls djus okyksa dh dfork djrs&djrs O;FkZ esa thou 5 n`f"Vdks.k ;k ekU;rk ij izgkj djrh jgh] fdUrq blesa fcrkus okyk gh ekurs FksA

mPpoxZ dk vgadkj Hkys gh ,d lhek rd ckf/kr gks] thou vkSj ewY; fdUrq fuEu oxZ mlls Åij ugha mB ldrkA dchj us e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa :f<+xzLr thou&ewY;ksa ls blds fy, mlesa vkRexkSjo dk Hkko txk;k] ftldh tks fodkj vk x;s Fks] muesa O;fDr dk lgh fodkl ifj.kfr muds inksa esa of.kZr gSA bl rF; dks vkpk;Z fu'p; gh vo:) gks pqdk FkkA ,d vksj yksdkpkj jkepUnz 'kqDy us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS fd ^euq";Ro dh izfrc) lk Fkk] Hkys gh mu vkpkjksa dh mi;qDrrk ls lkekU; Hkkouk dks vkxs djds fuEu Js.kh dh turk esa og vlger gh D;ksa u jgk gks\ nwljh vksj /keZ'kkL= mUgksaus vkRexkSjo dk Hkko txk;k vkSj HkfDr ds dh nqgkbZ nsdj lekt dk ,d oxZ dfri; lkekftd

6Å¡ps&Å¡ps lksiku dh vksj c<+us ds fy, c<+kok fn;kAjhfr&uhfr;ksa] deZdk.Mksa rFkk /kkfeZd fof/k&fo/kkuksa lkekftd psruk ds ikyu ds fy, mls ekufld :i ls foo'k djrk

dchj dh lkekftd psruk rFkk rn~xr vkn'kksZa ls jgrk FkkA ml ij 'kadk Hkjh n`f"V mBkus dk lkgl lkekU; tu dks gks Hkh dSls ldrk Fkk] tcfd gekjk rkRi;Z lekt&thou ds ml :i ls gS tks fd LorU=&psrk O;fDr;ksa dks ,slk lkgl djus ds izcy mlds }kjk vfHkizsr FkkA e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr

ds lkekftd i{k dh n`f"V ls fopkj djus ij gesa Kkr fojks/kh rFkk lkekftd cfg"dkj dk lkeuk djuk iM+ gksrk gS fd bl ;qx esa lekt dks foHkkftr ,oa tkrk FkkA

foÜk`a[kfyr djus okys dbZ thou i{k rFkk mlls dchj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds i{k/kj Fks ysfdu fufeZr n`f"Vdks.k FksA ,d vksj /keZ&fu"Bk ds vk/kkj mudk ,df}"k;d n`f"Vdks.k ,dkaxh dgk tk;sxkA ij cus gq, fgUnw vkSj eqfLye ;s nks oxZ ijLij lelkef;d ifjfLFkfr ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tk; rks bls vfo'oklh vkSj fo}s"kh fLFkfr eas Fks gh Åij ls blds dchj dk ØkfUrdkjh n`f"Vdks.k Hkh dg ldrs gSaA NksVs&NksVs lEiznk;ksa dh vusd NksVs&cM+s lkEiznkf;d lkekftd jhfr&uhfr;ksa dh :f<+;ksa] O;fDr ds futh oxZ FksA nwljh vksj vkfFkZd lEiUurk ds n`f"Vdks.k ls fodkl esa ck/kd gksus ds vfrfjDr tuthou dks dsoy Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk ?kj dj x;h FkhA ftlds laHkzfer djus ds lkFk&lkFk ;nk&dnk vokaNuh; vfrfjDr ledkyhu m|ksx&/kU/kksa ds vk/kkj ij deksZ esa izo`Ùk gksus dk volj iznku dj jgh FkhA ;s lokZf/kd O;kolkf;d tkfr;k¡ FkhaA budh la[;k ds ,d rks uSlfxZd fodkl dks vo:) djrh gh Fkh fo"k; esa bfrgkl ekSu gSA e/;dkyhu bfrgklks esa rFkk nwljs muds dkj.k dqyxr o tkfrxr vfHkeku


^^o`gr /keZ iqjk.k** ds vk/kkj ij pkyhl tkfr;ksa dk lkekftd lkE; ds n`f"Vdks.k ij ;fn vkt dh 7 ifjfLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa fopkj djs rks ge ns[krs gS fd mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA blesa vkus okyh vUR;t

'kwnzksa dks ^^gfjtu** dk u;k vfHk/kku nsdj muds tkfr dh vkB mitkfr;ksa dk mYys[k vYc:uh us m)kj dk tks u;k dk;ZØe jk"Vªfirk xk¡/kh us viuk;k fd;k gSA iUnzgoh vkSj lksygoha 'krkCnh ds dkO;ksa ls vkSj nwljh vksj ljdkjh O;oLFkk esa mUgsa dfri; buds uke dk p;u djds ys[kdksa us dqy vM+lB

8 lqfo/kk,¡ Hkh nh x;h gSaA fdUrq mUgsa vkt rd leqfpr O;olk;h tkfr;ksa ds ukeksa vkSj jghe us muesa ls 9 lkekftd lEeku ugha fey ik;k gSA ghurk dh xzafFk vusd dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk laf{kIr o.kZu fd;k gSA vr%

ls os vkt Hkh =Lr fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] vkSj ;fn dgha fdlh ;g vuqekfur fd;k tk ldrk gS fd tkfr;ksa dh bu O;oLFkk esa mudk egRo y{; fd;k Hkh tk, rks fuEu dkO;kRed funsZ'kksa ls Hkh vf/kd vofLFkfr jgh gksxhAoxZ esa vf/kdkf/kd izfrfØ;k dh Hkkouk dks gh n`f"Vxr lUr dchj us mi;qZDr HksnHkko ds fujkdj.k ds fd;k tk ldrk gSA mudk u rks okafNr m)kj gks og lHkh lkEiznkf;d fu"Bkvksa dk ,d ek= vkjk/; ik;k gS vkSj u gh mRFkkuA f'k{kk ds izlkj us mDr bZ'oj dgrs gSa] ftlds ukedj.k ds fy, jke] bZ'oj] dk;ZØeksa ds fcuk Hkh tkfrxr HksnHkko dks vius vki vYykg] [kqnk] d`".k] djhe] foVBy vkfn dksbZ Hkh de dj fn;k gSA ,rf)"k;d iz;kl u gksdj ,d fodYi Lohdkj djus dh os NwV nsrs gSA nwljh vksj os izdkj ls ekuorkoknh n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl dk gh gSA lkekftd lkE; dh ?kks"k.kk Hkh bls lR; ds vk/kkj ij fuEu dgs tkus oys oxZ esa vkRexkSjo ds LFkku ij djrs gS&izfrfØ;k ds gh n'kZu izk;% gksrs gSaA dchj us vius ;qx u dksbZ Å¡pk u dksbZ uhpkAesa bl leL;k dk fujkdj.k nks izdkj

tkdk I;aM ogh dk lhpkAAfd;k&Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkouk ds ewy ij rFkk mlds

dchj xazFkkoyh in la[;k&41izs.krkvksa ij lh/ks izgkj }kjk rFkk fuEu dgh tkus

bl oxZ esa /kkfeZd ekU;rk loksZifj Fkh vr% okyh turk esa vkRe xkSjo dks txkdj izHkkoh mldk euksoSKkfud <ax ls mi;ksx djrs gq, os dgrs O;fDrRo ds fuekZ.k }kjkA bls dk;Z esa os vkt dh gSa fd 'kwnz efyPN vkfn ds izfr tkfrxr ghurk dh

vis{kkd`r fdrus lQy gq, bls dchj nknw] ihik] n`f"V ds gksrs gq, ijekRek dh izkfIr vlaHko gSA ¼ogh]

eywdnkl rFkk jSnkl tSls lUr lk/kdksa ds izfr in 42½ os lkekftd lkE; ds izcy leFkZd FksA ftl

rRdkyhu tuthou esa lEeku ,oa izHkko rFkk mudh ;qx esa 'kwnz] vUR;t] paMky bR;kfn dks fuEu gh ugha

vkRefo'okl ,oa pqukSrh Hkjh ok.kh ls lEc) ;qxhu vfirq vLi'kZ rd le>k tkrk Fkk] ,sls ;qx eas tUe

rF; }kjk tkuk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds ysdj dchj us vius fuHkhZd Loj dks vkSj Hkh rhoz

fuekZ.k esa dchj dh lkekftd psruk dk ;ksxnku djrs gq, vkSj mDr ekU;rk ij rdZiw.kZ pksV djrs gq,

,sfrgkfld egRo j[krk gSA dgk& ^^gs iafMr] rqe Nwr dk fopkj D;k djrs gks\

fofo/k lkaLd`frd lk{;tc ,d gh ijekRek ls lEiw.kZ txrdh mRifRr gqbZ lar dchj dk O;fDrRo Hkkjrh; lekt ds gSA ,d gh jDr dk izokg lHkh dh f'kjkvksa esa izokfgr

rFkk lHkh dk tUe ,d gh izdkj ls gksrk gSA** ¼ogh] tulkekU; ds okrkoj.k ds chp fodflr gksdj i`"B 101] in 42½ ;qxhu psruk ds izfrfuf/k ds :i esa mHkj dj vk;k


FkkA mudk mn~ns'; LokuqHkwr lR; ds mn~?kkVu }kjk ds izfr ghu n`f"Vdks.k jgk gksrk rks os lk/kd dks 10yksdekul ds laLdkj dk FkkA vr% thou vkSj txr vkn'kZ L=h vkSj ifo=rk ds :i esa u fpf=r djrs

ds vusd fofo/k i{kksa ij mUgksaus viuk n`f"Vdks.k vkSj u ijekRek dh {kek'khyrk dh vfHkO;fDr tuuh 11izLrqr fd;k gSA vr% la{ksi esa dfri; fo'ks"krkvksa ij ds :i esa izLrqr djrsA

fopkj fd;k x;k gSA dkfeuh vkSj dapu ds lUnHkZ esa dchjnkl ds dkO; esa thou ds lkekftd vkSj mudk n`f"Vdks.k ogka fopkj.kh; gSA vk/kqfud n`f"V vkfFkZd i{kksa ds fo"k; esa ,d ;qxkUrdkjh n`f"Vdks.k ls ;fn bl ij fopkj fd;k tk, rks czhM vkSj lSDl feyrk gSA ledkyhu thou ds mRihM+u ds chp ¼BREAD AND SEX½ bu nks 'kCnksa ls le>k tk dsoy vkn'kZoknh vFkok vk/;kfRed n`f"Vdks.k ds ldrk gSA ge tkurs gSa fd ;s HkkSfrd thou dh izpkj&izlkj ls gh dke ugha pyrkA dchj ds vusd leL;kvksa dk lnk ls dsUnz fcUnq jgk gSA O;fDrRo esa fu}ZUrk ,ao eLrh Fkh] oSlh gh eLrh mudh bldk rkRi;Z okluk vkSj /kuk'kfDr ls gSA vfHkO;fDr esa Hkh FkhA fdUrq ledkyhu ifjfLFkfr ds v/;kfRed n`f"V ls ;s nksuksa ckrsa euq"; dks lk/kuk ls ifj.kkeLo:i tulkekU; ds mRihM+u ds izfr Hkh os fopfyr dj ldrh gS fdUrq O;kogkfjd thou esa Hkh dqN de laosnu'khy u FksA vkfFkZd lzksrksa dh nq[kLFkk buds leqfpr fu;U=.k dh vko';drk jgrh gSA bl ;qx dk ,d O;kid rF; FkkA ;fn JeiwoZd budh v'kfDr ls og vokaNuh; dk;ksZsa dh vksj eqM+ O;fDr /ku&laxzg dj Hkh ikrk Fkk rks oS/kkfud] ldrk gSA lkFk gh buds izfr fujk'kfDr dk LFkk;h voS/kkfud nksuksa izdkj ds dkjk/ku ds dkj.k muds ewY; Hkh gSA fNu tkus esa dksbZ 'kadk u FkhA dchj dh fuHkhZd ok.kh

laLd`fr dk y{; n`f"Vdks.k dks mnkj vkSj us turk ds bl mRihM+u dks Loj nsrs gq, ljdkjh 12O;kid cukrs gSa fdUrq ;fn O;fDr ukjh rd gh vius deZpkfj;ksa dks ;enwr dh laKk nh gSA fdlku nfjnz

fopkjksa dks lhfer dj nsrk rks mlesa n`f"V dk foLrkj rks Fks gh] Åij ls eqf[k;k vkSj jkT; deZpkfj;ksa dk ugha gks ldrkA blh izdkj lekt esa /kuk'kfDr c<+ bruk vR;kpkj gksrk Fkk fd os xkao dks NksM+dj tkus tkus ij ml ij vf/kdkf/kd vf/kdkj ikus dh gksM+ esa dks foo'k gks tkrs Fks ¼dchj xzUFkkoyh in 222½A dbZ vUrla?k"kZ vko';EHkkoh gSA vr% dkfeuh vkSj dkapu ckj os csxkj esa idM+ fy, tkrs Fks vkSj mUgsa ikfjJfed ds izfr furkUr v'kfDr dk fojks/k lkekftd thou Hkh u feyrk Fkk ¼ogh in 110½A ifj.kker% nkl dks lq[kh rFkk larqfyr j[kus okys loZO;kid rF; ds nkfl;ksa ds :i esa O;fDr foØ; rd gksrk ¼ogh in :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA dchj gh ugha 113½A ,slh n'kk esa thou ds vkn'kZ i{kksa dks Hkqykdj izk;% leLr HkfDr lkfgR; esa fojks/k dk ;g Loj O;fDr /ku ;kpuk vFkok fHk{kko`fRr rd dks foo'k gks orZeku gS dchj dk ek;k }kjk dud vkSj dkfeuh foÙks"k.kk ds fy, ikxy gks mBs rks blesa vk'p;Z dh cu dj txr dks Mlus dk mYys[k ¼ek;k vkSj vax ckr ugha Hkys gh] dchj tSls lUrksa us v/;kfRed n`f"V lk[kh 19 vkSj 32½ blh fojks/k dks ysdj gSA ;g ls mldk fojks/k fd;k gsA ;gka ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd mYys[kuh; gS fd bu izlaxksa esa tgka mUgksaus ukjh ds dchj dh ok.kh ,slh nq[kn fLFkfr ds izfr laosnu'khy dkfeuh :i dh fuUnk dh gS og ukjh ek= ds fy, jgh vkSj mlus ;qxkuq:i fopkj/kkjk ds izpkj vkSj ugha gSA ;fn lkekftd thou ds {ks= esa mudk ukjh izlkj }kjk Bhd ekSds ij turk ds ân; dks laHkkyus


lUnHkZ vkSj Bhd j[kus dk iFk iz'kLr fd;k gSA

1- gfjgj fuokl f}osnh % lk/kuk d`r eSuklr] i`"B& Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lUnHkZ esa ;fn dchj ds dkO; 234ij fopkj djs rks rRdkyhu lkekftd jhfr&uhfr;ksa]

yksdfo'okl ,oa vkLFkkvksa] ekU;rkvksa vkthfodk ds 2- MkW0 cukjlh nkl lDlsuk % fgUnqLrku dh iqjkuh lk/kuksa ikfjokfjd mRlo] laLdkjksa] /kkfeZd vkSj lH;rk] i`"B& 434&453lkekftd fod`fr;ka] yfyr dykvksa vkfn ds thrs 3- gfjth ;gS fopkfj;k] lk[kh dgkS dchjAtkxrs fp= mlesa fc[kjs iM+s gSaA mDr lkaLd`frd HkkSlkxj esa tho gS] tks dkbZ idM+S rhjAAfLFkfr ds vadu ls Hkh vf/kd dchj ds dkO; rFkk

&dchj xzUFkkoyh] mins'k dkS vax] lk[kh&1 muesa ØkfUrdkjh O;fDrRo dk egRo bl ckr esa gS fd

4- ogh] i`"B&89] inkoyh] jkx xkSM+hmUgksaus muds ek/;e ls viuk n`f"Vdks.k izLrqr

5- doh dohus dfork eq;s dkiM+h ds nkjk tkbZA fd;kA bl n`f"Vdks.k dk e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; ogh] in&317laLd`fr ds fuekZ.k esa vlafnX/k egRo gSA

6- fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] i`"B 60vr% fu"d"kZ :i esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd dchj 7- lUr lkfgR; fo'ks"kkad] i`"B 50&51Hkkjr ds lkaLd`frd egkiq:"k gSa vkSj mudk dkO;

&MkW0 jke[ksykou % lkekftd i`"BHkwfe rFkk lkaLd`frd dkO; gSA ns'k ds bfrgkl esa lekt The Delhi Sultanat, Page, 578, Heading Social lq/kkj] /kkfeZd vkSj lkaLd`frd iquZtkxj.k ,oa Life -Dr. RC. MazumdarlkfgR; jpuk ds {ks=ksa esa ls fdlh ,d {ks= esa

8- MkW0 enu xksiky xqIr % e/;dkyhu dkO; esa oSpkfjd ØkfUr }kjk ;qx izoZru djus okys Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] i`"B 538&39euhf"k;ksa dh ,d fo'kky ijEijk gSA bu lHkh {ks=ksa

9- jfgeu foykl % uxj 'kksHkk dkO;dks ,d lkFk vuqizHkkfor djds ;qx psruk dks 10- dchj xzUFkkoyh % ifjf'k"V] in 66] i`"B 77&78izcq) djus okys O;fDr fojys gh fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA 11- dchj xzUFkkoyh % in 11dchj dk O;fDrRo bl izdkj ds tuuk;dksa dk

ToyUr mnkgj.k izLrqr djrk gSA lPps vFkksZ a esa 12- veyq fljkuh ys[kk nsuk] vk, dfBu nwr tu ysukAdchj vius le; ls vkxs FksA vkt Hkh ge ftu pyq cjgkyq] nhokfu cqykb;k] gfj dqjekfu njxg vkb;kAekuo&lR;ksa dks igpku lds gSa vkSj mUgsa djm vjnkfl xko fcuq [kkdh] ysM fuokjh vkt dh jkrhAekuo&ewY;ksa esa Lohdkj dj pqds gSa] mUgsa dchj us ekyq tu tksfj;k Hk;m] ijkb;kAAfurkar fojks/kh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa [kkst fy;k FkkA

ogh] in 92] 101dchj dh izklafxdrk vkt Hkh gS vkSj dy Hkh jgsxhA


fgUnh

gqeq[kh izfrHkk lEiUu dfo vkSj vkpk;Z lS;n fcyxzke gjnksbZ esa og LFkku gS tgk¡ jlyhu dh

tUeHkwfe gSA ogha ij jlyhu us jl izcks/k dh jpuk xqyke uch jlyhu ds O;fDrRo esa lkfgR;] laxhr

vkSj dyk rhuksa dk laxe FkkA muds ftu gkFkksa esa dh FkhA jl izcks/k dkO;&'kkL=h; n`f"V ,slk ryokj >u&>ukrh Fkh] mUgha ls oh.kk ds rkj Hkh e/kqdks'k gS] ftlds vkLoknu ls ikBd dh jl >ad`r gksrs Fks] bruk gh ugha mudk lkfgR;dkj :i fo"k;d Kku fiiklk 'kkar gksrh gSA bl xzaFk esa Hkh mPp dksfV dk gSA 'kq) 'kkL=h;rk rFkk mPp jlyhu laLd`r lkfgR; ds ljlre rFkk lqUnjre dykRedrk dk xq.k mUgsa vkpk;Z vkSj jlfl) dfo iq"iksa ¼jl xzaFkksa½ ls jl ,d= dj jl&izcks/k e/kq

2ds :i esa izLrqr djrs gSa] ijUrq lkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa dy'k dks Hkjk gS Aus mUgsa 'kkL=fon vkpk;Z cuk fn;kA os jl fl) dfo jl foospu esa jlyhu jl foospu ls iwoZ Hkko dh gksus ds lkFk rdZfl) vkpk;Z Hkh FksA foospuk djrs gSaA Hkko dh foospuk esa mudh

mUgksaus ^jl izcks/k* uked xzaFk dk iz.k;u dj ekSfydrk ds n'kZu gksrs gSaA os Hkko dh foospuk djrs vius dks jlkpk;Z fl) dj fn;kA mUgksaus bl xzaFk gq, ;g crkrs gSa fd Hkko gh jl dk ewy gSAdks ljy] lgt] lqcks/k 'kSyh esa fy[kdj jlkpk;kZsa esa

Hkkofga rs jl gksr gS le>q ysgqeu ekWfgAmPp LFkku izkIr fd;kA mUgksaus jl foospu esa tks

3;krs ifgys Hkko dfo cjur gSa Bgjkfga AAegkjr gkfly dh Fkh mldh rRonf'kZrk us muls 1 jlyhu dk ;g fopkj Hkjr eqfu ds ml dFku ls Lo;a dgyok fn;k &

feyrk gS] ftlesa os dgrs gSa fd u rks jl Hkko jfgr ckWfp vkfn rs vUr ykSa] ;fg leq>S tks dksbZA4

gksrk gS u rks Hkko jl ls vyx gksrk gS &rsfga vkSjfga xzaFk esa] Qsfj pkg ugha gksbZAA^u Hkkoghuks·fLr jlks u Hkkoksa jl oftZr%]bl xzaFk dk ewy fo"k; jl gSA bl xzaFk dh jpuk jlyhu Hkjr dh jl ijaijk dk ikyu djrs gq, mUgksaus jpuk laor 1798 esa dh Fkh] bl fo"k; esa os

;g dgrs gSa fdUrq ijEijk dk ikyu os vU/ks dh HkkWfr fy[krs gSa& ugha djrs gSa] os mls vius foosd ds izdk'k esa j[kdj l=g lS vV~Bkucs e/kq lqfn NB fnuokjA

5ns[krs gSa &fcyxzke esa vkb dS Hk;kS xzaFk vorkjAA

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& *jkejru pkS/kjh

*'kks/kNk=] f'kCyh us'kuy LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

jlyhu % LFkk;h Hkko vkSj jl

tks jl ds vuqdwy gS cnys lgt lqHkkoA fo'ks"krk,W lkeus vkrh gSa& 1- ;g vius esa vU; Hkkoksa

dks lekfgr dj ysrk gSA 2- ;g fo:) vFkok fcu cl rkdks Hkko dfg Hkk"kr gSa dfo jk[ksAAvfo:) Hkkoksa ls u"V ugha gksrkA 3- ;g vkLoknd os laLd`r ds vkpk;kZsa dh HkkWfr Hkko ds nks eq[; vadqj ds :i esa fo|eku jgrk gSA 4- foHkko vuqHkko Hksn ekurs gSa& igyk LFkk;h Hkko] nwljk O;fHkpkjh rFkk lapkjh Hkko ls iq"V gksdj jlRo dks izkIr gksrk gSA HkkoA bu nksuksa Hkkoksa esa eu dk lEcU/k LFkk;h Hkko ls bl fo"k; esa jlyhu dh ekU;rk bl izdkj gSA gksrk gS] bUgha LFkk;h Hkkoksa ds vk/kkj ij jl ds ukS Hksn jlyhu vkSj LFkk;h Hkko & jlyhu LFkk;h Hkko dks gks tkrs gaSaA LFkk;h Hkko jl ds ewy esa gksrs gSaA vkpk;Z

6 jl dk ewy ekudj bls izkFkfedrk bls izkFkfedrk fo'oukFk LFkk;h Hkko ds ckjs esa dgrs gSa &nsrs gSaA muds vuqlkj eu ds ,sls Hkko tks fut&fut vfo:) fo:)k ok ;a frjks?kkrqe{kek%A

8jlksa esa vfHkO;Dr gksrs gSa] LFkk;h Hkko dgykrs gSa &vkLoknkadqjdUnkS·lkS Hkko% LFkk;hfr lEer%AA

FkkbZ gS eu Hkko lksa jR;kfnd tks xkbAvFkkZr~ vfo:) vkSj fo:) Hkko ftldks u fNik

rs fut fut jl eas jgSa oS fFkj g~oS BgjkbAAldsa] tks vkLoknu vadqj dk ewy gks] ogh Hkko LFkk;h jl ds lEeq[k gksus ls ân; ds lgt LoHkko esa tks Hkko dgykrk gSA blls ;g ckr fl) gksrh gS fd

ifjorZu gksrk gS] ml ifjorZu esa izkIr Hkko gh LFkk;h LFkk;h Hkko vius fojks/kh Hkkoksa dks ipk ysrk gS] vU; 9

Hkko gksrk gS AHkko mlds vfLrRo dks ugha feVk ikrsA /kuat; 7

tks jl lueq[k g~oS dNw cnyS lgtlqHkkoAn'k:id esa dgrs gSa & ftl izdkj lkxj ehBs ty

dh vusd ufn;ksa dks vius esa lekfgr djds ty dks rsfga cnyu dks dgr gSa] dfotu FkkbZAAvkRe:i ¼[kkjk½ cuk ysrk gS] mlh izdkj LFkk;h Hkko og jl fo'ks"k ls lEc) gksdj fLFkj Hkko esa cuk leLr Hkkoksa dks vkRe:i cuk ysrk gSA vfHkizk; ;g jgrk gSA vr% ftl jl fo'ks"k ds lEeq[k gksus ls tks gS fd LFkk;h Hkko gh jlkoLFkk rd igqWprk gSA Hkjr ifjorZu fo'ks"k ân; esa gksrk gS ogh ml jl fo'ks"k dk

10eqfu LFkk;h Hkko dks jktk vkSj xq: ls mifer djrs LFkk;h Hkko dgykrk gS &

gaSAtk jl lEeq[k tks dNw rud cny fg; gksbZA

;s LFkk;h Hkko euq"; ds Hkhrj okluk :i esa mlh rk jl dks FkkbZ ogS ;g cjru dfo yksbAA

izdkj feys jgrs gSa] tSls ids feV~Vh ds cjru esa xU/k jlyhu vkpk;Z Hkjr dks egRo nsrs gq, Hkh Hkjr vFkok ydM+h esa vkx igys ls fNih jgrh gSA cjru

eqfu ls fHkUu LFkk;h Hkkoksa dh la[;k fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA ds xU/k dh vfHkO;fDr ikuh dh cawnksa ds iM+us ls gksrh Hkjr eqfu LFkk;h Hkkoksa dh la[;k vkB ekurs gSa] fdUrq gS rFkk ydM+h dh vkx ?k"kZ.k ds ckn izdV gksrh gS os budh la[;k ukS ekurs gSaA mlh izdkj le; ikdj ogh vUrLFk lqIr Hkko dkO;

1- jfr 2- gkl 3- 'kksd 4- Øks/k 5- mRlkg ds Jo.k rFkk ukVd ds voyksdu ls mn~cq) gks tkrk 6- Hk; 7- ?k`.kk 8- vk'p;Z 9- fuosZn jlyhu bldks gS] rc vkuUn dh mRifRr gksrh gSA bls gh LFkk;h Hkko

11^jl izcks/k* esa bl izdkj O;Dr djrs gSa &dh jl n'kk dgrs gSaA bl izdkj LFkk;h Hkko dh pkj


jfr gkWlh v: 'kksd iqfu dksi mNkg lq vkfuA fu"ifRr gksrh gS] ijUrq jlyhu dgrs gSa fd fHkko]

vuqHkko rFkk lapkjh Hkko ds la;ksx ls tc LFkk;h Hkko Hk; ?k.kk vpjt lefq > ifq u fujons fg a fFkj tkfuAA15

12 ifjiDo gksrk gS rc jl mRiUu gksrk gS AHkjr eqfu Hkkoksa dh la[;k vkB gh crkrs gSa &tc foHkko vuqHkko v: O;fHkpkjh rs vkfuAjfrgk'p 'kksd'p Øks/kRlkgks Hk;a rFkkAifjiwju FkkbZ tgk¡ izxVs lks jl tkuAAtqxqIlk foLe;'psfr LFkkf;Hkko izdhfrZrkAAHkjr eqfu rFkk jlyhu dh ifjHkk"kkvksa esa nks ckrsa Hkjr ds vkB Hkko gSa& jfr] gkl] yksd] mRlkg]

fo'ks"k :i ls fopkj.kh; gSaA Hkjr dh ifjHkk"kk esa LFkk;h Hk; tqxqIlk vkSj foLe;A Hkjr us 'kkUr jl ds Hkko Hkkok as dk leko's k ugh a g]S fdUr q vHkh"V ;gh g S fd mDr fuosZn dks NksM+ fn;k gS] D;ksafd ukVd esa mldk foHkokfn dh lgk;rk l s LFkk;h Hkko gh jlRo dk s ikz Ir vfHku; ugha gksrkAgkrs s gAaS bl fo"k; e as Hkjr d s jl fu"ifRr d s O;k[;krk

ukS Hkkoksa ds fo"k; esa vkpk;kZsa ds fopkj fHkUu& HkVV~ ykYs yV dk er Li"V :i l s xgz .kh; gAaS muds

fHkUu gSaA erkuqlkj LFkk;h Hkko Lo;a vuqifpr gS] ogh foHkko]

/kuUt; rFkk /kfud us Hkh vkB Hkkoksa dks ekuk gSA vuqHkko vkSj O;fHkpkjh Hkko dk la;ksx ikdj Lo;a

eEeV us Hkjr dh ekU;rk dk vuq'kj.k djrs gq, mifpr ¼ifjiDo½ gksrk gS rc mls jl dgk tkrk gSA 13Hkh fuosZnLFkkf;HkkoksfLr 'kkUrks·fiuoeks jl% dgdj jlyhu us HkV~V yksYyV ds er dks ifj"d`r dj

'kkUr jl rFkk fuosZn dks ekU;rk nhA viuh ckr dgh gSAif.Mr jkt txUukFk ukS jl rFkk ukS Hkkoksa dh 16

jlyhu d s erkulq kj ekuo ân; og idz fr inz Rr Li"V :i ls ekU;rk nsrs gSaA Hkfw e g]S ftle as fo/kkrk u s Lo; a jl dk chtkjkis .k fd;k gAS

bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jlyhu dk Hkko mlh ls Hkko vadqfjr gksrs gSa] os LFkk;h Hkko dgykrs gSa] fu:i.k tgk¡ Hkjr ds vuq:i jl izcks/k ds iSrhalosa vFkkZr~ ekuofpr :ih Hkwfe esa mlds chtkjksi.k ls nksgs esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] tgk¡ os dgrs gSa fd Hkkofga rs LFkk;h Hkko:ih vadqj iSnk gksrs gSaA fpRrHkwfe gS] jl gksr gS] ftldks Hkjr eqfu us dgk Fkk& ^u Hkko jlcht rFkk LFkk;h Hkko mlds vadqj Lo:i gSaA bUgha ghuks·fLr jlks u Hkkoks jloftZr%* fdUrq LFkk;h vadqjksa dks vkyacu] mn~nhiu foHkko :ih ty Hkkoksads o.kZu esa os if.Mr jkt txUukFk dk leFkZu le;kuqdwy flafpr dj bUgsa ljl cukrs gSa] ftlls djrs nh[krs gSaA oSls jlyhu dk ukS Hkkoksa rFkk ukS jlksa vuqHkko :ih r: iSnk gksrs gSaA bUgha vuqHkko :ih o`{kksa dk leFkZu dkO; ds lUnHkZ esa loZFkk mfpr gSA LFkk;h esa O;fHkpkjh Hkko :ih iq"i {k.k&izfr{k.k Qwyrs jgrs Hkko ds egRo dks jlyhu jl dh ifjHkk"kk esa izLrqr gSa] bu lcds la;ksx ls gh edjUn dh HkkWfr jl mRiUu djrs gSa tcfd Hkjreqfu jl fu"ifRr esa uke ugha ysrs gksrk gSA jfld tu e/kqi dh HkkWfr lHkh jpuk esa

14 mldh igpku djrk gSA gSaA Hkjreqfu jl lw= esa izfrikfnr djrs gSa &

foHkkokuqHkko O;fHkpkjh la;ksxknzl fu"ifRr%* vFkkZr~ bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd jlyhu LFkk;h&Hkko foHkko] vuqHkko ,oa O;fHkpkjh Hkkoksa ds la;ksx ls jl dh jlkuqHkwfr ls fdl izdkj la;ksftr djrs gSaA muds



bl fu:i.k vkSj la;kstu esa muds O;kid 7- /kuat; % n'k:id] 4@34] eksrhyky cuk

v/;;u ds lkFk dkfjf;=h rFkk Hkkof;=h izfrHkk dk jlhnkl pkSd] okjk.klh] la0 1979bZ0

lpsrd mUes"k gSA 8- jlyhu xzaFkkoyh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 36

9- ogh] nksgk 46

lUnHkZ 10- ogh] nksgk 47

1- la0 lq/kkdj ik.Ms; % jlyhu xzaFkkoyh % jl 11- ogh] nksgk 48izcks/k] nksgk 25 dk'kh uxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] 12- Hkjreqfu % ukV~;'kkL=] [email protected]] f}rh; laLdj.k 13- eEeV % dkO; izdk'k] prqFkZ mYykl] lw= 47] Kku

2- ogh] nksgk 26 e.My izdk'ku] okjk.klh3- ogh] nksgk 35 14- Hkjreqfu % ukV~;'kkL=] 6@324- Hkjr eqfu % ukV~; 'kksL=] "k"B v/;k;] 6@37] 15- jlyhu xzaFkkoyh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 30

pkS[kEHkk laLd`r laLFkku] okjk.klh] la0 2010bZ0 16- ogh] nksgk] 31&345- jlyhu xzaFkkoyh % jl izcks/k] nksgk 36

6- fo'oukFk % lkfgR; niZ.k] 3@174] eksrhyky

cukjlh nkl pkSd] okjk.klh] la0 1977bZ0


fgUnh

& *& **pUnu dqekj ekS;ZMkW0 xhrk flag

***“kks/k Nk=] Mh0,0oh0 ih0th0 dkyst vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½,lks- izksQslj ,oa v/;{k LukrdksÙkj fgUnh foHkkx] Mh-,-oh- ih-th- dkyst] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

30 bZ0 dk le; dbZ vFkksZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA vfHkO;fDr dh LorU=rk ds guu dh izfrfØ;k vkfn

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa lfou; voKk vkUnksyu lEiw.kZ dkj.kksa ls gqvkA fgUnqLrku dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vkSj

jk"Vª dks vaxzsth lRrk ds fo:) ,drkc) dj jgk turk dh vkRexr psruk esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu ds

FkkA Bhd mlh le; fgUnh lkfgR; esa Nk;koknh ifj.kkeLo:i gh izxfr”khy vkUnksyu dk tUe

vkUnksyu vius O;fDroknh Lo:i dks R;kx jgk Fkk gvq kA vr% bldh ,fs rgkfld i"BHkfw e bUgh aa ifjfLFkfr;k as

vkSj u;h Hkwfedk ds fy, viuh u;h ih<+h ds lkFk ls tqM+h gSA

u;h lksp dks ,d lfdz; lkfgR;kUnksyu esa cnyus izxfr”khy vkUnksyu dk vkjEHk l=~ 1936 esa dh rS;kjh dj jgk FkkA dfo;ksa esa Nk;koknh ;qx dh gqvk FkkA ijUrq tus”oj oekZ Lohdkj djrs gSa fd] dkYifudrk ,oa fujk”kkoknh fopkj/kkjk,¡ yxHkx izxfrokn Nk;kokn dh izfrfdz;k ugha Fkk cfYd fu'izHkkoh gks tkrh gS vkSj lkekftd xfrfof/k;ksa dh mlds lekukUrj pyus okyh /kkjk gSA lp rks ;g gS vksj lfdz; gks mBrs gSaA nhu&ghu Hkkouk ds dkj.k fd Nk;koknksRrj dkO; ftls ge dgrs gaS] og d:.k ØUnu mudks >d>ksj nsrs gSa ,oa lkezkT;oknh oSf”od] jk"Vªh;] jktuhfr ds izHkko dk ifj.kke gSa iz”kklu ds fo:},d ubZ psruk tkx`r gks mBrh gSA ftls lkfgR; esa ge mlds fodkl Øe vkSj C;kt bl uohu lelkef;d psruk ls ftl lkfgR; /kkjk o`f) ds lkFk izxfr”khy vkUnksyu ds :Ik esa ns[krs dk izknqHkkZo gqvk mlesa ;FkkFkZ fp=.k dks gh izeq[krk gaSA blds igys l`tukRed lkfgR; esa ge ;fn /;ku izkIr FkhA lkfgR; esa tks dkYifudrk fo|eku Fkh og ls ns[kas rks irk pyrk gS fd lu~ 1930 ds vkl ikl yxHkx ux.; izrhr gksrh gSA lkfgR; ds bl uohu fdlku leL;k vkSj Lok/khurk dk iz”u yxHkx fopkj/kkjk dks izxfr”khy lkfgR; ;k izxfrokn dh ;FkkFkZ ds lEiw.kZ fcUnq ds lkFk vafdr djus dh laKk nh x;h gSA izo`fRr cyorh gks tkrh gSA fgUnh ds e/;eoxhZ;

ys[kd ftl rjg lglk fdlkuksa ds izfr xgjk yxko izxfr”khyrk dh Hkkouk dk mn~Hko fgUnqLrku dh vuqHko djus yxss mlh rjg izxfr”khy ys[kd la?k ds viuh ifjfLFkfr;ksa] tuvkUnksyuksa] fczfV”k gqdwer ds xBu dh Hkkouk Hkh mUgh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls iSnk gksus neupØ] lektoknh fopkj/kkjk ds rsth ls izlkj]

19

izxfr'khy vkUnksyu vkSj ukxktqZu


yxhA ftlesa Lora= fprad o fopkjd ukxktqZu dh jksVh] diM+k vkSj edku ls Hkh os vHkkoxzLr FksA tcfd Hkwfedk Hkh vxz.kh jghA ;gh yksx vaxzstksa dh lHkh lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dk /;ku

viuk eku lEeku cspdj j[krs FksA vaxzstksa dk eu ixz fr”khy vkUnkys u d s le&lkef;d voLFkk e asHkkjrh;ksa ds izfr dzwj FkkA os pkgs cPps gksa o`) vFkok ukxktuZq tlS s t>q k: jpukdkj d s rVLFk jgu s dh fL=;k¡ gks lHkh yksxksa dks nklrk dh tathjks esa ck¡/kdj dYiuk ugh dh tk ldrhA ukxktuZq d s le&lkef;d j[kuk viuh “kku&”kkSdr le>rs FksA ;gh dkj.k Fkk ?kVukvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj u dsoy dfork;sa fy[kh fd lkezkT;oknh iz”kklu ds fo#) turk ds vkØks”k cfYd mUgsa izxfr”khy vkUnksyu esa lfdz; Hkwfedk ds us ,d vkUnksyu dk :i ysuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA lkFk lfEefyr Hkh gks x;sA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cnyko ykus ds fy, tks vkUnksyu mUgas dbZ ckj tsy dh ;k=k Hkh djuh iM+hA 1935bZ0 “kq: gqvk] ogh vkxs pydj izxfr”khy vkUnksyu cuk esa ^izxfr”khy ys[kd la?k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn ftlesa lkfgR;dkjksa us egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h] ukxktqZu ekDlZoknh fopkj/kkjk dh vksj mUeq[k gq,A lkezkT;oknh iz”kklu dh Øwjrk ds fojks/k esa mUgksusa lkfgR; dk iz;ksx ,d “kfDr”kkyh vL= ds lksguyky f}osnh us jk"Vª ds ;qodksa dks vkxs vkus dk :Ik esa lekt dh ubZ rLohj lWaokjusa ds fy, fd;kA vkºoku~ fd;k&ukxktqZu dh dforkvksa esa euq'; ds 'kks"k.k ds rhukas

:ik as lkekz T;okn]lkE;okn] vkjS itw¡ hoknh d s fo:) rho z Þdc rd izgkj lgksxs\jk"s k gkus s dk tk s Hkko fn[kkb Z nrs k g]S og ixz fr”khy dc rd vR;kpkj lgksxs\dkO;/kkjk ls vusd vHksn~; lEcU/k dk izek.k gSA dc rd gkgkdkj lgksxs\

fczfV”k dky esa muds uhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ cksyus lko/kku esjs lsukuhAdh Lora=rk ugha FkhA ge vius fodkl ds iFk ij vaxzstksa us viuh nksgjh uhfr ds dkj.k dqN pyus ds fy, LorU= ugha FksA ge u rks dksbZ laxBu lEHkzkUr Hkkjrh;ksa dks vius lkFk djds ^f”k{kk esa NukbZ cuk ldrs Fks vkSj u gh viuh ek¡x j[kus dks vktkn dk fl)kUr** viukrs gq, lEHkzkUr yksxksa ds }kjk gh FksA gekjh lgh ek¡xas Hkh utjvankt dj nh tkrh Fkh vU; Hkkjrh;ksa dks nwf"kr n`f"V ls ns[kus ds fy, foo”k rFkk tcjtLrh djus ij mUgsa iaSjks rys dqpy fn;k fd;k vkSj os yksx vius yksxksa ds lkFk vaxzstksa tSlk tkrk FkkA lekt ds cgqr ls foosd”khy yksxksa dks O;ogkj Hkh djus yxsA ;g dk;Z ml le; Hkkjrh; vNwr dg dj muls i”kqor dk;Z djok;k tkrk FkkA lekt ds fy, fdlh Hkh foMEcuk ls de ugha FkkA mu yksxksa dks /kkfeZd LFkyksa ij tkus rFkk iwtk&ikB ledkyhu tehankjksa rFkk iw¡th&ifr;ksa dh Øwjrk] djus dh eukgh Fkh vaxzstkas us fodkl dk;Z ds {ks= esa fujadq”krk ,oa budh izihM+u uhfr etnwjksa dks xgjs tks dqN Hkh fd;k og vius ns”k ¼bXySaM½ dks le`) fujk”k lkxj esa Mqcks jgh FkhA nk”kZfudksa ds vuqlkj dju s d s fy, fd;k u fd Hkkjr d s fuokfl;k as d s fy,A iw¡thifr fdlh Hkh yksdrU=kRed jk"Vª ds fy, fo"kSys tlS &s ;krk;kr d s lk/ku] rkj] jfs M;+ k s ,o a Vys hQkus rRo gS ftudks ;fn lekIr u fd;k x;k rks yksdrU= vkfnA fozfV”kdky esa vf/kdk”ka Hkkjrh;ksa dk thou dks feVrs nsj ugh yxsxhA tSls&lq[ke; ugh Fkk] os nq[k >syus ds fy, foo”k FksA ^^vkt Hkaqtxksa ls cSBs gS] os dapu ds ?kMs+ nck;s

muds fy, mudh ewyHkwr vko”;drk tSls& fou; gkj dj dgr s g]aS ; s fo'k/kj gVr s ugh gVk;s


; s QQq dkj jg s fn[kykdj] nk&s nk s ftgo~ k; as dks lqn`<+ cukrk gSA dksbZ Hkh yksdrU= bu nksuksa dk tgjhyh 'kks"k.k djds] vius uke dh lkFkZdrk dk;e ughaa j[k

ldrkA fczfV”k gqdwer us bu nksuksa dks cqjh rjg bUg a s fn[kkvk a s xo Z [ko Z dju s okyh fctyh pedhyhA**izrkfM+r fd;kA Ñ"kdksa dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds tky esa fczfV”k iz”kklu ds vekuqf"kd uhfr us Hkkjrh;ksa tdM+ dj etnwj cuk;k x;k vkSj etnwjksa dks ds ljy ,oa foosd”khy eu efLr"d dks my>krs gq, iw¡thifr;ksa ds iatksa esa bl rjg Mky fn;k x;k] ftl vkMEcjks esa ck¡/k fn;kA cM+s&cM+s m|ksxksa esa pyus okys izdkj ckt ds iatksa esa “kkod&x.k Q¡l tkrs gSaA e”khukas ds lkFk gekjs lh/ks&lk/ks Ñ"kdksa dks Hkh pyrk ek?k&iwl dh B.M esa fBBqjrs gq, rFkk T;s"B ekl dh fQjrk e”khu cuk fn;kA ftldk ifj.kke ;g gvq k dh xehZ dh yiVksa esa >qylrs gq, Ñ"kd jk"Vª ds dkj[kkuk as e as dke dju s oky s vd”q ky etnjw e”khuk as }kjk Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, vUuksa dh vV~Vkfydk [kM+h djrs fnO;kxa gkus s d s fy, foo”k gk s x;As ijk/khUkrk dh gSa vkSj mUgsa tehankjksa dk leqnk; vHkkoksa dh vry voLFkk dk ,d mnkgj.k ns[k ldrs gS&tyjkf”k esa Mkydj mudh rM+QM+kgV dks vius ^^viuh lkals fcdh gqbZ gS]euksjatu dk lk/ku cukrk gSAvius xku xqyke fdlh ds]

izxfr”khy lkfgR; dh LFkkiuk ds ckn fgUnh gkFk iSj vius gaS] txr esa turk ds ihM+k dk ;FkkFkZ fp=.k djus dh ij ;s djrs jgrs dke fdlh dsA**izsj.kk esa o`f) gqbZA vPNkb;ksa dk [kqys eu ls iza”klk dqVhj m|ksx /kU/ks fou"V gksrs tk jgs Fks rFkk djuk rFkk cqjkb;ksa ds izfr [kqydj vkdzks”k O;Dr xk¡oksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk iw.kZr% u'V gksrh tk jgh FkhA djuk budh izFke izkFkfedrk jghA ukxktZqu dk xk¡o igys viuh leLr vko”;drkvksa dh lEiwfrZ ekuuk Fkk fd tks lkekftd :f<+;k¡ Hkkjrh; laLd`fr gsrq Lor% l{ke FkkA fons”kh uhfr us bUgsa ijeq[kkis{kh vkSj lH;rk dks [kks[kyk cuk jgh Fkh] ml O;oLFkk ds cuk fn;kA ;gk¡ dk dPpk eky fu;kZr gksus yxk rFkk f[kykQ lh/ks izgkj djuk pkfg,A turk dk nq[k&nnZ fons”kksa esa rS;kj eky ;gk¡ vkdj vf/kd ewY;ksa esa ukxktqZu dk viuk nq[k&nnZ FkkA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd fcdus yxkA fonsf”k;ksa us ;gk¡ ds dfri; lqlEiUu ukxktqZu us viuh vf/kdre jpukvksa esa ljy Hkk"kkvksa yksxksa dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsdj cM+s&cM+s O;kikjksa esa dk iz;ksx fd;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik budh fu;ksftr gh ughaa dj fn;k] vfirq viuk fo'ks"k dfork;sa tufiz; gksrh x;h vkSj izxfroknh vkUnksyu xqyke cukdj bUgsa vius Hkkb;ksa ds fy, fljnnZ Hkh esa lgk;d cuhA blh izdkj ukxktqZu us pkSjkgs ds ml cuk fn;kA bl izdkj vehjksa ,oa xjhcksa ds chp xgjh uqDdM+ ij dfork esa tu&thou dk ,d xfr”khy [kkbZ vkSj Hkh xgjh gqbZ rFkk QwV dh vkx vkSj ngdus fcEc izLrqr fd;k gSA vke cksy pky ds Hkk"kk esa cksyrs yxhA dgha fdlku jks jgk gS] rks dgha JfedA fdlh gq, ukxktqZu fy[krs gSa fd&dks vius Je dk ewY; ughaa fey jgk gSA jk"Vª ds

^^lsBksa dh xfy;ksa dk uqDdM+vUnj ,d xgjh vkfFkZd fo"kerk QSyrh tk jgh FkhA dk¡Vks ij ysVk gS QDdM+Ñ"kd ,oa etnwj] nksuksa fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds fodkl ds

LrEHk gSaA ,d vUu iSnk djrk gS] tks thou ds fy, ped jgs iSls nks iSls

ijeko”;d oLrq gS rFkk nwljk ns”k ds vkfFkZd <k¡ps vkSj ik¡p iSls nl iSls


lUnHkZtSlh J)k flDds oSls

1- js[kk voLFkh& izxfrokn vkSj lekukUrj lkfgR; fudy jgs gSa tSls&rSlsA**fn eSdfeyu dEiuh vkWQ bf.M;k fyfeVsM bl izdkj ;fn ns[kk tk; rks ukxktqZu ds fnYyh] i`"B& 1izxfr”khy vkUnksyu ls lEcfU/kr jpukvksa esa fu'd'kZ

2- ogh] i`"B& 50 fudyrk gS fd muds eu esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk vUrfoZjks/k ugha FkkA ukxktqZu] dsnkjukFk vxzoky] 3- vt; frokjh& ukxktqZu dh dfork] ok.kh Mk0 jkefoykl “kekZ vkfn mu lkfgR;dkjksa esa Fks tks izdk”ku u;h fnYyh] i`"B& 194izxfr”khy lkfgR; ds ckgj&Hkhrj lHkh fojks/kkas ds 4- ukxktqZu gtkj&gtkj ckWagksa okyh] jk/kkÑ".k xyr fopkj ls la?k"kZ dj jgs FksA lkfgR; ds izR;sd izdk”ku ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 44fo/kk esa ukxktqZu dh izxfr”khyrk dk izHkko gSaA 5- ukxktqZu&I;klh iFkjkbZ vk¡[ksa] ;k=h izdk”ku mUgksusa dkO; esa ;qx/kkjk] lrjaxs ia[kksa okyh] iqjkuh bykgkckn] i`"B& 32twfr;ksa dk dksjl] rkykc dh eNfy;k¡] f[kpM+h

6- jkefoykl “kek&Z ixz fr”khy lkfgR; dh leL;k;]aa s foIyo ns[kk eSausa rFkk miU;kl esa cypuek] jfpukFk

fouksn iqLrd efUnj vkxjk] i`"B& 137dh pkph o:.k ds csVs vkfn jpukvksa esa rRdkyhu

7- Mk0 vfuy deq kj& ixz fr”khy prs uk vkjS ukxktuZq leL;kvksa dks ;FkkFkZ :Ik esa lkeus yk;k gSA bl

dk dkO;] fn iez kns Vfªs Mx dkikjZs ”s ku cyq kukyk] izdkj ge dg ldrs gaS fd izxfroknh lkfgR; esa izk.k

okjk.klh] izFke laLdj.k 2005] i`"B& 13Qq¡dus okys ukxktqZu ds ;ksxnku dks Hkwyk;k ugh tk

8- ogh] i`"B& 23ldrk gSA jk"Vª vkSj lekt dks gh viuk lkfgR; 9- ogh] i`"B& 195cukus okys dfo ukxktqZu dks jk"Vª ;k lekt dSls 10- f”kopUnz& izxfrokn dh :i js[kk] fn izeksn Hkqy ldrk gSA detksjksa] nfyrkas vkSj ihfM+rks ds vJq

VsªfMx dkiksZjs”ku cqykukyk] okjk.klh] i`"B& 240fcUnqvksa ls gh ftudh jpuk;sa iqf"ir vkSj iYyfor 11- jkts”k “kekZ & vk/kqfud fgUnh fucU/k] Hkkjr cqd gq;h gSa muds egRo dk o.kZu mudh lgtrk vkSj

lsDVj] 17 v”kksd ekxZ] y[kuÅ] i`"B& 39ljyrk dh O;k[;k dSls dh tk ldrh gS\ :f<+;ksa ,oa dq:fr;ksa dk fojks/k djus dk lkgl tks ukxktqZu 12- izks0 iz.k;& ukxktqZu dh lkekftd psruk] ;k=h us fn[kk;k og lkgl cgqr gh de dfo;ksa] ys[kdkas izdk”ku] fnYyh] i`"B& 19,oa fopkjdkas esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vr% izxfr”khy vkUnkys u e s dfo ukxktuZq d s ;kxs nku dk s vuUrdky rd Hkqyk;k ugh tk ldrk gSA


fgUnh

c lE;rk vkxs c<+rh gS rks mlds lkFk vNwrkuan gfjgj us nfyrksa ds fo"k; esa viuh Li"V 3lkekftd la?k"kZ Hkh c<+rk gSA lH;rk ds fodkl ds fopkj/kkjk O;Dr dh Fkh &

lkFk ifjos'kh; psruk dk cks/k c<+rk gSA psruk ds lH; lcls fgUn ds izkphu gdnkj ge]fodkl ds lkFk vfLerk cks/k dk foLrkj gksrk gSA Fkk cuk;k 'kwnz gedks] Fks dHkh ljnkj geAAnfyr dfork ml nfyr ds thou dh dfork gS tks vc ugha gS og tekuk] tqYe gfjgj er lgks]lfn;ksa ls misf{kr rFkk inefnZr jgk gSA vjfoUn rksM+ nks tathj tdM+s D;ksa xqykeh esa jgks\dqekjA dqlqe dqekj us viuh fgUnh fFklkjl esa fy[kk 1936&1943 d s chp ixz froknh dfork vkUnkys u

1gS &nfyr dk ,d vFkZ gS 'kksf"kr] ,d vFkZ gS vfLrRo esa vk;kA blds dkO; ds vUnj 'kks"k.k dks ijkftr] ftlesa nfer foftr vkfn vusd Hkko fp=.k fd;k x;kA bl oxZ ds dfo;ksa us nfyrksa ij 'kkfey gSaA mlesa ,d vFkZ in nfyr gS] ftldk Hkko dfork dhA bu dfo;ksa esa lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh fujkyk] inkØkUr gSA lqfe=kuanu iar] jkefoykl 'kekZ] ukxktqZu] ujsUnz

ekrk izlkn viuh iqLrd fgUnh dkO; esa nfyr 'kekZ] f'koeaxy flag ^lqeu*] ckyd`".k 'kekZ uohu] dkO;/kkjk* esa nfyr 'kCn ds vusd iz;ksxkRed vFkkZsa jkaxs; jk?ko] 'ke'ksjcgknqj flag] eqfDrcks/k] /kwfey] dh ppkZ djrs gq, dgrs gSa&muesa pk.Mky] vLi`';] yhyk/kj eaMyksbZ] xksj[k ikaMs; vkfn us viuh dfork vNwr vkfn 'kkfey gSaA misf{kr] viekfur] mRihfM+r] esa nfyrksa ds fo"k; esa vkokt mBkbZA jke/kkjh flag izrkfM+r Hkh bl dksfV ds 'kCn gSaA O;kid lkekftd ^fnudj* gfjoa'k jk; cPpu] johUnz Hkzej] ujs'k esgrk]

2vFkZ esa xqyke*] Hkwfeghu*] cU/kqvk Hkh blesa vkrs gSa & txnh'k xqIr us nfyrksa dh ihM+kvksa dks viuh dfork

esa O;Dr fd;kA lkfgR; ds fodkl ds Øe esa nfyr nfyr oxZ ds vUrxZr] vuqlwfpr tkfr;kW] vuqlwfpr

tks lekt ds gkf'k;s ij Fks] dfork ds fo"k; cus tutkfr;kW vkSj foeqDr tkfr;kW lHkh vk xbZa gSaAfdUrq nfyr lkfgR; dk fodkl 1980 ds ckn rhozrk bl izdkj nfyr os tkfr;kW gSa] ftuds lkFk ls gqvkA nfyr dfo;ksa us nfyrksa dh vfLerk dks nh?kZdky ls vU;k; gksrk jgk gSA oSls buds izfr gksus mHkkjkAokys vU;k; ds izfr fojks/kh Loj rksa lUrksa dh ok.kh esa

1980 ds ckn Hkkjr esa nfyr lkfgR; dk fodkl lqukbZ nsrk gS] fdUrq ,d /kkjk ds :i esa ;g Loj izkjaHk gqvk gSA blesa vusd fo/kk,W lfEefyr gSaA buesa chloha lnh ds izkjaHk esa mBuk 'kq: gksrk gSA Lokeh

t

& *fnus’k dqekj

*'kks/k Nk=] f'kCyh us'kuy LukrdksRrj egkfo|ky;] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

nfyr dfork dh Økafrdkjh laosnuk


dfork] miU;kl] vkRedFkk] dgkuh lcdk fodkl bl fn'kk esa ldkjkRed lksp dh ekWx djrk gSAgqvk gSA lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa esa dfork lokZf/kd 8- vEcsMdjokn ewy :i esa nfyr 'kksf"kr] ihfM+r laosnu'khy fo/kk gS vkSj nfyr dfork dk rks dguk dk Loj gS tks cU/kqRo dh LFkkiuk ds fy, gh D;kA nfyr dfo vius dkO; esa vusd ,sls iz;kljr gSA izfrekuksa dks mHkkjrs gSa] ftuls mudh dfork 9- vEcsMdjokn Je.k ijaijk ij vk/kkfjr gS tks Je ØkfUrdkjh cu xbZ gSA dks mfpr lEeku nsrk gSA

nfyr dfork dh i`"BHkwfe esa vEcsMdjokn ds 10- ;g f'k{kk dks vR;f/kd egRo nsrk gSA blds izHkko ds dkj.k dfork dk Loj ØkfUrdkjh gqvk gSA vuqlkj f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls lekt] jk"Vª vkSj vEcsMdj th nfyrksa ds ,sls usrk jgs gSa] ftUgksaus fo'o esa ifjorZu laHko gSAnfyrksa ds fy, thou Hkj la?k"kZ fd;kA vEcsMdj th 11- ;g vkRe cks/k ij fo'okl djrk gS blds lkFk gh us nfyrksa ds Hkhrj ,d ,slh iszj.kk Hkjh gS tks mUgsa ,d vU;k; ds fojks/k esa fo'okl djrk gSAu;s izxfroknh thou dh izsj.kk nsrh gSA nfyr pwWfd nfyr dfork vEcsMdjokn ls izHkkfor gS] dfork dks le>us ds fy, dqN fcUnqvksa dks tkuuk blfy, blesa fonzksg vkSj vkØks'k dk vkuk LokHkkfod vko';d gSA gSA vEcsMdj th ØkfUr esa fo'okl djrs Fks] blfy,

4vEcsMdjokn ds eq[; fcUnq %& nfyr dfo Hkh ØkfUr esa fo'okl djrk gSA nfyr dfork dk ,d lkekftd n'kZu gS] tks vusd :iksa esa 1- vEcsMdjokn czãk] fo".kq] jke] d`".k ;k fdlh dfork esa mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gSA vU; bZ'oj dk [k.Mu djrk gSA thou dh

nfyr dfork] o.k&Z O;oLFkk] vLi';rk vkjS mRifRr ds nSoh; fl)kUr dks vEcsMdjokn tkfrxr cjq kb;k as d s fy, lerkoknh ykds r=a dh LFkkiuk dksjh dYiuk ekurk gSA bl fl)kUr dh n`f"V esa pkgrh gS] bl izdkj bl dfork dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ izd`fr gh loZJs"B gSAigyw yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk gS] ftldks 2- vEcsMdjokn LoxZ&udZ] vkRek&HkkX;] iqutZUe] fuEufyf[kr vk;ke y{; fd;k tk ldrk gS&gou&;K] peRdkj] iwtk&ikB] deZdk.M dk 1- yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk & lo.kkZsa dh fojks/k djrk gSAuhfr;kW ijaijk;s vkSj ekU;rk,W nfyr dks ,d 3- e`R;q ds mijkar Hkkst ;k Jk) tSlh izFkkvksa dks miksRikn ekudj O;og`r dh tkrh gSA vkseizdk'k vEcsMdjokn udkjrk gSA cqjh vkRek] 'kSrku okYehfd viuh dfork esa nfyr dh mis{kk dk fp=.k tSls feFkd Hkh vEcsMdjokn ugha ekurkA

5bl izdkj djrs gSa &4- ;g orz &miokl vkfn dh efgek dk s udkjrk gASiSnk gq,] oSls gh5- ;g czkã.kokn ¼,slh ijaijk ftlesa tkrh;& tSls taxy esa mxrs gSa isM+Hksn&Hkko gks½ rFkk deZdkaM dk fojks/k djrk gSAigkM+ ij iRFkj6- ;g tkrh;&Hksn rFkk /kkfeZd :f<+;ksa dk fojks/k

djrk gS rFkk buls mRiUu mRihM+u] vieku] unh esa jsr]frjLdkj dk izcy fojks/kh gSA eksrh ls curh gS ekyk

7- ;g ukjh vkSj iq:"k dks leku LFkku nsrk gS rFkk ftls xys esa Mkydj

cSBrs gSa os jkt flagklu ij yxk gSA bZ'oj dks x<+us okyk vkneh gSA nfyr dfo dgrk gS tc bZ'oj ds ekW&cki dk irk ugh gS rc vkSj] ge bZ'oj dks ejk gqvk eku ysuk Bhd gSA vkRek rks 'kjhj [kks tkrs gSa oSls ghdh psruk gSA og vtj vej dSls gS\ ey[kku lquks tSls iSnk gq,] xqeukeczkã.k* dfork esa dgrs gSa& LoxZ&ujd] ÅWp&uhap] miksRikn dh rjgAANwvkNwr] ea=&ra=] Hkwr&HkHkwr] vkRek&ijekRek lc Åij dh iafDr;ksa esa ;g lkQ >ydrk gS fd cdokl gSA Mk0 dnZe bZ'oj ls lc ckr pqdkus dh dfo lkekftd O;oLFkk esa cnyko pkgrk gSA viuh ckr djrs gSaA lwjt iky pkSgku lo.kkZsa ds txr xq: ,d dfork esa vkseizdk'k okYehfd lekt ls uQjr gksus ij loky mBkrs gSaA vkseizdk'k okYehfd dgrs gSa 6dks nwj Hkxkuk pkgrs gSa &fd ,d ckj nfyr dh ftUnxh th dj ns[kks] lalkj ds

esjh psruk]lR; dk irk py tk;sxkA

jksd ysrh gS dneksa dksnfyrksa dh O;Fkk dk fp=.k

csM+h cudjnfyr dfo;ksa us nfyr dh O;Fkk dk fp=.k fd;k

esjs iwoZtksa dh lh[k fd gS rFkk ;g crk;k gS fd nfyrksa ds lkFk i'kqvksa ls Hkh fgalk ugha fgalk dk tokcAA cnrj O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA nfyr dfo vius lkFk

bu iafDr;ksa ls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vU;k; vrhr esa gq, 'kks"k.k dh ;kn fnykrk gSA 'kks"k.k lHkh dks ØkfUr gh nwj dj ldrh gS] vfgalk ughaA nfyrksa dk dkWeu QSDVj gSA nfyr dfork ds l'kDr 2- :<+ ijEijkvksa dk [k.Mu % gLrk{kj vkseizdk'k okYehfd vius iwoZtksa ds lkFk gq,

vR;kpkjksa dk o.kZu djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd muds iwoZt :< + ijia jkvk as e as yEc s le; rd nfyrk as dk s nyny Hkw[ks jgrs FksA Hkw[k ds cnys mUgksaus I;kj [kks;k tcfd e as QlW k; s j[kk] blfy, nfyr dfo vU/k ija ijkvk as vkSj og Hkw[k mu yksxksa dh nsu Fkh tks jkr&fnu nfyrksa ds va/k J)k dks u"V djuk pkgrk gSA MkW0 ,u0flag ilhus dh cnkSyr vkjke djrs Fks&fonzksgh rsoj esa ml O;oLFkk dks m[kkM+ Qsaduk pkgrs

8gSa] ftlus nfyrksa dks dsoy deZ djus dh ckr dghA os lius vc dksbZ ugha ykSVk ldrk7

muds deZ ds Qy dh ckr ugha crk;k & vks] esjs iqj[kksa!esjs gkFk dh dqnky rqe pqi jgs mu jkrksa esa/kjrh ij dksbZ uhao [kksnus ls igys tc rqEgsa izse djuk Fkkdcz [kksnsxhA ml O;oLFkk dh vkfyaxu esa ckW/kdjftlds lafo/kku esa fy[kk gS viuh ifRu;ksa dks rsjk vf/kdkj flQZ deZ esa gS] Je esa gS rqe ryk'krs jgsQy ij rsjk vf/kdkj ughaAA eqV~Bh Hkj pkoy]

nfyr dfo;ksa us vusd ,sls loky mBk;s gSa tks lius fxjoh j[kdjAAvkt ds oSKkfud ;qx esa lkFkZd gSaA os dgrs gSa rw o.kZ O;oLFkk dk fojks/k % iRFkjksa dh vkjrh mrkjrk gS rqEgkjs fnekx esa ?kqu nfyr dfo;ksa us o.kZ&O;oLFkk dk dM+k fojks/k


9 2- ekrk izlkn % fgUnh dkO; esa nfyr dkO;/kkjk] fd;k gSA ey[kku viuh ,d dfork esa dgrs gSa & i`04 ¼fo'ofo|ky; izdk'ku] okjk.klh] la0 lfn;ksa ls rqeus gesa uhp] vifo= rFkk ekuk gS 1993bZ0½jktkvksa us bls fl)kUr cuk;k mls ijaijk cukdj

ykxw fd;k] :dks vc blds izfr fonzksg gksxkA 3- izks0 peu yky % nfyr lkfgR; ,d ewY;kadu] i`0 63] la0 2009] jktiky ,.M lUl d'ehjh /keZfoghu laLd`fr & fgUnw /keZ ftlus nfyrksa dk xsV] fnYyh&110006'kks"k.k fd;k gSA blesa ,slh vU/kh ijaijk,W gSa tks

lekurk rFkk ekuork fojks/kh gSaA vEcsMdj us 4- MkW0 lq'khy 'khyw % nfyr dfork] ijaijk vkSj blhfy, ckS) /keZ dks egRo fn;k FkkA vlax?kks"k ifjizs{;] i`0 89] la0 2014] fl)kFkZ cqDl] MkW0

10 vEcsMdj xsV] eMksyh jksM] 'kkgnjk] fnYyh] viuh ,d dfork esa loky mBkrs gSa & fgUnw& 110032eqfLye& flD[k&bZlkbZ ds HkkbZ&HkkbZ dh ckr dh

5- vkseizdk'k okYehfd % cLl cgqr gks pqdk] i`0 tkrh gS] ysfdu okLrfodrk ;g gS fd fgUnw&fgUnw] 18&19] la0 1997bZ0] ok.kh izdk'ku] nfj;kxat] eqfLye&eqfLye] flD[k&flD[k] bZlkbZ&bZlkbZ HkkbZ ubZ fnYyh&110002gSaA mUgksaus lgHkkfxrk ds vU;k; ij Hkh loky mBk;k

gSA 6- vkseizdk'k okYehfd % lfn;ksa dk lUrki] i`0 33] la0 1989] fQygky izdk'ku] /keZiqj] lexzr% nfyr dfork esa ,d ØkfUrdkjh laosnuk nsgjknwu&248001gS tks ns'k dks fopkj djus ij foo'k djrh gSA blds

lkFk gh fgUnh dfork esa u;k vk;ke gS] tgkW ?k`.kk] 7- MkW0 ,u0 flag % lrg ls mBrs gq,] i`0 11] la0 'kks"k.k rFkk vieku dks izLrqr dj laosnuk ifjorZu 1991] jkt ifCyflax gkml] ubZ fnYyhdh vihy dh xbZ gSA blesa cU/kqRo] Lora=rk rFkk 8- vkseizdk'k okYehfd % cLl cgqr gks pqdk] i`0 lekurk dk izpy vkxzg gS] ftldk fufgrkFkZ lPps 103] la0 1997bZ0] ok.kh izdk'ku] nfj;kxat] ubZ iztkra= dh LFkkiuk gSA fnYyh&110002

9- MkW0 lq'khy 'khyw % ubZ laLd`fr dk Hkzw.k] i`0 62] lUnHkZ la0 2004] ve`r izdk'ku] fnYyh

1- vjfoUn dqekj] dqlqe dqekj ¼la0½ % fgUnh 10- MkW0 lq'khy 'khyw % nfyr dfork] ijaijk vkSj fFklkjl] i`0 551] la0 2013bZ0] us'kuy cqd ifjizs{;] i`0 129VªLV bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh


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& *MkW0 ckypUn izlkn

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deys'oj izlkn 'kekZ ,oa mudh pyfp= nqfu;ka


Fkk&dgkfu;ksa ds ns”k Hkkjr esa flusek ds lkfgfR;d d`fr dks insZ ij vc rd pkj ckj mrkjk vkxeu ls fdLlksa dks eq[kj gksus dk ,d ,slk thoar tk pqdk gS vkSj gj ckj yksxksa us bls th&Hkj dj vk;ke fey x;k] ftl ij lokj gksdj Hkkjrh; ljkgkA rhl ds n”kd esa gh eqa”kh izsepUn us Hkh fQYeksa us vkt fo”o flusek esa viuh l”kDr flusek esa viuh mifLFkfr nt+Z djk;h] ij mifLFkfr ntZ djk yh gSA O;kolkf;d xf.kr ds tksM+&?kVko us mUgsa lkfgR;

dh ifjf/k esa okil /kdsy fn;kAlkfgR; vkSj flusek ds laca/kksa dks ysdj cjkcj cgl dh tkrh jgh gS] ftls vDlj fQYe ds lkfgR; dh xkSjo”kkyh ijEijk dk iks"kd cu dj O;olkf;d lQyrk&vlQyrk ds rjktw esa rksy igyh ckj ftl fgUnh lkfgR;dkj us fgUnqLrkuh dj ns[kk x;k gSA lkfgfR;d d`fr;ksa ij fQYe dk flusek ds O;kdj.k dks le dj Lo;a dks lkfgR; vkSj fuekZ.k vkSj [kqn lkfgR;dkj dk fQYeksa ls tqM+dj fQYeksa esa leku :i ls izklafxd lkfcr fd;k] os Fks fØ;k”khy gksuk&nks vyx&vyx fLFkfr;k¡ gSa] deys”ojA lkB ds n”kd esa tc fgUnh fQ+Yesa vius ftlls fgUnqLrkuh flusek ckcLrk jgk gSA lkfgR; iw.kZ ;kSou ij Fkha] rc deys”oj lkfgR; ds vkdk”k vkSj flusek ds vkilh fj”rksa ij cgl gh csekuh gS] ij ,d uk;d ds :i esa Nk pqds FksA cacbZ esa D;ksafd Hkkjr esa flusek vius izkjfEHkd dky ls gh lkfgfR;d if=dk dk laiknu djrs gq, igyh ckj lkfgR; ls tqM+ dj mŸkjksŸkj fodkl&iFk ij vxzlj fQYe ^lkjk vkdk”k* ¼1969½ ls deys”oj us viuh gksrk jgk gSA lkekftd laLdkjksa ls xq¡Fkh dgkfu;ksa ls dye dk tknw flusek esa fc[ksjkA jktsUnz ;kno dh igys yksd&lkfgR; ds ifjizs{; esa egf"kZ okYehfd dh dgkuh ij cuh lkjk vkdk”k* dh iVdFkk ,oa laokn jkek;.k] lar rqylhnkl dh jkepfjr ekul ,oa deys”oj us fy[ks] exj fQYe ds ØsfMV esa mUgsa egkdfo lwjnkl dk egkdkO; gh Hkkjrh; fQYeksa dh bldk Js; ugha fn;k x;kA uke nsus ;k u nsus ls /kqjh jgk gSA /kkfeZd dFkk&lanHkksZa ds lkFk gh O;fäxr :i ls deys”oj dks rks Q+dZ+ ugha iM+k] ij ,sfrgkfld xkFkkvksa dk tyok flusek ds ekQ+Zr blls flusek vkSj lkfgR; ds orZeku fj”rksa ij t+:j tu&lk/kkj.k ds lj p<+ dj [kwc cksykA blh Øe esa Q+dZ iM+kA rc bl ckr dks Hkys gh roTtksg u nh lkekftd rkus&ckus dks lesVs orZeku lkfgR; dh x;h gks] exj vkt vkSj vkus okys le; esa pk”kuh Hkh yksxksa dks #fpdj yxh] ftldk lcls tc&flusek vkSj lkfgR; ds laca/kksa dks [kaxkyk uk;kc mnkgj.k gS&fQYe ^nsonkl*A “kjr~pUnz dh tk,xk] rc&rc ,slh vusd VwVh&fc[kjh dfM+;k¡ ml

d


/kkj.kk dks cy nsrh izrhr gksaxh ftlesa vkerkSj ij ftlesa laonsu”khy lkfgR; dks LokHkkfod vfHku; ds lk¡ps esa <ky O;kolkf;d iqV nsdj is”k fd;k x;k] tks lkfgR; vkSj flusek ds lkSgknZiw.kZ rkjrE;ksa dks u flQ+Z lQy jgk] cfYd csgn ilan Hkh fd;k x;kA iz”uokpd :i esa is”k fd;k x;k gSA fgUnqLrkuh

flusek ds fgr esa ;g csgn t+:jh gS fd bl rjg dh t+kfgj gS lkfgR; dh ckxMksj deys”oj ds gkFk Fkh] lHkh NwV x;h tkudkfj;ksa ;k tku&cw>dj NksM+ nh tks viuh dgkuh] iVdFkk] laokn vkSj funsZ”ku ds x;h lwpukvksa dks nq#Lr dj fy;k tk,A egt+ vn~Hkqr lfEeJ.k ls flusek ek/;e ds ewy xq.k&/keZ tkudkjh dk NwV tkuk ;k lgh rF; dks yksxksa ds dks cM+s lyhds+ ls lhap jgs FksA fQ+Ye ^cnuke cLrh le{k izLrqr u djuk] vius vki esa bfrgkl dks ¼1971½ deys”oj ds miU;kl ^,d lM+d lŸkkou >qBykuk rks gS gh] ij blls Hkh [kjukd ckr fdlh ds xfy;k¡* ij cuh FkhA ;g miU;kl ^cnuke xyh* ds fd;s x;s dke dh txg fdlh vkSj dk uke ns nsuk uke ls fQ+Ye ds cqdysV esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA bl fQ+Ye gSA vius bl “kks/k&iw.kZ iz;kl ls gkfly fd;s x;s esa dgkuh] iVdFkk] laokn rks deys”oj ds Fks gh] lkFk rF;ksa ,oa tkudkfj;ksa ds vk/kkj ij eSa lacaf/kr yksxksa gh] lkfgR;dkj d s :i e as bll s ,d uke vkjS tMq k+ A th ls dguk pkgw¡xk fd os yqIr dh x;h tkudkfj;ksa ,oa gk]¡ xhrdkj d s :i e as bl fQY+ e e as gfjo”a kjk; cPpu* us x+yr lwpukvksa dks nq#Lr dj ysa] rkfd fQ+Ye ,d xhr fy[kk Fkk esys esa [kks;h xqtfj;k----*] ftlds bfrgkl dh lPph rLohj yksxksa ds lkeus bZekunkjh laxhrdkj Fks&fot; jk?ko jkoA izse diwj ds funsZ”ku ls is”k dh tk ldsA njvly ^dke fdlh dk] uke esa cuh bl fQ+Ye us O;kolkf;d lQyrk rks vftZr fdlh dk* <jkZ fQ+Yeh nqfu;k esa gh ugha] dbZ vU; ugha dh] ij viuh rjQ+ yksxksa dk /;ku t+:j [khapkA {ks=ksa esa ,d t+ekus ls gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA ;gk¡ ge blh o"kZ nwjn”kZu ds Mk;jsDVj jgs f”kosUnz flUgk ds flusek vkSj lkfgR; ds ftl xBtksM+ dh ckr dj jgs funsZ”ku esa ^fQj Hkh* ¼1971½ dk rkuk&ckuk Hkh gSa] mlds ifjizs{; esa vc bu Hkwyksa dks lq/kkj ysus dk lkfgR;dkjksa ,oa dyk&euhf"k;ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ gh jgkA le; vk x;k gSA laxhrdkj j?kqukFk lsB] xhrkdkjksa esa gfjoa”kjk;

igys Hkwy&lq/kkj ds :i esa vki Hkkjrh; flusek ^cPpu*] iaå ujsUnz “kekZ Fks vkSj dykdkjksa esa ,d uke ds nLrkost+ esa ;g vafdr dj ysa fd fQ+Ye ^lkjk jkts”ojukFk dk Hkh gSA ;s ogh jkts”ojukFk gSa] ftuls vkdk”k* ¼1969½ dh iVdFkk ,oa laokn lkfgR;dkj eqykd+kr djds deys”oj 27 tuojh 2007 dks tc deys”oj us fy[ks FksA cx+Sj xhrksa ds cuh dqN okil ykSV jgs Fks] rks dkj esa gh mudk fu/ku gqvk FkkA fxuh&pquh fQ+Yeksa esa ,d fQ+Ye ;g Hkh gS] ftlesa bl fQ+Ye esa cPpu ds xhr lk¡> f[kys Hkksj >js] Qwy xhrksa dh xqatkb”k gksrs gq, Hkh] ,d Hkh xhr ugha j[kk gfjlaxkj ds] jkr egdrh jghs----* dks gsear dqekj vkSj x;kA lfyy pkS/kjh tSls xq.kh laxhrdkj us bl mudh csVh jkuw eq[kthZ us cM+s gh eueksgd vUnkt+ esa fQ+Ye dk ik”oZlaxhr rS;kj fd;k Fkk vkSj funsZ”ku dh xk;k FkkA jk"Vªifr iqjLdkj ikus okyh bl fQ+Ye dh ckxMksj laHkkyh Fkh cklq pVthZ usA lŸkj ds n”kd esa dgkuh] iVdFkk] laokn deys”oj ds FksA lkfgR;& tgk¡ ,d vksj lekaru flusek viuh mifLFkfr ntZ flusek xBtksM+ ds fygkt+ ls ;g fQ+Ye csgn djkus esa tqVk Fkk ogha] O;kolkf;d flusek viuh egŸoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA vc rd deys”oj flusek& O;kolkf;d {kerk dks c<+kus esa yxk Fkk] ij bu txr esa viuh d+ye ls c[kwch igpkus tkus yxs FksA lcds chp ,d u;h /kkjk fQ+Yeksa dh ,slh Hkh QwVh] fQ+Ye lsalj cksMZ ds lnL; gksus ds ukrs mudk d+n


blfy, Hkh cM+k Fkk] D;ksafd os ,d izfrf"Br lkQ+xksbZ us mUgsa ,d u;k vk;ke fn;k] ,d u;k lkfgR;dkj Hkh FksA o"kZ 1974 dh fQ+Ye Mkd caxyk* Qyd fn;kAdeys”oj ds blh uke ds miU;kl ij fxjh”k jatu lŸkj ds gh n”kd esa tc nwjn”kZu dk dsanz eqacbZ esa us vius funsZ”ku esa [kqn dh izksMD”ku daiuh fxjh”k [kksyk x;k] rc Vsyhfot+u dh nqfu;k¡ ds igys VkWd jatu izks³* ds vUrxZr cuk;h FkhA bldh iVdFkk “kks îfjØek* dh t+cjnLr dke;kch dk cgqr cM+k vkSj laokn deys”oj us fy[ks FksA lkFk gh] blh lky Js; deys”oj dks tkrk gSA mu fnuksa nwjn”kZu esa eUuw HkaMkjh dh dgkuh ;gh lp gS* ij vk/kkfjr cklq dk;Zjr Vhåihå tSu bl dk;ZØe ds izksM~;wlj Fks vkSj pVthZ funsZf”kr fQ+Ye ^jtuhxa/kk* ds laokn Hkh blds izLrqrdŸkkZ Fks deys”oj] ftUgksaus vius bl “kks deys”oj us fy[ks FksA gkyk¡fd [kqn cklq pVthZ vkSj ds ek/;e ls le; vkSj lekt dh ifjØek D;k [kwc eUuw HkaMkjh bl fQ+Ye ls deys”oj ds fdlh izdkj ds dhA fnYyh ds ckn] rc dh cacbZ esa LFkkfir gq, tqM+ko ls bad+kj djrs gSa] ij muds bl badkj ds i{k nwjn”kZu ;kuh Vsyhfot+u ds igys iVdFkk&ys[kd esa dksbZ Bksl vk/kkj ut+j ugha vkrkA okMZu jksM deys”oj gh FksA lkB ds n”kd esa fnYyh esa] jgrs gq, fLFkr deys”oj ds ?kj ij rc cklq vDlj tk;k gh deys”oj Vsyhfot+u ls tqM+ dj viuk uke iSnk djrs Fks vkSj muls viuh fQ+Yeksa ij ppkZ djrs FksA dj pqds FksA îfjØek* dh t+cjnLr dke;kch us viuh rjQ ls tks dqN cklq fy[k dj ykrs Fks] mls deys”oj dks fQ+Yeksa ds lkFk&lkFk Vhåohå dk Hkh deys”oj Bhd&Bkd djds] lyhds ls is”k dj fn;k ,d l”kDr ys[kd] izLrqrdŸkkZ] mn~?kks"kd cuk fn;k]

tks blfy, vkSj Hkh egŸoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS] fd lkfgR; djrs Fks] tks okd+bZ cM+k [kwclwjr cu iM+rk FkkA ;g vkSj mlds rsoj dks deys”oj us ckd+k;nk cjd+jkj lp gS fd deys”oj ds bl rjg ds fdlh Hkh j[kk FkkA lkfgR; dh cqfu;kn ij [kM+s deys”oj us ;ksxnku dk Js; cklq pVthZ us viuh fdlh Hkh fQYe fQ+Ye vkSj Vhåoh esa viuh mifLFkfr ftl izHkko”kkyh eas mUgsa ugha fn;k] ;gk¡ rd fd niZ.k* /kkjkokfgd dh vankt esa ntZ djk;h] mlus lkfgR; rFkk lkfgR;dkj iVdFkk dk ØsfMV Hkh mUgksaus vius uke gh j[kkA

deys”oj [kqn bl rjg ds ØsfMV dh ijokg ugha vkSj flusek ds fj”rksa dks u;s ek;us fn;sA vc rd djrs Fks] ij mudk dke rks gj txg lkQ+ fn[krk ftrus Hkh lkfgR;dkj fQ+Yeksa esa vk;s Fks] muesa ls Fkk] fQj Hkyk dksbZ bls dSls >qByk ldrk gSA T+;knkrj ogk¡ Bgjus ls igys gh okil ykSV x;s Fks] deys”oj ftl Lrj ds lkfgR;dkj Fks] mlh Lrj dh ij deys”oj ds Bgjko us igyh ckj flusek dks

lkfgR; dh pk”kuh ls “kjkcksj fopkjksa ,oa Hkk"kk dh tks mudh [kqn~nkjh Hkh FkhA cklq us “kk;n mUgsa vke ?kqV~Vh fiyk;h] mlls fQ+Yeh ys[kdksa dh rc dh reke fQ+Yeh ys[kd ds rkSj ij vk¡dus dh x+yrh dh Fkh] ckS/k dks ,glkls&derjh dk cks/k dqN ,slk gqvk fd ftldk nks&Vwd tokc deys”oj us mUgsa ;g dgrs db;ksa us ijks{k :i ls dyes”oj ds f[k+ykQ+ ekspkZ gq, fn;k Fkk fd êSa Bsds ij ugha fy[krkA** njvly [kksy fn;kA ckotwn blds] deys”oj dk n[k+y mu fQ+Yeh nqfu;k¡ pyu ds eqrkfcd cklq us deys”oj ls fnuksa lekarj flusek ds lkFk&lkFk O;kolkf;d is”kd”k dh Fkh fd os niZ.k* /kkjkokfgd dh iVdFkk flusek esa bruk c<+ pqdk Fkk fd rc ds ukeh&fxjkeh bdV~Bs rS;kj dj nsa] ftl ij deys”oj jkt+h ugha rFkk uoksfnr fuekZrk&funsZ”kd fdlh&u&fdlh cgkus gq,A deys”oj dh Li"Vokfnrk ftls ukxokj yxrh ls deys”oj dh ikB”kkyk eas “kkfey gksrs pys x;sA t+kfgj gS] og dqafBr gks tkrk Fkk] ij mudh blh


lŸkj ds n”kd dk ;g nkSj csgn egŸoiw.kZ FkkA mBkdj db;ksa us muls vius dbZ iz;kstu fl) fd;s] exj ØsfMV dk lsgjk [kqn vius lj ck¡/k fy;kA cklq deys”oj dh Hkk"kk ij vuwBh idM+ us iVdFkk ,oa pVthZ us deys”oj ds fu/ku ds i”pkr~ ,d if=dk esa laokn&ys[ku ds muds dkS”ky dks tks vk;ke fn;k] dgk gS fd cgqr ls yksx lksprs gSa fd mUgksaus esjh og blfy, csgn [k+kl Fkk fd mu “kCnksa esa n`”; vius fQ+Yeksa dh iVdFkk fy[kh] tcfd ,slk dHkh ugha gqvkA vki rSjrs&mrjkrs ut+j vkrs FksA deys”oj dk

dgkuhdkj gksuk muds fy;s bl d+nj lgk;d jgk cklq us deys”oj ds u jgus ij viuk ;g c;ku rks fd muds flusekbZ ys[kus us viuh ifjdYiuk esa ik=ksa ntZ dj fn;k] ij muds okMZu jksM okys ?kj ij viuh vkSj n`”;ksa dks dqN bl rjg ls thoar dj fn;k] <sjksa cSBdksa ls mxkgh x;h reke lkefxz;ksa dks Hkyk ftlls varr% funsZ”kd dk dke ;k rks csgn vklku dSls vkSj dc rd >qBykrs jgsaxsA bl laca/k esa gks x;k] ;k fQj mlds fy, dqN u;k djuk 'ks"k jgk deys”oj us viuh Mk;jh esa [kqyklk djrs gq, gh ughaA bl Js.kh esa ^vk¡/kh* vkSj ^ekSle* fQ+Yesa ckdk;nk fy[kk gS& ^lkjk vkdk”k* fQYe vPNh cuh mYys[kuh; gSa] ftu ij vkxs ppkZ dh tk,xhA gSA cklq pVthZ us Qksu fd;k fd eSa ukjkt+ rks ugha gw¡]

D;ksafd iVdFkk&ys[kd ds :i esa mlesa esjk uke ugha cgjgky] ge ckr dj jgs Fks deys”oj dh fn;k x;k gS------,d {k.k ds fy, ;g ckr [kVdh rks ikB”kkyk dhA njvly] deys”oj ds fQ+Yeksa esa Fkh] ij eq>s dksbZ [k+kl cqjk ugha yxkA u;h fQ+Yeksa dk fy[kus ls dbZ gksuh&vugksuh ij ls inkZ mB x;kA ;g vkanksyu ;fn bu ckrksa dks ysdj fc[kj x;k] rks ,sls fuekZrk&funsZ”kdksa dh ckrsa tx&t+kfgj gqbZa] fQj nl lky rd fQ+Yeksa dk dqN cuus okyk ugha gSA ftudks fgUnh Hkk"kk ds lkekU; O;kdj.k dh tkudkjh eSaus pqi jguk gh csgrj le>k] rkfd ;s yksx dke dj u gksus ds ckn Hkh fQ+Ye ds laokn&iVdFkk esa mudk ldsa vkSj ;g vkanksyu dqN :i ys ldsA** ^niZ.k* uke gksrk FkkA fgUnh cksyus vkSj fy[kus dh le> u /kkjkokfgd dks Hkh deys”oj us fy[kk Fkk] ij cklq j[kus okys] fQ+Yeksa ds ys[kd dk ØsfMV [kqn ys jgs Fks] bldk ØsfMV Hkh [kqn ysrs gSaA bl ckr ls rks lHkh tks ,d vijk/k rks Fkk gh] lkFk gh] mu yksxksa dk lger gS fd deys”oj us dHkh Hkh fdlh vkSj ds dke 'kks"k.k Hkh Fkk tks etcwjh esa vius dke dk nke ys[kd dk Js; Lo;a ugha fy;k vkSj tks dqN Hkh mUgksaus [kqn pqi cSB tkus dks foo”k Fks ;kuh dke fdlh dk vkSj fd;k] mlls ihNs Hkh ugha gVsA lkfgR; ls brj esjh uke fdlh dkA dqN yksxksa us bruh Hkyeulkgr tc&tc muls fQYeksa ij ckrsa gksrh Fkha] rc pan ,d fn[kkbZ fd lgk;d ds rkSj ij ,sls yksxksa dk uke ns mu fQ+Yeksa dh Hkh ckrsa gksrh Fkha] ftu ij mUgksaus dke fn;kA dbZ txg dqN ,sls uke Hkh fn;s x;s] ftlls fd;k Fkk] exj muesa mudk uke ugha fn;k x;k FkkA ml O;fDr dk dksbZ laca/k gh ugha Fkk] ij pw¡fd os muds }kjk rS;kj dh x;h fQ+Yeksa] /kkjkokfgdksa dh fdlh u fdlh :i esa fQ+Ye ds fuekZrk&funsZ”kd dks lwph esa mUgksaus ØsfMV dks nj&fdukj djrs gq,] mu ykHkkfUor djrs Fks fygkt+k ,sMtLVesaV ;k fQj lHkh dks viuh Q+sgfjLr esa ntZ fd;k gS] ftuds fy, daiulsV djus dh rt+Z ij ØsfMV esa mudk uke fn;k mUgkasus viuh d+ye pyk;h FkhA blh Q+sgfjLr esa ,d x;kA fQ+Ye okyksa dks blesa u rc dksbZ cqjkbZ fn[krh uke gS fQ+Ye ^jtuhxa/kk* ¼1974½ dk] ij ;gk¡ Hkh Fkh vkSj u vkt fn[krh gSA deys”oj ds vkus ls bl deys”oj dk uke rks ugha gS] exj blesa ckd+k;nk LokFkZ dh pDdh dk [ksy tx&t+kfgj gqvk] ij mudk uke >ydrk gSA bl nkSj esa] fQ+Yeksa ds mudh mnkjrk vkSj cM+siu dh izo`fŸk dk Qk;nk

lkFk&lkFk deys”oj dk Vsyhfot+u dk lQ+j Hkh fQ+Yeh ugha gSa] rHkh rks viuh lkfgfR;d fojklr dh lQyrkiwoZd pyrk jgkA pUnzdkark* vkSj ;qx* tSls ped vkt Hkh buds dke esa fn[krh gSA/kkjkokfgdksa dh ed+cwfy;r us tgk¡ ,d vksj deys”oj ds fu/ku ds Bhd nwljs fnu ;kuh 29 deys”oj dh lkekftd&,sfrgkfld izfrc)rk dks tuojh 2007 dks vaxszt+h v[k+ckj bafM;u ,Dliszl* js[kkafdr fd;k] ogha iapra=*] csrky* tSls lhfj;yksa esa xqyt+kj fy[krs gSa& ^êsjh fQ+Ye êkSle* ij ls muds ys[ku dh fofo/krk dh fu[kkj cPpksa dks [kwc vk/kkfjr gS miU;kl ^vkxkeh vrhr*A ^mUgksaus ilan vk;k] ftls cM+s Hkh vR;ar pko ls fugkjrs FksA ¼deys”oj½ vk¡/kh* ij Hkh ,d miU;kl fy[kk ftldk deys”oj ds dqN vU; pfpZr lhfj;yksa esa dgha nhi 'kh"kZd Fkk ^dkyh vka/kh*A** ;kuh xqyt+kj dguk pkg tys dgha fny*] ^fc[kjs iUus*] ^jsr ij fy[ks uke*] jgs gSa fd mUgksaus êkSle* vkSj ^vk¡/kh* fQ+Yesa igys ^fojkV* vkSj nks [kkl izLrqfr;k¡ ^d”ehj* rFkk funsZf”kr dha vkSj deys”oj us miU;kl ckn esa fy[ksA ^v;ks/;k* uke ls ntZ gSaA nwjn”kZu ij deys”oj dk] eryc ;g gqvk fd csVs dh iSnkb”k igys gks x;h vkSj vkSj lkFk gh Hkkjrh; Vsyhfot+u dk lcls igyk cki dk tUe ckn esa gqvkA ,d le; Fkk] tc vaxszth lqijfgV /kkjkokfgd îfjØek* jgkA bl lkIrkfgd vkSj fgUnh ds ikBdksa dk ,d feyk&tqyk rcdk cM+h dk;ZØe dh dqy 650 izLrqfr;k¡ dh x;ha] tks rknkn esa ,sls yksxksa dk gS] tks nksuksa gh Hkk"kkvksa dks lkekftd ljksdkj ls tqM+s vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ij lgtrk ls fy[krs&i<+rs gSaA xqyt+kj ds bl nkos ij vk/kkfjr ,d csgn lathnk] exj fnypLi vkSj iwjh vaxszth ikBdksa ds lkFk&lkFk cM+h la[;k esa fgUnh ds

yksxksa esa rh[kh izfrfØ;k gqbZA yksxksa dh ;knnk”r dh rjg ^ykbo* gksrk FkkA ifjØek ds fy, deys”oj rkjhQ+ djuh gksxh fd mUgsa ;g ekywe Fkk fd vkxkeh viuk iwjk gkseodZ vkSj fjlpZ igys dj ysrs Fks] ij vrhr* fQ+Ye cuus ls igys ^/keZ;qx* if=dk esa Ni bls izLrqr djrs le; dksbZ fLØIV vius lkFk ugha pqdk Fkk] blh rjg] ^dkyh vk¡/kh* Hkh fQ+Ye ds igys j[krs Fks ;kuh mudh tqcku ls fudyrs vYQ+kt+ fy[kk tk pqdk FkkA deys”oj dk ys[ku bruk lgt [kqn&c&[kqn ftl vankt+ esa laokn dh “kDy ysrs Fks]

mlls yksxksa dk vpafHkr gks tkuk LokHkkfod FkkA vkSj ifjiDo gqvk djrk Fkk fd vki i<+rs gq, vius deys”oj dh lQyrk ds blh ijpe us vkxs pydj lkeus n`”;ksa dks lkdkj gksrs ns[k ldrs gSaA iadt jke jkgh eklwe jt+k vkSj euksgj “;ke tks”kh ljh[kksa dk us eq>s crk;k fd mudh ek¡ us tc vkxkeh vrhr* dks dke csgn vklku dj fn;k euksgj “;ke tks”kh us rks i<+k rks mUgksaus dgk Fkk fd ns[kuk bl ij dHkh ,d

fQ+Ye cusxh] ftlesa latho dqekj vkSj “kfeZyk VSxksj ckdk;nk Lohdkjk gS fd cacbZ os deys”oj dk uke gksaxsA th gk¡] iadt dh ek¡ dh ;g ckr ckn esa lp ysdj gh vk;s FksA dqN blh rt+Z ij vius fQ+Yeh lkfcr gqbZA “kk;n vki bls ,d bfŸkQ+kd+ ;k la;ksx ys[kd dk izsj.kklzksr vkt ds jax ns calrh* fQYe ,oa eku ldrs gSa] exj ugha] deys”oj dk ys[ku gh ,slk lksuh Vhåohå ij vk jgs esxk lhfj;y ^fo#)* ds Fkk fd os viuh dgkuh esa n`”;ksa] ekgkSy vkSj pfj=ksa dks ys[kd deys”k ikaMs; us Hkh deys”oj dks gh crk;k bl rjg is”k djrs Fks fd i<+us okys ds lkeus gSA “kq) :i ls viuh d+ye ls vftZr fd;s x;s ;”k [kqn&c&[qkn ,d eqdEey rLohj rS;kj gks tkrh FkhA ds ckn bu ukeh ys[kdksa dks Hkyk D;k iM+h Fkh fd os “kk;n blhfy,] deys”oj dh dgkuh] iVdFkk ,oa vius dk;ksZa ds fy, deys”oj dk /kU;okn Kkiu laokn ds ckn fQ+Ye esa funsZ”kd dk dke ,d la;kstd djsaA “kk;n blfy, fd bu ys[kdksa ds laLdkj



ds vykok dqN ugha jg tkrkA rHkh rks ,slk oks ^fjVSu ,.M Mk;jsDVsM* okys tqEys ls Hkh bŸkQ+kd+ ugha j[krs FksA tså vkseizdk”k dk ekuuk gS fd okLro fQYe&bfrgkl esa igyh vkSj vkf[k+jh ckj gqvk fd esa gkWyhoqM esa bl rjg dh ifjikVh gS] tgk¡ okd+bZ ,d ^vk¡/kh* vkSj ekSle* fQ+Yesa fdlh fuekZrk ;k funsZ”kd gh bUlku tc dbZ {ks=ksa esa ,d lkFk dke djrk gS] rks dh ugha] cfYd deys”oj dh fQ+Yeksa ds rkSj ij tkuh mldk ØsfMV og [kqn ysrk gS] ij gekjs ;gk¡ tkrh gSaA vc ØsfMV pkgs tks ys ys] ij deys”oj dh

d+ye vkSj tqcku viuh igpku [kqn crkrh gSaA vyx&vyx dke ds fy;s dbZ yksx dke djrs gSa] rks deys”oj esa ,d vkSj nqyZHk dkS”ky Fkk] de ls de Hkyk ,d O;fDr dSls lcdk ØsfMV ys ldrk gSA le; esa cM+h ls cM+h dgkuh fy[k nsus dkA njvly ,d fQYe rS;kj djus ds fy, ftl igyh

pht+ dh t:jr gksrh gS] og dgkuh gSA blh dks dsanz ^dkyh vk¡/kh* miU;kl mUgksaus 4 Q+jojh 1974 dks esa j[kdj n`”;ksa vkSj pfj=ksa dk rkuk&ckuk dqN ;w¡ iwjk dj fn;kA blh dgkuh ij vk/kkfjr fQYe vk¡/kh* cquk tkrk gS] ftlls iwjh rkSj ij lexzrk dk cks/k gksA dk izn”kZu 1975 esa gqvk FkkA ^lkfjdk* if=dk esa bl izfØ;k esa iVdFkk ,oa laokn dh vgfe;r /kwi deys”oj ds lgk;d rc lqnhi gqvk djrs Fks] mUgksaus vkSj ikuh tSlh gS] tks dFkkud esa vko”;d Å"ek rFkk eq>s crk;k fd vk¡/kh* fQ+Ye eqEcbZ ds esVªks* flusek esa t+:jh “khryrk dk lekos”k djrs gSaA l”kDr laokn iznf”kZr dh x;h FkhA fjyht+ ds ,d fnu igys] ogk¡ ls flusek dh thoarrk dqN oSlh gh c<+ tkrh gS] tSls ij yxs iksLVj ij tc lqnhi us iVdFkk&laokn esa pk¡n dh jaxr iwf.kZek ds fnu ut+j vkrh gSA deys”oj deys”oj dk uke dgha ugha ns[kk] rks mUgksaus ogha ls dh [k+kfl;r ;gh Fkh fd os fdlh ,d vdsys {ks= esa deys”oj dks Q+ksu djds ;g ckr crk;hA deys”oj vkSj dbZ {ks=ksa esa ,d lkFk Hkh] dk;ksZa dks laikfnr djus dk vius ?kj ls ohåVhå ds VkbEl n¶rj vkus dk esa bl d+nj fl)gLr Fks fd laiw.kZrk ls lgt gh :V nwljk gqvk djrk Fkk] ij lqnhi ds Qksu ds ckn :&c&: djk nsrs FksA ^vk¡/kh* vkSj ^ekSle* fgUnh os vius n¶rj esVªks flusek okys :V ls blfy, flusek ds nks ,sls uxhus gSa] tks deys”oj dh lexz fudys] rkfd oks [kqn Hkh bl xM+cM+>kys dks ns[k psruk dks latks;s lnSo mudh mRÑ"Vrk dk ,glkl ldsaA eksVs&eksVs gjQ+ksa esa fy[kk Fkk&^fjVSu ,.M djkrs jgsaxsAMk;jsDVsM ckbZ xqytkj*A n¶rj igq¡p dj lqnhi ds

lkeus gh deys”oj us xqyt+kj dks Qksu yxk;k vkSj “kfDr lkear funsZf”kr ^vekuq"k* ¼1975½ igyh viuk l[+r ,rjkt+ la;r Hkk"kk esa trk;k] exj gn ,slh fQ+Ye gS] ftlds ewy fgUnh laokn gh ckaXyk ot+Zu rks rc gks x;h tc ;gh xqLrk[k+h xqyt+kj us ekSle* esa tl ds rl vuqokn fd;s x;s FksA ^vekuq"k* ds

laokn deys”oj us fy[ks Fks vkSj os brus lqanj cu iM+s fQYe esa Hkh nksgjk;hA deys”oj us eq>s crk;k Fkk fd Fks fd mlesa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Qsj&cny dh dgha bu nks fQYeksa esa xqyt+kj ds bl joS;s us mUgsa Hkfo"; dksbZ xqatkb”k ugha fn[khA vc rd ftruh Hkh fQYesa esa nqckjk lkFk dke u djus ij etcwj dj fn;kA ckaXyk ls fgUnh esa cuk;h tkrh Fkha] os T;ksa fd R;ksa ^vk¡/kh* ds fuekZrk tså vkseizdk”k Hkh xqyt+kj }kjk

dbZ ,sls dk;ksZa dk Js; Lo;a fy;s tkus ls izlUu ugha fgUnh esa ifjofrZr dj yh tkrh Fkha] ij deys”oj dh FksA mudk dguk Fkk fd ;fn deys”oj lkgc dh lkfgfR;d dye us blds myV fgUnh Hkk"kk dks rjQ+ ls ,d gYdk&lk Hkh b”kkjk bl ckcr eq>s xfjeke; fLFkfr esa ykdj [kw+clwjr lEeku ls uokt+k feyk gksrk] rks eSa ;g ukbUlkQh dHkh ugha gksus nsrkA gSA mRÑ"Vrk ds blh Øe esa] fQYe ^ifr] iRuh vkSj


og* ¼1978½ dh dgkuh ds fy, deys”oj dks loksZŸke ds n”kd esa chåvkjå pksiM+k dh fQ+Ye ifr] iRuh vkSj og* csgn ilan dh x;hA deys”oj us lq>k;k fd bl dgkuh dk fQ+Ye Qs+;j vokMZ fn;k x;kA latho fQ+Ye dh dgkuh blds vkxs vHkh vkSj Hkh gS] ftl ij dqekj] fo|k flUgk dh vnkdkjh us n”kZdksa ij vPNh ,d vkSj fQ+Ye rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA pksiM+k dks ;g Nki NksM+hA O;kolkf;d flusek esa vc rd deys”oj ckr t¡p x;h] fygkt+k ifr] iRuh vkSj og* dk ikVZ Vw yksxksa dh ilan ds lkFk&lkFk lcdh t+:jr Hkh cu

pqds FksA ^feå uVoj yky* ¼1979½] ^lktu fcuk rS;kj djus dk mUgksaus QS+lyk dj fy;kA t+kfgj Fkk] lqgkxu* ¼1978½] ^jke cyjke* ¼1980½] ^cjlkr dh bl fQYe esa latho dqekj vkSj fo|k flUgk dks gh ,d jkr* ¼1981½] ^lkSru* ¼1983½ ,slh fQYesa gSa] nksgjk;k tkuk Fkk] ij chåvkjå vkSj latho ds chp ftUgksaus deys”oj dh d+ye ds lkFk O;kolkf;d dqN erHksn iSnk gks tkus ds dk.k fQ+Ye dk dke vkxs lQyrk ds >aMs xkM+sA fuekZrk&funsZ”kd lkou dqekj ugha c<+ ik;kA ckotwn blds] deys”oj us dgkuh rks deys”oj ds ,sls eqjhn gks x;s Fks fd mUgsa viuh fy[k yh Fkh vkSj mlds laokn&iVdFkk dks Hkh iwjk gj fQ+Ye esa LFkk;h :i ls] crkSj ikfjokfjd lnL; dj fy;k Fkk] ftl ij ckn esa _f'kds”k eq[kthZ us ds :i esa “kkfey dj fy;k FkkA chåvkjå pksiM+k] ^jax&fcjaxh* ¼1983½ cuk;h] tks dkQ+h ilan dh x;hA “kfDr lkear] jkekuan lkxj vkSj izdk”k esgjk ds ,d laqnj lkekftd fQ+Ye ds rkSj ij deys”oj ds lkFk deys”oj us vPNk rkyesy cuk fy;k FkkA ogha uk;kc laoknksa ds fy, lkou dqekj d`r lktu fcuk nwljh rjQ+] dqN v/kwjh fQ+Yesa ,slh Hkh gSa] ftudh lqgkxu* ¼1978 dk ft+Ø Hkh ;gk¡ ij dj ysrs gSa bl dgkuh vkSj laokn deys”oj ds fNis rst dks laHkor% fQ+Ye esa jktsUnz dqekj vkSj uwru us ;knxkj Hkwfedk vkxs dHkh mtkxj djsaA jktdiwj us uhyh >hy* uke fuHkk;h FkhA Vhåihå tSu us Hkh bl fQ+Ye esa [k+kl dh fQ+Ye dh rS;kjh deys”oj ds lkFk feydj dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h FkhA mUgksaus crk;k fd ,d laokn Fkk] Fkh vkSj dqN blh rt+Z ij yrk eaxs”kdj dh ^,d ftlesa dgk x;k Fkk fd -----^bl eaxylw= ls rqEgkjk vej izse dFkk* Hkh ,slh rLohj gS] tks deys”oj dh D;k lw= tqM+k gS-----* bl ij jktsUnz dqekj us bl dyk dks vc rd vfHkO;Dr ugha dj ik;h gSA MkW;ykWx ds lw= “kCn ij vkifŸk dhA fQj mUgsa tc

crk;k x;k fd eaxylw= ds lw= ls rkjrE; ds :i esa vktdy fQ+Yeksa ds vxys ikVZ ds :i esa iqjkuh nwljs lw= dk iz;ksx laca/k crkus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA fQ+Ye dh lQyrk dks Hkqukus dk pyu py iM+k gSA ckr mudh Q+kSju le> esa vk x;h vkSj mUgksaus bl bl rjg ds dkeksa esa os lHkh rjd+hcsa viuk;h x;ha] Hkk"kk rFkk deys”oj ds Lrjh; lksp dh Hkwfj&Hkwfj ftlls iSlk dekus dh laHkkouk,¡ ut+j vk;haA iz”kalk dhA njvly] vc rd fd fQYeksa dh ifjikVh “osr&”;ke fQ+Yeksa dks jaxhu cukus dh “kq#vkr esa lkfgfR;d fgUnh dks ipkuk dHkh Hkh lgt ugha jgk] ^eqx+ys vkt+e* ls gqbZ] ftldh O;kolkf;d lQyrk exj deys”oj tkurs Fks fd ;gk¡ ij dc&fdruk us vU; yksxksa dks Hkh bl uqL[ks dks vkt+ekus dh izsj.kk Mkst+ Lrjh; Hkk"kk dk nsuk gS] fygkt+k /khjs&/khjs yksxksa nhA ^MkWu* fQYe dks nqckjk cuk;s tkus ds ckn vc dks bl Hkk"kk&”kSyh ds laokn vPNs rks yxus gh yxs ^”kksys* rS;kj Fkh&yksxksa ds chp vkus ds fy,A blh lkFk esa yksx bldk yqRQ+ Hkh mBkus yxsA fgUnh fQ+Yeksa rjg] lQy fQYe ^ljdkj* ds ikVZ Vw dh ppkZ Hkh dk] fgUnqLrku ds dksus&dksus esa vkSj reke nwljs ns”kksa tksjksa ij jgh gS] exj D;k vki tkurs gSa fd bl esa ftl izdkj dk n[k+y gS] mlds ifjizs{; esa dFkkud] ifjikVh dh “kq:vkr djus okys deys”oj FksA lŸkj


Hkk"kk] laokn vkSj lkFkZd lksp nsuk u flQZ+ vko”;d chåvkjå pksiM+k] _f"kds”k eq[kthZ] “kfDr lkear] cklq Fkk] cfYd ;g fQ+Ye ls tqM+s izR;sd O;fDr dh pVthZ] izdk”k esgjk] xqyt+kj] nyky xqgk] lkou uSfrd&lkekftd ft+Eesnkjh Hkh curh Fkh fd ftruk dqekj] fot; vkuan] jfo pksiM+k] jkekuan lkxj] gks lds] lekt dks vPNh ls vPNh pht+sa gh ijkslsaA eukst dqekj ljh[ks yksx blesa “kkfey FksA ;g ,d deys”oj us u flQZ+ bl izfØ;k dks “kq: fd;k] “kqHk ladsr FkkA fQYe okyksa dks lkfgR; dk lkFk Hkkus cfYd vius le; esa bls LFkkfir Hkh fd;kA ftldk yxk FkkA deys”oj dh n`f"V pw¡fd dkQ+h iz[kj Fkh vlj ;g gqvk fd nwljs fy[kus okyksa us Hkh ;g le> vkSj os viuh ut+j cjkcj y{; ij fVdk;s j[kus esa gh fy;k fd vc fQ+Yeksa esa vius vki dks [kM+k j[kuk gS] ;d+hu djrs Fks] fygkt+k mUgksaus dHkh bl ckr dh rks deys”oj ls vPNk ugha rks de ls de muds Lrj ijokg dh gh ugha fd dkSu muls D;k ykHk mBk jgk gS dk fy[kuk gh gksxkA bl fygkt+ ls lŸkj vkSj vLlh ;k mudh pht+ksa dks vius uke dj jgk gSA mUgas ;g ds n”kd esa fQ+Yeksa esa cgqr dqN vPNk gqvk ckotwn irk Fkk fd vxj bu ckrksa esa vius vki dks my>k blds] fd xhr&laxhr dk dkO;&lkSan;Z vius fn;k x;k] rks y{; rd dk lQ+j v/kwjk gh jg tk,xk fc[kjko ij FkkA chåvkj pksiM+k dh ^n cfuZax Vªsu* vkSj blhfy, mUgksaus bu lc ckrksa ij viuk fojks/k ¼1980½ dk ewy rŸo mldk jksekap Fkk] ftls pje ij t+:j trk;k] exj dHkh dksbZ c[ksM+k ugha [kM+k fd;kAigq¡pkus esa fQYe ds laoknksa dh vge Hkwfedk Fkh] tks 1980 ds le;] tc bafnjk xk¡/kh nksckjk lŸkk esa deys”oj dh d+ye ls fudys FksA vius blh jksekap vk;ha] rc mUgksaus nwjn”kZu ds fy, reke vkSj dkSrwgy dh otg ls ;g fQ+Ye dbZ ckj Vhåohå lkfgR;dkjksa&cqf)thfo;ksa ds chp esa ls deys”oj dks ij fn[kk;h tk pqdh gSA vkidks ;kn gksxk fd bl pqukA ;g vius vki esa ,d cgqr cM+h ?kVuk FkhA fQ+Ye esa Vªsu esa yxh vkx ds ckjs esa vke yksxksa dks “kkld vkSj lkfgR;dkj feydj D;k dqN ugha dj jsfM;ks vkSj Vhåohå ds t+fj;s lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS] ldrs] bls bfrgkl dks [k¡xky dj vklkuh ls tkuk ftls fQ+Ye esa viuh vkokt+ ls deys”oj us Lo;a tk ldrk gSA cgjgky] deys”oj nwjn”kZu ds fuHkk;k gSA orZeku jktuhfrd mBk&iVd vkSj vfrfjä egkfuns”kd cudj u;h fnYyh vk x;s vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks ysdj efYydktqZu us jkts”k [kUuk ds iwjh rjg ls ogk¡ ds dke esa je x;sA eqacbZ ls tkus ds lkFk ,d fQYe cuk;h Fkh ^vkt dk ,eå,yå,å* ckn mudk fQ+Yeksa ls ukrk /khjs&/khjs VwVrs&VwVrs ¼1984½] ftlds uke esa yksxksa dh vkifŸk ds ckn jke fcYdqy gh [k+Re gks x;kA flQ+Z lkou dqekj gh ,sls vorkj* tksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA bl fQYe dh tku Fks] tks ,d vlsZ rd deys”oj ls viuh fQ+Yesa blds laokn Fks] tks deys”oj us bl [k+wch ls fy[ks Fks fy[kokrs jgsA deys”oj tgk¡ ij viuk dke NksM+dj fd flusek gkWy esa gj ,d Mk;ykWx ij rkfy;ksa dh vk;s Fks] mls lgstus vkSj vkxs c<+kus ds fy, nkosnkj

dbZ rS;kj gks x;s Fks( ij lkfgfR;d i`"BHkwfe dk dksbZ ,slh xM+xM+kgV gksrh Fkh fd vxyh iafä lquus esa Hkh ,slk O;fDr lkeus ugha vk;k] ftl ij fQ+Yeh iwjh rYyhurk cjruh iM+rh FkhA lkfgR; ds lekarj] rcd+k Hkjkslk dj ldrk FkkA deys”oj yksxksa dks vc flusek esa Hkh lQyrk ds ijpe ygjk jgh Fkh ilan vkus okyh pht+ksa esa ls vPNh vkSj cqjh pht+ ds deys”oj dh d+ye vkSj deys”oj dh ikB”kkyk esa chp ds ckjhd+ Q+d+Z dks igpkurs FksA dM+oh nok dh izR;{k&vizR;{k :i ls cM+h la[;k esa yksx “kkfey gks

pqds FksA jktdiwj] nso vkuan] fnyhi dqekj] txg vxj vki ejht+ dks ehBh ?kqV~Vh fiykrs jgs] rks


cs”kd mls et+k vk;sxk] ij varr% blls mls Q+k;nk jgk gS] mls egt+ vkbVe lk¡x dk uke nsdj] fQYe dh t+:jr crk dj] dksbZ Hkyk viuh ft+Eesnkjh ls rks ugha fey jgk gksrk] vycŸkk uqd+lku t+:j gksrk dSls cp ldrk gSA deys”oj dh bl fpark dks ;fn gSAgYdsiu esa fy;k x;k] rks og fnu nwj ugha tc ge deys”oj dk ekuuk Fkk fd fQ+Yeksa esa [k+klrkSj ml fprk ij cSBs gksaxs] ftldh vkx ls cpus dk dksbZ ij ;g ns[kuk vko”;d gS fd lLrh yksdfiz;rk ds t+fj;k ugha gksxkApDdj esa dgha vki fQ+Ye ds ewy lans”k dks xkS.k rks

lkfgR; vkSj flusek dks ,d lgt lw= esa ugha cuk jgs gSaA vkt ds lanHkZ esa deys”oj dh ;s fijks dj deys”oj us tks mPp ekinaM LFkkfir ckrsa okd+bZ lR; ds fcYdqy d+jhc gSaA yksxksa dh fd;s gS] mldh Mksj vHkh Hkh cjdjkj gSAokgokgh vkSj mUeqärk dks foykflrk dk tkek iguk

dj ftl rjg ls u;h ih<+h dks ehBk t+gj ijkslk tk

fgUnh

& *xhrk xkSre

*;w0th0lh0 usV] Vh0Mh0 dkyst] tkSuiqj ¼m0iz0½

Unh lkfgR; esa ^Nk;kokn* dk ,d fof'k"V ØkfUrdkjh Hkwfedk vnk dhA bldh oS;fDrd psruk LFkku gSA bldk vkfoHkkZo f}osnh ;qxhu dkO;/kkjk dh us :f<+c) lkearh ljdkj ds f[kykQ Økafr dh LFkwy ckSf/kdrk] bfro`ÙkkRed rFkk dksjh uSfrdrk ds mn~?kks"k.kk dh rFkk ekuork dh eqfDr ds fy, l'kDr izfr lw{e dh izfrfØ;k ds :i esa gqvkA ysfdu ;g Hkh dne mBk;kA ;g lR; gS fd blesa O;fDroknh] lp gS fd ek= izfrfØ;k Lo:i ls gh bldk tUe dkYifud rFkk iyk;uoknh Hkkoukvksa dh iz/kkurk ugha gqvk vfirq blds ihNs lkekftd ,oa lkfgfR;d Fkh] ysfdu ^fo/koka*] ^rksM+rh iRFkj*] ^tkxks fQj ,d dkj.k FksA oLrqr% Nk;kokn gekjh fo'ks"k lkekftd ckj*] izy; dh Nk;k*] iS'kksyk dh izfr/ofu*] rFkk vkSj lkfgfR;d vko';drk ls iSnk gqvk vkSj ml ^jke dh 'kfDr iwtk* vkfn dforkvksa dh oLrqxr vko';drk dh iwfrZ ds fy, mlus ,sfrgkfld dk;Z ;FkkFkZrk dks dnkfi utj vUnkt ugha fd;k tk fd;k] lekt vkSj lkfgR; dks mlus ftl rjg iqjkuh ldrk] D;ksafd ;s dfork;sa Nk;kokn ;qx dh ;FkkFkZ :f<+;ksa ls eqDr fd;k] mlh rjg vk/kqfud jk"Vªh; lkekftd ijEijk ls fgUnh dkO; dks eqDr fd;k gSAvkSj ekuorkoknh Hkkoukvksa dh vksj izsfjr fd;kA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd HkkjrsUnq rFkk f}osnh

ßO;fDrRo dh Lok/khurk] fojkV dYiuk] izd`fr] ;qxhu dfork ds ewy esa lef"V&fpUru rFkk lkgp;Z] ekuo izse] oS;fDrd iz.k;] mPp uSfrd lekt&eaxy dh Hkkouk Fkh] ijUrq Nk;kokfn;ksa us vkn'kZ] ns'kHkfDr] jk"Vªh; Lok/khurk vkfn ds izlkj O;fDrfgr rFkk O;fDr fpUru dks iz/kkurk nh rFkk }kjk Nk;kokn us fgUnh tkfr ds thou ls ,sfrgkfld ;gh bl ;qx dh ewy thou n`f"V Hkh cuhA dk;Z fd;kA dfork ds :i foU;kl dks iqjkuh ladh.kZ Nk;koknksÙkj fgUnh dkO; esa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ :f<+;ksa ls eqDr djds mlus uohu vfHkO;atuk esa oxZ Hksn ij fopkj djs rks vkfFkZd rFkk jktuhfrd

1 jaxeap ij gksus okys ifjorZuksa us Hkkjr dh lkekftd iz.kkyh ds fy, }kj [kksy fn;kAÞ Li"V gS fd og fLFkfr dks Hkh O;kid :i ls izHkkfor fd;k gSA fczfV'k lkekftd] lkfgfR;d vko';drkvksa dh nsu Fkh] 'kklu ds nkSjku Hkkjrh; lekt esa vusd oxksZa dk ftlus ewy :i esa oS;fDrd rFkk vUreqZ[kh psruk ls vkfoHkkZo gqvkA tkfrxr] o.kZxr] /keZxr vkSj vFkZxr vksr&izksr gksrs gq, Hkh izkjfEHkd {k.kksa esa cM+h

fg


Nk;koknksÙkj fgUnh dkO; esa lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa lsmRiUu oxZ psruk


oxZ izeq[k jgs gSaA ysfdu chloha lnh ds izkjEHk ls gh gqdwer ds nkSjku ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr us tks eksM+ fons'kh lÙkk ls la?k"kZjr Hkkjrh; lekt vius vU; fy;k mlesa d`"kd oxZ dk viuh Hkwfe ij LokfeRo HksnHkko Hkwydj dsoy rhu oxksZa esa c¡Vk FkkA ;s oxZ lekIr gksrk x;k vkSj tehankj egktu rFkk iw¡thifr Fks& fuEu oxZ] e/; oxZ vkSj mPp oxZA ;s gj tkfr oxZ ml ij gkch gksrs pys x;sA vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk dh gj /keZ vkSj gj o.kZ esa ml dky esa viuh vfLerk LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh O;kikfjd uhfr dks c<+kok feyk cuk;s gq, FksA vr% tc lkekftd psruk dh ckr vkSj bu lc dk ifj.kke ;g fudyk fd /khjs&/khjs pyrh gS] rks gesa vU; foHksnksa ls vyx gVdj dsoy [kk|kUuksa dk mRiknu de gksrk x;kA QyLo:i bUgha rhuksa oxksZa dks vk/kkj cukuk pkfg, vkSj mUgha ds vdky ds ckny e¡Mjkus yxs vkSj vkfFkZd /kqjh gh vk/kkj ij rRdkyhu lkekftd psruk dh laxfr;ksa fNUu&fHkUu gksrh pyh x;hA,oa folaxfr;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyus dh dksf'k'k tkuh d`"kd vius thou&;kiu ,oa d`f"k dk;Z gsrq _.k pkfg,A ßbUgha rhuksa oxksZ us vktknh dh yM+kbZ esa ysus ds fy, ck/; gq,A ysfdu _.k pqdkus dk mlds viuh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA fuEu oxZ us rks ikl dksbZ tfj;k ugha FkkA fLFkfr rks ;g gks xbZ fd viuh lef"Vxr psruk dk izek.k vusd voljksa ij ,d iq'r dk dtZ dbZ iq'rksa rd cdk;k jg tkrk FkkA izLrqr fd;k gSa muds fy, ns'k fgr Lofgr dh vis{kk iq'r nj iq'r d`"kd _.k dk C;kt gh pqdkrs jgrs cM+k vkSj egÙoiw.kZ FkkA Bhd blds foijhr mPp oxZ vkSj fujarj u;s&u;s _.k ysus ds fy, foo'k gksrsA ds fy, ns'k vkSj lekt O;fDrxr LokFkZ fl) ds ß_.k pqdkus dh vleFkZrk ds ifj.kkeLo:i fdlku lk/ku ek= FksA Lora=rk laxzke esa 'kkfey gksus ds ewy [ksfrgj etnqj cuk] 'kgjksa dks pyk vkSj vUrr%

2esa Hkh muds O;SfDrd LokFkZ gh izeq[k FksAÞ e/; oxZ e'khuh nqfu;k dh foHkhf"kdk esa xzflr gksdj ?kqy

3dh fLFkfr ges'kk <qyeqy jgh gSA og dHkh rks x;kAÞ _.k ds C;kt esa viuh lewph mit nsdj Lora=rk laxzke esa [kqydj 'kkfey gqvk mldk usr`Ro Hkw[kksa ejus ds fy, foo'k d`"kd lkfgR;dkj dh n`f"V fd;k] d"V lgdj ihfM+r gksdj mls vkxs c<+k;k ls cgqr fnu nwj ugha jg ik;kA fdlkuksa dh bl nqxZfr rFkk pjeksRd"kZ ij igq¡pkus dk dk;Z rks dHkh viuh dk izHkko ,oa fp=.k rRdkyhu lkfgR;] fo'ks"kdj vUn:uh ,oa O;fDrxr nqcZyrkvksa dks Hkh izdV fd;k izxfroknh dkO; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ,slk ugha Fkk rFkk fdlkuksa ,oa etnwjksa ds fgrksa dh Hkh vis{kk dhA fd fdlku oxZ viuh bl fLFkfr ls ifjfpr ugha FkkA fuEu oxZ& og lc dqN tkurs gq, Hkh etcwj FkkA ysfdu mlds

eu esa Hkh ,d fo{kksHk dh Hkkouk fgyksjs ekj jgh FkhA fdlku] Jfed] etnwj vkfn vkfFkZd n`f"V ls lu~ 1917 ds :lh Økafr ds ckn fdlku oxZ esa Hkh ,d lcls vf/kd ihfM+r jgk gSA D;ksafd egktu oxZ ds u;h psruk tkxh rFkk mUgksaus vius fgrksa ds j{kk gsrq mn; ds lkFk gh fdlkuksa ds Åij nksgjh pksV iM+uh laxfBr gksdj vkUnksyuksa dks Hkh tUe fn;kA Lora=rk 'kq: gks x;h FkhA lkgwdkjksa rFkk dkfjanksa us feydj izkfIr ds i'pkr Hkkjrh; ljdkj us d`"kd 'kks"k.k dks fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr dks iwjh rjg ls rckg dj MkykA nwj djus gsrq vusd izHkko'kkyh dne mBk;sA ;|fi bl izdkj fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkSjku tks oxZ lcls tehankjh izFkk ds mUeqyu xzke iapk;rksa rFkk vU; vf/kd ihfM+r gqvk og Fkk fdlkuA fdlku ds fy, ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ,oa d`f"k ;kstukvksa dh LFkkiuk ds d`f"k gh thfodksiktZu dk eq[; lk/ku FkkA fczfV'k


lkFk gh mudh fLFkfr esa dqN rCnhyh vo'; gqbZ Hkk¡fr budh n'kk esa Hkh dksbZ Økafrdkjh ifjorZu ugha ysfdu fdlh ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu dk ladsr ugha gqvkA vkyksP; ;qx esa dfo dh laosnuk fdlkuksa ds izkIr gqvkA tehankjh izFkk dk mUeqyu vo'; gqvk] lkFk gh lkFk Jfed oxZ ds Hkh lkFk jgh gS rFkk og ysfdu vc Hkh tehankj fdlh u fdlh :i esa gj xk¡o mudh dfork dk izeq[k ik= Hkh cukAesa FksA muds 'kks"k.k esa deh Hkys vk x;h FkhA og e/; oxZ&iw.kZr;k lekIr ugha gqvk FkkA bl izdkj fdlkuksa dh

;g oxZ gekjs lekt dk lcls cM+k oxZ gSA blds leL;k vc Hkh ,d Økafrdkjh lek/kku dh ek¡x dj

Hkh dbZ Lrj gSa ;Fkk mPp] e/; oxZ rFkk fuEu e/; jgh FkhA izxfroknh dfo;ksa us budh leL;kvksa dks

oxZA vkS|ksfxd fodkl] f'k{kk ds izlkj futh ;k vius dkO; ds ek/;e ls ok.kh iznku dh rFkk mUgsa

ljdkjh izfr"Bkuksa dh o`f) vkfn ds pyrs bl oxZ dk vius dkO; ds ,d egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; ds :i esa Hkh

mn; gqvkA ß;g e/; oxZ fdlkuksa rFkk Jfedksa dh viuk;kA

vis{kk FkksM+k csgrj thou thus dk LoIu ns[krk gSA lkezkT;okfn;ksa ds 'kks"k.k dk nwljk y{; Jfed ysfdu f}rh; egk;q) us bl oxZ dks Hkh rksM+dj j[k

oxZ Fkk fdlku tehankj vkSj lkgwdkjksa ds 'kks"k.k dk fn;k gSA egk;q) ds i'pkr egaxkbZ vkSj csdkjh dk f'kdkj cukA tcfd Jfed oxZ iw¡thifr;ksa ds 'kks"k.k lkezkT; Nk x;k FkkA e/; oxhZ; tuekul dks csgrj dk fo'ks"k f'kdkj gqvkA nksuksa gh fLFkfr yxHkx ,d thou thus dh ykylk dh iwfrZ gsrq bl nkSjku viuh gh tSlh FkhA fdlkuksa ds leku Jfed iw¡thifr;ksa ls ifRu;ksa ds vkHkw"k.kksa rFkk iSr`d laifÙk rd dks cspuk _.k ysrk vkSj _.k u vnk dj ikus ds dkj.k ;k fxjoh j[kuk iM+kA bl izdkj bl leL;k us muds /khjs&/khjs xqyke curk tkrkA ysfdu jktuhfrd ekufld <k¡ps dks Hkh cnyus esa vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkk;h lkekftd ifjorZuksa ls ;g oxZ Hkh izHkkfor gqvk vkSj ,d vksj og vPNs thou thu dh vkdka{kk djrk rks

nwljh vksj mls dne&dne ij vlQyrk gh feyrh muesa ,d u;h psruk txhA ifj.kke Lo:i vusd tkrhA QyLo:i og ijkt;oknh] iyk;uoknh] Jethoh laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA ^vf[ky fujk'kkoknh ,oa iw.kZr;k HkkX;oknh gksrk pyk x;kA Hkkjrh; VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* ds LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh mldh eukso`fÙk /khjs&/khj vareqZ[kh gksrh x;h ,oa og Jethoh oxZ lkezkT;okfn;ksa vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa ds

4ekufld :i ls :X.k gksrk pyk x;kAÞf[kykQ ,d tu'kfDr ds :i esa mHkjdj lkeus

vk;k] rFkk viuh fLFkfr dks lq/kkjus dk iz;Ur fd;kA ,d ckr vkSj e/;oxZ ds le{k ,d lcls cM+h ysfdu vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa ds fujUrj c<+ksÙkjh ,oa leL;k FkhA vius thou ,oa lekt&txr laLdkjksa fodkl ds dkj.k Jfed vkSj etnwj oxZ dh la[;k ds ikyu dh vkSj bu laLdkjksa ds ikyu esa mls Hkkjh fnuksa&fnu c<+rh gh x;h vkSj mudh n'kk Hkh iwoZor [kpsZa dk cks> ogu djuk iM+rk FkkA bl izdkj

laLdkj ikyu esa gksus okys Hkkjh [kpsZ ds cks> dks <ks ugha jghA lkFk gh vkfFkZd raxh lkekftd ghurk vkSj

f'k{kk ds vHkko ds QyLo:i og lekt esa misf{kr gh ikus esa vleFkZ gksus ds ckotwn bUgsa <ksrs jguk tSls mldh fu;fr cu x;hA lkFk gh og mPp oxZ ds cuk jgkA vktknh ds i'pkr bl oxZ dh n'kk jgu&lgu] vkpkj&fopkj vkfn ls vkdf"kZr gksdj lq/kkjus ds fy, vusd iz;kl fd;s x;s ftlls mudh mPp oxZ ds fudV tkus dh ykylk Hkh j[krk Fkk vkSj fLFkfr esa dqN lq/kkj Hkh gqvkA ysfdu fdlkuksa dh


bl ykylk dh iwfrZ gsrq og Hkkjh O;; djrk FkkA FkkA Lora=rk izkfIr ds iwoZ rd rks bl tehankj oxZ us QyLo:i ykylkiwfrZ esa gksus okys fo'kky O;; ds fdlkuksa dh fLFkfr dks iwjh rjg ls cjckn dj fn;k pyrs og vR;f/kd foiUu gksrk pyk x;kA og u rks FkkA vktknh ds ckn d`"kd oxZ ds 'kks"k.k esa deh rc mPp oxZ rd igq¡p ik;k vkSj u gh e/; oxZ esa viuh vk;h tc tehankjh izFkk dk mUewyu fd;k x;kAlqn`<+ fLFkfr cuk ik;k vfirq /khjs&/khjs fuEu oxZ dh tehankjksa ds ckn nwljk 'kks"kd iw¡thifr jgk] tks Js.kh dh vksj pyrk x;kA bl izdkj fn[kkok csgrj vkt rd viuh lÙkk cjdjkj j[ks gq, gSaA lkgwdkj thou thus dh ykylk] mlesa gksus okyh Hkkjh vkSj egktu oxZ Hkh bUgha iw¡thifr;ksa ds ,d vax vkfFkZd {kfr ykylkvksa dh vlQyrk us mls furkUr Lo:i FksA lkgwdkjksa rFkk egktuksa ds }kjk 'kks"k.k NksVs O;fDroknh] iyk;uoknh ,oa {k.koklh cuk fn;kA Lrj ij lwn ;k C;kt ds ek/;e ls gksrk FkkA tcfd vkyksP; ;qx ds dfo;ksa us bl e/; oxZ dh fLFkfr dks iw¡thifr;ksa dk 'kks"k.k O;kid Lrj ij gksrk FkkA bl le>rs gq, mls vius dkO; fo"k; ds :i esa oxZ ds 'kks"k.k dk <ax tehankjksa ls fHkUu jgk gSA D;ksafd viuk;kA okLrqr% e/; oxZ dh detksfj;ksa dk tehankj Je ls vftZr lEifÙk ds 'kks"k.k ds lkFk gh mn~?kkVu mldh nqjkoLFkk dk fp=.k] mlesa u;h lkFk 'kkjhfjd ;kruk;sa Hkh fn;k djrk Fkk] tcfd dfork;sa ,oa u;h dforkvksa dh dfork;sa e/; oxZ ds iw¡thifr oxZ Je ls vftZr iw¡th dk gh 'kks"k.k djrk fp=.k ls Hkjh iM+h gSA FkkA dguk u gksxk fd /khjs&/khjs Hkkjrh; lekt esa mPp oxZ& ;gh iw¡thifr oxZ vktkn ns'k dh leLr iw¡th dk

Lokeh cu cSBsA iw¡thifr;ksa dk ;gh 'kks"k.k vktknh ds mPp oxZ ds vUrxZr iw¡thifr ,oa tehankj eq[; iwoZ gh ugha gksrk Fkk vfirq vktknh ds ckn Hkh budh gSaA vktknh ds iwoZ tehankj gh lcls cM+k 'kks"kd FkkA lÙkk dk;e jghA ;g ckr nwljh gS fd Lora=rk izkfIr ysfdu tc fczfV'k 'kklu us vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk ds ckn Hkkjrh; vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk dk Lo:i dk;e dh rks ,d u;s 'kks"kd iw¡thifr dk mn; gqvkA ifjofrZr gqvk rFkk 'kks"kd vkSj 'kksf"kr oxZ dh dVqrk oLrqr% fczfV'k 'kklu dh iw¡thoknh vkfFkZd uhfr ds dh lekfIr gsrq vusd jktdh; ,oa ljdkjh ;kstuk;sa gh pyrs iw¡thifr oxZ dk mn; gqvkA rkRi;Z ;g fd dk;ZfUor gqbZ] ftlds ek/;e ls 'kks"k.k esa dkQh deh Hkkjrh; lekt esa tehankj oxZ rks igys ls gh Fkk vk;h] ysfdu mldk lÙkk vkt rd fdlh u fdlh ysfdu iw¡thifr;ksa dks tUe vaxzstksa us fn;k vkSj blh :i esa cuh gqbZ gSA oLrqr% vktkn Hkkjr esa bl mPp ds lkFk ;s nksuksa iw¡thifr vkSj tehankj 'kks"k.k ds nks oxZ dk ek= Lo:i ifjofrZr gqvk gSA vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa ifg;s cusA ysfdu ckn esa pydj /khjs&/khjs tehankj usrkvksa rFkk fo'kky vkS|ksfxd izfr"Bkuksa ds ekfydksa Hkh detksj gksrs x;s vkSj iw¡thifr;ksa dk opZLo gqvkA ds :i esa ;g mPp oxZ dk;e gS rFkk og vius ;|fi fdlkuksa dk lcls cM+k 'kks"kd tehankj oxZ Fkk] O;fDrxr LokFkksZa dh iwfrZ gsrq lekt ds fuEu rFkk fQj Hkwfe ij fdlkuksa dk LokfeRo FkkA ysfdu fczfV'k e/; rcds ds yksxksa ds 'kks"k.k esa tqVk gqvk gSA bl 'kklu esa ijEijkxr tehankjh O;oLFkk dk :i izdkj 'kks"kd ,oa 'kksf"kr oxZ dh fo"ke fLFkfr tks ifjofrZr gqvk vkSj /khjs /khjs fdlkuksa dh Hkwfe ij vktknh ds iwoZ Fkh] ogh vktknh ds i'pkr~ Hkh cuh tehankjksa dk opZLo gksrk x;kA bl izdkj tehnkj jghA dsoy mlds Lo:i esa gh ifjorZu gqvkAoxZ us ,d cgqr cM+s 'kks"kd dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k


bl izdkj Li"V gS fd Nk;koknksÙkj ;qx ds dh LFkkiuk djrk gS 'kksf"krksa dk i{k ysrk gS rFkk u;s dfo;ksa us tgk¡ ,d vksj lkezkT;oknh&iw¡thoknh] lekt ds fuekZ.k dk iz;kl djrk gSA dgk tk ldrk lektoknh lekt O;oLFkk vkSj lekt dh iqjkru gS fd vkyksP; ;qx dk dfo leLr :f<+;ksa tM+ :<+ uSfrdrkvksa ,oa ek/;rkvksa ds f[kykQ viuh ijEijkvksa ,oa LrC/k ekufldrk ls eqDr gksdj lc vkstLoh ,oa iz[kj ok.kh eq[kfjr dh gS rFkk mlds dqN dks ekuork ds ekun.M ls ns[krk vkSj ij[krk /oal dh vkdka{kk O;Dr dh gSA ogha nwljh vksj bu gSAO;oLFkkvksa ds fouk'k ds i'pkr u;s lektoknh <k¡ps ij vk/kkfjr dY;k.kdkjh uo lekt ds fuekZ.k dh lanHkZ Hkh viuh bPNk tkfgj dh 'kks"kd ,oa vkradoknh

1- ukeoj flag & Nk;kokn] i`0 154'kfDr;ksa ds /oal rFkk mlds Åij u;s lekt&l`tu

2- f'ko dqekj feJk & u;k fgUnh dkO;] i`0 28dh vkdka{kk ls vkyksP; ;qx dk dkO; Hkjk iM+k gSA 3- ogh]Li"V gS fd vkyksP; ;qx dk dfo izkphu ijEijk ,oa 4- MkW0 dkS'kyukFk mik/;k;&Nk;koknksÙkj fgUnh laLd`fr ds izfr mUeq[k gksdj mlh ds chp orZeku

dkO; cnyrs ekun.M ,oa Lo:i] i`0 77leL;kvksa ds lek/kku lzksr [kkstrk gS ekuo egRrk


fgUnh

& *MkW0 ftrsUnz dqekj flag

*lgk;d izk/;kid] bfUnjk xk¡/kh jk"Vªh; tutkrh;fo'Okfo|ky;] vejd.Vd ¼e-iz-½

Unh leh{kk ds bfrgkl esa MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ **lu 1925 bZ- esa Hkkjrh; dE;qfu"V ikVhZ dh dk ;ksxnku ,d *izxfroknh leh{kd* ds :i esa fd;k LFkkiuk gqbZA ikVhZ ds xBu ds iwoZ gh ns'k esa Jfed

oxZ dk ,d LorU= jktuhfrd 'kfDr ds :i esa mn; tkrk gSA buds vkykspuk dk {ks= dsoy fo"k; dh gks pqdk FkkA 1920 bZ- esa etnwjksa dks vkf[ky Hkkjrh; n`f"V ls ugha egÙoiw.kZ cfYd dk;Z dh n`f"V ls Hkh laxBu *vf[ky Hkkjrh; VªsM ;wfu;u dkaxzsl* dk vR;f/kd foLr`r gSA bUgksaus laLd`r vkSj vaxzsth fuekZ.k gqvkA fdlkuksa dh fNVIkqV laxBuksa dks lkfgR;] Hkk"kk foKku] bfrgkl] ekDlZokn ifj.kke Lo:i 1936 bZ- esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; fdlku mifuos'kokn] lekt'kkL= vkSj n'kZu tSls&fo"k;ksa lHkk ds :i esa gqbZ 1930 bZ- ds ckn dk dky og dky ij viuh iSuh n`f"V Mkyh gSA budh vkykspuk dk Fkk tcfd Hkkjrh; Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ds :i esa ,d dky Hkh 1938 ls izkjEHk gksdj 2000 bZ- rd dqy 62

1xq.kkRed ifjorZu vkjEHk gqvkA**o"kksZa esa foLr`r gSA mUgsa vkykspdksa esaa *vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy miU;kldkjksa esa *izsepUn rFkk dfo;ksa esaa bl nkSj esa fgUnh txr ds ftu lkfgR;dkjksa us *fujkyk lokZf/kd fiz; gS rFkk bUgha ij fy[kh budh e/;oxZ dh fopkj/kkjk dks R;kxdj etnwj oxZ ds rhu pfpZr iqLrdsa&vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy vkSj fgUnh ØkfUrdkjh n'kZu ekDlZokn dks Lohdkjk] muesa MkW- vkykspuk *izsepUn* vkSj fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk jkefoykl 'kekZ vxz.kh gh vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy dh ¼rhu Hkkxksa½ esa mudh vkykspuk dh fof'k"V miyfC/k izxfr'khy vkykspuk dks MkW- 'kekZ us oSKkfud <+ax ls gSA fodflr fd;kA MkW- 'kekZ u dsoy ekDlZokn esa

la'kks/ku dh ckr dgrs gSa cfYd djds Hkh fn[kkrs gaSA MkW- jkefoykl 'kekZ* ewyr% ,d ekDlZoknh os fl) djrs gS fd fd ekDlZ }kjk fo'ysf"kr jpukdkj gSA vius ltZukRed foosd ls ekDlZokn vkS/kksfxd iw¡thokn pkgs bXyS.M esa vk;k gks fdUrq dk ,d izxfr'khy laLdj.k rS;kj fd;k gSA mUgksaus ,d vkSj izdkj lkSnkxjh iw¡thokn 12 oh&13oha viuh lcls izfl) iqLrd *Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt vkSj 'krkCnh esaa gh vk pqdk FkkA ekDlZ us mRikfnr iz.kkyh ekDlZokn* esa Li"V fd;k gS fd ftl izdkj ysfuu dk vk/kkj jpuk rFkk 'ks"k lkekftd i{kksa dks vkfn nk'kZfudksa us ekDlZokn dks ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds *vf/kjpuk* ekuk Fkk rFkk vk/kkj jpuk esaa ifjorZu ls vuqdqy cuk;k gS oSls gh Hkkjr dh fLFkfr;ksa dks /;ku vf/kjpuk dh fLFkfr dks ekuk Fkk] MkW- jkefoykl esa j[krs gq, ekDlZokn ds vko';d ifjorZu fd, tk 'kekZ dgrs gS fd ;g ckr lkS Qhlnh lR; ugha gS ldrs gSaA

fg

MkW0 jkefoykl 'kekZ dh vkykspuk n`f"V


D;ksafd iqjkuh vf/kjpuk ds rRo fy, fcuk ubZ oLrqoknh gSA 'kqDy th dh xEHkhjrk dk nwljk dkj.k vf/kjpuk ugh cu ldrh A os vkfFkZd dkj.kksa ds mudh rdZ fpUru i)fr gSaA bl i)fr dks ge lkFk&lkFk lkekftd dkj.kksa dks egRo nsrs gSaA }U}Ukke ns rks vuqfpr u gksxkA fojks/kh yxus okyh ØkfUr esa etnwjksa ds lkFk fdlkuksa dks egRo nsrs gSa oLrqvksa dk lketL; mUgsa xfr'khy vkSj fodkleku rFkk bl izdkj ekDlZokn dk ,d u;h fn'kk iznku ns[kuk] lalkj ds fofHkUUk HkkSfrd vkSj ekufld djrs gSA O;kikjksa dk ijLij lEcU/k LFkkfir djds mudk

2v/;;u djuk bl i)fr dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaAMkW- 'kekZ us vius fucU/kksa esa *dyk lkSUn;Z vkSj lkfgR;* ds lEcU/k esaa viuh ekU;rk,¡ izLrqr dh gSaA ;gk¡ Li"V gS fd MkW- 'kekZ ds eu esaa vkn'kZ leh{kk MkW- 'kekZ vius O;kogkfjd leh{kkvksa esa muds lkis{k dk tks :i fn[kkbZ nsrk gS og cgqr dqN vkpk;Z] vkpj.k djrs gq, lkfgR;dkjksa ,oa dfo;ksa dh leh{kk jkepUnz 'kqDy dh leh{kk esaa ewrZ gSa]MkW- 'kekZ us foLr`r dh gSA lkfgR; ds lEcU/k esa Hkh mudh ekU;rk,¡ ;k leh{kk esa jk"Vªh; vkSj tuoknh Loj dk vadu Li"V rks ekSfyd gSa ;k lkekU; izxfrokfn;ksa ls vyxA :Ik ls fd;k gh mUgksaus HkkjrsUnq vkSj muds ;qx ds izFke n`f"V;k eas os *lkSUn;Z dh oLrqxr lÙkk vkSj lkfgR;dkjksa&izrki ukjk;.k feJ] ckyd`".k Hkê] lkekftd fodkl* uked fucU/k esa lkSUn;Z dks dsoy Jhfuoklnkl rFkk cnjh ukjk.k; PkkS/kjh *izse/ku] }kjk fo"k; ;k O;fDr esa fu;r djus ds LFkku ij nksuksa dh jfpr lkfgR; dh iz'kalk djrs gSaAvar% fØ;k ds :i esaa ns[krs gSaA lkfgR; dks os HkkjrsUnq ;qx ds lkfgR;dkjksa esa HkkjrsUnq ds vFkZO;oLFkk] Hkk"kk] lekt] Hkwxksy ls cuus okyh ;ksxnku dh ljkguk fo'ks"k :i ls MkW- 'kekZ us dh gS*A tkrh; ekufldrk ls tksM+dj ns[krs gSaA MkW- 'kekZ us crk;k gS fd HkkjrsUnq us fgUnh lkfgR; esa

fujkyk dh egkurk dks Li"V djrs gq, mudh jk"Vªh; vkSj tuoknh rRoksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA HkkjrsUnq tUetkr izfrHkk Lohdkj djrs gSa vkSj izxfr'khy us fczfV'k gqdwer ds 'kks"k.koknh uhfr dk inkZQk'k vkUnksyu esa izse dh laHkkouk dks ?kksf"kr :i esa fd;k vkSj viuh jpukvksa esa bl dqo`fÙk ls eqDr gksus Lohdkj djrs gq, dgrs gSa& **izse vkSj izxfr'khy dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA mUgksaus ekuork okn dh fopkj/kkjk esa dksbZ vkarfjd fojks/k ugha ysfdu Lokeh LFkkiuk o fL=;ksa ds vf/kdkjksa dk leFkZu fd;k gS foosdkuUn ls izHkkfor gksus okys Økafrdkjh ;g rFkk bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr ls izsj.kk ysdj turk ds le>rs vk;s Fks fd Økafr vkSj czãp;Z dk vVwV ân; esa jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk dk lapkj fd;kALkEcU/k gS tSls vktdy ds cgqr ls dfo vkSj MkW- 'kekZ us egkohj izlkn f}osnh dks Hkh fo'ks'k dgkuhdkj le>rs gS fd vk/kqfudrk cks/k dk vVwV egRo fn;k gSA& os ekurs Fks fd f}osnh th iqjkuh lEcU/k ijdh;k izse ls gSA** MkW- 'kekZ ml leh{kk dks O;oLFkkvksa dks cnydj mlesa uohurk dk lapkj fd;k egRo nsrs gSa tks oLrqoknh fpUru ij vk/kkfjr gks] gSA os ns'k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks egRo nsrs FksA ftles }U}kRed i)fr dk lgkjk ysdj fo"k;&oLrq f}osnh th fgUnh Hkk"kh izns'k ds uotkj.k ds vxznwr dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gks A FksA mUgksaus viuh izfl) if=dk *ljLorh* ds ek/;e

MkW- 'kekZ] vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy dh vkykspuk ls Hkkjrh; uotkxj.k dk fcxqy Q¡wdkA ftldk Loj ds lUnHkZ esa os fy[krs gS fd ------'kqDy th dh lu~ 1857 dh ØkafUr esa QwVk FkkA vkSj HkkjrsUnq us eqDr vkykspuk xEHkhj gS] blfy, fd mldk vk/kkj d.B ls bls leFkZu iznku fd;k Fkk A


MkW- 'kekZ us ;gk¡ Li"V fd;k gh fd os Le`fr;ksa dh ds igys [k.M esa mUgksaus fujkyk ds O;fDro rFkk O;oLFkkvksa dsk ns'k dky ds lkis{k ekurs Fks vkSj mudh fuekZ.kd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh leh{kk dh gSA ;g nk'kZfud fpUru ds {ks= esa o`gLifr vkSj pkokZd dh fgUnh leh{kk dk og nqyHkZ fcUnq gS] tgk¡ O;fDrRo vkSj foosdoknh ijEijk ij eqX/k FksA MkW-'kekZ us ;gk¡ Li"V d`frRo vyx&vyx u jgdj ,d nwljs esa ?kqy&fey fd;k gS fd **lkfgR; esa tks jhfr&fojksf/k ØkfUr ls x, gSaA *fujkyk fgUnh esa izk;% 'kfDr] ÅtkZ rFkk vkst 'kq: gqbZ] mldk igyk pj.k gS f}osnh ;qx vkSj mlh ds jpukdkj ekus x, gS] fdUrq MkW- 'kekZ us muds dk fodkl Nk;kokn vkSj izxfrokn esa gksrk gSA ;s lkfgR; dk xgjk fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, d:.kk dks rhuksa ;qx ,d nwljs ls fHkUUk gS] lkFk gh ,d nwljs ds mlds ewy Hkko ds :i esa izfrf"Br fd;k rFkk mUgsa iwjd Hkh gSA f}osnh ;qx dh Hkwfedk vk/kqfud lkfgR; if'pe dh egku =klnh ys[ku dh ijEijk ls tksM+k A

3 Vªsftd lsal dh n`f"V ls okYehfd] HkoHkwfr rFkk rqylh dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus okys vxzny dh Hkwfedk gSA**ls vkSj lexzrk dh n`f"V Lks VSxksj] rqylh vkSj lwj ls MkW- 'kekZ us mu jpukdkjksa ds egRo dh LFkkiuk fujkyk dh rqyuk vkSj ewY;kadu fd;k gSA dh tks fdlh u fdlh :i esa lkfgR; dh tuoknh

fujkyk ds dfo O;fDrRo dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks ijEijk ls tqMs+ gq, FksA ,sls jpukdkjksa esa izsepUn dk js[kkafdr djrs gq, MkW- 'kekZ us dgk gS&**fujkyk dh uke vxzXk.; gSA muds *lsoklnu* dks MkW-'kekZ us jpuk&izfØ;k dk lzksr gS mudk Hkkocks/kA ;g Hkkjrh; ukjh dh ijk/khurk dk inkZQk'k djus okyk Hkkocks/k mudh fopkj/kkjk ls lEc) gSA fdUrq mldk miU;kl] rks xksnku dh xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh dFkkvksa dks izfrfcEc ugha gSA fujkyk dk Lokf/kurk&izse muds esgur dh nqfu;ka vkSj equkQ dh nqfu;ka esa vUrj lkfgR; esa vizR;kflr u;s&u;s :iksa esa O;ä gksrk gSA crk;kA mUgha dh oSKkfud vkykspuk n`f"V dk mudh vkLFkk ds izrhd vusd gS] mudk vf/k"Bku ,d ifj.kke Fkk fd ml le; ds f}rh; Js.kh ds

jpukdkj le>s tk jgs izsepUn izFke Js.kh ds gSA mudh nk'kZfud ekU;rk,¡ vusd vUrfoZjks/k dks lkfgR;dkj ds :i esa LFkkfir gks x;sA izsepUn dh ikj djrh gqbZ ukjh vkSj izd`fr ds eksgd fp=ksa ds lkFk

lkfgR; esa O;Dr gksrh gSaA u, ekuorkokn ds eqDrdaB ls iz'kalk djrs gq, MkW-'kekZ us fy[kk gSA izfr"Bkid fujkyk ds lkfgR; esa euq"; ohj]ØkkfUr **izsepUn dh vkokt lqudj gesa vius ns'k vkSj

turk ij xoZ gksrk gS] ml tkrh; laLd`fr ij xoZ dkjh ;ks)k] dfo] fujUrj l?k"kZ'khy lkFk gh gksrk gS] ftls izsepUn l¡okj jgs FksA izsepUn dh vaUr}ZU}Xykfu vkSj ijkt; ls ihfM+r lk/kkj.k euq"; vkokt ml le; mBh Fkh tc igys egk;q) esa Hkh gaS] fujkyk lkSUn;Z vkSj mYYkkl ds dfo gSa] nq%[k

5ekuo/oalh rksiksa dh xM+xM+kgV gok esa x¡wt jgh Fkh A vkSj e`R;q ds Hkh A**vkt Hkh tc fo'o ij rhljs egk;q) ds ckny Nk;s MkW- 'kekZ us fujkyk ds ckn vKs; 'ke'ksj] gq, gSa ml Lok/khurk&laxzke ds lSfud dh ok.kh ukxktZqu] eqfäcks/k] dsnkjukFk vxzoky dk iz;ksx'khy fo'o 'kkfUr dh j{kk ds fy, turk dk vkºokgu dfork ls izse u gksrs gq, Hkh ekfeZd fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS]

4djrh gSA izsepUn vkt Hkh gekjs lkFk gSA MkW-'kekZ us eqfäcks/k ds dkO; dk foLr`r ewY;kadu

MkW-'kekZ dh vkykspuk dk pjefCkUnq *fujkyk dh djrs gq, mlds vUrfoZjks/k dks igpkuk gSA mudh lkfgR; lk/kuk*¼rhu Hkkxksa½esa gSA tks fd oLrqr% n`f"V esa *eqfäcks/k dk dkO; vkRela?k"kZ dk dkO; gSA o sjkefoykl 'kekZ dh gh lkfgR; lk/kuk gS] bl jpuk dgr s g&aS **mud s vkRe l?a k"k Z d s vuds Lrj gAaaS ,d Lrj


g&S eu d s n%q LoIuk&as iki&ck/s k] eR;&q fpUru] vlkekU; fpUru rFkk yksdc) ekU;rkvksa ds dkj.k Ikzxfr'khy ekufld fLFkfr ls fudydj Lo;a dks vkSj laLkkj dks leh{kk ds laLFkkid ds :i LFkkfir gksrs gSA oLrqxr :i ls ns[kus dk] rhljk Lrj gS viuh dkO;

6dyk dks fujUrj fodflr djus dkA** lanHkZ

MkW- 'kekZ ds vuqlkj eqfäcks/k ds lkFk esa 1- fgUnh vkykspuk dk fodkl% uUn fd'kksj uoy] vfLrRookn dk *y?kqekuo* vkSj jgL;okn dk fojkV i`-&217]jktdey izdk'ku]fnYYkhiq:"k Hkh A 'ke'ksj ds lEcU/k esa MkW- 'kekZ dk fuf'pr 2- vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy vkSj fgUnh vkykspuk % er gS fd mudk dkO; jhfroknh :ekuh lkSUn;Zcks/k jkefoykl 'kekZ]i`0&222vkSj ekDlZoknh foosd ds }U} dk dkO; gSA 3- egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj fgUnh uotkj.k%

MkW- 'kekZ us u;h dfork ds lanHkZ esa tu dfo jkefoykl 'kekZ] i`"B&277 jktdey ukxktZqu dh dkO;dyk dk Hkh ewY;kadu fd;k gSA MkW- izdk'ku&2010 'kekZ dh n`f"V esa ukxktZqu dk dkO; blfy, izklafxd 4- izsepUn vkSj mudk ;qx% jkefoykl 'kekZ] i`"B& gS fd mlesa n`<+ ØkfUr dh Hkkouk fo|eku gSA og 158yksd laLd`fr ds fudV gSA muesa jktuhfrd psruk 5- fujkyk dh lkfgR; lk/kuk¼Hkwfedk Hkkx&2 ½ MkW- dk rhoz Loj O;kIRk gSA muds dkO; ;FkkFkZ thou dk jkefoykl 'kekZ]fp=.k gqvk gS vkSj jgL;okn vkSj ;FkkFkZokn dk

6- *u;h dfork vkSj vfLrRookn% MkW- jkefoykl ysdj dksbZ }U} Ukgh gSA Lkexz :Ik esa vkykspuk n`f"V

'kekZ&i`- 231ds lEcU/k esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd foLrkj vkSj xgjkbZ dh n`f"V ls os vf}rh; gS rFkk vius ekSfyd


fgUnh

& *fQjkst vkye

*'kks/kNk=] vyhx<+ eqfLye fo”ofo|ky;] vyhx<+ ¼m0iz0½

t L=h&eqfDr dks ysdj pkjksa vksj fopkj eerk] okRlY;] R;kx rFkk d:.kk bR;kfn xq.kksa dks foe”kZ gks jgk gS ijUrq okLro esa D;k ;g iz;kl vius thou dk vkn”kZ ekudj pyus okyh ukjh iq#"k lQyrk dh vksj c<+ jgk gS\ iz”u ;g gS fd D;k ij vkfJr gksdj jg xbZAfL=;ksa ds izfr iq#"kksa dh ekufldrk esa dksbZ ifjorZu orZeku ;qx esa tc lc vksj Lora=rk dh vk;k gS\ rks mÙkj Li"V gS fd vis{kkuq:Ik ifjorZu vkdka{kk tkx`r gqbZ rks ukjh ân; Hkh Lora=rk ds fy, ugha gqvk gS ysfdu iz;kl fQj Hkh tkjh gSA NViVkus yxkA ukjh iqjkru ekU;rkvksa] :f<+;ksa ds L=h&eqfDr dks ysdj vkt yxHkx iwjh nqfu;k dk ca/kuksa dks rksM+dj vius vfLrRo ds fy, iz;Ru djus lekt tkx:d gS L=h eqfDr dk iz”u rc mBrk gS yxhA tc ukjh ds Hkhrj Hkh tkx:drk mRiUu gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; ukjh us viuh vfLerk ds fy, rFkk gekjk lekt iq#"k lRrkRed lekt gS iq#"k lekt esa viuk LFkku cukus ds fy, cgqr la?k"kZ lRrkRed lekt esa fL=;ksa dh Hkwfedk ek= drZO; fd;kA *czã lekt*] *vk;Z lekt*] bf.M;u us”kuy rd gh lhfer djnh tkrh gS muds vf/kdkjksa dh dkaxzsl] bR;kfn laLFkkvksa us ukjh fo"k;d lkekftd ckr ugha dh tkrh gSA vkt vko”;drk bl ckr dh dq:fr;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, egŸoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;sA gS fd fL=;ksa dks muds vf/kdkj Hkh fn, tk;A Ukkjh eqfDr vkanksyu us ukjh dh vkfFkZd] L=h&eqfDr dk iz”u ,d cgqr xEHkhj vkSj my>k lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd fLFkfr;ksa dks lq/kkjus rFkk gqvk iz”u gSA iq#"k ds leku vf/kdkjksa dks ikus ds eqn~nksa dks mBk;k

L=h& ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSaA blhfy, bZ”oj vkSj cgqr gn rd lQyrk Hkh izkIr dhA ukjh thou dh Hkh ifjdYiuk v)Zukjh”oj ds #i esa dh xbZ gSA ds fodkl ds fy, mls Lora=rk iznku djuk ukjh :Ik dh dYiuk u fd, tkus ij bZ”oj dks Hkh vko”;d gSA mlds fcuk L=h dk HkkSfrd] oSpkfjd viw.kZ ekuk x;k gSA fpjUru dky ls ukjh vius Lusg] rFkk vkfRed fodkl vlaHko gS vko”;drk bl ckr mnkjrk] R;kx] eerk vkfn mnkRr xq.kksa ds ve`r ls dh gS fd L=h Lora=rk dk okLrfod vFkZ mls ekywe thou dks vfHkflafpr djrh vk;h gS] fQj Hkh og gksA vf/kdkjksa dk vuqfpr iz;ksx ;k /keZ rFkk e;kZnk iq#"kksa }kjk lekt esa lnSo misf{kr rFkk 'kksf"kr jghaa dks foPNsn djus dk iz;kl ukjh Lora=rk ugha gSA gSaA “kfDr ds l`tukRed :iksa dk izrhd ukjh gS fQj ukjh&Lora=rk dk vFkZ ukjh /keZ dk ikyu djrs gq, Hkh ukjh dks vcyk gh dgk tkrk gSA fpjdky ls ds leku vf/kdkjksa dks izkIr dj mldk miHkksx

vk

L=h eqfDr dk iz'u vkSj ^v)Zukjh'oj* miU;kl


djuk o viuh mfpr vkdka{kkvksa dks lkdkj djrs n`f"Vdks.k dk fojks/k djrs gSaA os ukjh dks lcy cukuk gq, lekt esa vius fof'k"V vfLrRo dks cukuk gSA pkgrs gSaA

fgUnh Hkk"kh {ks= esa 19 oha lnh ds vafre n”kdksa esa Hkkjrh; lekt lu~ 1946&50 rd vusd vUr% fL=;ksa dh n”kk lq/kkjus ds fy, fo'ks"k iz;kl “kq: ,oa ckg~; fojks/kksa ls xqtjkA blesa lHkh dks uqdlku fd, x,A 20 oha “knh rd vkrs&vkrs L=h vkanksyu us mBkuk iM+k ysfdu izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :Ik ls ukjh gh tksj idM+uk “kq: dj fn;kA i= if=dkvksa ds ek/;e bl pDdh esa T;knk filhA lEiznkf;drk ds uke ij ls L=h foe”kZ dk vkjEHk gqvk lkfgR;dkjksa us Hkh bl gks ;k tkfr&Ikkfr ds uke ij gks lHkh txg vcyk laosnu”khy eqn~ns ij fpUrk O;Dr djuk vkjEHk fd;k ukjh dks gh vius gol dk f”kdkj cuk;k tkrk gSA vkSj bl fo"k; dks viuh jpuk dk vk/kkj cuk;k vkSj fo".kq izHkkdj ds miU;kl dh ewy psruk ukjh gh gSA ukjh dks lekt esa mldh igpku cukus ds fy, rFkk fo".kq izHkkdj us L=h thou dh vusd leL;kvksa dks mldh Lor=a rk dh ijq tkjs odkyr djr s g,q viu s vius miU;klksa esa mBk;kA izsefookg] vUrtkZrh; jpukvk as dk s vk/kkj cuk;kA fo".k q iHz kkdj dk fookg] fo/kok fookg] ngst izFkk] os”;k leL;k] vkfn *v)uZ kjh”oj* ,ls k gh miU;kl g S ftle as L=h Lor=a rk dk fp=.k rks ekfeZd <ax ls fd;k gh gS mlds lkFk gh vkSj vfLerk dh iqjtks+j odkyr dh x;h gSA L=h f”k{kk vkSj muds eku lEeku dks iqu%LFkkfir

djus dk Hkh iz;Ru fd;kA fo".kq izHkkdj ,sls jpukdj gSa tks *ukjh eqfDr* ds leFkZd gSaA mudk ekuuk gS fd gekjk lekt *v)Zukjh”oj* lkfgR; vdkneh ls lEekfur ;qxksaa&;qxksaa ls ukjh ij vR;kpkj djrk vk;k gSA fo".kq izeq[k miU;kl gS tks 1992 bZ0 esa izdkf”kr gqvkA izHkkdj ukjh dh ca/ku] eqfDr vkSj L=h&iq#"k lekurk *v)Zukjh”oj* miU;kl esa fo".kq izHkkdj th us ukjh dh ckr djrs gSaA tc rd L=h LorU= ugaha gksxh vfLerk dks cpkus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrs gq, lekt dk rc rd og ds leku vius vf/kdkjksa dh ckr ugha fp=.k fd;k gSA bl miU;kl esa fo".kq izHkkdj th us dj ldrhA blhfy, fo".kq izHkkdj vius miU;klksa ;g fn[kkus dk iz;Ru fd;k fd fL=;k¡ Lo;a gh ds ek/;e ls L=h dks ,d LorU= O;fDrRo iznku laxfBr gksdj vius eku&lEeku dh j{kk djuk djds mls l”kDr cukuk pkgrs gSaA pkgrh gSaA bl miU;kl esa fo".kq izHkkdj th us

cykRdkj dh leL;k dks dsUnz esa j[kdj L=h dh eqfDr *v)Zukjh”oj* miU;kl dks lkekftdrk ds ds iz”u dks mBkrs gq, dbZ lekftd leL;kvksa dks fofHkUu lanHkksZa esa j[kdj mldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk mBk;k gSA u flQZ leL;k dks mBk;k gS cfYd leL;k ldrk gSA pkgs oks /kkfeZd mUekn gks ukjh dh n”kk gks dk lek/kku djus dk Hkh iz;Ru fd;k gSA e/;oxhZ; thou dk fp=.k gks] ;k :f<+okn vkSj

ijEijkoknA bUgha lkekftd lanHkksZa dks O;aftr djrs bl miU;kl esa ys[kd ml iwjs lekt] iwjs gq, fo".kq izHkkdj th dk miU;kl yksdfiz; gqvkA ekgkSy] iwjh ekufldrk ij izgkj djrk gS tks ukjh dks fo".kq izHkkdj us vius miU;klksa esa ukjh ds izfr HkksX;k le>rk gSA bl miU;kl esa e/;oxhZ; lekt lokZf/kd laosnuk O;Dr dh gSA ijEijkxr ekufld gh izeq[k gSA ;g miU;kl leL;k iz/kku gksrs gq, Hkh nklrk us ukjh dks ,slh ekse dh xqfM+;k cukdj j[k leL;kvksa ls de] lekftd cqjkbZ;ksa ls T;knk fn;k gS fd vkt og fdlh vokaNuh; ncko dk Hkh lk{kkRdkj djkrk gS L=h eqfDr dks ysdj fy[kk x;k fojks/k ugha dj ikrhA fo".kq izHkkdj ukjh ds izfr bl ;g ,d egÙoiw.kZ miU;kl fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vkSj ;gh


bl miU;kl dh eq[; fo'ks"krk Hkh gSA “kd gksrk gS fd “kk;n ;s fdlh dh lkft”k gSA ogha ij dqN ;qod vkrs gSa vkSj LdwVj dks Bhd djus dh vkt ftl rjg vius ns”k esa vkSj vusd nwljs ckr dgdj vius og”khiu ij mrj vkrs gSa os ;qod ns”kksa esa Hkh fL=;ksa ij [kqys vke vR;kpkj gks jgs gSa og lqferk vkSj foHkk nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d L=h dh ekax leLr euq"; tkfr ds fy, fpUrk dk fo"k; gSA djrs gSaA vthr d”ked”k esa iM+ tkrk gS fd oks D;k cykRdkj dh ?kVuk vke ckr gks xbZ gSA fdUrq ,d djs rHkh lqferk viuh uun dks xqaMksa ds cykRdkj ls ltx jpukdkj lekt fpard ;g dksf”k”k djrk gS cpkus ds fy, [kqn dks lefiZr dj nsrh gSA ifr vkSj fd lk/kkj.k O;fDr ds eu esa bl cqjkbZ ds f[kykQ llqj mls iw.kZ lEeku vkSj viuRo nsrs gSa fQj Hkh tkx`fr iSnk djs vkSj ;gh dke *v)Zukjh”oj* esa fo".kq lqferk ds fy, vius iki&cks/k ls eqfDr ikuk vlEHko izHkkdj th us fd;kA bl miU;kl esa ys[kd ukjh gks tkrk gSA lqferk dk R;kx dHkh&dHkh mlds ifr fo"k;d iz”uksa ls ikBdksa dk iw.kZ] lk{kkRdkj djkuk vthr dks Hkh lansg esa Mkyrk gS vkSj oks lksprk gS pkgrk gSA dsfUnz; ik= lqferk] foHkk] ofrZdk] fd&**D;k ;g lEHkkouk ugha fd jfrfdz;k esa og eq>ls jktdyh] “;keyk] “kkfyuh] “kkfgnk] jek] fdj.k larq"V ugha gks ldh ij ijEijkxr ewY;ksa ds dkj.k vkfn ik=ksa dh dgkfu;ksa ds ek/;e ls cykRdkj fgUnw ukjh ds ukrs mlus bl ckr dh f”kdk;r ugha dh ihfM+r L=h dh lkekftd] euksoSKkfud vkSj uSfrd vkSj ml fnu vuk;kl gh ;g dkj.k cu x;k gks] leL;kvksa rFkk L=h iq#"k lEcU/kksa dh tfVyrk dk

1mldh viuh bPNk ls muds lkFk tkus dk** lqferk vadu fd;k x;k gSA blds lkFk gh *v)Zukjh”oj* esa dks lcls T;knk ;g ckr [kVdrh gS fd viuh lrhRo ijEijkxr ukjh lafgrk ls ifjpkfyr lEiw.kZ ukjh dks ftl uun ds fy, yqVk;k Fkk] og Hkh mls le> fu;fr dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k x;k ugha ik;hA ;g gknlk ifjokj esa vkilh lEcU/kksa esa gSA xkaB Mky nsrk gSA var esa lqferk gh vius ifr o llqj miU;kl esa ys[kd us ukjh ds izfr xgjh laosnuk ds lg;ksx ls vius var% ckg~; la?k"kZ ds ckn bl xk¡B O;Dr dh gSA ;g laosnuk lekt esa mlds izfr lksp dks [kksydj eqfDr dk jkLrk [kkst fudkyrh gSA blesa dks cnyus dk iz;kl gSA cykRdkj ihfM+r L=h lqferk dk lkFk ofrZdk nsrh gS tks [kqn Hkh lekt dh “kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld ihM+k dks >syrh gSA mls FkksFkh uSfrdrk dk f”kdkj gSA vftr vkSj lqferk ds lgkuqHkwfr vkSj viuRo dh t:jr gksrh gS ijUrq fj”rs esa dM+okgV cgqr c<+ tkrh gSA nksuksa lkFk rks lekt vkSj ifjokj mls gh nks"kh eku dj dV?kjs esa jgrs gS ijUrq vfo”okl dh fLFkfr ges”kk cuh jgrh [kM+k djrh gSA blls eqfDr rHkh laHko gS tc L=h gSA lqferk dh ihM+k ds ek/;e ls miU;kldkj lekt vkSj nksuksa leku lgHkkfxrk dks izkIr djsa nksuksa ds lkeus bl egÙoiw.kZ iz”u dks mBkrk gS fd L=h dh ,d&nwljs dks viuh lcyrkvksa vkSj nqcZyrkvksa ds nsg dh iforzrk ds [kf.Mr gksus ij mls vifo= D;ksa lkFk Lohdkj djsaAeku fy;k tkrk gS vkSj viuh gh iRuh ds R;kx dh miU;kl dh dFkk cykRdkj dh ?kVuk dks ysdj dher dks Hkh D;ksa ugha le> ikrk gSA gh “kq: gksrh gS lqferk vius ifr vftr vkSj uun

lqferk vius Åij gq, vR;kpkj dks pqipki foHkk ds lkFk jkr ds “kks okyh flusek ns[kus tkrh gS lekt dh vU; ukfj;ksa dh Hkkafr ugha lgrh cfYd “kks [kRe gksus ij okil tkus ds fy, viuk LdwVj lekt esa bl gknls dh f”kdkj gqbZ efgykvksa dks ns[krs gS rks mlesa xM+cM+h utj vkrh gSA vftr dks


ysdj cykRdkj ds fo#) vfHk;ku “kq: djrh gSA Hkh mlh dks feyhA vkgr] viekfur eSa fdlh dh 3 bl flyflys esa og mu fL=;ksa ls laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e d:.kk dh vf/kdkfj.kh Hkh ugha jg xbZ------** ,slh

ls tqM+rh pyh tkrh gSA lqferk] foHkk] ofrZdk] L=h dks ;fn ifjokj lc dqN Hkwydj Lusg vkSj I;kj fdj.k] “kkfgnk vkfn ,slh gh fL=;k¡ gSaA tks ekufld nsrk Hkh gS rks lekt mls Lohdkj ugha djrk vkSj mls vkSj “kkjhfjd ihM+k ls xzLr gSaA fgdkjr dh fuxkg ls ns[krk gS &**fdruk cM+k lalkj

gS esjs Hkhrj nnZ ls lukA fdlh dks fn[kk Hkh ugha vius “kks/k ds lEca/k esa lqferk lcls igys izkS<+ ldrh] fdlh dh lgkuqHkwfr Hkh ugha pkg ldrhA iEeh ls feyrh gSA uofookfgr iEeh ij mlds ukSdj blfy, ifr&ifjokj dk eqDr Lusg&lRdkj ikdj Hkh us gh cykRdkj fd;k FkkA ifr mls lgkjk nsrk gS] eq>s vkt Hkh yxrk gS fd tSls gj dksbZ eq>s fgdkjr fQj Hkh og [kqn dks lekt ds lkeus viekfur vkSj dh fuxkg ls ns[k jgk gSA ml vkReXykfu ls eSa dkai vijkf/kuh le>rh gSA iEeh dk ifr ml lR; dks &dkai mBrh gw¡] blfy, ugha fd dksbZ eq>s nks"kh tkurk gS blfy, og viuh iRuh dks le>krs gq, le>rk gS cfYd blfy, fd eSa Lo;a vius dks bl dgrk gS fd **ckr varr% rqe ij gS] rqEgkjh viuh nks'k ls eqDr D;ksa ugha dj ik jgh lekt dks >Vd “kfDr vkSj rqEgkjh viuh {kerk ij gSA rqe fxjksxh]

4lekt rqEgsa jkSanrk pyk tk,xkA rqe [kM+k gksuk D;ksa ugha nsrh\** tks iEeh dh vkReXykfu gS oks bl pkgksxh] eSa rqEgkjs lkFk jgw¡xkA rqeesa pyus dk ladYi FkksFkh :f<+oknh lekt dh gh nsu gSA lqferk dh

2vxyh eqykdkr “kkfyuh tks ukjh *eu&if=dk* dh gksxk rks esjh “kfDr rqEgsa vts; dj nsxhA** iEeh ds mi&lEikfndk gS ls gksrh gS “kkfyuh tc lkr o"kZ dh ek/;e ls miU;kldkj ,d ,sls L=h ik= dks izLrqr Hkh rHkh mlds lkFk ,d lRrj o"kZ ds o`) O;fDr us djrk gS tks Lo;a dks vijkf/kuh le>rh gSA pw¡fd cykRdkj fd;k Fkk feBkbZ dk ykyp nsdjA “kkfyuh ijEijkxr lekt dh ekufldrk ;gh Fkh blfy, tc Hkh dksbZ o`) O;fDr dks ns[krh gS rks vkt Hkh ph[k iEeh Hkh ,slk lkspus ds fy, foo”k gS ijUrq mldk mBrh gSA “kknh ds ckn “kkfyuh mlds ifr ds lkFk ifr mls bl ekufldrk ls ckgj fudyus dh izsj.kk oSokfgd thou ugha fcrk ikrh vkSj og rykd ys ysrh nsrk gSA ysfdu iEeh dks lekt dh dBksjrk dk gSA fuEuoxZ ds ,d ifjokj dh csVh jktdyh Hkh blh vkHkkl gS bl fy, lekt dh dwzjrk vkSj viuh izdkj gol dh f”kdkj gksrh gSA lqferk jktdyh ls foo”krk dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgrh gSA **lp feydj mldh ;kr+uk ls lk{kkRdkj djrh gS] lqferk! lc dqN ds ckotwn eSa og ugha jgh Fkh tks jktdyh iqfyl dh gol dk f”kdkj gqbZA ckn esa Luku?kj ls fudyrs le; FkhA lekt dh ml ij nk: dk O;kikj djus dk bYtk+e yxkdj uhfr&uSfrdrk “kkL= esa iki&iq.; dh O;k[;k gokykr esa Hkh cUn dj fn;k x;kA ftl iqfyl dks uj&ukjh ds laca/k lcus feydj esjs vUr%dj.k esa ;g lekt dk j{kd dgk tkrk gS ogh vxj Hk{kd cu Hkkouk iSoLr dj nh Fkh fd dqN v?kfVr ?kV x;k gS tk, rks D;k gksxk bl lekt dkA **ij mUgksaus D;k vkSj tks dqN ?kfVr gqvk gS og iki gSA ,slk iki fd;k mlds lkFk\ mlh Fkkus esa ewaNks ij rko nsrk og ftldk izfrdkj ugha gks ldrkA eq>s vijkf/kuh ml vkc: ywVrk gS esjh tSlh vlgk; vkSjrksa dh vkSj nfjans us ugha cuk;k cfYd esjs lekt us cuk;kA Hkhrj /kedh nsrk gSA vkSj eq>s viuk ?kj NksM+uk iM+k tSls eSa ls eSa ftls Lohdkj ugha dj ldh Fkh] ogh eq> ij

5Fkksi fn;k x;kA ftlds izfr vijk/k fd;k x;k ltk &tSls eSa -------------**


gekjs ns”k eas fuEu tkfr;ksa ds mRFkku ,oa eqDr gks tkÅ¡xkA rHkh ge lpeqp ifr&iRuh gks 7dY;k.k ds fy, fu;e vkSj dkuwu rks [kwc cuk, tkrs ldsaxs fu%”kad gks ldsaxsA**

gSa ij ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry ij flQZ gok gokbZ gh lkfcr vUrr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bl miU;kl esa gksrh gS ftl fuEu oxZ dh jktdyh dks ?kj feyuk fL=;ksa dh n”kk ds izfr fpUrk O;Dr dh x;h gS pkfg, mlh dkuwu us mls viuk ?kj NksM+us ij foo”k ukf;dk ds ek/;e ls fL=;ksa ds Hkhrj psruk mRiUu fd;kA jktdyh ds lkFk Fkkus esa ?kVh gqbZ ?kVuk bl djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA L=h vkSj ,d nwljs ds ckr dh vksj ladsr djrh gS fd Ikq#"k lRrkRed iwjd gksa bl fopkj dks dsUnz esa j[kdj gh v)Zukjh”oj lekt dh ekufldrk ls gh iwjk lekt iwjh U;k; dh ifjdYiuk dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl O;oLFkk ifjpkfyr gksrk gSA jktdyh ds firk ds mn~ns”; dh flf) rHkh gksxh tc ukjh Lo;a vius ek/;e ls miU;kldkj blh vksj ladsr djrk gSA vfLrRo dh j{kk ds fy, iz;Ru”khy gksaxhA **;g dkuwu dk ugha laLdkjksa vkSj mlls ful`r bl miU;kl ds fo"k; esa xksiky jk; dh ;g lkekftd ewY;ksa dk iz”u gSA ;qx&;qx ls ftl fVIi.kh vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gS&laLdkjksa us ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gS] mUgha ls **ukjh fo"k;d laosnuk vkSj fparu ds fy, vkrafdr gS gekjk eu] gekjk fparuA oSlk gh cu fujUrj ftl vkSiU;kfld <k¡ps dh ryk”k esa fo".kq x;k gS gekjk euksfoKku------------- vgsjh gS] ukjh izHkkdj th Fks oks mUgsa *v)Zukjh”oj esa izkIr gks ldk**A f”kdkj( Lokeh gS] ukjh vkyksdeafMr nklh( iq:"k Hkw&Lokeh] ukjh HkwfeA blh ls mn~Hkwr gqbZ gS O;fDrxr

lanHkZlEifRr vkSj LokfeRo dh HkkoukA /kjrh dk LokfeRo

1- fo".kq izHkkdj& *v)Zukjh”oj*] fdrkc ?kj 6ukjh ds LokfeRo dk gh :Ik gSA** blh izdkj “kkfgnk] izdk”ku] laLdj.k &2016] i`0 76

fdj.k] ekFkkZ vkSj “;keyk vkfn ,slh gh fL=;k¡ gSa tks 2- ogh i`0 17nq[kh vkSj ihfM+r gSa vkSj bl lÙkkRed lekt dh 3- ogh i`0 16ekufldrk ls iwjh rjg eqfDr pkgrh gSA 4- ogh i`0 17fo".kq izHkkdj us *v)Zukjh”oj** miU;kl esa L=h 5- ogh i`0 61lqfprk ds iz”u ij xgjk;h ls fopkj djrs gq, L=h 6- ogh i`0 65thou ls tqMs+ vU; egÙoiw.kZ eqn~nksa ls mls tksM+dj 7- ogh i`0 121ns[krs gSaA bl miU;kl dk eq[; mn~ns”; ijLij

lkFkh vkSj fe= ds :Ik esa ns[kus dh bPNk gSA 8- xkis ky jk;&fgUnh miU;kl dk bfrgkl& i0 235ifr&iRuh ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksa] nkl vkSj Lokeh dk Hkko ogk¡ ij ugha vkuk pkfg,A lqferk ds izfr vftr dk dFku bl lanHkZ esa mYys[kuh; gS& **eSa lqferk dks viuh nklrk ls eqDr dj nw¡xkA eSa mldh nklrk ls


fgUnh

& *& *¼Jherh½ lksuy nkyHkMkW0 eqds’k pUnz xqIrk

***'kks/kNk=k] ,e-,p- ih-th- dkWyst]eqjknkckn ¼m0iz0½ ,lksfl,V izksQslj] ,e-,p- ih-th- dkWyst]eqjknkckn ¼m0iz0½

jr /kkfeZd ns”k gSA fgUnw] tSu] ckS)] Qkjlh] ckS) /keZ ls 'kwU;okn] vfgalk] e/;ekxZ bR;kfn eqlyeku] bZlkbZ bR;kfn /keksZ dk ifo= fuy; Hkkjr viuk;s rFkk bLyke /keZ ls ,ds'ojokn] Hkzkr`okn vkSj gSA fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku] lkEiznkf;d n`f"V ls lwQh lEiznk; ls izse Hkkouk dks ysdj] lcdk

1vyx&vyx vo”; izrhr gksrs gSa] ijUrq muds ekuo lfEeJ.k dj ,d u;k iaFk pyk;k** A oLrqr% og ân; esa ,sD; dh Hkkouk gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa eqlyeku ;qx gh ,slk FkkA fgUnw turk lSadM+ksa nsoh&nsorkvksa dfo;ksa dh jpuk;sa ml dky[k.M dh gSa] tc Hkkjr esa ds lkFk i'kq&i{kh] unh&rkykc rd dks iwt jgh FkhA bLykeh jkT; FkkA Hkkjro"kZ esa /keZ dh /kkj.kk ftl ;K] cfy] ra=&ea=] rkft;ksa] xkft;ksa] ihjksa] Qdhjksa] :i esa izpfyr jgh gS] bLyke&/keZ dh /kkj.kk mlls vkSfy;kas] if.Mrksa] ftUuksa] pqM+Syksa dk ,slk edM+tky dqN fHkUu fn[kk;h nsrh gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa /keZ dk vFkZ Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh lar turk dks lh/kk ekxZ fn[kk;s Hkh LoHkko] drZO;&fu"Bk bR;kfn dk |ksrd gS] ijUrq rks dSls! blhfy, dchj vkfn KkuekfxZ;ksa us fl)ksa bLyke esa /keZ dk vfHkizk; lEiznk; ls gSA Hkkjr esa vkSj ;ksfx;ksa dh “kSyh] oS'.ko HkDrksa dh HkfDr vkSj bLyke] jktuSfrd 'kfDr ds :i esa vkus ls igys /keZ lwfQ;ksa dk izse ysdj turk esa /kwe epk nhA fuf”pr ds :i esa vk pqdk FkkA eqlyeku dfo;ksa us fgUnw /keZ :i ls vius le; esa dchj us yksduk;d dk dke dh ,sfrgkfld vkSj ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa dk lgkjk fd;k] tks vkxs pydj rqylh esa iw.kZ gqvkA ysdj tks dfork fy[kh] mlls rRdkyhu lkaLd`frd lar&lkfgR; vR;Ur fo”kky gSA vc rd yxHkx okrkoj.k dks Hkkjrh;rk dk iqV feykA bu dfo;ksa us ikap lkS lar dfo;ksa dh ckfu;ka miyC/k gks pqdh gSa A lHkh dFkkvk as dk s Hkkjrh;rk d s jxa e as jxa dj lkLa dfrd buesa izca/k] eqDrd ,oa LQqV lHkh izdkj dh jpuk,¡ lkeatL; dh uhao Mkyh A gSaA eqfLye lar dfo;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k] fgUnw lar

dfo;ksa ls fHkUu ugha gSA ia0 ij'kqjke prqosZnh fy[krs gSa fd ^bUgksaus fgUnw /keZ ls v}Sr fl)kUr] oS'.ko lEiznk; dh HkfDre;h lar dfo izseekxhZ vf/kd gSa] KkuekxhZ vkSj ;ksxh mikluk] deZokn] tUekarjokn vkfn ckrsa xzg.k dhaA de] rFkkfi bu rhuksa ekxksZa ds ewyHkwr lkj rRo gh

Hkk

Hkkjrh; /keZ] v/;kRe]n'kZu ,oa eqfLye dfo vehj [kqljks


bUgsa lk/kuk ekxZ esa vHkh"V gSaA nk”kZfudksa ,oa tkurk gSA tks mldk n”kZu izkIr dj ysxk] ogh blds er&erkUrjksa ds izoZrdksa }kjk izpkfjr ,ds”ojoknh] vFkZ dks [kkst ysxk A og loZ”kfDreku] U;k;”khy vkSj

2vuh”ojoknh] v}Sroknh vkSj }Sroknh fopkj/kkjkvksa bPNkvksa dks iw.kZ djus okyk gS A [kqljks bZ”oj dks bu ds laxzg.kh; rRoksa dh vfUofr buds vk/;kfRed xq.kksa ls lEiUu ekurs gq, ,d igsyh ds ek/;e ls foospu esa feyrh gSA fdlh ,d dks xzg.k dj pyuk fy[krs gSa &mudk LoHkko ugha Fkk mudh ;ksxewyd ckfu;ksa esa c[kr csc[kr eks; ckdh vkl] tgka dqaMfyuh] “kV~pØ] byk&fiaxyk&lq'kqEuk] ukn] jkr fnu jgs eks; ikl AfcUnq LQksV] 'kVdeZ] lqjfr&fujfr] “kCn;ksx vkfn ejs k s eu dk s lc djr g S dke] Kkuijd vH;klewyd fo"k;ksa dh ppkZ feyrh gS]

, s lf[k lktu\ uk lf[k jkeAAogha uke&ladhrZu rFkk ijekRek ls ukuk izdkj ds

[kqljks us bZ”oj dk Lej.k vusd ukeksa ls fd;k ikfjokfjd laca/kksa ls mn~Hkwr HkfDr ds lgt mn~xkj

gSA os mls dgha djrkj] dgha ljtugkj] fo/kuk] feyrs gSaA oSjkX; ewyd mins”k rFkk lalkj dh

vYykg] jke] [kqnk vkfn vyx&vyx ukeksa ls vlkjrk ds fp= Hkh feyrs gSaA izse rRo ,slk lkekU;

iqdkjrs gSaA bZ”oj vuUr xq.kksa ls lEiUu gSA [kqljks fo"k; gS] ftldks lHkh egÙo nsrs gSaA

Lo;a dks voxq.kksa ls Hkjk gqvk rFkk bZ”oj dks xq.kksa ls bl izdkj izk;% lHkh eqlyeku dfo fuxqZ.k

lEiUu ekurs gq, mlls {kek izkFkZuk djrs gSa& eSa ijEijk ds fo'oklh gSa] ;|fi vorkj vkSj iqutZUe

viuh n;uh; voLFkk dks ns[kdj vR;Ur nq[kh gwaA gs laca/kh iafDr;ka ;=&r= n`f"Vxkspj gks tkrh gSaA bu

bZ”oj rw lEiw.kZ xq.kksa ls lEiUu gS eq>s esjs ikiksa ls lHkh dfo;ksa us izpfyr ,oa izklafxd nk”kZfud

eqfDr ns ns ]eSa cgqr ikih gw¡ &ekU;rkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS] fdlh xw<+ rRookn

ns[k eSa vius gky dks] jksÅ¡ tkj vkS tkj Adk fo'ys"k.k budk y{; ugha FkkA

3os xquoku cgqr gSa] ge gSa vkSxqu gkj AAv/;kRe ,oa n'kZu %

vkRek %v/;kRe vkSj n”kZu ds vUrxZr bZ”oj] vkRek] vkRek ds lEcU/k esa vehj [kqljks dk ekuuk gS fd txr] ek;k] eks{k] e`R;q bR;kfn dh ppkZ gksrh gSA

vkRek “kk”or gS vkSj mldk vfLrRo ges”kk cuk jgrk e/;dkyhu dfo;ksa us vius lkfgR; esa Hkkjrh; gSA ekuo vkRek dk LFkk;h ?kj ;g lalkj ugha gS] laLd`fr ds bl egÙoiw.kZ i{k v/;kRe vkSj n”kZu ij cfYd le; vkus ij ,d fnu mls bl lalkj ls i;kZIr fopkj fd;k gSA ;gk¡ ge e/;dkyhu eqfLye vo”; pys tkuk gSA [kqljks ek;ds o llqjky ds dfo vehj [kqljks ds nk”kZfud n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u n`"VkURk }kjk Li"V djrs gq;s fy[krs gSa & ,s nqYgu] rw djrs gq;s muds bZ”oj] vkRek] txr] ek;k bR;kfn ls vius ckcqy ds ?kj cgqr fnuksa rd jghA vc rq>s ;gka lEcfU/kr fopkjksa dk v/;;u djsaxsA ls tkuk iM+sxk] D;ksafd rsjs fiz;re dh vksj ls rsjs fy;s bZ'oj %cqykok vk pqdk gS &vehj [kqljks ds vuqlkj bZ”oj ,d gSA og lHkh

Ckgqr jgh ckcqy ?kj nqfYgu] ds }kjk tkuus ;ksX; gS] ijUrq dksbZ mls ugha 4py rsjs ih us cqykbZA igpkurkA dksbZ ugha tkurk fd mldk :i dSlk gS\

,d vU; LFkku ij [kqljks us bl lEcU/k esa fy[kk ftlus mls ftl izdkj fy[kk gS] mls mlh izdkj


gS& ,s l[kh! tc rd eSa vius fiz;re ds n”kZu ugha [kqljks us vius ml fiz;re ls fojg vkSj feyu ds dj ysrh] rc rd thou dh ;g vU/ksjh jkr dkVuk fy, O;kdqy gksrs gq, fy[kk & fiz;re ds fojg us esjs cgqr gh dfBu gS & us=ksa ls uhan dks Nhu fy;k gS vkSj “kjhj Hkh cspSu gSA os

u rks i= fy[kdj esjh [kcj ysrs gSa vkSj uk gh viuk l[kh fi;k dks tks eSa u ns[kwa 5 n”kZu gh eq>s nsrs gSa &rks dSls dkVw¡ va/ksjh jfr;k¡ A

u uhan uSuk] u vax pSukAtxr %8

u vki vkoS] u Hkst ifr;kaAA txr dk vkfn ewy ,d bZ”oj gh gS] mlus gh bZ”oj dks izkIr djus dk ekxZ cM+k dfBu gS fo”o dh jpuk dh gSA vehj [kqljks us ,d igsyh ds

[kqljksa ds vuqlkj&iu?kV rd igqapus dk ekxZ cgqr ek/;e ls bl Hkkouk dks O;Dr djrs gq, fy[kk gS& dfBu gS eSa viuh vkRek :ih eVdh esa bZ”oj ds izse mlus ,d ,sls vk”p;Ztud caxys dk fuekZ.k fd;k dk jl dSls Hk:a & gS ftldh uhao rks mlus Åij dh vksj j[kh gS vkSj

?kj dk fuekZ.k uhps dj fn;k gSA mldks ?kj cukus ds cgqr dfBu gS Mxj iu?kV dh 9fy, u rks ckal dh vko”;drk iM+h vkSj u cka/kus ds dSls eSa Hkj ykma e/kok dh eVdhA

fy, jLlh dhA fQj dgks [kqljks ;g ?kj dSls cuk& eks{k dh izkfIr ds fy, [kqljks xq: dh vko”;drk vpjt caxyk ,d cuk;k] eglwl djrs gSaA lalkj esa ekxZ n”kZu ds fy, xq: gh Åij uhao rjs ?kj Nk;k A lcls mi;qDr gSaA vius xq: futkeqn~nhu vkSfy;k dh ckal u cYyk ca/ku /kuS] e`R;q ij mUgksaus tks nksgk fy[kk] og mudh blh

6 vko”;drk dh vksj ladsr djrk gS & dg [kqljks ?kj dSls cus AA xksjh lksos lst ij eq[k ij Mkjs dslA [kqljks dk ekuuk gS fd l`f"V ds fuekZ.k esa bZ”oj

10us &”kqHk vkSj v”kqHk& nksuksa rRoksa dk lgkjk fy;k gS A py [kqljks ?kj vkius jSu Hk;h pgq¡ nslA os fy[krs gSa& mlus izse ls gh ,d cht dks mRiUu [kqljks izse ds }kjk gh ijekRek dh izkfIr ekurs fd;kA ml cht ls nks o`{k “;ke ¼v”kqHk½ rFkk “osr gSaA izse gh ijekRek ls lEcfU/kr fojg dks tUe nsrk gS ¼”kqHk½ fudys & vkSj ogh eks{k izkfIr dk lk/ku curk gSA

Rksfg ds izhfr cht vl tkekA e`R;q %7Hk, nqb fcfjN lsr vkS lkekAA vehj [kqljks us ,d ckcqy xhr ds ek/;e ls

eks{k % euq"; ds lalkj ls iyk;u ¼e`R;q ½ dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k gSSA os fy[krs gSa& fonkbZ ds le; esa dqVqEc ds ân; dh lEiw.kZ dkeukvksa dk R;kx rFkk bZ';kZ lkjs yksx vk x;s gSa] blds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh yksx vkSj eerk tSls fodkjksa ls vyx gksdj tks euq"; vk;s gSaA pkj dgkj Mksyh mBkus ds fy, gSa] lkFk esa thou;kiu djrk gS] ogh e`R;ksijkUr eks{k ikus dk iqjksfgr vkSj ukbZ Hkh vk;s gq, gSaA ;gka ij bldk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA ,sls euq"; dh vkRek 'kjhj fufgrkFkZ bl izdkj gS& euq"; dh e`R;q ds i'pkr R;kxdj vius ije rRo dks izkIr dj ysrh gSA mlds dqVqEc vkSj ifjokj ds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh cgqr ls e/;dkyhu eqfLye dfo;ksa us vius dkO; esa bl yksx vfUre fdz;k esa lfEefyr gksrs gSaA pkj O;fDr Hkkouk dks vusd izdkj ls O;Dr fd;k gSA vehj


mlds ikfFkZo 'kjhj dks mBkus ds fy, vkrs gSa] lkFk esa dh gSA e/;dkyhu dfo;ksa dh lalkj R;kx dh Hkkouk ukbZ o iqjksfgr Hkh viuk dk;Z djrs gSaA e`R;q ij ij Hkkjrh; izHkko Li"V fn[kk;h nsrk gSA [kqljks Hkh fdlh dk o”k ughaA bZ'oj dk lUns'k vkus ij euq"; buls fHkUu ugha gSaAdh e`R;q fuf'pr gSA [kqljks fy[krs gSa& tc nqYgu [kqljks us izse esa gh czã dh fLFkfr ekuh gS vFkok dh fonkbZ dk vfUre le; vk tkrk gS] ml le; ;ksa dgsa fd czã gh izse gSA ân; esa izse dk lkezkT; fdlh dk dksbZ o'k ugha pyrk] euq"; lalkj ls LFkkfir gks tkus ij fQj ijekRek ls rknkRE; u gks] vdsyk gh tkrk gS & ;g vlEHko gSA lexzr% [kqljks ds nk'kZfud fopkjksa

fonk dju dk s dVq Eq c lc vk; s flxj s ykxs yxq kbAZ ij Hkkjrh; /keZ&lk/kuk ,oa osnkUr dk izpqj izHkko gSA

pkj dgkju Mksyh mBkbA lax iqjksfgr ukbZAA11 lUnHkZvar fonk ºoS pfygSa nqYgu dkgq dh dNq u clkbZAA

1- mRrjh Hkkjr dh lar ijEijk& ia0 ij'kqjke fu"d"kZ %prqosZnh] i`0 la0&184mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd [kqljks

2- vehj [kqljks&HkkokRed ,drk ds vxznwr&MkW0 ds vuqlkj fuR; ikjekfFkZd lRrk dsoy ,d gh gSA efyd eqgEen&i`0 la0&51lalkj ds vusdRo esa ml ,d dk gh vkHkkl feyrk

gSA e/;dkyhu vU; dfo Hkh v}Srokn ds vUrxZr 3- vehj [kqljks vkSj mudk lkfgR; & MkW0 vkRek vkSj ijekRek ds ,d :i dk gh vkJ; ysrs gSa] Hkksyk ukFk & i`0 la0 &131rFkk bl lkjs txr esa ml ije lRrk ds gh lkSUn;Z] 4- ogh&i`0la0 & 121'khy ,oa xq.kksa dk n'kZu djrs gSaA lz"Vk dh vn~Hkqr 5- ogh & i`0 la0 & 128'kfDr;ksa dk mYys[k bu dfo;ksa esa cM+h izpqjrk ls 6- ogh&i`0la0 & 131 fd;k gSA lk/kuk ds {ks= esa tgka bu dfo;ksa dh n`f"V] 7- ogh&i`0la0 & 59vkRek vkSj ijekRek ds ,dRo ij jgh gS] ogh dkO;

8- ogh&i`0la0 & 129{ks= esa os izd`fr dh ukuk foHkwfr;ksa esa mls O;kIr ikrs

9- vehj [kqljks HkkokRed ,drk ds vxznwr & MkW0 gSaA blhfy, e/;dkyhu dfo;ksa Uks ykSfdd lEcU/kksa

efyd eqgEen] i`0la0&4rFkk HkkSfrd lkSUn;Z dk fujknj ugha fd;k gSA lalkj

10- vehj [kqljks vkSj mudk lkfgR; & MkW0 Hkksyk R;kx dh Hkkouk dk o.kZu Hkh buds dkO; esa vR;f/kd ukFk ] i`0la0&130ugha gSA ;s dfo HkkSfrdrk dks gh vk/;kfRedrk dk

11- ogh&i`0la0 & 121vk/kkj ekurs gSa] blhfy, dsoy lalkj ds feF;kLo:i ds vfr eeRo dh gh mUgksaus vogsyuk


fgUnh

& *MkW0 eqgEen vj’kn

*'kks/kNk=] vyhx<+ eqfLye fo”ofo|ky;] vyhx<+ ¼m0iz0½

j eqgEen ds dkO; esa lkekftd mrkj&p<+ko dFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls lkekftd mrkj&p<+ko dks dh izfØ;k dFkk&la;kstu ds ek/;e ls gh O;Dr iznf'kZr djrs gq, vius dkO; dks jlflDr rks fd;k gksrh gSA bUnzkor* esa eq[; dFkk ds lkFk vusd dFkk,a gh gS] mn~ns';e; Hkh cuk;k gSAlfUufgr gAaS vokUrj dFkkvk as e as lkekftd mrkj&p<k+ o ^bUnzkor* esa ckjgeklk [k.M dk vxj lw{erk ls dh O;atuk dk gh eq[; dFkk dks foLrkj nsrh gSA ;g foospu djsa rks Li"V gks tk;sxk fd euq"; dh mrkj&p<+ko dh izfØ;k esa mYys[kuh; rF; gs fd izo`fÙk;ksa vkSj izd`fr ds fofHkUu :iksa ds vUr%la;kstu uwj eqgEen us vusd LoIuksa dk fp=.k fd;k gSA LoIu ds ek/;e ls uwj eqgEen us vius dkO; esa dk lEcU/k euksoSKkfud Lrj ij euq"; dh lksp vkSj mrkj&p<+ko dks fdruh lgtrk ls izLrqr fd;k gSA izo`fÙk ls Hkh gksrk gSA tks ftl rjg dh lkekftd Hkknks eghus dk o.kZu djrs gq, mUgksaus fy[kk gS %&laLd`fr vkSj voLFkk esa iyrk&c<+rk gS] mlh rjg ds Hkknksa jSu vf/kd vaf/k;kjhA LoIu ns[krk gSA ^bUnzkor* esa lkr LoIu&dFkk,a gSa peds nkfefu MjS fi;kjhAAvkSj bu lHkh dk ldkjkRed vUr gksrk gSA pwafd xjft e?kk cjlS >j ykbZA ^bUnzkor* dh iwjh dFkk dkYifud gS vkSj uwj eqgEen

thm /kU/kso d;k eksa tkbZAAdh vfHko`fÙk;ksa ds izfrQyu esa mldk egÙoiw.kZ

izhre fcuq /ku dSls th;sA ;ksxnku gS] blfy, mlesa fufgr LoIu&dFkk dk

lst vdsy jDr xhr fi;sAAfoospu Hkh mrkj&p<+ko ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, t:jh feyr vkb fi; tc yfx thÅA gSa jktk txifr LoIu ns[krs gSa rks dU;k iSnk gksrh gSA >kj Hk;s dk fefygs fiÅAAjktdqaoj LoIu ns[krs gSa rks muds Hkhrj izse dk jkt&ikV /ku ru r#ukbZA vadqj.k gksrk gSA bUnzkorh LoIu ns[krh gS rks mlds fcuq fi; ,dks eksfga u lq/kkbZAAeu ds vuqlkj fiz; feyrk gSA ea=h cq)lsu LoIu

ns[krk gS rks mls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd jktdqaoj ladV jkuh lqUnjh jktdaqoj ds fo;ksx esa cspSu gSaA Hkknksa esa Qals gq, gSa] jkuh lqUnjh LoIu ns[krh gS fd dh va/ksjh jkr gS] fctyh ped jgh gSA e?kk dk es?k jktdqaoj vk;s gq, gSa vkSj mlds LoIu ds vk/kkj ij cjl jgk gSA lqUnjh dk fny fody gSA vdsys 'kS¸;k mldh lf[k;ksa us jktk dh 'kh?kz okilh dh ij mls jDr ihuk iM+rk gSA og dgrh gS fd 'kjhj ds Hkfo";ok.kh dhA uwj eqgEen us vusd vokUrj feV~Vh esa fey tkus ij fiz;re ds feyus ls D;k

uw

uwj eqgEen ds dkO; esa lkekftd mrkj&p<+ko


Qk;nk! jktikV /ku] 'kjhj vkSj tokuh fiz;re ds earO; ls Hkh gSA tSls le; ifjorZu'khy gS] oSls gh fcuk dqN Hkh vPNk ugha yxrkA Hkknksa esa ikuh ls unh lekt ifjorZu'khy gSA ek?k ds eghus esa ikyk iM+rk vkSj ukyk Hkjk gksrk gSA blesa dksbZ cVksgh vFkkZr~ gSA mlls eqfDr ds fy, vfXu vkSj lw;Z dk lgkjk ysuk ;k=h py ugha ldrkA Hkknksa ds bl o.kZu esa le; dh iM+rk gS] fdUrq ,d fo;ksfxuh ds fy, fiz;re ds lkFk ,d voLFkk dk fp= gSA fQj Dokj dk eghuk vkrk jgus ij ogh ek?k dk eghuk vkuUndkjh gksrk gSA gSA dkfrZd esa Hkh mls fo;ksx lrkrk jgrk gSA uwj Qkxqu dk eghuk vkuUn] meax vkSj mYykl dk gksrk eqgEen fy[krs gSa %& gS] fdUrq ftldk fiz;re mlds lkFk ugha gS] mlds

fy, Qkxqu vkSj Hkh d"Vdkjd gksrk gSA uwj eqgEen us Hkk vxgu eu Hkk cSjkxhA mnkgj.kksa ds ek/;e ls euq"; ds Hkhrj ds la?k"kZ dks ck<+h vf/kd fojg dh vkxhAAckgjh la?k"kZ ls tksM+dj izLrqr fd;k gS %&fnol ?kVk ful cSfju ck<+hA

Qkxqu pkSxqu fojg tukokA vf/kd fojg ikod ru Mk<+hAAQkx jkx uj ukjh xkokAAtklax fi; lks fr; jaxjkrhA lsUnwj HkjSa ekax Hkjk iwjkA frUgS ehB vxgu dh jkrhAAjfp&jfp cka/kSa dqUry twjkAAnnZ Hkkj lksa fi.M cuk;kA ekufga dsfy iq#"k vkSj ukjhA rkeksa thm I;kjk cSBkokAAHkfj lqjax Hkjfga fipdkjhAAthm dks I;kjk filq gekjkA eu vkuUn lksa [ksySa QkxquA fi;q fcuk ugha thm I;kjkAAge flj ijk fcjg cSjkxwAAvxgu ds p<+rs gh eu vkSj oSjkxh gks x;kA fojg lnk fcjg nqtZu gksb vkoSA dh vkx vkSj rst gks x;hA 'kjhj esa fojgkfXu vf/kd eksfga ru gksfydk vkb yxkoSAArhozrk ls izTTofyr gks jgh gSA ;g ml jkuh lqUnjh

dh fLFkfr gS] ftldk fiz;re lkFk esa ugha gS] fdUrq ,d vksj Qkxqu yksxksa ds eu esa eLrh Hkj nsrk gS] ftldk fiz;re lkFk esa gksrk gS] ml L=h ds fy, uj ukjh Qkx xkrs gSa] fL=;ka ekax esa flUnwj Hkjrh gSa vxgu dh jkr [kwclwjr yxrh gSA bl rjg uwj vkSj [kwclwjr jax ls ckyksa dk twM+k cka/krh gSaA iq#"k egq Een u s _rvq k as d s cgku s Hkh lkekftd mrkj&p<k+ o vkSj L=h vkil esa dsfy djrs gSaA ,d&nwljs ij jax dks O;Dr djus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA ;g ikjEifjd vkSj xqyky NksM+rs gSaA nwljh vksj fo;ksfxuh L=h ekU;rk gS fd tc dkxk cksyrk gS rks fiz; ds vkus dh fojg:ih nqtZu ls rax gSA gksfydk mlds 'kjhj esa laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS] fdUrq lqUnjh dgrh gS fd gs vkx yxkrh gSA lqUnjh dgrh gS fd vxj ;g 'kjhj dkxk! rqEgkjk cksyuk >wBk gSA ;fn rqEgkjk cksyuk jk[k gksrk rks gok ds lkFk mM+dj fiz;re ds ikl lgh gksrk rks fiz;re vo'; vkrkA igaqp tkrk] fdUrq eq>s rks ;g Hkh lq[k miyC/k ugha gSA

uwj eqgEen fy[krs gSa %&lkekftd la?k"kZ ds vusd Lo:i gksrs gSa] vusd fLFkfr;ka gksrh gSaA ^bUnzkor* esa bl la?k"kZ dh pSr ekal yS vko clUrwA vfHkO;fDr esa tks mrkj&p<+ko fn[kk;h nsrk gS] dsfg ykgS tks ?kj ufga dUrwAAmldk lEcU/k dFkk ds fodkl ls gS vkSj dfo ds lq[k eksa dkfeuh jgSa HkqykuhA


lsft;k dqlqe fcNkoS vkuhAA gS vkSj galjkt O;kdqy gks tkrs gSa %&

ge dga dqlqe dkaV le Hk;ÅaA Hkksj Hk;s jktk lq/k ikokA

lq[kn Hkksx fiz;re yS x;ÅaAA jEHkk xbZ jgk iNrkokAA

eksfg ys[ks Vslw jrukjkA uka og ckal clsjk uhdksA

Qwy jgk fu/kZwe vaxkjkAA uka og izse fi;kjh th dksAA

gS iykl eksa le vuqjkxhA uka og Bkao lqxU/k tsfg ykxhA

eksfg ru vkx cksgq ru vkxhAA e/kqdj fQjSa Hk;s vuqjkxhAA

pSr ds eghus esa clar dk vkxeu gksrk gS] ysfdu ikr ijS ohjk tsfg ekaghaA mlds fy, bl clar dk D;k eryc] ftldk mldk ijlqu ijS ckal iS ukghaAA?kj ij ifr ugha gSA fL=;ka clar ds eghus esa izlUu Bkoa jgu gkjs lksa uhdksA jgrh gSa vkSj mudh 'kS¸;k ij tSls Qwy fcNk jgrk gS] rsfg fcu Bkao jax gS QhdksAAfdUrq gekjs fy, Qwy dkaVk cu x;k gSA esjs fy, rks jEHkk ds fcuk og LFkku vPNk ugha yxrkA og [kwclwjr jrukj Vslw fcuk /kq,a ds vaxkjk gS] ogh lqxU/k tgka e/kqdj eaMjkrs jgrs Fks] vc mM+ x;hA vc fLFkfr iykl dh Hkh gSA uwj eqgEen us izd`fr ds mu Qwyksa esa lqxU/k ugha jghA vFkkZr~ lq[k esa tks phtsa fofo/k :iksa ds ek/;e ls eu dh vUr%o`fÙk;ksa dk vPNh yxrh gSa] nq%[k esa ogh phtsa d"Vdkjd gks tkrh fu:i.k gh ugha fd;k gS] cfYd ;g fn[kkus dk Hkh gSaA nq%[k vkSj lq[k nksuksa ds chp ,d ,slk fj'rk gS] tks iz;Ru fd;k gS fd ,d gh izkd`frd vkSj lkekftd dHkh [kRe ugha gksrkA ;fn buds chp dk fj'rk [kRe voLFkk esa fHkUu&fHkUu euq";ksa dh fHkUu&fHkUu gks tk;s rks fQj u fdlh izdkj dk la?k"kZ gksxk vkSj u vofLFkfr;ksa vkSj izfrfØ;k,a gksrh gSaA tks phtsa dksbZ mrkj&p<+ko gh ns[kus dks feysxkA galjkt jEHkk lEiUu yksxksa ds fy, izhfrdj gksrh gSa] vHkkoxzLr ds fy, i'pkrki djrk gS] ysfdu djsa D;k! yksx mls yksxksa ds fy, ogh phtsa d"Vdj gksrh gSaA le>krs gSaA fQj jkf= gks tkrh gS vkSj yksx

^bUnzkor* dh iwjh dFkk gh vusd mrkj&p<+koksa vius&vius ?kjksa dks pys tkrs gSaA bl rjg uwj ls gksdj xqtjrh gSA lUrkughu Hkwifr] lUrkughu eqgEen us thou ds ek/;e ls Hkh mrkj&p<+ko dks txifr lqUnj&lqUnj lUrkuksa ds firk curs gSaA iznf'kZr fd;k gSA /khjs& /khjs galjkt jEHkk ds :i dks vius jkT; esa /keZ vkSj U;k; dh LFkkiuk djus okys Hkwy tkrk gS vkSj mldk izse mlds 'kjhj esa lek tkrk jktdqaokj vusd d"Vksa dks lgrs gq, ;ksxh os'k /kkj.k gSA ;gh thou dk] izd`fr dk vkSj lekt dk fu;e gS] dj vkxeijq py s tkr s gAaS gla jkt d s le{k Hkh vuds fdUrq izse djus okyk dHkh viuh izs;lh dks Hkwyrk dfBukb;k a vkrh g aS vkjS fQj og viuh efa ty dk s ikz Ir ugha D;ksafd izse dk lEcU/k 'kjhj ls gh ugha] vkRek ls dj yrs s gAaS midFkkvk as e as Hkh ujw egq Een u s mrkj&p<k+ o Hkh gksrk gSAdk s lkekftd lEcU/kk as l s lEiUu dj gh O;Dr fd;k gAS ftl jEHkk ij galjkt eksfgr gSa] mldh e`R;q gks tkrh


fgUnh

& *ujsUnz izrki flag

*bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; tutkrh; fo”ofo|ky;] vejdaVd ¼e/;izns”k½

Unh lkfgR; esa /khjs&/khjs vkfnoklh foe'kZ fy[kus dh dksf'k'k dhA vkfnoklh lkfgR; dh viuh igpku 21 oha 'krkCnh ds 10 osa n'kd ds ckn vo/kkj.kk ds lanHkZ esa gS fd vkfne thou thus okys cukrk tk jgk gSA vkt fgUnh lkfgR; dh gj fo/kk esa vkfnoklh lekt dks ysdj tks fy[kk tk jgk gS og vkfnoklh lUnHkZ xaHkhj Lo:i ysdj lkeus vk jgk vkfnoklh lkfgR; gSA ;g ,slk lkfgR; gS tks gSA Hkkjr ds vkfnoklh lekt ds yksx ekSf[kd vkfnokfl;ksa dks eqfä nsus okyk gSA lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls viuh lkaL—frd gypy dks lkfgR; dh vo/kkj.kk dks ysdj i{k pkgs ftrus vukfndky ls O;ä djrs jgs gSaA ;g vyx ckr gS gksa ysfdu bruk lR; gS fd gj og lkfgR; fd mudh dksbZ fyfi u gksus dh otg ls muds vkfnoklh lkfgR; ds varxZr vkrk gS ftlesa ekSf[kd lkfgR; dk Lo:i lkfgR; txr esa iw.kZ :i vkfnoklh i{k/kjrk gksA vkfnoklh lkfgR; ds ewY; ls çdV ugha gks ik jgk gS] ysfdu lH; lekt ls dks ysdj Hkh vkykspdksa us viuh ckr dgrs gq, ;g vyx mudh lkfgfR;d vuqxw¡t dgha u dgha fdlh fn[kk;k gS fd vkt ds bl ;qx esa prqfnZd ewY;ksa dk u fdlh :i esa lqukbZ iM+rh jgh gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dks voewY;u fn[k jgk gS] ,sls esa vkfnokfl;ksa ds gekjs çkphu /keZ xzaFk esa Hkh js[kkafdr fd;k x;k gSA lkeqnkf;d ewY; vkSj ç—fr ds lkFk muds ca/kqRo ls osnksa esa] jkek;.k esa] egkHkkjr esa budh ppkZ dh x;h lh[k yh tk ldrh gSA mudh lH;rk dk vkye ;g gSA b/kj vktknh ds iwoZ dbZ vkfnoklh jpukdkjksa us gS fd vkfnoklh lekt ds yksx Qy rksM+us ls igys muds thou ij] muds feFkdksa ij vkSj muds ekSf[kd isM+ksa ls] nw/k nqgus ls igys cNM+ksa ls {kek ;kpuk djrs lkfgR; ij fy[kus dh dksf'k'k dhA baXyS.M] teZuh] gSaA vkfnoklh laL—fr ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk Hk.Mkj gSA ukosZ] gkySaM vkfn ds iknjh x.k vkSifuosf'kd nkSj esa muds lkfgR; esa bUgh ewY;ksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa dke djrs gq, mudh Hkk"kk vkSj vkfnoklh lkfgR; esa lekt] ns'k vkSj nqfu;k dks lkfgR; ij] mudh yksddFkkvksa ij muds yksdxhr csgrj cukus dh vfHkyk"kk gSA fo}kuksa dk vfHker gS ij] feFkdksa ij dqN u dqN fy[krs jgsA fd vkfnoklh lkfgR; nks :iksa esa gekjs lkeus gS

Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh leqnk; ij ys[ku dh ekSf[kd ;k okfpd lkfgR; rFkk fyf[kr lkfgR;A 'kq#vkr xqykeh ds le; ls gh çkjEHk gks x;h vkSj vkfnoklh dfork dks ysdj Hkh vkfnoklh Hkkjrh; rFkk ik'pkR; nksuksa fo}kuksa us vkfnoklh fpUrd viuh vo/kkj.kk O;ä djrs gSa vkSj ;g ekurs thou vkSj lkfgR; dks dsfUær djds cgqr dqN gSa fd vkfnoklh dfork ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd

fg

ledkyhu fgUnh dfork esa vkfnoklh foe'kZ


vkfnoklh ,oa mudh laL—fr] u`R;] Hkk"kk] laosnuk 2- Þiqfyl okys ij vknfe;ksa dh vk¡[k Fkh vkfn lexz thou ls viuk jgs lacy j[kus okyksa blfy, jaxrw dh uaxh vkSjr }kjk ,slh gh Hkkouk ls vksrçksr fy[kh dfork dks ge ckgj ugha vk ldhvkfnoklh dfork dg ldrs gSA vFkkZr vkfnoklh ysfdu Hkhrj dfork og dfork gS ftlesa vkfnokfl;ksa dk 3cPp s mld s 'kjhj l s iguko s dh rjg fpid s g,q Fkßstuthou] =kln] mudh laL—fr ,oa ekU;rkvksa dks

3- Þvdys k ph[k jgk g S dvq kjh jkr dk vo/S k cPpkmuds okLrfod :i esa vfHkO;fä feykrh gSA

cknyksa dh toku csfV;k¡ vktknh ds ckn fgUnh dfork esa vkfnoklh thou dks 4

ftLe dh nqdku dj jgh gSa Aßysdj xSj vkfnoklh yksxksa us fy[kus dk ç;kl fd;k bu fganh ds xSj vkfnoklh jpukdkjksa ds vykok ftlesa Hkokuh çlkn feJ }kjk tuktkrh; ek¡ dk

vkfnoklh jpukdkjksa us vkfnoklh thou ds la?k"kZ dks o.kZu djrs gq, fuEufyf[kr dfork æ"VO; gS&tSlk eglwl fd;k mldh vfHkO;fä LokuqHkwfr ds Þ,d ek¡ vk/kkj ij ;FkkFkZ dh dlkSfV ij dldj lkeus yk;kA py jgh gS lM+d ij vkfnoklh dfork esa dsoy vkfnoklh i{k/kjrk dh vius cPpksa dks ckr gqbZ gSA vkfnoklh jpukdkj vius vkfnoklh

Nkrh ls fpidk, gq, lekt ds bnZ fxnZ tks thou la?k"kZ vkSj vkRe la?k"kZ gS

vkSj vLoLFk gS og mlh dks gh 'kCn fn;k gSA vuqt yqxqu dh bl dfork

fd çy;dky rd esa bl lR; ns[kk tk ldrk gS&ys tk;sxh mls fudky dj ^^geus dHkh lYrur dh dkeuk ugha dhpkjks rjQ ls geus ugha pkgk fd gekjk jkT;kfHk"ksd gks

1 meM+dj vk lgh gS vkQrksa ls Aß gekjs 'kkgh gksus dh dkeuk esa jgk gS

fganh jpukdkjksa us vkfnoklh lekt dh ihM+k vatqjh Hkj liuksa dk lp gksukdks] budh lkekftd osnuk dks vk/kkj cuk dj tks ne rksM+rs oDr ckgksa dh vVwV tdM+ufy[kk gS mlesa vkfnoklh lekt dh ihM+k ds fofo/k vkSj jfDre gksBksa dh vafre çxk<+ eqgj:i ns[kus dks feyrs gSa &

geus pkgk fd1- Þgekjh /kjrh gesa okil ns nks

iaMqdksa dh uhan] gesa >aMs okyh vktknh ugha pkfg,

fxygfj;ksa dh /kekpkSdM+h ls VwV Hkh tk;sokil ys ds jgsaxs] ge vius taxy 5

rks muds lius u VwVsA^^viuh ixMafM;k¡ viuh yky feêh

^fojlk eq.Mk ;kn* fy[krs gq, gfgjke eh.kk ;g [kcjnkj ! [kcjnkj !!

fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd fojlk eq.Mk us fdl ge Hkwys ugha gS rhj /kuq"k pykuk rjg vkfnoklh lekt ds fy, fczfVl gqdwer ds gesa ugha pkfg, rqEgkjk iVuk f[kykQ la?k"kZ fd;kA og vPNh rjg ls ;g tkurs Fks

2ugha pkfg, rqEgkjh ubZ fnYyh Aß dh fczfV'k gqdwer mUgsa cckZn dj nsxh ysfdu og gkj


ugha ekus vkSj la?k"kZ djrs jgsA dfork æ"VO; gS& Þlaxh js!

ÞeSa dsoy nsg ugha rkuks viuk rjdl

eSa taxy dk iq'rSuh nkosnkj gw¡ ugha gqvk gS HkksFkjk vcrd

iq'rsa vkSj muds nkos ejrs ugha ^fcjlk ckck rhj*

eSa Hkh ej ugha ldrk dldj Fkkeks

eq>s dksbZ Hkh Vguh ij vVds gq,

taxyksa ls csn[ky ugha dj ldrk lwjt ds yky xks<k* dks

myxqyku! xyk nks viuh gFksfy;ksa dh

myxqyku!! xehZ ls 6 vkSj QSyk nks >kj[k.M dh myxqyku!!!ß

Qqufx;ksa ij fueZyk iqrqy vkfnoklh fpardksa esa viuh vyx fHkulfj;k esa mtkl igpku j[krh gSaA ewyr% laFkkyh Hkk"kk dh dof;=h

gSaA ^uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs ctrs 'kCn* vkfnoklh pVdus ls igys thou dk thoar nLrkost gSA mudh lkjh dfork cs/k Mkyks LokuqHkwfr ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj oks fujarj vkfnoklh gka] cs/k Mkyks i{k/kjrk ij fy[krh jgh gSaA fueZyk iqrqy dh nkeksnj dh Lo.kZ js[kk dks dforkvksa esa vkfnoklh fL=;ksa dh i{k/kjrk ns[kus dks dkyh ukfxu cuus ls igys feyrh gS vkSj os ,sls iq:"kksa ds f[kykQ gSa tks ukjh dks fd ns[k ldks rqe dsoy Hkksx dh oLrq le>rs gSa& mlds fueZy ty esa

Þ;s os yksx gS tks fnu ds mtkys esa flQZfeyus ls drjkrs gSa eNyh dh vk¡[k vkSj jkr va/ksjs esa 8vtqZu dh rjgßfeyus dks ekaxrs vke=.k

bu dforkvksa dks i<+us ds ckn bfrgkl VVksyus ;s os yksx gSa tks ij ;g lkQ gks tkrk gS fd ç—fr ds lkgp;Z esa 'kkar gejs gh uke ij ysdj thou thus okyk vkfnoklh viuh vfLerk ds fy,

7xVd tkrs gSa gejs fgLls dk leqæAß Hkkjh çfrjks/k djrs gSa vkSj ml çfrjks/k esa efgyk,a 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u vkfnoklh lekt dk c<+&p<+ dj fgLlk ysrh gSa vFkkZr rFkkdfFkr lH;

lekt ls ns'k vkSj lekt ds çfr mudh Hkwfedk u vukfndky ls gks jgk gSA bfrgkl fofnr gS fd dbZ efgykvksa us vius jkT; ds j{kkFkZ yM+kb;k¡ yM+h gSaA dgha de gS u t:jr iM+us ij de gksus okyh gSA ;g

lR; gS fd ç—fr dk vkfnoklh lekt us nksgu fd;k jksgrklx<+ ds j{kkFkZ vkfnoklh efgykvksa dh ohjrk ysfdu çd`fr ds lkFk dgha NsM+NkM+ ugha dh vkSj u ntZ gS A muds ladYi dk Loj fuEu dfork esa cM+h muds vfLrRo ij viuh t#jr dk cks> MkykA ,sls lPpkbZ ds lkFk mHkj dj lkeus vk;k gS&


vkfnoklh lekt ds yksxksa dks lH; lekt ds yksxksa rqEgkjh xokgh us le;≤ ij foLFkkiu dk nnZ fn;k tks u dSls gksxh dkfcys ,rckj dsoy gekjs ns'k esa cfYd iwjs fo'o ds bfrgkl dh fQj dSls djksxs lkfcr lPpkbZ gSA gfjjke eh.kk [kRe gksrh uLy* dfork esa lH;rk dh bl vnkyr esa

10bl lPpkbZ dh vfHkO;fä djrs gq, fy[krs gS fd& fd ;g HkkSe* rqEgkjh Fkh\ßÞgesa irk ugha vkfnoklh lekt ds yksaxksa ds lkFk lH; lekt ge canj dh vkSykn gSa ds yksaxksa dk O;ogkj ges'kk Nn~e vkSj uksekb'kh jgk gS ;k Hkxoku dh ealk ysfdu ,sls Hkh lH; lekt ds yksx jgs gSa tks

vkfnoklh lekt ds lkFk Lusg vkSj çse dk lEca/k exj iSnk vkne&tkr gh esa gq, j[krs Fks( mudk çse fn[kkoVh ugha tehuh FkkA ys[kd x x x x

gfjjke eh.kk vius v.Meku fudksckj çokl ds le; exj&Mh- ,l- ih- jgs Jh c[rkoj flag ls feys tks ewyr% ftUgksaus gesa xksfy;ksa ls Hkwuk yqf/k;kuk iatkc ds Fks vc iksVZ Cys;j ds LFkk;h os balku Fks fuoklh gSaA ys[kd us muls ckrphr djds ^tkjok* ftUgksaus gesa Vkiqvksa ds b/kj&m/kj [knsM+k vkfnoklh ds lanHkZ esa cgqr dqN tkuk vkSj ç'uksa ds

os balku gSa ek/;e ls vkfnoklh lekt ds thou ds uhth vuqHkoksa

vkSj tks gekjh uLy dks mtkM+saxs dks ns[kus vkSj eglwl djus dh dksf'k'k dhA blh HksaV

9oks balku gksaxs! ß ds vk/kkj ij mUgksaus ,d dfork fy[kh( ftlesa iwjs fo'o ds lkfgR; ij –f"V Mkysa gj dkYk[k.M vkfnoklh lekt dh ihM+k vkSj c[rkoj flag ds

ds bfrgkl esa lH; lekt ds yksxksa us vius LokFkZ ds vkfnoklh çse dks n'kkZ;k gS&fy, Hkksys&Hkkys vkfnokfl;ksa dks foLFkkfir vkSj Þbl cngoklh çrkfM+r fd;k gS gfjjke eh.kk ^dSls djksxs lkfcr* vkSj LokFkhZ lH;rk ds chgM+ksa esadfork esa bldks O;Dr djrs gq, fy[krs gSa& ,d rqe gh rks utj vk;s

ÞlH;rk ds uke ij çse ds ik[kh lH;rk ds uke ij ugha rks gesa yksx ,sls feys vkf[kj dj gh fn;s tkvksxs cs[ky tSls dksbZ Øst* ikys gksa gtkjksa lkyksa dh rqEgkjh fdlh fcjys oU;tho dks ns[kus dk iq'rSuh HkkSe ls ;k chM+k mBk j[kk gks dksbZ vkSj gksaxs vc dkuwuh gdnkj gesa gekjh HkkSe ls [knsM+us dk

ukfj;y ds bu nj[k~rksa ds ;k fQj gesa canjksa dh rjg eku x x x x [kk| lkexzh nsus dkuk gh gS dksbZ nLrkosth lcwr rkfd [khap lds oks QksVksp'enhn xokg Hkh rks ugha gS vkSj fn[kkrs jgsa ftanxh Hkj

11cl vius flok fd os HkkX;'kkyh gSaß


vkfnoklh vkSjrksa ds lkFk lfn;ksa ls ckgjh yksxksa lc çfrjks/k dh dfork blfy, gSa D;ksafd og yxkrkj lH; lekt ds f[kykQ vius LokFkZ ds fy, ugha cfYd us vU;k;] vR;kpkj vkSj mudk 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k

fd;kA ifj.kkeLo:i oks vius lekt ds }kjk Hkh ekuork ds fy, yM+ jgk gSA og ç—fr dks cpkus ds misf{kr dh x;hA mudk mi;ksx rks bZlkbZ ef'kufj;ksa fy, yxkrkj çfrjks/k dj jgk gSA vxj rqe ugha ekus us fd;k mUgsa vius ;gk¡ 'kj.k nh /keZ ifjorZu rks og /kuq"k Hkys u mBk, dye mBkdj mu lkjh djok;kA bl ;FkkFkZ dks gfjjke eh.kk dh bl dfork ifjfLFkfrvksa ds fo#) ys[ku ds ek/;e ls çfrjks/k esa c[kwch ns[kk tk ldrk gS& djsxk vkSj viuh osnuk dks vkSj lathnk cukus ds fy,

Þvc fudksckj esa gS og eknj rFkk cklqjh ctk;sxkA egknso VksIiks dh dfork ,d fØf'p;u fe'kujh esa ^taxy dk dfo* esa ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS&

^^og /kuq"k mBk;sxkmldk uke eq>s ;kn ugha 12 çR;apk ij dye p<+k;sxk gksxk dksbZ esjh* ;k ,suhß

lkFk esa ckalqjh vkSj eknj Hkh fodkl us lcls T;knk uqdlku ouksa dk fd;k gSA /khjs&/khjs uxjhdj.k ds dkj.k ou dVrs x;s iwjs t:j mBk;sxk fo'o esa i;kZoj.k dk ladV xgjkus yxkA vfu;fer taxy ds gjsiu dks o"kkZ vkSj vU; çkd`frd çdksi i;kZoj.k vlarqyu ds cpkus dh [kkfrj dkj.k gksrs tk jgk gSA vkfnoklh lekt dk O;fä taxy dk dfo blhfy, taxy dh j{kk djuk pkgrk gSA blh ladYi

ekanj ctk;sxk dh vfHkO;fä M‚- jken;ky eqaMk dh bl dfork esa

ckalqjh ctk;sxk ns[kus dks feyrk&14

p<kdj IkzR;apk ij dye**Þtaxy dk vkneh vkfnoklh lekt vkt Hkh fodkl ds vafre taxy dkV dj cckZn dj jgk gS

lksiku ij cSBk gSA u ru <dus ds fy, mlds ikl blhfy, bldh j{kk gksuh pkfg,ß diM+k gS] u f'k{kk] u ?kj esa vUu dk ,d nkuk gSA fQj 'kk;n blhfy, bldh Hkh vius lkjs rukvksa ds chp eknj dh /kqu ij u`R;

j{kk gks jgh gS djrk gS] mlds ikl n;k gS] çse gS] lgkuqHkwfr gS

fVEcj epsZUVl ds xksnkeksa esa ysfdu u ?kj gS u thou dk dksbZ lq[kA bl vuqHkwfr

mudh frtksfj;ksa esa dks dfo lgnso lksjh ^og vkneh* 'kh"kZd dfork ds

uksVksa ds caMyksa ds :i esa ! ek/;e ls O;ä djrs gSa lkFk gh vkfnoklh O;fä dk taxy ds vkneh dks D;k feyk\ vkSj mlds O;fäRo dk] mldh thou p;kZ dk] mlds Qy&Qwyghu daVhyh >kfM+;k¡ la?k"kZ vkSj osnuk dk] mlds lq[k nq[k dk js[kkadu ikuh ds cgko ls fujarj djrs gq, fy[krs gSa&NaVrh tk jgh ^^dbZ ckj vkt Hkh

13vuqoZj tehu \ß fy, 'kjklu rhj ls Hkjk fu"kax

vkfnoklh foe'kZ ;k lanHkZ dh ftruh dfork,a gSa futZu ou dh vksj


ikVus en&eLr ljkcksj gks

py iM+rk gS pys tkrs xksn esa

mnj dh [kkbZ ou nsoh dh

fodkl ds uke ij mlds gj lqcg Ny@diV os fudyrs gSa pkanh dh dqlhZ ij cSBs ubZ vkl ysdj dbZ uj fiiklq fojfä;ksa esa

16;g vkSj ckr gS /kwa/kus mtkys dk irkßQsgfjLr esa ugha mlds fganh vkfnoklh dfork ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ jat dk fglkc vkfnoklh Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh vkfnoklh foe'kZ ns[kus dks cSBk lqdwu vêkfydk ij tks feyrk gSA fganh esa muds vuqokfnr :i vkfnoklh mrkj dj gyd esa jl rkM+ dk lekt ds thou la?k"kZ dks js[kkafdr djus esa dke;kc

gqbZ gSaA Hkhyh Hkk"kk ds dfo pkewyky jkBok dh ,d fFkjd mBrk gS dfork dk fganh vuqokn Qwypan xqIrk us 'kwj ge enZ ekanj dh e/kqj vkokt esa ge* 'kh"kZd ls fd;k gS] ftlesa vkfnoklh lekt ds xyr ugha gksxk ftls dguk

15 thou dks js[kkafdr djus esa jpukdkj dks dke;kch lalkj dk v}hrh; ekuoßfeyh gSA dfo pkewyky jkBok us Hkhyh lekt ds ou&çkarj esa jgus okyk vkfnoklh lekt viuh la?k"kZ dh ,sfrgkfld xkFkk ,oa egkjkuk çrki ds lkFk t:jr dh phtksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, 'kgj vkrk gS vkSj fd;s x;s ;q) dh xkFkk rFkk feFkdh; lanHkksaZ ds ek/;e taxyh mRikn dks csprk gS A dHkh egqvk] dHkh 'kgn] ls Hkhyh lekt ds bfrgkl dks bl dfork ds ek/;e dHkh danewy] dHkh fpjkSath] dHkh taxyh ewxkZ] dHkh ls vfHkO;ä fd;k gS tks fuEu gS&tM+h cwfV;k lH; lekt ds yksxksa dks vkSus&ikSus nke

^^'kwj ge enZ ge /kehZ ge Hkhy ij csprk gS vkSj viuh t#jr dh phtksa dks ysdj taxy ds jktk gSa ge taxy dh vksj ykSV tkrk gSA og gj ubZ lqcg 'kgj ge ck?k ds lokj ,d ubZ vkl ysdj vkrk gS ij ç'u gS fd og vkl x x x xfdruh iwjh gksrh gSA ;g loky cus jgus dh ckjg o"kZ rd yM+s ge ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mlds lkeus dy Hkh Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh gS [kkdj danewy ysfdu og mtkys dh ryk'k dj jgk gSA Hkqou yky

lksuh ftldks mtkys dh ryk'k esa* 'kh"kZd dfork esa jk.kk çrki dk os"k /kjdj ryk'kus dk ç;kl dj jgs gSa& ogh /kehZ ge Hkhy

^^fnu dh [kkd Nkuus ds lPps enZ ge Hkhy ckn yqIr gksus yxrs lPps enZ ge Hkhy /khjs&/khjs ou[k.M dh x x x x

va/kh xfy;ksa esa oalt ge ,dyC; ds gSa


'kcjh Hkhy ds oa'kt gSa djrh gqbZ lfjrk flag cM+kbZd viuh dfork ^liuksa dk NksVk ukxiqj* esa fy[krh gSa&ge /kehZ Hkhy

Þfodkl gks jgk gS] Åaps&Åaps Hkou cu jgs gSanksuksa ds oa'kksa dh ykt j[kh geus txa yk a s dk s dkVdj ltkoV d s miLdj cu jg s ga Snksuksa ds oa'kksa dh ykt j[kh geus b/kj xjhc [kklrs gSa gSa ge /kehZ Hkhy VwVh [kkV esa lPps enZ ge Hkhy

17 jts k] dyw h dekr s vkfnokfl;k as dh jxas rh ftna xhlPps enZ ge HkhyßvKkurk& fuj{kjrk & Mk;u fclkfgu d s tky easfueZyk iqrqy viuh dfork ds ek/;e ls my>k gqvk NksVk ukxiqj vkfnoklh fL=;ksa dh i{k/kjrk j[krs gq, muds foæksg

ds Loj dks mn~?kkfVr fd;k gSA vkfnoklh fL=;ksa ds cky etnwj] ca/kqvk etnwj 'kkjhfjd 'kks"k.k us mUgsa ewyr% foæksgh cuk fn;k ;gh gk¡Mh& Mk: dk tkuysok nLrwj otg gS fd fueZyk iqrqy us ^uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs [kkuksa& [knkuksa] dPps eky dh [kku gSa 'kCn* 'kh"kZd dfork esa ukjh 'kks"k.k ds dbZ :iksa dks gzkl gS cl gzkl gS çdV fd;k gS vkSj var esa vkfnoklh fL=;ksa dh 19dgk¡ fuekZ.k gSßfoæksgh psruk dks fuEu dfork ds ek/;e ls çdV

bfrgkl ij –f"V Mkysa rks iwjs e/;dky esa /ku fd;k gS os fy[krh gSa&

lEink ds lkFk&lkFk Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh vkc: Þpkgrh gw¡ eSa

ywVus okys vkØe.kdkjh fons'kh FksA vkfnoklh fL=;ksa uxkM+ksa dh rjg cts ds lkFk muds lekt ds yksxksa us dHkh dq–f"V ugha esjs 'kCn Mkyh cfYd taxy ywVus okys O;kikjh] nyky vkSj vkSj fudy iM+s yksx lH; yksxksa us ges'kk vkfnoklh fL=;ksa dk 'kkjhfjd

18vius vius ?kjksa ls lM+dksa ijß 'kks"k.k fd;k ftldk mYys[k fueZyk iqrqy ^fcfV;k

eweqZ ds fy, rhu dfork,a* 'kh"kZd ls djrh gSa&uo fufeZr >kj[kaM jkT; [kfut lEink dh –f"V ls lEiUu jkT; gS ysfdu ;g jkT; fuekZ.k vkSj os ncs ikao vkrs gSa rqEgkjh laL—fr esa fodkl ds uke ij fou"V gksrk tk jgk gS] D;ksafd os rqEgkjs u`R; dh cM+kbZ djrs gSa ç—fr dk nksgu larqfyr rFkk i;kZoj.k ds ugha gks os rqEgkjh vka[kksa dh ç'kalk esa jgk gSA fodkl ds jFk ij lokj euq"; vius LokFkZ dh dlhns i<rs gSa va/kh nkSM+ esa nkSM+rs gq, og lksp ugha ik jgk fd ftl os dkSu gSa----\va/kh nkSM+ esa og nkSM+ jgk gS og fodkl dk mtkyk

lkSnkxj gSa os----- le>ks----ugha gS foukl dk va/ksjk gS vkSj loky ;g Hkh gS fd

igpkuks mUgsa fcfV;k eqewZ---igpkuks ! ftl fodkl dk ykyp nsdj vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa dk;Z

igkM+ksa ij vkx os gh yxkrs gSa fd;k tk jgk gS] ogk¡ vkfnoklh lekt bl fodkl mUgha dh nqdkuksa ij rqEgkjs cPpksa dk dh va/kh nkSM+ ls fdruk ykHkkafor gks jgk gSA bl cpiu fpRdkjrk gS fpark vkSj euq";rk dks eglwl djkus dh dksf'k'k


mUgha dh xkfM+;ksa ij yqV tk,axs xkN&o`{k

rqEgkjh yM+fd;k¡ lCtckx ns[kus gksxh csn[kyh

dydÙkk vkSj usiky ds cktkjksa esa bUgsa cpkus dh [kkfrj

mrjrh gSa ujlagkj gksxk

uxkM+s dh vkoktsa jäikr gksxk 21fdruh vleFkZ cuk nh xbZ gSa bl yM+kbZ esa bl yM+kbZ esaß

20tkuks mls -----------Aß vkfnoklh lekt dks tc yxus yxrk gS fd

fndqvksa ¼ckgjh½ ds }kjk mUgsa ywVus dh dksf'k'k gksxh vusd dkuwu cuus ds ckn Hkh ;g ijEijk vkt rc vius vfLrRo dks cpkus fy, vius iwjs lekt ds Hkh cs jksd&Vksd tkjh gSA vkfnokfl;ksa us lkFk vkanksyu ds fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gS A ftldh le;≤ ij vius vf/kdkj vkSj Lora=rk ds fy, vfHkO;fä fuEu dfork esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS] tks ewy dHkh 'kklu ds f[kykQ] dHkh tehankjksa ds f[kykQ rks :i ls dqMq[k Hkk"kk esa gS ftldk fganh vuqokn lquhy dHkh fodkl ds uke ij ywV jgs yksxksa ds f[kykQ feat us fd;k gS&foæksg fd;sA bfrgkl lk{kh gS jktLFkku] >kj[k.M esa

viuh vfLerk] laL—fr vkSj vius taxy dks cpkus Þpyks HkkbZ yM+kbZ djus tk,axsds fy, vkfnokfl;ksa us cM+s vkanksyu fd;s gSaA pyks cguk yM+kbZ djus tk,axs le;≤ ij vkfnokfl;ksa }kjk fd, x;s Msdph&cklu crZu ysdj vkanksyuksa dks ljdkj }kjk cM+s ccZj rjhds ls nck;k diM+s vkSj yRrs Hkh ysdj x;kA muds usrkvksa dks tsy esa Mky fn;k x;kA blh cky&cqr: dks Hkh cqykdj djrjg dk ,d vkanksyu >kj[k.M ds usrjgkV esa gqvk

djks tek@lHkh cSBsaxs lR;kxzg esa FkkA usrjgkV ds Qk;fjax jsat ds f[kykQ pyk, tk

pyks HkkbZ yM+kbZ djus tk,axs jgs vkanksyu esa xk;s tkus okys ewy :i ls dqM+q[k

22yM+kbZ djus tk,axs**Hkk"kk ds xhrksa dk fganh vuqokn lquhy feat }kjk vkfnoklh lekt dk O;fä viuh ekr`&Hkwfe ls fd;k x;k ftlesa foæksg dh vHO;fä fuEu 'kOnksa esa

cgqr Ikzse djrk gSA og tkurk gS fd bl ekr`&Hkwfe] gqbZ gS&bl taxy us lfn;ksa ls muds iwoZtksa vkSj mudk ikyu Þgekjs {ks= esa dSlh yM+kbZ mBh gS iks"k.k fd;kA blfy, lHkh NksVk ukxiqj jgus okys dSlh yM+kbZ mBh gS dSlh yM+kbZ mBh gS vkfnokfl;ksa dks vius oru u NksM+dj tkus dks lykg ujlagkj gksxk jäikr gksxk nsrk gS D;ksafd viuh ekr`Hkwfe dh j{kk ds fy, muds

bl yM+kbZ esa bl yM+kbZ esa iwoZtksa us le;≤ ij cM+s cfynku fn;s gSaA fcjlk

usrjgkV esa Qk;fjax jsat ds fo#) eq.Mk >kj[k.M esa fczfVl gqdwer dh uho fgyk nh Fkh mBh gS yM+kbZ mBh gS yM+kbZ vkSj yEcs le; rd vkfnoklh lekt dh vfLerk gsrq ujlagkj gksxk jäikr gksxk la?k"kZ fd;kA blhckr dh vfHkO;fä fuEu dfork esa bl yM+kbZ esa bl yM+kbZ esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS bldk Hkh dqM+q[k Hkk"kk ls fganh esa x x x x vuqokn lquhy feat }kjk fd;k x;k gS&


^^,s js ukxiqfj;ks vxqok tc ctkrk ckalqjh

dgrk og&fd/kj tk jgs gks \

vius jkT; dks lwuk djds uhan rksM+ks uhan rksM+ks 24vius ns'k dks lwuk djds mBks tkxks mBks tkxks !ß

[kfM+;k vkfnoklh Hkk"kk ds dfo uqvl dsjdsêk ykSV tkvks ykSV tkvks esjs HkkbZ lH; lekt ds dkj.k vkfnokfl;ksa ij vk;s ladV ds ,s js ukxiqfj;ks ------ fy, vius lekt dks txkrk gS] D;ksafd dfo tkurk gS Ekka&cki HkkbZ&cgu fd fndqvksa ds f[kykQ l'kL= ;q) ugha djsxk rks vkSj gekjs iqj[kksa us mldh vfLerk vkØe.kdkfj;ksa }kjk lekIr dj nh vlá nq[k&rdyhQ >syk tk;sxhA blfy, [kfM+;k lekt ds yksxksa dks cjkcj

vius çk.k rd fn, xoka yydkj mBkus dh lykg nsrs gq, dgrk gS fd pkgs

u tkvks esjs HkkbZ&cguksa thou jgs ;k u jgs ;q) Hkwfe ls okil ugha vkuk gSA ykSV vkvks&ykSV vkvks esjs HkkbZ gesa rc rd yM+rs jguk gS tcrd ge ;q) Hkwfe esa

23,s js ukxiqfj;ks-----ß fot; ugha çkIr dj ysrsA bl Hkko dh vfHkO;fä muds bl dfork esa ns[kus dks feyrh gS[kfM+;k Hkk"kk esa I;kjs dsjdsêk us dbZ vkfnoklh

dfork,a fy[kh vkSj fgUnh esa mldk vuqokn Lo;a Þtkxks uhan R;kxks ,s [kfM+;k ohjksa fd;k ftuesa vkfnoklh lekt vkSj ifjos'k dk ;FkkFkZ vka[ksa [kksyks fp=.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA vkfnokfl;ksa dk ç—fr mBks jkr lekIr gqbZ ls cM+k xgjk lEca/k gSA ç—fr dh lkjh gypy ,s [kfM+;ka ohjks ! vkfnoklh psruk dh dfork esa ns[kus dks fey tkrh x x x xgSA ç—fr ges'kk vuqdwy gh ugha jgrh çfrdwy Hkh cSjh nq'eu vukFk ns[kdj gksrh gSA vHkko dh ftanxh th jgk vkfnoklh ç—fr pkgrs jkSnuk [kudkvks viuh ryokjsa ds çdksi esa Hkh Hk;Hkhr ugha gksrk cfYd cklqjh ,s [kfM+;k ohjksa ctkdj viuh [kq'kh dk btgkj djrk gSA I;kjs ,s [kfM+;k ohjksa -dsjdsêk dh vka/kh dfork esa blh Hkko dh vfHkO;fä

x x x xns[kus dks feyrh gS& ekFk Åapk j[kks

Þvka/kh rwQku vkrk gS gkFk mBkvks vkSj iwjc&if'pe pkjksa vksj djks t;&t;dkj va/kdkj Nk tkrk gS [kM+h;k tu dh t;dkj djks rc tkus dkSu ;qod ctkrk gS ckalqjh [kfM+;k tu dh t;

25vkokt xwatrh Åij uhps [kfM+;k tu dh t;ßvka/kh rwQku vkus ij ctrh gS ckalqjh lR; ukjk;.k eq.Mk }kjk eq.Mkjh vkfnoklh lkQ lkQ lqukbZ iM+rk gS dfork,a vkfnoklh lekt dh laosnuk dks çdV djrh


gSA lnSo ls vkfnoklh lekt dk O;fä larks"kh jgk gS foolrk ls Hkjk gS&vkSj vius {ks= ds yksxksa dks vkSj muds ifjos'k dks Þblh taxy ds chp lgt vkSj le`) ekuk gSA vius {ks= dk ç—fr lkSan;Z yxrh gS vnkyr ns[kdj og vkºykfnr gksrk gSA og pkgrk gS fd tgk¡ tehankj dh tehu ij vkfnoklh lekt dk O;fä gj rjg ls vius vkl yky>aMk xkM+dj ikl dh çk—frd lEink dks cpk;s j[ksA lR;

mldh tehu ckaV nh xbZ ukjk;.k eq.Mk us /ku lEink ls ifjiw.kZ jkT;* ¼ ewy

blh vnkyr esa eqfu;k ds lkFk jpuk eqMkjh Hkk"kk esa gS Lo;a }kjk fganh esa vuqokn½

gqbZ cnlywdh dh ltk'kh"kZd dfork esa viuh vfHkyk"kkvksa dks fuEu 'kCnksa esa ekSr nh xbZ çdV fd;k gS&blh vnkyr esa Þgesa lkSaik gS gekjs iwoZtksa us turk dks fn[kh Fkh /ku laink ls laiUu

27igyh ckj viuh ijNkbZ Aßviuk ns'k

bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd vkfnoklh lanHkksaZ ij ekuork ls ifjiw.kZ dsafær jpuk,a vkfnoklh lekt ds foLr`r ;FkkFkZ dks viuk ns'k lkSaik gS lkeus ykrh gS pkgs og fgUnh vkfnoklh dfork gks pyks&pyks pkgs fofHkUu vkfnoklh Hkk"kkvksa esa fy[kh vkfnoklh

cpkus pysa ekuork dk vfLrRo dforkA bu lkjh dforkvksa dk ewy dF; ;gh gS fd

eqxkZ cksy jgk gS vkfnoklh lekt dh i{k/kjrk ds lkFk&lkFk mudh dj jgk gS vkºokgu vfLerk] mudh ihM+k] 'kks"k.k vkSj mudh la?k"kZxkFkk ds pyks&pyks mBks HkkbZ vusd fp= vkfnoklh vkSj xSj vkfnoklh jpukdkjksa gekjs iwoZt gesa jgs gSa ns[k dh dforkvksa esa çdV gks jgs gSa tks ledkyhu fgUnh pyks&pyks /ku laink ls dfork esa ,d u, Loj ds :i esa laxzfgr gks jgs gSaA

26ifjiw.kZ ns'k cpkus& pyks pyks !ßlanHkZvkfnoklh ekSf[kd ijEijk esa <sj lkjs yksd xhr

1- feJ Hkokfu çlkn] O;fäxr ¼dkO; laxzg ½] 1974 ns[kus dks feyrs gS ftuesa budh lkaL—frd gypy ljyk çdk'ku i`- 33çdV gksrh gSA muds vyx&vyx voljksa ij xk;s

tkus okys laLdkj&xhr dh vyx&vyx ckuxh gesa 2- lEiknd 'kksHkkdkar] ukxktqZu jpukoyh Hkkx 2 i`- ns[kus dks feyrs gSA vuqt yqxqu dh dforkvksa esa 38] m)`r MkW- blikd vyh] fgUnh esa vkfnoklh vk/kqfud ledkyhu vkfnoklh ys[ku] vkfnoklh lkfgR;] lkfgR; laLFkku xkft;kckn 2016- i`- thou ds <sj lkjs Loj ftlesa foæksg] la?k"kZ vkSj ihM+k 214dh vfHkO;fä gqbZ gS vkt dh dforkvksa esa fcjlk 3- yhyk/kj tqxM+h cph gqbZ i`Foh] 2003 jktdey eq.Mk çfrjks/k ds egku çsjd uk;dksa dh rjg i`-101&102]m)`r MkW- blikd vyh] fgUnh esa LokHkkfod <ax ls vkrs gSa ijUrq vkt dk –';


vkfnoklh lkfgR;] lkfgR; laLFkku xkft;kckn ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 47&482016- i`-214 15- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh

ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 564- M‚- j.kthr] fganh ds çxfr'khy vkSj ledkyhu dfo i`- 306]m)`r MkW- blikd vyh] fgUnh esa 16- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh vkfnoklh lkfgR;] lkfgR; laLFkku xkft;kckn ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 582016- i`- 215 17- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh

5- la- eh.kk] gfjjke] ^ledkyhu vkfnoklh ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 67&68dfork*] vy[k izdk”ku] t;iqj izFke laLdj.k 18- fueZyk iqrqy] uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs 'kCn i`"B 93] 2013] i`"B 15 m)`r MkW- blikd vyh] fgUnh esa vkfnoklh

6- la- eh.kk] gfjjke] lqcg ds bartkj esa^] f”kYik;u lkfgR;] lkfgR; laLFkku xkft;kckn 2016- i`- izdk”ku] fnYyh] laLdj.k 2008 i`- 9 220

7- fueZyk iqrqy] uxkM+s dh rjg ctrs 'kCn] i`- 53] 19- lfjrk flag cM+kbZd dh dfork,¡ i`- 28] m)`r MkW- m)`r MkW- blikd vyh] fgUnh esa vkfnoklh blikd vyh] fgUnh esa vkfnoklh lkfgR;] lkfgR;] lkfgR; laLFkku xkft;kckn 2016- i`- lkfgR; laLFkku xkft;kckn 2016- i`- 224217 20- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh

8- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 72&73ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 22&23 21- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh

9- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i`- 79&80ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 28 22- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh


11- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 83&84ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i` 31&32 24- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh



14- laik- jef.kdk xqIrk] vkfnoklh Loj ubZ 'krkCnh ok.kh izdk”ku 2014- i`- 112&113


fgUnh

& *MkW0 ’;kelqUnj izlkn

*,lksfl,V izksQslj] ukyUnk dkWyst] fcgkj'kjhQ ¼ukyUnk½] fcgkj

gkdfo fujkyk fgUnh lkfgR; ds ,d ,sls fo"kerk ls ihfM+r ekuork dh NViVkgV vafdr gS] ;qxkUrjdkjh dfo gS] ftudh jpukvksa esa rRdkyhu ;g ckr dfo dh jpukvksa ds vuq'khyu ls iw.kZr% ekuo dh ihM+k] ijrU=rk ,oa ijo'krk ds izfr Li"V gks tkrh gSAmRiUu rhoz vkØks'k dh /ofu lqukbZ iM+rh gS] vU;k; dfo fujkyk *okny&jkx* dfork esa ckny ls ,oa vlekurk ds izfr izy;dkjh fonzksg dh ?kks"k.kk lekt esa uoØkafr mRiUu djus ds fy, ekuoksa ds lqukbZ iM+rh gS] vkSj fo"kerkvksa] foHksnksa ,oa foijhr ân; esa mFky&iqFky ,oa gypy epkus dk vkxzg ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls la?k"kZ djus dh rhoz xtZuk lqukbZ djrs gq, dfo fy[krk gS&iM+rh gSA ,slk Økafrdkjh dfo ,d vksj viuh ^^>we&>we e`nq xjt&xjt /ku ?kksj !vkstLoh dfork }kjk Tokykeq[kh dk foLQksV Hkh jkx &vej ! vEcj esa Hkj fut jksj !djrk gS] rks nwljh vksj ukjh ds fnO; lkSna;Z dh >j >j >j fu>Zj &fxfj &lj esa]vykSfdd >kWdh izLrqr djrk gqvk izse ds eeZLi'khZ

?kj] e:] r:&eeZj] lkxj es]xhr Hkh xkrk gSA

lfjr&rfM+r&xfr&pfdr iou esa]fujkyk d s xhrk as e as rRdkyhu lekt dk ;xq fp=.k

eu es] fotu&xgu dkuu es]Hkjk iM+k gSaA fujkyk dk dfo ân; rRdkyhu

vkuu&vkuu es] jo&/kksj dBksj&ekuork ij gksus okys vuojr vR;kpkjksa ls djkg jkx&vej! vEcj esa Hkj fut 'kksj!**mBk Fkk ekuo dh ihM+k us mUgsa O;fFkr ,oa cspSu cuk

dfo dk ;qxoks/k vkSj nsf[k,] dfo vius vkxeh fn;k Fkk vkSj nhurk ,oa dkrjrk us muds ân; esa ^cknyxhr* esa Hkkjr ds th.kZ&'kh.kZ fdlkuksa dh xgu osnuk Vhl] NViVkgV ,oa vkØks'k dks n;uh; fLFkfr ij vkWlw ogkrk gqvk ckny ls vuqjks/k dwV&dwV dj Hkj fn;k FkkA mPpoxZ dh rkuk'kkgh us dj jgk gS fd& **gs otz xtZu ds ?kuh ,oa foIyo ds mUgs oxZ &fonzksg ds fy, foo'k fd;k Fkk] lkekftd ohj oknyksaA rqe Hkkjr ds bu Hk;Hkhr] u;u&eq[k oS"kE; us mUgs rRdkyhu lekt esa Økafr mRiUu djds BkWis gq,] th.kZ ckgq ,oa 'kh.kZ 'kjhj Ñ"kdksa& dh iqdkj ,d u;s lekt dh jpuk gsrq izsfjr fd;k FkkA vr,o dks lqudj ;gk¡ foIyo epkus ds fy, vo'; i/kkjkas&fujkyk us ,sls xhrksa dk l`tu fd;k gS] ftlesa Økafr

**th.kZ ckgq] gS 'kh.kZ 'kjhj],oa fonzksg dk Loj eq[kfjr gks jgk gS] ftlesa lekt rq>s cqykrk Ñ"kd v/khj]dh O;Fkk ,oa osnuk dks LFkku feyk gS vkSj ftlesa

e

fujkyk ds xhrksa esa ;qxcks/k


,s foIyo ds ohj A txex tx dj ns!

pwl fy;k gS mldk lkj] ;g gS egkdfo fujkyk dk mnkj jk"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk ftll s ifsz jr gkds j dfo viu s ;xq d s ykxs k as dk gkM+ ek= gh gS vk/kkj]viuh y[s kuh ,o a xhrk as d s ek/;e l s vkgoku djrk g]S ,s thou ds ikjkokj ! **;g lcl s cMk+ ;xq ck/s k gAS dfo LokrU=; nsoh ds izfr mDr Hkkoukvksa ls dfo ml le; dk tks ;qx viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj djus ds fy, lnSo m|r jgrk fp= Fkk] mls [khpus dk lkFkZd iz;kl vius xhrksa ds gSAek/;e ls fd;k gSA dfo viuh ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls

dfo dk /;ku ml fo/kok dh vksj Hkh tkrk gSA lkekftd fo"kerk] nfjnzrk ,oa ijk/khurk ls O;fFkr tks lekt ls iw.kZr% vkt Hkh gs; n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk ospSu gksdj lekt esa ubZ Økafr epkuk pkgrk gS] gSA dfo dh iSuh n`f"V ml ;qx dk fp=.k fdruk ftlls lkjs lekt esa uo psruk dk mn; gks] lHkh lVhd ,oa ekfeZd Bax ls fd;k gSA ;g buds ;qxcks/k leku :i l s l[q k&lef) d s vf/kdkjh gk]s lcdk s

LorU=rk d s lkFk thou ;kiu dju s dh lfq o/kk, ¡ ikz Ir dk loZJs"B mnkgj.k gS ftlesa dfo us *og rksM+rh iRFkj* uked dfork ds ek/;e ls O;Dr fd;k gSA gk as vkjS lHkh lekt d s vfHkUu vxa cudj lxa fBr :i ftlesa dfo dgrk gS fd dqN O;fDr rks vkyhlku e as thfor jgAas dfo rks vius ;qx ds l'kDr gLrk{kj

Fks rHkh rks eLrh esa xkrs gq, fy[krs gSa%& Hkouksa es lq[k vkSj pSu dh ftUnxh olj djrs gSa] vkSj dqN O;fDr fnu&jkr th rksM+ ifjJe djds Hkh viuk **xhr xkus nks eq>s rks] osnuk dks jksdus dksAisV ugha Hkj ikrsa gSA blh lekt dh fo"kerk us ml pksV [kkdj jkg pyrs] gks'k ds Hkh gks'k NwVs ]

59 iRFkj rksMus okyh Jfed ;qorh ds thou dh d:.k gkFk tks ikFkso Fks ] Bx& Bkdqjksa us jkr ywVs]AAxkFkk dks dkO;:i nsus ds fy, dfo dks ck/; fd;k gS] dfooj fujkyk us leqUur fopkjksa ls vksr izksr tks bykgkckn iFk ij iRFkj rksM+dj viuk isV ikyrh gksdj ek¡ ljLorh* dh oUnuk djrk gS vkSj muls Hkh gSAHkkjr esa Lora=rk dh vej /ouh dks Hkjus dh izkFkZuk

**og rksM+rh iRFkjAdjrk gSA lkFk gh og leLr c¡/ku dks dkVus] dyq"k eSus ns[kk mls bykgkckn ds iFk ij,oa vU/kdkj dks gVkdj izdk'k Hkjusa vkjS LokrU=; og rksM+rh iRFkjuHk d s fog;&oUn ljh[k as Hkkjrokfl;k as dks uo xhr]

uoy;] vohu rky NUn] uoy daB] uo /ouh uohu dksbZ u Nk;knkjia[k ,oa uohu Loj iznku djus dh ;kpuk djrk gS isM+ og ftlds rys cSBh gqbZ Lohdkj]ftlls loZ= Lok/khurk dk vuj jkx lqukbZ nsA ';ke ru] Hkj c/kk¡ ;kSou]

**oj ns] oh.kkokfnuh oj ns ! ur u;u ] fiz; deZ jr euA**fiz; LorU= jo ve`r& eU= uo] dfo dh laonsuk ,oa lgkuqHkwfr] tks lkekftd Hkkjr esa Hkj nsA oS"kE; ls izrkfM+r ekuoksa ls izfr lglk mlds g`n; ls dkV vU/k&mj ds oU/ku &Lrj QwV fudyh gS] vkSj fgUnh dkO; dh vej iafDr cudj

vkt fo|eku gSA rHkh rks dfo fujkyk dk gn; ml cgk tufu] T;ksfrZe; fu>Zj !^fHk{kqd* dks ns[kdj vR;f/kd O;fFkr ,oa cspSu gks mBk dyq"k Hksn re gj izdk'k Hkj


gS] ftlds Hkw[k ds ekjs isV vkSj ihB nksuksa feydj gqvk gSA dfooj fujkyk ds dkO; esa izkphu :f<+;ksa ,d gks x;s gS] tks ykBh ds lgkjs tSls&rSls py jgk dk fo/oal djds uohu ;qx ds fuekZ.k dh vnE; gS] tks eqV~Bh Hkj nkus ds fy, viuh QVh iqjkuh >ksyh 'kfDr ,oa ijrU=rk ds dBksj ca/kuksa dks dkVus dh QSyk nsrk gS] ftlds lkFk mlds nks cPps Hkh gkFk vnHkwr {kerk Hkjh gqbZ gSA mudh lEiw.kZ jpukvksa esa QSykdj py jgs gSa] tks dHkh lM+d ij iM+h twBh ml le; dk ;qxcks/k gS] tks ekuoksa ds dY;k.kkFkZ gh iÙkyksa dks pkVus yxrs gSa] vkSj tks lkekftd oS"kE; fy[kh xbZ gSA ,sls xgkdfo fojys gh gksrs gS] ftuds ds Toyar izrhd cudj lekt dh dBksj Nkrh ij crk, jkLrksa ij pydj *ekuo&dY;k.k * laHko gSAthfor gSA

**og vkrk & lanHkZnks Vwd dysts ds djrk] 1- ^ckny jkx* ¼dfork½& egkdfo fujkyk ¼i`"B

la[;k &53½iNrkrk iFk ij vkrkA

2- *ckny jkx* ¼dfork½ & egkdfo fujkyk ¼i`"B isV ihB nksuksa feydj gS ,d]la[;k &56½py jgk ydqfV;k Vsd]

3- ^vpZuk* ¼dkO; laxzg½ & egkdfo fujkyk ¼i`"B eqV~Bh Hkj nkus dks Hkw[kfeVkus dks]la[;k &171½eqg¡ QVh iqjkuh >ksyh dks QSykrk A

4- ^xhfrdk* ¼dkO; laxzg½ & egkdfo fujkyk ¼i`"B og vkrk la[;k &74½nks Vwd dysts ds djrk]

5- *vukfedk* ¼dkO; laxzg½ & egkdfo fujkyk ¼i`"B iNrkrk iFk ij vkrkA**la[;k &118½bl rjg dfo fujkyk ds bu xhrksa esa ;qx&;qx ls

6- *fHk{kqd* ¼dfork laxzg½ & egkdfo fujkyk ¼i`"B izrkfM+r] izihfM+r ,oa izoafpr ekuork ij gksus okys la[;k &203½otz izgkj dh izfrfØ;k xwWt jgh gS] ekuo dks

7- *jkx fojkx* ¼dfork ladyu½& lEiknd ia0 dk;jrk ,oa Dyhork ls txkdj u;s ;qx ds fuekZ.k jkefoykl 'kekZdh vksj mUeq[k gksus dh izsj.kk Hkjh gqbZ gS] vkSj ghurk

8- *fujkyk* ¼ewY;kadu½ & MkW0 bUnzukFk enkudh Hkkouk dks nwj djds ekuo&egÙkk dks tkxzr 9- *egkizk.k fujkyk*& xaxk izlkn ik.Ms;djus ds fy, vkRefo'okl dh izcy Hkkouk txkus

dh vnE; 'kfDr eq[kfjr gks jgh gS] ftlls Hkkjrh; 10- *fujkyk dh dfork,W vkSj dkO; Hkk"kk* & MkW0 js[kk ekuo ijrU=rk ds nqnZeuh; vR;kpkjksa ls eqDr gksus [kjsds fy, cy izkIr dj ldk gS] vkSj Hkkjr ekrk ds cU/kuksa dks dkVdj u;s Loj] u;h xfr u;h y; vkSj u;s rky Nan esa Lok/khurk ds u;s&u;s xkus esa leZFk


fgUnh

& *MkW0 _pk flag

*,lks0 izksQslj] gfj'pUnz ih-th- dkyst] okjk.klh ¼m0iz0½

;”kadj& izlkn** Nk;kokn ds loZJs"B izHkko ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Lo0 t;”kadj izlkn izkphu jpukdkj ds :Ik esa lekn`r gSA Nk;kokn f}osnh psruk ls tksM+ dj pyus okys ,d fof'k"V jpukdkj ;qxhu bfro`Ùkedrk ds fo:) lw{e dk fonzksg ekuk g S tk s ukjh rFkk idz fr d s ifz r ,d uohu nf"Vdk.s k] tkrk gSA Nk;kokn jhfrdkyhu :f<+rk vkSj ,sfnzd yk{kf.kd i;z kxs ] O;ta drk] u; s irz hdk as rFkk u; s fcEck as ds foykl fiz;rk dk viotZu dj ds mi;ksfxrkokn ds izfr vkxzgh jgs gS os :Ik lkE; rFkk /keZlkE; ls vkxs izfr Hkkoqdrk] /kkfeZd :f<+;ksa ds izfr ekufld c<+dj izHkko lkE; izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSALokrR; dk vkSj ds cU/kuksa ds izfr LoPNUn dYiuk Ckzt Hkk"kk esa dkO;&jpuk dk vkjEHk djus okys dk fonzksg gSA Nk;kokn ihM+k] vHkkoksa vkSj nckoksa ds *izlkn* us vkxs pydj [kM+h cksyh] lkfgfR;d fgUnh chp iuih gq;h og ijEijk gS tks uohu mRlkg] dh ifjofrrZ gkrs h g;q h fLFkfr dk s vkRelkr fd;k rFkk lq[kn thou dh vHkhIlk dk vkys[k izLrqr djrk gSA mldk jpukRed i;z kxs ikz jEHk fd;kA x|&Hkk"kk ds vkpk;Z jkepUnz “kqDy ds vuqlkj **Nk;kokn dk :Ik esa os [kM+h cksyh dk iz;ksx viuh **bUnq** if=dk lkekU;r% vFkZ gqvk izLrqr ds LFkku ij mldh esa rFkk dFkk jpukvksa esa djus yxs FksA Hkk"kk ds Lrj O;atuk djus okyh Nk;k ds :Ik esa vizLrqr dFku** ij *izlkn* fujUrj iz;ksx”khy cus jgs rFkk leFkZ lgh vFkksZ esa Nk;kokn thou ds vuqHkwfr iw.kZ ekfeZd Hkk"kk esa vius dks <kyrs jgsAHkkoksa dks vfHkO;fDr gSA og vUrZtxr dh Nk;kor jpukvk as e s **fp=k/kkj** dkuu&dlq eq ] d:.kky;] lkSUn;Z lefUor lqdqekj Hkkokukvksa dk uohurk iw.kZ *egkjk.kk dk egRo*] *izse&ifFkd* rFkk *>juk* esa “kSyh lkFk fp=.k gS ftlesa dsUnzh; rRo ds :Ik esa fujUrj Hkkf"kd iz;ksx djrs jgrs gSA vkalw] *ygj* fo|eku gSA rFkk dkek;uh rd vkrs&vkrs os “kq) laLd`r fu"B

Nk;kokn osnuk ds vk/;kfRed lkSUnZ; us lcls “kCnkoyh dk lkfHkizk;] lkfgRdkj iz;ksx djrs gSA os vf/kd vkd`"V fd;k gS blesa la;ksx tfur izse dh oSfnd laLd`r] ykSfdd laLd`r ls lh/ks 'kCnksa dks vis{kk fo;ksx tU; izse dk vkf|D; gh vf/kd [kM+h cksyh dh jpukvksa esa iz;kliwoZd jprs tksM+rs fn[kk;h nsrk gS fo;ksx ls izse ds e/kqj lekjEHk dh pyrs gS vfHkO;atuk dh blh fo'ks"krk dk mYys[k ,d ifjdYiuk *izlkn* esa vf/kd eq[kj gSA dfork ij fo'ks"k i)fr ds :Ik esa vkpk;Z “kqDy us Nk;koknh vaxszth jksekUVhflTe ds iz[;kr dfo;ksa oMZloFkZ] jpuk izfØ;k ds lUnHkZ esa fd;k gS Le`fr iz/kku] dhV~l] “ksyh rFkk johUnzukFk Bkdqj dh “kSyh dk fodYi&iz.k; xkFkk dk fojg iz/kku **vkalw** dh ,d

**t

izlkn dh l`tu psruk


fu"Brk] izse dh ifnerk] mikyEc vkSj osnuk ds yksd *dkek;uh* tyIykou ds foJr feFkd ds vk/kkj ekaxfyd mUu;u dk vnzHkqr lalkj izLrqr djrs ij l`ftr] nso l`f"V ds ,d ek= vo'ks"k *euq* dh pyrs gSA eeZLi”khZ Hkkoukvksa ds izdk”ku] jgL; dh fpUrk ls izkjEHk vk[;ku dks lekl vkuUn dh Hkwfe >yd vkSj vfHkO;atuk dh lw{e i)fr dh n`f"V ls rd mBkus okyk egkdkO; gSA ge *dkek;uh* dh **vkalw** izlkn dh ,d vizfre jpuk gS jpuk izfØ;k] l`tukRed psruk dh ppkZ ;gh ls izkjEHk dj ldrs gS Hkkf"kd lajpuk dh izkS<+rk dk ifjp; mudh *ygj* Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa psruk dk lkekU; vFkZ gS jpuk esa feyrk gS laxhrRedrk] izokg] laKk&Kku vkSj fof'k"V vFkZ gS ije lR; dh vuqHkwfr iz.k;&Hkkoukvksa dh ljy rFkk fueXu dj nsus okyh egf"kZ vjfoUn us ije rRo dh lrr~ vuqHkwfr dks gh rUe;rk dh ygjsa bldh izR;sd jpuk mBkrh gSA lPph psruk dk vorj.k dgka gSA izR;sd vkLFkkoknh **dkek;uh** *izlkn* dh vizfre jpuk gS tks 15 laxzg vkfLrd psruk dh vuqHkwfr ds cy ij gh lrr~ “kkUr esa fuc) izcU/k& gS blesa l`f"V ds fodkl dh vkSj izlUu jgrk gS dkek;uh psruk gS] ewy”kfDr gS] eukos KS kfud dFkk g S tk s eu q ,o a J)k d s ek/;e l s J)k gS og euq dks tM+rk ls psrurk dh vksj] fpUrk of.krZ gAS *ilz kn* u s *dkek;uh* d s *vke[q k* e as fy[kk g-S -** ls vkuUn dh vksj vkSj izse ls Js; dh vksj mUeq[k vkSj ;g vk[;ku bruk izkphu gS fd bfrgkl esa :id vxzlj djrh gSAdkeh vn~Hkqr feJ.k gks x;k gS** dkek;uh dh dFkk *euq* *fpUrk* ls la?k"kZ rd eerk ds fy;s O;Lr ekuoU;u ds fodkl dh okLrfod :id&dFkk gSA vuqjDr jgrs gSA os J)k dks xHkZorh NksM+dj bZ';kZo”k

*dkek;uh* *izlkn* dh loZJs"B vfUre d`fr gS ;k;koj curs gSA bM+k dks ikdj J)k dks foLe`r dj bldk izdk”ku o"kZ 1936 esa gqvk gS *dkek;uh* nsrs gSA os thou esa dsoy lEiUurk] lokZf/kdkj ds en ekuoh; laLd`fr vkSj ekuo&eu ds bfrgkl ds esa >wers jgus dks vkrqj gS ;gh jkten&dkedn vkSj

eerk en muds lEiw.kZ iru dk dkj.k curk gS os Øfed fodkl dk izrhdkRed vk[;ku gSA bl esa u fo"ke fLFkfr esa] Hkaoj esa Qal tkrs gS ?k`.kk vkSj izfr”kks/k eaxyk pj.k gS ugh jhfrdkyhu “kkL=h;rk dk ls os fof{kIr gks tkrs gS mUgs yxus yxrk gS fd thou xrkuqxfrd eksg bldh dFkk izd`fr ds fojkV pkjksa vksj ls va/kdkj ls f?kjk gSA dgha vk”kk ugha] fp=Qyd ij mHkjrh gS ;g nso tkfr ds foxr oSHko izdk”k dh fdj.k ugha os *fuosZn* lxZ esa dgrs gS&vkSj ekuo ds bfrgkl dh vkdqy fpUrk ls izkjEHk gks

**”kkfir&lk e aS thou dk ;g y s dda ky HkVdrk g]awdj lejl izkSj v[k.M vkuUn dh miyfC/k rd Åij rd mBrh gSA izse] lkSUn;Z izd`fr] ekuorkokn] mlh [kk[s kykiu e as tlS s dNq [kkts rk vVdrk gAaw **eukSoSKkfudrk] v}Sr n”kZu] ekuohdj.k] ukjhHkko] euq ekxZ Hkz"V gS mUgs thou es dksbZ jl ugha fey feFkd] izrhd] fcEcfo/kku] laxhre;rk vkSj Hkk"kk dh jgk gS mUgs thou [kks[kyk] “kwU; vkSj vlQy yxus mnkÙk jpuk”khyrk dh n`f"V ls **dkek;uh** vn~Hkqr yxrk gSA mUgs yxus yxrk gS fd thou esa pkjks vksj o fof'k"V lajpuk gSA *izlkn* dh izkjfEHkd jpukvksa vU/kdkj vkSj osnuk gS nnZ gS ihM+k gS os lalkj ls **dkeuk** rFkk *,d?kwaV* ds ik=ksa esa izrhdkRedrk Hkkxuk pkgrs gS muds Hkhrj Xykfu&Ik”rki dh vka/kh ladsr mHkjrk gSA bu jpukvksa esa ik=ksa ds fy, mBrh gSA bM+k mUgs vlgk; NksM+ nsrh gS ,slh }U}esa eukfodkjksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS dkexkstk J)k euq ls J)k dk iquZfeyu gksrk gS euq dks viuh ewy dh] *euq* eu dk rFkk *bM+k* cqf) dh izrhd gSA dk ,glkl gksrk gS os vUrZeq[kh gksdj lR;T;ksfr dh


[kkst esa layXu gksrs gS *izlkn* vklfDr ls eqfDr ds euq vkxkg fd;k gSfy, fnO; psruk dh fn”kk esa vxzlj gksus ij cy nsrs *euq rqe J)k dks x;s Hkwy*gSa **izd`fr dh vksj okil ykSVks** dh ik”pkR; psruk req Hkyw x; s i#q "kRo ekgs e as dNq lÙkk g S ukjh dhAdks uk;d ls] euq ls tksM+ nsrs gS **viuh Hkhrjh “kfDr lejlrk gS lEc/k cuh vf/kdkj vkSj vf/kdkjh dks ân; rRo dks euq igpkurs gSa vkSj vUr esa dhA ¼bM+k lxZ½lejlrk dks izkIr gksrs gSA ;ksx eqDr gh “kkafr dk] iq#"kkFkZ&dke ds eksg esa euq dk foods u"V gks lgtrk dk vf/kdkjh gks ldrk gS xhrk esa x;kA **okluk r`fIr gh LoxZ cuh** *psrurk* vkRek dk v/;k;&nks ds 66osa “yksd esa dgk x;k gS izdk”k rRo gSA izlkn us *dkek;uh* dks fo”o&psruk

**ukfLr cqf);qDrL; u pk;qDrHkkoukA tkxzr djus okys izcU/k ds :Ik esa l`ftr fd;k gS Uk pkeko;r% “kkfUr”kkdqr% lq[ke~** ;tqosZn ¼19@19½ esa izkFkZuk gS] gs bZ”oj rqe rst gks]

¼xhrk 2&66½ eq>s rstLoh cukvks] rqe oh;Z gks] eq>s oh;Zoku cukvks] ;ksx eqfDr dh fLFkr fLFkfr izK dh fLFkfr gS] ;g rqe cy gks eq>s cyoku cukvks] rqe “kfDr gks eq>s

v[k.M vkuUn dk Hkko gS ;ksxh vFkok Hkxon~ HkDr “kfDr”kkyh cukvks] rqe lkgl gks eq>s lkglh dh ,d gh dkeuk gksrh gS& cukvksA** euq"; Loa; vkRek gSA og psrurk dk Hk.Mkj

gS lE;d Kku food ds fy, /;ku vkSj lrr fpUru **chuk ctkvks gs ee vUrjsAdh vko”;drk gksrh gS izkFkZuk ges ml ije”kfDr ls Lktus fctus cU/kq] lq[ks]nq[ks]foins]tksM+rh gS] tks lkjh psruk dk L=ksr gSAvkufUnr rku lqukvks gs ee vUrjs ¼johUnzukFk

Hkxoku cq) us dgka Fkk **euq"; vius esa Loa; iw.kZ Bkdqj½ ;g vkuUn dh rku ân; dh jkfxuh gS ;gh gS] vkRe lk{kkRdkj dgha ckgj ls u gksdj] mlds **rqequ dksykgy dyg esa **ân; dh ckr gS ;gh Hkhrj gh ewyr% gksrk gSA mudk vkdZopu gS**& len`f"V gS ;gh vHksnRo gS *dkek;uh* egkdkO; esa vIIknhiksHko** Lo;a viuk izdk”k cuksA euq viuh J)k vkRek ogh ;gka dY;k.kh gS og fo”o&psruk gS n`<+rk ls fpUrk fujk”kk ls eqDr gksdj vkRe n”kZu og fnO; gS] loZeaxyk gS og euq&bM+k dks psruk ls djrs gSaA J)k dh izsj.kk ls bM+k Hkh Loa; dks igpku tksM+us okyh dM+h gS *euq* us J)k dks ikdj Hkh eeRo ikrh gS izlkn vkLFkkokn ls fo”o&psrukokn dk dh egrh egRokdka{kk ds dkj.k NksM+ fn;k Fkk os vk[;ku *dkek;uh* esa izLrqr djrs gS vkSj Hkkx ysus dsoy J)k ds “kjhj dks pkgus yxs] mldh vkRek ugh nsus ds Hkko dks loksZPp lEeku nsrs gSAdks] n;k] ek;k eerk] e/kqfjek dks os Hkwy x;sA ;gh

Hkwy muds fy, “kwy cu x;h dkeus blh ewy vksj


fgUnh

&*xhrk

*'kks/kNk=k] egkRek T;ksfrckQwys :gsy[kaM] fo'ofo|ky;] cjsyh ¼m0iz0½

xktqZu ds tu esa 'kksf"kr&ihfM+r] loZgkjk Økafr dgk tkrk gSA loZgkjk Økafr dk mís';

lektoknh O;oLFkk dk;e djuk gksrk gSA blfy, fdlku&etnwj 'kkfey gSa] dh eqfDr ds fy, lkfgR;

bls lektoknh Økafr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl tuokn jps gSaA bl oxZ ds lkFk mudh oSpkfjd izfrc)rk

esa turk lkearh O;oLFkk dks tM+ ls m[kkM+ Qsadrh Li"V gSA bldh ?kks"k.kk djrs gq, os fy[krs gSa&

gSA bl tuokn dh LFkkiuk esa lkekU; turk vFkkZr~ ßizfrc) gw¡] th gk¡] izfrc) gw¡fdlku] etnwj Lo;a Økafr dk usr`Ÿo djrs gSaA os 8cgqtu lekt dh vuqiy izxfr ds fufeŸk iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk /oal dj lkekU; turk dh lŸkk

ukxktqZu dk ;g ^tu* bl ns'k dk cgqla[;d LFkkfir djrs gSaA bl izdkj cgqla[; 'kksf"kr turk

vke vkneh] fdlku] etnwj gSaA tks lfn;ksa ls dh lŸkk dks turk dk tuokn vFkok tura= dgk

'kksf"kr&ihfM+r jgk gS vkSj tks vkt Hkh eqfDr dh jkg tkrk gSA bl laca/k esa varksuhuk vksj okysUrhu dk ns[k jgk gSA bl n`f"V ls bl oxZ ds lkFk mudh dFku nz"VO; gS& ßloZgkjk dk vf/kuk;dŸo 'kks"kd xgjh izfrc)rk csgn iz'kaluh; gSa muds laca/k esa oxksZa ds izHkqŸo ds ;qx dk var dj nsrk gS vkSj lPph jkspd rF; ;g gS fd muls mudh izfrc)rk muds tulŸkk ds ;qx ds }kj [kksy nsrk gSAÞ blh dkj.k lkfgR; rd lhfer ugha gS] cfYd og muds loZgkjk ;k turk ds tuokn dks loZJs"B dgk tkrk lkoZtfud thou esa Hkh fn[kk;h nsrh gSA ,d lfØ; gSAjktuhfrd] lkekftd dk;ZdŸkkZ ds :i esa fofHkUu tuoknh dfo vius le; rFkk lekt dk ;FkkFkZ vkanksyuksa ls u flQZ tqM+uk cfYd t:jr iM+us ij fp=.k djrk gSA og lkfgR; dks ^lksís';&deZ* tsy rd dh ;k=k djuk mldh blh izfrc)rk ds ekurk gSA og ;FkkFkZ dh Hkwfe ij fopj.k djrs gq, Toyar mnkgj.k gSaA vius vklikl dh ftanfx;ksa ls xqtjrk gS vkSj mls

tc lekt ds loZgkjk&oxZ }kjk iw¡thifr oxZ vius lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA

dk izHkqŸo [kRe dj viuh lŸkk LFkkfir dh tkrh gS] tu&lk/kkj.k dh nq[k&nnZHkjh ftanxh dks ns[kdj

rks mls turkdk tuokn dgrs gSaA bl Økafr dks mldk ân; vkgr gksrk gSA tuoknh dfo dh bl

uk

ukxktqZu % tupsruk ds dfo


ljksdkfjrk dks c;ku djrs gq, tudfo ukxktqZu ân; vkSj [kqyh n`f"V ls gj lkekftd ?kVuk dks

viuh izR;koŸkZu* dfork esa fy[krs gSa& ns[krs gSaA blfy, iz;ksxokfn;ksa dh oS;fDrdrk dks

/;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgksaus dgk&ßdYiuk ds ia[k lqanj rksM+ Mkys

fHkapk&fHkapk] fldqM+k&fldqM+kHkwfe ij pyus yxk rks iM+s NkysAÞ

gS ân; rqEgkjk]tudfo ukxktqZu vius nkf;Ÿo dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr

vkvks ml ij yksgk dj nsAle>rs FksA vius izkjafHkd thou esa mUgksaus Hkh dYiuk

dk dkO; fy[kkA ijarq tulk/kkj.k ds chp thou gekjk vkt dk lekt Hkq[kejh] vdky] nfjærk]

fuokZg djrs ukxktqZu dks feF;k dYiuk dh ckrsa csjkstxkjh] eg¡xh] equkQk[kksjh] vf'k{kk] Hkz"Vkpkj ls

vf/kd fnu rd u fj>k ldhaA lPps tudfo dk ihfM+r gSA fdarq blh lekt esa ,d nqfu;k vkSj gS tks

nkf;Ÿo cks/k txrs gh mUgksaus viuk lEiw.kZ thou ,s'kks&vkjke ds lk/kuksa] ekSt&eLrh ds lkekuksa ls Hkjh

rFkk dkO; tulk/kkj.k ds izfr lefiZr fd;kA os ,d gqbZ gSA ;gh }a}] ;gh vUrfoZjks/k vkt dk lkekftd

^tudfo* ds nkf;Ÿo dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gq, ;FkkFkZ gS] vkt dk ekuoh; lR; gSA ukxktqZu dh

^tudfo* dfork eas fy[krs gSa& dfork,¡ bl ;FkkFkZ vkSj lR; dks fuHkhZdrk vkSj

fueeZrk ls O;ä djrh gSaA vkt dk lR; ;g Hkh gS fd ßeSa Hkh rks igys ns[kk djrk Fkk lius

vc euq"; thou dh orZeku dh fLFkfr dks fu;fr dh lkFkh] vc rks jax&<ax gh cny x, gSafn'kk cny nsus dks rRij gS vkSj mlds fy, l{ke Hkh le> x;k gw¡gSA ukxktqZu dh dkO;&psruk lR; ds bl :i dks Hkh

thou esa bl /kjk&/kke dk D;k egŸo gSiwjh vkLFkk ds lkFk vkRelkr dj ysrh gSA bls

dSls dgykrk dksbZ /kjrh dk csVkekdZ~loknh Hkk"kk esa bl çdkj dg ldrs gSa fd

vkleku esa lrjaxh ckny ij p<+dj ukxktqZu oxZ&la?k"kZ ds dfo gSaA mudk ;g la?k"kZ dSls tudfo /kku jksirk thou vkSj psruk nksuksa gh Lrjksa ij pyrk gSA bl

le> x;k gw¡ la?k"kZ dks lkekftd :ikUrj dh voLFkk rd] 'kksf"krksa

dh fot; rd] oSKkfud lektokn dh LFkkiuk rd dlS s tudfo tehna kj d s mu veyk as dk s ekj Hkxkrkigq¡puk gS] ;g cks/k dfo dks gSA mudk bl lkekftd gjs ck¡l dh gjh&gjh og ykBh ysdjÞpsruk bu iafä;ksa esa nsf[k;s&

ukxktqZu dh dforkvksa dh HkkoHkwfe ogh gS] tks vf/kdkf/kd ;ksx&{kseihfM+r turk dh Hkko&Hkwfe gSA turk ds bl rcds vf/kdkf/kd 'kqHk&ykHkdh vko';drk,¡ vkSj vkdka{kk,¡ muds dkO; dh

fo"k;&oLrq gSA lkekftd leL;kvksa ls dfo dh vf/kdkf/kd psruk

l`tu&izfØ;k vfHkUu :i ls tqM+h gqbZ gSA os mUeqDr dj yw¡ lafpr y?kqre ifjf/k esa!


vlhe jgs O;fäxr g"kZ&mRd"kZ! ok.kh nsrs gq, tudfo loky iwNrk gS fd& ßvc rd

rqe ;ksa iztkra= dk HkqŸkkZ p[kk djksxsÞ\vdsys gh th yw¡ lkS o"kZ!

ukxktqZu us lkekftd euq"; ds nSfud thou dh ;g dSls gksxk\fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ds chp fofHkUu lkekftd 'kfDr;ksa ;g D;ksa gksxk\dh xfr'khyrk ns[kh gSA mUgksaus ml lkekftd euq";

mi;äZq ifa ä;k as l s >kd¡ rh gbq Z prs uk crkrh g S fd ds la?k"kksZa ds O;kid vkSj lkekU;hd`r fp= vafdr

ukxktuZq lkfgR; dk s turk d s thou&l?a k"k Z dk vfHkUu fd;s gSaA iz;ksxoknh dfo;ksa esa O;fDr vkSj lekt ds

vxa ekur s gAaS vke] tkeuq ] yhph vkjS dVgy ;Fkk chp LokFkksZa ds Vdjko vkSj [kkbZa dh [kkst dhA

le; Qyw as vkjS Qy]as fdra q dfo gh viuh ifj.kr çKk dk blhfy, os euq"; ds ladV dks lgh :i esa le> ugha

Qy ugh a n s ik;]s ;g dlS s gkxs k\ dfo vke&tkeuq dk ik;s] blhfy, ladV ls eqfDr dh jkg [kkst ikus dk rks

mYy[s k dj tlS s ;g dg jgk g S fd viuh prs uk lekt muds lkeus iz'u gh ugha mBrkA ;FkkFkZoknh gksus ds

dk s vfirZ dj nus k mld s fy, furkra LokHkkfod gAS dkj.k gh ukxktqZu O;fDr dks lekt&fodkl dh /kkjk

Li"V gS fd dfo lekt ls] lekt ds la?k"kZ ls] mlds esa ns[krs gSa vkSj blh dkj.k os tgk¡ n`f"V Mkyrs gSa ogha

lqugys Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k ds ç;Ruksa ls çfrc) gSA Hkhrj rd >k¡d ysrs gSaA ukxktqZu dh viuh fo'ks"krk gS

çfrc)rk mldk çk—frd xq.k gS] tSls fd ;FkkFkZ fd os Hkhrj rd >k¡ddj tks dqN miyC/k djrs gSa]

mlds l`tu dk çsj.kk lzksr gS vkSj çfrc)rk mldk mls O;aX;kRed 'kSyh eas O;Dr djrs gSaA ,slk laHkor%

/keZA blhfy, og eSfFkyh esa dgrk gS&blfy, fd os euq"; ds mRihM+u dks cjnk'r ugha dj

NBg dfo rksa ngd yydkj Fkus ldrs vkSj ml mRihM+u ds tks mŸkjnk;h gSa] mu

fxfj f'k[kj ij ifFkd ny c<+rSd jsA ij rh[kk izgkj djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj rh[kk izgkj

djus ds fy, O;aX; ls c<+dj nwljk dksbZ mi;qZDr dfo ukxktqZu dgrs gSa fd LokFkZ rFkk lŸkk ds

ek/;e ugha gSAykyp esa iSls ck¡V&ck¡Vdj oksV cVksjuk] ckiw th dk

uke ys&ysdj ,sykuksa ds Hkkjh&Hkkjh xksys NksM+uk] ukxktqZu ^Je'khy tkx#d tx ds vlhe

naxy djokuk] fVdVksa ds fy, vkil esa yŸke&tqŸke i{k/kj] xks[khZ e[khe* dks iz.kke djrs gSa] ftlls

djuk vkSj ns'kHkfDr rFkk tulsok dk ukgd ne mUgksaus loZizFke ^cgqtu lekt ds varj dh

Hkjuk vkSj vik flagklu lqjf{kr j[kuk ;gh vkt ds vfHkO;fDr dk dkS'ky* lh[kk gSA mudh ;g tuoknh

jktusrkvksa dk vlyh pfj= gSA mUgsa vkokl esa psruk fo'o ds 'kksf"kr ihfM+r turk ds izfr laosnuk

jatksxe ls dksbZ okLrk ugha gSA lkekU; turk rFkk j[krh gSA blh dkj.k mUgsa ^fo;ruke* dk la?k"kZ

lPpk tudfo bl jktusrk dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr igpku leLr 'kksf"krksa&ihfM+rksa dk la?k"kZ yxrk gS* vkSj

ysrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkekU; turk ds eu eas lkezkT;oknh pfpZy] bZMu] vVyh] chou dk laiw.kZ

bu jktusrkvksa ds f[kykQ c<+rh Øks/k dh Hkkouk dks xqV [kw¡[kkj yxrk gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj os vÝhdk dh


vkRek dk vkØks'k lqurs gSa vkSj ^uo vÝhdk ds 4- ogh] i`Œ 119

uousrk] v'osrksa ds =krk* tkseks ds U;krk dh 5- ogh] i`Œ 218t;t;dkj djrs gSa rks nwljh vksj os jk"Vªla?k dh 6- ogh] i`Œ 119Nyuke; pqedkj dks Hkh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr Hkk¡i ysrs gSaA

7- ogh] [kaM&1] i`Œ 213;gh dkj.k gS fd fo".kqpanz 'kekZ muds laca/k esa dgrs

8- ogh] i`Œ 346gSa& ßukxktqZu lfØ; tuokn ds i{k/kj dfo gSaAÞ

9- ukxktqZu ,d yach ftn] fo".kqpanz 'kekZ] ¼ok.kh

izdk'ku 2001½] i`Œ 89lanHkZ

1- ukxktqZu jpukoyh] [kaM&1 lEik- 'kksHkkdkar]

¼jktdey izdk'ku] 2003½] i`Œ 38

2- ogh] i`Œ 93

3- ogh] [kaM&2] i`Œ 130


fgUnh

& *vkdk’k oekZ

*fgUnh foHkkx] vle fo'ofo|ky;] flypj& vle

tho ,d u;s dFkkRedrk <k¡ps ds lkFk gekjs curs gSa\ mudk mís';] mudh i`"BHkwfe] mudk thou lkeus vkrs gSaA mudk dksbZ Hkh miU;kl ns[kk tk; rks pfj= D;k gS\ okLro esa latho bl miU;kl ds vyx gh VkbZi dh 'kSyh esa fn[kk;h nsrk gSA og pkgs ek/;e ls ;gh crkuk Hkh pkgrs gSaA ,d rjQ dFkk ds ^fd'kux<+ dk vgsjh* gks ;k ldZl*] lko/kku! uhps lkFk yksdo`fÙk] yksdthou rks nwljh rjQ taxy dh vkx gS*] ^/kkj*] ^ik¡o rys dh nwc*] ^lw=/kkj* ;k pkgs igpku vkSj ryk'k] bl miU;kl esa ,d lkFk pyrs ^taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS* gksA latho us gj dgha gSaA latho dk mís'; Hkh ;gh gS vkSj os ryk'k djrs gSa viuh bl fo'ks"k 'kSyh dks viuk;k gS Aog 'kSyh gS fd taxy ds cuus dh] ,d ds ckn ,d u;s taxy ds ftl Hkh i`"BHkwfe vFkok fo"k; ij dFkk cquuh gS] cuus dhA ml taxy dh tks dHkh #drk ugha] fdlh igys ml ij 'kks/k djukA O;fä vFkok ?kVukØe u fdlh cgkus ls vkneh ds Hkhrj iSnk gksrk jgrk gSA vFkok thou dks eglwl djus dk ç;kl djukA ogk¡ og fdlh vkijs'ku CySd ikbFku* ;k fdlh vfHk;ku dh Hkk"kk ,oa laL—fr dks thus dk ç;kl djukA ml ls ugha #d ldrkA ;s taxy fdu otgksa ls iuirk LFkku ij tkdj mld s HkkxS kfs yd {k=s ] tkrh; lehdj.k] gS] dSls fodkl ikrk gS vkSj D;k djus ls #d ldrk lkLa —frd cukoV] jhfr&jhokt] jgu&lgu bR;kfn gSA blh ds ryk'k dh dgkuh gSA ,d ys[kd dk dk xgurk l s voykds u&v/;;u djukA mudh ;gh nkf;Ro gkrs k g&S lp dk s lkeu s j[kukA mldh iMr+ ky 'kSyh mudh jpukvksa dks ,d u;s iM+ko ij LFkkfir djukA ;g miU;kl txa y ¼Mkdiw u½ d s tueu s vkjS djrh gSA ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd mudh ;gh 'kSyh vkneh d s Hkhrj mld s lek tku s dk gh fo'y"s k.k gAS vk/kqfud dFkk ;k=k dks ,d u;k iM+ko çnku djrh l=w k as e as fijk s dj dFkk dgu s oky s miU;kldkj lta ho u sgSA mudh blh çdkj dh jpukvksa es ls ,d jpuk bl ftEens kjh dk s c[kcw h fuHkk;k gAS gS& taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS* A ;g miU;kl yksd fo'okl] vkLFkk] jgu&lgu

^taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS* dh dgkuh oLrqr% rks rFkk mldh laL—fr dk ;FkkFkZ vkSj lkFkZd fp= rks ljdkj ds Mkdw mUewyu ds rkus ckus ls 'kq: gksrh gS çLrqr djrk gh gS] mlds cqfu;knh lokyksa dh ryk'k vkSj Mkdw ds iuius dh ryk'k ds rkus&ckus esa mRd"kZ dks Hkh ugha HkwyrkA bldh dgkuh tkrh; igpku ikrh gSA [kre gksrh gS bl fu.kZ; ij fd taxy dgha rFkk la?k"kZ] tutkrh; thou la?k"kZ] jktuhfr ds Hkh mx ldrk gSaA bldh iwjh dgkuh esa ;s ç'u ges'kk vijk/khdj.k ¼vFkok vijk/k ds jktuhfrdj.k½ lHkh i`"BHkwfe esa cus jgrs gSa fd os dkSu gksrs gSa tks Mkdw dqN ds lkFk viuk foLrkj djrh gSA dg ldrs gSa

la

taxy dgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS


fd ;g dFkk ,d Hkys gh ,d vapy dh leL;k ij taxy xqtjrs gSaA Mkdw mUewyu ds fy, vkijs'ku fy[kh x;h gks] ysfdu og Lora=rk ds i'pkr dh CySd ikbZFku ysdj vk;s Mh-,l-ih- dqekj bl taxy lk/kkj.k turk ds thou laosnuk dks çLrqr djrh dks igpkuus vkSj tkuus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA og çrhr gksrh gSA jktuhfrd vijk/khdj.k] tehankjksa ogk¡ ds thou dks] laL—fr dks] ekufld lajpuk dks }kjk 'kks"k.k] vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk ns'k dh ç'kklfud igpkuus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS] ftlls og tku lds O;oLFkk dk pjejk;k gqvk <k¡pk] ns'k dh vLlh fd vkf[kj ;g taxy bruk vlk/; vkSj tfVy D;ksa çfr'kr ls vf/kd xjhc turk ds lkeus Hk;kog gks x;k gSA ;g latho ds 'kks/kijd Kku dk gh fLFkfr;k¡ iSnk dj jgha FkhaA blesa taxy dgha Hkh mx ifj.kke gS] ftlls dqekj tku ikrk gSA ysfdu mlds ldrk FkkA mlh esa ls ,d LFkku if'peh paikj.k dh lkFk foMEcuk ;g gks tkrh gS fd tc rd og taxy dFkk gS ;g miU;kl] fd taxy tgka 'kq: gSA dh lajpuk dks Bhd ls le>us dh dksf'k'k djrk gS]

og taxy u;k :i cny ysrk gSA mlds fy, le>uk vkneh ds Hkhrj taxy dgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gSA ekSdk dfBu gh gks tkrk gS lp D;k gS\ijLr jktusrkvksa esa] ifjfLFkfr dks le>dj Hkh flQZ

vkns'k nsus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa esa] HksM+&cdfj;ksa ls taxy ds Hkhrj iuirk gqvk taxy Hkh rsth ls :i gksdj vkSjr cspus rd igq¡ps tksxh ds Hkhrj] viuk cnyrk gSA ij'kqjke Mkdw ls lkaln cu tkrk gSA

ljdkj ls laj{k.k fey tkrk gSA turk dk D;k gS\ lcdqN xoka nsus okys dkyh] uksfu;k] ijsek tSls tehnkj turk dk 'kks"k.k djrs jgrs gSaA turk dk yksxksa ds Hkhrj ;k lekukUrj ljdkj tSlh O;oLFkk D;k gS\ dksbZ Hkh O;oLFkk] dkuwu eky ywVus dk tfj;k pykus okys ij'kqjke tSls Mkdqvksa ds Hkhrj--- ;k cu tkrk gSA turk dk D;k gS\ og filrh jgrh gS] /kuyksyqi vQljksa ds Hkhrj--- dgk¡\ dqN Bhd ls ugha ejrh jgrh gSA og pkgs Fkk: tutkfr dk gks] pkgs dgk tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ;s <sjksa 'ksM~l gSa] ftuds /kkaxM+] ;k pkgs fiNM+h tkfr dk gksA latho us bl ek/;e ls latho us feuh pacy ¼fcgkj çkUr ds miU;kl ds ek/;e ls iwjh vke turk dh lEosnuk if'peh paikj.k ftyk½ ds lkekftd thou ,oa ogk¡ rFkk lajpuk dks çdV dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ns'k dh dh ç'kklu O;oLFkk rFkk ogk¡ ds vFkkg taxy dk fLFkfr;ksa&ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls mits bl taxy dk ltho fp=.k fd;k gSA latho us vius bl miU;kl ys[kk&tks[kk vius lp ds lkFk gekjs lkeus vkrk gSAds ek/;e ls gj vkneh ds Hkhrj cSBs taxy dks

^ij/kku ea=h vk,¡]pkgs ij/kku ea=h dk cki] gedks [kkstus dk Hkjld ç;kl fd;k gSA lcls cM+h ckr 1

rks ,gh ujd esa jguk gS A*dh taxy dgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS] de ls de ,d iwjh çfØ;k dks latho us çLrqr djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ^tehu n[kfy;krs tk jgs gSa yYyu ckcw] bÙks cM+s ^dkyh* ,sls gh ç;kl dk ik= gS] tks lkekU; euq"; ls tehankj] fQj Hkh xjhc&xqjck dh FkksM+h lh tehu

2taxy cuus dk fcEc cudj mHkjrk gSA dFkk lw= dh gM+ius ls ckt ugha vkrs A*rjg bl miU;kl dk iwjk vFkZ Li"V djrk gS fd ^?kj esa ,d nkuk ugha gSA ;s /kku ds cht Mkyus ds taxy dgk¡] dSls vkSj D;ksa 'kq: gksrk gSA fnu gSaA exj dgk¡ ds cht] dgk¡ dk [ksr\ cht gksrs

;|fi latho us ml taxy dks viuk mís'; Hkh rks D;k gksrk\ [ksr rks ca/kd iM+s gSa efydkj ds cuk;k gS ftl dkj.k if'peh paikj.k dks feuh pacy ;gk¡A lkspk Fkk] HkSal xkfHku gS] bls cspdj tqxkM+ dj dgk tkus yxrk gS] ysfdu blh taxy ls gksdj lHkh ysaxs] dqN dkyh ds iSls cdk;k gSa ugj Bsdsnkj ds


iklA fQj Hkh de iM+k rks xk; csp nsaxs vkSj gS& bl taxy esa dwnuk ftruk vklku gS] fudyuk mruk gh eqf'dyA eryc ;g gS fd vc ?kj&ifjokj b/kj&m/kj ls m/kkj ys ysaxsA---- efydkj ls eqdnek vkSj lekt esa mlds okil ykSVus dk gj jkLrk can gS] py jgk gS& iwjs ,d ch?ks /kugj [ksr dfCt;k fy;s gSa

mUgksausA---- taxyksa esa csr gSA gkFk esa gquj gS] >wM+h] vc HkS;k] HkkHkh] Hkrhth] xk;&ckNh] dqVqac vkSj cpius [kk¡ph rks cuk gh ldrk gS og A ysfdu mls ykus ds esa gh C;kgh xbZ nqygu ds uke ij flQZ jks ldrk gS] fy, dkSu nsxk\ csar dk Bsdsnkj ,d tYykn] nwljs muds ikl okil ugha tk ldrkA fQj cprk D;k gS& tYykn ou foHkkx okysA dgk¡ ls ys vk;s jde ?kwl taxy] vkSj taxy es ftank jgus ds fy, mls ogh

3 5ikrh ds fy,A* djuk gksxk tks taxy ds fy, t:jh gSA* exj og ugha :drk gSA ,d vkneh viuk Hkksykiu NksM+ ds] ^rksgkj ekbZ dks rks iqfyl idM+dj ys xbZ gSA ge

gksrs rks gedks Hkh ys tkrsA ysfdu ge rks x;s Fks csar vius eu ds Hkhrj cuh dkseyrk dks dBksj djds D;ksa ds Bhdsnkj ds ikl! ogk¡ ls ykSVs [kkyh gkFk rks HkSal taxyh vkSj fgalz i'kq cu tkrk gSA og ugha pkgrk Fkk

fd og ,slk djs exj og ykpkj gks tkrk gSA mls NqM+okus x;sA HkSal fc;k xbZ gS& gk¡ viuh HkSal ifM+;k vglkl gks tkrk gS fd Nhuus ls gh vf/kdkj feyrk fc;kbZ gSA vius ikl gksrh rks nw/k feyrkA ugha feyh

u! efydkj ds [ksr esa iM+ x;h FkhA ys x;s] ck¡/k yhA gSA latho us bl dkj.k dks lkQ&lkQ le>kus vkSj tcjk gSaA rw rks tkurh gS] [ksr Hkh vius Fks] HkSal HkhA ladsr djus ds fy, rhu ik=ksa dks jpk gS] ,d gSa eqjyh vjs cgqr fpjkSjh&feurh dh] xksM+ ij fxjk] gjtkuk ik¡Ms ¼ekLVj lkgsc½ ftlus ml taxy dks mxrs vkSj

4 fodflr gksrs ns[kk gS] nwljk gS Mh-,l-ih- dqekj tks Hkjus dh Hkh fdfj;k [kkbZA*Mkdw mUewyu dk eq[; vf/kdkjh gS vkSj rhljk gS miU;kl ds bu mnkgj.kksa ls lkQ ns[kk tk dkyhA dqekj vkSj ekLVj lkgsc ;gk¡ mn~?kks"kd ds :i ldrk gS fd lk/kkj.k turk fdl çdkj ls 'kks"k.k esa fn[kk;h nsrs gSa vkSj dkyh fØ;kuo;u ds :i esaA ,oa xjhch rFkk vHkkoksa ds chp th jgh FkhA thus dk rhuksa esa ls dksbZ ugha pkgrk gS fd vkneh ds Hkhrj ;g dksbZ fu;e dkuwu ugha] dksbZ O;oLFkk ughaA ogk¡ taxy ¼Mkdwiu½ tkxsA vxj Bhd ls ns[ksa rks rhuksa taxy rks mxsxk ghA okLro esa Lora=rk çkfIr ds ik=& ekLVj lkgsc] dkyh vkSj Mh-,l-ih- dqekj ,d i'pkr tks dqN gesa feyk] mlds Hkhrj [kks[kykiu dh fn'kk esa ,d gh txg ds fy, vyx&vyx jkgksa ls Hkjrk pyk x;kA ekuk fd Åijh Lrj ij lalnh; py jgs gSaA latho dk ;g iwjk miU;kl bldk mÙkj O;oLFkk Fkh] ukSdj'kkg Fks] ysfdu ekfyd cudj nsrk gSA dkyh tSlk xjhc vkSj ykpkj vkneh Mkdw miHkksx djus dk liuk lcds Hkhrj FkkA xjhc vkSj cuuk ugha pkgrk] ij cu tkrk gSA dqekj tks bl lk/kkj.k turk tSlh Fkh] oSlh gh jghA vkSj vf/kd taxy ds mitus dk dkj.k tkuuk pkgrk gSA og 'kksf"kr gksrh jghA filrh vkSj ejrh jghA oSls gh dsoy Mkdqvksa ds [kRe ugha djuk pkgrk] og Mkdw csodwQ cuk;h tkrh jghA taxy dks rks mxuk gh Fkk] cuus dh çfØ;k vkSj mlds dkj.kksa dks tkuuk pkgrk ;s taxy iwjs ns'k esa O;kIr FkkA dkyh ,slh gh turk gSA ftlls bl leL;k dk tM+ ls gy <w¡<k tk lds] dk ,d çfr:i gksrk gS] lh/kk&lknk bZekunkj ^eSa njvly ml fcUnq dks idM+uk pkgrk gw¡] tgk¡ ls vknehA ljdkjh ra=] iqfyl] tehnkjksa }kjk çrkfM+r

6,d Mkdw dk tUe ysrk gS* A exj og Hkh iwjh O;oLFkk vkSj 'kksf"krA varr% mlds Hkhrj taxy tkx gh tkrk ds vkxs ykpkj gksrk gSA vkSj eqjyh ikaMs ¼{ks= ds lHkh gSA eykjh mls jksdrh gS vkSj lkQ ladsr dj nsrh


ds fy, ekLVj lkgsc½ us cM+s xkSj ls lcdqN ns[kk dqN D;ksa ugha djrs fd dkuwu dh fxj¶r ls vki Hkh vkSj le>k gS] os Hkh pkgrs gSa dksbZ Hkh balku cUnwd u cps jfg,] gesa Hkh cpkrs jfg,--- ¼Å dSls lkgsc½---- mBk;s] ij os Hkh ljdkjh ra= vkSj O;oLFkk ls gR;k vkSj MdSrh NksM+dj vigj.k dhft, vkSj ukmEehn gSaA os dqekj dks iwjh jkedgkuh lqukrs gSaA fQjkSrh olwfy,---- vkidks ekywe gS Mkdqvksa ds fygkt ge dg ldrs gSa fd ys[kd us viuh gh ok.kh dks ls lcls cnuke txg Fkh pacy& eksgj flag] eqjyh ikaMs ds d.B ls fudyok;sa gSa& ey[kku] ekuflag oxSjg dk uke vkius lquk gh

gksxkA os Hkh ;gh lc djrs Fks eksVs&eksVs vklkeh idM+ Þ;g tks vkt ijsek gS] ml ij ,d yk[k dk fy, vkSj mUgsa NksM+us ds fy, fQjkSrh ekaxrs gSa !---- ekus buke gS] igys iafMr ds ny dk gh Fkk] ysfdu Fkk gsYi vl Vw gsYi ;w !*---vghjA m/kj xíh Hkh ,d rjg ls eqlyekuh vghjA

vc lksfp, fd tkr&ikr ds pyrs ijsek xíh dh vksj ¼T;knkrj Mkdw ;kno gh gSa D;ksa½f[kaprk vkSj ny fgUnqvkis ds pyrs vfouk'k iafMr ^lj fefyVsalh Hkh dksbZ eqík gSA vR;kpkj rks lHkh dh vksjA fdLlk yEck gS] eq[rlj esa bZ tku yhft, ij gksrk gS] exj çfrokn rks ogh djrs gSa tks fefyVsaV fd ijsek us igys vfouk'k iafMr dks ekjdj tkfr gSaA ;g rks jgk ,d QSDVj] nwljk ;g fd ftysa ,oa dk _.k mrkjk] fQj xíh dks ekjdj /keZ dkA vc çkUr esa budh la[;k Hkh T;knk gS] tks dgha xgjs pw¡fd iafMr ugha jg x;s Fks] lks fganqvksa dk laj{k.k Hkh beks'kuy flD;ksfjVh] oks D;k fd HkkokRed lqj{kk Hkh feyus yxk mlsA--- ;g rks ,d vUrdZFkk gqbZ] nwljh--- nsrh gS] rhts ;s lHkh vigj.kdrZ~rk jsrk ds vapy ls nwljh jkeQy ;kno dh gSA vkidks irk gksxk] iqfyl vkrs gSa] tgk¡ ukjk;.kh unh gj lky rckgh epkrh esa lwcsnkj Fkk] igyokuh djrk Fkk] ukSdjh NksM+dj jgrh gSA nks&pkj xk¡oksa dks rks mlds isV esa tkuk gh Mkdw gks x;kA ,sls cgqr ls gksexkMZ~l vkSj nwljs gSA edku <gk] tehu xbZA D;k [kk;s] dgk¡ jgsa fQj os lSfud cy ds tokuksa dks ;g /ka/kk lwV djrk FkkA vkrs gSa ;gk¡ ds tehanjksa ds ikl] fey ds lsBksa ds iklA rhljh dFkk esa yfNeu xksdqy vkSj xkek tks ;knoksa tcju olwyh] csxkjh] cykRdkj] neu& bldh Vªsfuax ds xqaMs Fks] vpkud ea=h th ds ukd ds cky cu x;sA ;gha feyrh gSA dqN fnuksa ds ckn os lksprs gSa fd ;s xqaM+s ea=h th ds fy, cw/k dSIpj djrs] pank mxkgrs] tehankj vkS lsB gekjs gh cy ij ;g lg djrs gSa rks cnys esa ea=h th bUgsa laj{k.k nsrsA ekus D;k dgrs gSa& ge [kqn D;ksa u djsaA rc 'kq: djrs gSa Lora= MdSrhA esM Q‚j bp vnjA---- uke dj x;s çHkko {ks= dk foLrkj gks x;k rks ea=h ----vkidks vQlj'kkgh dks Hkh lpZ djuk iM+sxk A---- yksxksa dk dke djus yxrs gSaA tcju pank olwyh]

ikVhZ QaM cwFk dSIpfjax] ykBh! ijsek] ij'kqjke] fcUnk] ----th ,d ckj ,d Mh-,e- vk;sA bÙksQkd ls og xksdqy lcdh ,d lh nkLrkuA*---- Hkh ;kno Fks vkSj T;knkrj Mkdw Hkh ;knoA ;kuh j{kd

Hkh mlh tkfr dk] Hk{kd Hkh mlh tkfr dkA Mh-,e- ¼;s tehankj& budh 'kfä dk lzksr½vxj Lotkrh; nfjanksa dks f[kykQ LVªkax ,sDlu ysrs ----^;s ,d yack bfrgkl gSA ;s Fkk:vksa ds bykds esa rks tkfr fcjknjh ls tkrs vkSj u ysrs rks cnuke iSjklkbV cudj vk;sA ;g vkxeu lu~ 1857 ds gksrsA lks ,d ckj mUgksaus mu Mkdw ljnkjksa dks flikgh foæksg ls 'kq: gksrk gS tc vaxzstksa ls ns'kh cqyk;k vkSj fcjknkjkuk viuÙo ds rgr viuh jtokM+ks vkSj flikfg;ksa us yM+kbZ yh vkSj [kaM&[kaM eqf'dy is'k djrs gq, lq>ko fn;k] ^vki yksx ,slk LokFkZ ds pyrs gkj x;s vkSj tku cpkus ds fy, HkkxsA


dqN yksx tks bZ/kj Hkkx vk;s mUgsa ;g usiky dh fof'yf"kr djrs gq,A vUr rd bl ckr dks os etcwrh rjkbZ] ;kuh Fkk:vksa dk ;g vapy flj Nqikus ds fy, ls idM+s j[krs gSa fd Mkdw ,d leL;k ugha gSaA leL;k T;knk ekdwy yxkA eq[;r% Fks rks Fkk: gh ;gk¡] gS Mkdw cuus dh i`"BHkwfeA dqekj vk;k rks Fkk Mkdqvksa bQjkr txg] çfrjks/k u ds cjkcjA ik¡o ters gh ds mUewyu ds fy, ij tc og lc dqN tkuus bUgksaus Fkk:vksa dk 'kks"k.k djuk 'kq: dj fn;k& dgha le>us yxrk gSA dkyh ds ckjs esa lksprs gq, mlds de dgha T;knkA vc nsf[k;s] chl&chl o"kZ igys eu esa dkyh ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ psgjs vkrs gSa] mlÞ /kq¡/k jsrk ds MdSrksa us Fkk:vksa ls dgk fd gekjk lkFk nks] esa ijes k] ij'kjq ke] ukfs u;k] iÙq ku d s Hkh pgs j s Fk-s --A ; s pgs j sge rqEgsa Bsdsnkjksa] tehankjksa ls rqEgkjh tehu] rqEgkjh fdru s ,d tlS s Fk]s fdru s vyx&vyx] lh/k&s lkn sbTtr okil fnyk;saxsA exj ;g rks >k¡lk FkkA ,d fdlku ifjokjksa dh xjhch vkSj tgkyr ds cqncqns dh Hkh Mkdw] tks dfg, fdlh tehankj ds f[kykQ cksyk ekfuan f[kyrs psgjs] exj bu cqncqnksa esa D;k gS] gks] tehu fnykuh rks nwj dh ckr] myVs ;s Hkh çfr'kks/k ;k Hkksx vkSj ywV dh jk"Vªh; laL—fr esa Fkk:vksa] /kk¡xM+ksa dk gh 'kks"k.k djus yxs& , M‚x bu vius&vius 'kkVZ dV~l ds 'ks;lZ dh ryk'k\ß og n eSatj i‚fy'kh!* pksj njokts vHkh vkSj Hkh gSa--- ;gk¡ vuqÙkfjr jgrk gS] ysfdu og tku tkrk gS fd vkneh dk fof'k"V Hkwxksy] ;gk¡ dh ijthoh lkeUrh O;oLFkk] ds Hkhrj taxy dgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gSA ç'kklfud O;oLFkk ;gk¡ ds ekjokM+h egktuksa dk mifuos'k--- vkSj Hkh mUgsa vkneh ugha le>rh] og mUgsa flQZ Mkdw le>rh

7 gS] tks mPp oxZ] O;kikfj;ksa] tehankjksa rFkk iw¡thifr;ksa dbZAßls fNuSrh vkSj ywVikV djrs gSaA ljdkj bUgsa vjktd bl iwjs miU;kl esa iM+rky djs rks eqjyh ik.Ms rÙo rFkk vkradh Hkh ekurh gSA ;gk¡ ij ;g Hkh loky }kjk dgha x;h mijksä ckrsa Mh-,l-ih- dqekj dks [kM+k gksrk gS fd D;k ns'k vktkn gqvk Fkk rks dsoy vklikl iuirs taxy ds dkj.kksa dk Li"V irk nsrh mPp oxZ ds 'kklukf/kdkj ds fy,\ Hkw[kh vkSj vHkkoksa gSaA eqjyh ikaMs dh ckrksa ls dqekj lkjk lp le> esa fdlh rjg th jgh turk dk dqN Hkh ugha gS\ tkrk gSA og le> tkrk gS fd pkjks vksj Nk;k taxy mudh cqfu;knh t:jrksa ds fy, dqN Hkh ugha\ vkSj ;w¡ gh ugha gSA bl taxy ds Hkhrj ik¡p rÙo gSa& tc mlh turk esa ls dksbZ çfrjks/k djrk gS] rks og tkfr&/keZ ds fo—r :i] tehankjh dh rkuk'kkgh] Mkdw cu tkrk gS] og vkradh dgykrk gS] mu yksxksa iqfyl ;k vnZ~/klSfud cy ds vkt ds lÙkkoknh& ds fy, ftUgksaus lcdqN ij dCtk dj j[kk gS AlokZf/kdkjoknh ekufldrk] ekStwnk vQlj'kkgh vkSj

dqekj ¼ds ek/;e ls ys[kd½ vius vf/kdkfj;ksa jktuhfr }kjk vijkf/k;ksa dk laj{k.k vkSj mlds lkFk vkSj Åij dh O;oLFkk dks crkuk pkgrk gS fd budks vijkf/k;ksa }kjk jktuhfr dk mi;ksx ¼vijk/k dk ekj nsus ;s leL;k [kre ugha gksus okyhA os fQj jktuhfrdj.k½A latho vius bl miU;kl esa blh iuisaxsA vkSj ;s flyflyk pyrk jgsxkA t:jr rks dh iM+rky djrs utj vkrs gSaA iM+rky D;k djrs okftc ç'uksa dks gy djuk gS] ftlds dkj.k ;g gSa& bUgha ds rkus ckus ls bl dFkk dks cqurs gSa vkSj os taxy dgha Hkh mx ldrk gSA og dgrk gS] ÞMkdw iwjh rjg ls ikBdksa dks vius ckrksa ls lger Hkh leL;k dksbZ Åij dk vkoj.k ugha gS fd vki mls djkrs x;s gSaA ,d rjQ dkyh ds Mkdw cuus dh iwjh [kjksapdj Qsad nsaA budh tM+ksa esa Hkwfe lq/kkj dk u çfØ;k] rks nwljh rjg ljdkjh eqykfte dks eqjyh gksuk] <hyk ç'kklu] i‚fyfVdy lsyVj] jkstxkj dh ik¡Ms ds ek/;e ls lkjh fLFkfr ifjfLFkfr dks


leL;k] /keZ] fVfidy HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr oxSjg gSa& ls crkrk gS fd taxy dHkh lekIr ugha gks ldrk gSA ;g lHkh bUVjdusDVsM gSa] lkjk dqN nq#Lr dj nhft,] lcds Hkhrj mxrk jgsxk iyrk jgsxkA vkSj dHkh Hkh

8 HkM+d ldrk gSAjksx [kqn&c&[kqn [kre gks tk;sxkAß ysfdu ljdkj ;g lc ugha ekurhA og le>rh gS og lkjs lq/kkj latho us blds lgkjs ljdkjh uhfr fu;kedksa] dj jgh gSA var&var rd ljdkj mUgsa vijk/kh gh lkekU; turk dh leL;kvksa] iw¡th rFkk lÙkk rd ekurh jgh] Mkdw leL;k dks muds [kkRes ds lkFk igq¡p j[kus okyksa ds opZLo ds ;FkkFkZ dks ,d vapy ns[krh jghA tkfgj gS vktknh ds chl&iphl cjl ¼if'peh paikj.k] Fkk: tutkfr dk {ks= ftlesa ckn] tks turk tkurh gS lksprh gS fd viuk jkt vk /kkaxM+] uksfu;k] eYykg] nqlk/k vkfn dbZ tkfr;k¡ x;k gS lc dqN Bhd gks tk;sxk] lcdks viuk tehu jgrh gSaA½ ds ek/;e ls lkeus j[kus dk ç;kl fd;k feysxk] gd feysxk ij ,slk dqN ugha gksrkA exj og gSA vijk/k vkSj jktuhfr ds [ksy dks cgqr ckjhdh ls /khjs&/khjs lkjk lp tku tkrh gSA og ns[krh gS fd latho us gekjs lkeus j[kk gS ftlds Hkhrj dgha u jgus dh [kkfrj FkksM+h lh tehu ds fy, ogh la?k"kZ] dgha euq"; ds cps jgus dh ryk'k fNih gqbZ gSA[kkus ds fy, vUu çkfIr dh [kkfrj ogh 'kks"k.k] thus ds fy, igys ls Hkh cnrj la?k"kZ djuk iM+ jgk gSA lUnHkZog ns[krh gS fd vaxzsth 'kklu ls cnrj ywV vkSj 1- taxy tgk¡ 'kq: gksrk gS] latho] i`"B& 29] 'kks"k.k ra= fodflr gks x;s gSa] ljdkj dh uhfr;k¡ ;k jk/kk—".k çdk'ku] çFke laLdj.k&2000rks dkxth gSa ;k canjckaV esa [kre gks tkrh gSa] yksxksa 2- rnso] i`"B& 16dks irk rd ugha pyrk] rks og D;k djs\ mlh esa ls

3- rnso] i`"B& 22&23loky vkSj cUnwd nksuksa ds lkFk dksbZ [kM+k gks tkrk

4- rnso] i`"B& 25gSA og ywV vkSj vigj.k dk lgkjk ysus yxrk gSA

5- rnso] i`"B& 114vc mls taxy dgsa ;k çfrjks/k dgsa ;k vf/kdkj dh 6- rnso] i`"B& 104yM+kbZ ;k vijk/k ;k dq.Bk\ ;g ys[kd dh vksj ls 7- rnso] i`"B& 103&105fopkj.kh; ç'u gSA ;s loky eqjyh ikaMs ds ikl Hkh 8- rnso] i`"B& 146gS] Mh-,l-ih- dqekj ds ikl Hkh gS vkSj dkyh ds ikl

Hkh gSA ij bl loky dk gy fdlh ds ikl ugha gSA ;g miU;kl ,sls fu.kZ; ds lkFk [kre gksrk gS] tks


fgUnh

& *fiz;adk cksjk

*'kks/k Nk=k] vle fo'ofo|ky; ¼vle½

c ls euq"; us lH;rk dh }kj ij dne j[kk vksj tgk¡ ukjh dh fuank gksrh x;h ogh nqljh vksj

ukjh dks 'kfä:ik ds :i esa Hkh Lohdkj fd;kA gS rc ls og fujUrj vkxs c<+rk x;k gS vkSj vius

vuqHkoksa laosnukvksa rFkk fopkjksa dh vkokt nsrk jgk ijEijkxr ekufldrk us t¡gk L=h dks nsoh Lo:ik gSA lkfgR; dks lekt dk vkbZuk ekuk x;k gSA vkSj nqljh vksj nkuoh ds :i esa ck¡V fn;kA ,d vksj blhfy, lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls lkekftd ijEijk] tgk¡ L=h dks çkFkZukvksa rFkk vkuq"Bkfud dk;ksZ esa lelkef;d ;FkkFkZ] lekftd folaxfr;ksa vkSj LFkku çnku dj xkSjoe;h n'kkZ;k x;k vkSj jk{klh fo—fr;ksa ds fp=.k Hkfo"; dk iwokZH;kl gksdj pyrk xq.k crykdj mls nkuoh dgdj HkRlukZ dh xbZA gSA eqfä dh dkeuk çR;sd O;fä ds eu esa gksrh gSA ^^fL=;ksa ds lkFk tks vlekurk] HksnHkko] 'kks"k.k o vius vfLrRo dh j{kk ds fy, çR;sd O;fä lpsr vU;k; fd;k tkrk jgk gS mlds ihNs iq#"k ç/kku gksrh gSA euq"; dh fpjUru leL;k,¡ lkfgR; dk lekt dk iwokZxzg] vf/kiR; LFkkfir djus dk nqjkxzg

2vk/kkj curh gS vkSj blhfy, gh lkfgR;dkj vius gh çeq[k dkj.k gSA** blhfy, L=h viuh vfLerk O;fäRo dks dqf.Br djus okys ifjos'k vkSj rkyk'k jgs gSA ^^vfLerk dk vFkZ gS vius vki dks ijEijkvksadks vLohdkj djrs gq, u, ekxksa dks tkuukA vius vfLrRo dks igpku ikukA O;fä ds viukrs gSA blhfy, —".kk lkscrh dgrh gSa & ^^tks fy, LorU=rk vko';d gS rHkh og viuh lkFkZdrk lkFkZd ugha gS mlls NqVdkjk ikuk mruk gh t#jh gS dks igpku ldrs gSA fdUrq orZeku le; esa dqN

1ftruk u, dks viukukA** yksx L=h eqfä dks xyr rjhds ls O;k[;kf;r djrs L=h eqfä dk Lo:i % gSaA bl lEcU/k esa e`.kky ik.Ms dk dFku gS fd&

l`f"V dk fo/kku gS] çR;sd L=h esa ,d iq#"k vkSj ^^dguk u gksxk fd lgh ukjh eqfä dk ,d csgn

çR;sd iq#"k esa ,d L=hA ftls Hkkjrh; euh"kk us [krjukd voewY;u ^eqäL=h* dh bl xyr lyr

v)Zukjh'oj ds :i esa O;ä fd;k gSA iq#"k vkSj Nfo us fd;k gS] ftlds rgr dksbZ rkfjdk <qgstq ls

ç—fr ds la;ksx ls gh txr mRiUu gqvk gSA uSlfxZd O;kg djds ^eSa* [kkst jgh gS] rks dksbZ vfookfgr

fo"kerk dks u ekudj T;ksa T;ksa Hksn feVkus dh ekr`Ro viukdj vkSj dksbZ enkZuk&tukuk cudj

dksf'k'k djrs gS R;ksa R;ksa fo?kVu c<+rk tkrk gSA ,d peM+s ds cwV vkSj tkdsV ls ySl vR;k/kqfud

t

L=h eqfDr % ,d fo'ys"k.k


g.Vjokyh cuh cSBh gSA vUrr% ;s lHkh Nfo;k¡ bu fy, gS ;g Hkkouk ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa Hkh çpfyr FkhA

fL=;ksa ds eSa* dh lPph çfr—fr ugha] lPph pqukSfu;ksa loZçFke 1674 esa ekxkjsV czsVu us esjhyS.M fo/kkulHkk

ls cpus dks nwljksa }kjk x<+s L=h feFkdksa dh nwuh;k esa esa fL=;ksa ds fy, erkf/kdkj dh ek¡x dh] ftls Bqdjk 3 fn;k x;kA 1830 ls 1840 ds chp fL=;ksa ds mudk iyk;u gSA**

erkf/kdkj ds fy, vusd vkUnksyu pyk, x,A bUgha ukjh eqfä lEcU/k esa fopkj O;ä djrs gq, e`.kky vkUnksyuksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vusd ns'kksa esa L=h ik.Ms us ;g Hkh dgk gS& ^;fn fL=;k¡ rfud gB ds erkf/kdkj çkIr gqvkA tSls U;qthyS.M ¼1883½] lkFk viuh csVh vkSj [kqn vius LokLF;] lkSUn;Z vkSj vkLVªsfy;k ¼1920½] vesfjdk ¼1920½] :l ¼1917½] lkEifÙkd vf/kdkjksa ds çfr jÙkh Hkj Hkh lpsr :[k baXyS.M ¼1918½ vkfnAfn[kk,¡ rks mUgsa LokFkhZ] /ku yksyqi] QS'kuijLr ;k

1850 ds vkl ikl baXyS.M esa dSjkfyu ukVZu ifjokj&fojks/kh djkj fn;k tkrk gSA ;gh otg gS fd vkfn us efgyk lekukf/kdkj ds fy, vkUnksyu pyk, dbZ fL=;k¡ lqj{kk vkSj lkekftd okgokVh ds ykyp ftls datjosfVo v[kckjksa us pqM+Sy vkSj dqfr;k esa vkdj [kqn viuh tkfr dh fuUnd ;k mRihM+d dgdj viekfur fd;kA 8 ekpZ] 1857 dk fnu cu tkrh gSA L=h eqfä ds lUnHkZ esa igys [kqn fL=;ksa vesfjdk ds ukjh la?k"kZ bfrgkl ds fy, çfl) gSA dks bl HkzkfUrtky dks rksMuk gksxk vkSj ,d nqljs ds

4 U;w;kdZ dh diM+k feyksa esa dke djus okyh fL=;ksa us ek/;e ls viuh lgh dher tk¡puh gksxhA** ukjh dks lg;ksx gksdj la?k"kZ fd;kA vf/kd osru vkSj dke ds eqfä rHkh fey ldrh tc og viuh LoHkkoxr ?k.Vs 15&16 ls ?kVdj 10 fd, tk¡,] ;g mudh ek¡x nqcZyrk ls eqfä dh dksf'k'k djsxhA igys viuh FkhA vk'kkjkuh Ogksjk us bl lUnHkZ esa dgk gS& ^fo'o leFkZrk vkSj O;fäRo dh detksfj;ksa ls eqfä djus dh efgykvksa dk ;g çFke çn'kZu Fkk ftls ml le; dh dkeuk djuh gksxh rHkh os ,d nwljs dk lg;ksx dh VªsM ;wfu;uksa us Hkh ilUn ugha fd;kA fdlh Hkh djds vius y{; dh çkfIr dj ldrh gSAçdkj ds leFkZu ds vHkko esa ;g vkUnksyu iqfyl L=heqfä % ik'pkR; –f"V }kjk dqpy fn;k x;k FkkA ij efgyk bfrgkl esa ,d

çkphu dky ls ysdj vkt rd ukjh dks dsoy 5

vfeV ydhj NksM+ x;k FkkA** ckn esa diM+k feyksa dh 'kksHkk vkSj çn'kZu dh oLrq ds :i esa gh ns[kk x;k gSA efgyk deZpkfj;ksa dh vyx ;qfu;u cukbZ xbZ vkSj ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa Hkh ukjh dh yxHkx ogh fLFkfr jgh ftls deZpkjh la?kVuksa }kjk ekU;rk feyhA 1910 esa gS] tks Hkkjr esa gSA if'peh ns'kksa esa Hkh ukjh dks lektoknh efgykvksa dh ,d lHkk esa 8 ekpZ dk fnu 'kkjhfjd&ekufld :i ls 'kks"k.k fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ^^efgyk la?k"kZ fnu** ds :i esa eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;k ik'pkR; vkykspd vjLrq us L=h dks dsoy ek= ,d x;kA ogha ls 8 ekpZ ^efgyk fnol** ds :i esa euk;k mís'; rd lhfer ekuk gSA mudk dguk gS& ^l`tu tkus yxkA 1865 esa vesfjdk esa ,fytkcsFk feyj] dk lfØ; i{k iq#"k fuHkkrk gSA L=h rks dsoy ,d yqlh LVksu vkfn fL=;ksa us vkUnksyu dks vkxs c<+k;kA [kkyh xHkkZ'k; gSA** blls ;g Li"V gS fd l`f"V dk 1869 esa VSDl Hkjus okyh efgykvksa dks erkf/kdkj çeq[k iq#"k gS vkSj ukjh dk vfLrRo iq#"k ek= ds


fn;k x;kA iw.kZ erkf/kdkj 1918 esa feyh vkSj ftlds usr`Ro fd;k rks nqljh vkSj e/;e ekfxZ;ksa dh vusd

dkj.k efgykvksa dks yEch yM+kbZ yMuh iM+hA 1869 laLFkk,¡ [kM+h gwbZA nf{k.kiaFkh fopkj/kkjk ds yksxksa us

esa gh gsx esa efgykvksa dh ;q) fojks/kh dkUÝsal gqbZA efgyk laxBu cuk,] ftl esa mUgksa us L=h dh vis{kk

f}rh; fo'o;q) ds ckn gh efgyk vkUnksyu esa xfr ekrk :i ij gh cy fn;kA vkSj /khjs /khjs bu nksuksa ds

vkbZA 1946 esa ?kksf"kr ^ekuo vf/kdkj ?kks"k.kk i=** ds chp dk vUrj de gksrk x;k] ukjh eqfä la?k"kZ leku

dkj.k efgyk vkUnksyu dks çsj.kk feyh vkSj efgyk :i esa gksus yxsA if'pe dk ukjh eqfä vkUnksyu

vkUnksyu QSykrk x;kA mlds ckn 1975 dks efgyk Hkkjrh; ukjh eqfä ls fHkUu gSA if'pe esa efgykvksa dks

o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k x;kA bl çdkj ukjh dk ;g eqfä iq#"kksa ds fo:)la?k"kZ djuk iM+kA ijUrq Hkkjr esa ,slh

la?k"kZ vkdkj ysrk x;k vkSj lQyrk,¡ feyrh xbZA fLFkfr ugha Fkh] Hkkjr ds iq#"k lekt lq/kkjdksa us ukjh

lu~ 1963 esa vesfjdk esa csêh ÝhMu dh ^^Qsfefuu mRFkku dh yM+kbZ yM+hA

feLVu** uked iqLrd çdkf'kr gqbZ ftlds dkj.k L=heqfä % Hkkjrh; –f"V L=h la?k"kZ dks ,d ubZ fn'kk feyhA Hkkjrh; lekt ladYiuk esa l`f"V ds vk/kkj f'ko

1949 esa çdkf'kr lhesu n cmokj dh çfl) vkSj 'kfä ;s nks rRo ds :i esa crk;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ iqLrd us efgyk vkUnksyu dks cgqr çsfjr fd;kA y{eh /ku dh nsoh] nqxkZ 'kfä dh nsoh] ljLorh fo|k lheu n cmokj dk ;g dFku fd& ^^L=h iSnk ugha dh nsoh] xaxk ifo=rk dh nsoh] jfr lkSUn;Z dh nsoh ds

6gksrh cfYd mls cuk fn;k tkrk gSA** mUgksa us fL=;ksa :i esa lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;k gSA oSfnd ;qx esa fL=;ksa dh

ds fo#) gksus okys vR;kpkjksa vkSj vU;k;ksa dk fLFkfr cM+h vPNh jghA oSfnd ;qx esa fL=;ksa dks f'k{kk]

fo'ys"k.k djrs gq, dgk fd iq#"kksa us Lo;a dks fo'kq) /keZ] ;K] deZdk.M vkfn esa Hkkx ysus dk vf/kdkj

fpÙk ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS vkSj fL=;ksa dh çkIr FkkA vFkkZr~ bl ;qx esa L=h xfjekiw.kZ :i ls

fLFkfr dk voewY;u djrs gq, mUgsa vU; ds :i esa thou ;kiu djrh FkhA ekr`Ro dks nSoh 'kfä ekuk

ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA mu iqLrd dks og U;k;iw.kZ ugha tkrk FkkA mifu"knksa esa of.kZr iq= lR;dke vkSj ekrk

ekurk ftlesa fL=;ksa dks fL=;ksa ds :i esa O;oâr tkckyk dh dFkk bldk Js"B mnkgj.k gS ftlesa firk

fd;k tkrk gSA og iq#"k vkSj L=h dks ekuoçseh ds dk vKkr jguk mldh f'k{kk&nh{kk esa ck/kd ugha

:i es Lohdkj djus esa i{kikrh gSA curkA

bl çdkj dSjksfyuk fxYyhxSu] VkyLVk;] dkykUrj esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr uhps fxjrh pyh

nkLrkoLdh] xksdhZ tSls lkfgfR;dkjksa ds ys[kuh esa xbZA inkZ çFkk] cky fookg] Ø;&foØ;] f'k{kk

L=h vfLerk ds çfrleFkZu Hkko mHkjdj lkeus O;oLFkk ls nwj j[kk x;k vkSj ?kj dh pkj nhokfj;ksa

vk;kA rd lhfer j[kk x;kA mÙkj oSfnd dky esa ukjh dk

LFkku xkS.k gksrk x;k vkSj ukjh eqfä la?k"kZ ogha ls ukjh ds eqfä la?k"kZ us ukjh dks eqä fd;kA ijUrq çkjEHk gqvkA Hkkjr ij eqfLye vkØe.k esa vusdksa oSpkfjd erHksn ds dkj.k ukjh eqfä la?k"kZ nks Hkkxksa esa efgykvksa us vkØe.kdkjhvksa ls la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj viuh c¡V x;kA ,d vksj okeiaFkh yksxksa us ukjh eqfä dk


Js"Brk fl) dhA jkuh y{ehckbZ] csxe gtjr egy] cykRdkj fojks/kh lEcU/kh vusd dkuqu cuk, x,

jkuh rifLouh vkfn L=h eqfä ds fn'kk esa mYys[kuh; ftlls lekt dk iwufuZek.k lEHko gqvkA

gSA vk/kqfud dky esa vaxzstksa ds vkxeu ls cgqr lh LorU=rk ds ckn lekt esa fL=;ksa dh n'kk cqjkb;k¡ iSnk gqbZ fdUrq fL=;ksa dh eqfä dk Hkko Hkh lq/kkjus ds fy, vf[ky Hkkjrh; efgyk lEesyu] mRiUu gqvkA vk/kqfud ;qx ds çfr"Bkrk HkkjrsUnq jk"Vªh; efgyk la?k] efgyk l'kfädj.k vf/kfu;e gfjpUæ dh ;g vkdks{kk ^^ukfj uj le gksfga tx vkfn ds }kjk fL=;ksa ds vusdksa vf/kdkj fnykus esa vkuUn gSa** rFkk ;g dFku fd ^^tks ckrsa rqEgkjs lQy gq, gSaA os orZeku esa vkbZ- ,- ,l-] ik;yV] mUufriu esa dkaVk gks mudks tM+ [kksndj Qsad nksA uklk oSKkfud] lsuk] f'k{kk vkfn ds loksZPp f'k[kjksa

7dqN er Mjks** us ubZ fopkj/kkjk dks xfr nhA dks çkIr djds viuh okLrfod igpku fn[kk jgs gSaA

L=h ls orZeku le; esa dksbZ Hkh {ks= vNqrk ugha gSA czã lekt ¼1828 bZa½] jke—".k fe'ku çkFkZuk Hkkjr esa rks vktknh ds ckn L=h us jktuhfr esa ços'k lekt ¼1967 bZa½] vk;Zlekt ¼1887 bZa½] fFk;ks djds eq[;eU=h] ç/kkueU=h ;gk¡ rd dh jk"Vªifr in lkfQdy lkslkbVh }kjk jktk jkeeksgu jk;] ij igq¡p dj ns'k ds çFke ukxfjd dk LFkku çkIr dj ds'kopUæ lsu] johUæukFk Bkdqj] jke—".k vkSj fy;k gSA bl lUnHkZ esa Hkktik dh ofj"V lq"kek Lojkt foosdkuUn] xksfoUn jkukMs] Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh] dk dFku gS& ^/khjs /khjs lekt ds lksp cny jgh gSA ,suh cslsUV vkfn us ukjh eqfä la?k"kZ çkjEHk fd;kA yM+dh;k¡ Hkh vius vkidks –<+rk iwoZd LFkfir djrh tSls jktk jkeeksgu jk; us lrh çFkk dk fojks/k tk jgh gSA mlesa Hkh cnyko vk jgk gSA vxyh ih<+h fd;kA bZ'ojpUæ fo|klkxj us fo/kok fookg dk esa ;g lksp vkSj Hkh fu[kjsxhA 'kSf{kd Lrj esa lw/kkj leFkZu fd;kA Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh us L=h dh vkSj vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk ds lkFk gh cjkcjh ds gd leku f'k{kk vkSj leku vf/kdkjksa dh ckr fl) dhA

81917 esa ljksftuh uk;Mw ds usr`Ro esa ^lsØsVjh vkQ dh vkdka{kk iwjh gksxhA**

LVsV Qkj bf.M;k** us efgykvksa ds fy, erkf/kdkj L=h vfLerk ds çfr leFkZu Hkko çsepUn ds dFkk dh ek¡x dhA egkekuo egkRek xkU/kh ukjh eqfä lkfgR; esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;kA L=h dh egkurk la?k"kZ esa ehy dk iRFkj gSaA mUgksaus viuh lHkh crkrs gq, çsepUn us dgk& ^^L=h iq#"k ls mruh gh dk;ZØeksa esa iq#"kksa ds lkFk fL=;ksa dks Hkkx ysus ds Js"B gS ftruk çdk'k va/ksjs lsA euq"; ds fy, {kek] fy, çsfjr fd;kA 1950 esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh n;k] R;kx vkSj vfgalk thou ds mPpre vkn'kZ gSaA

9pkSngoha rFkk iUægoh /kkjk ds vuqlkj L=h vkSj iq#"k ukjh ml vkn'kZ dks çkIr dj pqdh gSA** orZeku le; dh iw.kZ lekurk ds fy, fu;e cus, x,A 1956 ds esa —".kk lkscrh] e`nqyk xxZ] vukfedk] eerk dkfy;k] fgUnq mÙkjkf/kdkjh dkuqu cuk, x,A ftlesa firk dh eS=s;h iq"ik] eUuq Hk.Mkjh] ukfljk 'kekZ] çHkk [ksrku lEifÙk ij csVh ds csVs ds cjkcj vf/kdkj çnku fd;k vkfn efgyk ysf[kdkvksa us L=h foe'kZ dh –f"V ls x;kA 1955 esa L=h] iq:"k nksuksa ds fy, ,d gh fookg xEHkhj y[s ku dk dk; Z dj jgh gAS bld s vkykok Mk- dks vfuok;Z cuk fn;kA ckyfookg] ngst çFkk] /keoZ hj] Mk- ekrk çlkn] vkes çdk'k okYehfd] ljw tiky


pkgS ku] v'kkds deq kj vkfn i#q "k lkfgR;dkjk as us 3 L=h nsg dh jktuhfr ls ns'k dh jktuhfr rd %

L=heqfä ij dk;Z dj jgs gSaA e`.kky ik.Ms] i`å 16

oLrqr% L=h eqfä dk vfHkçk; L=h iq#"k dh 4- ogh] i`å 80

cjkcjh esa ughaA iq#"k dh iwjd] çsj.kk] ekxZnf'kZdk 5- Hkkjrh; ukjh&n'kk] fn'kk % vk'kkjkuh Ogksjk] i`å rFkk lg;ksxh ds :i esa gksA L=h eqfä rHkh lEHko 155gksxh tc L=h loZçFke vius vUnj dh ghu Hkkouk ls 6- lheu n cmokj & lsd.M Ldsl : vuqokn & Åij mBsxhA L=h eqfä dk ;g ukjk& ^vcyk ugha gS L=h viksf{kr ^çHkk[ksrku**ge iq#"kksa ls de ugha gSa** 'kk;n ;g ewy eU= L=h 7- HkkjrsUæ gfj'pUæ % HkkjrsUnq lexz] i`å 1012vfLrRo dh igpku djkus esa lkFkZd fl) gks jgk gSA

8- Mkå dYiuk oekZ % L=h foe'kZ fofo/k igyq] i`å og L=h ds Åij fuHkZj gS og Hkfo"; esa dSlk thou

254thuk pkgsxh miHkksäk ds :i esa l`tu'khy O;fäRo

9- çsepUn % xksnku] i`å 164ds :i esaA

lUnHkZ

1- —".kk lkscrh % lkscrh ,d lksgcr] i`å 398

2- Mkå dYiuk oekZ L=h foe'kZ % fofo/k igyq] i`å

275

fgUnh

& *MkW0 foHkk jk;

*vfl0izks0 ,oa v/;{k] fgUnh&foHkkx] eFkqjk jk; efgyk ih0th0dkyst] ekyVkjh] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

lkjka'k& fof/krU=&

tiqjh ds izcU/kkRed xhrksa ;k yksddykvksa izLrqr v/;;u voyksdukFkZ ,oa fo'ys"k.kkRed dk dkO;'kkL=h; foospuk esa Øe'ka% yksdxkFkkvkas esa fof/krU=ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkkstiqjh esa izcU/kkRed ik;s tkus okys Üka`xkj] ohj] jkSnz] d:.k] 'kkUr ,oa xhrksa dk dkO;'kkL=h; ewY;kadu djuk gS tks HkfDr jl dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA blds f}rh; lkfgfR;d v/;;u dks xfr iznku dj ldsAHkkx esa yksdxkFkkvksa esa ik;s tkus okys fofHkUu v/;;u dk mn~ns';&vyadkjksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA vuqizkl] miek] izLrqr v/;;u dk mn~ns'; Hkkstiqjh esa mRizs{kk ,oa vfr'k;ksfDr vyadkj tks ;=&r= ik;s izcU/kkRed xhrksa dk dSls&dSls o fdu :iksa esa tkrs gSa mudk o.kZu gSA blds r`rh; Hkkx esa fofHkUu dkO;'kkL=h; foospu gS] dk ewY;kadu djuk gSAyksd NUnksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS] tks NUn 'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k&n`f"V ls Hkys gh mi;qDr u gks] yksd izpyu esa Hkkjrh; ok³~xe; esa dfo* 'kCn vR;Ur lEeku tuekul esa budk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ LFkku gSA okpd jgk gSA osnksa esa dbZ ckj dfo 'kCn dk iz;ksx Hkkstiqjh yksdxkFkkvksa esa fcjgk] vkYgk] pkScksyk] _f"k] l`"Vk dkUrn'khZ ,oa euh"kh ds vFkZ esa fd;k x;k mM+ku] lksjBh] [kM+h vkfn NUnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA gSA HkV~V xksiky ^dfo 'kCn dh O;qRifRr djrs gq, ik¡posa Hkkx esa Hkkstiqjh yksdxkFkkvksa esa lekurk crykrs gSa& ^dkSfr 'kCnk;rs foe`'kfr jlHkkok fufr ,oa mlesa ik;s tkus okys ns'kt 'kCnksa ds ckjs esa dfo%* vFkkZr~ tks jl Hkko bR;kfn dk foe'kZ djrk crk;k x;k gSA rFkk mUgsa 'kCnkf;r djrk gS og dfo gSaaA jkt'ks[kj fof'k"V 'kCn& us do`* ls bldh O;qRifRr cryk;k gS nksuksa gh :iksa

ok³x~ e;] euh"kh] O;Rq ifRr] foe'k]Z lkeF;]Z vuHq krw ] esa dfo ds lkFk 'kCn&f'kYih dk vFkZ tqM+k gqvk gSA ifjofrrZ ] vfHkO;fDr] lkotZ fud] ukV;~ 'kkL=] lkjHkwr] dfo og gS tks jl vkSj Hkkoksa dks lkeF;Z iwoZd ok.kh fupqM+dj] vkLoknu] J`¡xkj] vkuUne;rk] Qqgkjsa] ns ldsA dfo dsoy vuqHkwr jl ,oa Hkko dks ok.kh gh vuqjkx vkfnA ugha nsrk vfirq mudh iqu% ltZuk Hkh djrk gSA

Hkks

Hkkstiqjh esa izcU/kkRed xhrksa dk dkO;'kkL=h; foospu,d lkfgfR;d v/;;u



mlds blh l`f"VdeZ dh vksj ladsr djrk gS& dks /;ku esa j[kdj ugha dgh x;h gSA yksd xk;d fdlh dkO; 'kkL= ds fl)kUr dks ugha tkurk gSA og vikus dkO; lalkjs dfojsd% iztkifr%Arks viuh /kqu esa dFkk dk rkjrE; cSBkrk tkrk gS vkSj ;FkkLeS jksprs fo'oa rFksna ifjorZrsAAdgkuh vkxs c<+rh tkrh gSA fQj Hkh vutkusa esabldk vFkZ gS fd dfo vius dkO; lalkj dk 1& Hkjr% ukV~; “kkL=&1@113&18 gh mlds dkO; fo/kkrk gksrk gSA og vius dkO; lalkj dh l`f"V esa esa dkO; 'kkL= ds cgqr ls :i vk x;s gSaA bu iafDr;ksa loZFkk LorU= gSA czºek dh l`f"V dks og T;kas dk R;ksa esa ge yksd xkFkkvksa esa ik;s tkus okys fofHkUu dkO; udy ugha djrk vfirq viuh :fp ds vuqlkj 'kkL=h; :iksa dk o.kZu djsxsaAifjofrZr djds ,d fo'o dh jpuk djrk gSAjl foospuk&laLd`r ds dkO;'kkL= ds vkpk;ksZa dh n`f"V esa

Hkkjrh; ok³~e; esa jl 'kCn dk iz;ksx dbZ {ks=ksa esa dkO;'kkL= dk mn~ns';&fn[kykbZ iM+rk gSA inkFkksZa ds lUnHkZ esa bldk lkekU; dkO; dh jpuk D;ksa gksrh gS\ Hkko ,oa fopkj rks vFkZ fdlh inkFkZ fo'ks"k dk lkjHkwr nzO; gSA vke dk lHkh ds eu esa gksrs gSa fdUrq lHkh mUgsa vfHkO;fDr ugha jl dgus ls ,d ,sls nzO; inkFkZ dk cks/k gksrk gS djuk pkgrsA cgqr ls yksx rks ân; dh vuqHkwfr;ksa ftlesa vke ds leLr xq.k fupqM+dj lkjHkwr :i esa dks fNikdj j[kus esa gh vkuUn dk vuqHko djrs gSaA mifLFkr gks x;s gSaA HkfDr ds {ks= esa jl 'kCn dk ,slh fLFkfr esa dfo vkuUn dk vuqHko djrs gSaAiz;ksx ,d fof'k"V vFkZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA jlks oSl%* ,slh fLFkfr esa dfo viuh furkUr oS;fDrd dgdj ml ije rRo dks jl&Lo:i cryk;k x;k vuqHkwfr;ksa dks dkO; ds ek/;e ls lkoZtfud D;ksa gSA czºe jl&Lo:i gS vkSj mlds lk{kkRdkj dh cukrk gS \fLFkfr Hkh jl fLFkfr gSA vkpk;Z Hkjr dk vkpk;Z Hkjr us ;|fi i`Fkd :i esa dkO; ukV~;'kkL= Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL= dk iz/kku xzUFk iz;kstu ij fopkj ugha fd;k gS fdUrq ukV~;'kkL= dh ekuk tkrk gSA bl xzUFk ds NBs v/;k; esa jl ds vusd iafDr;ksa esa cgqr gh Li"V ,oa fuHkzkUr :Ik esa Lo:i dk foospu fd;k x;k gSA ogka ;g iz'u bl fo"k; esa muds fopkj miyC/k gSaA ;Fkk&mBk;k x;k gS& jl D;k gS\ bl laf{kIr iz'u dk

nq%[kkUrkZuka JekUrkZuka 'kksdkUrkZuka rifLoukaAlh/kk mÙkj gS& jl inkFkZ gSA

foJkfUr ttua dkys ukV;esr nzfo”;frAAiqu% iz'u gS& inkFkZ jl dSls gks ldrk gS\ bldk

vFkkZr nq%[k] ifjJe] 'kksd rFkk lk/kuk ls mÙkj nsrs gq, Hkjr dgrs gSa& ^vklk|ekukr* vFkkZr

ifjJkUr tukas dks foJkfUr iznku djuk ukVd dk vkLoknu ;ksX; gksus ls inkFkZ esa jl dh fLFkfr gksrh

iz;kstu gSA blds vkxs nwljs 'yksd esa gSA vkpk;Z Hkjr fuEufyf[kr 'yksdksa esa jl ds Lo:i

ukV~;'kkL=dkj dk dguk gS fd ukVd /keZ] ;'k dh O;k[;k djrs gSa&

vkSj vk;q dh o`f) djus okyk] fgrdkjh] cqf) dk ;Fkk cgqnzO;dq=SR;ZatuS cgqfHkZ;qre~A

fodkl djus okyk rFkk yksd dks mins'k djus vkLFkkn;fUr HkqTtkuk HkqDra HkqDrfonks tukAAokyk gksxkAHkkokfHkui lEc)kaLFkkf;HkkokaLrFkk cq/kk%AHkkstiqjh yksd xkFkkvksa dk dkO;'kkL=h; foospu&vkLokn;fUr eulk rLekUukn~; jlk% Le`rk%AA**Hkkstiqjh yksd xkFkk,a dkO; 'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa

Üka`xkj jl& oSjkX; vkSj vuqjkx ,d Js.kh esa ugha j[ks tk ldrs] bl dkj.k 'kkUr ds vUrxZr HkfDr dk lekos'k mfpr Üka`xkj dks jljkt dgk tkrk gSA Üka`xkj dks ugha gSAjljkt u ekurs gq, vkpk;Z Hkjr us bldh

fof'k"Vrkvksa dh vksj vo'; ladsr fd;k gSA /ofu n.Mh us jfr vkSj izhfr esa vUrj Li"V djrs gq, lEiznk; ds izfr"Bkid vkuUn o/kZu Hkh Üka`xkj dk fy[kk gS&egRo ,oa oSf'k"V~; Lohdkj djrs gSaA os Üka`xkj dh ^îzkDizhfrnZf'kZrk ls;a jfr% Jàxkjrka xrkAe/kqjrk ,oa vkuUne;rk ij eqX/kk gSA :i oknqL;Hkksxsu nfnna jlo}t%AA**

Üka`xkj ,o e/kqj% ij% iz|knuks jl%A oS".ko vkpk;ksZa us HkfDr jl dh izfr"Bk dh ugha rUe;a dkO;ekfJR; ek/kq;Z izfrfr"BfrAA fd oju~ bls ewy jl Hkh ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA buds lksjBh c`tkHkkj rks jksekapd xkFkk gS ijUrq bl vuqlkj okLrfod jl HkfDr jl gSA D;ksafd ogh iw.kZ

dkO; esa Üka`xkj dh Qqgkjsa gj txg ekStwn gSA vkuUne; gSA Jàxkjkfn dkO; jl dkQh 'kwU; gSA2& Hkjr ukV~;”kkL= % 6@33&34 ;Fkk&3& vkuUn o/kZu% /oU;kyksd % 8@71 ^îfjiw.kZ jlk {kqnzjlsH;ks Hkoonzfr%

tfurkM+ Qwyok rqgq ge rksfM+ nsoksgksA [k|ksrsE;% bokfnO;izseso cyoÙkjkaAA**xM+h tbgsa daVok rksgjs xkr uwjs dhAA yksd dFkkvksa esa d:.k jl&dksey&dksey rksgjks ckM+h vaxqfj;k gksA d:.k jl dk vkLokn iqjkru gSA d:.k jl dk Qwyok ds uhps rh[kk 'kwy uwjs dhAA vkLokn lq[kkRed gS] ;k nq%[kkRed ;g iz'u

fooknkLin gSA nq%[k ls vkuUn dh miyfC/k dSls gkrh yksdxkFkkvksa esa HkfDr jl&gS\ D;ksafd d:.k ls nq%[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA HkfDr dks jl ekuk tk; ;k ugha bl ij vkpk;ksZa Hkkjrh; dkO;'kkL= esa jl dks vkuUnkRed ekuk tkrk esa lnSo erHksn jgk gSA eEeV us nsokfn fo"k;d jfr gSA bldk LFkk;h Hkko 'kksd gSA bldk lokZf/kd Js; dks Li"Vr% Hkko dguk mfpr le>kA mudk dguk mÙkj jkepfjr ukVd ds ys[kd HkoHkwfr dks izkIr gSA gS fd&vkuUno/kZu us d:.k jl esa ek/kq;Z ,oa vknZzrk dh ^jfrnsZokfn fo"k;k O;fHkpkjh rFkkfTtu% Hkko% fLFkfr ekudj Üka`xkj vkSj foizyEHk esa mRrjksRrj izksDra]mRd"kZ dh fLFkfr ekurs gq, fy[kk gS fd&HkfDr jl ds fo"k; esa if.Mrjkt txUukFk 4& egknso flag % lksjBh o`tHkkj % i`0 22Üka`xkj vkfn ukS jlksa ds ckn nlosa jl ds :i esa HkfDr

dkO; fo'kn foospu izLrqr djrs gSaA os bl 'kadk dk 5& if.Mr jkt txUukFk jlxaxk/kj % izFke ekuue~ % Hkh fujkdj.k djrs gSa fd HkfDr jl dk vUrHkkZo 'kkUr i`0 189jl ds Hkhrj gks tkrk gSA os Li"V rdZ nsrs gSa& ^^Üka`xkj foizyEHkk:;s d:.ks p izd”kZor~]

û pklkS 'kkUrjls·UrHkZforqegZfr% vuqjkxL; ek/kq;Z;knZzrk ;kfr;rLr=kf/kda eu%A**oSjkX;fo:)Rokr** vkuUno/kZu dk ;g dFku fl) djrk gS fd os

vFkkZr 'kkUrjl esa 'ke ¼fuosZn½ vFkok oSjkX; dh d:.k jl dks Üka`xkj jl ls Hkh vf/kd vkuUnnk;d izeq[krk gksrh gS tcfd HkfDrjl vuqjkx ewyd gSA ekurs gSaA vkpk;Z fo'oukFk dh n`f"V ls lpsr O;fDr



gh d:.k jl dh vksj vkÑ"V gksrs gSa vU; ugha] muds ,slu u yksgk ck yxyAvuqlkj dkO; esa nq%[kn dkj.kksa ls gh vkuUn dh nfD[ku ls dkVr ?kwey iwjc] vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA ;fn mudks nq%[k dh izkfIr gksrh rks iwjc ls ?kwey mÙkj ck;AdksbZ Hkh mldh vksj mUeq[k u gksrk& ,d ds QsoVk ?kqeoys]

^^fdap rs”kq ;nka nq%[k u dks·fi L;kÙknqUeq[k%A** Vky xby ykl ck x¡tk··;AA**yksd dFkkvksa esa ohj jl& nwljh txg fujey vkSj yksfjd ds chp esa ;q)

bldk LFkk;h Hkko mRlkg gAS dkO;ku'q kklukdkj dk o.kZu gS&okXHkV crykrs gSa fd izfruk;d dh vksj ls vfHku; ^^vghj pyr iSarjk ij ck;] lekjksg] v/;olk;] cy] izrki] 'kfDr izHkko vkSj ,d yaxs jktk iSarjk ij py·rAfoØe vkfn ds vf/k{ksi ls ohjRo dk lapkj gksrk gS

lksuHkn~nj ds ck;M rhj] vkSj buls lEc) fLFkfr;k¡ ohj jl ds foHkko ds :i

nwuks u lqck ck; lEgjyAA**esa dke djrh gSA

6& vkuUno/kZu % /kU;yksd] 2@3ohjRo ds pkj Hksn cryk;s x;s gSa&

7& vkpk;Z fo”oukFk % lkfgR; niZ.k] 113@5111- nkuohj 2- /keZohj

8& jkepUnz “kqDy % jl ehekalk] i`0 1303- ;q)ohj vkSj 4- n;kohj

9& MkW0vtqZu nkl ds”kjh % yksfjdk;u] i`0 113vkpk;Z jkepUnz 'kqDy mRlkg dh ifjHkk"kk djrs

10&MkW0vtqZu nkl ds”kjh % yksfjdk;u] i`0 113gq, dgrs gSa&jkSnz jl^^mRlkg dk vFkZ gS&lkgl dh meax tks fdlh

ohj xkFkkRed yksdxkFkkvksa esa jkSnzjl izk;% dfBu de dh vksj izsfjr djrh gSA mRlkg esa feyrk gSA bldk LFkk;h Hkko Øks/k gSA Øks/k dh vkyEcu vkSj y{; fLFkj vkSj ifjLQqV ugha gksrsA mRifÙk ij fopkj djrs gq, Hkjr eqfu us dgk gS fd& blh ls euksfoKkfu;ksa us iz/kku Hkkoksa dh fxurh esa mls og vid"kZ.k vFkkZr fL=;ksa dk frjLdkj djuk] ugha j[kk gSA ;|fi xzUFkksa esa izfreYy] nkuik= vkSj vf/k{ksi vFkkZr ns'kdqy] tkfr] fo|kdeZ vkfn dh n;kik= dks mRlkg ds vkyEcu dgk gS ij Hkko ds fuUnk] vu`r vFkkZr >wBh ckr dgukA mi?kkr vFkkZr vuqHkwfr dky esa bu O;fDr;ksa dh vksj oSlk /;ku ugha ?kj ds ewY;ksa dk ihM+u] okD; ikS:";] vfHknzksg vkfn jgrk tSlk vkSj Hkkoksa ds izrhfr dky esa jgrk gSA**ds dkj.k jl mRiUu gksrk gSA ljy Hkk"kk esa jkSnzjl mi;qZDr foospu ls ;g Li"V gS fd ;q) ;k ;q) dks fuEu izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS&ds fy, rS;kj gksdj tkuk gh ohj jl gSA yksfjdk;u 1- ftl jl ds vkLoknu ds Øks/k izdV gks mls jkSnz ,d ohjxkFkk dkO; gS ftlesa txg&txg ;q) dk jl dgrs gSaAo.kZu gSA2- tgk¡ fojks/kh ny dh NsM+[kkuh] vieku] vidkj] ^^[kk¡M+ xby xjnus ck Hkgjk;] xq:tu fuUnk rFkk ns'k vkSj /keZ ds fujknj vkfn ls ifPNe u dkVr ck?kqek;Aizfr'kks/k dh Hkkouk tkx`r gksrh gS og jkSnz jl gksrk

,dn ?k wey nfD[ku ds ck;] gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ&

ckr u phr ds ljcj] ^fujkyk* us NUncU/ku dks vLohdkj fd;kA L;kr muds efLr"d esa Hkh yksdfp= mdsjus okyksa dk fp= ckr u dl ysgys u eSnkuAmHkj jgk gSAjktk vius iqthlu esa ck; dlys]

yksfjdk;u ,d izfl) ohjdFkkRed yksdxkFkk gS] vfgj u ifgjr ck viuks cÙkhlks lekuAAftlesa fcjgk NUn dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA;gk¡ fujey] yksfjd dks ;q) ds fy, yydkj fcjgk&jgk gSA

MkW0 fxz;lZu us fcjgk ds NUnfo/kku ds ckjs esa vkYgk dk ,d mnkgj.k nsf[k&crykrs gq, fy[kk gS fd& ^i<+rs le; ;s fcjgs 'kk;n ,slk ekjsxk [ksrksa rsjs gkM+ feysaxs uk;Agh NUn ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj feysa] tc rd ge ;kn luq dj ckr as fijFkhjkt dh xLq lk Hkjk cnu e as tk;Au j[ks fd cgqr ls nh?kZ Loj i<+rs le; y?kq dj fn;s

xjt d s ey[k s ,ls s ckys k n'q eu rjs k cjq k gk s tk;Atkrs gSaA buesa dHkh&dHkh ,sls O;FkZ ds 'kCn gksrs gSa] tks

Mew HkkV D;k tku s e>q dk s gCc s dk jgk Mj fn[kyk;AA NUn ds vaxhHkwr ugha gksrsA**;gk¡ i`Fohjkt] ey[kku vkil esa ckrphr djrs iqu% blh fo}ku us vkxs pydj viuk er izdV

gSaA jkSnz jl dk ,d vkSj mnkgj.k nz"VO; gS& djrs gq, Li"V fy[kk gS fd fiaxy'kkL= ds fu;e jkek f/kd rksj Hkbys tueoka js ukA buds lEcU/k esa f'kfFky iM+ tkrs gSaAjkek f/kd rksj ekbZ ds xjHko js ukA ^^fcjgk** vghjksa esa eq[; :i ls lEcfU/kr gSA jkek tkfg dksf[k Hkby rksj tueoka js ukA blesa pkj pj.k gksrs gSa] blfy, bls pkj dfM+;ka Hkh jkek lqfudj vruk cpuoka js ukA dgk tkrk gSA blds izFke pj.k esa 12 vkSj r`rh;

pj.k esa 11 v{kj gksrs gSa] f}rh; pj.k esa 13 v{kj vkSj jkek dq¡oj ihls [khlh nkroka js ukAA prqFkZ pj.k esa 12 v{kj gksrs gSaAHkkstiqjh esa yksdxkFkkvksa esa NUn fo/kku&

dguk luck ,fBu gekj]yksdxhr esa yksdthou esa O;kIr vuqHkwfr;ksa dk ns[k HkkbZ tkfr pekj bZ BgjyAtc o.kZu gqvk gS rks muds jpf;rkvksa us NUncU/ku ge u nsc l³~ga rksgkj]dks dqN ek=k esa gh Lohdkj fd;k gSA tgk¡ rd

yksdxkFkkvksa dk lEcU/k gS muesa NUn fo/kku dk izk;% gekj /kje gks tkbZ udlkuAAyksi gh fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA fo'ks"k djds mlesa Vsd vkSj uhp s ,d vkjS fcjgk fn;k tk jgk gAS ble as Hkh pkj ^jsuk* pj.k g]aS igy s vkjS pkFS k s pj.k e as 18&17 v{kj] nlw j s pj.k 11- MkW0vtqZu nkl ds”kjh % yksfjdk;u] i`0 107 e as 13 v{kj] rhlj s pj.k e as 16 v{kj gkrs s gAaS12- eV:yky vÙkkj % vkYg[k.M] i`0 72 ,gj ,d xk¡o ijy lqjkoy ck; iky]13- egknso izlkn flag % dq¡vj fctbZ] i`0 158 vHkh cMpy [kpkZ iYys esa ck;A

dh vuqxwatt lqukbZ iM+rh gSA Lor% LQwrZ dkO; pydj ns[kk cejh uauk dk njckj]xkFkk esa os NUn ds cU/ku esa c¡/kuk ugha pkgrs Fks Mkd&Mkd nwuksa ihfB ij Hk;y vlokjAD;ksafd mudh n`f"V esa jpuk 'yFk gks mBrh gSA vkYgk&

vkxs pydj Hkfo"; esa ia0 lw;ZdkUr f=ikBh ;g ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk NUn gSA blesa egkscs ds


ohj vkSj Åny dh dFkk dgh x;h gSA ;g bruk 15 ek=k,a yksdfiz; gqvk fd bl xkFkk dk uke vkYgk iM+k ;gka izFke vkSj r`rh; pj.k esa 16&16 ek=k,a rFkk ftldh dqN iafDr;k¡ uhps mn~/k`r gS& f}rh; vkSj prqFkZ pj.k esa 15&15 ek=k,a gSaA f}rh; 14- MkW0 Jh/kj feJ % Hkkstiqjh yksd lkfgR; dk vkSj prqFkZ pj.k ds vUr esa ,d xq: vkSj ,d y?kq gSA lkaLd`frd v/;;u] i`0 273 bl izdkj dqy 62 ek=k,a gSaA

15- MkW0 vtqZu nkl ds”kjh % yksfjdk;u] i`0 183 yksd dfo fiaxy'kkL= ds ipM+s esa u iM+dj dkO; dh jpuk djrk gS] jpuk djrs le; mlds ân; esa gkFk tksM+ ds ey[ks cksyk]tks Hkko vkrs gSa] mUgsa NUn'kkL= ds fu;eksa dh ijokg lsod dks ns gqDe lquk;Au djds fyfic) dj nsrk gSA og loZFkk LorU= gksrk bl ij tckc fn;k nqjxs us]gS] NUn 'kkL= ds fu;eksa ij /;ku ugha nsrk gSAey[ks lquyks dku yxk;AA16- eV:yky vÙkkj % vkYg[k.M] i`0 93blds izFke pj.k esa 10 v{kj f}rh; pj.k esa 11 17- eV:yky vÙkkj % vkYg[k.M] i`0 293v{kj r`rh; pj.k esa 13 v{kj vkSj pkSFks pj.k esa 11 vyadkj ;kstuk dh fo'ks"krk&v{kj gksrs gSaA nwljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k ds vUr esa xq: 1- bldh igyh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd vyadkjksa dk y?kq gksrk gSA ,d vkSj mnkgj.k uhps fn;k tk jgk lfUuos'k vuk;kl gks tkrk gS] vFkkZr~ yksd dfo gS&vyadkjksa dk iz;ksx tkucw>dj ugha djrk gSA xhrksa esa ·AA ·· AA AA · ·tks vaydkj miyC/k gksrs gSa] os fcuk iz;kl ds Lor% vk Åny nkcs tc cxyh dks]tkrs gSaA xhrksa dks i<+us ls bldk irk py tkrk gSA·A AAA ·· AA ·A2- yksdxkFkkvksa esa vyadkj fo/kku dh nwljh fo'ks"krk chl dne ihNs gV tk;Abudh ekSfydrk gSAAA · ·· AA · AA ·

yksd dfo us ftu miekuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] os cxyh nkcs tc Åny dks]dfo ijEijk;qDr ugha gSa] cfYd uwru vkSj ekSfyd gSaA ·A AAA · ··A ·Aizkphu dfo;ksa us us=ksa dh miek [katu] ehu vkSj e`x

rhl dne yks jsnsy tk;AAdh vk¡[kksa ls nh gSA ijUrq yksd dfo us ijEijk ;qDr

;fr ds Åij x.kuk djus ij fuEufyf[kr :i miekuksa dk frjLdkj dj ^vke ds Qkjh* ls bldh

feyrk gSA ek=kvksa dh x.kuk djus ij&rqyuk dh gS vFkok nku cgknqj flag lw¡M+ ,sls gkL;

izFke pj.k& 2$1$1$2$2$1$1$1$1$2$2 dfo us blh Øe esa ^vk¡[k tSls vjgj dh [kqRFkh*

¾ 16 ek=k,afy[kdj mldh rh{.krk dk cks/k djk;k gSA xk¡o dk

f}rh; pj.k& 2$1$1$1$1$2$2$1$1$2$1 fuoklh ns[krk gS fd vjgj dkVus ds ckn [kqRFkh

¾ 15 ek=k,afdruh uqdhyh gksrh gS vkSj dfo us mlh uqdhysiu dks

r`rh; pj.k& 1$1$2$2$2$1$1$2$1$1$2 vk¡[k esa ns[kk gS rFkk yksdthou ls mldh miek nh ¾ 16 ek=k,a gSA ,slh miek dfotu fonzqe ;k fcEcQy ls fn;k

prqFkZ pj.k& 2$1$1$1$1$2$2$2$2$1 ¾ djrs gSaA ijUrq xzkeh.k dfo dVs gq, iku* ds VqdM+s ls


mldh lekurk djrk gSA le; mies; dh vkd`fr dk vuqdj.k djus okys mieku dks gh egRo nsrs gSaA tSls& fdlh L=h ds twjk 3- rhljh fo'ks"krk xzkeh.k okrkoj.k ls miekuksa dk dh miek ^gwjk* ¼ykBh dh fupyk xksykdkj Hkkx½ ls pqukoA yksd dfo ftl okrkoj.k esa tUe ysrk gS vkSj fn;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd twjk Hkh xksy gksrk gSAiyrk gS] ml orkoj.k dk mlds ân; ij LFkk;h

izHkko cuk jgrk gS] vr% og vius Hkkoksa dks Li"V o.kksZa ds ckj&ckj rFkk vkl&ikl ds iz;ksx ls djus ds fy, ftu miekuksa dk pquko djrk gS] og Hkkouk esa izokg rFkk jle;rk vk tkrh gSA ;Fkk&mlds vkl&ikl dh fpj&ifjfpr oLrq,a gqvk djrh [kV [kV [kV [kV rsxk ckts]gSaA ;Fkk& isV dh miek] ijSu ds iRrs] ihB dh miek] py jgh Nid Nid ryokjAA/kksch ds ikB ls nh gSA ;gk¡ ij [kV [kV 'kCn dk iz;ksx vkSj Nid Nid

vjs isV rksj gos fi;k iqjbu irok js ukA dk iz;ksx dbZ ckj gqvk gSAvjs ihB rks gos fi;k /kksch iVok js ukAA

4- xzkeh.k ;kstuk dh pkSFkh fo'ks"krk gS vkd`fr lkE; vFkkZr yksd dfo miekuksa dk pquko djrs



fgUnh

&vYdk jk;*

*ckcw f'koiÙkj jk; Lekjd egkfo|ky;] jkex<+] lxM+h] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

bZ Hkh miU;kl pkgs og ,sfrgkfld gks vFkok dh leL;kvksa ds izfr lekt dks psrkouh nsuk gksrk lkekftd] mldk iz/kku y{; gksrk gS] thou dh gSA miU;kl LoHkkor% ;FkkFkZ dk gksrk gS pkgs og fofo/k ekuoh; lEosnukvks dk foLrkj dj Hkkoukvksa ;FkkFkZ vrhr dk gks vFkok orZeku dkA ,sfrgkfld ,oe~ fopkjksa] ân; ,oe~ efLr"d ds chp ,d uohu miU;kl dk egRo rks blh esa gS fd mlesa fdlh chrs lkeatL; LFkkfir djuk RkFkk lhfer :Ik esa thou ds gq, ;qx ds thou dk fp=.k iw.kZrk ,oe fofo/krk ds

1 lkFk fd;k tk;s] ftlls lq/kh ikBdksa ds lEeq[k ml fpjUrj lR; dk mn~?kkVu djuk A bl mn~ns'; dh dky dk Li"V ,oa ltho fp= efLr"d esa mHkj iwfrZ ds fy, gh miU;kl dYiuk dk lgkjk gSAvk;sA ;g dk;Z rHkh lEHko gks ldrk gS fd tc ,sfrgkfld miU;kldkj bfrgkl izfl) ys[kd us ml dky dh lHkh ckrksa dk iwoZ v/;;u ?kVukvksa ,oe~ rF;ksa dk lgkjk ysdj vius fd;k gks vkSj lkFk gh mlesa Li"V ,oa ;FkkFkZ ds o.kZu dkYifudizns; dk ikBd ds lEeq[k izLrqr djrk gSA

3dh {kerk gks Anksuks ,d nwljs ds ewyHkwr rRoksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

,sfrgkfld miU;kl dh dyk bfrgkl dh rjg ukxj th ds ,sfrgkfld miU;kl&Kkucks/kkRed ugh] fp=kRed gSA og tkudkjh ugha bfrgkl vkSj iqjkrRo ds izfr ukxj th dk yxko nsrh] fcEckRed vuqHkwfr djkrh gS vkSj blds fy, muds lkfgR; izse ls de egÙoiw.kZ ugha gSA bfrgkl mls ik=ksa rFkk vrhr dk ltho iquZfuekZ.k djuk ds izfr mudk yxko fdlh ,d dky[k.M ls u gksrk gSA og LFkwy ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa ls cp Hkh ldrk gksdj Hkkjr ds izkphu bfrgkl ls gksrk gqvk] e/; gS fdUrq ,sfrgkfld okrkoj.k ds thoUr fuekZ.k ds dkyhu vkSj vk/kqfud bfrgkl rd igqaprk gSA

2izfrcU/k ls ugh cp ldkrk A bfrgkl lEcU/kh vius Kku dk mi;ksx mUgksaus vius lkfgfR;d fuekZ.k esa fd;k gSA mUgksaus cgqr gh l/ks ,sfrgkfld miU;kl bfrgkldkj dh Hkkafr dsoy gq, pj.kksa ls bfrgkl dh lhek esa izos'k fd;k gSA ?kVukvksa dk C;kSjk ek= izLrqr ugha djrk] og vrhr muds ,sfrgkfld miU;kl dh fof'k"Vrk oLrqr% dkyhu ?kVukvksa dks xgjs ekuoh; lR; ds lkFk rks mudh ltho ,sfrgkfld Ik`"BHkwfe rFkk mlesa ik;s tksM+rk gh gS] mldk fp=.k Hkh bl izdkj ls djrk gS tkus okys lkekftd rFkk lkaLd`frd thou ds fp=.k fd mldh izklafxdrk cuh jgs vkSj orZeku thou ds esa gSAiz'u vkSj iqujkorZu fn[kkrk gS rks mldk mn~ns';

vrhr dh Hkwyksa ls voxr djkdj orZeku vkSj Hkfo"; ;|fi ukxj th }kjk fy[ks x;s ,sfrgkfld

dks

ve`ryky ukxj th ds miU;klksa dk bfrgklcks/k


miU;klksa dh la[;k vf/kd ugha gS] ij muds fy[ks ukxj th ds miU;klksa esa bfrgkl vkSj dYiuk dk ,sfrgkfld miU;kl fgUnh lkfgR; ds {ks= esa viuk lefUor :Ik ns[kus dks feyrk gSA muds miU;klksa ds fof'k"V LFkku j[krs gSaA ukxj th }kjk fy[ks x;s fo'kq) dfYir ik= vkSj ?kVuk,a Hkh bfrgkl dk vax izeq[k ,sfrgkfld miU;klksa esa 'krjat ds eksgjsa] ekul izrhr gksrh gSa muds miU;klksa esa izLrqr dfYir ik= dk gal] ,d ?kw¡?kV okyk eq[kM+k] [katu u;u] pSrU; vkSj ?kVuk,a viuh i`"BHkwfe ls tqM+ dj gh lkeus vk;s egkizHkq] fo'ks"k #i ls mYys[kuh; gSA ^Hkw[k* vkSj gSaA ,sfrgkfld miU;kl dh jpuk esa ^dYiuk* dk ^lqgkx ds uwiqj* dks dqN fo}ku ,frgkfld jpuk egRo lHkh fo}ku Lohdkj djrs gS D;ksafd dYiuk* ds ekurs gSa rks dqN fo}ku mls fo'kq) lkekftd vHkko esa ,sfrgkfld miU;kl dksjk bfrgkl cu dj miU;kl dh Js.kh esa j[krs gSaA jg tk,sxkA

^'krjat ds eksgjs ukxjth dk izFke ,sfrgkfld ukxj th ds miU;klksa esa ^Hkw[k* ,d ,sfrgkfld miU;kl gS] ftlesa 1857 dh ØkfUr ds igys ds vo/k ?kVuk ij vk/kkfjr miU;kl gSA ys[kd us 1943 ds dk cgqr gh ;FkkFkZ ,oe dykRed #i izLrqr gqvk gSA nqfHkZ{k ,oa rRdkyhu fLFkfr] Hkq[kejh dk ltho fp=.k ^lqgkx ds uwiqj* nf{k.k Hkkjr dh izkphu ,sfrgkfld fd;k gSA ;g miU;kl u rks ,sfrgkfld gS vkSj u gh i`"BHkwfe dks dykRed cuk fn;k gSA rhljk ys[kd dk mn~ns'; fdlh ,sfrgkfld ik= vFkok ,sfrgkfld miU;kl ^lkr ?kw¡?kV okyk eq[kM+k* bfrgkl dk fp=.k djuk gSA eq[; :Ik ls ;g ,sfrgkfld pfj= iz/kku miU;kl gS] vr% blesa miU;kl 1943 ds Hkh"k.k vdky dk ;FkkFkZ] izkekf.kd dYiuk dk vf/kd lfeJ.k gqvk gSA pUnzxqIrdkyhu rFkk thoUr fp=.k izLrqr djus okyk lkekftd bfrgkl dk ys[kk&tks[kk izLrqr djus okyk ^,dnk psruk oyf;r miU;kl gSAuSfe”kkj.;s* ,sfrgkfld miU;kl ls vf/kd lUnHkZlkaLd`frd gSA xksLokeh rqylhnkl ds thou o`r ij 1- MkW0 xqIr] txnh'k% vkykspuk( miU;kl fo'ks"kkad vk/kkfjr miU;kl ^ekul dk gal* ,sfrgkfld 1954( vDVwcj] i`"B& 176 lakLd`frd rRoksa ls ;qDr gSA Bhd blh dM+h dk vkxs 2- pq?k] lR;iky% fgUnh ,sfrgkfld miU;kl] c<+kus okyk miU;kl ^[katuu;u* vkSj ^pSrU; izfreku ,oe fodklsfrgkl] i`"B& 6egkizHkq* Øe'k% lwjnkl vkSj pkSrU; egkizHkq ds thou 3- MkW0 xksfoUn th % fgUnh ds ,sfrgkfld miU;klksa pfjr ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gq, Hkh rRdkyhu ,sfrgkfld esa bfrgkl iz;ksx] i`"B& 61vkSj lkekftd i`"BHkwfe dk thoUr fp= izLrqr djrk gSA

laLÑr

& *MkW0 iwue nsoh

*vflLVsUV izksQslj] v/;{k laLd`r foHkkx] fryd/kkjh egkfo|ky;] tkSuiqj ¼m0iz0½

uo ds thou esa dkSu lk le; 'kqHk gSa] dkSu fd;k tkrk gSA tSls fofo/k Ik'kq&iaf{k;ksa dh vkokt]

lk le; v'kqHk gS] bldk fopkj 'kdqu 'kkL= ds ekuo ds fofo/k vaxks dk QM+duk] Nhd }kjk LoIu

vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gSA laLd`r esa 'kdqu ia{kh fo'ks"k fopkj ,oa izkd`frd Lo#i bR;kfn ;g lHkh 'kdqu& 1 'kkL= ds vax gSaA gekjs lekt esa fdlh dk;Z ds fy, dks dgrs gSA 'kCn dYinzqe ds vuqlkj&

2 fudyrs le; ;k ;k=k djrs le; Ik'kq&ia{kh fn[kkbZ Þ'kDuksfr 'kqHkk'kqHka vususfr 'kdque~ÞAn s ;k mudh vkokt luq kb Z n s rk s mud s vulq kj 'kduq

fdlh dk;Z ds le; fn[kkbZ nsus okys y{k.k tks n[s ku s dh ijEijk jgh gAS ;g ikz .kh fdl fn'kk e as nf"V

dk;Z ds fo"k; esa 'kqHk&v'kqHk dh lwpuk nsrs gSa] os xkps j gkrs s g S ;k ckys r s g S budh fLFkfr o ckys h d s

'kdqu dgykrs gSA dqN fo}kuksa dk ;g dguk gS fd vuqlkj 'kqHk vkSj v'kqHk dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA,slh vkdfLed ?kVuk dks ftls Hkfo"; dk n~;ksrd

'kdqu&'kkL= esa mYyw dk fnu esa cksyuk] fl;kjks le>k tkrk gS] 'kdqu dgykrk gSA vr% Hkfo"; ds dk 'kCn djuk] dkSvk dh ddZ'k cksyh] e`xks dk lEcU/k esa vizR;kf'kr lans'k dk uke 'kdqu gSA fopj.k djuk] fcYyh dk 'kCn xeu] dcwrj dk xqVwj 'kdqu gekjs Hkfo"; esa gksus okyh ?kVuk dk ladsr xw djuk bR;kfn iaf{k;ksa dh vkokt v'kqHk ekuh tkrh nsrs gSA izkphu dky ls ;s 'kdqu yksdokrkZ ds }kjk gh gSA mYyw vkSj dcwrj dk fnu esa cksyuk ml xzke o ih<+h nj ih<+h igq¡prs jgs gSA dqN yksx bu 'kdquksa dks 'kgj ds fy, v'kqHk ekuk x;k gSA ;fn fdlh O;fDr vU/k&fo'okl ekurs gS] fQj Hkh vf/kdrj yksx bu ds ?kj ij fnu esa mYyw cksyrk gS rks og ?kj [kkyh gks 'kdquks dh mis{kk ugh djrs gSA gj euq"; dHkh u tkrk gS vFkkZr~ og fouk'k dh voLFkk dks izkIr dj dHkh fdlh u fdlh #i esa 'kdqu dks ekurs gSA 'kdqu ysrk gSAds ifj.kke mrus gh izkphu gS] ftruh euq"; tkfrA

3ckys s ?k w ?k w ?kj i s tk;] iM s+ foiRr [kkyh gk s tk;Au dsoy Hkkjr esa vfirq fo'o Hkj esa ;s 'kdqu izpfyr

?kj ls fudyrs le; ;fn fcYyh jkLrk dkV gSA 'kdqu dk ladsr gekjs osnksa] iqjk.kksa egkHkkjr]

jkek;.k ,oa ykSfdu laLd`r lkfgR; ds xzUFkksa esa izkIr nsrh gS] rks mls Hkh v'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g dsoy gksrk gSA yksd O;ogkj esa gh izpfyr ugh gS vfirq c`gRlafgrk

esa Hkh bldk mYys[k gqvk gSA'kdqu&'kkL= dk fopkj fofo/k #iksa ds }kjk

Ekk

ekuo thou esa 'kdqu fopkj


4 djsxhA ;g lHkh fuf'pr #i ls rqEgkjh ;k=k esa ;krqfcZMkyfo#r u 'kqHka lnSoAeaxye; fl) gksxsaA dkSvk tks vius #i jax ls vR;Ur gh dkyk rFk

eUna&eUna uqnfr iou'pkuqdwyks ;Fkk Roka mldh ckssyh ddZ'k ekuh tkrh gS] mls Hkh vi'kdqu

oke'pk;a unfr e/kqja pkrdLrs lxU/k%A ekuk x;k gSA e`PNdfVde~ xzUFk esa tc pk#nŸk dks

U;k;k/kh'k }kjk U;k;ky; esa cqyk;k tkrk gS rks] tkrs xHkkZ/kku{k.k ifjp;kUuwu ekc)ekyk%8le; pk#nŸk dks dqN vkokt lqukbZ nsrh gSAAa tc lsfo”;Urs u;u lqHkxa jos HkoUra ckykdk%AA

og lkeus ns[krk gS rks ,d lw[ks o`{k ij lw;Z dh vksj ekuo d s fofo/k vxa k s dk QMd+ uk Hkh 'kduq &'kkL=

vfHkeq[k gksdj #{k Loj esa dkSvk dkWo&dkWo dj jgk dk lwpd ekuk tkrk gSA dHkh us=ksa dk QM+duk] dHkh

gS] rks pk#nŸk mls egku foifRr dk lwpd eku ysrk Hkqtkvksa dk QM+duk] dHkh t?kkvksa dk QM+duk 'kqHk rks gSA dHkh v'kqHk gks tkrk gSA L=h ds oke vax dk QM+duk #{kLoja ok'kfr ok;lks·; eekR;Hk``R;k eqgjkg~;fUr 'kqHk rks iq#"k ds nk,¡ vax dk QM+duk 'kqHk ekuk tkrk

5 lO; a p u=s a LQjq fUr ilz ã eekfufeŸkkfu fg [kns ;fUrAA gS rFkk blds foijhr gksus ij v'kqHk gksrk gSA v'kksd

okfVdk esa Jhjke ds fojg esa {kh.kdk; gqbZ lhrk dk g"kZpfjr egkdkO; esa Hkh 'kdqu&'kkL+= dk tc oke us= QM+dus yxk] oke Hkqtk QM+d mBh ] ck,¡ mYys[k gqvk gSA blesa fl;kjksa dks v'kqHk lwpd ekuk tkW?k esa dqN foLQqj.k gqvk vksj f'kj dk vkWpy ljd x;k gSA blesa of.kZr gS fd fl;kjksa dk Åij dh vksj x;k rc mUgsa yxk fd dksbZ lq[kn lekpkj feyus eq[k djds tksj&tksj ls fpYYkkuk egkjkt g"kZo/kZUk okyk gS] rHkh mUgkssaus lkeus ns[kk fd gkFk tksM+s gq, ds fy, muds firk izHkkdj o/kZu dh Hkkoh e`R;q dk

6 Jhjke dk lans'k lqukus ds fy, guqeku th [kM+s gSAlwpd le>k x;k gSA 'kdqu&'kkL= dh n`f"V ls dqN HkqtUp pkoZf¥~pr ihuo`r% ijk/;Zdkyk xq#pUnukgZ%AIk'kq&iaf{k;ks dks 'kqHk Hkh ekuk x;k gSA ;k=k djrs

9le; ;fn nkfguh rjQ fgj.k] lkWi] cUnj] fcyko] vuqUresuk/;qf”kr% fiz;s.k fpjs.k oke% leosirk'kqAAdqRrk] lqvj] usoyk rFkk pwgk fn[kkbZ ns rks ;k=k vfHkKku 'kkdUq rye ~ ukVd e as jktk n”q ;Ur% ex dk eaxydkjh gksrh gS] ;fn ;gh blds foijhr fn[kkbZ ns ihNk djr s g,q tc d.o efq u d s vkJe e as vfrfFk lRdkj rks veaxydkjh gks tkrk gSA ds fufeUr tkus yxrs gS] rks ml le; mudh nkfguh

Hkqtk QM+dus yxrh gSA bl ij fopkj djrs gq, dgrs Ek`xkfg dfi ektkZj 'oku% 'kwdj if{k.k%A7 gS fd Hkqtk QM+dus dk Qy ;gk¡ dSls lEHko gSAUkdqyh ewf”kd'pSo ;k=k;ka nf{k.ks 'kqHk%AA

10'kkUrfenekJeina LQqjfr p ckgq% dqr% QyfegkL;AxhfrdkO; es?knwr esa pkrd] eksj rFkk cxqyk i{kh

blls izrhr gksrk gS fd iq#"k ds nkfgus vax dk dks 'kqHk ekuk x;k gSA ;{k es?k dks vydkiqjh ds ekxZ

QM+duk 'kqHk rks L=h ds okekax dk QM+duk 'kdqu dks crkrs gq, dgrk gS fd ok;q rqEgkjs vuqdwy cgsxhA

'kkL= dh n`f"V mÙke ekuk x;k gSA o"kkZ dh cwanks dks ihdj xoZ ls Hkjk iihgk rqEgkjs oke

Hkkx esa fLFkr gksdj e/kqj 'kCn djsxk rFkk iafDRkc) jkf= esa ns[kk x;k LoIu Hkh ekuo ds thou esa 'kqHk cxqfy;k¡ mRlkg ls Hkjh gqbZ nwj rd rqEgkjk vuqxeu vkSj v'kqHk dk ladsr nsrs gSA LoIu nks izdkj ds gksrs


gSA 'kqHk LoIu vkSj v'kqHk LoIuA 'kqHk LoIu 'kdqu gS vkSj ckj&ckj galrs gq, pqYyw ls rsy ih jgs gSA fQj

RkFkk v'kqHk LoIu vi'kdqu gSA okYehfd jkek;.k esa mUgksusa fry feyk gqvk Hkkr [kk;k vkSj flj uhpk dj

v'kksd okfVdk esa vdsyh cSBh gqbZ lhrk dks jk{kfl;ksa fy;kA LoIu esa eSaus ;g Hkh ns[kk fd i`Foh QV x;h gS]

ds }kjk Mjk, tkus rFkk ekj Mkyus dh ckr dgus ij o`{k lw[k x, gS] ioZRk fxj x, gS vkSj muls /kqvk¡

f=tVk uked jk{kluh lHkh jk{klfu;ksa dks crkrs gq, fudy jgk gSA

dgrh gS fd vkt eSaus cM+k gh Hk;kud LoIu ns[kk gS] vorh.kkZ p i`fFkoha 'kq”dka'p fofo/kkUnzqekuA13ftlls ekywe iMrk gS fd jkepUnz th dk dY;k.k vga Ik';kfe fo/oLrkUl/kweka'pkfi ioZRkku~AA

rFkk jk{klksa dk fouk'k gksxkA g"kZpfjr egkdkO; esa g"kZo/kZu jkf= esa Hk;kud

LoIuks ã| e;k n`"Vks nk#.kksa jkseg"kZ.k%A LoIu ns[krk gS fd og ilhus ls rj&fcrj gks x;k gS] 11jk{klkuke Hkok; HkrZqjL;k t;k; pAA yykV ij lw;Z dk izfrfoEc iM+ jgk gS] dk;Z dh

LoIu dk o`rkUr crkrs gq, f=tVk dgrh gS fd O;xzrk ds dkj.k bfUnz;kW ekuks mlds 'kjhj ls i`Fkd

y{e.k th ds lkFk Jhjke lQsn oL= vkSj ekyk gks x;h gSA og izkr% dky tSls gh mBrk gS mlh le;

jktk izHkkdj o/kZu dh vLoLFkrk dk lekpkj ysdj /kkj.k fd, gq, foeku ij cSBdj vkdk'k ekxZ ls lans'k okgd vk igq¡prs gSA ;g muds fy, v'kqHk fl) yadk esa vk, gSA gekjs Lokeh jko.k f'kj eqMkdj] rsy

14yxk,] dkyk oL= igus gq,] e|iku djds vkSj djhj gksrk gSA vFkoZosn ds ea=ks esa Hkh 'kdqu vkSj vi'kdqu

dk mYys[k gqvk gSA 'kqHk dk;ksZ esa izk;% 'kdqu dk gksuk dh ekyk igus iq"id foeku ls uhps fxj x, gS vkSj

mUgs idM+dj ,d L=h [khap jgh gSA bl izdkj ykHknk;d gksrk gSA vr% ea= esa _f"k dk dFku gS fd

fnu&jkr] izkr% lk; vkfn lHkh le;ksa esa 'kdqu gks f=tVk LoIu dh ckr crkdj Jhjke ds fy, 'kqHk rFkk

vi'kdqu u gksA jko.k ds fy, v'kqHk crkrh gSA 15v;ks/;k ujs'k egkjkt n'kjFk dh e`R;q gks tkus LofLrr a e as liq kz r% llq k; a lfq no a leq x a l'q kduq a e as vLrAq A

ij ef=;ksa us ufugky x, gq, Hkjr dks dSd; ns'k ls 'kqHkk'kqHk ds bu cgqr ls rF;ksa dks tku ysus ij ykus ds fy, tc vuqpjksa dks Hkstk] mlh jkr dks dqN vkSj Hkh ,sls rF; izkIr gksrs gS ftuds }kjk 'kdqu Hkjrth us cM+k gh Hk;kud LoIu ns[kk FkkA LoIu dk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA tSls fdlh dk;Z ds fy, ns[kdj Hkjrth vR;Ur gh nq[kh vkSj mnkl FksA fe=ksa izLFkku djrs le; ok;q dk vuqdwy cguk 'kqHk rFkk ds }kjk iwNs tkus ij dgrs gS fd eSaus LoIu ns[kk gS izfrdwy cguk v'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA es?knwr esa Hkh fd firkth dk eq[k eyhu gks x;k gS] muds ds'k [kqys bldk o.kZu gqvk gSA ?kj ls fudyrs le; fdlh ds gq, gS vkSj os ioZr f'k[kj ls ,d xkscj Hkjs x<~<s esa }kjk Vksd nsuk] Nhad vk tkuk lkeus [kkyh ?kM+k fxj x;s gSA fn[kkbZ nsuk vPNk ugh ekuk tkrk gSA

16LoIus firjaenzk{ka efyua eqäew/kZte~A loSZes fjDRkdqEHkku~ ijk rkURlfor% lqoA12irUrefnzf'k[kjkRdys”kq xkse;g`nsAA oSfnd ;qx] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr dky ls ysdj

vkt rd 'kdqu 'kkL= dh >yd ns[kus dks feyrh gSA vkxs crkrs gq, dgrs gS fd os mlesa rSj jgs gS


vkt ekuo viuh izkphu laLd`fr dks NksM+dj 5- e`PNdfVde~ 9@10

oSKkfud ;qx dh izxfr ij vxzlj gks pqdk gS] ysfdu 6- g"kZpfjr mPN~okl 5] i`"B& 162fQj Hkh 'kdqu&'kkL= ds ?ksjs ls og iw.kZ #i ls ckgj 7- x#M+ iqjk.k 30@12ugh fudy ik;k gSA de ;k vf/kd #i esa og vkt 8- iwoZes?knwr 'yksd 10Hkh bl rF; dks Lohdkj djrk gSA ;fn ge vkt Hkh

9- okYehfd jkek;.k lqUnjdk.M 29@3'kdqu 'kkL= dk fopkj djds dk;Z djs rks fuf'pr

10- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ 9@16#i ls fcuk fdlh fo/u ds lQyrk dh izkfIr gks

11- okYehfd jkek;.k] lqUnj dk.M 27@6ldrh gSA vr% ge 'kdqu&'kkL= dh lRrk dk fu"ks/k 12- v;ks/;k dk.M 69@8ugh dj ldrs gSA13- okåjkekåv;ks/;kdk.M 69@13

14- g"kZpfjr iape mPNokl] i`"B& 260lUnHkZ 15- vFkoZosn 19@8@31- laLd`r fgUnh dks”k f'kojke vkIVs] i`"B& 99616- vFkoZosn 19@8@42- 'kCn dYinzqi iapedk.M] i`"B& 2

3- es?kekyk i`"B& 526

4- c`gRlafgrk v/;k; 88@35


laLÑr

& *MkW0 uferk fuxe

*v/;{k] ts0,u0ih0th0 dkWyst] y[kuÅ ¼m0iz0½

l “kCn Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSj lkfgR; ds Øe”k% gkL;] d#.k] vn~Hkqr ,oa Hk;kud jlksa ds pje fodkl ls lEcfU/kr gSA Hkkjrh; thou ds tud ;k mRiknd crk;s x;s gSaA bl izdkj Hkjreqfu fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa jl “kCn dk iz;ksx loksZRd`"V rRo ds us pkj izd`fr jl ;k ewy jl rFkk pkj xkS.k jlksa dks fy, gksrk gSA [kk| inkFkksZa vkSj Qyksa ds {ks= esa jl ekudj dqy vkB jlksa dks Lohd`fr iznku dh gSAe/kqjre rjy inkFkZ dk |ksrd gSA laxhr ds {ks= esa ukV~;”kkL= ds izfl) Vhdkdkj vkpk;Z vfHkuo d.ksZfUnz; }kjk izkIr vkUkUn jl gSA v/;kRe ds {ks= esa xqIr us& vfHkuo Hkkjrh* ¼ukV~; “kkL= dh Vhdk½ esa Lo;a ijekRek dks gh jl ;k jl dks ijekRek ?kksf"kr “kkUr jl dks Lohdkj djrs gq,] mls lHkh jlksa esa Js"B fd;k x;k gS& ^^jlks oS l%** vFkkZr~ jl gh ijekRek ekuk gAS vfHkuo xIq r dk ekuuk g S fd ukV;~ ”kkL= e as Hkh gSA blh izdkj lkfgR; ds {ks= esa Hkh dkO; ds “kkUr jl dk mYy[s k gvq k g S yfs du “kkUr jl dk fojk/s k vkLoknu ls izkIr vkuUnkuqHkwfr dks gh jl dh laKk dju s okyk as u s ^^Jxa kj--------ohHkRlknH~ krq ”kkUrk”p uo nh x;h gSA vLrq dkO;kuUn gh jl gSA ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk%** bl ikB ds LFkku ij] “kkUr jl

laLd`r lkfgR; esa jl rRo dh egRrk fufoZokn dks gVkdj v"VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk% ,slk ikB dj gSA izk;% lHkh vkpk;ksZa us jl dk foospu fdlh u fn;kA bls fuHkkZUr :i ls lHkh vkpk;ksZa us Lohdkj fdlh :i esa vo”; fd;k gSA jl Lo:i ds gh fo"k; ugha fd;k gS ysfdu vfHkuo xqIr uss jlksa dh la[;k ukS esa ugha] vfirq jl la[;k ds fo"k; esa Hkh lHkh vkpk;ksZa ekuh gSAesa erSD; ugha gSA vr% fofHkUu vkpk;ksZa ds jlla[;k Hkjr ds izd`fr jl fl)kUr dks vfXuiqjk.k Hkh fo"k;d erksa dk mYys[k ,oa foospu izLrqr gS& ekudj pyrk gS ysfdu blesa ,d ubZ ckr vkSj

loZizFke jl Lo:i ds izFke mn~Hkkod] ukV~; tksM+h x;h gS fd pkjksa izd`fr jl Jaxkj] jkSnz] ohj vkSj “kkL=dkj Hkjreqfu dk jl la[;k fo"k;d n`f"Vdks.k ohHkRl Hkh jfr ls mn~Hkwr gksrs gSaA vfXuiqjk.k ds ;gk¡ izLrqr gSA Hkjreqfu ds vuqlkj jlksa dh la[;k vuqlkj J`axkj ls gkL; dh] jkSnz ls d:.k dh] ohj ls vkB gS & vn~Hkqr ,oa ohHkRl ls Hk;kud jl dh mRifRr gksrh

gS&Ja`xkj&gkL;&d#.k&jkSnz&ohj&Hk;kudk%AJaxkjkTtk;rs gklks jkSnzkRrq d#.kks jl%AohHkRlkn~HkqrlaKkS psR;'VkS ukV~;s jlk% Le`rk%AAohjkPpknH~ krq fu'ifRr% L;kn ~ ohHkRlkn ~ Hk;kud%AAbu jlksa esa J`axkj] jkSnz] ohj vkSj ohHkRl jl

j

jlksa ds Hksn& ,d foospu


vfXuiqjk.k esa “kkUr jl dks uosa blds :i esa ekuk ukV~; esa Jàxkj] gkL;] d:.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] x;k gSA “kkUr jl ij czã ijes”oj dk lgt :i gS ohHkRl] vn~Hkqr bu vkB jlksa dh fLFkfr Lohdkj dh gS blhfy, vfXuiqjk.kdkj us bldh izkx~ mRifRr ugha fdUrq JÒ; ;k ikB~; dkO;ksa esa fuosZn izkd`frd “kkUr dgh gSA uked uoe~ jl dh lRrk Hkh Lohdkj dh gS&

^fuosZnLFkkf; Hkkoks·fLr “kkUrks·fi uoeks jl%A/kua×t; us Hkjreqfu ds leku gh Ja`xkj] jkSnz] ukV~;niZ.kdkj jkepUnz rFkk xq.kpUnz us x/kZ ohj] ohHkRl& ;s pkj ewy jl ekus gSA gkL;] d:.k]

LFkk;h Hkko okys ykSY; jl rFkk vknzZrk LFkk;h Hkko vn~Hkqr ,oa vHkkud dks Øe”k% rRrTtU; ekuk gSA Lusg jl ds lkFk rhu vkSj uohu jlksa dh ppkZ dh gSA /kuat; us rTtU;rk ls mDr ewy Ja`xkjkfn rFkk buds uohu jl gSa& vklfDr LFkk;h Hkko okyk O;lu rUewyt gkL;kfn jlksa esa dkj.k&dk;Z lEcU/k u jl] nq[k LFkk;h Hkkod vjfr ,oa lq[k jl ftldk ekudj fpRrHkwfe lkn`”; lEcU/k ekuk gS&LFkk;h Hkko larks"k gS &Hkkst jl la[;k ds fo"k; esa ijEijkoknh u gksdj

laHkofUr Roijs·fi ;Fkk x/kZLFkk;h ykSY;%loZFkk uohu vo/kkj.kk ds izfriknd gSA vfHkeku ;k vknzZrk LFkk;h Lusg%] vklfDrLFkkf;O;lue~vgadkj :i Jàxkj gh mudk ,d jl gS] ftlls vjfr LFkkf;nq[ke~] larks'kLFkkf; lq[kfeR;kfnAvfUor gksus ij gh dkO; deuh; curk gSAukV~; niZ.kdkj dk dguk gS fd ;|fi jlks·fHkekuks·gadkj% Jàxkj bfr xh;rsA

iq:"kkFkksZi;ksxh ,oa j×tukf/kD; ds dkj.k Jàxkjkfn ukS ;ks·FkZLrL;kUo;kr~ dkO;a deuh;Roe”uqrsAA

Hkkst jl lkekU; ds vFkZ esa Jàxkj dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA jl gh izfl) gS] rks Hkh bu ukS ds vfrfjDr vkSj Hkh jl Hkkst us Ja`xkj ds ckjg izdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS& ekus tk ldrs gSaA

Jàxkj ohj d:.kk jkSnzkn~Hkqr Hk;kudk%A gsepUn us vius iwoZorhZ vkpk;ksZa }kjk ekU; Lusg] ykSY; vkfn jlksa ds vfLrRo dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k gSA ohHkRlgkL;izs;kal% “kkUrksnkRrks)rk jlk%AAmUgsa ijLij lEc) Jàxkjkfn ukS jl gh vHkh"V gSa & Hkkst dh mDr dkfjdk ds vuqlkj ;|fi jl ds ,rs uoSo ijLijklM~-dh.kkZ jlk%A12 izdkj gh muds }kjk ekU; izrhr gksrs gSa fdUrq

vkpk;Z fo”oukFk esa lkfgR;niZ.k* esa jl ds Hksn okLrfodrk blls fHkUu gSA vius nwljs xzUFk ^Jàxkj bl izdkj crk;s gSa &izdk”k* esa mUgksus Li"V :i ls bR;kfn mupkl Hkkoksa

¼bR;kfn vkB LFkk;h Hkko] Le`fr vkfn rSarhl JàxkjgkL;d#.k jkSnz ohj Hk;kudk%AO;fHkpkjh Hkko rFkk LrEHk vkfn vkB lkfRod Hkko½ ohHkRlks·n~Hkqr bR;'VkS jlk% “kkUrLrFkk er%AAd h j l : i r k L o h d k j d h g S & bl izdkj mi;qZDr dkfjdk esa Jàxkj] gkL;] ^^jR;kfnuke sdk sui apk”krk s·fi foHkkoku qHkko d:.k] jkSnz] ohj] Hk;kud] ohHkRl vkSj vn~Hkqr jl dk O;fHkpkfjla;ksxkr~ ijizd'kkZf/kxes jlO;ins”kkgZrkA** igys funsZ”k fd;k x;k gS vkSj “kkUr jl dk ckn esa dkO; izdk”kdkj vkpk;Z eEeV jl ds Hksnksa dh ppkZ i`Fkd~ :i ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA flagkoyksdu djrs gq, ukV~; “kkL= dh dkfjdk gh vfody :i ls U;k; ls rFkk* dgdj “kkUr jl dks Lohdkj djus ls mn~/k`r dj nh gSA bl izdkj Hkjreqfu ds bl la[;k ;g lwfpr gksrk gS fd dqN vkpk;ksZa ds erkuqlkj “kkUr fo"k;d er dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, vkpk;Z eEeV us uked uoe~ jl ugha gSA


vkpk;Z fo”oukFk us bu ukS jlksa ds vfrfjDr ijEijk ls izpfyr jl ds ukS Hksn if.Mrjkt okRlY; uked nlosa jl dh Lohd`fr ;g dgrs gq, txUukFk dks Hkh ekU; gS&nh gS fd okRlY; jl esa LQqV peRdkj gSA vr,o ;g Jàxkj% d:.k% “kkUrks jkSnzkS ohjk·n~HkqrLr;kAjl okRlY;&Jàxkj vfHk/kku ls Jàxkj jl esa vUrHkwZr gkL;ks Hk;kud”pSo ohHkRl”psfr rs uoAAu ekuk tkdj Lora= in ikus dk vf/kdkjh gSA if.Mrjkt txUukFk “kkUr jl dks dkO; rFkk

lksygoha “krkCnh rd vkrs&vkrs izd`r Jàxkj ukV~; nksuks esa mikns; ekudj vfHkuo xqIr dk gh i{k jl ls HkfDr jl dk Hkh tUe gqvkA ^HkfDr jlke`r xzg.k djrs gSaAflU/kq* rFkk ^mTtoyuhyef.k* uked xzUFkksa ds bl izdkj lkfgR;”kkL= ds dfri; vkpk;ksZa us ukS jpf;rk :i xksLokeh us HkfDr jl dks Lora= ,oa iw.kZ izfl) jlksa ds vfrfjDr izs;ku~] okRlY;] J)k] Lusg] jl ds :i esa izfr"Bk iznku dhA HkfDr jl ds lEcU/k ykSY;] HkfDr izse] O;lu] vknZzrk vkfn vusd jlksa dk esa Hkh vkpk;ksZa esa cM+k erHksn jgk gSA vfHkuo vkfn mYys[k fd;k gS fdUrq bu jlksa dks loZekU;rk ugha HkfDr jl dk vUrHkkZo “kkUr jl esa djrs gSa bu fey ldhAvkpk;ksZa dk ekuuk gS fd ije iq#"kkFkZ eks{k dk mi;ksxh “kkUr jl gSA eks{k izkfIr ds rhu ekxZ gSa&

lanHkZdeZ] HkfDr vkSj KkuA vr% Kku dk ,d vax gksdj

1- rSfRrjh; mifu"kn~ 2]7HkfDr Hkh “kkUr ds vUrxZr gS ijUrq HkfDrekfxZ;ksa dks

2- ukV~; “kkL= 6@15u rks Kkfu;ksa dk eks{k b"V gS vkSj u HkfDr dk 3- vfXuiqjk.k 6@7vaxRoA vr% os HkfDr jl dks Lora=] vaxh :i esa gh 4- ljLorhd.BkHkj.k] iape ifjPNsn] dkfjdkekurs gSaA5- ljLOkrhdaBkHkj.k 5@164dfo d.kZiwj us Hkh vius xzUFk vyadkj dkSLrqHk* 6- Jàxkj izdk”k] ,dkn”k izdk”k] i`"B& 444esa ukS izfl) jlksa ds vfrfjDr okRlY;] HkfDr vkSj

izse jlksa dks ekuk gSA dfo d.kZiwj us izse jl dk 7- dkO; izdk”k] prqFkZ mYykl 47oha dkfjdLFkk;h Hkko fpRr nzo ekuk gS rFkk bls gh eq[; jl 8- ukV~;niZ.k] i`"B& 163ekuk gSA muds vuqlkj egklkxj esa rjax ds leku 9- dkO;kuq”kklu fn0v0bl v[k.M izse jl esa lHkh jl vkSj Hkko mUeXu vkSj 10- lkfgR; niZ.k] r`rh; ifjPNsnfueXu gksrs jgrs gSa & ^^mUeTtfUr fueTtfUr 11- vyadkj dkSLrqHk i`0 148izsE.;[k.MjlRor% losZ jlk”p Hkkok”p rjM~-xk jl

12- jl xaxk/kj] izHkekuuokfj/kkSA**


laLÑr

& *MkW0 eqUuh jk;

*Ckkcw uDdh flag Lekjd egkfo|ky;] eksgEeniqj] “kkgx<+] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

V;~ ”kkL= d s çkphu vkpk; Z ,o a vokpZ hu lHkh ukV~;”kkL= ds vkfn ç.ksrk czãk gSa AfpUrd vkpk;ksZ us ukV~; ds mnxe rFkk mlds vkfn vfHku; niZ.kdkj rFkk jlk.kZo&lq/kkdjdkj] ç.ksrk ds fo"k; esa fopkj] fo'ys"k.k] ,oa fpUru fd;k ukVdy{k.kjRedks'kdkj] ukV~;niZ.kdkj] f”kaxHkwxky gSA Qyr% vusd fl)kUrksa ,oa ekU;rkvksa dk çorZu vkfn lHkh ukV~;”kkL=h; vkpk;Z ukV~;”kkL= dh gqvkA vkfn ltZuk dk Js; czãk dks gh çnku djrs gSa A bu

lHkh vkpk;ksZa dk ekuuk gS fd czãk th us gh ukV~;osn Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa ukV~;”kkL= ds vkfn ç.ksrk ds dh jpuk djds mlesa ukV~;] o`Ùk dh ;kstuk dj :Ik esa czãk vkSj f”ko dk ukeksYys[k çkIr gksrk gSA

2tgka dqN vkpk;Z czãk ds ukV~; dk vkfn ç.ksrk ukV~; ds vaxksikaxksa dk Hkh mlesa lekos”k fd;k ALohdkj djrs gSa] ogha vU; dqN vkpk;Z f”ko dks Hkxoku f”ko ls ukV~;”kkL= dk mnxe ekuus ukV~; dk vkfn ç.ksrk ekurs gSaA okyksa esa vkpk;Z “kkjnkru; çfl) gSa] muds vuqlkj

ukV~;osn ds vkfo"drkZ Hkxoku “kadj gSaA leLr ukV;~ ”kkL= e as miyC/k ukV;~ ”kkL=h; ukV;~ kRs ifÙk pjkpj txr dh l`f"V jpuk ds Ik”pkr foJkfUr gsrq fo"k;d bfrgkl ds vuqlkj oSoLr eUoUrj ds czãk Hkxoku fo".kq ds ikl x;s] vkSj Hkxoku fo".kq us =srk;qx ds çkjEHk esa tc yksx dke] Øks/k] yksHk] eksg] mugs Hkxoku “kadj ds ikl Hkst fn;kA czã ds bZ";kZ ,oa lq[k nq%[kkfn ls vfHkHkwr gks x;s Fks ml le; vuqjks/k ij Hkxoku “kadj us Lojfpr ukV~;osn dh bUnz vkfn nsorkvksa ds vuqjks/k ij n`”; JO;kRed f”k{kk ufUnds”oj dks çnku dj dgk fd bl lEiw.kZ bfrgkl lfgr iape osn Lo#i ukV~; dk ç.k;u

czãk us fd;k tks /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k iq#"kkFkZ ukV~;osn dh f”k{kk rqe czãk dks çnku djksa mud prq"V; ;”k] mins”k] Kku rFkk leLr “kkL=kFkksZa vkSj vkns”kkuqlkj ufUnds”oj usa ml lEiw.kZ ukV~;osn dh f”kYi dykvksa ls ;qDr Fkk rFkk tks lHkh o.kksZ ds fy, lk³~xksik³~x f”k{kk czãk dks çnku fd;kA czãk us

1mi;qDr Fkk A lexz ukV~;osn dh f”k{kk Hkjr dks nsdj euq ds lkFk

ukV~;jpuk ds vUurj czãk us Hkjreqfu dks i`Fohyksd ij ukV~;osn ds ç;ksx ,oa foLrkj dh 3ukV~; dh f”k{kk nh] Hkjr eqfu dks ukV~; f”k{kk nsdj vkKk çnku dh Abl çdkj ukV~;osn ds çFke ç.ksrk

mUgs viusa iq=ksa ds lkFk ukV~; ç;ksx djus dk vkns”k czãk u gksdj f”ko gSa] ,slk Hkkoçdk”ku ds foospu ls fn;k A bl çdkj ukV~;”kkL=h; çfriknu ds vuqlkj fuf”pr gksrk gS A

uk

ukV~;'kkL= ds vkfn iz.ksrk


osnksa esa ukV~;rRo ;k ukV~; funsZ'k& oSfnd lkfgR; ls ukV~; dk mnxe ekuus okyk fo}kuksa dk nks oxZ gS ,d rks os gSa tks ukV~; ds mnxe ukV~;ksRifÙk fo"k;d foospu dk v/;;u djus ls dk ewylzksr osnksa dks ekurs gSa] vkSj nwljs os gSa tks osnksa ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ukV~;”kkL= ds vkfn ç.ksrk es dsoy ukV~; rRo dks gh ns[krs gSA ufUnds”oj us ds fo"k; esa ç.ksrk Lohdkj djrs gSa] rks dqN Hkkstjkt pkjksa lafgrkvksa dks ukV~; dk mnxe ekuk gSA laokn tSls fo}ku vkpk;Z f”ko dks ukV~;”kkL= ds vkfn ukV~; dh og fo/kk gS tks vfHku; dh ,d vfuok;Z ç.ksrk Lohdkj djrs gSaA vr% ukV~;”kkL= ds vkfn vko”;drk dh iwfrZ djrk gSA _Xosn esa gh dbZ ,sls ç.ksrk ds fo"k; es Hkys gh fo}kuksa esa Hksn gks fdUrq çlax gSa ftuds laokn lwDr esa ukV~; “kSyh ds laokn ukV~;ksi;ksxh ç/kku rRo osnksa ls xzg.k fd;s x;s] bl ¼dFkksidFku½ miyC/k gksrs gSaA bl n`f"V ls iq#jok& fo"k; e as fdlh Hkh fo}ku dh foçfrifrr nf"Vxkps j ugh moZ”kh laokn &10@95 ;e ;eh laokn& 10@10 bUnz gkrs hA pkg s Hkjr gk as ;k “kkjnkru; ;k n”k:iddkj

/kuUt; ;k vU; ukV~;”kkL= ds vkpk;Z lHkh ,d er bUnzk.kh laokn] o`"kkdfi laokn&10@86] vxLR; ls osnksa esa ukV~; rRo dh fo|ekurk Lohdkj djrs gSA yksikeqnzk laokn&10/179] ljekif.k laokn&10@108]

bUnz e#r laokn çeq[k gSaA buds vfrfjDr _Xosn esa vkpk;Z Hkjr ds vuqlkj nsorkvksa ds vuqjks/k ij vkSj Hkh vusd ,sls laokn lwDr gSa ftuesa ukV~;ksi;ksxh czãk usa ;ksx dk vkJ; ysdj ^^eSa bfrgkl ds lkFk laoknkRed rRo fo|eku gSA,d ,sls ukV~; uked osn dh jpuk djrk gw¡ tks /keZ

vFkZ dh çfIr djkus okyk gks] ;”k çnku djus okyk bl çdkj ge Li"V ns[k ldrs gSa fd osnksa esa gks] mins”k ,oa Kku lewg ls ;qDr gks rFkk lHkh f”kYi ukV~;ksi;ksxh leLr rRo dk lfUuos”k gS] vkSj ge ;g dykvksa dks çnf”kZr djkus okyk gks ^^bl çdkj ds ekuus esa fdlh Hkh çdkj dh foefr ugh çrhfr gksrh ladYi ds lkFk osnksa dk Lej.k fd;k vkSj muds onksa fd osnksa esa ukV~; ds rRo fo|eku gSaAmifLFkr gksus ij _Xosn ls ikB~;] lkeosn ls xhr] ;tqosZn ls vfHku; vkSj vFkoZosn ls jlksa dks xzg.k lanHkZ

4djds ukV~;osn dh jpuk dh tks lkoZof.kd Fkk A 1- uk0”kk0 1@8-20 rFkk v/;k; 36

vfHku; niZ.k ds vuqlkj firkeg czãk usa _Xosn 2- uk0”kk0 dh Hkwfedk ¼ikjlukFk f}osnh½ls ikB~;] ;tqoZsn ls vfHku;] lkeosn ls xhr rFkk 3- ukV~;”kkL=] Hkwfedk] e/kqlwnuh Vhdk] vkpk;Z vFkoZosn ls jl dks xzh.k dj /keZ] vFkZ] dke] eks{k dks e/kwlwnu] dk”kh fgUnw fo”ofo|ky; laLd`r& nsus okyk ukV~;osn dk fuekZ.k dj loZçFke mlds lkfgR;kuqla/kku lfefr }kjk çdkf”kr i`0 24-27

5vfHku; ds fy, Hkjr dks çnku fd;k A jlk.kZo 4- ukV;~ ”kkL=&1@8-17 l0a l0a fo0fo0 çdk”ku Hkkx 1lq/kkdj ds vuqlkj bUnz ds vuqu; ij czãk usa osnksa

5- ukV~;”kkL= dh Hkwfedk& ikjlUkkFk f}osnh dk Lej.k dj muls ukV~;rRoksa dks xzg.k dj

la0la0fo0fo0 okjk.klh çdk”ku Hkkx 16lkoZof.kZd ukV~; osn dk l`tu fd;k A n”k:id] 6- ukV;~ ”kkL= dh Hkfw edk& dk”kh fgUn w fo”ofo|ky;

ukVdy{k.k jRudks'k] ukV~;niZ.k vkfn lHkh çdk”ku

ukV~;”kkL=h; xzUFkksa esa dqN ifjorZu ifjo/lZu ds lkFk ukV~;”kkL= esa mfYyf[kr osnksa esa fo|eku ukV~;rRo dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS A


laLÑr

& *MkW0 iadt dqekj jk;

*izoDrk] Xkaxk xkSjh egkfo|ky;] jkeuxj oStkckjh] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

3 Ld`rlkfgR;a cgqrja i|e;a orZrsA u dsoya Hokfnx.kh;pfn& /kkrks% ] Hokfnx.kh;Nfnj~ /kkrksokZ laLd`rlkfgR;L; vfirq fo”olkfgR;L; vkfnxzaFkks fu'i|rs] ;s'kkeFkZ% laoj.ke~] vkoj.ka ok HkofrA fdarq osnks eqyr% i|kRed ,o vfLrA ykSfdds·fi laLd`rs milxsZ.k /kkRokFkZL; ifjorZukr~] /kkrwuk ok ^^ek fu'kkn çfr'BkURoe~0** bfr eg'ksZ% okYehds% vusdkFkZRokr~ NUn% “kCnL; fofHkUuk vFkkZ n`”;UrsA “yksdkRedsu okD;su lkfgR;a çknqjHkwfnfr tuJqfr%A rFkk p NUn% “kCn vkPNknua] xksiue~] vkoj.ka] bnkuhefi lkfgR;L; foiqyka”k% i|kRedesokf·LrA jkspue~] mYylue~] ,'k.ka] euL;fHkçk;LFkkiue~] i|´~pNUnkse;a HkofrA rLekr~ dkO;jpuk;k% vkea=.ke~] vkufUnrdj.ke~] vuq”kkflrhdj.ke~ ra=dkS”kyijdL; okM+e;L; dfof”k{kkxzaFkL; vknhsu~ fofHkUukFkkZu~ çdV;frA laKk:is.k ;nk NUn% lekjEHk% çk;% Nan%f”k{k;k Hkou~ n`”;rsA rsu Nan% “kCn% ç;qT;rs rnk eq[;r;k =;ks·FkkZ HkofUr& vk|%

1dkO;ewyfefr egrkd.Bsu oDrqa “kD;rs A Nanks u euksxrkfHkçk;& vfHkyk'kk&bPNk&#fp çHk`r;%A yf{kre~ u ok rL; ifjp;ks nÙk vkpk;Znsos”ojL; f}rh;% çhR;kuUnkSA r`rh;”p o´~pu&nwjhdj.k& dfof”k{kk;ke~] ;L; gsrq% lEHkorks orZrs & xksiukuhfrA fo”ks'k.k:is.k fLFkr% NUn% “kCn%

fç;&Li`g.kh;&vkd'kZd&#fpdjk|FkkZu~ cks/k;frA ¼1½ ukfLr dfof”k{kk;k mn~ns”;ks y{k.kkfndj.ke~] vr,o oSfndeU=k% ijks{kokD;kfu lfUr] vfirq dkO;jpukçf”k{k.ka jpukH;klkfHko`);s

mik;k.kka funsZ”k”p vfLr vL; ç/kkuks·ís”;%A ;rLrs'kkesdks·FkZ% lkekU;r;k okP;kFkksZ Hkofr ;ks u fg eq[;kFkZ%] vfirq rRçHkkokr~ vU;ks xqákFkZ% çrh;rsA ¼2½ yksd% NUnksc)oSfndykSfdddkO;SLrFkk eU=k fg nsoku~ çlkn;fUrA rsukfi rs'kka NUnLRoa lqifjfpr vklhr ;r~ iqujfi Lokra«;s.k rL; fl);frA fd´~p eU=k bes nsosH; ,dekoj.ka Lo:ifu/kkZj.ka] rL; ifjp;çnkue~ ok u Hkforqa ifj/kkuefi ok ç;PNfUrA y;L; funsZ”kkFkZefi “kDuksfr xzaFkdkjL;kfHker%A rFkkfi NUnksfo”ks'kk

4yf{krk% ijhf{krk”pkfi xzaFkdkjs.kA lkekU;Kkuewyda çkphudkykr~ NUnkafl ç;qT;ekukfu lfUr A ,o´~p Hkofr fo”ks'kkkufefr NUnl% lkekU;Lo:ifu/kkZj.ke~ O;qRiÙ;k fofu;ksx n`'V;k p NUnl% vFkkZs Hkofr v= çkdjf.kdefHky{;rsA vfHkO;DrsfuZ;eua] çLrqrsjuq”kklua] HkkoL; rF;L; ok

vkoj.ke~ A vr,o osns'kq fofo/ks'kq LFkys'kq NUnlka NUnks fg i|kReda HkofrA rL; pRokj% iknk 2 o.kZua rFkkfofgrefLr ;Fkk rkfu nSfodHkkokuke~ HkofUr A NUn% “kCn% pqjkfnx.kh;Nfn& /kkrks%]

la

dfodYiyrk;k% Ik;kZykspue~ % NUn'p;kZ & NUnks·H;kl%


vkoj.kkfu çrh;UrsA egkequsHkZjrL; ukV~;”kkL=s i|a n`”;rsA Dofpr~ i´~peks o.kksZ·fi xq#r;k y{;rsA 11f}fo/ka dfFkrefLr& fuc)´~pw.kZ´~p A ;= inkuka ;Fkk& ,rkunqDRok ru;ka-------A ,oe~ 'k'Bks o.kksZ

o.kkZuka ok fuf”pØekuqlkja U;klks Hkofr] ;n~ xq#HkZorhfr fu;eL;kfi O;frØeks n`”;rs] ;Fkk& 12;frlefUora Hkofr rFkk p ;= o.kkZuka la[;k ^^,rL; xq.k /koya0** bR;=A vuq'Vqi% vusds Hksnk

5fuf”pr:ik Hkofr rr~ fuc)a dkO;eqP;rs A HkofUr ;kukfJR; “yksdjpuk;k% çkjfEHkdks·H;kl% 13,oafo/kfuc)i|S% ;k jpuk fØ;rs r= fofHkUuk% iknk drZO;%A vL; vkjfEHkdkH;klL; d`rs v/kksfyf[kra

6HkofUr ] rLeknusds·FkkZ vfHkO;T;Urs rFkk y?kq&xq#& ra=dkS”kye~ vkJf;rO;e~Afu;ekuqlkja o.kkZ% LFkkI;UrsA ,rkn`”kh jpuk ,o v- fo”ks';LFkkiue~

7NUnksukEuh] o`ÙkukEuh ok Hkofr A bna NUn% dkO;a fuekZrqa çFker% fdefi lk/;e~ vFkkZr ;nga fofHkUuo.kSZZ% of.kZdNUnl% Lo:ia /kkj;frA ,rf) foofjlkfe rnu:ifo”ks';”kCn”psrO;%] ;Fkk “kCnkuka la?kVukA ;rks u fg dks·fi “kCn% NUnksjfgrks {khjikFkksf/kru;kA ,rn'Vk{kjkReda fof”k'Va inefLr HkforqegZfr u ok “kCnkfrfjDrsu NUnl% LFkkiuk ;su “yksdL;Sd% ikn% iw;ZrsA fdUrq uk;e~ fu;eks ;r~

8 loZ= lk/;ina laiw.kZSdikniwjda Hkosr~] vFkkZr~ HkforqegZfr A bRFk´~p NUnks fuf”pro.kZ;qra v'Vk{kjjReda Hkosr~] ;rksfgrnsdk{kjknkjH; “kCnLo:iefLr ;f) fofHkUukFkkZu~ Hkkoku~ jlk¡”p v'Vk{kjkReda rrksI;f/kdk{kjkReda ok HkforqegZfrA LofLeu ~ /kkj;frA o.kk Zuk a ek=k.kk´ ~p ,rkn`”kkfu lk/;inkfu Øe”k% bekfu HkforqeZgfUr& fofHkUula[;kuqlkja NUnlka le%] v)Zle%] fo'ke% Jh%] y{eh%] deyk] in~eky;k] gfjoYyHkk] vFkok mDRFkk] vR;qDFkk] e/;k çHk`r;ks fofHkUu Hksnk

9 nqX/kkfC/kufUnuh] {khjlkxjkiR;knhfuA bekfu Øe”k HkofUr A,dk{kjkr~ lIrk{kjorka lk/;inkuke~ mnkgj.kkfu

NUn%LFkkiue~rFkkp i;kZ;okphfu lfUrA ,oeso vU;”kCnSjfi

lkekUr;k NUnksjpuk vuq'Vqik vFkkZr fo”ks';okfpu% “kCnk% LFkkiuh;k%Av'Vk{kjiknor% NUnl% vH;klsu fØ;rsA ;|kfi

vkfo”ks'k.k;ksx%,rkn`”kL; “yksdL; Lo:ia y{k.ka ok xzaFkdkjs.k ukfHk

lk/;inL; LFkkiukUrja “yksdiwrZ;s ;korka fgre~ fdUrq NUnksjpuk;k vU;fLeu~ xzUFks ,rn~fo'k;s

o.kkZuka vko”;drk Hkosr~ rRiwfrZ% fo”ks'k.kokfpinS%A fufnZ'VefLrA vuq'Vqi~NUnfl fu;ek xkS.kk HkofUr

,oa fo”ks'k.kfo”ks';Hkkoxra fo'k;oLrq jpukH;klL; rFkk v'Vk{kjorka prq.kkZ inkka LFkkiuSo eq[;k Hkofr]

vkjafHkds pj.ks LFkkif;rqa ç;ruh;e~A dfLeu~ fo”ks';s vFkkZr v= fu;ekuka LoYirk rFkk dsoya dhn`”ka fo”ks'k.ka ;kstuh;e~ bfr ukfLr dks·fi fu;e%A NUnksc):is.k o.kkZuka foU;kl ,o eq[;ksís”;ks HkofrA rFkkfi fo”ks'k.ka o.kZ&vkdkjkfnd´~p iks'k;sr~A ,oa vL; lkekU;a y{k.kefLr& fo/kkuka fo”ks'k.kkuka LFkkius lqxerk HkofrA

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4- ^uSjUr;Z vkSj pqukSrh* bfr xzUFkL; 23 i`'Bs fo|kfuoklfeJL; ys[k% ^ NUn vkSj dfork* ¼çHkkr çdk”ku] pkoM+h cktkj] fnYyh&6½


vaxzsth

-Dr Ratnesh Baranwal*

*Assist. Professor in English, K.N.I.P.S.S., Sultanpur (U.P.)

huswant Singh stands as one of the best- career that make him a superhero–novelist.

known Indian writers of all times. He received his His outstanding publications are listed as a early education from the Government College classic two–volume history of the Sikhs, his Lahore and then at King's College, Cambridge best–known novels are Delhi, Train to Pakistan, and

University and the Inner Temple in London. He The Company of Women, and a number of

started a glorious career as a journalist with the All translations and non-fiction books on Delhi, nature

India Radio in 1951. Since then, he happened to be and current affairs. He served as an M.P. of the Rajya

the founder–editor of Yojana (1951–1953), editor of Sabha from 1980 to 1986. Among other prestigious

awards, he received the Padma Bhushan in 1974 by the Illustrated Weekly of India (1979–80), chief

editor of New Delhi (1979–80), and editor of the the President of India, but he returned it very boldly

in 1984 in a sharp protest against the Union Hindustan Times (1980–1983) He holds a

Government's siege of the Golden Temple in dominating place in Indian Literary history as one of

Amritsar. Thus he was a multi–talented novelist, the finest historians and novelists, a forthright

journalist, critic, a great political commentator and a political commentator, and an outstanding observer

very keen observer of the contemporary society. His and social critic. In July 2000, he was awarded the world-known novel–Train to Pakistan reminds us the ___ “Honest Man of the year Award” by the Sulabh tragic picture of India–Pakistan partition. He started International Social Service Organization for his his professional career as a competent lawyer, but great courage and dead honesty in his “brilliant later on he joined the Indian Foreign Services. He incisive writing”. At the award ceremony, the happened to be the famous editor of many reputed Hon'rable C.M. of Andhra Pradesh commented him newspapers and magazines like the National Herald. as a “humorous writer and incorrigible believer in His fame shot up as a superhero novelist because of human goodness with a devil–may–care attitude and his famous novels like 'Train to Pakistan' (1956), a courageous mind”. The Indian external affairs Delhi : A Novel (1990), 'The Company of Women' minister brilliantly commented the secret of his (1999), 'Truth, Love and a Little Malice' (2002), 'The success was deeply rooted in his learning and Good, the Bad and the Ridiculous' (2013) etc. discipline behind the “veneer of superficiality”.

During the period 1954–1956, he worked in the These are some fine characteristics of his literary

K

Khuswant Singh : A Superhero – Novelist


Department of Mass Communications of UNESCO extra-marital relationship. He is initiated into sex by a

in Paris. He received many awards and prizes such as Black American student Jessica Browne who is

Padma Bhushan in 1974 (it was returned in 1984 in sophomore at the Princeton University. Finally he is

protest against the Operation Blue Star), Punjab gripped into AIDS and meets his tragic end. It is his

Rattan Award (2006), Padma Vibhushan (2007), great courage to deal with expressions of sexual

Sahitya Academy fellowship Award (2010), Tata passion and love-making gives rise to eroticism. As a

Literature Live Award (2013), Fellowship of King's superhero-novelist, he portrays his female characters

College, London (2014). His world–famous with their characteristic dignity. But his

comments are mentioned below__ preoccupation with sex is a mask to cover his

objective analysis of the discrepancies between the “When the world is itself draped in the mantle of theory and practice of the major religions of the world night, the mirror of the mind is like the sky in which so as to dodge the ire of the religious fundamentalists. thoughts twinkle like stars”.Thus The Company of Women is a typical novel that “Freedom is for the educated people who fought depicts contemporary reality and transforms for it. We were slaves of the English, now we will be eroticism into a work of fiction. slaves of the educated Indians–or the Pakistanis”.

As a superhero–novelist, he brilliantly fused wit These comments prove his super brilliance not and humour in his novels, short stories and his only as a great commentator but also as a sharp critic journals. Humour is a Divinely–bestowed quality of the society. which comes to those who have simplicity and Thus he occupies a great place in the realm of generosity of heart. Apart from being temperamental Indo–English fiction as a great fiction–writer, jovial, which makes him provoke, create and enjoy co lumnis t and a S ikh h i s to r ian . As a humour, he is aware of the human weakness for superhero–novelist, he makes a deliberate attempt to humour, for his desire to laugh and to get rid of present the situations obliquely in fictional tension. In one of his Joke Books, he writes ____ configuration and delineates the elemental human “There is a fund of humour in all of us. The more it is passion in an uninhibited fashion in the novel– The sought to be suppressed, the more it manifests itself. Company of Women, he seems to say very boldly You forbid a person to laugh and he will laugh all the that it is only sex that explains man-woman louder”. relationship and has clearly ignored love that

His sense of humour is deeply rooted in the sublimates this relationship. The plot of the novel Punjabi soil, is of homegrown variety, and as such is deals with Mohan Kumar's companionship with full blooded, vigorous, masculine and suited to the women. Mohan Kumar, the protagonist, is neither people of all ages. It is not bookish, laboured and inhibited in regard to sex nor fastidious in choice of a sophisticated, but spontaneous and natural which woman. He has physical attachment with women of irrepressibly forces an instant expression. Once a different ages, physical features, temperaments, comic writer Danny Kaye interviewed him and professions, races, nationalities and religious beliefs. humorously questioned about his sense of humour __ All his women companions understand the power “Mr. Khuswant Singh, my dear, you are so sweet…. and glory of human body and willingly share his bed. What should I call you?” Anyway you like, “smiled His sex-life includes his premarital, marital and


Khuswant Singh,” I will call you Khusy! Oh, no! no! translations of Hindi or Punjabi dialogues into

I will call you Bushy. How are you?. 1 (Quoted, English have been beautifully employed to lend the

Sahane, 31) flavour of the native language to the readers of

English–novels. In Train to Pakistan, Singh literally As a superhero–novelist, a columnist, he translates __ “Apka shubh naam kya hai” as what happened to be a critical observer of the honorable noun does honour bear? and “Apka contemporary life and was well aware of tensions daulatkhana Kidhar hai”, as “Where does your wealth and ailments. For the removal of existing darkness, reside? An old woman who had brought Haseena he happens to scatter the bright sunshine, while Begum, the dancing girl_ to Magistrate Hukum tactfully using, irony, humour and satire to expose Chand, blesses him in words which appear somewhat vices and follies in order to make the world a much odd and funny in English: “May your government go better place. The fundamental trait of Singh's art is on forever. May your pen inscribe figures of comic, but very closely allied with social, thousands--- nay, hundreds of thousands,” (78) even psychological and moral aspects of life. In some though they are literal translation of two typical Hindi respects, he does occupy the traits of Joseph Addison, experessions:”Jonathan Swift, Mark Twain and R.K. Narayan.

“Tumhari hukumat barson Kayam rahe. Tum His novel Train to Pakistan (1956) remains the Hazaron our Lakhon main Khelo,” which are best-known out of his best-written novels and short commonly used in daily life. stories. It reminds us a story of political disgust and

violence which had spread to both India and In Khuswant Singh's I Shall Not Hear the

Pakistan. During the summer of 1947, when the Nightingale (1959), Magistrate Wazir Chand tells

partition of India was already declared, even the Buta Singh, “Sardar Sahib, you are a big man and we

peaceful village Mano Majra also is gripped into are but small radishes from an unknown garden”3

communal violence after a local moneylender's (27) which is literal translation of 'Kis Khet ki Mooli'

murder. Juggut Singh, a Sikh law-breaker, loves a denoting his utter insignificance.

Muslim girl Nooran. Thus love, sex and violence Thus it is the fragrance of wittiness, fearlessness remain fused with Khuswant Singh's irony, wit and and candidness which makes him a superhero-humour making him a superhero of Indo-English novelist of Indo-English fiction. His novel Delhi fiction. (1990) presents a historical survey from the ancient to

In Train to Pakistan, he wishes to portray the the medieval and then to the modern era by showing

psyche of the Punjabi– speaking middle people, how through the different ages, it has been exploited,

largely illiterate, whose sense of humour naturally looted, built, destroyed and rebuilt to reach its present

remains raw, earthy and soaked in simplicity of heart. estate. With his unique style, he unravels the story of

Singh points out their ignorance of men and manners the rulers of Delhi Sultanat who have made up the

which make them trip, fumble, stumble and fall story of Delhi. He sheds down all his inhibitions while

down. Juggut Singh, a law–breaker, terms English as talking about the reality of the city, which has

“git–mit” and narrates what his uncle's son had witnessed myriad shades of like, ranging from the rise

taught him-half English, half Hindustani.2 (96) and fall of emperors to the assassination of India

Gandhi to 1984 Sikh riots. William Dalrymple in his In the novel–Train to Pakistan, literal


Prologue to City of Djinns (1994), a travelogue and different foreign rulers, Bhagmati's body is invaded

historical account on Indian capital Delhi, writes by the different customers. Both are capable of

about saying that ____ capturing people, yet can maintain their original being

undefiled. Like Delhi, Bhagmati has the privilege to “…. it had been burned by invaders time and serve many foreign clients. Delhi too has not been time again, millennium after millennium, still the ruled by any single ruler and has exchanged hands. city was rebuilt, each time it rose like a phoenix from Bhagmati, a eunuch is an interesting character whose the fire”4role has been meticulously developed by Singh to Such attacks spoiled the purity of Delhi and draw the attention of the larger audience for damaged the innocent appearance of the city. It has displaying the hollowness of the higher section of the lost its virginity at their hands. The place has lost its society. The story of the novel revolves around the sanctity, shifting of power in the capital with the character of Bhagmati who is incapable of producing change of kings and emperors is not something new, any issue. Delhi also remains as the wasteland of T.S. it is rather an old practice. Having been destroyed, Eliot, a heap of broken images revealing story of dismantled and robbed off her possessions by destruction and reconstruction of it by the foreign various invaders, Delhi is being equated with invaders and rulers over centuries. Ahmed Ali, in the Bhagmati, a eunuch who has witnessed the same title page of the novel Twilight in Delhi (1940), quotes fate: “long been misused by rough people they have Bahadur Shah Zafar's verse, the last representative of learnt to conceal their seductive charms under a mask the Mughal empire, to unravel the past and the present of repulsive ugliness”.5of the beautiful city.(Singh, Delhi : A Novel )

Delhi was once a paradise,As a superhero–novelist, Singh presents the Such peace had abided here,outlook of Delhi being much in common with that of But they have ravished its name and pride, Bhagmati. In the opening part of this novel, Singh

says that to a stranger, the place is full of hustle and Remain now only ruins and care.6

bustle-markets, mean–looking hovels, few Ahmed Ali gives us a beautiful glimpse of pre-tumble–down forts, dead river, full of narrow and independent India. He vehemently talks of Delhi ____winding lanes, ill–maintained drainage, spitting “……. built hundreds of years ago, fought for, phlegm and bloody betel–juice, people urinating at died for, coveted and desired, built, destroyed and the public places. Like Delhi, Bhagmati seems to be rebuilt, for five and six and seven times, mourned and full of negative images as unattractive to those who sung, raped and conquered, yet whole alive, lies do not know her. “She is dark and has pock-marks on indifferent in the arms of sleep. It was the city of kings her face. She is short and squat, her teeth are uneven and monarchs, of poets and story-tellers, countries and yellowed as a result of chewing tobacco and and nobles.”7 (Twilight in Delhi 4) smoking beedis. Her clothes are loud, her voice And then continues to connect the Emperor's to louder, her speech bawdy and her manners worse” the present day's sorry status of the city:

He acknowledges both Delhi and Bhagmati on “And, as if to echo the poet King's thoughts, a the height of commonality. Both got vandalised at the silence and apathy of death descended upon the city, hands of human-beings as Delhi was invaded by and dust began to blow in its streets, and ruin came


upon its culture and its purity. Until the last century, it presents the making of Delhi with its history

had held its head high, and tried to preserve its imbedded in it. So Delhi as a place is a palimpsest, a

chastity and form”. 8 (Twilight in Delhi, 5) kind of parchment on which successive generations

have written and rewritten the process of history. In Ali uses powerful images to portray the real the similar fashion, V.S. Naipaul, in his The Middle picture of Delhi which happens to be a disastrous Passage (1962), talks about the conflict of the one. Then he continues to unravel the faded glory of colonizers and the colonized to show how the colonial the ancient culture and ideology of the historical city. history is embedded in place. Perhaps the most The same is done by Singh in his novel Delhi which important text in this direction could be Paul Carter's witnessed the rise and fall of monarchs, emperors The Road to Botany Bay (1987) which thoroughly and princesses. examines at length how empty space turned into “But gone are the poets too, and gone is its place, continued to rewrite the history of the place. culture. Only the coils of the rope, when the rope “This was not a place which was simply there but a itself has been burnt, remain, to remind us of post place which is in a continual process of being splendor. Yet ruin has descended upon its monuments rewritten”.12 (The Post-Colonial Studies Reader 392) and buildings, upon its boulevards and by-longs.

Delhi remains as a place where Mughals ruled Under the tired and dim stars, the city looks deathly with grandeur for two centuries. Delhi becomes the and dark”.9 eye-witness of magnificent Mughal rule. Singh has, Thus as a superhero–novelist, he does maintain consciously or unconsciously created a world that the personality of a detached observer while seems to be real, vivid and class to the imagination of unveiling the history and mystery of Delhi and its common man. The beauty of the text lies in the fact people. In an interview with Atma Ram, Singh that the narrator makes us realize a quake era. It is not claims---revealing just the history of kings.“Being an agnostic without any prejudices, I

Common people also have a presence. Delhi is may have become the loudest voice against religious also the tale of a suffering bride at the altar of sacrifice fundamentalism and stupid beliefs in miracles, for her wealth and beauty. The most disastrous astrology, and that of hocus–focus”.10 incident occurred in the independent Delhi after the But now the scenario has completely changed. assassination of Indira Gandhi on 31 Oct, 1984 by two People who happened to be rulers, now they are of her Sikh bodyguards in reaction to her the military under the force of colonial rules. Consciously or operation. unconsciously, we are still being ruled by them. It is

Thus as a superhero-novelist, he takes an the city which suffers the trauma of independence adventurous journey to have an access to the and partition. This is not the true picture of the city profundity of knowledge having faced challenges of that we see today, rather what we see in the “bloody the existing society and then coming back with some layer of the last century” 11 (Malvika)messages in his novels, through a cyclical process of Time does create a big change. Change is coming and going. As a brilliant humorist, he presents inevitable. As a superhero- novelist, he hints at the in his novels and short-stories a beautiful mixture of society of Delhi, for that matter of any city or place, is laughing material having buffoonery, political jibes, never static and hence constantly evolving. He


communication gaffes, and social blunders among 3. I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale (1959),

others. Some of his jokes may be naughty, Bombay, I.B.H., 1970

outrageous and even absurd, but they provoke 4. Khuswant Singh, Delhi : A Novel, New Delhi, laughter and lighten our tense moments. He writes--- Penguin, 1990“I may be the one for the present generation: To be 5. Ibidnamed as a reincarnation of Birbal, Tenali Ram and 6. Ali, Ahmed, Twilight in Delhi, New Delhi, Rupa Gopal Bhor is indeed a great honour, though an Publications Pvt. Ltd.undesired one.”13

7. IbidIn The Modern Indian English Fiction, Dr. O.P.

8. IbidMathur reveals Singh's deep emotional attachment to

9. IbidDelhi. According to him, _____

10. Atma Ram, Interview with Khuswant Singh, The “Singh's deep love for Delhi makes him work for

Quest, 7.1 & 2 (1993) : 02twenty years, as he says, to write a novel on its past, a

11. Malvika Singh, Perpetual City : A Short novel presents a portrayal of historical times, some of Biography of New Delhi, Aleph, 2013the important rules, and some unknown commoners

12. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin, through their own words and whole suffused with The Post-Colonial Studies Reader, London: author's personality and views”.14Routledgi, 2006

13. Khuswant Singh's Joke Book IV., Delhi : Orient ReferencePaperbacks, 1996

1. Shahane, Vasant, Khuswant Singh, New York : 14. Dr. O.P. Mathur, The Modern Indian English Twayne, 1972

Fiction, New Delhi : Abhinav Publication, 19932. Khuswant Singh, Train to Pakistan (1956),

Bombay : India Book House, 1967


vaxzsth

-Dr. Dharmendra Kumar Ray*

*Village : Kahra, Post : Dwariganj, Dist. : Sultanpur (U.P.)

himrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 students, other professors objected to his sharing a

December 1956), popularly known as Baba Saheb, drinking-water jug with them.

was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social Ambedkar went on to work as a legal reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement professional. In 1926, he successfully defended three and campaigned against social discrimination non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting community of ruining India and were then the rights of women and labour. He was Independent subsequently sued for libel. While practising law in India's first law minister, the principal architect of the the Bombay High Court, he tried to promote Constitution of India and a founding father of the education to untouchables and uplift them. His first Republic of India. organised attempt was his establishment of the

Ambedkar viewed the Shudras as Aryan and central institution Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha,

adamantly rejected the Aryan invasion theory, intended to promote education and socio-economic

describing it as "so absurd that it ought to have been improvement, as well as the welfare of "outcastes", at

dead long ago" in his 1946 book Who Were the the time referred to as depressed classes. For the

Shudras? defence of Dalit rights, he started many periodicals

like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Ambedkar viewed Shudras as originally being Janta."part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan

society", but became socially degraded after they By 1927, Ambedkar had decided to launch

active movements against untouchability. He began inflicted many tyrannies on Brahmins.

with public movements and marches to open up Ambedkar tried to find ways to make a living public drinking water resources. He also began a for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor,

as an accountant, and established an investment struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a

consulting business, but it failed when his clients satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the

untouchable community to draw water from the main learned that he was an untouchable. In 1918, he

became Professor of Political Economy in the water tank of the town. In a conference in late 1927, Sydenham College of Commerce and Economicsin Ambedkar publicly condemned the classic Hindu Mumbai. Although he was successful with the text, the Manusmriti (Laws of Manu), for

B

B.R. AMBEDKAR : Author as a Hero within the Genre And Beyond


ideologically justifying caste discrimination and furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to

"untouchability", and he ceremonially burned copies foster this revolution by establishing conditions

of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, he led necessary for its achievement.

thousands of followers to burn copies of Manusmrti. The text prepared by Ambedkar provided Thus annually 25 December is celebrated as constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide Manusmriti Dahan Din (Manusmriti Burning Day) range of civil liberties for individual citizens, by Ambedkarites and Dalits. including freedom of religion, the abolition of

In 1932, British announced the formation of a untouchability, and the outlawing of all forms of

separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive

Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a economic and social rights for women, and won the

separate electorate for untouchables, saying he Assembly's support for introducing a system of

feared that such an arrangement would divide the reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and

Hindu community. Gandhi protested by fasting while colleges for members of scheduled castes and

imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. scheduled tribes and Other Backward Classes, a

Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists system akin to affirmative action. India's lawmakers

such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities

Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes

his supporters at Yerwada. through these measures. The Constitution was

adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 Assembly. seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated

in the Communal Award earlier proposed by British The Dalit Buddhist movement (also known as

Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The text uses Neo-Buddhist movement) is a socio-political

the term "Depressed Classes" to denote movement by Dalits in India started by B. R.

Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Ambedkar. It radically re-interpreted Buddhism and

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India created a new sect of Buddhism called Navayana. The

Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950. movement has sought to be a socially and politically

In the Poona Pact, a unified electorate was in engaged form of Buddhism.

principle formed, but primary and secondary The movement was launched in 1956 by elections allowed Untouchables in practice to choose Ambedkar when nearly half a million Dalits – their own candidates. formerly untouchables – joined him and converted to

Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, his Navayana Buddhism. It rejected Hinduism,

the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar challenged caste system and promoted the rights of

to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he the Dalit community.The movement also rejected the

accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman teachings of traditional Theravada, Mahayana and

of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was Vajrayana sects of Buddhism, and took an oath to

appointed by the Assembly to write India's new pursue a new form of engaged Buddhism as taught by

Constitution. Ambedkar.

Granville Austin described the Indian Ambedkar was a Dalit leader, influential during

Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and the colonial era and post-independence period of

foremost a social document'. 'The majority of India's India. He was the fourteenth child in an impoverished

constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at Maharashtra Dalit family, who studied abroad,


returned to India in the 1920s and joined the political Buddhism all his life. Around 1950, he devoted his

movement. His focus was social and political rights attention to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now

of the Dalits. Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World

Fellowship of Buddhists. While dedicating a new During 1931-32, Mahatma Gandhi led Indian Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced he independence movement held discussions with the was writing a book on Buddhism, and that when it was British government over the Round Table finished, he would formally convert to Buddhism. He Conferences. They sought constitutional reforms as a twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time to attend preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and the third conference of the World Fellowship of begin the self-rule by Indians. The British side sought Buddhists in Rangoon. In 1955, he founded the reforms that would keep Indian subcontinent as a Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist colony. The British negotiators proposed Society of India. He completed his final work, The constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956 which was that established separate electorates based on published posthumously. religious and social divisions. They invited Indian

religious leaders, such as Muslims and Sikhs, to press After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist

their demands along religious lines, as well as B. R. monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa, Ambedkar organised

Ambedkar as the representative leader of the a formal public ceremony for himself and his

untouchables. Gandhi vehemently opposed a supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting

constitution that enshrined rights or representations the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist

based on communal divisions, because he feared that monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed

it would not bring people together but divide them, his own conversion, along with his wife. He then

perpetuate their status and divert the attention from proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters

India's struggle to end the colonial rule. who were gathered around him. He prescribed the 22

Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and According to Gail Omvedt, an America-born Five Precepts. He then travelled to Kathmandu, Nepal and naturalised Indian sociologist and human rights to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference. His activist :work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution “Ambedkar's Buddhism seemingly differs from and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained that of those who accepted by faith, who 'go for incomplete.refuge' and accept the canon. This much is clear from

Since 1948, Ambedkar suffered from diabetes. its basis: it does not accept in totality the scriptures of He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 due the Theravada, the Mahayana, or the Vajrayana. The to medication side-effects and poor eyesight. He had question that is then clearly put forth: is a fourth yana, been increasingly embittered by political issues, a Navayana, a kind of modernistic Enlightenment which took a toll on his health. His health worsened version of the Dhamma really possible within the

” during 1955. Three days after completing his final framework of Buddhism.manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar Ambedkar considered converting to Sikhism, died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in which encouraged opposition to oppression and so Delhi.appealed to leaders of scheduled castes. But after

A Buddhist cremation was organised at Dadar meeting with Sikh leaders, he concluded that he Chowpatty beach on 7 December, attended by half a might get "second-rate" Sikh status, as described by million grieving people. A conversion program was scholar Stephen P. Cohen. Instead, he studied


organised on 16 December 1956, so that cremation 2010, and referred to Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

attendees were also converted to Buddhism at the as the great and revered Human Rights champion and

same place. main author of India's constitution.

Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer,

had a deep effect on modern India. In post- ReferencesIndependence India, his socio-political thought is 1. Austin, Granville (1999), The Indian respected across the political spectrum. His Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, Oxford initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and University Presstransformed the way India today looks at socio- 2. Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of economic policies, education and affirmative action Vedic Culture, Oxford: Oxford University Press, through socio-economic and legal incentives. His 2001. pp. 50-51reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free 3. "Constitution of India". Ministry of Law and India's first law minister, and chairman of the Justice of India. Archived from the original on 22 committee for drafting the constitution. He October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2013.passionately believed in individual freedom and 4. Harris, Ian (ed.). Buddhism and politics in criticized caste society. His accusations of Hinduism twentieth-century Asia. Continuum International as being the foundation of the caste system made him Group.controversial and unpopular among Hindus. His

5. Ibid pp.-50 (Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest

Origins of Vedic Culture, Oxford: Oxford in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.

University Press, 2001)Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" in

6. Omvedt, Gail. Buddhism in India : Challenging 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN

Brahmanism and Caste, 3rd ed. London/New IBN. Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him

Delhi/Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2003. pages: 8the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the

7. Omvedt, Gail (2012). "A Part That Parted". initiative. Due to his role in economics, Narendra

Outlook India. The Outlook Group. Archived Jadhav, a notable Indian economist, has said that

from the original on 12 August 2012. Retrieved Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian

12 August 2012.economist of all times." Amartya Sen, said that

8. Rajmohan Gandhi (2006). Gandhi: The Man, His Ambedkar is "father of my economics", and "he was

People, and the Empire. University of California highly controversial figure in his home country,

Press. pp. 332–333. ISBN 978-0-520-25570-8though it was not the reality. His contribution in the

9. Naik, C.D (2003). "Buddhist Developments in field of economics is marvelous and will be East and West Since 1950: An Outline of World remembered forever." Osho, a spiritual teacher, Buddhism and Ambedkarism Today in Nutshell". remarked "I have seen people who are born in the Thoughts and philosophy of Doctor B.R. lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the Ambedkar (First ed.). New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. untouchables, so intelligent: when India became p. 12. ISBN 81-7625-418-5. independent, the man who made the constitution of

10. "U.S. President Barack Obama on Dr. B.R. India, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There Ambedkar". Declaration of Empathy. Archived was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is from the original on 5 October 2014.concerned – he was a world-famous authority."

President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in


vaxzsth

-Dr. Sunita Rai*

*Assistant Professor, K.N.I.P.S.S. Sultanpur (U.P.)

he most impressive aspect of The Heart Is a ears with their troubles and hopes, thereby revealing

Lonely Hunter is the astonishing humanity that their intense loneliness and denied capacity for

enables a white writer, for the first time in Southern living.

fiction, to handle Negro characters with as much ease When the deaf mute's friend dies in an insane and justice as those of her own race. This cannot be asylum, he commits suicide, an act which deprives accounted for stylistically or politically; it seems to the confessional of its priest. The lives of Miss stem from an attitude toward life which enables McCullers' characters are resolved thus: Mick Kelly McCullers to rise above the pressures of her is doomed to a life of wage slavery in a five-and-ten-environment and embrace white and black humanity cent store; Dr. Copeland is beaten by a mob of whites in one sweep of apprehension and tenderness. when he protests against the injustices meted out to

his race; Jake Blount stumbles off alone, wistfully, to In the conventional sense, this is not so much a seek a place in the South where he can take hold of novel as a projected mood, a state of mind poetically realty through Marxism; and Biff Brannon steels objectified in words, an attitude externalized in himself to live a life of emptiness.naturalistic detail. Whether you will want to read the

book depends upon the extent to which you value the

experience of discovering the stale and familiar

terms of everyday life bathed in a rich and strange

meaning, devoid of pettiness and sentimentality.

The characters, Negro and white, are" naturals,"

and are seen from a point of view that endows them

with a myth like quality. The core of the book is the

varied relationships of these characters to Singer, a

lonely deaf mute. There are Mick Kelly, a sensitive, However, the novel deals with other social and adolescent white girl; aged Dr. Copeland, the hurt

political themes as well, and those should not be and frustrated Negro; Jake Blount, a nervous and referred to as subordinate, as Champion does, but as unbalanced whiskey-head; and Biff Brannon, whose central and important themes that intertwine. The consciousness is one mass of timid bewilderment. novel has one central, “universal” theme completely All these characters and many more feel that the deaf separated from politics and society, and other mute alone understands them; they assail his deaf

T

The author analyses the problem of women's

and men's isolation, seclusion, alienation and mental

imprisonment in the context of social separation,

sexual and racial prejudice in the Southern American

states after World War II. Behind the grotesque and

freakish countenances in McCullers' works, it

endeavours to stress the writer's obsessive, desperate

longing for human harmony, love, compassion and

existential search for identity.

Realism and Social Values in Mc Cullers The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter


subordinated, peripheral themes dealing with social between Mick and McCullers would be their class

and political issues. McCullers only portrays the background, McCullers wanted to depict a class

society without including any personal values, struggle. Yet, not many critics seem to have focused

because that would suggest that the novel is apolitical on the class issues of The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter but

and that it is only concerned with universal themes the social issues referred to are mostly gender and race

such as love, loneliness and human isolation. On the issues.

contrary, McCullers manages to illustrate race, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, however, does gender, and class oppression through her social and examine gender, class, and race struggle in the novel political themes, and thus puts forward a strong in her feminist reading of the text, and argues that the critique towards certain power structures in the characters' “failure of collectivity” is due to separate society of her time. race-, class-, and sex-struggles (Spivak 131).

Indeed, there are cr i t ics who have Consequently, she suggests that “a fully politicized

acknowledged and focused on McCullers' political feminism, far from being a special interest, can bring a

consciousness. In his essay “Carson McCullers and consideration of the power structure of the interstices

Lillian Smith: The Intersections of Gender and Race of such a discussion1 within reach of practical

in the Jim Crow South”, Constante González Groba analyses” (Spivak 138). By leaving out a discussion

examines the connection between race and gender on sexism and patriarchy in Copeland's and Blount's

oppression in the 1930s South, as well as McCullers' discussion, the text might suggest an alternative view

way of dealing with it in her fiction: to self-interest politics (such as identity politics), as

Spivak argues, although it is not explicitly stated in McCullers opposed the insistence of southern the text. I therefore believe that an intersectional culture on racial “purity” and the oppression of understanding of the power structures – such as race, blacks as adamantly as she did its demands for rigid class, and gender – in the novel is crucial.sexual definition and the oppression of any deviant

form of sexuality. She was persuaded that just as An important aspect of McCullers' works is that

“blackness” and “whiteness” can coexist within she positions new understandings of race, gender, and

individuals of both races, so too can femininity and sexuality, although this does not seem to have been

masculinity be found equally within men and acknowledged much by critics. Cynthia Wu examines

women. (124) how, in her short fiction, McCullers “interrogates

white southern identity through means other than González Groba argues that this objection to set comparisons to black southern identity” (Wu 44). She binary oppositions are due to McCullers' own sexual argues that by introducing European immigrant ambivalence, anti-racism, and sensitivity to social characters, and also providing a functional absence of reform. A few critics have therefore performed AfricanAmerican characters McCullers proves that autobiographical readings of The Heart Is a Lonely the concept of “white” can exist and be defined apart Hunter, where the character of Mick symbolizes from the concept of “black”. By presenting white McCullers' “own story of growing up in the thirties as male characters who “do not occupy a comfortable a Southern female prodigy” (Perry 36), and of failing space in whiteness or in patriarchy” and white female in love and art as an adolescent girl. However, Mick characters who challenge “the South's ideals of white fails also where McCullers did succeed, and Perry sexual propriety” (54), McCullers re-conceptualizes asks: “Why would McCullers, a privileged young race, or more specifically; whiteness. artist from Columbus, Georgia, compose a novel that

features a heroine deprived of every opportunity to Although the Kellys' house “was one of the

develop her talent?” (Perry 37). Since one difference biggest houses on the whole north side of town …”


(39), Mick's family is considered poor in relation to believe” and “women need” be made when such

other white families and their economic situation is claims are inapplicable or unresponsive to the needs,

constantly worsening throughout the novel: “They interests and experiences of Black women?

were that poor. Money was the main thing. All the (Crenshaw, “Demarginalizing” 388)

time it was money, money, money” (209). All her Although Mick and Portia both are women with older siblings work, her father is desperate to get any working-class background, they do not share the same job, her mother is busy working in the house and racial background. Consequently, by assuming that managing the boarders, while Mick is responsible for Mick is representative for “most women”, Portia's her two baby brothers, at least when she does not intersectional experiences as an African-American sleep or study.In order to help her family woman are neglected: “Not only are women of color economically, Mick decides to get a job at in fact overlooked, but their exclusion is reinforced Woolworth's. It is supposed to be for the summer when white women speak for and as women” (389). only, but Mick understands that the decision has far- When white women, such as Mick, are claimed to reaching consequences: “The job wouldn't be just for represent most or all women, African-American the summer – but for a long time, as long a time as she women are marginalized on the basis of the race, and could see ahead. Once they were used to the money while antiracism recognizes the experiences of coming in it would be impossible to do without again. African-Americans, race discrimination “tends to be That was the way things were” (279). Mick realizes viewed in terms of race- or class-privileged Blacks” that her family will get used to her income and an (383). Carson McCullers writes in her outline of The improved economy, and it will therefore be more Mute (which was later published as The Heart Is a difficult for her to return to high school once summer Lonely Hunter) that “In actual space she occupies vacation is over. She is also conscious of the almost as much of the book as any one of the main additional marginalizing structures that girls and characters, except Mick—but she is always placed in women have to cope with. a subordinate position” (Evans 206). She does not

According to Nancy B. Rich, “Mick represents have any chapter of “her own”, but instead she

both the white population in general … and most occupies parts of Doctor Copeland's (her father's) or

women” (Rich 114, my italics). However, Mick is not Mick's chapters. Due to the absence of Portia in the

African-American: she is white and thus belongs to a readings of the novel, and also her subordinate

race privileged by both laws and notions that position as a character in the novel itself, she is

controlled power differentials in the 1930s South. marginalized not only by the readings but also,

One might be able to argue that Mick is somewhat deliberately, in the novel.McCullers lets Portia take

representative of white, economically disadvantaged up as much space as any main character, however, she

women in the 1930s South, and how their identities still occupies a subordinate position in relation to the

might be shaped by power structures of race, class, main characters, and the marginalized characters

and gender. However, she can certainly not represent telling the story are not AfricanAmerican women.

an African American, economically disadvantaged McCullers's The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter tells the

woman such as Portia: story of Mick – and Portia, however in the margins –

and thus deals with issues of race, gender, and class.When feminist theory and politics that claim to

reflect women's experience and women's aspirations Portia's family members are devout Christians –

do not include or speak to Black women, Black except from her father – so when Portia's grandfather

women must ask: “Ain't We Women?” If this is so, (Grandpapa) relates about his destined meeting with

how can the claims that “women are,” “women Jesus, they all listen devotedly and concur:


I reason I will get to stand before Jesus with all novel depicts the bleak landscape of the American

my childrens and grandchildrens and great consciousness. Miss McCullers' picture of loneliness,

grandchildrens and kinfolks and friends and I say to death, accident, insanity, fear, mob violence and terror

is perhaps the most desolate that has so far come from Him, “Jesus Christ, us is all sad coloured peoples.”

the South. Her quality of despair is unique and And then he will place His holy hand upon our heads individual. Her groping characters live in a world and straightway us will be white as cotton. (131)completely lost. And she recounts incidents of death The only one reacting to Grandpapa's, and the and attitudes of stoicism. Hovering mockingly over rest of the family's, internalized racism is Doctor her story of loneliness in a small town are primitive Copeland, who feels anger towards their ignorance. religion, adolescent hope, the silence of deaf All that is holy – God, His angels, and Jesus – is mutes—and all of these give the violent colors of the white, which implies that all that is unholy is black. life she depicts a sheen of weird tenderness.Racism is justified by religious teachings, and in

order for Portia (and the rest of her family) to be

REFERENCES:accepted by God and succeed in religion, in which

notions of white supremacy occur, they need to Champion, Laurie. “Black and White Christs in become white themselves. When her father uses the Carson McCullers's 'The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter'”

word 'Negro', she gets angry and replies: Southern Literary Journal 24.1 (1991): 47-52.

J S T O R . W e b . 2 8 O c t . 2 0 1 1 . Take Willie and me. Us aren't all the way <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20078029>.coloured. Our Mama was real light and both of us

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Demarginalizing the haves a good deal of white folks' blood in us. … None

of us is pure coloured and the word you all the time Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist

using haves a way of hurting peoples' feelings. (72) Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist

Theory and Antiracist Politics.” Ed. D. Kelly. However, when describing the strippers, Portia Weisberg. Feminist Legal Theory: Foundations. uses the word 'nigger', although she does say that Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993. Print.“polite peoples – no matter what shade they is –

Crenshaw, Kimberlé. “Mapping the Margins: always say coloured” (72). Strippers, and Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence particularly African-American strippers, are the against Women of Color.” Stanford Law Review 43.6 embodiment of “bad girls” while Portia is the (1991): 1241-299. JSTOR. Web. 22 Oct. 2011. opposite. Nonetheless, she is African-American, and <http://jstor.org/stable/1229039>.society will not recognize her as a “good girl” until

she becomes as white as the angel Grandpapa Evans, Oliver. “The Achievement of Carson

describes. Laws and courts will not acknowledge the McCullers.” English Journal 51.5 (1962): 301-08.

demands of African-Americans, and in order for J S T O R . W e b . 1 5 N o v . 2 0 1 1 .

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/810004>.them to make their voices heard, they need white

people as spokespersons. Evans, Oliver. The Ballad of Carson McCullers:

A Biography. New York: Coward-McCann, 1966. Ultimately, Mick is defeated by the intersecting Print.power structures of race, class, and gender, and not

solely because she is a woman or because she is González Groba, Constante. “Carson McCullers economically disadvantaged, but because of her and Lillian Smith: The Intersections of Gender and position as an economically disadvantaged woman. . Race in the Jim Crow South.” Journal of English With the depression as a murky backdrop, this first Studies 5-6 (2005-2008): 11937. Print.


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Hunter. 1940. New York: Penguin Group, 2008. Critical Essays on Carson McCullers. Ed. Beverly

Print. Lyon. Clark and Melvin J. Friedman. New York: G.K.

Hall, 1996. 129-42. Print.Perry, Constance M. “Carson McCullers and the

Female Wunderkind.” Southern Literary Journal Wu, Cynthia. “Expanding Southern Whiteness:

19.1 (1986): 36-45. JSTOR. Web. 29 Nov. 2011. Reconceptualizing Ethnic Difference in the Short

<http://www.jstor.org/stable/20077818>. Fiction of Carson McCullers.” Southern Literary

Journal 34.1 (Fall, 2001): 44-55. JSTOR. Web. 28 Rich, Nancy B. “The 'Ironic Parable of Fascism' Oct. 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20078316>.in 'The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter.'” Southern

Literary Journal 9.2 (1977): 108-23. JSTOR. Web. 28

Oct. 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20077564>.

Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “[A Feminist


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ck;kys kftdy Mk;oflVZ h ¼Biological Diversity½ j[kus rFkk gekjs thou dh ewyHkwr vko”;drvksa dks “kCn loZizFke uksls rFkk eSDesul us ¼1980½ esa fn;k iw.kZ djus] rFkk lrr fodkl ds fy, lalk/ku iznku ftldk y?kq :Ik ck;ksMk;oflZVh ¼Bio-Diversity½ djus esa viuk ;ksxnku djrh gSA tSo fofo/krk ls “kCn ¼1985½ esa okYVUk th jkslu us fn;k FkkA gesa] Hkkstu] vkS"kf/k;ka] bZ/ku] vkS|kSfxd dPpk eky] ck;ksMk;oflZVh ¼Biodiversity½ ewy “kCn ds bl y?kq js”ke] peM+k] Åu vkfn mi;ksxh oLrq,a izkIr gksrh gSA laLdj.k us rqjUr gh oSf”od Lohdk;Zrk izkIr dj ;g [kkn&Ja`[kyk esa Hkh viuk vHkwriwoZ ;ksxnku nsrh yhA izpfyr ehfM;k esa Hkh ;g “kCn izk;% izdkf”kr gSA bldk izR;{k izek.k izkd`frd lkSUn;Z dks c<+kus gksrk jgrk gSA tSfod dk vk”k; tho txr ls gS ,oa ikfjfLFkdh; larqyu dks cuk;s j[kus esa ns[kk tk

fd


ldrk gSA bldk lkekftd] uSfrd] HkkSxkSfyd rFkk jgrk gSAvU; izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k egÙo gS tks gekjs fy, tSo fofo/krk larqfyr jgus ls ikfjfLFkfrd rU= egÙoiw.kZ gSA esa [kkn&Jà[kyk rFkk [kkn tky larqfyr cuk jgrk

fo”o ds le`)re tSo fofo/krk okys 12 ns”kksa esa gSA isM+&ikS/ks Hkwfe {kj.k dks jksdrs gS] iks'kd rRoksa dh Hkkjr Hkh “kkfey gS Hkkjr esa fo”o dh 70 izfr”kr tSo deh dks iwjk djrs gS ftlls ty pØ rFkk vkDlhtu fofo/krk fo|eku gAS toS fofo/krk oky s n”s kk as e as ckz thy] pØ larqfyr cuk jgrk gSA Hkkjr dh tSo fofo/krk

fo”o esa viuk vyx LFkku j[krh gSA Hkkjr esa 130 dksyafc;k] bDokMksj] phu] eSfDldks] vkLVsªfy;k] iqjkru iqf"ir ikS/kksa dh cM+h Jà[kyk Hkkjr ds mÙkj iwohZ nf{k.k vQzhdk] bUMksusf”k;k] osustq,yk] psd x.kjkT; Hkkx esa ik;h tkrh gS bl egku tSo fofo/krk ds dkj.k ,oa eysf”k;k “kkfey gSA lEiw.kZ fo”o dk 2-4% Hkw Hkkx Hkkjr dks lqfo[;kr :lh ouLifrK MkW0 vkeZu Hkkjr esa gS ;gka fo”o ds tho tUrqvksa dk yxHkx 5% rk[rktu ¼1969½ us Hkkjr dks *iqjkru iq"ih; ikS/kksa dk fuokl djrk gSA Hkkjrh; ouLifr losZ{k.k ,oa

2Hkkjrh; izk.kh losZ{k.k }kjk fd;s x;s losZ{k.kksa ds ikyu LFky* dh laKk nh gSA**vuqlkj Hkkjr esa dqy 47755 ouLifr iztkfr;ka ,oa tSo fofo/krk izkd`frd lkSUn;Z iznku djrh gSA 89137 izk.kh iztkfr;ka ik;h tkrh gSA Hkkjr fo”o esa fo”o dk izkd`frd lkSUn;Z tSo fofo/krk ds dkj.k gh ouLifr fofo/krk ds vk/kkj ij n”kosa LFkku ij gSA gSA ekuo dks izd`fr us tks LoHkko fn;k gS mlesa mls

**fofo/krk esa 18159 iq"ih; ikS/ks] 77 uXu thoh gj oks pht vPNh yxrh gS ftlesa izd`fr dk ;ksxnku ik/S k]s 14936 dod] 7308 “koS ky] 2531 ckz ;kQs kbVl~ ] gksrk gSA ekuo dks Qwyksa dh ?kkVh] igkM+ksa rFkk >juksa

dk lkSUn;Z] ?kus taxy] oU;tho] jax fcjaxsa Qwy&i{kh] 1]274 Vfs jMkQs kbVl~ ] 2434 ykbdus rFkk 1036 thok.k qfrrfy;ka] if{k;ksa dh pgpgkgV] jax fcjaxh eNfy;ka] “kkfey gSA tho&tUrqvksa dh fofo/krk esa Hkkjr esa 390 fofHké izdkj ds ikyrw tkuoj] dcwrj] xkSjS;k] izdkj ds Lru/kkjh] 1225 izdkj ds i{kh] 456 izdkj ds fxygjh] dÙq kk ?kkMs k+ ] gkFkh] rkrs k] dkjs y jhQ] exjePN] ljhlì] 209 izdkj ds mHk;pj] 2546 izdkj dh “ksj] phrk] lHkh us yqHkk j[kk gSAeNfy;ka] 5070 izdkj ds eksyLd] 2577 izdkj ds

izksVkstksvk] 68]389 izdkj ds dhM+s&edksMs+] 2970 egku tho foKkuh MkfoZu us *vksjhftu vkQ izdkj ds ØLVsf”k;u~l rFkk 8329 izdkj ds vU; tho Lihlht* uk;d iqLrd fy[kdj tSo fofo/krk ls

1 lcdks ifjfpr djk;k fd i`Foh ij cus jgus dh gj tUrq ik;s tkrs gSA** tho dh vko”;drk gSA tSo fofo/krk dk lEcU/k [kkn&Jà[kyk ls gS

ekuo us vius fodkl ds vU/ksiu ds dkj.k tSo i`Foh ij fopjus okys Ik”kq if{kvksa rFkk tho&tUrqvksa fofo/krk dks foxr 10 n”kdksa ls izHkkfor dj j[kk dh thfodk dk vk/kkj Hkh tSo&fofo/krk gS vkSj tc gSA ekuo us fodkl ds uke ij ik”pkR; laLd`fr dk rd tSo&fofo/krk i`Foh ij gS rHkh rd mudk thou tks vuqdj.k “kq: fd;k mlls ou tho tUrq lHkh Hkh gSA vizR;{k :Ik ls lHkh tho ,d nwljs ds iwjd izHkkfor gSA lEizfr Hkkjr esa fcNk;s tk jgs lM+dksa ds gSA isM+&ikS/ks izdk”k la”ys'k.k }kjk dh fØ;k }kjk tky us izkd`frd isM+&ikS/kksa dk tks dVku fd;k gS djd s vkDlhtu NkMs r+ s g S rFkk tho&tUr q vkDlhtu mlls izkd`frd vlarqyu iSnk gks jgk gSA bu dVs isM+ksa ysdj dkcZuMkb vkDlkbM NksM+rs gSA bl izdkj ds LFkku ij u;s isM+ksa dks u yxk;k tkuk Hkh bls vkSj nksuksa tho nkf;uh xSlksa dk okrkj.k esa larqyu cuk


izHkkfor tksu esa Mky jgk gSA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd ;fn bl c<+us dh xfr dks ugha jksdk x;k rks ifj.kke Hk;kog gkasxsA c<+s rkieku ls leqnz ds fdukjs vxj vkt bu dVs isM+ksa dh txg isM+ yxk;s tk;

rc Hkh vkt dh fLFkfr esa vkus esa bu isM+ksa dks vkxkeh cls ns”k vkSj “kgj Mwc tk;saxsA rkieku o`f) ls ekuo 20 o"kks± dk le; pkfg, ijUrq ,slk gks ugha jgk gSA Hkh izHkkfor gksxkA bu reke leL;kvksa ls futkr ikus bu ckrksa ij Hkh /;ku nsus dh vko”;drk gSA ds fy, tSo fofo/krk dk laj{k.k gh ,dek= mik; gSA

tSo fofo/krk ds lkFk NsM+NkM+ fdlh Hkh dher tSo fofo/krk esa ,d Hkh iztkfr ds yqIr gksus ls ij vPNk ugh gS ekuo us bldk fonksgu djds buds iwjk ikfjfLFkfrd rU= izHkkfor gksrk gS] [kkn J`a[kyk vfLrRo ij gh loky djuk “kq: dj fn;k gSA bldk ,oa [kkn tky izHkkfor gksrk gSA izR;sd thu ,d nwljs nq"ifj.kke vkSj ekuo ij fn[kkbZ Hkh ns jgk gSA vkt ls u;s xq.k rU= ls fofHké gksrk gS fdl tho es dkSu fdlh Hkh ekuo cLrh esa phrk] “ksj] gkFkh dk izos”k gks lk xq.k fo|eku gS vkSj mlds lekIr gksus ls iqu% oSlk jgk gS vkSj og ekuo dks uqdlku igqpk jgs gSA foxr xq.k rU= rS;kj ugh fd;k tk ldrk gS blfy, lHkh fnuksa OgkV~l,Ik ij ,d ohfM;ksa ok;jy jgk fd ,d tho /kkfj;ksa dks lkFk ysdj pyuk vko”;d gSA&*ifjokj dkj ls gkbos ij ;k=k ij tk jgk gS ihNs tSo fofo/krk dks cuk;s j[kus esa fo”o dks lkFk esa lhV ij cSBh csVh us vkxs lhV ij vkus dh ftn dhA ysuk Hkh vko”;d gSA tSo fofo/krk oSf”od leL;k gSA firk us tSls gh xkM+h jksdh] csVh vkxs vkus ds fy, ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj **ouLifr;ksa dh gj vkB esa ls lhV ls mrjh] mlh oDr ,d phrk us csVh ij >iV~Vk 3

,d iztkfr [krjs esa gSA** tSo fofo/krk ij [krjk ekjk vkSj csVh dks mBkdj taxy dh rjQ ysdj Hkkx

yxkrkj c< jgk gSA bUVjus”kuy ;wfu;u QkWj x;kA iwjk ifjokj ns[krk gh jg x;kA* ;s ?kVuk

datosZ”ku vkQ uspj ¼vkbZ;w0lh0,u½ dh fjiksVZ esa taxy ds okrkoj.k ls NsM+NkM+ dk urhtk gSA

dgk x;k gS fd **fo”o esa tho tUrqvksa dh 47677 ge vius lq[k lqfo/kk c<+kus gsrq ikS/kksa dks fujUrj fo'ks"k iztkfr;ksa esa ls ,d frgkbZ ls vf/kd iztkfr;ka

tM+ lesr m[kkM+ ys jgs gS] “kgjhdj.k gsrq ouksa dk ;kuh 15890 iztkfr;ksa ij foyqfIr dk [krjk eaMjk jgk fouk”k djrs tk jgs gSA ekuo us uxjksa dks clkus gsrq

gAS vkb Z ; w lh ,u dh jMs fyLV d s vulq kj Lru/kkfj;k asdda jhV dk tk s eta j [kMk+ fd;k] og dHkh oukPNkfnr

dh 21 Qhlnh] mHk;pjksa dh 30 Qhlnh vkSj if{k;ksa {ks= Fkk] blls okrkoj.k dk fonksgu gks jgk gSA blh

dh 12 Qhlnh iztkfr;ka foyqfIr dh dxkj ij gS] ls tqM+h Ik;kZoj.k dh vU; leL;k, Hkh c<+ jgh gSA

ouLifr;ksa dh 70 Qhlnh iztkfr;ksa ds lkFk rktk ok;q iznw"k.k] e`nk iznw"k.k] /ofu iznw"k.k] vkstksu ijr

ikuh esa jgus okys lfjl`iksa dh 37 Qhlnh iztkfr;ksa esa {kj.k] ,flMjsu] tyok;q ifjorZu tSlh leL;k,a

vkSj 1147 izdkj dh eNfy;ksa ij Hkh foyqfIr dk js[kkadu esa vk jgh gSA fo”o dk rkieku c<+uk Hkh

4 [krjk eaMjk jgk gSA**tSo fofo/krk ls NsM+NkM+ dk gh ifj.kke gSA okrkoj.k Hkkjr us bldh xEHkhjrk dks /;ku esa j[kdj **tSo esa dkcZu MkbvkDlkbM dk Lrj c<+rk tk jgk gS

50 fofo/krk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e** Hkh cuk;s gS tks fuEu gS&blls i`Foh ds rkieku esa 2030 rd 2 c rd c<+us dk

1- erL; ikyu vf/kfu;e] 1987vans”kk Ik;kZoj.kfon igys ls gh yxk pqds gSA dkcZu 2- fouk”kdkjh dhV ,o ua k”kd tho vf/kfu;e] 1914MkbvkDlkM dk Lrj 300 ppm ls c<+dj 379 ppm 3- Hkkjrh; ou vf/kfu;e] 1927rd igq¡p x;k gSA


4- Ñf"k mRikn ¼J.s khdj.k ,o a foi.ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1937 29- tSfod fofo/krk vf/kfu;e] 2002

5- Hkkjrh; dkQh vf/kfu;e] 1942 30- ikni laxjks/k ¼Hkkjr esa vk;kr dk fu;eu½ vkns”k] 20036- vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr ¼fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e 1947tSo fofo/krk rFkk ekuo dk lEcU/k vukfn dky 7- jcj ¼mRiknu ,oa foi.ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1947

ls ijLij iwjdrk dk jgk gS bldh mi;ksfxrk dks 8- [kuu ,o a [kfut fodkl ¼fofu;eu½ vf/kfu;e 1957/;ku esa j[kdj gh Hkkjrh; _f'k&eqfu;ksa us bls /keZ las 9- Ik”kq “kqYd vf/kfu;e] 1960

tksM+dj isM+ ikS/kksa ,o atho tUrqvksa dh j{kk gsrq laj{k.k 10- lhek “kqYd vf/kfu;e] 1962dh ckr dh gksxhA euqLe`fr esa dgka x;k fd **tc rd

11- bykbph vf/kfu;e] 1965i`Foh ij oU; thoksa ls lEiUu ou gS rc rd /kjrh

12- cht vf/kfu;e] 1966 6ekuo oa”k dk iks"k.k djrh jgsxhA** egkdkO; 13- isVsaV vf/kfu;e] 1970

egkHkkjr esa dgka x;k gS fd **ck?kksa ds fcuk ou dh 14- oU; tho ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1972 j{kk ugha gks ldrh rFkk ou ds fcuk ck?k ugh jg 15- leqUnzh mRikn fu;kZr fodkl izkf/kdj.k ldrs] D;ksafd ck?k ou dh j{kk djrs gS vkSj ou ck?kksa

vf/kfu;e] 1972 7dhA**16- ty ¼inz "w k.k jkds Fkke ,o a fu;=.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1974 lkjk”kr% tSo fofo/krk dk {kj.k ,d u udkjk 17- rEckdw cksMZ vf/kfu;e] 1975 tkus okyk lR; gS tSo fofo/krk laj{k.k orZeku dh 18- {ks=h; ty] egk}hih; “ksYQ] vuU; vkfFkZd {ks= vko”;drk gS vkSj gesa bl ij /;ku nsuk gksxkA

vkSj leqUnh {ks= vf/kfu;e] 1976

19- ty ¼iznw"k.k jksdFkke ,oa fu;=a.k½ midj lUnHkZvf/kfu;e] 1977 1- foKku izxfr% lEiknd MkW0 cky djke] Hkkjr dh

20- eSjhVkbe tksUl vkWQ bf.M;k ¼js;X;qys”ku ,aM tSo fofo/krk ij ,d utj ys[k&jke y[ku flag fQflax ckbZ QkWl oslysV½ ,DV 1980 fldjokj] izdk”kd jk"Vªh; foKku lapkj ,oa

21- ou laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1980 lwpuk L=ksr laLFkku ubZ fnYyh i`"B 0922- ok; q ¼inz "w k.k jkds Fkke ,o a fu;=.a k½ vf/kfu;e] 1981 2- ogh i`"B la[;k 0923- Ñf"k ,oa lalkf/kr [kk| mRikn fu;kZr fodkl 3- ogh i`"B la[;k 16

izkf/kdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1985@86 4- ogh i`"B la[;k 1724- Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 1986 5- ogh i`"B la[;k 6025- elkyk cksMZ vf/kfu;e] 1986 6- ogh i`"B la[;k 1126- jk"Vªh; Ms;jh fodkl cksMZ 1987 7- ogh i`"B la[;k 1127- fon”s kh O;kikj fodkl vkjS fofu;eu vf/kfu;e] 1992

28- ikS/kk fdLe vkSj Ñ"kd vf/kdkj laj{k.k vf/kfu;e 2001


***'kks/kNk=] Jh xka/kh ih0th0 dkyst ekyVkjh vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½,lksfl,V izksQslj& f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k foHkkx] Jh xkW/kh ih-th- dkyst ] ekyVkjh] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

& *& **

vfer dqekj nwcsMkW0 vf[kys’k pUnz

;fDrRo “kCn dk iz;ksx lk/kkj.k ckrphr ds appearance½ ds vk/kkj ij bafxr djrk gSA ftl nkSjku cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gSA lk/kkj.k ckrphr O;fDr dk ckgjh fn[kkok HkM+dhyk gksrk gS] mldk esa iz;qDr *O;fDrRo* “kCn fdlh ,sls xq.k ;k fo'ks"krk O;fDrRo mruk gh vPNk le>k tkrk gS rFkk ftl dks bafxr djrk gS] ftls lHkh O;fDr fofHké O;fDr dk ckgjh fn[kkok lk/kkj.k gksrk gS] mldk ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa O;ogkj djus rFkk ikjEifjd lEcU/kksa O;fDrRo mruk vPNk ugh le>k tkrk gSA O;fDrRo dh n`f"V ls fo”ks"k egÙo nsrs gSA pUnu dk O;fDrRo “kCn dk ;g vFkZ fu”p; gh ,d vR;Ur ladqfpr o vR;Ur vthc lk gS] pk¡nuh dk rks dksbZ O;fDrRo gh lhfer vFkZ gSA vk/kqfud lanHkZ esa O;fDrRo “kCn dks ugha gS tSls okD;k”ka vke cksypky ds nkSjku izk;% ,d vR;Ur O;kid “kCn ds :Ik esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk lquus dks feyrs jgrs gSA ;|fi lkekU; cksypky esa gS rFkk f”k{kk dh n`f"V ls bldk okLrfod vFkZ blds O;fDrRo “kCn dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ]ijUrq ijEijkxr “kkfCnd vFkZ ls i;kZIr fHkUu gksrk gSA *O;fDrRo* “kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl ugh f”k{kk”kkfL=;ksasa ,oa euksoSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj O;fDrRo fd;k x;k gSA fQj Hkh lHkh O;fDr vius Lrj ls ,d vR;Ur tfVy] Hkzked rFkk vLi"V iz—fr okyk le>rs gS fd bl izdkj ds okD;ka”kksa ls D;k vfHkizk; lEizR;; gS] ftldh loZekU; ,oa iw.kZr;k ;FkkFkZ ,oa gSA Li"V gS fd lkekU; vFkksZ esa O;fDrRo ls rkRi;Z Li"V ifjHkk"kk nsuk u dsoy dfBu cfYd yxHkx “kkjhfjd xBu] jxa :Ik] o's kHk"w kk] ckrphr d s <xa rFkk vlaHko lk dk;Z gSA f”k{kk ds lkfgR; esa ;|fi dk; Z O;ogkj tlS s fofHké x.q kk as d s l;a kts u ¼unification½ O;fDrRo “kCn dh vusd ifjHkk"kk,W feyrh gS ijUrq ls yxk;k tkrk gSA muesa i;kZIr fHkUUkrk,¡ ikbZ tkrh gSA oLrqr% O;fDrRo

dh ;s fofHké ifjHkk"kk;sa fdlh ,d er ij lger ugha O;fDrRo dk vaxzsth vuqokn *Personality* gS tks gk s ikrh gAS fu%lna gs O;fDrRo ,d ,ls h vijk{s k fo'k"s krk ySfVu “kCn ijlksuk ¼Persona½ ls cuk gS rFkk g]S ftl s fofHké eukos KS kfudk as ,o a f”k{kk”kkfL=;k as u s viuh ftldk vFkZ udkc (mask) ls gksrk gS ftls igudj ekU;rkvk as d s vulq kj vyx&vyx <ax ls ns[kk rFkk ukVd ds ik= ¼,DVj½ jaxeap ij fdlh vU; O;fDr ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gSA dk vfHkUk; djrs gSA vr% ilZukfyVh “kCn dk tsEl Mªsoj ds 'kCnks esa& external **O;fDrRo “kCn dk iz;ksx “kkfCnd vFkZ O;fDr ds okg~; fn[kkok ¼

O

O;fDrRo % n'kk ,oa fn'kk

f’k{kk’kkL=k


oSysUVkbu ds 'kCnksa esa&O;fDr ds “kkjhfjd] ekuafld] uSfrd vkSj lkekftd xq.kksa ds ml ,dh—r rFkk xR;kRed laxBu ds fy, **O;fDrRo leLr tUetkr vkSj vftZr xq.kksa dk fd;k tkrk gS ftls O;fDr vU; O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk lEiw.kZ ;ksx gSA**vius lkekftd thou ds vknku&iznku esa O;Dr pkbYM ds 'kCnksa esa&djrk gSA ** **O;fDrRo ls rkRi;Z deksos”k LFkk;h vkarfjd ,p0ts0 vkbZtsad ds 'kCnksa esa & dkjdks ls gksrk gS tks O;fDr dss O;ogkj dks ,d le;

**O;fDrRo O;fDr d s pfj=] fp=i—z fr] Kku”kfDr l s nlw j s le; e as lxa r cukrk g S rFkk rYq ; ifjfLFkfr;k as esa rFkk “kjhj xBu dk djhc*&djhc ,d LFkk;h ,oa vU; yksxks ds O;ogkj ls vyx djrk gSA **fVdkÅ laxBu gS tks okrkoj.k esa mlds viwoZ okYVj feldsy ds 'kCnksa esa&lek;kstu dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA** ¼The scientific **izk;% O;fDrRo ls rkRi;Z O;ogkj ds ml fof'k"V study of Personality. 1952. P. 16½ iSVuZ ¼ftlesa fpUru ,oa laosx Hkh lfEefyr gS½ ls ,u0,y0eu ds 'kCnksa esa& gksrk gS tks izR;sd O;fDr ds ftUnxh dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa

**O;fDrRo dks ,d O;fDr ds lajPkukRed] ds lkFk gksus okys lek;kstu dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA**O;kogkfjd& i)fr] vfHk:fp vfHko`fRr] ;ksX;rk] csjksu ds 'kCnksa esa&{kerk vkSj :>ku tSlh y{k.kkxr ,dhdj.k ds :i **O;fDr;ksa ds laosxksa] fpUruksa rFkk O;ogkjksa ds esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ** vuwBs ,oa lkis{k :Ik ls fLFkj iSVuZ ds :Ik esa O;fDrRo Lkh0oh0 xqM ds 'kCnksa esa& dks lkekU;r% ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA**

,d O;fDr dh lEiw.kZ euksoSKkfud vkSj mijksDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij rFkk djhc 49 lkekftd vuqfØ;k,W] mlds fo"k;xr] laosxkRed ifjHkk"kkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn th-MCY;w- vkSj ekufld thou dk lefUor :Ik gSA** vkyiksVZ egksn; us viuh vksj ls 50 oha ifjHkk"kk

O;fDrRo dk fn;k tks vkt Hkh euksoSKkfudksa ,oa fox rFkk g.V ds 'kCnksa esa&f”k{kk”kkfL=;ksa dks ekU; gS D;ksafd ;g ifjHkk"kk dkQh **O;fDrRo fdlh O;fDr d s lEi.w k Z O;ogkj ifz reku foLr`r ,oa oSKkfud gSA ,oa bldh leLr fo'ks"krkvksa ds ;ksx dks O;Dr djrk th-MCY;w- vkyiksVZ ds 'kCnksa esa&gSA**

**O;fDrRo O;fDr ds Hkhrj mu euks”kkjhfjd ra=ksa Tks0ih0 fxyQksMZ ds 'kCnksa esa&dk xfr”khy ;k xR;kRed laxBu gS] tks okrkoj.k esa **O;fDrRo xq.kksa dk lefUor :Ik gSA**mlds viwoZ lek;kstu dks fu/kkZfjr djrs gSA** vkj0,l0 oqMoFkZ ds 'kCnksa esa&(Allport: Personality: A Psychological Interpetation,

**O;fDrRo O;fDr ds O;ogkj dh ,d lexz 1937,p.48)fo'ks"krk gSA** th-MCY;w- vkyiksVZ ds }kjk izLrqr dh xbZ Ms'khy ds 'kCnksa esa& O;fDrRo dh bl ifjHkk"kk dks euksfoKku ,oa f”k{kk esa

**O;fDrRo O;ogkj ioz fÙk;k a s dk ,d lex z :Ik g]S tk s lokZf/kd ekU;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA bl ifjHkk"kk ds O;fDr d s ekufld lek;kts u e a s vfHkO;Dr gkrs k gAS ** Åij fo”ys"k.kkRed n`f"V Mkyus ls Li"V gks tkrk gS


fd ;g O;fDrRo ds lEcU/k esa pkj izeq[k ckrksa dh “khyxq.kksa dk laxBu ukSdjh feyus ds ckn iw.kr% vksj ladsr djrh gS rFkk bldk ,d la;qDr fo'ys"k.k cny tk; ;k ifjorZu gks tk;A bl izdkj gS& “khyxq.kksa ds laxBu esa bl rjg dk ifjorZu 1- euks'kkjhfjd ra= ¼Psychophysical System½ xR;kRed laxBu dk mnkgj.k gSA

O;fDrRo ,d ,slk ra= gS ftlds ekuflad ,oa bl rjg d s lxa Bu e as folxa Bu ¼Disorganisation½ Hkh lfEefyr gksrk gS ftlds lgkjs vlkekU; O;ogkj “kkjhfjd nksuksa i{k gksrs gSA ;g ra= ,sls rRoksa dk ,d ¼Abnormal behaviour½ dh O;k[;k Hkh gksrh gSA nwljs laxBu gksrk gS tks vkil esa vUr%fØ;k djrs gSA bl “kCnksa esa] ;fn fdlh O;fDr ds “khyxq.kksa ds laxBu esa ra= ds eq[; rRo “khyxq.k] laosx] vknr] Kku”kfDr] bl <ax dk ifjorZu vk tkrk gS fd mldk O;ogkj fpRriz—fr] pfj=] vfHkizsjd vkfn gS tks lHkh folaxfBr gks tkrk gS rFkk ftlds QyLo:Ik og ekuflad xq.k gS ijUrq bu lc dk vk/kkj “kkjhfjd vlkekU; O;ogkj vf/kd djus yx tkrk gS rks bldks vFkkrZ O;fDr d s xUz Fkh; ifz Ø;k, ¡ ,o a rfa =dh; ifz Ø;k, ¡Hkh xR;kRed laxBu dh Js.kh esa gh j[ksxsaAgAS bldk Li"V eryc ;g g S fd O;fDrRo u rk s i.w krZ % 3- laxrrk ¼Consistency½ekuflda g S vkjS u i.w krZ % “kkjhfjd gh gkrs k gAS O;fDrRo

bu nksukas rjg ds i{kksa dk feJ.k gSA O;fDrRo esa O;fDr dk O;ogkj ,d le; ls nwljs le; esa laxr gksrk gSA laxrrk dk vFkZ ;g gksrk gS 2- xR;kRed laxBu ¼Dynamic orgnisation½fd O;fDr dk O;ogkj nks fHkUu voljksa ij Hkh yxHkx xR;kRed laxBu ls rkRi;Z ;g gksrk gS fd ,d leku gksrk gSA bl dkjd ij pkbZYM egksn; ds euks”kkjhfjd ra= ds fHkUu& fHkUu rRo tSls “khyxq.k] ifjHkk"kk esa izR;{k :Ik ls cy Mkyk x;k gSA O;fDr ds laosx] vknr vkfn ,d&nwljs ls bu rjg ls O;ogkj esa blh laxrrk ds vk/kkj ij mlesa veqd lEcfU/kr gksdj laxfBr gS fd mUgsa ,d&nwljs ls “khyxq.k ds gksus dk vuqeku yxk;k tkrk gSA iw.kZr% vyx ugh fd;k tkrk gSA bl laxBu esa 4- okrkoj.k esa viwoZ lek;kstu dk fu/kkZj.k ifjorZu lEHko gS ;gh dkj.k gS fd bls xR;kRed ¼Determination of unique adjustment to laxBu dgk x;k gSA bl rjg ls xR;kRed laxBu environment½dk eryc ;g fd O;fDrRo ds “khyxq.k ;k vU; rRo

vkil esa bl rjg ls laxfBr gksrs gS fd muesa lHkh O;fDr;kasa esa euks”kkjhfjd xq.kksa dk ,d ,slk ifjorZu Hkh gksrs jgrs gSA mnkgj.kLo:Ik dksbZ O;fDr xR;kRed laxBu ik;k tkrk gS fd mldk O;ogkj ukSdjh ikus ds igys bZekunkjh] mRrnk;h rFkk okrkoj.k esa viusa&vius <ax dk viwoZ ¼unique½ gksrk le;fu"B gks ldrk gS ijUrq ukSdjh feyus ds dqN gAS okroj.k leku gkus s ij Hkh iRz ;ds O;fDr dk O;ogkj] o"kks± ckn mlesa mÙkjnkf;Ro rFkk le;fu"Brk dk fopkj rFkk gkus s okyk loa xs vkfn viow Z gkrs k g S ftld ss“khyxq.k T;ksa dk R;ksa gks ldrk gS ijUrq laHko gS fd dkj.k ml okrkoj.k ds lkFk lek;kstu djus dk <ax mlesa bZekunkjh dk xq.k cnydj csbZekuh dk xq.k Hkh izR;sd O;fDr esa vyx&vyx gksrk gSAfodflr gks tk;A bl mnkgj.k esa igys ds rhu xq.kksa ,p-ts- vkbtsad] th-MCY;w- vkyiksVZ] pkbZYM rFkk ds laxBu esa ukSdjh feyus ds ckn ,d ifjorZu feldsy us bl i{k ij leku :Ik ls viuh&viuh fn[kyk;k x;k gSA ,slk Hkh gks ldrk gS fd bu rhuksa ifjHkk"kkvksa esa cy Mkyk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd 1961 esa


vkyiksVZ us viuh 1937 dh ifjHkk"kk ds vfUre ikWp 2- vLFkkuk] e/kq % O;fDrRo euksfoKku] eksrhyky “kCn dks cnydj bl izdkj dj fn;s **okrkoj.k ds cukjlhnkl] okjk.klh lkFk vuwBk lek;kstu** dh txg ij **fof'k"V 3- JhokLro] jketh % laKkukRed euksfoKku] O;ogkj rFkk fopkj** dks lfEefyr fd;kA eksrhyky cukjlhnkl] okjk.klh

bl ifjorZu dk mn~ns”; ;g Fkk fd O;fDr dk 4- nwcs] lR;ukjk;.k ¼”kjrsUnq½ % izkphu Hkkjr esa O;ogkj ek= vuqdwyh ¼adaptive½ gh ugha gksrk gS f”k{kk] “kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckncfYd dFkuh; ¼expressive½ Hkh gksrk gSA bldk 5- xqIrk] vydk % vk/kqfud ekiu ,o ewY;kdau] eryc ;g gqvk fd O;fDr okrkj.k ds lkFk dsoy “kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkcknlek;kstu ;k vuqdwyu gh ugh djrk gS cfYd 6- pUnz] vf[kys”k% iz/kku lEiknd] xhrk flag % okrkoj.k ds lkFk bl rjg dk vuqfØ;k djrk gS fd lEiknd] *vf[ky xhr “kks/k n`f"V* ¼vUrjjk"Vªh; ml okrkoj.k dks Hkh O;fDr ds lkFk vuqdwy ;k “kks/k v)Zokf"kZdh tuZy½ fuf/k “kSf{kd ,oa “kks/k vfHk;kstu ;ksX; gksuk iM+rk gSA laLFkku vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½

fu"d"kZ Lo:Ik ge dg ldrs gS fd O;fDrRo vyx&vyx “khyxq.kksa dk ,d ,slk xR;kRed laxBu gS ftlds dkj.k O;fDr dk O;ogkj rFkk fopkj fdlh Hkh okrkoj.k esa vius <ax dk vFkkZr viwoZ ¼unique½ gksrk gSA

lUnHkZ

1- xqIrk] ,l0 ih0 % mPpÙkj f”k{kk euksfoKku] “kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn


*Vkbi 5funs'kd caxyk] iksLVy v‚fQllZ d‚yksuh tsMh, lfdZy ds fudV] tks/kiqj] ¼jktLFkku½

& *vkdka{kk ;kno

jrh; laL—fr esa ukfj;ksa ds xkSjo ds fy, mcj ik;k gSA uojk= ds fnuksa esa vius vklikl ukS

dgk x;k gS] Þ;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r= nsork%A dU;kvksa dks <w¡<dj mudh iwtk djus okyk lekt

;=SrkLrq u iwT;Urs lokZLr=kQyk% fØ;k%AÞ vFkkZr xHkZ esa dU;k dh vkgV dh [kcj lqudj gh mldh

tgk¡ ij fL=;ksa dh iwtk gksrh gS] ogk¡ nsork jers gSaA thou yhyk ogha [kRe dj nsus ls xqjst ugha djrkA

tgk¡ mudh iwtk ugha gksrh] ogk¡ lc dke fu"Qy vk¡adMs+ xokg gSa fd1980 ds n”kd esa dU;k Hkzw.k dk

gksrs gSaA Hkkjr ds vfrfjä 'kk;n gh dksbZ ,slk ns'k gks pqfuank xHkZikr 0-20 yk[k Fkk] tks 1990 ds n”kd esa

tgk¡ bl rjg ls ukjh dks nsoh dk ntkZ fn;k x;k c<+dj 12 yk[k ls 40 yk[k rFkk 2000 ds n”kd esa

gksA ijarq tc okLrfodrk ds /kjkry ij bldh 31 yk[k ls 60 yk[k rd gks x;kA izfrf"Br ySalsV^

iM+rky djrs gSa rks nwljh gh rLohj lkeus vkrh gSA if=dk esa izdkf”kr gksus okys ,d v/;;u ds fu"d"kksZa

foMacuk ;g gS fd lekt esa ukjh ds çfr O;ogkj esa ds vuqlkj 1980 ls 2010 ds chp bl rjg ds

dFkuh vkSj djuh nksuksa Lrjksa ij xgjk foHksn gSA ns'k xHkZikrksa dh la[;k 42 yk[k ls ,d djksM+ 21 yk[k ds

ds vf/kdrj fgLlksa esa ;g ckr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA chp gSA

vktknh ds N% n'kdksa ckn Hkh lafo/kku }kjk çnÙk ukjh dk la?k"kZ xHkZ ls vkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj ckgj reke vf/kdkjksa ds ckotwn ukjh dks lekt esa viuk vkus ds ckn Hkh mls vius vfLrRo vkSj vfLerk dh gd ikus ds fy, la?k"kZ djuk iM+ jgk gSA ?kj vkSj yM+kbZ fujarj tkjh j[kuh iM+rh gSA ykyu&iks"k.k ls ifjokj esa mlds çfr joS;s esa ySafxd lekurk ugha ysdj f'k{kk rd] ?kj dh nsgjh ls ysdj [ksy ds eSnku fn[kkbZ nsrhA vkt Hkh fyax vk/kkfjr HksnHkko vkSj rd] ml ij reke cafn'ksa Fkksih tkrh gSaA cpiu ls ukfj;ksa ds çfr fgalk o vR;kpkj dh ?kVuk,¡ [kRe gh yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa esa HksnHkko vkjaHk gks tkrk gSA ugha gqbZ gSaA xHkZ esa vkus ls ysdj e`R;q rd mls igukos ls ysdj f[kykSuksa ds pquko] 'kkjhfjd gkoHkko] fofHkUu iM+koksa ij ySafxd HksnHkko vkSj lkekftd lkekftd O;ogkj bR;kfn ds QdZ muds vuqdwyu esa dqjhfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA cM+k varj iSnk djrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd Ldwyh fdrkcksa

lekt çxfr'khyrk dk fdruk Hkh ne Hkj ys] ij esa Hkh ukjh dks ?kjsyw dk;Z djrs rks iq#"k dks v‚fQl

ukjh dks derj ekuus dh ekufldrk ls vHkh Hkh ugha ds dk;Z djrs fn[kk;k tkrk gSA laLdkj ds uke ij

Hkk

ukjh l'kfDrdj.k cuke vl'kfDrdj.k

f’k{kk’kkL=k


lgu'khyrk dks viukuk mUgsa cpiu ls gh fl[kk;k tkrk g]S ftna k tyk dj lrh* d s uke ij efgekefa Mr

tkrk gSA dHkh muds tYnh C;kg dh ckr] dHkh mUgsa fd;k tkrk gAS vke ckys pky dh Hkk"kk e as ckr&ckr ij

thal&V‚i ls nwj jgus dh lykg] dHkh jkf= esa ckgj efgykvk as d s vxa k as dh ykur&eykur yksxksa ds jkstejkZ

u fudyus dh fgnk;r] dHkh lg&f'k{kk dks nks"k rks ds O;ogkj dk fgLlk gSA ,sls esa ukjh l'kfädj.k vkSj

dHkh eksckby ;k Qslcqd ls nwj jgus dh lykg---- ukjh mRFkku dh ckrsa Nykok gh yxrh gSaA

,slh ,d ugha gtkj fcueka¡xh lykgsa gSa] tks lekt ds varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa ls vkyecjnkj jkst lqukrs gSaA mUgsa nks"k ukfj;ksa dh lacaf/kr lwpdkad Hkh Hkkjr esa ySafxd vlekurk ds thou'kSyh esa fn[krk gS] os ;g Lohdkjus dks rS;kj gh mPp Lrj dks n'kkZrs gSaA ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ugha gSa fd nks"k lekt dh ekufldrk esa gSA ¼,pMhvkj½ 2014 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ÞySafxd

ukjh f”k{kk vkSj LokLF; vkt Hkh reke ifjokjksa fodkl lwpdkadÞ esa Hkkjr dk LFkku 132ok¡ Fkk] ogha

dh izkFkfedrkvksa esa “kkfey ugha gS] rHkh rks ns'k dh Jhyadk] phu vkSj ckaXykns'k tSls ns'k Øe'k% 66] 88 o

ckou izfr'kr csfV;k¡ izkFkfed Lrj ij gh Ldwy dh 107osa LFkku ij FksA blh çdkjFkkWElu jkW;VlZ

i<+kbZ NksM+ nsrh gSa vkSj p©alB Qhlnh ek/;fed QkmaMs'ku us 19 mHkjrs gq, ns'kksa esa ,d losZ{k.k

d{kkvksa ls vkxs dh i<+kbZ ugha dj ikrhA tux.kuk djk;kA blesa efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k ds fy, dke

2011 ds vak¡dM+kuqlkj ns'k esa efgyk lk{kjrk ek= djus okys 370 fo'ks"kKksa dh jk; yh xbZA losZ{k.k esa

65-46 gS vkSj buesa Hkh ek= rsbZl izfr'kr dks jkstxkj dukMk dks efgykvkas ds fy, loZJs"B ns'k crk;k

fey ik;k gSA csfV;ksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, ns'k esa x;kA ogk¡ efgykvkas dks lekurk gkfly gSA mUgsa

rSarkyhl Qhln yM+fd;k¡ fookg ds fy, fu/kkZfjr fgalk vkSj 'kks"k.k ls cpkus ds i;kZIr izca/k gSaA muds

vVBkjg o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh djus ls igys gh C;kg nh LokLF; dh csgrj ns[kHkky gksrh gSA igys ik¡p

tkrh gSa vkSj buesa ls ckbZl Qhlnh rks bl vifjiDo ik;nku ij Øe'k% dukMk] teZuh] fczVsu] vkWLVsªfy;k

mez esa ek¡ Hkh cu tkrh gSaA fnu Hkj lcdk [;ky vkSj Ýkal jgsA vesfjdk NBs uacj ij jgkA lÅnh

j[kus okyh ukjh ds LokLF; dk “kk;n dksbZ Hkh [;ky vjc 18osa vkSj Hkkjr 19osa ;kfu vafre ik;nku ij FkkA

ugha j[kuk pkgrkA rHkh rks gekjs ns'k esa ianzg ls losZ ds eqrkfcd] Hkkjr esa efgykvksa dk ntkZ nkSyr

mUuhl lky dh mez okyh lSarkyhl Qhlnh vkSj lkekftd fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA Hkkjr ds 19

yM+fd;ka¡ vkSlr ls de otu dh gSaA vkt Hkh 56 ns'kksa dh lwph esa lcls vafre ik;nku ij jgus ds fy,

Qhlnh yM+fd;k¡ ,uhfe;k ;kuh [kwu dh deh dk de mez esa fookg] ngst] ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj dU;k Hkzw.k

f'kdkj gSaA izfr o"kZ N% gtkj efgyk,a cPps dks tUe gR;k tSls dkj.kksa dks fxuk;k x;kA

nsus ds lkFk gh ekSr ds vkxks'k esa pyh tkrh gSaA ns”k efgykvksa ds f[kykQ fgalk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA esa gj lky Vh-ch- ¼{k; jksx½ ds dkj.k ,d yk[k ls vkt Hkh fdlh vijk/k esa lcls vklku eksgjk efgyk,a T;knk efgyk,a ifjokj ls vyx dj nh tkrh gSaA gh gksrh gSa& muds lkFk nqO;Zogkj] nq"deZ o NsM+NkM+ lkekftd rkSj ij dbZ bykdksa esa vkt Hkh efgykvksa vke ckr gSA dkeokluk vkSj çfr'kks/k ds Hkw[ks iq#"k us dk s ^Mk;u* vkjS ^pMq yS+ * crk dj iRFkjk as l s ekj Mkyk dHkh efgyk dks fuoZL= dj lM+d ij nkSM+k;k] dHkh


mls cykRdkj dk f'kdkj cuk;k] viuh gol feVk;h 2011 ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa fyaxkuqikr 940 gS

vkSj 'kkjhfjd] ekufld ihM+k esa rM+ius ds fy, NksM+ vFkkZr 1000 iq#"kksa ij ek= 940 efgyk,aA blh çdkj

fn;kA tc efgyk us u ekuk rks mldh [kwclwjrh ij N% lky rd dh vkcknh esa bl le; 1000 yM+dksa ds

rstkc dk nkx yxk fn;kA Hkzw.k gR;k ls ysdj ngst eqdkcys flQZ 914 yM+fd;k¡ gh gSa] tks fd 2001 esa 927

gR;k vkSj u tkus fdruh gR;kvksa ds mnkgj.k lekt FkhaA ukjh ds fcuk rks l`f"V dk çokg gh #d tk;sxkA

esa jkst lquus&ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA vk¡dM+s crkrs gaS ,sls esafyaxkuqikr esa c<+rs Qklys dk vlj ns”k ds dqN

fd is”ksoj vijkf/k;ksa ls Hkh T;knk ikfjokfjd lnL;] bykds esa fn[k Hkh jgk gS] tgk¡ yM+dksa dh 'kkfn;k¡ rd

xyh&eqgYys] n¶rj esa dqafBr ;qod o v/ksM+] L=h ugha gks ik jgh gSa vkSj muds fy, vius oa'k dk

laca/kh vijk/kksa ds lw=/kkj gSaA ,sls esa ç'u mBuk ukeksfu'kku rd cpkdj j[kuk dfBu gks x;k gSA ;g

LokHkkfod gS fd L=h tkfr dgka¡ lqjf{kr gS\ u eka¡ ds mlh fir`lÙkkRed ekufldrk dk gJ gS] ftl ij

xHkZ esa] u ?kj esa] u fe= ifjokjksa ds chpA efgykvksa ds yksx xoZ djrs jgs gSaA gfj;k.kk tSlk jkT; vius ?kVrs

çfr lekt fdruk fgald gksrk tk jgk gS] bldh fyaxkuqikr vkSj csfV;ksa dh fujarj ?kVrh la[;k ds

>yd jk"Vªh; vijk/k fjdkMZ C;wjks }kjk gj o"kZ tkjh fy, tkuk tkrk gSA rHkh rks ç/kkuea=h eksnh us ;gha ls

fjiksVZ esa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSA jk"Vªh; vijk/k ÞcsVh cpkvks&csVh i<+kvksÞ vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr dh

fjdkMZ C;wjks ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj 2006 ls 2010 ds rks ;gha ds chchiqj xk¡o ds ljiap us ÞcsVh

chp efgykvksa ds f[kykQ vijk/k 29-6 çfr'kr c<+k cpkvks&lsYQh cukvksÞ vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr dh] ftls

gSA jk"Vªh; ifjokj LokLF; losZ 2005&06 ds vuqlkj ckn esa ç/kkuea=h eksnh us ns'k Hkj esa viukus dh vihy

15 ls 49 o"kZ vk;q oxZ dh ,d frgkbZ efgykvksa us dhA lsYQh ds ckn chchiqj iapk;r us ÞfMftVy

'kkjhfjd çrkM+uk dk vuqHko fd;k gS vkSj rdjhcu bf.M;k fon~ ykMksÞ vfHk;ku dh 'kq#vkr dhA

10 esa ,d efgyk ;kSu fgalk dk f'kdkj gqbZ gSA ;s njvly] csfV;ksa dks cjkcjh dk gd nsus ds fy,

vk¡adM+s eqa¡g fp<+krs gSa vkSj xaHkhj vkRefparu dk iapk;r us QSlyk fd;k fd ?kj ds ckgj useIysV ij

vkºoku djrs gSaA firk dk ugha] csVh dk uke gksxkA uke gh ugha] bu ij

csfV;ksa dh bZ&esy vkbZMh Hkh fy[kh xbZ gS rkfd os mijksä fLFkfr;k¡ ukjh dks tgk¡ gj iy la?k"kZ VsDu‚y‚th ds çfr ltx gks ldsaAdjus ds fy, etcwj djrh gSa] ogha bu la?k"kksaZ ds chp

gh og etcwr Hkh gksdj mHkjrh gSA ns'k esa vusd dksbZ Hkh fLFkfr ,d yEcs le; rd ugha jgrhA

mYys[kuh; efgyk,a gqbZ gSa ftUgksaus vius cgqewY; oä ds lkFk muesa reke cnyko vkrs gSaA ;gh ckr

;ksxnku ls gekjs lekt vkSj jktuhfr ij vfeV Nki ukjh ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gSA tSls unh ft/kj ls fudyrh

NksM+h gSA f'k{kk vkSj vk/kqfud thou 'kSyh ds pyrs gS] viuk jkLrk [kqn cuk ysrh gSA oSls gh ukfj;k¡ tkx

ukjh vc igys ls dkQh tkx:d vkSj eq[kj gks jgh tk,a¡ rks dksbZ fo?u&ck/kk mudh jkg esa vkM+s ugha vk

gSA ogha lekt ds ,d oxZ dks Hkh vc eglwl gksrk gS ldrhA t:jr gS fd os [kqn dh {kerk dks igpkuas

fd ukfj;k as d s fcuk lekt v/kjw k g S ,o a ukjh l'kfädj.k vkSj la?k"kZ dj vkxs c<+saA efgykvksa ds izfr ijaijkxr

lekt dh çxfr'khyrk dk |ksrd gSA tux.kuk Hkkjrh; lekt dh lksp cnyus dh t:jr gSA vc


ml lksp ds f[kykQ yM+kbZ [kM+h djus dh t:jr gSa] ifjos'k vkSj ijofj'k feys rks mUgsa viuk jkLrk cukus

tgk¡ yksx csfV;ksa dks derj ;k mis{kk dh utj ls ls dksbZ ugha jksd ldrk gSA gesa Hkwyuk ugha pkfg, fd

ns[krs gSaA lh-ch-,l-bZ- vkSj vU; cksMksaZ }kjk ?kksf"kr csfV;k¡ lekt dh vewY; /kjksgj gSaA bUgsa

10oha o 12oha ds urhtksa esa çk;% gj lky yM+fd;k¡ gh cpkdj&lgstdj jf[k;s] ugha rks l`f"V dk vfLrRo

ckth ekj jgh gSaA ;gh ugha M‚DVj] bathfu;j] gh [krjs esa iM+ tk,xkA

eSustesaV ls ysdj vkbZ-,-,l- rd dh ijh{kk esa f'k{kk vkjS vk/kfq ud thou 'kyS h d s pyr s efgyk, ayM+fd;¨a us 'kh"kZ LFkku çkIr fd, gSaA dbZ ckj vc igys dh vis{kk T;knk tkx:d vkSj eq[kj gks jgh efgykvksa dh miyfC/k;ksa dks ehfM;k vkSj vU; gSaA vc os loky&tokc vkSjçfrjks/k djus yxh gSaA ek/;eksa }kjk ;w¡ çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS] ekuks vc os ml laLdkjksa dks thus ds lkFk&lkFk viuh fu;fr dh eqdke dks gkfly dj pqdh gSa tgk¡ mUgsa gksuk pkfg,A ckxMksj Hkh l¡Hkkyus yxh gSaA efgyk,a uqekb'k dh ;g lp gS fd efgyk,a rsth ls vkRefuHkZj gks jgh gSa pht ugha cfYd ?kj&ifjokj vkSj thou ds vkSj jktuhfr ls ysdj ç'kklu vkSj d‚jiksjsV txr lkFk&lkFk jk"Vª dks l¡aokjus okyh O;fäRo gSaA vkt oks rd reke cM+s inksa ij dkfct gSa] ij vHkh Hkh mudh thou ds gj {ks= esa vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gSaA ;g la[;k cgqr de gSA 2015 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj] dguk fd os ijk;k /ku gksrh gSa] mfpr ugha çrhr Hkkjrh; laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa ek= 12 çfr'kr gksrkA vkt ds nkSj esa rks csVs Hkh 'kkfn;ksa ds ckn viuk efgyk,a gSa] vkf[kj rHkh rks yksdlHkk&fo/kkulHkkvksa vyx ?kj clk ysrs gSaA oa'k iq=ksa ls gh pyrk gSA ,slh esa efgykvksa ds fy, ,d&frgkbZ vkj{k.k dh ek¡x dh ekU;rkvksa dk vc dksbZ vk/kkj ughaA yM+fd;k¡ vc tk jgh gSA U;k;ikfydk esa Hkh efgykvksa dk ekrk&firk dh lEifr esa gdnkj gks pqdh gSa] fQj çfrfuf/kRo csgn de gSA vktknh ds N% n'kd chr ekrk&firk dk mu ij gd D;ksa ughaA vkf[kjdkj tkus ds ckn Hkh vHkh rd lqçhe dksVZ esa ek= 6 efgyk csfV;k¡ Hkh rks vkxs c<+dj ekrk&firk dk uke jks'ku tt gh igq¡ph gSa&,e- Qkfrek chch] lqtkrk ohdj jgh gSaA firk dh e`R;q ds ckr iq= dks gh vfXu nsus euksgj] #ek ikWy] Kku lq/kk feJ]jatuk çdk'k nslkbZ dk vf/kdkj gS] tSlh ekU;rk,a cnyuh pkfg,A b/kj vkSj vkj- ckuwefFkA fdlh efgyk dks lqçhe dksVZ esa dbZ yM+fd;ksa us vkxs c<+dj bl ekU;rk ds foijhr eq[; U;k;/kh'k cuus dk lkSHkkX; rks vHkhrd ugha 'e'kku rd tkdj lkjs dk;Z c[kwch fd;s gSaA csfV;ksa feyk gSA blh çdkj Hkkjr esa flfoy lfoZlst }kjk }kjk firk dh fprk dks eq[kkfXu nsus ds vykok iRuh gj lky p;fur vkbZ,,l vkSj vU; lsokvksa dh gh }kjk ifr dh fprk dks eq[kkfXu nsus vkSj csVh }kjk fir` ckr djsa rks vafre p;u esa efgykvksa dh lQyrk nj i{k esa Jk) dj firk dk fi.Mnku djus tSls dk;Z Hkh T;knk gksrh gS] ij mudh la[;k csgn de gksrh gSaA csfV;k¡ c[kwch dj jgh gSaA vc rks ,slk dksbZ fcUnq o"kZ 2010 ls 2012 rd ds vk¡dM+s ns[ksa rks efgykvksa cprk Hkh ugha] tgk¡ efgyk,a iq:"kksa ls ihNs gSaAdh lQyrk nj 14-3] 14-6] vkSj 15-2 çfr'kr Fkh] t#jr gS bl fo"k; ij ge xaHkhjrk ls lkspsa fd tcfd iq#"kksa dh lQyrk nj ek= 6-9] 8-0] vkSj 7-1 D;k efgykvksa ds fcuk ifjokj&lekt&ns'k dk Hkfo"; çfr'kr FkhA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd csfV;ksa dks ;fn mfpr gSA mUgsa ek= ckrksa esa nqxkZ&y{eh ugha cuk,a cfYd


okLrfodrk ds /kjkry ij [kM+s gksdj Hkh ,d Lora= egRoiw.kZ leL;kvksa dks gy fd, fcuk dksbZ lekt

O;fäRo dk ntkZ nsaA ckr&ckr ij ukjh dh vfLerk fodkl ds y{;ksa dks gkfly ugha dj ldrkA ukjh ds

ls f[kyokM+ lekt vkSj jk"Vª nksuksa ds fy, ?kkrd gSA vfLrRo ij gh l`f"V dk vfLrRo fVdk gqvk gSA vdsys

oLrqr% tc rd lekt bl pfj= ls Åij ugha iq#"k ls nqfu;k dks ugha pyk;k tk ldrkA bDdhloha

mBsxk] rc rd ukjh dh Lora=rk v/kwjh gSA lgh lnh esa] tcfd ukjh ds izfr foHksn dh nhokjsa VwVuh

ek;us esa ukjh Lokra«; dh lkFkZdrk rHkh iwjh gksxh pkfg,] f”kf{kr lekt }kjk bl izdkj dk foHksn Lo;a

tc mUgsa 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] oSpkfjd vkSj vkfFkZd mldh ekufldrk dks dV?kjs esa [kM+k djrk gSA ge

:i ls laiw.kZ vktknh feysxh] tgk¡ mUgsa dksbZ izk;% Hkwy tkrs gSa fd ftu chtksa ds lgkjs l`f"V dk

çrkfM+r ugha djsxk] tgk¡ dU;k Hkzw.k gR;k ugha dh fodkl&dze vuqorZ pyrk jgrk gS] ;fn ml cht dks

tk,xh] tgk¡ cykRdkj ugha fd;k tk,xk] tgk¡ ngst izLQqfVr gh u gksus nsa rks lkjh l`f"V gh [krjs esa iM+

ds yksHk esa ukjh dks ljsvke ftUnk ugha tyk;k tk,xhA ;g le; gS eaFku djus dk] fopkj djus dk

tk,xk] tgk¡ mls cspk ugha tk,xkA lekt ds gj fd l`f"V dk vfLrRo lg&vfLrRo ij fVdk gS] u fd

egRoiw.kZ QSlyksa esa muds utfj, dks le>k tk,xk fdlh ,d ds vfLrRo ijA

vkSj fØ;kfUor Hkh fd;k tk;sxkA vkf[kj ge bl

rF; dh vogsyuk D;ksa djrs gSa fd vk/kh vkcknh dh


*CklqU/kjk bUdyso] Qst&AA] Cykd ua 27] ¶ySV ua0 203] xkSre fogkj foLrkj vkoklh; ;kstuk] rkjke.My xksj[kiqj ¼m0iz0½

& *MkW0 jkts’oj flag

) ds iwoZ Hkkjrh; bfrgkl lokZf/kd vfLrRoknh ekurs Fks fd bZ'oj gS (Being)A mUgksaus vU/kdkje; FkkA czkã.k /keZ ds vUrxZr ;Kksa esa vifjorZuh; fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k gSA ukfLroknh deZdk.M rFkk vkMEcjksa dh iz/kkurk gks xbZA /keZ ds (Nihilist) ekurs Fks fd bZ'oj ugha gS (Not Being)Auke ij Bxfo|k vkSj O;olk; izpfyr gks x;sA vfLrRoknh ekurs Fks fd czã dk vfLrRo iqjksfgrh diVkpkj ,oa vU/kfo'okl dk cksyckyk vdkj.k gSA ;s lgt Kku (Intation) dks ekurs FksA FkkA loZfgrdkjh uSfrdrk dk vHkko FkkA blh le; budk ekuuk Fkk fd czã 'kk'or gSA ukfLrokfn;ksa ckS)/keZ dh mRifRr gqbZA cq) >xM+s ugha] vkykspuk dk dguk Fkk fd bZ'oj gS gh ughaA cq) us e/;e ekxZ ugha fd;s vkSj ewfrZiwtk dks grksRlkfgr fd;sA pwWfd vFkkZr tulk/kkj.k dks e/;e ekxZ dh f'k{kk vikus mUgksaus fgUnw /keZ dk [kqyk [k.Mu u dj viuh ckr dks dgkA cq) ds vuqlkj vfUre nks dksfV;k¡ gSaA izFke dk e.Mu fd;kA blfy, czkã.kksa dh lgkuqHkwfr ,oa ^^dkes"kq dke lq[kfYydkuq ;ksx vFkkZr~ fo"k;ksa ds lg;ksx Hkh izkIr fd;sA cq) dh fopkj/kkjk deZdk.M miHkksx esa yhu gksdj jguk vkSj f}rh;&^vÙk fdy ,oa cfynkuksa ds loZFkk foijhr jghaA cq) dh eFkkuq ;ksx* vFkkZr dfBu lk/kukvksa ds }kjk vkRek

4lgkuqHkwfr mifu"knksa dh f'k{kk ds izfr izxk<+ FkhA dks Dykar djds fu;qDr jgukA dg viuk;kA bfytkcsFk ,0jhM us Bhd gh dgk gS "Buddhism was mUgksaus gS (Being) vkSj ugha gS (Not Being) ds chp a reaction against Brahmanism even while retaining lEHkou (becoming) dh ckr dhA bZ'oj ds fu;e gS]

1much of its faith." MkW0 jk/kkd`".ku~ ds vuqlkj ^ckS/k ij ifjorZuh; gSA mRifRr dkj.kkfJr gS] cq) us /keZ u;k /keZ ugha gS] vfirq fgUnw /keZ dk gh ifjofrZr izrhR; leqRikn dh ckr gSA cq) ekurs Fks&vfLeu~

2:i gSA** Lokeh foosdkuUn us ckS) /keZkoyEch u gksrs lfr bna Hkofr ¼blds gksus ij ;g gksrk gS½ ,d ds gq, Hkh cq) ds ckS) /keZ dks fgUnw /keZ dh fu:ifr fouk'k ds i'pkr~ nwljs dh mRifÙk gksrh gSA bl ?kksf"kr djrs gq, mPp Loj esa dgk fd] ^^;g fu;e dks cq) us izrhR;&leqRikn uke fn;k gSA gjsd 'kkD;eqfu dh xfjek gS fd mudk g`n; bruk fo'kky mRikn dk dksbZ izR;; gSA izR;; vkSj gsrq ¼dkj.k½ Fkk fd mUgksaus vizkI; osnksa ls lR;ksa dks fudkydj lekukFkZd izrhr gksrs gS] ijUrq cq) bldk vFkZ nwljs

3 mudks leLr lalkj esa fodh.kZ dj fn;kA** nk'kZfudksa ls FkksM+k fHkUu ekurs gSaA mudk izR;; ls

cq) dk lalkj ds ckjs esa nks n`f"Vdks.k FksA mRikn dk rkRi;Z chrus ls mRikn vFkkZr~ ,d ds u"V

cq

cq) dk e/; ekxhZ f'k{kk

f’k{kk’kkL=k


gks tkus ds ckn nwljs dh mRifÙk ls gSA cq) dk Kku ugha izkIr gqvkA blfy, mUgksaus cq)Ro gsrq nksuksa izrhR; leqRikn dk;Z dkj.k fu;e dks vfofPNUu ds chp dk ekxZ viuk;kA cq) ftl le; Fks iqjksfgrh ugha fofNUu izokg (discontinuous continuity) ekurk vkMEcj tksj ij Fkh] ijUrq Je.k izo`frr Hkh FkhA cq) gSA ;g cq) ds lkjs n'kZu dk vk/kkj gSA ;g muds us oSfnd ijEijk dh dVq vkykspuk ugha dh vkSj n'kZu dks le>us dh dqath gSA mUgksaus foosd lEer blhfy, czkã.kksa dk mxz fojks/k ugha >syuk iM+kA jkg fudkykA vr% ckS) /keZ u rks 'kk'orrk ij tksj vU;Fkk bfrgkl lk{kh gS] czwuksa dks ;g dgus ds fy, nsdj vU/kfo'okl iuius fn;k vkSj u gh ukfLroknh fd i`Foh lw;Z dk pDdj yxkrh gS] vlfg".kq /kekZU/k cu miHkksDrkoknh cuus fn;k cfYd deZoknh gksus ij yksxksa us mls ftUnk tyk fn;k FkkA ;|fi fd ppZ us cy fn;kA cq) us Li"V dgk fd] ^;fn rqe er cuk pkj lkS o"kksZ ckn lkewfgd :i ls ekQh ekaxk fd czwuksa yks fd u dgha dksbZ L`f"VdrkZ gS vkSj u dgha dksbZ gsrq lgh Fkk] ppZ xyr FkkA dksijfudl ?kksj :i ls izR;; gS rks fQj thou esa tks lk/kuk dh tkrh gS] tks viekfur fd;k x;k FkkA cq) cp gh ugha x;s mUgsa lk/kuksa rFkk lk/; dk esy fcBkus dk iz;kl fd;k izHkkfor dj izczftr Hkh fd;sA vfr vfgalkokn ds

5 dkj.k tSu /keZ dh vxzkárk dks ifjy{; dj cq) us tkrk gS ml lcdk dksbZ iz;kstu ugha gksxkA** dfri; f'kfFkyrk cjrhA ekalkgkj dh vkiokfnd blhfy, esjk dguk gS fd tks phtsa vfLrRo esa vkrh fLFkfr esa vuqefr nh tc fHk{kk ds :i esa dksbZ ns nsA gSa os lc lgsrqd gSaA u os bZ'oj }kjk fufeZr gksrh gS] ijUrq dfri; i'kqvksa ds ekal dks mUgksaus loZFkk] oftZr u czã }kjk* u ^vkRek }kjk*] vkSj u fcuk gsrq ;w¡ gh ?kksf"kr fd;kA lqfiz;k }kjk dgha ls ekal ,d fHk{kq dh vfLrRo esa vkrh gSA gekjs vius deZ gh gSa tks vPNs ;kpuk dks iwjk djus gsrq u ikus ij mlus vius ta?ks vkSj cqjs ifj.kkeksa dks tUe~ nsrs gSA lkjk lalkj dk ekal ns fn;k FkkA cq) us dgk] ^fHk{kqvksa! txr esa izrhR;&leqRikn ds fu;e ls ca/kk gS vkSj ftrus Hkh J)kyq gSaA izlUu gSaA vius ekal rd dks ns nsrs gSaA** gsrq gSa os vpSrfld ugha gSA ftl lksus ls lksus dk mUgksaus dgk] fHk{kqvksa euq"; dk eakl ugha [kkuk pkfg,A I;kyk fufeZr gksrk gS] og vkfn ls vUr og lksuk gh

6 mUgksaus iqu% fu"ks/k fd;k ^^fHk{kqvksa! gkFkh] v'o] Loku] lksuk gksrk gSA liZ] flag] ck?k] phrk vFkkZr~ }hih] Hkkyw] rj{k vFkkZr~ ^^blhfy, ge bZ'oj vkSj mlls izkFkZuk djus ydM+cX?kk dk ekal ugha [kkuk pkfg,A** cq) us ekal lEcU/kh feF;k&/kkj.kkvksa dk R;kx djsa] ge O;FkZ gh [kkus dk leFkZu ugha fd;k cfYd ;fn dksbZ ugha lw{e mM+kuksa esa u my>s jgs] ge vkRek vkSj vkRekFkZ ekurk gS vkSj mrk: gks [kkuk gh pkgrk gS rks fcuk ls eqDr gksa D;ksafd lHkh phtsa lgsrqd gSaA blfy, ge vius fgalk fd;s dgha ls fey tkus ij [kk ldrk gSA dq'ky deZ djs rkfd mudk ifj.kke Hkh dq'ky gh

7 ;g fu;e ugha viokn gSA gksA**cq) us vius fl)kUrksa dks Hkh vfr ds :i esa ugha cq) us e/;e ekxZ (Middle-path) O;ogkfjrdrk]

ns[kkA mudk fu;e Fkk fd dksbZ iq:"k fHk{kq efgyk Lohdk;Zrk ,oa rRdkyhu izfrfØ;k dks /;ku esa ckS) fogkj esa ugha tk;sxk] ijUrq egkiztkifr xkSreh j[kdj viuk;kA mudk vuqHko Fkk fd muds mUrhl tc ehckj iM+h rc cq) Lo;a lsok gsrq x;s vkSj fu;e o"kZ ds jktlh Hkksx foykl ,oa oSHkoiw.kZ thou esa esa f'kfFkyrk dh vuqefr nhA fHk{kq igys flys oL= 'kkfUr ugha feyh rks nwjh rjQ ri djrs lq[kdj ugha igurs FksA thod dks dk'kh ujs'k us ,d cgqewY; dkaVk gks tkus pyus&fQjus esa vleFkZ gks tkus ij Hkh


dEcy LoLFk gksus ds miy{; esa HkstkA thod us mls ds fy, ,oa vkMEcjiw.kZ FkhA vkt vko';drk gS fd cq) dks vfiZr fd;kA mUgksaus Lohdkj djrs gq, cq) ds e/; ekxhZ f'k{kk }kjk orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dks fHk{kqla?k dks vkefU=r dj dgk& fHk{kqvksa! phoj 6 vkSj izHkko'kkyh cuk;k tk;Aizdkj ds gkaxsaA mudh eSa vuqKk nsrk gw¡A os gksxsa {kkSe] dkikZf'kd] dkS'ks;] dey] lsu] rFkk HkaxA** f'kfo ns'k lUnHkZds jktk us tc thod dks mÙke nq'kkyk Hkstk rks 1- fizehfVo cqf)Te] i`0 25] 183] 198] 254mlus mls cq) dks vfiZr fd;kA cq) us Lohdkj djrs 2- jk/kkd`".ku~&baf.M;u fQyklQh] Vol.1.P360gq, fHk{kq la?k dks lEcksf/kr fd;k& fHk{kqvksa! xzgifr

3- Gough: "Philosophy of the Upanishads". phoj dh vuqKk nsrk gw¡aA bPNkuqlkj iklqdkfyd

P.P.187vFkok x`gifr phoj /kkj.k djsaA** cq) egku 4- egkoXx] 1&6&42leUo;oknh FksA os rdZ ,oa foosd ls la'kks/kuh; Fks

5- MkW0 vEcsMdj] Hkxoku cq) vkSj mudk /kEe] i`0 vkSj ;gh e/;e ekxZ mudh lQyrk dk jgL; FkkA

117fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd cq) us f'k{kk ds

6- ogh]{ks= esa e/;e ekxhZ f'k{kk dk tks Lo:i lekt ds

7- ogha-lkeus j[kkA og vf}rh; izdkj dh f'k{kk dk ekxZ FkkA blls loZlekt dh dY;k.k ,oa fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvkA muls iwoZ dh f'k{kk ,d oxZ fo'ks"k oxZ


*vfl- izksQslj] Hkxorh dkWyst vkWQ ,twds'ku esjB ¼m0iz0½

& *MkW0 flrs’k lkjLor

izLrkouk ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V ds v/;;u dh vko”;drk gSA izk;% ns[kk tkrk gS fd vYi vk;q orZeku esa izkFkfed f”k{kdksa ds :Ik esa fu;qDr oxZ ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa esa izkFkfed f”k{kk dks gksus okys mPprj ;ksX;rk/kkjh O;fDr;ksa esa volj NksM+us dh izo`fRr vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSA bldk dkj.k feyrs gh izkFkfed f”k{kk dks NksM+dj vU;= mPprj ;g gS fd ljdkjh lsok gsrq fufgr vk;q ds vUrxZr inksa ij pys tkus dh izo`fRr n`f"Vxr gkd jgh gSA vkrs gS lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u djus ij bldh i`"BHkwfe esa eq[;/kkjk ls nks dkj.k gks ldrs gS “kks/kdrhZ dks bl fo"k; esa fdlh vU; vuqla/kku dh O;olk; esa vlarqf"V rFkk izfr"Bk fof”k"BkA fof'k"V dksbZ tkudkjh izkIr ugha gqbZA vr% “kks/kdrhZ us vk;q ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd ek/;fed Lrj dk ch0,M0 izf”k{k.k d s vk/kkj ij fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdk as dk s O;kolkf;d izkIr dj izkFkfed f”k{kk esa vkrs gS Qyr% lEHko gS larqf"V dk v/;;u djus dk fu”p; fd;kAfd os fuEurj Lrj ij dk;Z djus ds dkj.k vius

O;olk; ls vlarq"V gksA ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd dqN izeq[k “kCnksa dk ifjHkk"khdj.k&yksx izkFkfed f”k{kd ds :Ik esa dk;Z djds viuh vk;q oxZ& lkekftd izfr"Bk esa U;work dk vuqHko djrs gSaA izLrqr v/;;u esa lqfo/kk dh n`f"V ls f”k{kdksa dks

vr% “kks/kdrhZ dks ;g vuqHko gqvk] fd fof'k"V vk;q dks vk/kkj ij nks oxksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA

Lrqr v/;;u esa uohu p;fur fof”k"V ch0Vh0lh0 f”k{kdksa esa vius O;olk; ds izfr larqf"V dk ekiu o ewY;kadu djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA “kks/kdrkZ us ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd vk;q ds vk/kkj ij fyax ¼iq#"k ;k efgyk½ rFkk “kSf{kd ;ksX;rk f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V ls fdl izdkj lEcfU/kr gSA f”k{kdksa esa vius dk;Zdykiksa esa ewY;kadu o lq/kkjkRed izo`fr ds fodkl dh egrh vko”;drk gSA izLrqr “kks/k esa lkekU; losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS “kks/k dk;Z esa Lrjhd`r ;kn`fPNd U;kn”kZ fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA “kks/kdrhZ us leL;k ds fof”k"V Lo:Ik dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, MkW0 ch0lh0 eqFkS¸;k }kjk fufeZr ekudhd`r **O;k;lkf;d larqf"V ekiuh ¼Job Satisfaction (Scale½ dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA

iz

f’k{kk’kkL=k

uohu p;fur fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f'k{kdksa dh O;olkf;dlarqf"V dk vk;q ds lUnHkZ esa rqyukRed v/;;u


1- 30 o"kZ ls de v/;;u dh ifjdYiuk;sa&

2- 30 o"kZ rFkk mlls vf/kdA 1- lHkh vk; q oxk Zs d s efgyk ,o a i#q "k ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdk asdh O;kolkf;d lra fq "V e as dksbZ lkFkZ vUrj ugh gSAlkekU; ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd&

2- 30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds os fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd tks ch0,M0 ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V lkFk&lkFk Lukrd ,oa ijkLukrd Lrj ij esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugaha gSaAijEijkxr mikf/k /kkjd gSA

3- 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds iq#"k rFkk efgyk fof'k"V fof'k"V@mPPk ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa dksbZ f”k{kd %& lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSaAos fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd tks ,e-,M-] ,e-

4- 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k rFkk efgyk fQy] ih&,p-Mh-] usV bR;kfn mikf/k /kkjd gSAfof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd&esa dksbZ lkFkZ vUrj ugha gSA

fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kk ds os izf”kf{kr Lukrd gS 5- lkekU;r% ;ksX;rk/kkjh ,oa fof'k"V@mPp ftUgsa ljdkj us 6 ekg dk izf”k{k.k iznku dj

;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh izkFkfed f”k{kd ds :Ik esa fu;qDr fd;k gSAO;olkf;d larqf"V esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA

O;kolkf;d larqf"V %& lEcfU/kr lkfgR; dk v/;;u&

O;kolkf;d larqf"V O;fDr dh viuh ,tqds”ku LVsMht 32 ¼4½ 2012& g;wjsu ch0,y0

euksoSKkfud] i;kZoj.kh; rFkk HkkSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds U;w;kdZ “kgj ds f”k{kdksa ij O;olkf;d larqf"V rFkk

izfr ldkjkRed vuqHko gSA;ksX;rk esa lEcU/k dk v/;;u fd;k v/;;u dk fuEu

v/;;u ds mn~ns”;& fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk&1- lHkh vk;q oxksZ ds efgyk o iq#"k ch-Vh-lh- izkFkfed Lrj ij f”k{kd lcls vf/kd vlarq"V

f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V dk v/;;uA ¼52%½ ik;s x;s tksfd mPp ;ksX;rk j[krs FksA2- 30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds lkaf[;dh; fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k

fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V 1- izFke ifjdYiuk 30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls

dk rqyukRed v/;;uA vf/kd vk;q ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh 3- 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds iq#"k rFkk efgyk fof'k"V O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V dk lHkh vk;q oxksZ ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ,oa rqyukRed v/;;uA f”kf{kdkvksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V

4- 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;a ds iq#"k rFkk efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V dk rqyukRed v/;;uA

5- lkekU; ;kXs ;rk/kkjh ,o a fof'k"V@mPp ;kXs ;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V dk rqYkukRed v/;;uA miq;ZDr rkfydk ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd

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efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ds O;olkf;d blls Li"V gS fd 30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh larqf"V izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku 35 rFkk iq#"k fof'k"V

ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V izkIrkdksa O;olkf;d larqf"V esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA vr% gekjh dk e/;eku 33 gSA “kwU; ifjdYiuk fujLr gksrh gS 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q

bu nksuksa lewgks ds e/; t dk x.kkRed eku 2-75 okys fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q okys df=88 t fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ls vf/kd larq"V gSAgS rFkk ij dk rkfydk eku 0-05 ij 1-99

rFkk 0-01 ij 2-63 gSA vr% t dk x.kukRed eku r`rh; ifjdYiuk o"kZ ls de vk;q ds iq#"k lkFkZdrk ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa gekjh “kwU; ifjdYiuk fujLr gksrh gS nksuksa lewgks ds dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAe/; 0-05 o 0-01 ij lkFkZd vUrj gSA prqFkZ ifjdYiuk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k

bl izdkj efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa rFkk rFkk efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d iq#"k fof'k"V f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V esa larqf"V esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAlkFkZd vUrj gSA vr% “kks/k ls ;g tkudkjh izkIr gqbZ rkfydk 3fd efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd] iq#"k ch-Vh-lh-

30 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds iq#"k o efgyk fof'k"V ch-f”k{kdksa dh vis{kk vf/kd larq"V gSA

Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"Vf}rh; ifjdYiuk 30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls

vf/kd vk;q ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

rkfydk 2

30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds mi;ZqDr rkfydk ds v/;;u ls Li"V gS fd 30

fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"Vo"kZ ls de vk;q vk;q ds iq#"k fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{k.k ds O;olkf;d larqf"V izkIrkadks dk e/;eku 32-5 gSA bu nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; t dk x.kukRed eku 2-563 gS rFkk df=43 ij t dk rkfydk eku 0-05 ij 2-02 rFkk 0-01 2-71 gSA vr% 0-05 ij nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj gS ijUrq 0-01 ij nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; mi;qZDr rkfydk ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA ge tkurs gS fd fdlh ,d Lrj 30 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds f”k{kdksa ds O;olkf;d larqf"V ij “kwU; ifjdYiuk fujLr gksus ij “kwU; ifjdYiuk izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku 35-5 gSA 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q fujLr gksus ij “kwU; fujLr ekuh tkrh gSA vr% nksuksa ds f”k{kdksa ds O;kolkf;d larqf"V izkIrkdksa dk lewgksa ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj gS Li"V gS fd 30 o"kZ ls e/;eku 38 gS bu nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; t dk de vk;q ds iq#"k o efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa x.kukRed eku 2-73 gS rFkk df=88 ij t dk rkfydk dh O;olkf;d larqf"V esa lkFkZd vUrj gS efgyk eku 0-05 ij 1-99 rFkk 2-63 gS vr% nksuksa lewgksa ds f”k{kd iq#"k f”k{kd dh vis{kk vf/kd larq"V gSAe/; 0-01 o 0-05 ij lkFkZd vUrj gSA

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30 o"kZ lsvf/kd

45 38-0 4-512-73


prqFkZ ifjdYiuk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k mi;qZDr rkfydk ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd lkekU; ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh rFkk efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku 35-50 gSA O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAfof'k"V@mPp ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa rkfydk 4dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku gSA30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k o efgyk fof'k"V

ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V bu nksuksa ds e/; t dk x.kukRed eku 3-10 gS rFkk df=88 ij t dk rkfydk eku 0-05 Lrj ij 1-99 rFkk 0-01 Lrj ij 2-63 gSA vr% nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; 0-01 o 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj gSA

blls Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekU; ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd] mPp@fof'k"V ;ksX;rk/kkjh mi;ZqDr rkfydk ds foospu ls Li"V gS fd 30 f”k{kdksa ls vius O;olk; ds izfr vf/kd larq"V gSAo"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ds v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ&O;olkf;d larqf"V izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 34-5 gSA 30

o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q dh efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ izkIr f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V izkIrkdksa dk e/;eku fd;s&36 gS bu nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; t dk x.kukRed eku 1- ·vk;qoxZ ds vk/kkj ij fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa 972 gS rFkk df=43 ij t dk rkfydk eku 0-05 ij 2- dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa vUrj ik;k x;k lHkh 02 rFkk 0-01 ij 2-71 gSA vr% 0-05 o 0-01 Lrjksa ij vk;q oxksZ ds fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- efgyk ,oa iq#"k nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V dh rqyuk djus

blls Li"V gS fd 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k ij ik;k fd iq#"k fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh o efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d vis{kk efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd vius larqf"V esa lkFkZd vUrj ugh gSA O;olk; ls vf/kd larq"V gSA

ipa e ifjdYiuk **lkekU;r% ;kXs ;rk/kkjh ,o a·30 o"kZ ls de rFkk 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds fof'k"V@mPp ;kXs ;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdk as dh

fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V O;olkf;d lra fq "V e as dkbs Z lkFkdZ vUrj ugh g*S *Adk v/;;u djus ij ik;k fd 30 o"kZ ls vf/kd

rkfydk 5vk;q fd fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd] 30 o"kZ ls de

lkekU; ;ksX;rk/kkjh ,oa fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa okys fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ls vf/kd larq"V

dh O;klkf;d larqf"Vik;s x;sA

·30 o"kZ ls de vk;q ds iq#"k o efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;kolkf;d larqf"V esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kd] iq#"k fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh vis{kk vius O;olk; ls vf/kd larq"V ik;h x;hA

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lkekU;;ksX;rk

45 35-50 8-00

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mPp fof'k"V;ksX;rk

45 31-00 5-54310


iz/kku lekt] lkekftd nkf;R;] ikfjokfjd nkf;Ro ·30 o"kZ ls vf/kd vk;q ds iq#"k rFkk efgyk vkfn os egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gS] ftlds dkj.k iq#"kksa dk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V O;kolkf;d larqf"V Lrj efgykvksa dh vis{kk fuEu gSAesa lkFkZd vUrj ugh ik;k x;kA nksuksa oxksZ dh

blds vfrfjDr fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ds O;olkf;d larqf"V vPNs Lrj dh ik;h x;hA le{k Hkfo"; esa mUufr ds volj Hkh Ik;kZIr ugha gSA ·lkekU; ;ksX;rk/kkjh o fof'k"V@mPp vr% “kks/kdrhZ fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ds O;klkf;d ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh larqf"V dks mPprj Lrj rd ys tkus ds fy, O;olkf;d larqf"V esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA fuEufyf[kr lq>ko izLrqr dj jgh gS&lkekU; ;ksX;rk/kkjh fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ls 1- fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dks izksUufr ds vPNs vius O;olk; ds izfr larq"V ik;s x;sAvolj miyC/k djk;s tk;s mUgsa ;ksX;rk o vuqHko ds v/;;u dk 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ %&vk/kkj ij miftyk csfld f”k{kk vf/kdkjh] lgk;d

f”k{kd lEiw.kZ f”k{kk izfØ;k dh /kwjh gS leLr csfld f”k{kk vf/kdkjh rFkk csfld f”k{kk vf/kdkjh ds

“kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa ds lapkyu esa mldh egrh Hkwfedk inksa ij izkUufr iznku dh tk;saA

gSA orZeku esa le; esa lekt esa f”k{kdksa dh fLFkfr esa 2- izkFkfed f”k{kdksa dks f”k{k.kksÙkj nkf;Roksa ls eqDr fxjkoV vk;h gS ftlds dkj.k f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk j[kk tk;s rkfd os f”k{k.k dk;Z ij iwjh rjg /;ku ns izHkkfor gks jgh gSAldsA

Lora= Hkkjr esa f”k{kd dks lekt ,oa jkT; }kjk 3- iq#"k f”k{kdksa dks vkokxeu dh lqfo/kk dh n`f"V osruHkksxh deZpkjh ,oa lsod le>k tkrk gSA mudh ls ;FkklEHko muds fuokl ds fodkl [k.M esa fu;qDr lkekftd izfr"Bk “kuS% “kuS% /kwfey gksrh tk jgh gS fd;k tk;saAblh Øe esa fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- izf”k{k.k izkIr dj 4- f”k{kdksa dh nh tkus okyh fofHkUu lqfo/kkvksa dksa izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds f”k{kdksa ds :Ik esa fu;qDr gks ljy fd;k tk;sAjgs f”k{kd volj feyrs gh mPprj inksa ij fu;qDr 5- fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dks ;ksX;rkuqlkj gksdj izkFkfed f”k{kk ls i`Fkd gks jga gSA vis{kkd`r ek/;fed f”k{kk esa fu;qDr fd;k tk;sAde vk;q ds f”k{kdksa esa izkFkfed f”k{kk ls i`Fkd gksus 6- ikz Fkfed fo|ky;k as e as lpa kfyr fofHkUu ;kts ukvk as d sdh izo`fr vf/kd ik;h tkrh gSAIk;oZ {s k.k grs q iFkd fu;Dq r fd; s tk; s ftll s f”k{kd vr% “kks/kdrhZ us vk;q oxZ ds vk/kkj ij fof'k"V viuk ijw k le; f”k{k.k dk; Z e as yxk ldAasch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa dh O;olkf;d larqf"V dk v/;;u 7- izkFkfed f”k{kk esa efgyk fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- fd;k gSAf”k{kdksa dk vkj{k.k izfr”kr vksj c<+k;k tk;sAv/;;u ds vk/kkj ij “kks/kdrhZ us ik;k fd 30 8- fof'k"V ch-Vh-lh- f”k{kdksa ds fy;s U;wure vk;q o"kZ ls de vk;q oxZ ds efgyk f”k{kd iq#"kksa dh 30 o"kZ dj nh tk;sAvis{kk vf/kd larq"V ik;h x;hA izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa

,d vksj tgka bu fof'k"V f”k{kdksa dh dk;Zn”kkvksa vkokxeu dh lqfo/kk;sa] tfVy dk;Z n”kkZ;sa] c<+rs gq, o lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj gsrq ljdkj rFkk lekt }kjk gj f”k{k.kksRrj nkf;Ro tSls&tux.kuk] erx.kuk] lEHko iz;kl djus dh vko”;drk gS] ogha nwljh vksj izfr"Bk dks lkFk tksM+uk] iYl iksfy;ksa vfHk;ku] iq#"k


education, Baroda : CASE.f”k{kdksa }kjk lkekftd pdkpkSa/k o HkkSfrdrk ls Buch, M.B. (1979). Second survey of research in lqjf{kr nwjh cuk cuk;s j[kuk vko”;d gSA izkphu

education, Baroda: Society for education research and Hkkjrh; lkfgR; esa ins&ins larks"k dks /kkj.k djus dk development.

vkgoku fd;k x;k gS egkHkkjr esa osnO;kl th us Buch, M.B. (1993), Fifth survey of education fy[kk gS& research, New Delhi: NCERT.

Sharma, R.A. (1995). Fundamentals of

educational researcs, Meerut: International lUnHkZpublishing house.

Kolte, N.V. (1987). Job satisfaction of primary vkj0 ,l0 ¼1998½] mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt esa

school teachers : A test of the generality of two factor f”k{kd] vkxjk% fouksn iqLrd efUnjtheory, Hyderabad : National institute of rural

development. flag] ,u ih0 ¼2003½ f”k{kk ds nk”kZfud vk/kkj] esjB% vkj0 yky cqd fMiksa

iqLrdsa ,oa 'kks/k@if=dk;sa oekZ ,l0 ch0 ¼1996½] c`gr fo”o lwfDr dks”k] Asthana, V. and Asthana, Shweta (2005) fnYyh% izHkkr izdk”ku

Measurement and evaluation in psychology and

education, Agra : Vinod pustak mandir.

Best, J.W. Kahn, J.V. (2004), Research in

education, N-Delhi : Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

Buch, M.B. (1973). A survey of research in


f’k{kk’kkL=k

-Dr. Anita Singh*

*Assistant Professor, Digvijay Nath L.T. Training College, Gorakhpur (U.P.)

Formal Education at Junior High School Level meeting of certain social values as building of good

covers subjects like Hindi, English, Mathematics, and ideal citizens, thereby attaching special

Science, Social Studies (Geography, History and importance to social studies in general and Civics in

Civics), Home Science and Art keeping in view particular.

ducation derived from “Latin” word "Educatum” meaning the act of teaching and training holds a

different value for Indian Educational thinkers. For Rig Veda it is a tool for 'self reliance and selflessness', for

Upanishads it leads to “Salvation” where as for Panini it is a 'training imparted by nature'. However the modern

exponent of Vedanta, Swami Vivekananda perceives education as an instrument helpful in 'man- making'.

There by Indian thinkers have used education as self disciplining.

Besides all these definitions of education it can be further said that education can be 'Formal' and

'Informal'. An education which is incidental important and natural but not deliberately planned is termed as

'Informal Education'. However 'Formal Education' is deliberately planned systematic instruction of the young

in a selected environment.

Formal Education helps in the process of growth, preparation of

young for the responsibilities, discipline of mind and recognizing and reconstructing human life. Thus at every

stage of life formal education is required. However formal education in India has been broadly classified in the

following four stages.

(1) Primary Level of Education.

(2) Junior High School Level of Education.

(3) Secondary Level of Education.

(4) University Level of Education.

Of all these four levels of Formal Education the second level i.e. the Junior High School Level seems to

relatively most important as this is an adolescent stage where students are in process of developing their

physical and mental faculties and also start discovering of new and useful knowledge. At this level of Formal

Education fundamental tools of education begin to work for a broader goal of education. Hence, emphasis on

Formal Education at Junior High School level seems a justified concern of researchers in education.

E

A Comparative Study of The Attitude Towards ConventionalInstructional And Adjunct Auto- Instructional Materials

In Civics At Junior High School Level.


On the use of text books as teaching aid at Junior observed that no research work was done in any

High School Level has been a subject of debate. subject using semi- programmes with a view in

Since the students are of adolescent age they prefer to conformity with Pressey that only difficult areas

learn by doing instead of story listening. Thus there should be programmed and no such work of semi

was need of a book for the subject to be so designed, programming undertaken in India. It was felt by the

that it meets the psychological requirements of researcher to check the attitude of students towards

adolescence and make the students aware of the the two different types of reading materials. Thus the

problems in Civic life. present research problem was worked upon by the

researcher.At present time the aims of teaching of Civics

being unclear coupled with defective curriculum, The Research Problem-

inadequate aids, defective teaching methods, lack of A Comparative Study Of The Attitude Towards proper arrangements and goods teachers and Conventional Instructional And Adjunct Auto-defective examination system pushed the researcher Instructional Material In Civics At Junior High in a problem related with design and development of School Level.a suitable innovative text book using Educational The important terms used in the title of the Technology. On account of its advantage in research problem have been defined for clarity.presentation of Knowledge, Transmission of (i) Conventional Instructional Material-knowledge and Advancement of knowledge. This term stands for the text-book of Civics Educational Technology has been used effectively in which is prescribed by the U.P. Government for designing of new text book of the different the students of Class VIII under the Junior High approaches of Educational Technology like School System of Education in U.P.Hardware Approach, Software Approach and System

(ii) Adjunct Auto-instructional Material-Analysis. Linear programming of Software

This term stands for the Adjunct Auto-Approach has been used in the preparation of the

instructional programme developed by the Text-book. Not only linear programming but Adjunct

researcher herself. This material was developed Auto-instructional material due to its superiority

on the principles of programming recommended over other systems as it uses concept of 'sub ordinate

by S.L.Pressy and referred by Dececco (1977 to and in support of' has been used in combination.

p.388).Adjunct Auto-instructional material being based

(iii) Attitude -on the psychological principle of problem solving

This term stands for a pre disposition or a and generation of appropriate situation of learning tendency to respond positively or negatively along with remediation would prove better and towards a certain idea, object, person or situation.effective than the Conventional Text-book has been

Objective Of The Study:-the assumption behind this effort. Thus this approach To compare the attitude of these two groups of has been used to design a new text-book. A review of

students exposed to the two different types of reading researchers completed in this area revealed that materials in Civics at Junior High School Level.various types of programmes teach as good as Assumption:-teachers or sometimes even better. There seems to be

It was assumed that Linear programmes would lack of evidence as to how a combination of the text-suit to a majority of students because there are the book with a programme teaches as compared to a largest number of average level students in a class Conventional Text-book at the Junior High School according to the established rule of normal level in formal system of education. Thus it was


distribution. From these a random sample of fifty students was

taken and they were randomly put into two equivalent Secondly it was also assumed that only linear groups of twenty five each.prorammes would be most befitting to be

incorporated in a Conventional text to transform it Group one was known as Conventional Text-

into Adjunct Auto- instructional material. book or Control Group while group two the Adjunct

Auto- instructional Text-book or Experimental Group Hypothesis :in this study.In order to achieve the objective hypothesis was The Tools :framed which was converted into the following null

form in order to apply suitable statistical tests on it. In order to collect date for this study two types of

tools were required.There is no significant difference between

mean attitude scores of the Control (Conventional (i) Adjunct Auto-Instructional Text-book.

Text-book) Group and the Experimental (ii) Attitude Scale(Adjunct Auto- instructional Text-book) Group of The first tools was Adjunct Auto-Instructional Junior High School student in Civics at the post- test Text-book that included four programmes in it. This stage. tool or text was constructed by the researcher herself The Research Design : keeping is mind Pressey's argument that Conventional

To conduct this experimental study a pre-test- Instructional Material should carry main burden of

post- test equivalent groups design has been instruction and programmed material should take

employed. The design is diagrammatically described care of potentionally difficult portions.

below- The Researcher has adopted the steps described

The pre-test - post- test equivalent groups design- by De Cecco (1988 pp 371-386) for the construction of the programme because these steps are more clear RO XO1 2

and practical. These are-RO CO3 4

Stage I - PreparationWhere,Stage II - The Actual WritingX gain = O -O2 1

Stage III - Tryout And RevisionC gain = O - O4 3

Four Linear Programmes after validation were O O = pre-test1 3 incorporated in the text- book. For validating of the O O = post- test2 4 programmes the procedure adopted is that of Patricia

(Best 1983, p.70) Calander (1990, pp 75-76).The six steps are-In any research work monitoring of the gains by 1. Selection of Sample from Target

various groups is evaluated. For evaluation of the 2. Administration of Pre-test.work we need suitable sample which is selected from 3. Administration of Programme.its population. 4. Administration of Post- test.The Sample : 5. Administration of Attitude Scale.

In the present work all the four hundred students 6. Analysis of criteria of the Programme.of Class VIII of the M.P.Inter College, Gorakhpur

The next step has been to fit in the four during the Session 1999-2000 were taken as a

programmes in the Civics text- book. The text-book representative sample of the population of VIII Class

which was to be converted into a new Adjunct Auto- students studying Civics in Junior High School of

instructional Text is known by the title "gekjk bfrgkl U.P.


vkSj ukxfjd “kkL=^^ Its Section 2 is meant for the book) Group and the Experimental (Adjunct Auto-

study of Civics. Only this 2nd section was selected to instructional Text-book) Group of Junior High School

be converted into the Adjunct Auto-instructional Students in Civics at the post-test stage”

Material in order to study its efficacy and Table shows the results on the basis of which the effectiveness as against the Conventional Text- book. said hypothesis could be tested.

The Attitude Scale was also designed by the Table researcher herself. In accordance with Edwards Showing Significance of Difference Between Mean postulate that the statements representing the various Attitude Scores of the Control (Conventional Text-aspects of the psychological object having fairly book) Group and the Experimental (Adjunct Auto- equal both the positive and negative aspects of the instructional Text-book) Group of Junior High attitude should be used and the fourteen informal School Students in Civics at the Post-test Stagecriteria, Twenty six statements were designed by the

researcher. This preliminary draft was tried on forty

students of Civics at Junior High School level.

From these items, to select the desired number of

items. The researcher used Likert method of

determining the difference between the means of the df= 24high and low groups on the individual statements and * Significant at 0.05 levelselecting items from top where statements are * Significant at 0.01 levelarranged is descending order of the mean difference.

Above Table shows the means of the Control On this basis twenty four good statements were

Group and the Experimental Group at the post- test selected for pupil's Attitude scale.

stage which were found to be 53.8 and 67.68 Collection And Analysis of Data- respectively. The S.D. for the two groups were 15.64

After the administration of Attitude scale on and 12.97 in that order. Similarly standard error etc. both the groups (1) Control (Conventional Text- are given in the table. The obtained 't' value of 3.419 book) group (2) Experimental (Adjunct Auto- with df=24 is significant at 0.01 level. Thus the null instructional Text-book) group. The Attitude score hypothesis could be rejected. It could very well be for each students were obtained. These score were concluded that the two groups differ significantly tabulated and analysis. Followed by a logical with respect to their attitudes towards their text-books discussion of the same. of Civics.Discussion of Result : While comparing the Mean Value of the two Comparison of attitude of the two groups of groups it could be observed that the Experimental students towards their books:- Group possesses a higher mean value than the

The objective of the present investigation was to Control Group. It shows that the Adjunct Auto-compare the attitude of these two groups of students instructional Text-books are liked more than the towards their books who where exposed to the two Conventional Text- books. The reason for better different types of reading materials in Civics at the acceptability of Adjunct Auto-instructional Text-book Junior High School level. The null hypothesis tested may be due to its newness and mode of reading which to achieve this objective is being reproduced here: follows the sequence of Read, Write, Check and “There is no significant difference between mean Advance. These two factors may have kept the attitude scores of the Control (Conventional Text- interests of students alive in the subject thereby


prompting better learning on their part as compared 3- Bhatia, B.D. (1974) "The Theory And Principles

to Conventional Text-book group of students. of Education" Delhi : Mrs. Som Datt Puri, Doaba

House, Nai sarak.It has been established beyond any doubt in

several studies that students like Adjunct Auto- 4- Bloom, B.S. et al (1956) "Taxonomy of

instructional Text-books better than the Educational Objectives The Congnitive

Conventional Text-books or even better than the Domain: Hand work- I." New York: David

class room teaching by teachers. Mackay Co. Inc.

Findings- 5- Buch, M.B.(ed) (1991). "Fourth Survey of

Research in Education", New Delhi: N.C.E.R.T.The Adjunct Auto-instructional Text-book was

also found to be more acceptable to its students than 6- Callender, Patricea (1969) "Programmed

the Conventional Text-book to its students as Learning its Development and S t r u c t u r e " ,

evidence by by significant difference between the London: Greek and Company Ltd.

Mean Attitude scores of the two groups of students. 7- Dececco, John P. and Crowford, W. (1988) "The The higher Mean value could be found for the Psychology of Learning and I n s t i t u t i o n " , Adjunct Auto-instruction group in this study that New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd.supports this fact. 8- Kapil, H.K. (1992) "Elements of Statistics in

Social Sciences" Agra : Vinod Pusthak Mandir.

Reference 9- S h a r m a , R . A . ( 1 9 7 9 ) " A b h i k r a m i t

1- Best, John.W. (1983) "Research in Education" Anudeshan",Meerut: Modern Publisher.

Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. 10. Sharma, R.A. (1990) "Educational Technology",

2- Best, John.W. and Kahn, V.J. (1986) "Research Meerut : International Publishing House.

in Education", New Delhi : Prentice Hall of

India Pvt. Ltd.


-Dr Bhartendu Mishra*

*Astt. Prof. Deptt. of Teacher Education S.M.M Town P.G. College Ballia (U.P.)

ducation is a very important factor of human cases including disablement, In addition to Art. 45

resource development and management. After a long the constitution lays down that free, compulsory and

period of independence our nation is yet to achieve universal primary education should be provided to

desired level of education. This is worst in tribal all children up to 14 years of age.

societies. Tribes are the primeval communities that Art 46 of the constitution of India commits the constitute a considerable proportion of national state to promote educational and economic interests population. Each of the tribal communities has its of Sc, St's and weaker section. Even today India is own cultural identity but in general they are very struggling to fight against all kinds of biases of caste, poor. Educational backwardness lies at the root of religions, ideology, gender etc. Education can play a their economic, social and political backwardness. significant role to minimising and finally The Indian constitution identifies for special eliminating these differences by proving equality of consideration certain ethnic minority groups, access to quality education and opportunity. Out of traditionally referred to as tribes or tribal, as all the children enrolled at primary stage, a very high scheduled tribes who constitute around 8.2 percent percentage drops out nearly 160 million children of of total population of the country. According to the 6-14 age group, do not get enrolled in school (based

thcensus of 2011 total population of STs is 84326240. on 6 education survey data and available statistics They have suffered segregation, isolation and on 5- 14 age group children in India, NCERT underdevelopment due to their having a distinctive (2002) and among those who get enrolled, nearly social organization and economy. In the post half dropout before completing the primary independence period, the constitution of India education About 10 million children of school going recognized this population as weaker section based age are not attending elementary schooling even on their social and educational backwardness and the today (Aggarawal, 2002: vol 2) Elementary age old social discriminations. education is a priority area in the Tribal sub- plans

The constitution of India has clearly stated in its from the fifth five year plan .

preamble that everyone has the right of equality of Education of ST children is considered status and of opportunity. The directive principles of important, not only because of the constitutional the state policy further stress in Art. 41 the right of obligation but also as a crucial input for total work, to educate and to public assistance in certain development of tribal communities.

E

Tribal Education in India : Challenging Issues

f’k{kk’kkL=k


State with highest proportion of ST Mizoram 94.5% educational development. The trend of literacy of

tribes in India from 1961 to 2011 is shown in this State with lowest proportion of ST GOA 0.04%

UT with highest proportion of ST Lakshadweep 94.5 % table, (in percent)

UT with lowest Proportion of ST A &N Islands 8.3 %

District with highest proportion of ST Sarchhip, Mizo. 98.1%

District with lowest proportion of STHathras U.P 0.01%

The union and state government have spent

considerable sums of money for tribal youth's

education, but the results are meager. Government Source- National Commission for Sc's & ST's fifth reports indicate that there is no scarcity of schools, report & census 2011other faci l i t ies or scholarships for the The literacy rate among ST boys was 13.83 in implementation of tribal education schemes. Most 1961 and 71.70 in 2011. ST Girls literacy rate was tribal youths find these incentives unattractive, 3.16 in 1961 and 54.4 is 2011. So there is a significant however, consequently, the government's dream to improvement in ST's literacy.assimilate the tribes remains unfulfilled and raises

Enrolment and dropout Ratio in Tribalsbasic questions about the implementation of such

Gross Enrolment Ratio (In Percent)policies and strategies. Another important

development in the policy towards education of

tribal's is the National policy on education, 1986

which specified among other things the following :-

(1) Priority will be accorded to opening primary

schools in tribal areas (ii) There is need to develop Source – Statistics of school children, 2010-11curricula and devise instructional material in tribal This data shows that the tribal enrolment declines language at the initial stages with arrangements for significantly in higher classes. The GER was much

thswitch over to regional languages, (iii) ST youths satisfactory in class 1 to 5 but dissatisfactory in thwill be encouraged to take up teaching in tribal

higher class 11 to 12 .areas (iv) Ashram schools/ residential schools will

The dropout rate of ST students (in percent)be established on a large scale in tribal areas (v)

Incentive schemes will be formulated for the ST's

keeping in view their special needs and life style.

The main cause of the non - implementation of this

basic objective of our national policy are well

known, viz,(a) financial inadequacy (b) non- Source – Statistics of school children, 2010-11availability of a sufficient number of suitable

The drop out rate of ST boys and Girls are higher in teachers (c) lack of motivation (d) poverty

upper level classes than lower level classes.(Aggrawal, 2002)

Problems of Tribal EducationLiteracy percentage in Tribals

This review clearly underlines that inspite of Literacy is an important and primary index of


constitutional guarantees and persistent efforts, was generally implemented in the areas where the ST

tribal communities continue to log behind the population was more than 50 percent of total

general population in education. The reasons for this population. The Panchayat extension to scheduled

can be categorized as external, internal and socio- Areas act 1996, has made it mandatory for the states

economic and psychological. The external having scheduled areas to make specific provisions

constraints are related to problems and difficulties at for giving wide ranging powers to the tribes on the

levels of policy, planning, implementation, and matters relating to decision- making and development

administration, Internal constraints are school of their community. A centrally - sponsored govt

system, content, curriculum, medium of instruction, scheme of ashram schools exclusively for ST children

pedagogy, academic supervision, monitoring and from elementary to higher secondary levels was

other teacher related problems. The third set of initiated in the 1970's. But the poor quality of

problems relates to social, economic and cultural education in ashram schools, however, has

background of tribals and psychological problems of undermined confidence in education as a vehicle for

learners. social mobility.

Poor Health The Janshala programme is a collaborative effort

of the govt of India and five UN Agencies- UNDP, Poor health is another major hindrance in the UNICEF, UNESCO, ILO and UNFPA- a community promotion and participation of tribal children in based primary education programmed, aims to make education, Contagious diseases like scabies, eye primary education more accessible and effective, infection, malaria and diarrhoea are common in especially for girls and children in deprived tribal area, and also affect children's attendance at communities, marginalized groups, SC/ST, school. Further some tribal communities are minorities children with specific needs.seasonal migrants and this leads to absenteeism

among their children and makes it difficult for them Suggestions -

to effectively benefit from schooling. Some suggestions for improvement of tribal

Government programmes for tribal Education education are as follows —

In First five year plan government allocated ·Emphasis should be on quality and equity rather financial resources for tribal development. In the than quantitymid of first plan 43 special multipurpose tribal ·In order to make education effective and development projects were created. In 1961-66 the sustainable, building partnership between the government adopted the strategy of converting areas community and the government is important.with more than 66 percent tribal concentration into

·Environment building is of immense importance tribal development Blocks ( TBD) In 1969- 74, by

in the context of educational development ththe end of 4 five year plan the number of TBS's rose among tribal communities.

to 504. Additionaly, in 1972 the tribal sub- plan ·Skill development, competency building and strategy (TSP) was implemented by the

teachers motivation also need to be strengthened ministry of Education and social welfare. TSP was for sustaining educational development. The based on two objectives of socio- economic teacher should be made the centre of educational development and protection against exploitation. It


transformation, and therefore, must remain the 2. Census of India (2011) – Govt. of India, Ministry

primary facilitator. of Home Affairs, New Delhi.

Conclusion- 3. NCERT (2002) Sixth all India Education survey,

New Delhi. The strides made by our government of tribal

education needs proper implementation. Despite the 4. Sahu, Kabita Kumari, Challenging issues of

sincere and concerned affects by the government for Tribal Education in India, IOSR Journal of

the overall development of the scheduled tribes, they Economics and Finance.

are still for behind in almost all the standard 5. Sujata, K, Education among Scheduled Tribes, parameters of developments. If govt will not take Indian Education Report. some drastic steps for the development of tribal 6. University news, Vol 52 No. 25, June – 23 – 29 – education, the status of education among tribes will 2014 New Delhi.be a story of distress, despair and death. Hence the 7. University news Vol 57 No. 26, July 01 – 07 2013 educational status of the scheduled tribes the role of New Delhi.governance in this direction is highly essential. Time

has come to think it seriously about tribal education

and inclusive growth.

References

1. Aggarwal, D.D. (2002) History and

development of Elementary education is India,

Vol II Sarup and sons New Delhi.


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iz

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orZeku ;qx esa izkS|ksfxd mUufr us ljy xzkeh.k yxk oSls&oSls gh ekuo ds lkekftd lEcU/kh] thou dks tfVy voLFkk iznku djus esa viuh lfØ; lkaLd`frd n”kkvksa rFkk vFkZ O;oLFkk esa ØkfUrdkjh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj jgh gSA ifjorZu gksus yxkAizkS|ksfxdh D;k gS\ loiZ Fz ke ;kU=hdj.k ;k e”khuhdj.k d s vf/kdkf/kd

lekU; rkSj ij izkS|ksfxdh dk vFkZ e”khuksa ds mi;ksx ds QyLo:i cM+s iSekus ij mRiknu gksus ls mi;ksx vFkok e”khuhdj.k ls yxk;k tkrk gSA ykHk dh izo`fÙk dks izksRlkgu feykA blls gLr f”kYi dkjhxj oxZ izkS|ksfxdh dks ,slh fo”ks"krk ds :i esa vkSj lkewfgd thou dk egÙo de gks x;kA fL+=+;ksa esa ns[krk gS ftlus mldh lEiw.kZ dyk dks u"V dj tkx:drk mRiUu djus izs”kj dqdj] xSl pwYgk] fn;k gSA Jfed la?k bls vius vfLrRo ds fy, okf”kax e”khu ds iz;ksx ls fL=;ksa dks ?kjsyw dk;ksZ ds [krjk ekurs gSA ysfdu okLrfod LFkfr blls vfrfjDr le; izkIr gksus yxk] Vsyhfotu ,oa


eksckby ds iz;ksx us fL=;ksa dks f”kf{kr vkSj laxfBr xzke cjng tuin eq[;ky; ls 45 fdeh0 nf{k.k gksus dk rFkk ?kj dh pkgjnhokjh ds ckgj dk;Z djus Fkkuk&cjng pkSjkgk ls lM+d ds iwohZ ,oa if”peh Hkkx dk volj iznku fd;k] ftlls ijEijkxr laLd`fr esa fLFkr gSA bl xk¡o dh vkcknh 25000 gSA cjng dk izHkko detksj iM+us yxk fofHkUu tkfr] /keZ vkSj pkSjkgs ds if”pe esa Fkkuk rFkk izkFkfed] ek/;fed ,oa fopkjksa ds yksxksa dk ,d lkFk jgdj dk;Z djus dk mPp f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa dk lapkyu dk;Z lEiUu gksrk volj izkIr gqvk] ftlls /kkfeZd fo”oklksa dh dM+h gSA jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ds uke ls fo[;kr ;g LFkku dtksj gqbZ] la;qDr ifjokjksa dk fo?kVu gksus yxk rFkk vktex<+ tkSuiqj ekxZ dks tksM+rk gSA bl leqnk; dks O;fDr;ksa ds chp fgr iz/kku lEcU/k fodflr gksus ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa xzke ftoyh pkSjkgk cjng ls 05 yxsA fdeh0 nwj lM+d ds if”pe Hkkx esa fLFkr gSA bl xkao

dh Hkh vkcknh 25000 gSA vkcknh ,oa {ks=Qy dh n`f"V ifjogu rFkk lapkj ds lk/kuksa ds mUufr ds ls bu nksuksa xkaoksa esa lekur ik;h tkrh gSA lkekftd dkj.k tSl&gokbZ tgkt] jsy] clksa] rFkk dkjksa ds Lrjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dk izR;{k Lo:i bu nksuksa xkaoksa lapkyu ls LFkkuh; nwjh dk izHkko de gqvk] esa n`f"Vxr gksrk gSAlkekftd lEcU/kksa dk {ks= O;kid gqvkA lapkj

ysf[kdk }kjk mn~ns”; iw.kZ funsZ”ku ds vUrxZr lk/kuksa dh u;h izfof/k;ksa tSls Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ks] nSo funZ”ku dh ykVjh i)fr }kjk 5 izfr”kr ds eksckby] QSDl] bZ&esy dk iz;ksx rRdky izHkko ls vk/kkj ij izR;sd xkao ls fofHkUu tkfr; 150 ,oa 150 ?kfVr gksus] ?kVukvksa dh tkudkjh iznku djus esa vFkkZr dqy 300 lwpuknkrkvksa ls lk{kkRdkj dh lgk;d gqvk] ftlls xzkeh.k ,oa uxjh; leqnk;ks ds izfØ;k dks iw.kZ djrs gq, izkS|ksfxdh ds izHkko dk chp dk vUrj de gks x;k gSAewY;kadu djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa 207 orZeku mRiknu iz.kkyh esa gksus okys ifjorZu us vuqlwfpr tkfr] 88 fiNM+h tkfr rFkk loZ.k 05 Je foHkktu vkSj fo”ks"khdj.k dk egÙo c<+k fn;k] vFkkZr 1-67 izfr”kr] 29-33 izfr”kr fiNM+h tkfr rFkk ftlls uxjks dh Hkkafr xzkeh.k tu Hkh izfrLi/kkZ ds 69 izfr”kr mRrjnkrk vuqlwfpr tkfr ds pqus x;s gSA {ks= esa vkxs c<+ jgs gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ls izfrfnu bl v/;;u e as lokfZ /kd vulq fw pr tkfr d s mÙkjnkrkvk asuxjh; {ks= esa dke djus okys yksxksa ds vkokxeu ls dk p;u bl mn~ns”; ls fd;k x;k gS fd lo.kZ ,oa LFkkuh; xfr”khyrk mi;qZDr of.kZr rF;ksa ls fiNM+h tkfr;kW Lo; esa tkx:d ekuh tkrh gS] ysfdu lS)kfUrd i{k dks izekf.kr djus ds mn~ns”; ls detksj oxZ ds :i tkuh tkus okyh tkfr;ksa ds thou vUos"k.kkRed v/;;u dks ysf[kdk us vius v/;;u esa izkS|ksfxdh dk izHkko fdl lhek rd iM+k gSAdh vk/kkjf”kyk cuk;k gS] ftlesa {ks=h; dk;Z dh

izLrqr v/;;u p;fur mÙkjnkrkvksa esa 177 losZ{k.k izfØ;k egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSA losZ{k.k dk;Z dh efgykvksa 59 izfr”kr rFkk 123 vFkkZ 41 izfr”kr iq#"kksa izfØ;k dks lEiUu djus gsrq lfopkj funZ”ku }kjk dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA lk{kkRdkj dh izfØ;k esa 30 ls tuin eq[;ky; vktex<+ ls 45 fdeh0 nwj iw.kZ:i 44 o"kZ] ftlesa 90 efgyk,a] 62 iq#"k] 45 ls 59 o"kZ esa ls xzkeh.k ifjos”k fy, gq, xzke cjng rFkk tuin 75 efgyk;sa rFkk 64 iq#"k vkSj 75 ls 89 o"kZ ds 6 eq[;ky; ls 50 fdeh0 nwj xzke ftoyh dks vius efgyk;sa rFkk 3 iq#"kksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA mDr v/;;u dk dsUnz cuk;kA


mÙkjnkrkvksa esa “kSf{kd fLFkfr ds vkadyu ij 132 miHkksx djus dh izfØ;k ik;h xbZA mi;qZDr midj.kksa mPp f”k{kk izkIr] 81 izkFkfed] 39 fefMy] gkbZLdwy dk iz;ksx nSfud thou dh fØ;kfof/k ds :i esa djrs 27] b.VjehfM,V 14 rFkk 7 vf”kf{kr O;fDr;ksa ls gq, ik;k x;k gSA bl izdkj vk/kqfud midj.kksa dk lEidZ fd;k x;kA iz;ksx v/;;u lexz ds xkaoksa esa 59 izfr”kr efgykvksa

}kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA fo|kFkhZ oxZ ftudh la[;k 62 blds lkFk gh 15&29 o"kZ ds 62 ckyd& vFkkZr 20-67 izfr”kr gS] buesa 07 fo|kFkhZ ftuesa 04 ckfydkvksa ls Hkh lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;k tks 20-67 ckfyd ,oa 03 ckydksa ls lk{kkRdkj fd;k x;kA bu izfr”kr gS] ftldk mn~ns”; ;g irk yxkuk Fkk fd cPpksa esa dSydqysVj ,oa eksckby rFkk dEI;wVj ds izfr fo|kFkhZ thou O;rhr djus okys bu mÙkjnkrkvksa dks vkd"kZ.k ,oa iz;ksx dh ftKklk ik;k x;k] ;g fo|kFkhZ izkS|ksfxd ifjorZu us fdruk izHkkfor fd;k gSA nloh d{kk dh Nk=@Nk=k;sa gSA 15 fo|kFkhZ ftuesa mijkDs r vk; q legw d s vUrxrZ gkbLZ dyw ] b.VjfefM,V 09 ckyd vkSj 06 ckfydk;sa b.VjehfM,V Lrj dh ,oa mPp f”k{kk ls lEc) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lk{kkRdkj dk Nk=@Nk=kvksa esa vf/kdre vkd"kZ.k eksckby vkSj vax cuk;k x;k gSA D;ksafd O;fDr ds n`f"Vdks.k ds Vsyhfotu ds izfr ik;k x;kA mPp f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa fu/kkZj.k esa f”k{kk dh vge Hkwfedk gksrh gSA f”k{kk 25 Nk=k;sa ,oa 15 Nk= ik;s x;s tks v/;;u dh n`f"V vU; ifjoZR;ksa ds gh leku O;fDr dh lkekftd b.VjusV] bZ&esy Qslcqd dk iz;ksx eskckby ds izfLFkfr dks Li"V djrh gSA bu mÙkjnkrkvksa esa 44 ek/;e ls djrs gq, ik;s x;sA eksckby lekpkj lquus izfr”kr vf”kf{kr ,oa 56 izfr”kr f”kf{kr mÙkjnkrk rFkk izpkj ek/;e ls vius thou “kSyh dks cnyus dh lfEefyr gSA ijEijkxr lekt vius lh/ks lkns izfØ;k dh vkssj vxzlj gSAljy thou esa ifjorZudh eUn xfr ds fy, fo[;kr

gS] fQj Hkh lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds rhoz fodkl ds izHkko bl izdkj mijksDr v/;;u ls ;g izekf.kr gksrk ls ijEijkxr lekt vNwrk ugh gSA ,d >ksiM+h ls gS fd xzkeh.k leqnk; esa Hkh vk/qkfud midj.kksa dk ysdj egyksa esa jgus okys yksxksa }kjk vk/kqfud iz;ksx vf/kdkf/kd :i esa fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlls izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx vko”;drkiwfrZ ds fy, djrs vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dk fodkl uxjhdj.k ds izfr gq, ik;k x;kA lk{kkRdkj esa lfEefyr f”kf{kr vkSj vkd"kZ.k] xfr”khyrk esa o`f)] O;fDroknhrk esa o`f)] vf”kf{kr nksuksa gh oxksZ esa iq#"kksa dh vf/kdre la[;k euksjatu dk O;kikjhdj.k ,dkadh ifjokfjd lajpuk eksckby iz;ksx] okV~l,i] Qslcqd b.VjusV vkfn dk dk fuekZ.k] foyEc fookg lkeqnkf;d thou dk gzkl] iz;ksx djrs gq, ik;k x;k] ftudh la[;k p;fur Jfed laxBuksa dks izksRlkgu] /kkfeZd ewY;ksa vkSj mÙkjnkrkvksa esa 41 izfr”kr gSA budh rqyuk esa efgyk n`f"Vdks.kksa esa gksus okyk ifjorZu fo|qrhdj.k dk mÙkjnkrkvksa }kjk eksckby] xSl pwYgk] okf”kaxe”khu] iz;ksx bR;kfn xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dks iw.kZ :is.k izHkkfor fÝt] feDlj] Vsyhfotu ds ek/;e ls nwjn”kZu dh fd;k gSA bl izHkko dks izR;{k izek.k&xzkeh.ktuksa ds f=Lrjh; lsok tSls&jk"Vªh;] izknsf”kd ,oa LFkkuh; thou “kyS h e as mud s thou dh fØ;k&fof/k;k as vkpj.k& Lrj ij lwpukvksa ds izlkj.k dks ns[kuk lwpuk] Mh-Vh- O;ogkj] ifz reku] eukos RrkRed vfHkO;fDr;k W tks fdlh ,p-] ds ek/;e ls euksjatukRed dk;ZØeksa ,oa lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd lajpuk ds izrhd gksrs gS] lhfj;Yl dks ns[kuk dscy pSuyksa dks ns[kus rFkk xzkeh.k lkekftd ifjorZu dh n”kk dks Li"V :i ls


iznf”kZr djus ls izkIr gksrk gSA 2- izks0 ,e-,y- xqIrk ,oa MkW Mh-Mh- “kekZ] Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt”kkL=] lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds”kUl& fu"dZ"kr% ;g Li"V gqvk fd izkS|ksfxdh us vkxjk ¼2000½xzkeh.ktuksa ds lkekftd lEcU/kksa dks izHkkfor djrs

gq, lkekftd lajpuk esa ifjorZu mRié fd;k lkFk 3- MkW0 fgjsUnz izrki flag] Hkkjrh; lkekftd gh lkFk rkfdZdrk] mPp thou Lrj] lkekftd laLFkk;sa feJk VsªfMax dkiksZjs”ku Vh@20, fdyk xfr”khyrk rFkk O;kikjhdj.k dks izksRlkgu fn;k] dkyksuh] okjk.klh ¼1999½Je foHkktu rFkk fo”ks"khdj.k dks izksRlkfgr dj 4- MkW0 th- ds vxzoky] ekuo lekt] lkfgR; Hkou xzkeh.k lekt dks vusdksa izdkj ls ykHkkfUor fd;kA ifCyds”ku ,.M fMLVªhO;wVZl ¼izk0½ fy0 ¼2000½ogha nwljh rjQ izfrLi/kkZ] O;fDrokfnrk] O;olkf;d] 5- Mk0W th- d0s vxoz ky] lkekftd fu;U=.k ,o avfuf”prrk] csjkstxkjh] ikfjokfjd rukoksa rFkk ifjoruZ lkfgR; Hkou ifCy”kl Z ,.M fMLVhª O;Vw l Zlkbcj vijk/kksa esa o`f) djds lkekftd thou dks ¼izk0½ fy0] 34 ykyirdqat vxjk ¼2005½izfrdwy :i ls Hkh izHkkfor fd;k gSA ;s lHkh n”kk;sa xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa ds lkekftd ifjorZu esa izkS|ksfxd dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk dks Li"V djrh gSA

lUnHkZ

1- Jh jkefcgkjh flag rksej] xzkeh.k lekt”kkL= prqFkZ la”kksf/kr ,oa ifjofrZr laLdj.k Jh jke esgjk ,.M dEiuh] vkxjk&3


*,lks- izksQslj ,oa v/;{k] e;kZnk iq#"kksÙke ih-th-dkyst] HkqM+lqjh&jruiqjk] eÅ ¼m0iz0½

& *MkW0 johUnz ukFk feJ

jro"kZ dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ lHkh viuh lqfo/kkuqlkj dj jgs gSaA mPp f'kf{kr ;k dh xzkeh.k turk dk thou izk;% d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr mPp f'k{kkjr ;qod@;qofr;k¡ rks eksckby] VscysV gSA lkekftd ifjorZu ds QyLo:i uxjksa ds mn~Hko ;k ySiVki dks viuh vko';d vko';drk le>us ,oa cM+s&cM+s m|ksxksa rFkk dy&dkj[kkuksa dh LFkkiuk yxs gSaA izR;sd NksVh&cM+h lwpuk] lans'k ;k ckr ds us xzkeh.k thou dks xfr'khyrk iznku fd;k gSA fy;s vf/kd ls vf/kd ek=k esa yksx eksckby ij fuHkZj Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks lapkfyr gksrs tk jgs gSaAdjus okys fofHkUu jktuSfrd nyksa dh ljdkjksa us 21oha 'knh ds Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh xk¡oksa dh la[;k ns'k ds fodkl ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy;s vusd ,oa xk¡oksa esa fuokl djus okys yksxksa dh la[;k dk ;kstukvksa dk fØ;kUo;u fd;k vkSj os ;kstuk,¡ iw.kZ izfr'kr ns'k dh lEiw.kZ tula[;k ds vk/ks ls vf/kd ;k vkaf'kd :i ls lQyrk ,oa vlQyrk izkIr gSA uxj vkSj xk¡o dh foHksnd js[kk ^fodkl** ls nwj djrh jghaA ^fMftVy bafM;k* uked ,d vuwBk xzkeh.k turk ds lEeq[k vkt Hkh vusdkusd dk;ZØe orZeku ljdkj }kjk ykxw fd;k x;k gSA ;g leL;k;sa gSaA xzkeh.k thou vkt Hkh vusd dk;ZØe fnukad 02 tqykbZ 2015 dks Hkkjr ljdkj ds dfBukb;ksa ,oa vlqfo/kkvksa ds foLr`r forku ds uhps iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh th }kjk Hkkjr ds uo;qodksa le; xqtkj jgk gSA izeq[k :i ls d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr ds fy;s ykxw fd;k x;k gSA xzkeh.k uo;qod] xzkeh.k xzkeh.k thou vius fodkl ds fy;s iz;kljr gSA {ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa rFkk xzkeh.k dsUnz vFkok jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk cuk;h xbZ fodkl izkS<+tu ds chp lapkj ds lk/ku] eksckby] VScysV ;k dh uhfr;k¡ rFkk fodkl dh fofHkUu ;kstuk;sa uxjh; ySiVki dk vf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tk;] bl ckr vkSj xzkeh.k nks Lrjksa ij fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSaA xzkeh.k dk iz;kl ljdkj }kjk fd;k tk jgk gSA lapkj ds ;s ifjos'k esa ekuo thou dk izR;sd i{k mi;qDr fofHkUu lk/ku ekuo dk thou ljy cuk;s gSaA okrkoj.k ,oa lalk/ku ds vHkko esa vfodflr gSA eksckby Qksu dk mi;ksx f'kf{kr] vf'kf{kr] fd'kksj] Hkkjro"kZ ds xzkeh.k thou esa ;fn dsoy ,d leL;k ;qok] izkS<+ ,oa o`) rFkk ;qofr;k¡ ,oa izkS<+ efgyk;sa dks fpfUgr fd;k tk; rks mlh ds funku ,oa

Hkk

xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sarFkk fMftVy bf.M;k dk;ZØe

lekt’kkL=k


lek/kku esa o"kksZa dk le; yx tkrk gSA f'k{kk] cynso ih- th- dkyst cM+kxk¡o okjk.klh ,oa LokLF;] lQkbZ] ;krk;kr rFkk lapkj ds lk/kuksa ds dkfydk/kke ih-th- dkyst] lsokiqjh okjk.klh ds mPp fodkl ,oa O;kid :i ls Lohdk;Zrk ;k xzkárk ds f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds chp ls izR;sd fy;s vkt Hkh ljdkjksa ,oa LoSfPNd laxBuksa dks egkfo|ky; ls 100&100 ,sls Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk vfHk;ku pykdj izpkj&izlkj djuk iM+rk gSA v/;;u ds fy;s p;u fd;k x;k tks fu;fer :i thou ds bu lHkh i{kksa esa tgk¡ Lo;a dks tkx#d ls egkfo|ky; vkrs gSa vkSj eksckby] VScysV ;k jguk pkfg,] mlds fy, vfHk;ku pykuk iM+rk gS] ySiVki dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA 300 mÙkjnkrkvksa esa tks xzkeh.k thou dh lksp] dk;Z i)fr ,oa ekufld 150 Nk= rFkk 150 Nk=kvksa dk mn~ns';iw.kZ fLFkfr ds Lrj dks crkus ds fy;s i;kZIr gSA Hkkjr fun'kZu fof/k ls p;u fd;k x;k gSAljdkj }kjk pyk, tk jgs LoPNrk vfHk;ku ,oa v/;;u dk mn~ns';'kkSpky; cuokus ds fy;s ns'k ds cM+s&cM+s fQYeh izLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa ;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k LVkj] izns'kksa ds eq[;ea=h ,oa Lo;a iz/kkuea=h th x;k gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{kkjr vfHk;ku ds ek/;e ls iz;kljr gSa vkSj xzkeh.k turk Nk=@Nk=k;sa vius eksckby] VScysV ;k ySiVki dk ykVs k yds j 'kkpS d s fy; s [krs k as e as ,o a lMd+ k as d s fdukj s iz;ksx fdu&fdu lqfo/kkvksa ds fy;s djrs gSaA tkuk cUn ugh a dj jgh g]S D;k\as bldk ,d gh mÙkj fMfVty bafM;k dk;ZØe ds izfr xzkeh.k ;qokvksa dh g&S tkx#drk dk vHkkoA tkx#drk Lo;a vkrh gS tkx#drk rFkk bl dk;ZØe dh lQyrk esa vkus vFkok crkus ij rks rRdky fØ;kUo;u gksrk gSA okyh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u vHkh"V gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj dk egRoi.w k Z dk;ØZ e ^fMftVy izkDdYiukbfa M;k* dk mnn~ 's ; g&S ikoj V w bEikoj vFkkrZ ~ ^l'kDr

izLrqr v/;;u dh fuEukafdr izkDdYiuk;sa jgh gkus s d s fy; s 'kfDr*A bUVjusV dh lqfo/kkvksa ds ek/;e

gSa&ls ns'k dh turk vius vko';d dk;Z dkxt jfgr

1- eksckby] VScysV ;k ySiVki ds iz;ksx esa xzkeh.k O;oLFkk ¼isijysl flLVe½ ds vUrxZr lEiUu djs]

{ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=ksa ,oa Nk=kvksa dh #fp ;gh bl ;kstuk dk mn~ns'; gSA ;kaf=dh ds {ks= esa esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAbUVjusV dh lqfo/kk ls lcdqN vkuykbu lqyHkrk

2- xzkeh.k {ks= esa mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=ksa ,oa Nk=kvksa esa dk iz;kl fMftVy bafM;k dk ewy mn~ns'; gSA,.Mªk;M ;k fMftVy {kerk ds eksckby ds iz;ksx izLrqr 'kks/k&i= esa mÙkj izns'k ds okjk.klh dh izo`fÙk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAtuin ds rhu egkfo|ky;ksa ¼m-iz- 'kklu ls foÙkh;

3- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=@Nk=k;sa lgk;rk izkIr½ tks xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vofLFkr gSa] ds eksckby ls lwpuk ds vknku&iznku gsrq Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh g~okV~l,i rFkk Qslcqd dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA^fMftVy bafM;k* dk;ZØe ds izfr rRijrk]

4- vkuykbu b.VjusV dh lqfo/kkvksa dk xzkeh.k tkx#drk] lqyHkrk ,oa fu"Bk tkuus dk iz;kl mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa dsoy euksjatu gsrq fd;k x;k gSAiz;ksx djrs gSa u fd vius Kkuo)Zu gsrqAxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fLFkr MkW- jkeeuksgj yksfg;k ih-

th- dkyst] HkSjo rkykc&jktkrkykc] okjk.klh] Jh 5- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=@Nk=k;sa usV


cSafdax ;k jsyos ;k ,;j fVdV cqfdax vkfn dk;Z eksckby ls ugha djrsA

lkj.kh la[;k&01

iz'u % D;k vkidk eksckby Qksu ,.Mªk;M gS\

lkj.kh la[;k 01 esa izkIr vk¡dM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij

;g Li"V gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa vf/kla[; ek=k esa ,aMªk;M ¼fMftVy½ eksckby Qksu dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA lEiw.kZ mÙkjnkrkvksa dk 78 izfr'kr Hkkx ,.Mªk;M ¼fMftVy½ eksckby iz;ksx djrk gS] dsoy 22 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk gh lkj.kh la[;k 02 ds vk¡dM+ksa ds voyksdu ls ;g lk/kkj.k eksckby dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bldk rkRi;Z gS izrhr gksrk gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vofLFkr fd xzkeh.k ifjos'k ds mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa egkfo|ky;ksa esa mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa eksckby ,.Mªk;M eksckby }kjk izkIr gksus okyh lqfo/kkvksa ls Qksu ,.Mªk;M otZu iz;ksx rks djrs gSa] fdUrq fMftVy ifjfpr gSaA eksckby Qksu ds ,.Mªk;M otZu ds iz;ksx bafM;k dk;ZØe dks xfr iznku djus esa xzkeh.k dh Lohd`fr esa Nk=ksa dh rqyuk esa Nk=kvksa dk izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh Hkwfedk ux.; izrhr gksrh gSA vf/kd gSA ,slk Lohdkj djus okys Nk= 76 izfr'kr lwpuk] lans'k vFkok QksVks ds vknku&iznku gsrq ;s vkSj Nk=k;sa 80 izfr'kr gSaA Nk=&Nk=k;sa g~okV~l,i dk iz;ksx 'kr&izfr'kr djrs

lkj.kh la[;k&02 gSa] ftuds ikl ,.Mªk;M Qksu gS] fdUrq Qs'kcqd ij iz'u % vki eksckby Qksu ls dkSu&dkSu&lh lkexzh Mkyuk ;k MkmuyksM djus dk dk;Z dsoy 75

lqfo/kk,¡ izkIr djrs gSa\ izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk gh djrs gSaA 25 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=k;sa Qs'kcqd dk iz;ksx ugha djrsA b.VjusV ls euksjatu izkIr djus dk dk;Z 45 izfr'kr Nk=&Nk=k;sa djrs gSaA b.VjusV ls v/;;u lkexzh ,df=r djus dk dk;Z dsoy 20 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk@mÙkjnkf=;k¡ djrs gSaA lexz ds dsoy 5 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk@mÙkjnkf=;k¡ eksckby }kjk cSafdax dk ykHk izkIr djuk Lohdkj djrs gSaA jsyos vFkok gokbZ tgkt dk fVdV cqd djus dk dk;Z dsoy 10


izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk djrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA lexz ds 20 lkj.kh la[;k&03 es iznf'kZr vk¡dM+ksa ds izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd os Vh-ch- voyksdu ls ifjyf{kr gksrk gS fd lexz ds lEiw.kZ ;k eksckby fjpktZ djus dk dk;Z ,.Mªk;M eksckby mÙkjnkrk@mÙkjnkf=;k¡ eksckby Qksu dks ykHkdkjh }kjk djrs gSaA cktkj ls Ø; dh xbZ oLrqvksa dk ewY; crkrs gSa rFkk nwljh rjQ lexz ds lEiw.kZ eksckby ds ,Il }kjk Hkqxrku djus ds iz'u ij mÙkjnkrk@mÙkjnkf=;k¡ eksckby Qksu dks gkfudkjd lEiw.kZ mÙkjnkrk udkjkRed mÙkj nsrs gSaA Hkh crkrs gSaA 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk iwNs tkus ij mÙkjnkrkvksa

us eksckby Qksu ds ykHk ,oa gkfu fuEu izdkj O;Dr Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr ^fMftVy bafM;k* fd,Adk;ZØe dks xfr'khyrk iznku djus dh fn'kk esa eksckby Qksu ds ykHk&xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa ¼;qod

,oa ;qofr;k¡½ vR;Ur U;wu ek=k esa fØ;k'khy fn[kkbZ lEidZ esa lqfo/kk gksrh gSA dgha Hkh jgus ij iM+rs gSaA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds ;qokvksa ds Hkhrj tkx#drk vkdfLed lwpuk;sa rqjUr fey tkrh gSaA fdlh O;fDr dk vHkko gSA tkx#drk dk vHkko] b.VjusV ;k foHkkx ls vko';drk dh lwpuk;sa rRdky izkIr gks dusfDVfoVh dh U;wurk] bUVjusV iSd dh leL;k tkrh gSaA nq?kZVuk ds le; eksckby Qksu dh dky rFkk vkuykbu dk;Z djus ds Kku dk vHkko rFkk Mk;jh ;k Qksu Mk;jh ls igpku vklku gks tkrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa bUVjusV fdlh leL;k ;k nq?kZVuk ds le; eksckby Qksu ls lqfo/kk;sa ,oa okrkoj.k dk vHkko ^fMftVy bafM;k* lgk;rk izkIr gksrh gSA eksckby Qksu }kjk iqfyl] dk;ZØe dh mPp Lrj ij Lohdk;Zrk esa ck/kd gSA vfXu'keu foHkkx] LokLF; lsokvksa ¼fpfdRld] eksckby] ySiVki ;k VScysV dks NksVs cPps ,oa fd'kksj fpfdRlky; ,oa ,Ecqysal½ dks rRdky lwpuk nh tk rFkk mPp f'k{kkjr xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=k;sa dsoy ldrh gSA ?kj cSBs eksckby rFkk Vh-ch- fjpktZ fd;k euksjatu iznku djus okyk f[kykSuk le>dj tk ldrk gSA eksckby cSafdax ls viuk iSlk fdlh O;ogkj djrs fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA cSad [kkrs esa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA eksckby Qksu ls Vªsu]

cl ;k gokbZ tgkt dh le; lkj.kh rFkk orZeku xzkeh.k Hkkjr esa ^fMftVy bafM;k* dk;ZØe dh fLFkfr dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA eksckby 'kr&izfr'kr Lohdk;Zrk ,oa lQyrk rHkh lEHko gS Qksu ls cl] Vªsu ;k gokbZ tgkt dk fVdV [kjhnk tk tc Lo;a xzkeh.k ;qok ,oa ;qofr;k¡ tkx#d gksdj ldrk gS vkSj vkj{k.k djk;k tk ldrk gSA eksckby ,.Mªk;M eksckby ;k VScysV dk mi;ksx dj dS'kysl dk fjekb.Mj] ,ykeZ vkfn O;fDr dks lko/kku j[krk ,oa isijysl O;oLFkk ds fy;s Lor%LQwrZ Hkko ls gSA bl izdkj eksckby ds vusd ykHkksa ds lkFk fØ;k'khy gksaxsA,.Mªk;M Qksu ls Og~kV~l,i] Qslcqd] bZ&esy ds lkj.kh la[;k&03ek/;e ls vusd vko';d lwpuk;sa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dh iz'u % eksckby Qksu ykHkdkjh gS vFkok tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSAgkfudkjd\eksckby ls gkfu;k¡&

lexz ds lEiw.kZ mÙkjnkrk tgk¡ eksckby Qksu ds vusd ykHkksa dh ckr Lohdkj djrs gSa ogha nwljh vksj eksckby Qksu ls gksus okyh fuEukafdr gkfu;ksa dks Hkh


O;Dr djrs gSaA leL;k vkSj eksckby Qksu ls gksus okyh gkfu gSA

lkj.kh la[;k&04eksckby Qksu le;&vle; dk;Z esa O;o/kku Mkyrk gSA Qksu djus okyk Qksu lquus okys dh iz'u % fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ifjfLFkfr ls vufHkK gksrk gS] ftlls oSpkfjd erHksn esa dfBukb;k¡mRiUu gksrk gSA eksckby Qksu dks yksx le; fcrkus ds lk/ku ds :i esa nq#i;ksx djrs gSaA ;qod&;qofr;k¡] Nk=&Nk=k;sa ?kj vFkok fo|ky; vFkok dk;ZLFky ls nwj tkdj ?k.Vksa ckr djds le; u"V djrs gSaA vfuok;Z dk;Z djrs le; Hkh dk;Z NksM+dj yksxksa }kjk eksckby ij ckr dh tkrh gSA lkj.kh la[;k 04 ds leadksa ds voyksdu ls cSBd esa Jksrkx.k] d{kk esa v/;kid vFkok fo|kFkhZ] fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe dh lQyrk esa mRiUu gksus fpfdRlky; esa MkDVj ulZ ,oa ejht] lQj esa okyh dfBukb;ksa ij izdk'k iM+rk gSA lexz ds 22 Mªkboj ,oa d.MDVj Lo;a eksVj lkbfdy ;k dkj izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk tks ,.Mªk;M Qksu dk iz;ksx ugha pykrs le; eksckby ls ckr djuk eksckby Qksu ds djrs os ,.Mªk;M Qksu dh miyC/krk dks leL;k ds nks"k ;k gkfu;k¡ gSaA g~okV~l,i] Qslcqd ;k fV~oVj ij :i esa ns[krs gSaA 88 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk tks ,.Mªk;M vuko';d ,oa viokntud >wBs rF; Mkydj yksx Qksu dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] os Hkh ,.Mªk;M Qksu dh ckr dk crax.k cukrs jgrs gSaA g~okV~l,i ,oa dfe;ksa] tSls&Qhpj lkQ u gksuk] cSVjh cSdvi de Qslcqd dks yksx cgl dk IysVQkeZ cukdj le; gksuk vkfn dh leL;k O;Dr djrs gSaA ,sls u"V djrs gSaA mÙkjnkrkvksa ds vuqlkj tgk¡ ,d vksj Nk=&Nk=k;sa ,d Qksu [kjkc gksus ij nwljs Qksu ds g~okV~l,i ,oa Qslcqd }kjk fu;e&fu;ekoyh] [kjhn ds O;; dks gh leL;k ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA ljdkjh vkns'k] jktkKk rFkk vodk'k vkfn dh v/;;u {ks= ds 78 izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk ftlesa 76 lwpuk izkIr djrs gSa ogha vQokgsa vkSj O;FkZ dh izfr'kr Nk= ,oa 80 izfr'kr Nk=k;sa lfEefyr gSa] usV lkEiznkf;d ckrksa dk nq"izpkj Hkh djrs gSaA mPp iSd dh leL;k crkrs gSaA izfrekg usV iSd esa iSls [kpZ f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=k;sa ,.Mªk;M eksckby Qksu dk gksrs gSa tks ?kj okys ugha nsuk pkgrsA usV iSd ds vHkko lnqi;ksx de djrs gSa cfYd b.VjusV }kjk esa ,.Mªk;M Qksu dk dksbZ fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe ds vkifÙktud lkexzh ls viuk euksjatu djrs gSa vkSj fodkl ;k fØ;kUo;u esa ykHk ugha gSA lexz ds fod`r ekufldrk ikyrs gSaA ikfjokfjd Lora=rk 'kr&izfr'kr mÙkjnkrk b.VjusV dusfDVfoVh dh izkIr Nk=&Nk=k;sa ,.Mªk;M Qksu ,oa b.VjusV dk leL;k dh ckr djrs gSaA 2th ,oa 3th bUVjusV nq#i;ksx djrs gSa rFkk vf/kdka'k le; Nk=&fe= ;k xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa dk;Z ugha djrkA 4th dusfDVfoVh ds Nk=k&fe= ls ckr djrs gSa] tks muds iBu&ikBu fy;s 4th eksckby ,.Mªk;M otZu dh vko';drk ,oa Hkfo"; ds fy;s ?kkrd gSaA v/;;u vof/k esa gksrh gsA Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds vuqlkj eksckby fle ls Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk ,d nwljs dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksuk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa dusfDVfoVh rFkk b.VjusV LokHkkfod izfØ;k gS ftldks ,aMªk;M Qksu dh lqfo/kk dusfDVfoVh nksuksa dh leL;k vkrh gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds ls fod`r Lo:i ns fn;k tkuk vkt dh lcls cM+h egkfo|ky;ksa esa okbZ&QkbZ lqfo/kk;qDr ifjlj ugha gS]


ftlls Nk=&Nk=k;sa ykHkkfUor gks ldsaA bl izdkj dk;ZØe dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh iw.kZ Lohd`fr ds lkFk ;gk¡ mYys[k bUVjusV dusfDVfoVh dks lqO;ofLFkr djrs gq, fd;k tk ldrk gS fd fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe dh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks izf'kf{kr djus dk va'kdkfyd lQyrk ds fy;s xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa b.VjusV dk;ZØe vfuok;Z :i ls 'kklu }kjk lapkfyr djk;s dusfDVfoVh dh lqfo/kk vR;Ur vko';d gSA tkus dh vko';drk gSA lEiw.kZ Hkkjro"kZ ds xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk ,d lewg lexz dk 78 izfr'kr {ks=ksa ds leLr mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa esa okbZ&QkbZ Hkkx ;g Lohdkj djrk gqvk ik;k x;k fd bUVjusV dusfDVfoVh miyC/k djkuk rFkk vkuykbu Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks b.VjusV cSafdax] euh VªkalQj] ,i dk;Z i)fr dk izf'k{k.k Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks iznku ls oLrqvksa dh [kjhn ,oa v/;;u lkexzh dh [kkst djkuk vkt dh egrh vko';drk gSAvkfn ds fo"k; esa dksbZ tkudkjh ugha gksrh vkSj egkfo|ky; Lrj ij bl izdkj dh tkudkjh nsus lanHkZokyk dksbZ Hkh dk;ZØe lapkfyr ugha fd;k tkrkA 1- nh bdksukfed VkbEl] 29 Qjojh 2016fMftVy bafM;k dk;ZØe dh lQyrk gsrq fMftVy 2- nh VkbEl vkQ bafM;k] 18 Qjojh 2016;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh egkfo|ky; Lrj ij djk;k

3- nh bdksukfed VkbEl&fjVªhOM] 28 vDVwcj 2016tkuk vR;Ur vko';d gSA

4- www.deccanchronicle.com 18.10.216fu"d"kZ&izLrqr 'kks/k i= ds fy;s ,df=r fd;s

5. Maximumgournance.comx;s rF;ksa ,oa lEiUu fd, x, lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e 6. India.gov.inls xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fLFkr mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkuksa ds mPp 7. moneycontrol.com, 8 oct 2015

f'k{kkjr Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij izdk'k 8- n LVsV~leSu] 8 vDVwcj 2015Mkyus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS vkSj 'kks/kdrkZ }kjk 9- nh gal bafM;k] 2 ebZ 2017& Digital Literancy ik;k x;k fd mPp f'k{kkjr xzkeh.k Nk=&Nk=k;sa classes for unemployed

eksckby }kjk v/;;u lkexzh dk laxzg.k] b.VjusV 10. https/mygov.in>group>digital India

dh xfrfof/k;k¡] b.VjusV cSafdax rFkk Hkhe ;k isfV;e vkfn ,Il ds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa ds Ø; dk dk;Z vR;Ur U;wu ek=k esa djrs gSaA ^fMftVy bafM;k*



INTRODUCTION consider that the society is responsible for his

defect. Delinquency may be defined as anti-social 1 (ii) In case the motor and physical development of a behaviour (Hadfield's definition} . According to this

child is more rapid or slower than an average definition delinquency means a behaviour which is child at that age, than adjustment difficulties are unsocial or anti-social in nature. The term usually created and the child may adopt delinquency refers to the breaking of some law

2 delinquent behaviour.(Valentine's deflation) .

(iii) Often low intelligence also encourages anti-Delinquents are such children who steal or social behaviour. A child who is of low damage propery etc. Some of them even commit intelligence can be easily attracted towards anti-such heinous crime as dacoity, murder, etc. And it is social behaviour.very often found that he or she has not learnt to

distinguish between right and wrong conduct. (iv) Some children also become delinquents on

account of physiological disorders in them. INDIVIDUALISTIC CAUSESSuch del inquents are considered as (i) If a child is suffering from some physical defect

3“temperamental delinquent” . For example, or disorder, he begins to feel that something is some girls show delinquent behaviour during lacking in him or her. In case the physical defect their menses. The above are the major biological is laughed at, there is every possibility that the determinants or Individualistic causes which are child may adopt antisocial behaviour which believed to have some connections with would be on account of reaction formation delinquencies of children.against the law of the society. The child will then

1. Mathur, Dr. S.S., Educational Psychology, 1962, wish to destroy the social norms and will

lum Children are often associated with juvenile delinquency and other forms of deviance. This has been

linked to the level of social or family tolerance. It is often made out that juvenile deviance directly hinges upon

social and official tolerance. In this, family plays a critical role. Parental reaction to different forms of juvenile

deviant behaviour paves the way for law-abiding or law-violating behaviour. This is best exemplified in a slum

context. The paper focuses on children of such colonies in the Gaya District.

KEYWORDS: Delinquency, Tolerance, Deviant Behaviour

S

-Binu Kumari*

Role of Social Tolerance in Deviant Behaviour of Slum Children

*Research Scholar, Pg Deptt. Sociology magadh University, (Bihar)

lekt’kkL=k


P - 594. separation of youths from adults and lack of positive

peer support may also result in isolation from the 2. Ibid........................................ P- 594. 38mainstream of interaction, and then the reaction to this 3. Mathur, Dr. S.S., op.cit............. P.-595.situation would be some sort of deviant behaviour. FAMILY TOLERANCEThe technical terminology for this phenomenon is C A U S E S P E RTA I N I N G T O FA M I LY “anomie”- a feeling of isolation (Anomie Theory — ENVIRONMENT Emile Durkheim ).

Unfavourable home or family environment is ii) The discrepancy between the social or cultural also argued as a primary cause of deviant or goals that the individual learn to aspire in their delinquent behaviour of children. The causes/factors environment and the institutionalized means available pertaining to unfavourable family environment may for achieving those goals, may result in strain or be summarized as follows : frustration in the minds of the youths. This strain or

(i) presence of step-mother or step-father (ii) frustration can produce behaviour that is deviant, anti-

lack of parental affection, care and control, (iii) 4social or contrary to the norms of the society . quarrels among parents, (iv) poverty, so that the basic

iii) Economic determinism which dictates unequal needs of the children are not satisfied, (v) use of distribution and consum ption of goods, may also be alcohol and other drugs by the parents (vi) high cited as a cause of delinquency.Econom ic status has a ambitions of parents which they want to realize great deal to do with the rate of delinquent behaviour. through the achievements of their children. (vii) T h e greater the econom ic deprivation, the greater the loose or very strict discipline at home, (viii) broken delinquency. It is felt that person in economically home- -divorce, separation or death of any one of the disadvantageous position often have the same parents, (ix) mother being in service, no control over material aspirations as persons in economic the children (x) sexual defect in mother, or her being advantageous position. of low character, mental abnormality in the mother or 4. Merton, Robert ., Social Structure and father etc.Anomie—Amercan Sociological Review, 3 SOCIAL TOLERANCENo.5,1938, p. — 672C A U S E S P E RTA I N I N G T O S O C I A L

This disparity very often creates situation ENVIRONMENT 5conducive to deviancy, delinquency and crimes . Criminal or deviant behaviours are the result of

Moreover, industrialization which results in factors in the environment of the offender and not urbanisation, slum dwelling etc. is also a determinant solely due to the biological makeup or defects of the for rise of delinquent behaviour in children. Small offenders. The factors/ determinants available in the children who are employed in factories and industries, social environment which induce children to exhibit very often show delinquent or deviant behaviour deviant o r delinquent behaviour, can be summarized because of their economic condition, isolation from as follows : the affordable section, etc.

i) Separation of youths, that is, marginal status of iv) Association of youths with other delinquents, adolescents in society which results in a feeling of drug- addicts, criminals and maladjusted children also isolation and a feeling of not being a part of the com results in deviant or delinquent behaviour in children. m unity or society. This separation also results in peer Because, if individuals associate mostly with group's considerable influence on the youths, and delinquents or criminals, or mal-adjusted individuals, this influence extends to alcohol and drug use, as well chances are that they will become involved in as other anti-social activities. More over extensive


delinquent activities. (Theory of Differential were done in 100 of these children. During the

Association— Edwin Sutherland) followup stage, children were assessed with the

followup instrument, to collect data on sexual v) In addition to family, community, religious activity, delinquency, nutrition, daily stresses and institutions and the school play an important role in coping other than tolerance and deviant behaviorsocializing children, in the contemporary schools

which are purveyors of middle class values, only the 5. Show, Clifford R. and Mekay, H .D ., Juvenile

students who fit within the modern school systems Delinquency and Urban Areas, Chicago Press, 1969,

are likely to do well and profit from their schooling. P.- 316.

But those who are not so lucky— who are FINDINGS:intellectually, socially, emotionally or economically Coping strategies and skillsdeprived— have difficult times in meeting their To deal with a wide range of stressors likely to be expectations and likely to become delinquents. encountered in everyday life, the individual requires vi) Besides these, media influence and subsequent to acquire a wide range of coping and social skills. information explosion may also be blamed for the They may be cognitive or behavioral Cognitive skills rise in delinquent activities of children - self assurance, cognitive restructuring, cognitive Magnitude of the Problem distraction, self control etc. Behavioral skills -

Slum children constitute a marginalized problem solving, action through negotiation /

population in most urban centres of the world. There compromise, withdrawal through leaving/ avoiding

are major difficulties in trying to estimate the number the situation, communication skills, assertiveness,

of street children and the magnitude of difficulties social networking, engaging in alternate activities,

they experience. In their marginalised state they relaxation Practical performance skills and Survival

constitute a truly "hidden" population who are not skills (which may be considered "aberrant" in the

covered by nor find place in the national census, wider community) –e.g. fighting, running fast,

educational or health data, largely because they have reacting quickly, weathering physical harm etc. may

no fixed address. This problem is further be very important for the slum child. However , a child

compounded by the fact that they are also a highly who has not had the opportunity to learn adequate

mobile population. “Hidden populations” coping and survival skills may use drugs as a coping

euphemistically refers to those who are strategy.

disadvantaged and disenfranchised: the homeless, High Risk Behaviour chronically mentally ill, criminal offenders, One of the major realizations from the study was prostitutes, juvenile delinquents, gang members, that drug use / abuse could not be viewed in isolation. runaways and other “street people” – those we are all Drug use in children formed just one of the many aware of to one degree or another, yet know so little elements which contributed to their High Risk about. Lifestyle.Methodology Delinquency and Criminal behaviour : Slum

This paper reports on some of the data gathered children have Delinquent behavior(78%). This from the study of 100 children in and around Gaya included stealing, fighting, rape and self directed District, Bihar. aggression. The delinquent behaviour predominantly

1. Initial qualitative assessment of the problem of occurred in the context of the peer gang(70.3%) but a

social tolerance in the slum Children of Gaya through significant proportion of the deviant behaviour was

key informant interviews.2. Follow up assessments solitary.


Age inappropriate sexual behavior :About half genitalia (30%)

(51%) of the children are being sexually active. · Tingling and numbness of hands & feet (15%) Almost all of these predominantly male children andreported one or more incident where they had either · Accidental injuries to body and limbs (10%)been forced into, or paid for, or offered drugs in Emotional problems: Emotional problems were exchange for sex. Although a small number reported frequently reported with many complaining of indulging in sex for comfort with peers, a chronic lack of interest in their day to day existence significantly large number of children regularly and sadness with crying. visited commercial sex workers. There was a nexus Deliberate self-harm and self-mutilation: Self between street children and local commercial sex mutilation ,specifically scarification and slashing workers, many of whom abused alcohol and drugs. themselves with sharp objects, especially when Children frequently acted as pimps or go – betweens intoxicated with “solution” was a peculiar in exchange for money, drugs, shelter or sexual phenomenon found universally amongst boys and favours. girls. Some of the children attributed this to self

Attitudes and practices inimical to safe sex : directed anger and states of sadness enhanced by the The sexually active children, by and large, reported drug. Others said they slashed themselves in groups as having sex in intoxicated states and not using barrier part of a bonding ritual and that the drug had an contraception, despite knowledge of condom use and anaesthetic effect. Some children reported incidents the potential for HIV and other infection. when other children killed themselves by flinging Intoxication made them careless or daring. The other themselves under a passing vehicle or deliberately attributions for not taking precautions were that they standing in front of an oncoming train while couldn't care less, or that they did not think it could intoxicated. Almost all the children recounted having happen to them. known at least one child who had died suddenly while

inhaling solvents, although these claims could never

be substantiated.

GIRL CHILDREN in SLUMS :

The data regarding girl children is much more

sketchy. This is partly because most of the

participating organisations in the study had a greater

street presence among the boys. Also boys General Health outnumber girls in the slums . From key informants

These children also reported a wide variety of learning was that the girls stay in their own gangs

general health problems. Some of the common (which often include one or two small boys), some

complaints wereof the girls enter into informal "marriages" with

· cough, breathing problems and chest pain (30%)some of the older boys, while others are given

· Headache (15%) shelter by various adults. Almost invariably these · Stomach problems (20%) girl children are subject to physical and sexual · Fever and bodyache (20%) abuse. Among the girls sickness, ill health (physical · Toothache(10%) & emotional ) are high. Some girls die as a

consequence of illegal abortions, most others due to · Skin problems (25%)

a combination of poor nutrition and drug use.· Burning sensation while passing urine / sores on

Sexual harassment Percentage of sexual harassment

Teasing 28.33%

Physical harassment 13.33 %

Rape 1.66%


Trafficking Children 3.33% Women 5.00%

Violence Injuring 85%

Between two children 85%

Using weapon

60% Between two groups 43%

Killings 0.00 %

Drug addiction Cigarette

1oo%

Marijuana

86.67 %

Mugging 35% Robbery 20% Theft 45%

Advice to children on savings, as well as

providing resources for banking and also perhaps

small loans may be helpful. Life skills training with a

focus on general problem solving appears to have

some validity as a brief, cheap, easy to administer Existing Resources : Access to resources affects a method which leads to demonstrable behavioral and child's ability to learn skills, change attitudes and attitudinal change.perceptions, decrease some of the stresses. The

Providing night shelters and subsidized food children studied had very little access to health care, counters. Night schools and more importantly education , age appropriate leisure activity. vocational training centres would allow children to Additionally they were naturally suspicious of the both work and learn. very structures that the State has erected to take care

Community centres could be utilised to organize of these children. Most of the children preferred to melas (fairs) where along with recreational activities, stay on the streets or even get admitted to a “mental sex education, drug education and life skills education hospital” rather than having to go to the Juvenile components may be provided. 19 Making available Home. Almost all the children (more than 90%) had via persuasive communication media like posters, been abused, violated and exploited by policemen at comics, video, community theatre information some time in their short lives and understandably pertaining to safe sex, drug prevention, nutrition etc. wanted to have nothing to do with the Police. as well as providing knowledge about available CONCLUSION : Protective Factorsresources.Adult attachment appeared to reduce chances of

drug use and any future intervention would be well References advised to invole an adult mentor system, where each

1. A One - Way Street ? Report on Phase I of the child is tied in with an adult educator. The adult Street Children Project (1993) World Health would be responsible for day to day monitoring of Organisation.progress, as well as responsible for crisis

2. Drug Abuse: Summaries of Research Studies management. He / she should also be trained to

Sponsored By Ministry of Welfare (1992) provide counselling and be able to refer the child

Published by the National Institute of Social appropriately in times of need. Peer educators appear

Defense, Ministry of Welfare, Government of to be the major influence on the street child's

India, New Delhi. learning. Intervention programmes would require to

train and utilise older children to sensitise, protect, 3. Dusenbury L, Khuri E, Millman RB () recruit and counsel younger children. They could A d o l e s c e n t S u b s t a n c e A b u s e : A also be employed to conduct community awareness Sociodevelopmental Perspective in The initiatives. Supervised employment appears, from Textbook of Substance Abuse . Eds. (pp. 832 - this study, to be yet another protective factor. 842) Encouraging children to work in adult supervised 4. Reducing Risk Behaviour Related to HIV / AIDS, jobs or providing safe, regulated employment. For STD's and Drug Abuse Among Street Children: example organizations could organize rag pickers in National Report (1996) Ed. J Mehra. Published their area, provide each child with thick rubber / by Ministry of Welfare, UNDCP, UNICEF, WHO leather gloves and interface with their buyers and NACODecreased cash liquidity and encouragement to save

decreases the chances of drug abuse.


euksfoKku

*P. G. Department of Psychology , Shibli National College Azamgarh (U.P.)

& *MkW0 jkgh izlkn ekS;Z

vk/kqfudrk ,oa ijksidkfjrk

he aim of this study was to investigate the impact of level of modernity on altruistic tendency of college

students (120 male and 120 female) 240 college students ranging in the age range of 17 to21 years were selected

for this study. The technique of sampling was employed stratified random sampling. The instruments employed

for the collection of data were Modernity Scale (Ahluwalia & Kalia) and Altruism Scale (Alam). The results

revealed that respondents belonging to Low Modernity score were found more altruistic than the respondents

of high Modernity group. Obtained mean difference was found statistically significant at respectable level of

significance.

T

“kCn vk/kqfudrk ,d fooknkLin in gS D;ksafd O;oLFkk esa ifjorZu (Parsons 1951,1964)] ewY;] dqN fo}ku (Lerner(1928), Moore (1978), Rosto izfreku] lkoZHkkSeokn esa ifjorZu] fof”k"Vokn ,oa (1960), Eisenstadt (1966)) us vk/kqfudrk dks dk;Zflf) fLFkfr&fu/kkZj.k esa ifjorZu (Parsons

ikjxeu dh ,d ,slh izfØ;k ds :i esa ekurs gSa 1951), /keZ fujis{k rdZijd n`f"V esa ifjorZu] ftlds }kjk lekt ds yksx ,d Lrj ls nwljs Lrj esa lkekftd xfr”khyrk esa ifjorZu (Lerner 1958)] tkus dks xfreku jgrs gaSA tcfd nwljs v/;srk bl lkekftd U;k;] oS;fDrd LorU=rk vkfFkZd le`)rk fopkj/kkjk dks Hkzked ,oa =qfViw.kZ ekurs gaS] D;kasfd (Sharma 1978) vFkok vk/kqfud izks|ksfxdh ds lalkj esa dksbZ ,slk lekt ugha gS tks iw.kZr;k Lohdj.k dh izd`fr ,oa ek=k Levy (1966) ds vk/kkj vk/kqfud gks vFkok iw.kZ:i ls ijEijkxr gksA ij djrk gSAv/;srkvksa dk ,d nwljk oxZ vk/kqfudrk dh O;k[;k bu fHkUurkijd n`f"Vdks.kksa ds voyksdu ls ge vkfFkZd fodkl ds lUnHkZ esa djrk gS (Chattopadhya bl fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gS fd vk/kqfudrk dk rkRi;Z u 1970, Gore 1971) ftlesa 4 vUrZlEcfU/kr izfØ;kvksa rks dsoy vk/kqfudhdj.k dk fodkl gS vkSj u &izk|ksfxdh] Ñf"k] m|ksx ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh dks vk/kqfudrk dkA oju ;g ,d ,slh cgqvk;keh tfVy lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA v/;srkvksa dk ,d vUrZlEcfU/kr ifjorZu dh izfØ;k gS tks ,d lekt nwljk oxZ vk/kqfudrk dh O;k[;k dqN fof'k"V fo'ks"k ds lnL;ksa ds lEiw.kZ thou&{ks=ksa] tSls muds ifjorZuksa& lkekftd lajpuk esa ifjorZu] lajpuk ds oS;fDrd] vfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd rFkk foHksnhdj.k esa ifjorZu] Hkwfedk ds fof”k"Vhdj.k esa lkaLd`frd& dks bl :i esa Li”kZ djrh gS ftlls ifjorZu rFkk laLFkkvksa ,oa Hkwfedkvksa dh ,dhdj.k de fodflr lekt vf/kd fodflr lekt dh


fo”ks"krkvksa dks izkIr dj ysrs gSaA djrk gS] mlesa dk;Z{kerk rFkk ifjdyu djus dh ;ksX;rk ikbZ tkrh gS] foKku ,oa rduhdh esa mldh vk/kqfudrk dks fo”ks"khd`r djrs gq;s ;g dgk tk vkLFkk gksrh gS] rFkk forj.kkRed U;k; (distributive ldrk gS fd vk/kqfudrk ,d cgqvk;keh tfVy justice) ds izfr mlesa fo”okl ik;k tkrk gS (Inkless izfØ;k gS ftlesa lkoZHkkSfedrk] vuqdwyu”khyrk] 1974)Axfr”khyrk] vifjorZu”khyrk] ØkfUrdkjh rFkk

mnfodkloknh izd`fr] izlkjokfnrk] ,d:idkjh ,oa vusd vuqla/kkudrkZvksa us vk/kqfudrk ds fy;s ewy izd`fr dks cpk;s j[kus dh izd`fr ikbZ tkrh gSA vusd euksoSKkfud ?kVdksa (psychological

ifj.kkeLo:i vk/kqfud lekt dh fo”ks"krkvksa ds components) dks mÙkjnk;h ekuk gSA Everett( 1955) us :i esa mPp uokpkj izkDV;] uohu vuqHko dh mPp ltZu”khyrk (creativity) rFkk izoZrd O;fDrRo rRijrk] cgqJqr] jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vhª; ekeykas esa (innovative personality) dks vk/kqfudrk dk izeq[k vfHk:fp] mPp dky&cks/k] vf/kd lfg".kqrk] mPp dkj.k ekuk gSA budk fo”okl gS fd ijEijkRed fo”ocU/kqRo] mPp jktuhfr ,oa lkekftd lekt ls vk/kqfud lekt dh vksj ifjorZu rHkh lgHkkfxrk] mPp ifjorZu izo`fr rFkk thou ds uwru lEHko gS tc izkf/kdkjijd O;fDrRo (authoritarian

voljksa ds izfr mPp fØ;k”khyrk dks fy;k tk personality) esa izorZd izdkj (innovative type) ds ldrk gSA O;fDrRo dh vksj ls ifjorZu gksA izkf/kdkjijd

O;fDrRo ijEijkRed lekt dh fo”ks"krk gSA lkekftd&lkaLd`frd ifjorZu dks fofo/k izkf/kdkjijd@lRrkRed O;fDrRo ls izoZrd izfØ;kvksa dh Hkkafr vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;k Hkh ,d O;fDrRo dh vksj ifjorZu dSls gksrk gS\ bl iz”u dk egRoiw.kZ ,oa cgqvk;keh tfVy izfØ;k gS ftlesa mRrj Hagen(1935) us vius in izfr"Bk ds izR;kgj.k O;fDrRo] lkekftd lajpuk vkSj laLd`fr esa gksus okys (withdrawl of status respect) ds fl)kUr ds }kjk fd;k leLr izdkj ds ifjorZuksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk gSA bl izdkj (McClelland (1958) us miyfC/k& ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lUnHkZ esa vk/kqfudrk dh vfHkizsj.kk dks vk/kqfudhdj.k dk eq[; dkj.k ekuk gSA vo/kkj.kk ik”pkR; laLd`fr esa vk/kqfudrk dk mudk fo”okl gS fd tc rd lekt ds vf/kdka”k lEizR;; lkoZHkkSe Lrj ij fopkjksa esa gksus okyh izxfr] lnL;ksa esa miyfC/k dh rhcz bPNk ugha gksxh] rc rd oSKkfud Kku ds fodkl rFkk ckSf)d ,oa izR;{koknh og vk/kqfud lekt dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ldrkA bUgh ewY;ksa dh iz/kkurk ls lEcfU/kr gSAdh HkkWfr Lesner ( 1983) us ijkuqHkwfr (empathy) rFkk lkekftd ,oa lkaLd`frd ifjorZu ds lgHkkxh O;fDrRo (participant personality) dks ifj.kkeLo:i fo|eku vk/kqfudrk ds dkj.k O;fDr vk/kqfudrk ds fy;s vko”;d ekuk gSA budk fo”okl ds O;ogkj esa vusd izdkj ds y{k.k ns[ks tk ldrs gS fd O;fDr;ksa esa ijkuqHkwfr dh fo”ks"krk dk gksuk gaSA vk/kqfudrk ds dkj.k gh vkt dk ekuo izk.kh vk/kqfud lekt dh igpku gSAuokpkj ,oa ifjorZu ds izfr uwru vuqHkoksa ,oa

bu vuqHkotU; izek.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ [kqysiu ds fy;s rRij jgrk gS] fofo/krk mRiUu djus izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd vk/kqfudrk euksfoKku rFkk nwjLFk djus okyh leL;kvksa ,oa ifj.kkeksa ij ,oa lekt”kL= nksuksa gh fo"k;ksa ds vuqla/kkudrkZvksa ds er cukrk gS] mls le; dh csgrj vuqHkwfr gksrh gS] v/;;u dk dsUnz jgk gSA ijUrq nksukas gh fo"k; ds vk;ksftr ,oa laxfBr dk;ksZ dks djus esa fo”okl


vuqla/kkudrkZvksa us ijksidkfjrk ij vk/kqfudrk ds dkj.k mudh vkfFkZd lajpuk dqizHkkfor gksrh gS fHkUurkijd izHkko dk izdk;kZRed v/;;u ugha fd;k (Bhatt & Dhruvarajan 2001)] mudk ikyu&iks"k.k gSA blh fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ ds fy;s ;gka ,d iz;kl O;f"Vijd fof/k;ksa }kjk gksrk gS] muesa miyfC/k fd;k x;k gSA vfHkizsj.kk dh ek=k vis{kkd`r de ikbZ tkrh gS

(Prasad 1974)] muesa uohu lwpukvksa dks izkIr djus fof/kdh izo`fr vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS (Trivedi 1973)] muesa izfrn'kZ ,oa izfØ;k/kkfeZdrk dh ek=k de ikbZ tkrh gS (Imam 1970)] ijksidkfjrk ij vk/kqfudrk dh fHkUurkijd muesa vkfFkZd ewY; mUeq[krk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS ek=k ds izHkko ds v/;;u ds fy;s dqy 240 (Krishnamurthy 1987)] muesa vfr lfØ;rkokn dh mRrjnkrkvksa dk ;kn`fPNd p;u fd;k x;kA ek=k vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS (Beriot 1973)] muesa i;kZIr loZizFke mu ij vk/kqfudrk ekiuh ¼vgywokfy;k ,oa ek=k esa lkekftd vlqj{kk ikbZ tkrh gS (Bhatt & dkfy;k½ dks iz”kkflr djds mUgas mPp ,oa fuEu Dhruvarajan 2001) ] mues a i z k f/ kdkjokn vk/kqfudrk lewgksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;kA rRi”pkr (authoritariansim) dh ek=k vis{kkd`r vf/kd ikbZ mu ij ijksidkfjrk ekiuh ¼vkye½ dks iz”kkflr tkrh gS (Shah 1972)] mudk vkdka{kk Lrj mPp gksrk fd;k x;k vkSj iznRr ladyu fd;k x;kAgS (Singh 1972)] lkekftd izFkk;sa muds fy;s ifj.kke ,oa O;k[;kegRoghu gksrh gaS (Imam 1970)] muesa oSKkfud

rkfydk 1rkfdZd mUeq[krk (scientific rational orientation) dh

ijksidkfjrk ekiuh ij mPp ,oa fuEu vk/kqfud ek=k ikbZ tkrh gS (Trivedi 1974)] muesa lkekftd ,oa

lewg ds mRrjnkrkvksa dk e/;eku izkIrkad] jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk vis{kkd`r vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS]

izkekf.kd fopyu ,oa Vh ewY;mudk vkdka{kkLrj mPp gksrk gS] os izfr;ksxh] m|e”khy] izfrLi/khZ ,oa uokpkjh gksrs gS] muesa thou ds uwru voljksa ds izfr vf/kd vuqfØ;k”khyrk ikbZ tkrh gS] /keZ ds izfr rdZ.kkijd vfHko`fRr ikbZ tkrh gS] muds Kku dk Lrj iz/kkur% oSKkfud gksrk gS rFkk os uSfrd :i ls rVLFk gksrs gS] blfy;s muesa ijksidkfjrk dh ek=k de ikbZ tkrh gSA

vk/kqfudrk ,oa ijksidkfjrk ds izdk;kZRed Bhd blds foijhr fuEu vk/kqfudrk lewg ds lEcU/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k ;g bafxr djrk gS fd fuEu

mRrnkrkvksa esa ijksidkfjrk dh ek=k vf/kd izkIr dh vk/kqfudrk lewg ¼e/;eku¾ 43-10 ± 4-22½dh rqyuk

xbZ gS D;kasfd mudh vkfFkZd lajpuk vf/kd laxfBr esa mPp vk/kqfudrk lewg¼e/;eku¾ 40-00 ± 4-12½

gksrh gS (Bhatt & Dhruvarajan 2001)] muds ikyu ds mRrjnkrkvksa esa ijksidkfjrk dh ek=k de ikbZ

iks"k.k esa lewgijd (collectivistic) fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx tkrh gS D;kasfd muesa ih<+h fjDr (generation gap) dk

gksrk gS (Patel & Power 2002)] muesa miyfC/k izHkko vf/kd ik;k tkrk gS (Enayatullah & Ishrat

vfHkizsj.kk vkSj izfrc)rk dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS 1997)] uxjhdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa oS”ohdj.k ds

(Prasad 1974)] os uohurk dks vf/kd egRo u nsdj

lewg

mPp vk/kqfudrk lewg

fuEu vk/kqfudrk lewg

la[;k

120 40-00 4-12

120 43-10 4-224-08 -01

e/;eku izk0fo0 VhewY; Lrj


Indian Journal of Psychological Issues (June & Dec)5 ijEijk dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gS (Trivedi 1973)] mueass (182),19-24.izkf/kdkjokn dh ek=k de ikbZ tkrh gS (Shah 1976)] Gore N. S. (1971) Urbanization and family change: muesa fuEu vkdka{kk Lrj ik;k tkrk gS (Singh 1972) Bombay, Popular Prakashan.

muesa vis{kkd`r /kkfeZdrk vf/kd ikbZ tkrh gS (Imam Hess U. & Hagen (2006) The intensity of facial 1970)] muesa vuqu;rk (persuation) vf/kd ikbZ tkrh expression is determined by underlying affective state

ad social situation. Journal of Personality and Social gS (Krishnamurthy 1987)] muesa vfr lfØ;rkokn Psychology 69, 280-288.dh ek=k fuEu ikbZ tkrh gS (Beriot 1973)] muesa Imam Z. (1970) Modernization Seminar, 125, 15-17.ih<+hfjfDr (generation gap) dk izHkko de ik;k tkrk Lerner (1928) Modernization individual modernity

gS (Enayatullah & Ishrat 1997)] os ikjEifjd ewY;ksa and fertility. In J. T. Fawcett(ed.) Psychological dks egRrk iznku djrs gaS (Bhatt & Dhruvarajan Perspectives on Population, New York

Mc Celland D. C. (1958) The achieving society N. J. 2001)] os lkekftd f”k"Vkpkj ,oa lkekftd izFkkvksa D. Von Nostranddks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSa (Imam 1970), muesa dky cks/k Parsons T. (1951) Some consideration on the theory of dh ek=k ;k rks “kwU; gksrh gS ;k mldk Lrj fuEu social change. Rural Sociology 26, 219-239.

gksrk gS] os HkkX;oknh gksrs gSa] muesa mPp deZdk.M+ dh Prasad R. (1974) Measurement of socio-economic

iz/kkurk ikbZ tkrh gS] os /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa ds vuqikyu and psychological characteristics, Indian Journal of

Industrial Relations, 9,(3),427-434.ij fo'ks"k cy nsrs gaS rFkk muds fopkjksa esa Rosto (1960) “Eugene Weber's France” Journal v/;kReokn ,oa O;fDrokn dh iz/kkurk ikbZ tkrh gS] Social History Vol. 25.blfy;s muesa ijksidkfjrk dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ Sharma S. (1978) A study of job involvement in tkrh gSArelation to certain demographic variable among white

and colour workers. Indian Psychological Review 16,

11-16.lUnHkZTrivedi, D. N. Caste (1973) Modernization and Beriot, Colette (1973) Attitude towards i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n c h a n g e . E a s t e r n modernization: Activism. Journal of Psychological Ansthropologist,26(3),235-245.Researches 17(2),54-58.Trivedi ,D. N. (1974) Modernization of rural society: Bhatt & Dhruvarajan (2001) The impact of Differential acceptance of change. Social Action, modernity on consumption Simmel's philosophy of 24(3), 260-268money: Advances in Consumer Resaearch Vol 21, p

65-69.

Enayatullah & Ishrat (1997) Effect of modernity in

baptized and non-baptized tribal groups of Bihar,


euksfoKku

*P.G. Dept of Psychology, Shibli National PG College, Azamgarh (U.P.)

According to the above definition and Sample and Procedure: 60 university

criteria for inferring or calcifying social needs, students were randomly selected from Shibli

Murray (1938) following the intensive study of National College Azamgarh ranging in the age

a small number of subjects, arrived at a tentative of 17 to 21 years of age in this study for each

list of twenty needs viz. need for abasement, demographic variable.

achievement, affiliation, aggression, autonomy, RESULT & INTERPRETATION

counteraction, deference, dominance, Table : 1 Showing Mean, SD and t-values on exhibition, harm avoidance, inavoidance,

Autonomy Motive of Male and Female nurturance, order, play, rejection, sentience, sex, college students:security, and understanding. Although, this list

has been subjected to considerable

modification and elaboration, the original

twenty needs remain highly representative.

The list of twenty needs and their definitions as

given by Murray are not present in all people. The difference between these two groups is Some people never experience certain needs in significant and reliable. There is reason to their life times while others may run the gamut believe that sex/gender has produced change in of the entire list and do so in a relatively short the Autonomy Motive of Male and Female period of days/weeks. students. Table :1 shows that Sex has affected

significantly the Autonomy Motive scores of METHODcollege students. Male students have scored

urray states that the existence of a need can be inferred on the basis of (a) the effect or end

result of the behaviours, (b) the particular pattern or mode of behaviour involved (c) the selective

attention response to a particular class of stimulus objects (d) the expression of particular emotion or

effect and (e) the expression of satisfaction when a particular effect is achieved or disappointment

when the effect is not achieved (Murray 1938).

M

Demographic Patterns and Autonomy Motive

-Dr. Tasneem Jamali


comparatively higher score than the Female

students.

Table : 2 Showing Mean, SD and t-values on

Autonomy Motive of Rural and Urban college significant and reliable. There is reason to students.believe that Caste produced change in the

Autonomy Motive of Forward Caste and SC

college students. Table 4 shows that Caste has

affected significantly the Autonomy Motive

scores of Forward and SC college students.

The difference between these two groups is Table 5 Showing Mean, SD and t-values on significant and reliable. There is reason to Autonomy Motive of Hindu and Muslim believe that culture produced change in the college studentsAutonomy Motive of Rural and Urban college

students. Table 2 shows that culture has affected

significantly the Autonomy Motive scores of

Rural and Urban college students. Rural

students have scored comparatively lower score

than the Urban students. Table 5 shows that Religion has affected

significantly the Autonomy Motive scores of Table : 3 Showing Mean, SD and t-values on Hindu and Muslim college students. Hindu Autonomy Motive of First Born and Last Born students have scored comparatively higher score college students.than the Muslim students.

Reference-

Table :3 shows that Order of Birth has Bandura, A.(1989)' Human agency in social

affected significantly the Autonomy Motive cognitive theory', American Psychologist 44:

scores of First Born and Last Born college 1175-84.

students. First Born college students have De Charms, R.(1968): Personal causation

scored comparatively higher score than the Last New York, ACADEMIC press.

Born students.Deci, E.L., Koestner R and Ryan,

Table: 4 Showing Mean, SD and t-values on R.M.(1999) 'Ameta-analytic review of

Autonomy Motive of Forward Caste and experiments examining the effects of extrinsic

Scheduled Caste (SC) college studentsrewards on intrinsic motivation; Psychological

The difference between these two groups is Bulletin 125: 627-68.


Deci, E.l. and Ryan, R.M.(2000) 'The determination theory and facilitation of intrinsic

“what” and “why” of goal Pursuits: Human motivation, social development, and well-being ;

needs and the self- determination of behavior', American Psychologist 55: 68-78.

psychological inquiry 11:227-68.

Ryan, R.M. and Deci E.L. (2006) 'self-


euksfoKku

Hypertension is generally known as high blood diabetes also report relatively more psychosomatic pressure and is usually considered a psycho problem as comared to normal individuals (Carson physiological disorder (Sarason & Sarason, 2002). A etc. 1998 : Carlson, 1990).blood pressure level that is over 140 when the heart Like diabetes psychosomatic problems also contracts (Systolic Pressure) and dose not fall bellow affect adversely the physical also affect adversely the

physical and psychological well-being of the 90 when the heart relaxes (diastolic pressure) is individuals.usually considered high.

Hypothesis :-High blood pressure is a major contributor to cardiovascular disorders and is on of the conditions To Compare normal subjects and diabetic

patients from the point of view of hypertension.that creates increased risk of heart attacks. Usually it is a silent or symptomless risk because the Methodology:-hypertensive individual might show unobservable Sample of the present study was constituted with sings of a medical problem the most common major diabetic and normal subjects. Both the group chronic disease in all the countries of the world. consisted of 100 subjects each, this making the

strength of the sample 200.Now-a days diabetes has become a serious health problem. It develops as a result of insufficient Tool:-insulin. The body of a person suffering from diabetes The II part of Jodhpur Multiphasic Personality becomes unable to properly utilize the foods he or Inventory (JMPI). JMPI has been costructed by Joshi she consumes. The development of diabetes results & Malik (1983).in thirst, tiredness, increased urine, changes in Result & Discussion:-weight and so on (Gleitman, 1982). Such problems whether or not diabetic patients suffer more lead to decreased level of adjustment and poor form hypertension than normal subjects It may be health, both, physical and psychological. Diabetes noticed from result table that on this scale also the may cause some other psycho physiological problem diabetic subjects have scored a higher mean value also on such as anxiety, stress, depression, than the normal subjects. It is obvious from result

table that mean and SD values of diabetic subjects are hypertension etc. The persons suffering from

he subject of the present study were 100 diabetic patients. The control group consisted of 100 normal

subjects not having suffered from any ailment during the past one year. Subject belonging to both groups were

administered Jodhpur Multiphase Personality Inventory. The study showed that diabetic patients and normal

respondents differ in their hypertension problem.

T

-Dr. Akanksha Srivastava*

The Effect of Hypertension on Diabetic Patients

*Assistant Prof. Mohmmad Hasan P.G. College Jaunpur (U.P.)


33.91 and 7.4 respectively. The group of non-diabetic Keeping in view of the present study some subjects have scored a relatively low mean value. Its suggestions may be offered to conduct further studies mean and SD values are 30.94 and 6.5 respectively. in this area There is apparent difference between means of the 1 The data collection in the present study based on two groups on hypertension scale. This suggest that the pattern of single shot studies. So it would be diabetic patients feel more hypertension related better if the process of data collation is repeated . problems than the non-diabetic subjects. Such an approach will be helpful in obtaining Result Table more reliable results.

Showing mean & SD value between non- 2 In this study only diabetes was tapped as an diabetic & diabetic group effect of hypertension on independent variable. It would be more useful if psychosomatic scale. some other diseases are also tapped for the

porpuse of comparison.

3 The collation of data was limited to Jaunpur city and its adjoining areas only. This limit the generalizing porpuse of the finding of the present study . So it would be better if the sample is selected on a broader geographic basis.

The critical ratio has been calculated to see the significance of difference between the two means. It Referencesmay be observed from result table that the obtained 1 Carlson. N.R.(1990) Psychology: The Science g C.R. (2.09) is significant at .05 level. This clearly Behavior. Allyn becon Boston. suggests that the difference between the two means is

2 Carson, R.C. Butcher, J.N. Mineka, J. C. (1998) real, not attributable to chance variable. In other

Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life . Allen words, diabetic patients and normal subjects differ

& Bacon. significantly with each other so for as experiencing

3 Gleitman , H. (1982) . Basic Psychology . Norton. the hypertension is concerned.

N. Y. According to Jorgensen et.at. (1996), there is

4 Jargensen . R. S. Jognson ; B.T. Kolodziej , M.E. growing evidence that personality constellations

Scherer , G.E. (1996)Elevated blood pressure including anxiety, anger and depression contribute to

and Personality : A meta –analytic review. elevated blood pressure.

Psychological Bulletin. 120, 293-320.Hypertension leads to many types of behavioral

5 Joshi , M.C. & Malik , A.K (1983). Jodhpur problems. For example it is related to assertiveness

Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Rupa psycho. which is defined as the ability to stand up for one's

corpon, Varanasi .right; express feeling and avoid mistreatment by

6 Sarason, I.G sarason , B.R. (2002). Abnormal others. (Sarason & Sarason. 2002).Psychology :The problem of maladaptive

Unfavorable environment may also contribute behavior . Pearson Education. Singapore.

to hypertension. (Sehnall et. at. 1990).7. Sehnall et. al. (1990). The relationship between

The diabetic patients and normal subjects on job strain, work place , diastolic blood pressure

hypertension scale suggests that diabetic patients and left ventriculal mass index .Journal of the

feel more hypertension related problems. The American medical Association, 263,1929-72.

diabetic group obtained a higher mean value than the non-diabetic group. This suggests that diabetes is an important cause of hypertension.

GroupHypertension

Mean S.D. C.R. P

Non-Dia sub 30.94 6.52.09 .05

Diabetic Sub 33.91 7.4

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Introduction persiperation make an unbeatable combination for

success. Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet. A Social intelligence is closely related to cognition man who is master of patience is master of and emotional intelligence and can also be seen as a everything else. Good character is not formed in a firesh level in developing systems intelligence. week or a month. It is created little by little, day by Research psychologists studying social cognition day, Protacted and patient effort is needed to and social neuroscience have discovered many develop good character. So, patience is necessary principles which human social intelligence operates. for every individual and one can not reap More recently, Daniel Goleman (2003) has drawn on immediately where one has sown. It is an art of social neuroscience research to propose that social hoping and we can remove mountains with patience intelligence is made up of a social awareness and deligence like faith. Patience is the best (including empathy, attunement, empathic accuracy, remedy for every trouble. All individual commend and social cognition) and social facility (including patience, but few are willing to practice it. The synchrony self presentation, influence and concern keys to patience are acceptance and faith. It s a Goleman's immense research indicates that our blending of moral courage with physical timidity. social relationships have a direct effect on our Thus, we can conclude that patience have magical physical health and deeper the relationship the effect before which difficulties disappear and deeper the impact.obstacles vanish.Term 'Patience' was operationally defined as

Some personality factors do also act as "calm endurance under stressful situations". There antecedent of depression. Personality factors like is no doubt that patience, persistence and

he purpose of the present investigation was to determine the impact of different levels of Patience - a

dimension of Social Intelligence employing 120 male and female undergraduates. Respondents were

administered Social Intelligence Scale (Chadha & Ganeshan) and Beck Depression Inventory (Sinha &

Kapoor). The results indicated that (a) Respondents belonging to Below Average Patience Group have obtained

comparatively higher mean score on Beck Depression Inventory than the respondents of Above Average

Patience group, and (b) Female respondents were found more vulnerable to depression than male respondents.

All the F-ratios were found statistically significant.

T

-Rudal Yadav*

*Head, Dept. of Psychology, RajdeoKrishakMahavidyalaya, Surai, Sathiaon, Azamgarh (U.P.)

Patience : A dimension of Social Intelligenceand Depression


responsibility, dominance, self- concept, ego-

strength, and emotional stability seem to be

associated with depressive symptoms. Observation

has been that persons who have poor sense of

responsibility, negative self-concept, poor ego-

strength, are likely to exhibit stronger depressive

tendency than those who have comparatively better

sense of responsibility, stronger ego strength, and,

positive self-concept. Likewise, poor emotional-

stability also show higher degree of depression.

Dominance is least likely to make persons prone to

the depression. Needless to say, low quality of

judgmental and decisionness traits also make the

persons prone to the depressive tendency. Keeping

these facts in mind, the investigator tried to explore Mean performance of Above Average the impact of different levels of patience-a dimension

respondents on BDI = 8.25 + 1.86of social intelligence on depression.Mean performance of Below Average Method

respondents on BDI = 9.90 + 1.88SampleMean performance of Male respondents on The sample consisted of 120 male and female

BDI = 8.10 + 1.81undergraduates studying in different streams e.g. Mean performance of Female respondents on Science, Arts and Commerce were randomly

BDI= 10.05 + 1.94selected. The average age of Ss was 18.5 years with a (a) The obtained Mean values indicate that range from 17 to 20 years.

respondents belonging to Below Average ToolsPatience group were more vulnerable to 1- Social Intelligence Scale - N.K. Chadha & depression than the respondents of Above Usha GaneshanAverage Patience group, and

2- Beck Depression Inventory - Sinha&Kapoor(b) Female respondents were found more vulnerable

Procedurethan male respondents.

To explore the impact of different levels of To test the significantness of these mean

patience on depression, the respondents were differences : Two-way-Analysis of Variance was

categorized into Above Average and Below Average computed and obtained F values were presented in

groups on the basis of their respective scores Table-2.

obtained on Patience Sub-scale of Social Intilligence Table - 2Scale. After that, they were administered Beck

Summary Table : Two-way Analysis of VarianceDepression Inventory.

Result & Interpretation

Table-1

Showing Mean and S.D. values obtained on Beck

Depression Inventory by respondents of different

levels of Patience and Sex

Sex Levels of Patience Grand Mean

Above Average Below Average

Male A

N = 30

M = 7.30

? = 1.89

B

N = 30

M = 8.90

? = 1.73

E

N = 60

M = 8.10

? = 1.81

Female C

N = 30

M = 9.2

? = 1.86

D

N = 30

M = 10.9

? = 2.01

F

N = 30

M = 10.05

? = 1.94

Grand Mean G

N = 60

M = 8.25

?= 1.86

H

N = 60

M = 9.90

?= 1.88


A close inspection of Table-2 reveals that all F- (more confident) helps them to reduce their

values were found significant at respectable level of depressive tendency. Thus, we can conclude that,

significance. The interaction between A×B was also "Even a happy life can not be without a measure of

found significant at .01 level of significance. darkness, and the word happy would loose its

Meaning thereby that the interaction variance was meaning if it were not balanced by sadness. It is for

also significant at respectable level of significance better take things as they come along with patience

which shows strong association between all the and equanimity- Carl Jung.

variables i.e. level of Patience, Sex and Depression.

A high depression among Below Average Referencesrespondents on Patience dimension can be accounted Goleman, D. (2003) : Working with emotional for the fact that Below Average respondents lack the intelligence, New York, Bantain Books.quality of endurance, tolerance, faith, courage, grace, Chadha, N.K. &Ganeshan, G. (2005) : The Social openness, love, perseveration and dedication. They Intelligence Scale, National Psychlogical, have no systematic pattern of patience, compassion Corporation, Agra.and deligence. That is why they were found more Sinha, L.N.K. &Kapoor, A.P. (2000) : Beck vulnerable to depressive tendency. Whereas Above Depression Scale, P.G. Dept. of Psychology, Patna Average respondent were considered as self-assured, University, Patna.ambitious, sociable, competetive, risk-taking, hard-

working, determined, accepting, shrewed and

positive. These personality traits of Above Average


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It has become a truism that the cultural and society and are shared by its members. Each society

social background of an individual moulds his develops ways of coping with its environment and

experience and behavior in a great many ways. making sense out of it. These approaches tend to

Culture is a sort of interpersonal environment. Since become systematize and are transmitted to the

the emergence of interdisciplinary approach in social following generations where environments are

science and interaction among psychology, relatively stable. Culture may persist over long

sociology, anthropology etc. culture variable has period of time with relatively little change but market

assumed new significance. changes in the environment lead to changes in the

culture.A fish is not aware that it is in water, nor are we

generally conscious that we live in a culture. David Cultures function to reduce variability in the

Fzench (1963), the anthropologists, note that “it is for environment and make its more predictable and

us to “forget” our culture, even after we have become manageable. For example, the effect of variations in

intellectually convinced that we have one. Our weather is reduced by clothing, housing, air-

culture becomes for us, “The way people do things” conditioning and heating. The system of artifacts

and ordinarily come as a shock when we step in to developed become, in turn, part of the environment

another culture and find that people do things with which the society must cope.

differently”. The behavior patterns produced by a society

Lindgren (1971) notes, that “culture consists of also serve to reduce variations in human behavior.

the overriding system of values, beliefs, norms, Social norms limit the way in which a society's

artifacts and symbols that have been developed by a member may express their attitude, beliefs and

he present study investigated the impact of culture (Rural-Urban) on job satisfaction of primary teacher

respondents of Vaishali district ranging in the age range of 30 to 45 years of age. The technique of sampling

employed was stratified random sampling. The sample was stratified into two strata on the basis of residential

background. The instrument employed for the collection of data was Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. Findings

revealed that higher mean of urban respondents (M=45.30 + 13.69) have shown stronger job satisfaction than

their rural counterparts (M=41.63 + 10.57). The obtained t value (t=21.21 >.01) was found statistically

significant.

T

-Dr. Himbala*

*Asstt. Prof. A.P.B.S. College, Nadaul, Masaurhi, Patna

Culture and Job Satisfaction


behavior and interact with another, but the administered Job Satisfaction Questionnaire to

compensating reward for this loss of freedom with explore the impact of residential teachers.

the behavior of others. Result and Interpretation

The restrictions or norms imposed by a society's Table-1: Showing Mean, S.D. and t values obtained culture are seldom viewed as objectionable by its on Job Satisfaction Questionnaire.members. They become so natural, so much a part of

us, that we are oblivious of their existence, and it is

only when we encounters other who behave

according to a different set of norms that we are

conscious of such a thing as a “Culture” (Lindgrem From Table-1 it is evident that urban teacher 1971).

respondents (M=45.30 + 13.69) have been scored In Indian perspective, habitat is supposed to

comparatively higher mean score on Job Satisfaction exercise differential cultural effect. Therefore, in our

Questionnaire than rural primary teachers country rural folk are supposed to differ from their

(N=41.63+10.57) meaning thereby that urban urban counterpart with regard to overriding system

teachers were found more satisfied with their job than of values beliefs, norms, attitudes, artifacts and

rural teachers. Obtained mean difference was found symbols that have been developed by their respective

statistically significant at respectable level of rural and /or urban societies and /or shared by its

significance (t=21.12 > .01).members.

It may be because of the fact that natural The sample of the present study included

disasters in the form of heavy rain, drought and flood primary school teachers from both rural and urban

etc not only influence the crops of rural respondents cultures. Hence, it was decided to probe the impact of

but also produce in them an anxiety and depression rural-urban culture on job satisfaction of primary

and make them fatalism.school teachers.

Apart from these factors villagers are often Method

involved in court cases because of their struggles to Sample

land etc. This is also a cause of their monetary The study was carried out among 200 primary exploitation and their anxiety and depression. Rural

teacher respondents. Among them 100 were rural and teacher is to have lower evaluation of himself and his 100 were urban primary school teacher ranging worth. Rural teachers are more oppressive (Srivastava between 30 to 45 years of age. The respondents were 1982). Rural atmosphere is less congenial, and people matched in terms of their profession. in rural areas get lesser opportunities to express and Tools exchange their ideas and feelings.

1- Job Satisfaction Questionnaire Whereas people living and serving in urban areas

mostly depend on service, business and other Procedure

professions where natural disasters does not create All the primary teacher respondents were much uncertainty in their living. Urban teachers are selected from Vaishali district and categorized into provided better school conditions, recreational, rural and urban groups. After that, they were


medical and other facilities. Urban schools are Fzench, D. (1963): Awareness of culture.

equipped with modern facilities like education, Chicago, Aldive.

health, communication etc. The teaching practices Lindgreen, H.C. (1971): An introduction to adopted by urban teachers are quite different. Urban Social Psychology, Wiley Eastern Private Ltd. New teachers are more expressive (Srivastava 1982) and Delhi.creative (Ameerjan 1980). Urban atmosphere is Srivastava, P.(1982): Effects of Cultural more congenial to free thinking and expression and belongingness in relation to social change Indian exchange of ideas and feeling. Hence, urban Journal of Psychology, 70, 3 & 4, 77-81.atmosphere is more congenial to the development of

creative and effective teaching. That is why urban

teachers were found satisfied with their job than their

rural counterparts.

References

Ameerjan, A.S.(1980): The cultural background

of creative personalities. Perspective in

Psychological Researches, 12,(2) 17-21.


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cztjkt rFkk pw.kkeu f}rh; ds vFkd ç;klksa o fo'kky lalk/kuksa ds foijhr] vius vYi lalk/kuksa ds cfynku ls gh QyhHkwr gqvk gks] oju~ bu vk/kkj ij eqxy lsukvksa dks Vôj nsus gsrq] ;g vkUnksyudkfj;ksa }kjk eqxy lkezkT; ds fo#) 17oha nynyh Hkwfe o l?ku ou {ks=] tkV Ñ"kd tkfr ds lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa] vkjEHk fd, x, tu&vkUnksyu fy, ojnku fl) gq,A tkV tkfr Ñf"k o ;q) vFkok dks ^xfr*] ^lqj{kk* o ^laj{k.k* Hkjriqj {ks= dh ^gy o gfFk;kj* nksuksa ds ç;ksx esa egkjFk j[krh gS vkSj HkkSxksfyd lajpuk ls Hkh çkIr gqvkA bl {ks= dk bu g"V&iq"V ,oa iq#"kkFkhZ tkVksa esa loksZÙke lSfud HkkSxksfyd ^vk/kkj o vkdkj*&nynyh Hkwfe rFkk cuus dh {kerk Fkh] ;g ,d loZfofnr ,sfrgkfld o r'rjhuqek gksus ds dkj.k] ;gk¡ ij l?ku ouksa dh lkekftd rF; gSA eFkqjk o czt {ks= ds tkV Ñ"kdksa Ük`a[kyk rFkk dk¡Vsnkj >k¡fM+;ksa dh miyC/krk ds :i dks Hkh eqxyksa dk fojks/k djus esa vius bl ^tkfrxr esa jghA xq.k* dk ykHk rks feyk gh] bl {ks= dh HkkSxksfyd

fLFkfr o ikfjfLFkfrdh (Ecology) us Hkh mudk HkkSfrd :i ls Hkjriqj jkT; Vªk¡Ul&;equk eSnku eukscy c<+k;k gksxkA Ñ"kd gksus ds ukrs os Hkwfe o e`nk ds vUrxZr vkrk gS tks ufn;ksa dh ck<+ ds fu{ksi ls ds xq.kksa ls iw.kZr;k ifjfpr FksA vr% viuh xzkeh.k cuk gqvk ,d tyks< eSnku gS] ftlesa dsoy dqN ^rduhdh es/kk* dk bLrseky djds ,d rjQ rks LFkkuksa ij dqN çkphu igkfM+;k¡ fc[kjh gqbZ feyrh gSa taxyksa dks dkVdj rFkk nynyksa dks lq[kkdj Ñf"k tks vjkoyh ioZr Ük`a[kyk dk vax gSA bl {ks= dh ;ksX; Hkwfe dk fodkl fd;k rks nwljh vksj viuh feêh eq[;r;k tyks<] cyqbZ o phdk fdLe dh gS ^lqj{kk* o laj{k.k* gsrq nyny rFkk ouksa ds e/; e`nk ftlesa i;kZIr moZjrk ikbZ tkrh gSA bl {ks= esa 17oha xf<+;ksa* ¼feêh ds dPps fdyksa dk½ dk fuekZ.k fd;k tks lnh esa cM+h ek=k esa ufn;ksa dh ck<+ ds dkj.k fo'kky ,d nqxZ dh leLr fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjiw.kZ gksrh Fkh] o ?kus ouksa dk QSYkko FkkA ck<+ ds fy, bl {ks= dh dsoy mudk fuekZ.k gh ^vfrlqyHk* feêh ls fd;k ck.kxaxk] :ikjsy] xEHkhj o dkdqUn uked cjlkrh tkrk FkkA vU; tkfr o /keZ lEçnk;ksa ds tehankjksa dh ufn;ksa dh eq[; Hkwfedk jghA blds QyLo:i ck<+ Hkk¡fr tkV tehankjksa us Hkh viuh jS;rksa dh lqj{kk gsrq {ks= o nynyksa dk fuekZ.k lEHko gqvkA viuh lsuk dh fu;qfä dj yh Fkh vkSj ;s flikgh tehankjksa fuEuLFk fLFkfr (Low Lying Area) o r'rjhuqek ds f[knerh dk'rdkj vFkok mlh Mwax o iky oa'k ds vkdkj ds dkj.k vklikl ds vfrjsd ty dk çokg lnL; gh gksrs FksA bruk gh ugha bu tehankjksa us Hkh blh rjQ dsfUær gksdj vk tkrk FkkA orZeku viuh oS/kkfud lÙkk dks çnf'kZr djus ds fy, vusd dky esa Hkh 1924, 1971-72 o 1996 bZ- vkus okyh lqjf{kr xf<+;ksa ¼feêh½ dk fuekZ.k Hkh dj fy;k FkkA leLr ck<+ :ih vkink bl HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ds tu/ku] i'kq/ku rFkk O;fäxr lkexzh dh lqj{kk gsrq dkj.k gh lEHko gqbZAxk¡oksa ds pkjksa vksj vkneh dh Å¡pkbZ cjkcj ,d feêh eFkqjk ds fryir xzke ls eqxyksa dh vjktd dh nhokj [kM+h djds dPps fdyksa ;k e`nk xf<+;ksa dk 'kklu uhfr;ksa ds fo#) vkjEHk gq, tkV tkfr ds fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bu feêh dh nhokjksa ij gj o"kkZ foæksg dks tYn gh Mhx o mlds vklikl ds {ks= dh _rq esa feêh p<+kbZ tkrh Fkh vkSj ^[kkbZ* dks cM+k o bl HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk us viuh Nkikekj j.kuhfr xgjk fd;k tkrk FkkA bl {ks= o tkV jkT; ds ¼xqfjYyk ;q) vFkok /kkj i)fr ls ;q)½ gsrq mi;qä bfrgkl esa bl Hkw&Hkkx dh phdk nynyh feêh] l?ku LFkku çnku dj fd;kA eqxy lsukuk;dksa o muds


ouksa] o Å".k tyok;q dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgk gSA nksuksa fdukjksa ds½ ds fdlkuksa o tehankjksa dh tkrh; tkVksa us tc vius jkT; dk fodkl fd;k rks mUgksaus ,drk ,oa iky çfrc)rk dks tkxzr djds eqxy LFkkuh; feêh ls ftu xf<+;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] os 'kklu dks pqukSrh nsus ds fy, ,d fo'kky tkrh; nq'eu ds fy, nqHksZ| Fks rFkk mlds pkjksa vksj fLFkr laxBu dk çk:i rS;kj fd;kA viuh laxBukRed ?kus ou mldh lqj{kk o 'k=qvksa dks ijs'kku djus ds ;ksX;rk o çfrHkk ls jktkjke us bl laxBu dks ,d fy, vuqdwy okrkoj.k çnku djrs FksA bl {ks= dh çf'kf{kr o vuq'kkflr lSU; laxBu esa cny fn;k 'kq"d xzh"e tyok;q] ?ksjk Mkyus okyh lsukvksa dks ftlds nwjxkeh ifj.kke gq,A ;equk ds nksuksa vksj tYn gh okil tkus vFkok ?ksjk mBkus dks etcwj dj fnYyh ls vkxjk rd tehankjksa dh lSdM+ksa xf<+;k¡ nsrh FkhA fo'o bfrgkl esa Ñ"kd tkfr }kjk gfFk;kj ¼Mud Forts½ çf'kf{kr lSfudksa ls lqlfTtr o mBkus ds vusdkusd mnkgj.k gS ij e`nk fufeZr çfrj{kkRed 'kfä ls lEié gks xbZA jktkjke us bu xf<+;ksa dk lQy ç;ksx czt {ks= ds Ñ"kdksa }kjk gh NksVh xf<+;ksa dk fuekZ.k lM+d o jkLrksa ls nwj o çLrqr fd;k x;k tcfd mUgksaus vkrrk;h 'kkld oxZ ixM.Mh jfgr ouksa esa djok;k rFkk mUgsa feêh dh ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd 'kks"k.k o vR;kpkj dk lkeuk dPph nhokjksa ¼ijdksVks½ ls <dk x;k rkfd rksi[kkus djus gsrq gfFk;kj mBk, vkSj ^feêh dh xf<+;ksa* dk ds geys dk mu ij dksbZ çHkko ;k cgqr de çHkko vius dk;Z&lapkyu gsrq lQyre ç;ksx fd;kA gksrk FkkA bu xf<+;ksa us lSfud dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vìksa

vkSj 'kj.kLFkyh dk dke rks fd;k gS] lkFk gh Hkjriqj jkT; ds iwoZorhZ usr`Ro dÙkkZvksa o jktuSfrd 'kfä o ywV ls vftZr /ku dks lqjf{kr laxBudÙkkZvksa us feêh dh vHks/k xf<+;ksa dh Ükà[kyk j[kus ds dke esa Hkh vkrh FkhA bu LFkkuksa ¼xf<+;ksa½ dk }kjk iruksUeq[k eqxy lkezkT; dk lQyrkiwoZd ç;ksx eqxy lkezkT; ds çfr oQknkj tehankjksa dk lkeuk djrs gq, ,d u, jktoa'k ¼flufluokj½ dh vigj.k djds muls fQjkSrh olwyus ds fy, Hkh fd;k uhao gh ugha j[kh oju~ Ñ"kd ç/kku tkfr lewg dks tkrk FkkA bl çdkj vius fuokl] lqj{kk rFkk eqfLye jktoa'kksa dh Ükà[kyk esa ykdj [kM+k dj fn;kA ;g 'kklu ds fo#) vkØked xfrfof/k;ksa dks lapkfyr dguk vfr'k;ksfäiw.kZ u gksxk fd feêh dh ;s djus gsrq Fkwu] flufluh] lksxj] vokj] mokj] dlkSV] ^xf<+;k¡* Hkjriqj ^tkV&lkezT;* dh LFkkiuk esa uhao lkSa[k] lkSa[k xwtZj] iSxksjk] vafjx] jkjg] lsoj] uksg] dk iRFkj fl) gqbZA eqxy lkezkT; ds fo#) czt {ks= nsgjk vkfn LFkkuksa ij feêh dh xf<+;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ds foæksgh o yqVsjs* ?kksf"kr fd, tk pqds] tkV ikyksa eqfLye 'kklu dks pqukSrh nhA bu feêh dh ds usrkvksa & ohjoj xksdqyk ls vkjEHk gksdj pwMkeu NksVh&NksVh xf<+;ksa esa vko';drk dh leLr oLrq,¡ f}rh; rd & dks ;fn bu e`nk xf<+;ksa dh fo'kky ekStwn Fkh vkSj lqj{kkRed çcU/k Hkh iw.kZrk fy, gq, Ükà[kyk çkIr ugha gksrh rks laHkor% tkV foæksg le; gksrs FksA ;s xf<+;k¡ ,d&nwljs ls dqN&dqN ehy dh ds pØ esa Q¡ldj o eqxy lkezkT; o vkesj nwjh ij fLFkr Fkh vkSj tgk¡ rd pwjkeu dk ç'u Fkk dPNokgk ujs'kksa ds tkV foæksfg;ksa ds fo#) NsM+s x, og lnSo lHkh esa fo|eku FkkA pwjkeu us çfrj{kk o yEcs lSfud vfHk;kuksa dh HksV p<+ x;k gksrkA ywV dk eky fNikus ds fy, vHks| taxyksa esa u, nqxks± ßNkikekj j.kuhfr o e`nk xf<+;ksa us tkV foæksg :ih dk fuekZ.k djok;kA bl dk;Z esa jktkjke lfgr 'kjhj esa jä okgfu;ksa ds vuq:i dk;Z fd;kAÞmlds iwoZtksa dh fNih gqbZ nkSyr dke vkbZA bu u, jktkjke us bl {ks= ¼flufluh o lksxj ;equk ds


fdyksa esa ls ,d mlus Fkwu ¼Mhx ls 11 ehy if'pe esa½ pwMkeu o [ksedju dks eqxy ckn'kkgr us eS=h dk ds fupys nynyh vkSj ?kus taxyksa ds {ks= esa cuk;kA gkFk c<+kdj ^jkgtu* ls ^jkgnkj* cukus esa gh f'konkl fy[krk gS fd& Fkwu dVhyh >kfM+;ksa ds le>nkjh le>hA ftl çdkj tkV usr`Ro dks ,d ls brus ?kus taxyksa esa f?kjk Fkk fd ftlesa ls i{kh Hkh vf/kd ikyksa us usr`Ro çnku fd;k mlh çdkj tkV xqtjus esa dfBukbZ eglwl djrs FksA mldk ijdksVk* tehankj viuh& viuh xf<+;ksa esa ,d x<+h ds iru ds LoxZ ftruk Å¡pk Fkk vkSj mlds pkjksa vksj dh [kkbZ ckn nwljh esa 'kj.k ysus o usr`Ro çnku djus dks lnSo bruh xgjh Fkh fd /kjrh dk lzksr QwVdj mlesa ikuh rS;kj Fks vkSj blh dkj.k eqxy bl l?ku o O;kid vk x;k FkkA e`nk xf<+;ksa dh Ükà[kyk Hksnus esa vlQy jgsA

bu xf<+;ksa dh cukoV o clkoV nksuksa esa gh bu e`nk xf<+;ksa dh Ükà[kyk ls ;q) uhfr esa çkIr ^LFkkiR;* dk U;wu lekos'k Hkh ugha gksrk Fkk D;ksafd lQyrk ls çsfjr gksdj gh egku cnuflag o buds fuekZ.k dk ewyHkwr mís'; ^lqj{kk* o ^laj{k.k* lwjtey us Mhx] oSj o Hkjriqj ds nqxZ esa j{kk iafä dh FkkA blh dkj.k budk fuekZ.k ,sls LFkkuksa ij fd;k n`f"V pkjksa vksj ifj[kk ¼[kkbZ½ o Mud wall inner safety tkrk Fkk tgk¡ ij pkjksa vksj l?ku ou {ks= rFkk gsrq cukbZA e`nk dk ijdksVk van:uh lqj{kk gsrq nynyh {ks= gSA ^lqj{kk* ds y{; dks lkeus j[kdj Hkjriqj ds nqxZ esa j{kkiafä dh n`f"V ls nqxZ ds pkjksa fufeZr dh xbZ ;s xf<+;k¡ y?kq nqxZ* ds led{k gksrs Fks vksj 200 QhV pkSM+h o 50-60 QhV xgjh ifj[kk ¼[kkbZ½ ftu ij ijdksVs o cqtks± dh O;oLFkk FkhA bu cqtks± ij dk fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA bl ifj[kk ls çkIr feêh dk xksykokjh gsrq NksVh&NksVh rksiksa dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksrh mi;ksx vR;f/kd pkSM+h ¼vk/kkj ij 200 QhV pkSM+h o Fkh rkfd 'k=q i{k dks xksykokjh djds xf<+;ksa ls nwj Å¡pkbZ ds mére Lrj ij 60 QhV pkSM+h½ ^çkdkj* j[kk tk,A bl çdkj LFkkiR; o f'kYi jfgr ;s ¼pkjnhokjh½ dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, fd;k x;kA bl xf<+;k¡ ^lqj{kk* dh ^vko';drk iwfrZ* ds Js"B Mud wall ds dkj.k] tks nqxZ ds çkdkj* ls Å¡ph Fkh] mnkgj.k FkhaA xzkeh.k Ñ"kd leqnk; }kjk cukbZ xbZ bZLV bafM;k dEiuh dh ykMZ ysd ds lsukifrRo esa ;s e`nkxf<+;k¡ nq'eu ds fy, nqHksZ| Fkha D;ksafd ;gk¡ vkbZ lsuk dks yxkrkj pkj ckj fd;s x, vkØe.kksa esa rd igq¡puk ukeqefdu FkkA bu rd igq¡pus ds fy, vlQyrk dk eq[k ns[kuk iM+k vkSj ;g Mud wall ^fo'kky lalk/kuksa] i;kZIr le; o /ku* rhuksa dh muds rksi[kkus }kjk cjlk, x, xksyks dh ^dczxkg* vko';drk FkhA bUgsa foftr djus gsrq ;fn mi;qZä cu xbZ D;ksafd rksi ds xksys ftUgsa Low Trajectory ls rhuksa ds lkeatL; ds QyLo:i x<+h rd igq¡pus o NksM+k tkrk Fkk os bl Å¡ph nhokj esa /kal tkrs Fks vkSj mls foftr djus dk fcUnq çkIr gksus dh fLFkfr vkrh High Trajectory ls NksMs x, xksys Mud wall o fdys Hkh Fkh rks tkV usr`RodÙkkZvksa ds ikl ekStwn e`nk dks ikj djds futZu LFkkuksa ij fxjs vkSj gkfudkjd xf<+;ksa dh Ükà[kyk ds QyLo:i os lQyrkiwoZd ugha gks ldsA bl çdkj ykMZ ysd dk fdys dks thrus nwljs x<+h nqxks± ¼LFkku½ ij xqIr ekxks± ls fudy tkrs dk liuk] liuk gh jg x;kA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS Fks vkSj eqxfy;k¡ lYrur mUgsa idM+ ikus esa vlQy fd ßtkV 'kfä ds mn~Hko o 'kS'kodky dh j{kk tgk¡ jgrh FkhA e`nk xf<+;ksa dks bl Ükà[kykc) lqj{kk e`nk xf<+;ksa }kjk gks ldh ogha tkV jkT; dh j{kkÞ O;oLFkk dh Hkh lfjliZ ;k vusd fl[kkys ty liZ ls ^yksgkx<+* }kjk çkIr gqbZA tcfd vijkts; ekuh tkus rqyuk dh tk ldrh gS& ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd jktkjke] okyh bZLV bafM;k dEiuh lsuk o mlds ;ksX;


lsukuk;dksa dks yxkrkj pkj vkØe.kksa esa /kwy pVkdj 7- vkSMk;j] ,e-,Q-& ,slsles.V fjiksVZ vkQ lnZu Hkjriqj nqxZ us yksgkx<+* dh laKk dks pfjrkFkZ fd;kA rglhy&Hkjriqj LVsV ¼1899½] Hkkx&2 i`- 2

8- tkV&,&cntkr

lanHkZ 9- ;g pwjkeu dh uhfr Fkh fd og Lo;a dHkh Hkh yEcs le; rd ,d LFkku ij ugha fVdrk Fkk 1- czksdeSu] Mh-& xtsfV;j vkQ bZLVZu jktiwrkuk oju~ tYn&tYn ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ¼x<+h LVs~Vl ¼1907½ i`- 6esa½ ij vius pqfuUnk lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk yxkrkj 2- T;ksxjksfQdy ,Vyl vkQ jktLFkku& losZ LFkku ifjorZu djrk jgrk FkkA ;g LFkku vkQ bafM;k] t;iqj] i`- 4flufluh o vyoj ds e/; fLFkr taxy o 3- pkS/kjh] jk;& lksbYl vkQ bafM;k] i`- 12nynyh {ks= Fks tgk¡ ij mlus viuh ds tkV] 4- ftyk lk¡f[;dh :ijs[kk] Hkjriqj] i`- 8ehuk] 'ks[kkor] jktiwr lHkh dks 'kkfey fd;k Fkk

5- feêh dh nhokj cukus gsrq e`nk x<+h ds pkjksa vksj 10- Qknj oS.My] fgUnqLrku esa tkV lÙkk] i`- 16[kksnh xbZ ifj[kk ¼[kkbZ½ dh feêh dh ç;qä dh 11- Historical Essays – Prof. K.R. Qanungo, Vol.-II, tkrh FkhA ;gh rjhdk Hkjriqj] oSj] dqEgsj vkSj

Agra, 1968, P.No. 220-221Mhx ds fdyksa esa Hkh ç;qä fd;k x;k12- dkuwuxks] ds-vkj- & tkVksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 30-31

6- gekjs le; esa Hkjriqj ds pkjksa vksj yEckbZ esa 8 13- bu xf<;+ k as dh vkilh njw h vklS ru 4-8 ehy rd dksl ls dqN vf/kd cM+k bl çdkj dk taxy

FkhA dkuuw xk]s d-s vkj-& fgLVkfs jdy ,ls ts ] i- 221ns[kus esa vkrk gS] tks fiNys dqN o"kks± esa dVkbZ 14- y[kuoh] f'konkl& 'kkgukek equCcj&bZ&dyke] ij jksd yxk dj cuk;k x;k gS ¼vkns'k dk

vaxzsth vuqñ Mk- lS;n glu vLdjh] i`- 17mYya?ku djus dk n.M gS nksuksa dku dkV nsuk½ 15- ogh] i`- 17vkSj bls bl çdkj voikniksa ¼cM+s isM+ksa ds uhps 16- dkuwuxks] ds-vkj-& tkVksa dk bfrgkl] i`- 28mx vkus okys ikS/kksa] ry >kfM+;ksa½ lesr bruh

lrZdrk ls lqjf{kr j[kk tk jgk gS fd mruh lalkj esa vU;= 'kk;n gh dgh gksA Qknj oSaMy] tkV lÙkk] lEiknu MkW- ohjflag fnYyh] 2001, fVIi.kh] i`- 199


bfrgkl

& *MkW0 uhyw diwj

*deyk vk;ZdU;k LukrdksRrj egk- ehjtkiqj ¼m0iz0½

Yrurdkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa dbZ oxZ n`f"V ;|fi fnYyh lYrur dh LFkkiuk ds lkFk esa vkrs gSA lcls Åij /kuh vfHktkR; oxZ] jktiwrksa us vius jkT; vkSj jktuSfrd fgr [kks fn;s ijEijkxr fgUnw 'kkld oxZ j[ks x;sA lqYrku ds Fks] fdUrq jktLFkku ds fudV {ks=ksa] fgeky; ds futZu 'kkldh; lg;ksxh vYgs lSQ vkSj vYgs dye esa igkM+h {ks=ksa] cqUnsy[k.M ij vHkh Hkh mudk izHkqRo foHkkftr fd;s x;sA ftl O;fDr dk lSfud in FkkA iatkc ds dqN Hkkxksa nksvkc] fcgkj] xqtjkr esa ftruk Å¡pk uhpk gksrk Fkk lekt Hkh mls oSls gh jgus okys jk;] jk.kk] jkor ds ikl viuh lsuk FkhAekurk FkkA bUgsa [kka] efyd] vehj] fliglkykj esa lYrurdkyhu lekt dk ,d rhljk rRo ckWVk x;k FkkA nwljs oxZ esa fyfid] [kkrhc] nkfcj] vokes [kYQ FkkA lekt esa ,d egRoiw.kZ vuqoxZ mu othj FksA 13oha 'krkCnh rd 'kfDr dk ,dkf/kdkj nklksa dk Fkk ftuds Lokeh lqYrku vkSj mejk FksA rqdksZ ds gkFkks jgk] mUgksaus ,f'k;k dh eqfLye tkfr;ksa ;|fi izR;{k lk{; dk vHkko gS] rFkkfi ;g lkspuk dk usr`Ro fd;kA mUgksaus Hkkjrh;ksa eqlyekuksa dks vlR; ugha gksxk fd uxj ds O;kikfj;ksa esa mudh jkt'kfDr vkSj ljdkjh ukSdfj;ksa ls Hkh oafpr j[kkA la[;k lokZf/kd FkhA ,scd ls ysdj dSdqckn rd lqYrkuksa us lRrk ij okLro esa cjuh f'kdk;r djrk gS fd oSHko vkSj rqdksZ dk ,dkf/kdkj cuk;s j[kkA cyou dks rks fuEu HkkSfrd lq[k lk/ku esa os eqlyekuksa ls Hkh vkxs c<+ dqy ls vR;Ur ?k`.kk FkhA tkrs FksA

rsjgoh 'krkCnh ds vUr rd e/; ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa bl dky esa fgUnqvksa dh ijEijkxr tkfr ls vla[; eqfLye 'kj.kkFkhZ Hkkjr vk;sA vUrZtkrh; O;oLFkk esa 'kk;n gh dksbZ ifjorZu vk;kA bl dky fookgksa ds dkj.k os ,dnwljs ls ?kqy fey x;sA rqdksZ ds Le`frdkj vHkh Hkh o.kZ O;oLFkk esa czkg~e.kksa dks mPp dh tkrh; Js"Brk dk ?ke.M VwVk vkSj eqlyekuksa dh LFkku nsrs FksA Le`frdkjksa us {kf=; oxZ dks turk dh dbZ ubZ tkfr cu x;hA lYrurdkyhu bfrgkl esa lqj{kk dk dk;Z lkSaidj mUgsa 'kL= mBkus dh vuqefr igyh ckj Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dks 'kklu ls lEcfU/kr nhA vkfFkZd :i ls ysu&nsu ls tqM+s oS'; oxZ dks djus dk Js; vykmn~nhu [kYth dks gS] ftlus O;kikjh dgk x;kA 'kwnzksa ds drZO; vkSj O;olk; ogha efyd dkQwj dks viuk uk;c fu;qDr fd;kA Fks] tks ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lekt }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd;s

l

e/;dkyhu bfrgkl lYrurdkyhu lekt¼,d laf{kIr i{k½


x;s FksA osnksa dks i<+uk vkSj lquuk muds fy, fu"ks/k fgUnqLrku esa eqlyeku Qkjlh ijEijkvksa dks ekurs Fkk] tks vc gVk;k tk pqdk gSA gq, mUgsa fuEu dksfV esa j[krs FksA fgUnqLrkuh L=h vius

firk] HkkbZ] ifr vkSj iq= ds v/khu gksrs gq, dHkh vius nkl izFkk &dks LorU= ugha eku ikbZA e/;dky esa mPp oxZ esa lYrur dky esa ,d oxZ nklksa ds :i esa Hkh nsoyjkuh] :ierh] i|korh vkSj ehjkckbZ tSlh fL=;ka tkuk tkrk gS] budk izpyu fgUnw rFkk eqfLye dh fLFkfr mUur FkhA lYrur dky esa jft;k dk 'kkldksa ds chp leku :i ls FkkA Le`fr;ksa esa iUnzg lqYrku cuuk ;g fl) djrk gS fd rqdZ lekt esa Hkh fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa dk o.kZu gS] ftlds vUrxZr ,d efgyk,a Js"B FkhA O;fDr nkl cuk;k tk ldrk FkkA eqfLye lekt esa

fgUnw lekt esa ijEijkxr izFkk;sa pyrs gq, dksbZ ?kj dh nklh ls ;fn x`gLokeh }kjk larku gks rks og fo'ks"k ifjorZu ugha gqvkA cky fookg] lrh izFkk tSlh nklh rFkk mldh larku nksuksa gh nklrk ls eqDr gks dqjhfr;kW pyrh jghA fo/kok fookg ij izfrcU/k yxk tkrs FksA nksuksa gh lektksa esa dqN fo'ks"k n'kkvksa esa jgkA ifr lsok gh iRuh drZO; ekuk x;kA e/;dky esa nklksa dks LorU= djus dk fu;e FkkA eqfLye lekt lrh izFkk ds izpyu ij bCucrwrk us <ksy dh vkokt esa fdlh cM+s vkneh dk nkl gksuk vPNh ckr ekuh ds chp ,d L=h ds lrh gksus ds nnZukd n`'; dk tkrh FkhA eqgEen xksjh dks vius nkl fj'rsnkjksa ls o.kZu fd;k gSA mlds vuqlkj fL=;ksa dks lrh gksus ds T;knk fiz; FksA muds nklksa esa rktqn~nhu ;YnkSt] fy, lqYrku ls vuqefr ysuh iM+rh Fkh] ftls ukfl:n~nhu dqckpk] ,scd lqYrkuksa ds leku 'kfDr ¼lqgej.k½ dgk tkrk FkkA e`r ifr ds lkFk u tyuk] j[krs FksA fgUnw lekt esa nkl dh vis{kk LorU= ejuk] fu"Bkghurk vkSj vlR;rk dk lwpd gksrk FkkA O;fDr dk lEeku vf/kd FkkA cjuh us nkl cktkj dk

mYys[k fd;k gS fd budk Ø;&foØ; eosf'k;ksa ds izkphu Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa ds vuqlkj ?kwa?kV dk cktkj dh rjg fd;k tkrk FkkA e/; ,f'k;k esa nklksa iz;ksx gksrk FkkA inkZ izFkk dks Hkkjr esas eqfLye 'kkldksa dks lSfud mn~ns'; ls rFkk fnYyh esa ?kjsyw dk;ksZ ds us ,d laLFkkxr :i fn;kA vjc vkSj rqdZ bZjku vkSj fy, [kjhnk tkrk FkkA ,d [kkl fdLe ds nkl ;wuku ls inkZ izFkk yk;s FksA 'kkgh ifjokjksa esa efgykvksa ftudks cpiu esa cf/k;k dj fn;k tkrk Fkk] igjsnkjh ds fy, ,d vyx d{k ;k Hkou gksrk Fkk] ftlds gje dk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkrk Fkk] bUgsa [oktkljk ¼fgatM+k½ dgk tkrk FkkA e/;dky esa inkZ izFkk mPp oxhZ; dgk x;kA e/;dky esa lwQh lUrksa dk thou muds fL=;ksa ds lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk dk lwpd Fkk] fdUrq nklksa }kjk dh xbZ dekbZ ij fuHkZj FkkA fQjkst 'kkg jft;k }kjk fcuk inkZ ds njckj es vkuk ,d fo'ks"k rqxyd dks nklksa ls izse Fkk] mlds ikl yk[kksa dh ?kVuk FkhA fQjkst 'kkg rqxyd us fnYyh 'kgj ds la[;k esa nkl FksA ckgj ds edcjksa ij eqfLye efgykvksa ds tkus ij

izfrcU/k yxk fn;k FkkA lEekfur efgykvksa ds fy, fL=;ksa dh n'kk &ckgj tkus ds fy, Mksyh dh O;oLFkk FkhA lekt esa e/;dkyhu lekt esa efgykvksa dh n'kk ij ,d vfHktkR; oxZ esa cgqfookg dk izpyu FkkA ukjh dks lkekU; fu"d"kZ fudkyuk eqf'dy gS D;ksafd fgUnw Hkksx dh oLrq le>k tkrk FkkA vkSj eqfLye lekt esa lkaLd`frd fHkUurk] mPp o [kkuiku &fuEu oxZ esa vUrj FkkA fL=;ksa ds lEcU/k esa eqfLye

[kkuiku ds {ks= esa fgUnw vkSj eqlyeku dh vknrsa ijEijk fHkUu&fHkUu FkhA rqdZ LorU=rk nsrs Fks rks


vyx FkhA ekalkgkjh eqlyekuksa dks e/; rFkk nf{k.k etnwj vkSj [kkl oxZ ds yksx lwrh yaxksV Hkkjr ds fgUnq ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA tSu] ckS)] igudj vkSj tkM+s ds fnuksa esa :bZ Hkjk lwrh dksV czkg~e.k rFkk oS'; 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu djrs FksA iatkc] igurs FksA mRrjh Hkkjr ds yksx BaM ds ekSle esa :bZ

Hkjh Vksih igurs FksA vehj yksx e[key vkSj tjh dds caxky rFkk dk'ehj esa czkg~e.k ekal eNyh [kkrs FksA diM+s vkSj ghjs tokgjkr yxs twrs igurs FksA fgUnw dysok esa fgUnw f[kpM+h ;k nky pkoy eqfLye jksVh larksa vkSj lwQh larksa dks muds oL=ksa ls igpkuk tk vkSj dckc [kkuk ilUn djrs FksA mPp oxZ ds yksx ldrk FkkA bUgsa js'keh diM+ksa ls ijgst FkkA fL=;ksa ds xsgw¡ dk vkVk] pkoy] mcyh lCth] fgUnw yksx nky] fy, nks izdkj dh iks'kkdsa pyu esa FkhA ,d yEch ngh] eD[ku] nw/k] rsy ls cuh phtsa ilUn djrs FksA pknj vkSj NksVh ckgksa okyh pksyhA fookfgr efgykvksa lqYrku cycu dk lsukf/kdkjh lcdks mRre ds vfrfjDr xgjs jaxksa dh vafx;k gksrh FkhA mPp oxZ idokuksa ls Hkjs ipkl Fkky Hkj Hkkstu djkrk FkkA dh efgyk;a <hyk djkjk deht] yEck nqiV~Vk rFkk 'kkgh jlksbZ/kj esa Hkkstu dh nks lwph FkhA lqYrku ds cqjdk igurh FkhA fy, [kkl vkSj vehjksa ds fy, vkeA elkys vkSj ?kh

dk iz;ksx izpqj ek=k esa gksrk FkkA vaxwj] lsc] vukj] [ksydwn vkSj euksjatu &vukukl] ukfj;y] [ktwj] e[kkuk] v[kjksV] fiLrk lYrur dky esa ?kqM+nkSM+ vkSj [kklokj iksyksa dk dk lsou djrs FksA vk;kstu T;knk gksrk FkkA iksyksa ds [ksy esa jktiwr

vR;Ur dq'ky FksA ?kqM+nkSM+ dk Hkh 'kkSd FkkA nkSM+ ds eqfLye yksx izk;% Hkkstu ds lEcU/k esa vius /keZ fy, ;eu] vkseku vkSj Qkjl esa fo'ks"k vjch ?kksM+s ds fu"ks/kksa dks ekurs FksA tSls lwvj dk ekal] fcuk eaxk;s tkrs FksA ml le; euksjatu ds fy, f'kdkj Hkh gyky fd;s i'kq dk ekal vkfnA fgUnw ds crZu ihry ,d lk/ku FkkA jktiwr Hkh flrkjk ds fy, T;ksfrf"k;ksa ;k dkals ds rFkk eqlyekuksa dks rkacs ;k feV~Vh ds ls ?kM+h fu/kkZfjr djkrs FksA blds vfrfjDr crZu gksrs FksA fQjkst'kkg rqxyd us lksus pk¡nh ds iV~Vsckth] eYy;q)] dqRrksa dks nkSM+kuk] rhjUnkth] crZu ij jksd yxk nh Fkh] D;ksafd ;g dqjku ds dq'rh] ryokjckth vkSj rSjkdh Hkh yksdfiz; [ksy FksA fu;eksa ds fo:) FkkA Hkhrjh [ksyksa esa glu futkeh] vehj [kqljksa vkSj efyd oL= &eqgEen 'krjat ds [ksy ds vusd lUnHkZ nsrs FksA e/;dkyhu lekt esa yksxksa }kjk igus okys oL=

e/;dkyhu lekt esa eq'kk;jk] tknwxjh] O;fDr dh vkfFkZd n'kk vkSj ifjos'k ds lwpd FksA dykckth] ckthxjh] ukVd] ukSVadh] izpyu esa FksA e/;dkyhu lqYrku ,oa vehj tjh okyh js'keh vkSj

lw;kZLr ds i'pkr~ euk;s tkus okys t'u tc e[keyh iks'kkd igurs FksA rkjh[k&,&fQjkst'kkgh laxhrdkj vkSj urZfd;kW viuk izn'kZu izkjEHk djrh ds ys[kd cjuh rFkk vehj [kqljksa us lqYrkuksa rFkk Fkh rks efnjk dk nkSj pyrk FkkA lksus vkSj pk¡nh dh vehjksa dh iks'kkd dk fooj.k fd;k gSA buesa ckSNkj muds Åij dh tkrh FkhA fnok&,&g¶rjax ¼lkr jaxksa dk fde[kkc½]

c h l k r & ,&te q j k n h ¼ e k s f r ; k j a x ½ ] mRlo vkSj ioZ &tkek&,&tkjc¶r ¼lksus ds rkjksa ls cquk diM+k½ lYrurdkyhu dky esa clUr iapeh] gksyh] izeq[k FksA vehj lkoZtfud voljksa ij f[kyvr nhokyh] f'kojkf=] d`".kyhyk ij vk/kkfjr fofHkUu igurs FksA lSfudksa ds fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k onhZ ugha FkhA R;kSgkjksa dks euk;k tkrk FkkA gksyh 'kwnzksa rFkk


fuEuoxhZ; fgUnqvksa dk R;ksgkj ekuk tkrk FkkA efyd 3- MkW0 vk'khoknhZ yky JhokLro & e/;dkyhu eqgEen tk;lh us R;ksgkj euk;s tkus dks bu 'kCnksa esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr i`- ¼90&120½of.kZr fd;k fd i`Foh ls ysdj vkdk'k rd izR;sd 4- xkSjh'kadj ghjkpUn vks>k & e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; oLrq yky gks tkrh Fkh] D;ksafd flanwj vkSj xqyky laLd`fr & i`- ¼40&75½fc[ksjk tkrk FkkA d`".k HkfDr dk bl dky esa rsth ls 5- gchcqYyk i`- ¼90&120½izpkj gks jgk FkkA eqfLye yksx rhFkZ ds fy, eDdk 6- izks0 jk/ks';ke & e/;dkyhu iz'kklu lekt vkSj dh ;k=k djrs FksA eqlyekuh /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa dk laLd`fr i`- ¼140&165½ekgkSy 'kq"d vkSj mnklhu gksrk FkkA jkT; }kjk ekU; 7- vo/k fcgkjh ik.Ms;] e/;dkyhu Hkkjr i`- R;ksgkjksa esa ukSjkst ,d Qkjlh R;kSgkj FkkA ljdkjh ¼40&70½mRloksa esa fcuk fdlh oxZ Hksn ;k lkekftd Hksn ds

8- rqxyddkyhu Hkkjr & Hkkx 1] i`- ¼55½izR;sd O;fDr dks Hkkx ysus ds fy, vkefU=r fd;k

9- gfj'pUnz oekZ & e/;dkyhu Hkkjr & Hkkx&1] i`- tkrk FkkA

¼70&90½

10- ybZd vgen] Hkkjrh; e/;dkyhu laLd`fr] i`- lUnHkZ

¼86&97½1- MkW0 vk'khoknhZ yky JhokLro & Hkkjr dk

bfrgkl ¼1000&1707 bZ-½ i`- ¼100&175½

2- 'kDl vQhQ & rkjh[k&,&Qhjkstk'kkgh i`- ¼90&105½


bfrgkl

& *MkW0 vkuUn dqekj flag

*iz/kkukpk;Z] vkn”kZ b.Vj dkyst HkhVh ¼[kksfj;k½ xksj[kiqj ¼m0iz0½

jr esa eqfLye “kklu dk bfrgkl vusd n`f"V tfVy tkrh; O;oLFkk ls rzLr Fks mudk Hkh lg;ksx

ls ,d egÙoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA Hkkjr esa bl uohu fy;kA ;g fo'ks"k :Ik ls /;ku nsus ;ksX; rF; gS fd

lÙkk ds vkxeu ds Ik”pkr vusd u;s dk;Z fd;s x;s Hkkjr eas rqdZ fot; ds pkgs ftrus Hkh dkj.k mifLFkr

eqfLye “kklu ds vkjEHk esa nks laLd`fr;ksa ds chp jgs gks fdUrq muesa lcls izHkko”kkyh dkj.k Hkkjrh;

nh?kZdky rd a?k"kZ dk okrkoj.k cuk jgkA blh dkj.k eqlyekuksa dk lfØ; lg;ksx FkkA ;g ,d cM+k

iwoZ e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl xfrjks/k vkSj jktuSfrd ifjoZru Fkk tks fgUnw lekt dks ?kwu dh

izfrjks/k ds bfrgkl ls Hkjk gqvk gSA ,d uohu “kklu rjg pkV jgk FkkA rqdZ “kkldksa us viuh ladV dh

vkSj ,d u;h O;oLFkk ds vkxeu ls vusd tfVy ?kM+h esa vius bu lHkh leFkZdksa dks vusssd izyksHku

leL;kvksa dk lw=ikr gqvkA vius fnfXot; ds fn;s Fks fdUrq lRRkk izkfIr ds Ik”pkr~ os vius oknksa ls

vkjfEHkd dky esa rqdZ fotsrkvksa us Hkkjr esa cM+h eqdj x;sA

prqjkbZ ls dke fy;kA lÙkk ij viuh idM+ lqn`<+ rqdZ “kkldksa ds cnyrs gq, bl n`f"Vdks.k ds djus ds fy, rqdZ vFkok vrqdZ lHkh dk lg;ksx izkIr O;kid izHkko ns[ks x;sA fot; vfHk;ku esa cjkcjh dk fd;kA dkykUrj esa tSls gh dsUnzh; lÙkk ij rqdksZ dh ntkZ j[kus okys fo'ks"k :Ik ls vrqdZ ,oa Hkkjrh; idM+ etcwr gksus yxh] oSls gh muds fopkj vkSj eqlyekuksa dk O;kid migkl fd;k x;kA mudh n`f"Vdks.k esa O;kid ifjorZu ns[kk tkus yxkA ;gh lsokvksa dks Hkqyk fn;k x;k vkSj vius izk.kksa dh ijokg dkj.k gS fd tc eqgEen xksjh ds usr`Ro esa mÙkj Hkkjr u djrs gq, ftUgksaus rqdZ fotsrkvksa dks Hkkjr esa

ds fot; vfHk;ku dk Øe tkjh Fkk] ml le; rqdksZa vHkwriwoZ lQyrk fnykbZ muds lkFk nqO;Zogkj fd;k

tkus yxkA blesa dksbZ lansg ugh fd bLyke dh n`f"V us vius fot; vfHk;ku dks vkSj vf/kd ljy cukus

ds fy, u dsoy e/; ,f”k;kbZ rqdksZa] [kqjklkuh vehjksa] esa dksbZ tkrh; foHksn ugh gS vkSj mlesa lkekftd

,drk dks vf/kd cy iznku fd;k x;k gSA blh ewy vQxkuksa ,oa [kYth ljnkjksa dk lg;ksx fy;k oju~

ea= ls izHkkfor gksdj Hkkjr ds vufxur yksxksa us mRrj Hkkjr ds fo”kky tu&lewg tks Hkkjr dh

Hkk

lYrur dkyhu jktuhfr esa jDr foHksn vkSj mlls mRiUu la?k"kZ dh ,d laf{kIr :ijs[kk ¼1206&1290 bZ0½


bLyke /keZ dks dcwy Hkh fd;k FkkA mudk ekuuk Fkk jgh Fkh] oSls&oSls jDr foHksn dh uhfr fnYyh njckj

fd bl /keZ esa ifjoZru ls eqfLye lekt esa mudk ds okrkoj.k dks fo'kkDr cuk jgh FkhA okLro esa

ntkZ lekurk dk gksxk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk tfVy lqYrku bYrqrfe”k ds le; ls ysdj f[kfYt;ksa ds fgUnw ijEijkvksa ls os eqDr Hkh gks tk;asxsA “kkludky rd iwjh lYrur bl jDr foHksn ls =Lr

FkhA bl O;oLFkk dk lw=ikr lqYrku bYrqrfe”k ds lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd ,drk ds bl vkºoku dks 2ml le; ,d cM+k /kDdk yxk] tc rqdksZa us vrqdksZsa le; ls gh gksrk gSA lqYrku bYrqrfe”k bl rF; dks

,oa Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk frjLdkj vkjEHk dj Hkwy cSBk dh ftUk yksxksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls og vkt lÙkk fn;kA rqdZ “kkldksa ds bl ifjorZu”khy fopkjksa dk esa fojkteku gS mUgha ds lkFk Ny djuk fdlh Hkh rRdkyhu jktuhfr ij xgjk izHkko iM+uk LokHkkfod nf"V l s mfpr ugh gAS ledkyhu efq Lye bfrgkldkj FkkA lkekU;r;k ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd fnYyh ft;kmíhu cuhZ us viuh izfl) ^iqLrd rkfj[k&,& lYrur dh LFkkiuk 1206 bZ0 esa gqbZ gSA eqgEen xksjh fQjkst “kkgh** esa cM+s gh Li"V “kCnksa esa bYrqrfe”k dks ls ysdj dqrqcqíhu ,scd rd fnYyh lYrur esa dHkh jDr foHksn j[kus okyk “kkld ekuk gSA mldh n`f"V esa jDr foHksn vkSj mlls mRiUu la?k"kZ dk mYys[k ugh lqYrku bYrqrfe”k “kq) rqdZ jDr ij fo”okl j[krk feyrk gSA okLro esa rqdZ fotsrkvksa dk ;g “kS”ko FkkA vrqdksZa ij mldk tjk Hkh fo”okl ugh FkkA dky Fkk ftlesa os fdlh Hkh izdkj ds fookn ls vius tkau&cw> dj lqYrku bYrqrfe”k us dHkh fdlh dks eqDr j[kuk pkgrs FksA ge ;g Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs xSjrqdZ dks njckj es amPp in iznku ugh fd;kA og gS fd bl vof/k es rqdkZsa dk ,dek= mís”; mÙkj vrqdkasZ ls b';kZ j[krk Fkk vkSj Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ds Hkkjr esa viuh “kklu lÙkk dks LFkkfir djuk FkkA izfr Hkh mldh dHkh lgkuqHkwfr ugh FkhA cjuh us vr,o bl egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z ds fy, muesa ,drk dh bYrqrfe”k ds bl foHksn dh uhfr dk inkZQk”k djrs Hkkouk dk gksuk furkUr vko”;d FkkA blfy, gq, fy[kk gS fd ,d ckj mlus njckj ds dqrqcqíhu ,scd ds “kkludky rd rqdZ “kklu esa inkf/kdkfj;ksa ds oa”k ifjp; dh tk¡p djokbZ rks mls dHkh jDr foHksn dk mYys[k ugh feyrk gSA Kkr gqvk fd mlds njckj esa rSrhl mPp inkf/kdkjh]

lqYrku bYrqrfe”k ¼1211&1236bZ0½dk dky “kq)rqdZ ugh FksA mu lHkh dks inP;wr dj fn;k vkSj Hkkjr esa eqfLye “kklu ds bfrgkl dk ,d xkSjoiw.kZ bl rF; dh Hkh tk¡p djok;h fd mudh fu;qfDr;k¡ ;qx FkkA bl vof/k esa mÙkj Hkkjr esa fnfXot; dk fdl ek/;e ls gqbZ FkhA tk¡p ds ckn lqYrku dk;Z rks iw.kZ gh gqvk] lkFk gh lkFk mls LFkkf;Ro Hkh bYrqrfe”k dks pkSdk nsus okyk rF; izkIr gqvk fd mu izkIr gqvkA izfl) bfrgkldkj MkW0 vkj0ih0 f=ikBh lHkh dh fu;qfDr;k¡ lYrur ds othjs&vkyk dk ;g dFku mfpr izrhr gksrk gS fd ^Hkkjr esa futkeqyeqYd eqgEen tquSnh us dh FkhA lqYrku ds eqfLye lÙkk dk vkjEHk lqYrku bYrqrfe”k ds le; Øks/k dh lhek ugh jgh vkSj mlus futkeqyeqYd

1ls gh izkjEHk gqvkA* ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd lqYrku tquSnh ls dgk fd ^uhp yksxksa dks mudh ;ksX;rk ds

bYrqrfe”k ds usr`Ro esa lYrur tSls&tSls lqn`<+ gks dkj.k in nsdj esjs jkT; esa mPp inksa dks muds }kjk


3 LFkku izkIr gksxk rFkk bLyke /keZ ds /kkfeZd vkSj u"V djrs gksA* bl tkudkjh ds Ik”pkr bYrqrfe”k lkekftd ,drk ds vkºoku ds vUrxZr mUgsa Hkh us futkeqyeqYd eqgEen tquSnh ds oa”k ifjp; dh lkekftd lejlrk dk Lokn feysxk] fdUrq mUgsa ?kksj tk¡p djok;h] ftlesa Kkr gqvk fd mldk othj fujk”kk gh gkFk yxhA tSls&tSls fnYyh lqYrkuksa dh tquSnh Lo;a ,d vrqdZ Fkk tks ,d fuEu tqykgk tkfr

4 lRrk ij idM+ etwcr gksrh tk jgh Fkh oSls&oSls mUgsa ls lEcfU/kr Fkk bl tkudkjh ds rRdky ckn lRrk ls nwj j[kk tk jgk FkkA lYrur ds bl nksgjs lqYrku us futkeqyeqYd eqgEen tquSnh dks Hkh othj O;ogkj dks og vf/kd fnuksaa rd lgu ugh dj ldrs ds in ls gVk fn;kA ledkyhu bfrgkldkj cjuh FksA fnYyh lqYrkuksa dk ;g ,slk dk;Z Fkk ftlls og }kjk bl ?kVuk dh iqf"V ls Li"V gksrk gS fd lqYrku Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk fo”okl [kksrs tk jgs FksA rqdkssZa bYrqrfel fdruh xgjkbZ rd “kq) rqdZ jDr ij ds fot; vfHk;ku esa c<+&p<+ dj fgLlk ysus ds ckn fo”okl djrk FkkA Hkh Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dks D;k feyk\cnys esa mUgsa lqYrku bYrqrfe”k }kjk viuk;h x;h bl jDr frjLdkj vkSj mis{kk gh rks feyhAfoHksn uhfr dk njckj dh jktuhfr ij cM+k gh ?kkrd

fLFkfr bruh fcxM+ xbZ Fkh fd tc lqYrku izHkko iM+kA lqYrku dh bl foHksn uhfr dk vuq”kj.k ukfl:íhu egewn ¼1246&1266 bZ0½ ds “kkludky esa vkxs Hkh gksrk jgk D;ksafd ckn dh ?kVukvksa ls bl Hkkjrh; ewy ds beknqíhu jSgku dks odhynkj ds in rF; dh iqf"V gksrh gSA ij fu;qDr fd;k x;k rks rqdksZa ds fy;s ;g vlguh; lqYrku bYrqrfe”k ds Ik”pkr mldh Fkk vkSj rqdhZ ljnkjksa us beknqíhu jSgku dks cnuke mRkjkf/kdkjh lqYrku jft;k ¼1236&1240 bZ0½ ds

5djus ds fy;s mlds mij dbZ vkjksi yxk;sA* “kkludky esa rqdZ ljnkjksa }kjk mlds fojks/k dk ledkyhu bfrgkldkj feugkt&ml&fljkt us rks dkj.k tekyqíhu ;kdwr ds lkFk mlds lEcU/k u ;gk¡ rd dgk dh jkT; dh “kkfUr beknqíhu jSgku ds gksdj ;kdwr dk ,d gClh f”k;k eqlYkeku gksuk FkkA dq”kklu dh QyLo:Ik Hkax gks x;h gSA bldk dkj.k blds ihNs jft;k vkSj ;kdwr ds izsedgkuh dk tks gS njckj ds leLr rqdZ rFkk rkftd mPp oa”k ds Fks fooj.k bfrgkl esa feyrk gS og vlR; gS vkSj dsoy vkSj beknqíhu jSgku uiqald rFkk rqPN FkkA og ;kdwr dks cnuke djus dk ,d 'kM+;a= ek= Fkk fgUnqLrkuh dchys ls lEcfU/kr FkkA mRd`"V oa”k okyksa ftlls dh rqdZ ljnkj ;kdwr dks uhpk fn[kk ldsA dks mldk vf/kdkj lEiUu gksuk mfpr izrhr ugha

ftl jDr foHksn dh Hkkouk dks lqYrku gksrk Fkk os mldk vf/kdkj lEiUu gksuk vius fy;s

bYrqrfe”k us tUe fn;k Fkk dkykUrj esa mlus ,d cM+h yTtk dh ckr le>rs FksA rqdZ] rqPN beknqíhu

fodjky :Ik /kkj.k dj fy;kA lqYrku dh bl uhfr jSgku ds nq"V lgk;dksa ds dkj.k 6 ;k mlls dqN

dk lcls vf/kd izHkko Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ij iM+k vf/kd ekl rd vius ?kj ls u fudy lds vkSj eSa

ftUgksaus rqdksaZ ds lkFk dU/ks ls dU/kk feykdj mÙkj 6Lo;a tqesa dh uekt i<+us u tk ldkA*Hkkjr ds fot; vfHk;ku esa viuk vewY; ;ksxnku

fdUrq okLrfodrk ;g Fkk fd vc ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Hkh fn;k FkkA mUgas fo”okl Fkk fd lÙkk esa mUgsa mPp


cny jgh FkhA rqdksZa dh bl mis{kkiw.kZ uhfr ls =Lr foHksn O;oLFkk dks lqYrku cycu ¼1266&1287 bZ0½ us

Hkkjrh; eqlyeku Hkh /khjs&/khjs vc lRrk ds vkSj vf/kd vkxs c<+k;kA og rqdksZa fo'ks"k :Ik ls

fo:}laxfBr gks jgs FksA vc os “kkUr ugh cSB ldrs Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ls ?k`.kk djrk FkkA mlds

FksA muds vlUrks"k us ,d fodjky :i /kkj.k dj “kkludky esa Hkkjrh; eqlyeku vlqjf{kr FksA dHkh

fy;k vkSj beknqíhu jSgku ds usr`Ro essa Hkkjrh; Hkh mUgsa “kklu esa mPp in izkIr ugh gqvkA

eqlyekuksa us igyh ckj [kqydj bl foHksniw.kZ uhfr [kkst&[kkst dj mu vf/kdkfj;ksa dks inP;qr~ fd;k 9ds fo:}fonzksg dk >.Mk cqyUn dj fn;kA ns[krs gh tkuk yxk tks Hkkjrh; eqlyeku vFkok vrqdZ FksA*

ns[krs beknqíhu jSgku ds usr`Ro esa Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa cycu ds “kkludky esa ,slh vusd ?kVukvksa dk dk ,d Hkkjh lewg ,d= gksus yxkA ,slh fLFkfr esa bfrgkl esa mYys[k feyrk gSA ,slh gh ,d ?kVuk gS beknqíhu jSgku dks fnYyh ls nwj djus ds fy;s mls fd vejksgk dk [okt+k deky efg;kj tks dh foRr cgjkbp dk okyh ¼bDrknkj½ fu;qDr fd;k x;k rFkk foHkkx dk ,d izeq[k vf/kdkjh Fkk dks cqykdj cycu mlds lg;ksfx;ksa dk Hkh blh izdkj LFkkukarj.k dj us mldk oa”k ifjp; tkuuk pkgk vkSj tc cycu dks fn;k x;kA ijUrq fQj Hkh Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk ;g ;g Kkr gqvk fd og rqdZ u gksdj fuEu fgUnw tkfr ls izfrjks/k 1254&55 bZ0 rd O;kid :Ik ls pyrk jgkA lEcfU/kr Fkk vkSj orZeku esa ,d eqlyeku gS] rks

mldk psgjk rerek mBk vkSj mlus u dsoy [okt+k fnYyh lqYrku ukfl:íhu egewn us bl izfrjks/k

dks inP;qr~ dj fn;k oju~ ml vf/kdkjh dks Hkh dk vUr djus ds fy;s efyd rktqíhu latj ekg 10is”kkuh dks cgjkbp dk bDrknkj fu;qDr djds Hkstk QVdkjk ftlus mldh fu;qfDr dh FkhA* lqYrku

fdUrq bls vo/k ds okyh dqrqyqx [kka us cUnh cuk vius “kq}jDr ij bl lhek rd xoZ djrk Fkk dh og fy;kA dqrqyqx [kka dh dSn ls fdlh izdkj rktqíhu dHkh xSj rqdZ ls feyuk ilUn ugh djrk FkkA latj eqDr gks x;k vkSj lj;w unh ikj dj dqN bfrgkldkj cnk;quh ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ,d ckj lokjksa ds lkFk cgjkbp dh vksj izLFkku fd;kA lYrur ds ,d izeq[k O;kikjh Q[k+j czkmuh us lqYrku feugkt&ml&fljkt fy[krk gS fd bZ”oj dh d`ik ls feydj mls cgqewY; migkj nsus dh bPNk O;Dr ls rqdkZsa dk flrkjk mUufr ij Fkk vkSj fgUnqvksa dk dh Fkh] fdUrq lqYrku cycu us mls ;g dgdj feyus iru gks jgk FkkA beknqíhu jSgku ijkLr gks x;k vkSj dh vuqefr ugh nh dh blls lqYrku dh izfr"Bk

11cUnh cuk fy;k x;kA mlds thou dk lw;kZLr gks fxjsxhA cycu ds “kkludky esa ,slh vusd ?kVukvksa 8x;kA* beknqíhu jSgku dh e`R;q ls bl izfrjks/k dh dk fooj.k feyrk gS tks bl rF; dks iq"V djrs gSa fd

“kfDr {kh.k gks x;h ;g e/; dky dh ,d vfr lqYrku cycu fdl lhek rd vius rqdZ gkssus ij egÙoiw.kZ ?kVuk gS tcfd Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa us xkSjokfUor FkkA og u dsoy “kq}rqdZ jDr dk leFkZd ,dtqV gksdj rqdZ lqYrkuksa ds bl jDr foHksn uhfr Fkk oju~ vrqdksZa vkSj fo'ks"k :Ik ls Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk tedj fojks/k fd;k gSA dks ns[krs gh HkM+d mBrk Fkk vkSj mudh f[kYyh Hkh

mM+krk FkkAlqYrku bYrqrfe”k }kjk viukbZ x;h bl jDr


bl izdkj rqdZ lqYrkuksa dh bl jDr foHksn dh “kks/kdRkkZ us izdk”k ugh Mkyk gSA ;g lR; gS fd

uhfr dk O;kid izHkko dkykUrj esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk fnYyh lYrur ds jktuSfrd] lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd

gSA lqYrku cycu dh e`R;q ds ckn fnYyh esa bfrgkl ij vusd xzUFkksa dh jpuk dh xbZ fdUrq bl

jktuSfrd xfrjks/k c<+rk gh x;k vkSj bl ladV dh i{k dh fujUrj mis{kk gh gksrh jghA MkW0 vkj0ih0

?kM+h esa lqYrku dSdqckn ¼1287&1290 bZ0½ ydok dk f=ikBh] MkW0 ,0ch0,e0 gCchcqYyk rFkk eqgEen

f”kdkj gksdj fcLrj ij f”kfFky iM+k gqvk FkkA bl vtht vgen tSls lYrur dkyhu bfrgkldkj Hkh

le; rqdZ ljnkjksa dks ;g Hk; lrkus yxk dh lRrk bl egÙoiw.kZ fo"k; ij ekSu gh jgsA okLro esa ;fn

dh ckxMksj dgha rqdksZa ds gkFk ls u fudy tk;A Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksas us rqdZ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dk lkFk u

okLro esa bl le; rd fnYyh ljnkjksa ds fopkj fn;k gksrk rks eqB~Bh Hkj rqdZ Hkkjr fot; ds vfHk;ku

brus ladh.kZ gks pqds Fks dh og rqdZ vkSj vrqdZ esa Hkh esa dHkh Hkh lQy u gq, gksrsA fons”kh gksus ds dkj.k

foHksn ugh j[k ik jgs FksA lEHkor;k ;g Hkze cjuh ds rqdksZa dks u rks Hkkjr dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk Kku Fkk

ml mYys[k ls gqvk tc mlus fy[kk dh dSdqckn ds vkSj u gh mUgsa LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh tkudkjh FkhA

ydok ls f”kfFky gksus ls “kklu ckxMksj rqdksZa ds gkFk muds bl detksjh dks Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa us iw.kZ

ls fudydj [kfYt;ksa ds gkFk esa u pyh tk;A cjuh fd;kA blds ihNs Hkkjrh; eqlyekukssa dh ;g

dk ;g Hkze LokHkkfod rks Fkk ysfdu lR; ugh FkkA vo/kkj.kk Fkh fd blls u dsoy jktuSfrd ykHk gksxk

D;ksafd [kYth Hkh vrqdZ u gksdj rqdZ uLy ds gh FksA cfYd muds lkekftd 'kks"k.k dk Hkh vUr gksxkA

okLro esa lqYrku dSdqckn ds “kkludky esa ftl bLyke esa O;kIr lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd ,drk dk Hkh

[kYth ØkfUr dk lw=ikr gqvk mldk uk;d ykHk mUgsa feysxk] blds vfrfjDr eqfLye lekt esa

tykyqíhu [kYth Fkk ftlds leFkZu esa Hkkjrh; mUufr ds leku volj ds lkFk gh “kklu esa mudh

eqlyekuksa dk fo”kky tulewg Hkh FkkA nwljh rjQ Hkkxhnkjh Hkh c<s+xhA bl /keZ ifjorZu ls mUgsa

bl [kYth ØkfUr ds fojks/k esa os yksx [kM+s Fks tks vR;f/kd vkfFkZd ykHk gksus dh lEHkkouk Hkh FkhA bUgha

lRrk ij dkfct Fks vkSj ftudk usr`Ro ,frekj dkj.kksa ls mRlkfgr gksdj mÙkj Hkkjr ds 'kksf"kr fgUnw

dPNu vkSj ,frekj lqj[kk tSls rqdZ usrk dj jgs FksA lekt dk fo”kky tulewg bLyke /keZ esa nhf{kr gks

lR; rks ;g gS fd cjuh dks ;g Hk; lrk jgk Fkk fd x;k Fkk] ftldk izR;{k ykHk rqdZ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dks

;fn lRrk ifjorZu gqvk rks blesa [kfYt;ksa ds lkFk feykA bu Hkkjrh;ksa ds bLyke /keZ esa nhf{kr gksus ls

gh lkFk Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa dk opZLo c<+ tk;sxkA rqdZ vkØe.kdkfj;ksa dh vusd tfVy leL;kvksa dk

blfy;s mldk ;g Hk; O;Dr djuk fd lRrk dgha vUr gks x;kA vius oru ls gtkjksa ehy nwj Hkkjr ds

rqdksZa ds gkFk ls fudydj [kfYt;ksa ds gkFk esa u pyh bl eqfLye lekt dk lg;ksx ,oa leFkZu feyus ds

tk;s] ;g LokHkkfod izfØ;k FkhA dkj.k rqdZ fotsrkvksa dh “kfDr ,oa muds mRlkg esa

vR;f/kd o`f}gks x;h vkSj muds Hkkjr fot; dk dk;Z Hkkjr ds lYrur dkyhu bfrgkl dk ;g ,d ljy gks x;kAvfr egÙoiw.kZ i{k gS ftl ij vHkh rd fdlh Hkh


;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS fd mRrj Hkkjr esa tc rqdZ 3- fjtoh] vrgj vCckl % vkfn rqdZ dkyhu Hkkjr*

fotsrkvksa ds iSj etcwr gks x;s vkSj lRrk ij mudh i`0 151

idM+ LFkk;h gksus yxh rc Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ds izfr 4- fjtoh] vrgj vCckl % vkkfn rqdZ dkyhu Hkkjr* muds n`f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu gksus yxkA rqdZ fotsrkvksa i`0 151us lnk Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ds lkFk vU;k;iw.kZ 5- JhokLro] v”kksd % lqYrku cycu] i`0 19O;ogkj j[kkA mUgksaus bLyke ds /kkfeZad ,oa 6- fjtoh vrgj vCckl % rcdkrs ukfljh] i`0 88lkekftd ,drk dh Hkkouk dk nq#Ik;ksx dj Hkkjrh;

jkcVhZ % rcdkrs ukfljh] [k.M 1 i`0 705] [k.M 2 eqlyekuksa dks /kks[kk fn;kA mudh bl uhfr dk

i`0 836ifj.kke Fkk dh yxHkx 320 o"kksZa ds bfrgkl esa fnYyh

7- fjtoh] vrgj vCckl % vkfn rqdZ dkyhu Hkkjr] ds rqdZ ,oa vQxku “kkld dHkh pSu ls ugh jg lds

i`0 90vkSj budks Hkkjrh; eqlyekuksa ds Hkh"k.k izfrjks/k dk

8- bfy,V ,.M Mkmlu % fgLVªh vkQ bf.M;k ,st lkeuk djuk iM+kA bu vuojr~ fonzksgksa us rqdhZ

VksYM ckbZ bV~l vksu fgLVksfj;Ul] [k.M 2] i`0 “kklu dh uhao fgyk nh A

374

9- cjuh] ft;kmn~nhu % rkjh[ks fQjkst “kkgh] i`0 30lUnHkZ

10- fjtoh] vrgj vCckl % rkjh[ks&fQjkst&”kkgh] 1- f=ikBh] vkj0ih0 % le ,slisDV~l vkQ eqfLye

i`0 149,MfefuLVsª”ku*] i`0 27

11- jSfdax] tktZ ,l0,0 % eqDr[ko&mUr&rokjh[k] 2- JhokLro] v”kksd % ^fnYyh lYrur dk mRFkku

[k.M 1] i`0 184vkSj iru* i`0 45


Hkwxksy

& *& *

MkW0 f’ko’kadjMkW0 jk/ks’;ke jke

***lgk;d vkpk;Z ,oa v/;{k] Hkwxksy foHkkx] Jh xka/kh ih0th0 dkWyst] ekyVkjh] vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½lgk;d vkpk;Z] Hkwxksy foHkkx] usg: xzke Hkkjrh MhEM fo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn ¼m0iz0½

çLrkouk Hkwfe mi;ksx dks foLrkj ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA iksyS.M ds HkwxksyosÙkk izksŒ ftoksUldh] izksŒ tsŒ dksL=kzsfodh fczVsu esa loZizFke MMys LVSEi ¼1930&31½ vkfn ds funsZ'ku esa Hkwfe mi;ksx losZ{k.k dks cy egksn; us Hkwfe mi;ksx losZ{k.k ,oa 'kks/kksa }kjk izkIr feykA blds vfrfjDr phuh HkwxksyosÙkk vks-bZ- csdj Hkwfe ds fofo/k mi;ksxksa dk rF;iw.kZ v/;;u fd;kA us ,d uohu d`f"k mi;ksx i)fr dks tUe fn;kA blesa d`f"k Hkwfe] LFkkbZ pkjkxkg] vLFkkbZ pkjkxkg] :lh fo}ku ds-oh- T;ksjfdu us vius funsZ'ku esa Hkwfe ou] ckxku] dfczLrku] ijrh] vuqi;qDr Hkwfe vkfn ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa dh {kerk dk v/;;u fd;k dks vyx&vyx jaxksa vkSj {ks= ds vk/kkj ij x;kA Hkwfe mi;ksx lkekU;r% mPpkop] <ky] feV~Vh ekufp=kafdar fd;k x;kA Hkwfe mi;ksx losZ{k.k dk ds izdkj] ouLifr;ksa] ty dh miyC/krk] o"kkZ dh dk;Z 20oha 'krkCnh esa tksj idM+us yxk ¼osuftDV] ek=k] tula[;k] iwath vkSj izkS|ksfxdh ls izHkkfor lh-] 1972½A dkyZŒ vksŒ lkoj egksn; us 1919 esa

uo lH;rk ds izkjEHk ls gh ekuo Hkwfe dk mi;ksx vius thou fuokZg gsrq djrk pyk vk jgk gSA Hkwfe /kjkry dk lcls izeq[k lalk/ku gS] tks fofHkUu :iksa esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA bls ekuo vkokl] d`f"k] m|ksx] ifjogu vkfn fofHkUu dk;ksZa esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwfe* ,d ,slk lalk/ku gS ftldk euq"; viuh vusd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq ;Fkk vkokl] [ksrh] ckx&cxhps] pkjkxkg] lM+d] jsyekxZ] gokbZ vM~Mk] [ksy ds eSnku vkfn dk;ksZa esa iz;ksx djrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa euq"; lkaLd`frd vkSj O;kogkfjd mís';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, Hkwfe dk rjg&rjg ls mi;ksx djrk gSA Hkwfe mi;ksx dks fofHkUu HkwxksyosÙkkvksa us vius&vius <ax ls ifjHkkf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA izLrqr “kks/k i= esa vEcsMdj uxj tuin ds lkekU; Hkwfe mi;ksx ds dkfyd vkSj LFkkfud ifjorZuksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA le;≤ ij d`f"k {ks= essa ifjorZu gksrk jgk gSA flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa] moZjdksa] d`f"k;U=ksa] Je] iwath vkfn esa ifjorZu ds lkFk&lkFk mRikndrk esa Hkh o`f) gqbZ gSA

eq[; 'kCn& Hkwfe mi;ksx] catj Hkwfe

ek

tuin vEcsMdj uxj ds lkekU; Hkwfe mi;ksx ds dkfyd vkSjLFkkfud ifjorZu % ,d HkkSxksfyd v/;;u


gksrk gS ¼HkkfV;k] ,l-,l-] 1965½A lzksr& ftyk lkaf[;dh if=dk] tuin vEcsMdj uxj] o"kZ& 2011&12Hkkjr e as Lor=a rk d s ckn Hkfw e mi;kxs lo{Zs k.k d s

moZjd] flapkbZ] d`f"k midj.k] e'khuhdj.k] v/;;u dk s xfr feyhA 1951 e as jk"Vhª ; ifz rn'k Z lo{Zs k.k fun's kky; }kjk ifz rn'k Z fof/k }kjk lEi.w k Z Hkkjr e as Hkfw e mUur fdLe ds chtksa dk mi;ksx] izkS|ksfxdh] iwath mi;kxs lo{Zs k.k vkjS Qly mRiknu vkdyu dh vkfn dk egRo gSA lkaLd`frd dkjdksa esa ifjorZu ls ;kts uk pykb Z xbAZ ;g ifz rn'k Z lo{Zs k.k ;kts uk fcVz us gh Hkwfe mi;ksx esa ifjorZu ns[kk tkrk gSA Hkwfe dh i)fr ij vk/kkfjr jgh ftle as df"k {kerk] df"k mi;ksx ds dkfyd v/;;u ls rkRi;Z Hkwfe mi;ksx ds xgurk] df"k n{krk] df"k mRikndrk vkfn dk s ekiu s dk le;≤ ij cnyrs izfr:i ls gS] ftlls Hkwfe i;z kl fd;k x;kA blhfy, Hkkjr dh iFz ke ipa o"kh;Z {kerk ds ckjs esa lE;d tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA ;kts uk ¼1950&56½ i.w krZ ;k df"k dk s lefirZ jghA v/;;u {ks= esa o"kZ 1995&96] 2000&2001] 2005&06 v/;;u dh vko';drk rFkk 2011&12 ds vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u {ks=

esa Hkwfe mi;ksx ds izfr:i rFkk mlesa foxr n'kd esa fiNM+h gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk rFkk tula[;k dk fo'kky vkdkj v/;;u izns'k dh izeq[k leL;k gSA gq, ifjorZu dks fuEu fcUnqvksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS v/;;u {ks= ds nks frgkbZ {ks= ij d`f"k dh tkrh gSA ¼lkj.kh&1½A 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= esa vHkh Hkh ijEijkxr Qlyksa ;Fkk 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks=& v/;;u {ks= ds 166901 xsgw¡] pkoy vkfn dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA {ks= esa gsDVs;j vFkkZr~ 78-48 izfr'kr {ks= 2000&01 ds nkSjku lEiw.kZ HkkSxksfyd {ks= dk cM+k Hkw&Hkkx vkfFkZd rFkk 'kq) cks;s x;s {ks= ds vUrxZr ;k 2011&12 esa moZjd vU;kU; dkj.kksa ls catj vFkok dbZ o"kksZa ls ijrh gSaA ds iz;ksx ls ekewyh c<+dj 78-50 gks x;kA v/;;u ds mís'; % izLrqr v/;;u ds izeq[k mís'; fodkl[k.M Lrj ij lokZf/kd 'kq) cks;k x;k {ks= fuEuor gSaA fodkl[k.M vdcjiqj esa 30]453 gsDVs;j FkkA catj 1- v/;;u {ks= esa Hkwfe mi;ksx ds Lo:i dk rFkk d`f"k;ksX; Hkwfe& v/;;u {ks= esa bl oxZ ds

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d`f"k gsrq vuqiyC/k Hkwfe& blesa nks rjg dh Hkwfe mi;ksx ftlls Hkwfe dk vuqdwyre mi;ksx gks vkSj lfEefyr gS& ¼v½ vf/kokl] ifjogu] ekxZ] [knku] nq:i;ksx de ls de gksA v/;;u {ks= esa tula[;k ugj vkfn d`";sÙkj dk;ksZa esa yxh Hkwfe( ¼c½ ioZr] dh rhoz o`f) ,oa tksrksa ds fo[kaMu ds dkj.k çfr e:LFky] nyny] chgM+ vkfn ds :i esa d`f"k v;ksX; bdkbZ mRiknu dh ek=k rFkk Hkwfe dh moZjrk esa Hkwfe ¼frokjh] vkj-lh-] 2008½A vEcsMdj uxj tuin fxjkoV vk;h gSA Hkwfe mi;ksx fu;kstu djrs le; esa foxr n'kd esa d`f"k ls brj mi;ksx okyh Hkwfe esa ;g vko';d gS fd bu leLr leL;kvksa ij /;ku fujUrj o`f) gqbZ gSA tgk¡ o"kZ 1994&95 esa 14-96 de fn;k tk; rFkk ,d ,slh Hkwfe mi;ksx vk;kstuk izfr'kr ¼26848 gsDVs;j½ Hkwfe d`";sÙkj mi;ksx esa Fkh dh tk; ftlls Hkwfe mi;ksx lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr tks 2011&12 esa c<+dj 17-42 izfr'kr gks x;hA mi;ksx gks lds —f"kr Hkwfe dk {ks=Qy v/;;u {ks= esa fodkl[k.M Lrj ij foxr n'kd esa d`f"k;sÙkj Hkwfe vf/kd gS tuin dh vf/kd flafpr Hkwfe dk {ks= blh dk lokZf/kd fodkl[k.M Vk.Mk 5913 gsDVs;j Fkk {ks+= esa feyrk gS ;gk¡ ij ty dh çkfIr rFkk flapkbZ ds rFkk lcls de fodkl[k.M HkhVh esa ¼1730 gsDVs;j½ lk/ku dh miyC/krk ds dkj.k xgu d`f"k dh tkrh gS FkkA vflafpr Hkwfe dk {ks=Qy ;gk¡ yxHkx 39-87 çfr'kr

pkjkxkg& v/;;u {ks= esa 1994&95 esa pkjkxkg gSAdk {ks=Qy 553 gsDVs;j Fkk tks {ks=Qy ds :i esa 0- tuin esa tks vflafpr Hkwfe gS mldk mi;ksx esa 23 izfr'kr Fkk tks 2011&12 esa de gksdj 506 ykus gsrq flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkuh gksxh gsDVs;j gks x;kA v/;;u {ks= esa lokZf/kd pkjkxkg ftlls çfr gsDVs;j mRiknu c<+s lM+dks ds fdukjs Hkwfe fodkl[k.M dVsgjh ¼208 gsDVs;j½ esa rFkk rFkk ijrh Hkwfe ij o`{kkjksi.k dj mldk lgh mi;ksx esa lcls de tgk¡xhjxat esa 14 gsDVs;j Fkk A ckxkrh yk;k tk; blds fy, turk rFkk blesa ljdkjh


laFkkvksa dh Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksuh pkfg,A Hkwfe dUlsUVªs'ku ,.M MkbZokflZfQds'ku bu bafM;kij pkjkxkg rFkk ckx&cxhps dk {ks= gS tks i'kqvksa 3- frokjh] vkj-lh-] flag- ch-,u- ¼2006½% d`f"k Hkwxksy dh la[;k ds fglkc ds dkQh de gS ,sls esa d`f"k Hkwfe iz;kx iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn] i`- 76dk dqN mi;ksx dj bldk {ks=Qy c<+k;k tk 4- osuftV] lh- ¼bZMh½ ¼1972½% yS.M ;wt ,.M ldrk gS ftlls {ks= dh turk dks vkfFkZd ykHk uspqjy osthVs'ku bu b.Vjus'kuy T;ksxzkQh izkIr gks ldsA VksjUVksa ;wfuoflZVh izsl] 105&106

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oday in India sports is perceived as a Sports Policy. It is also organizing various events

rewarding career. Excelling in sports has come as an within the country and also aims at providing the

inborn quality in some people. But among others it is modern sports facilities to the sportsperson.

developed through proper techniques and trainings. The private sector is also contributing to the field Sports involve exercise which gives a healthy life to a of sports as a part of their corporate social person who is in sports. If the sports become ones responsibilities. Private sports regulatory bodies like passion then it will give him/her not only a good Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) has reward but also a joyful career. In India when Asian organized Indian Premier League and the Amateur Games 1992was organized, new infrastructures like Kabaddi Association, Asian Kabaddi Association sophisticated stadium, training and coaching and International Kabaddi Association have jointly structure, live coverage of various matches have organized Pro Kabaddi. These are the two events started coming up. These were intensified in 2010 which have attracted the people of different age when Commonwealth Games as a sport event was groups.organized. HOW TO BECOME A SPORTSPERSON?POTENTIALS OF SPORTS IN INDIA Sport as a career is to be taken by any person

India is perceived as an emerging sports when he/she is young. Ample training should be destination. India hosted ICC Cricket World Cups in given. One of the better options for training is to get 1996 and 2011. Besides this events such as Formula- trained from Sports Authority of India (SAI). One 1 race, Chennai Open Tennis etc have also been can start his/her career at the local level and start organized. In India there exist untapped talents of participating in the state level and finally graduate to players. A huge demand for sports in India was also the national level. SAI has its state level branches because of successful players like Abhiav Bindra, which are providing training facilities to the regional Sachin Tendulkar, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal, Mary sports talents. Most of the SAI programmes provides Kom, Vishwanathan Anand, Susheel Kumar and scholarships and student supports. The students can others who have attracted Indian youth. All these also look for financial assistance.have led to a huge demand for sports in India. The In the field of sports, one can not only become Government of India is investing a huge amount of sportsperson, but also become a coach, a money in the field of sports through its National

T

-Ajay Kumar Verma*

*Assistant Professor, Government Degree College, Jakkhini, Varanasi (U.P.)

Sports: Can it be a career ?


physiotherapist, a sports medicine practitioner, a the sports as a career one has to gradually move up the

physical trainer, a sports journalist, a public relation ladder with the intensive training and dedicated hard

practitioner, a sports manager and so on. work. Playing at the international level gives a huge

amount reward. One is usually paid reasonably well PHYSICAL AND MENTAL TRAITStolead a good life. There are sponsorships and jobs Sports as a career require a lifetime dedication both the government and the private reserved for and a whole hearted entry into the field of sports. sportsperson with high caliber. The monetary benefits Most of the sport events require a strong physical that the each sporting event gets will vary from one trait. It does not mean that one has to born with strong sport to another sport. The events such as Golf, physical features. Instead one can acquire the strong Cricket, Motor sport, Tennis, International football physical features by the proper training and etc, are highly remunerated. In this context one must coaching. One has to work hard on his/her physical always remember that getting the reward should not fitness. Strong ethical values and perseverance will be the only aim of taking sports as a career. The pride, lead a person far ahead in his/her sporting career. To joy, and self fulfillment that come with bringing top be good in sports one has to have a high mental honors for one in particular and the country at large by quotient. One must be mentally tough. His/her level the sports is irreplaceable. of patience should be very strong. He/she should

have a right blend of aggression and cool

mindedness. He/she must be intelligent enough to References:

take chances that come thereby becomes a winner. ·Kumar V, Career in Sports, Employment News, He/she should differentiate between nearly right and March 21-27 i.e. No 51exactly right. He/she should have the spirit of game

·Sports: A popular career choice - The Times of and should give a fair amount of respect to the

India timesofindia.indiatimes.com › Educationopponent to make the game a fair one.

·Sports: A popular career choice - The Times of SPORTS AS PROFESSIONAL PROSPECT

India timesofindia.indiatimes.com › EducationVarious exciting careers are made available by

the sports. Other than being a player, one can be a

coach, trainer, sports journalist, medicine

practitioner, physiotherapist, etc. After identifying


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Yoga Nidra Method 7. Then move your attention from the fingers, back

through the hands, wrists lower arms, upper 1. Lie in shavasana. arms, shoulders, upper back and chest. 2. Allow your attention to move through your head

8. Concentrate at the center of the chest, and and face, including the top of the head, forehead, exhale and inhale completely several times. eyebrows, eyes, cheekbones, and nostrils.

9. Be aware of the stomach, abdomen, lower back, 3. be aware of the breath at the nostrils for several hips, thighs, knees, calves, ankles, feet, and breaths. toes. 4. Continues to survey mouth, jaws and chin.

Exhale as if your whole body is exhaling, 5. Then survey the neck and throat, shoulders, and inhale as if your whole body is inhaling. As arms, elbows, wrists, hands, fingers, and you exhale, let go of all tension, worries, and fingertips. anxieties. Inhale as if you are inhaling new

6. Feel as though you are inhaling from the tips of energy, as well as a sense of peace and

the fingers up to the shoulders, and then relaxation. Exhale and inhale several times

exhaling back to the finger tips. Do this several 10. Then move your attention from the toes to the times.

oga nidra is derived from two Sanskrit words, yoga meaning union or one-pointed awareness, and indra

means sleep Yoga nard is the state of dynamic sleep. It is a method of inducing complete physical, mental and

emotional relaxation. During the practice of yoga nidra, one appears to be asleep, but the consciousness is

functioning at a deeper level of awareness Yoga Nidra, which is derived from the tantras, is a powerful

technique in which you learn to relax consciously. True relaxation is actually an experience far beyond all this.

For absolute relaxation you must remain aware. This is yoga nidra, the state of dynamic sleep Yoga Nidra is

one of the deepest and most powerful of all meditations. In Meditation, one remain in the Waking state of

consciousness, and gently focus the mind, allowing thought patterns, emotions, sensations, and images to arise

and go on In Yoga Nidra, one leave the Wakinstate Go past the Dreaming state, and go to Deep Sleep, yet remain

awake. Yoga Nidra is a state that is very relaxing. If you practice yoga nidra, then the nature of your mind can be

changed, diseases can be cured. The subconscious and the unconscious mind are the most powerful forces in the

human being this simple practice of yoga nidra has the capacity of penetrating into the depths of the human

mind.

Y

-Amarjeet*

*Assistant Professor, Sarvoday P.G College Ghosi - Mau (U. P)

Yoga Nidra Yogic Conscious Deep Sleep

feet, ankles, calves, thighs, knees, hips, lower profoundly improves our whole physical and

back, abdomen, stomach and chest. mental wellbeing.

11. Concentrate at the center of the chest, and 2. The breath is intimately connected with our state exhale and inhale completely several times. of health and improper breathing will often

reflect various disturbances of body and mind.12. Survey the upper back, shoulders, upper arms,

lower arms, wrists, hands, fingers, and 3. Diseases such as insomnia, hypertension, fingertips. migraine, ulcers, digestive disorders, and even

13. Feel as though you are inhaling from the tips of asthma can be managed by “Yoga Nidra”.

the fingers up to the shoulders, and then 4. Relieve pressure from the coronary system.exhaling back to the finger tips. Do this several

5. It is considered to be a great stress reliever.times.

6. One of the biggest benefits of “Yoga Nidra” is the 61-Points exercisepower it gives you over your own mind. It is

Systematically move your attention through possible to influence your mind along a certain

each of the points below. Forehead, throat, Right path using “Yoga Nidra”.

shoulder, right elbow, right wrist, tip of right thumb, 7. It is possible to change your entire personality tip of right index finger, tip of right middle finger, tip

along a certain line. This is extremely beneficial of right ring finger, tip of right little finger, right for people who are looking to change their ways wrist, right elbow, right shoulder.of thinking, looking at new approaches, or Throatsimply looking to achieve certain goals.

Left shoulder, left elbow, left wrist, tip of left 8. Yoga Nidra induces complete relaxation in the thumb, tip of left index finger, tip of left middle

mind and body. Many people claim that “Yoga finger, tip of left ring finger, tip of left little finger, left Nidra” is a lot more relaxing than even sleep.wrist, left elbow, left shoulder.

9. This practice can be used to shape the mind and Throatalter our approach to life, thus helping in dealing Space between the breasts, right breast, space with depression and anxiety.between the breasts, navel, lower abdomen Right

10. Many practitioners find the quality of their sleep hip, right knee, right ankle, tip of the right big toe, tip

improving drastically.of the right second toe, tip of the right middle toe, tip

of the right fourth toe, tip of the right little toe, right 11. The mind turns sharper at grasping information ankle, right knee, right hip, lower abdomen. and learning becomes much quicker when

Left hip, left knee, left ankle, tip of the left big practicing yoga Nidra.toe, tip of the left second toe, tip of the left middle toe, 12. This is believed to improve concentration and tip of the left fourth toe, tip of the left little toe, left

memory. ankle, left knee, left hip Lower abdomen, navel,

13. Amazing Benefits of yoga nIdraspace between the breasts, throat, forehead

1. Improves your concentration abilities which BENEFITS OF YOGA NIDRAallows for a better memory

1. Many people do not breathe properly and are 2. You will suddenly find your memory unaware of this fact. Proper breathing


becoming clearer and crisper 5. Make yourself comfortable. When you are

comfortable, the mind can relax more and more. 3. Start retaining what you read and hear better While lying down in savasana for yoga than you have before

nidra, if you experience pain or discomfort in 4. Greater ability to focusyour lower back, use pillows to raise your knees

5. Helps you become distracted less above the waist level to relax the spine more. You 6. Improve your performance at work can also place a thin pillow under your head for

more comfort. However, don't make yourself too 7. Allows you to make decisions much more comfortable and go to sleep. rapidly and accurately

6. Yoga nidra is not about 'conscious effort' but 8. Helps refresh the mind, leaving it clearer, 'conscious relaxation'. Now what is that? Let's more settled and better able to process take an example. The moment you hear the word information'apple,' its image instantly flashes through your

9. Much more powerful and effective than a mind. You don't need to put in effort to think

nap or coffee break whether it's small or big, red or green. The same 10. Can allow you to experience a much deeper happens during yoga nidra. You don't need to

state of rest than when you normally sleep 'concentrate' or 'focus' on what a leg is, or touch

your nose. Nor do you need to physically move 9 Tips to Better Yoga Nidrathese body parts. You only need to gently take 1. Keep sufficient time for yoga nidra after yoga your attention to them, while taking deep postures. Just as a car engine needs to be turned breaths. The tricks in yoga nidra are to — relax off and allowed to cool down after a long drive, with awareness — remain effortless and similarly, our body becomes warm while doing consciously relax the body and mind. yoga postures. We need to cool our body with

7. If you fall asleep naturally, don't feel guilty once yoga nidra before moving off the yoga mat.you wake up.2. Yoga nidra after lunch - It is not advisable to do

8. Gentle music can also aid in yoga nidra. You yoga nidra immediately after lunch because you could switch on light, instrumental music or might end up experiencing only nidra (sleep) some soothing chants before starting yoga nidra. and no yogaHowever music is not an essential element for 3. Practice yoga nidra in a peaceful place. A yogi's yoga nidra. You'll find yourself relaxing to your home is calm, comfortable, and clutter-free. A own internal rhythm.place that calms and energizes the mind and

9. After yoga nidra, roll over to your right side and betters your yoga nidra experience.slowly sit up. Rolling over to the right side makes 4. Keep yourself cozy; cover yourself with a the breath flow through the left nostril which blanket to keep yourself warm. After an active helps cool the body.session of yoga postures, the body is hot and

CONCLUSIONwhen you lie down for yoga nidra, the

temperature suddenly drops and you might feel Yoga nidra is one of the most important slightly cold. So, it is a good idea to keep a light techniques for the relaxation of whole body and mind blanket handy. of an individual.


Yoga nidra is the one of the best methods for 4. Ernst E. Therapies: yoga (section 3). In: Ernst E,

prevention and alleviate most of the disease ed. The desktop guide to complementary and

alternative medicine. An evidence-based

approach. Edinburgh: Mosby, 2001:76–8.References5. Riley D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. 1. Saraswati Swami Satyananda “ Yoga Nidra”,

AlternTher Health Med 2004; 10:20–1.Yoga Publication Trust, Munger, Bihar, India, 6. Khalsa SBS. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention: sixth Edition, 1998), pp.1-2.

a bibliometric analysis of published research 2. Kauts A. And Sharma N., “Effect of yoga on studies. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2004; academic performance in relation to stress”, 48:269–85.International Journal of Yoga. Vol. 2: 1, pp. 39-

7. B.K.S Iyengar, 'Light on Yoga', George Allen & 43, January 2009.Unwin Ldt.London, 1972.3. Sharma R, Gupta N, Bijlani RL. “Effect of yoga

8. Swami Satyaananda, 'Kudalini Tantra', Bihar based lifestyle intervention on subjective well-School of Yoga, Munger, India, 1972.being”, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008 Apr-

Jun; 52(2): 123-31.


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uksV % Ñi;k vki viuk udn@euh vkMZj@psd@cSad Mªk¶V vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V vktex<+* ds uke HkstsaA vktex<+ ds ckgj ds psd esa fu/kkZfjr jkf'k esa 50 vfrfjä tksM+dj HkstsaAlnL;rk izi= dh QksVks dkih djkdj Hkst ldrs gSaA

lEikndh; dk;kZy;MkW0 xhrk flagedku ua0 466] jkgqy uxj¼ia0 gfjca'k feJ dSEil½eM+;k&vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½ 276001 Hkkjreksckby % 09532225244] 09415082614E-mail : [email protected] No. : UPBIL 03942/2010

ISSN : 2229-7308

vf[ky xhr

'kks/k&n`f"V

AKHIL GEET

ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsfUnzr vUrjjk"Vªh; okf"kZd 'kks/k&tuZy


SUBSCRIPTION FORM Date : ...............................

The Editor'AKHIL GEET SHODH-DRISHTI'AZAMGARH

Dear Sir/Madam,Please enroll me as a member of 'AKHIL GEET SHODH-DRISHTI AZAMGARH' Annual/Triannual/life

member (Ten year's only)

Individual (INDIA) Individual (Foreign) Institutional (INDIA) Institutional (Foreign)Annual : 1000 US $ 25Triannual : 3000 US $ 80 Triannual : 4500 US $ 120Life Time Life Time member : 8000 US $ 200 member : 10000 US $ 300(Ten Year's Only) (Ten Year's Only)

I am Sending with / US $ .............................. in words ......................................................................... in Cash/ Money Order/Chaque/Demand Draft No. .......................... Dated .................................................... Bank Name ................................................................................................ On account of above membership.

Name (in Block Letters) .....................................................................................................................................

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Your's faithfully,

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Sign. ..............................................

Note : Please send your Subscription Cash/MO./Cheque/DD. to 'AKHIL GEET SHODH DRISHTI AZAMGARH'. Add 50 for out station Cheque. Photocopy of the membership form may be used.

Annual : 1500 US $ 35

EDITORIAL OFFICEDr. GEETA SINGHH.No.466 Rahul nager (Pt. Haribansh Mishra Campus)Madya, Azamgarh. U.P. INDIAMobile : 09532225244, 09415082614E-mail : [email protected]

RNI NO. UPBIL 03942/2010ISSN : 2229-7308

AKHIL GEET

An Annual International Referred Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences


jftLV'sª ku vkQ U;tw iis j :Yl 1956 lUs Vyª d s vUrxrZ ^vf[ky xhr 'kk/s k&nf"V* ¼ekufodh ,o a lekt foKku ij dfs Unrz vUrjjk"Vhª ; v)oZ kf"kdZ 'kk/s k&tuyZ ½ d s lEcU/k e sa LokfeRo rFkk vU; fooj.k fo"k;d tkudkjh

?kks"k.kk&i=¼QkeZ&4½

izdk'ku LFky % edku ua0 466] jkgqy uxj ¼ia0 gfjca'k feJ dSEil½ eM+;k] vktex<+&276001 ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjr

izdk'ku vof/k % okf"kZd

eqnzd dk uke % MkW0 xhrk flag

ukxfjdrk % Hkkjrh;

irk % edku ua0 466] jkgqy uxj ¼ia0 gfjca'k feJ dSEil½ eM+;k] vktex<+&276001 ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjr

izdk'kd dk uke % MkW0 xhrk flag

ukxfjdrk % Hkkjrh;


lEiknd dk uke % MkW0 xhrk flag

ukxfjdrk % Hkkjrh;


mu O;fä;ksa ds uke o irs % MkW0 xhrk flagtks lekpkj i= ds Lokeh gks edku ua0 466 jkgqy uxj ¼ia0 gfjca'k feJ dSEil½rFkk tks leLr iwath ds ,d eM+;k vktex<+&276001izfr'kr ls vf/kd ds lk>snkj gksa ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjr

eSa MkW0 xhrk flag ,rn~}kjk ?kksf"kr djrh gw¡ fd mi;qZä fooj.k esjh tkudkjh esa lR; gSA

fnukad % 29 fnlEcj 2017 gLrk{kjMkW0 xhrk flag

izdk'kd



ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsfUnzr vUrjjk"Vªh; v)Zokf"kZd 'kks/k&tuZy

(Biannual International Referred Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science)

uksV % ^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* esa izdk'kukFkZ 'kks/k&i= 31 ebZ 2018 rd vkeaf=r gSA fu;e ,oa 'krsZa i`"B la[;k 03 ds vuqlkjA

RNI No : UPBIL 03942/2010ISSN : 2229-7308UGC Regd. No. 41402

E.mail : [email protected]

^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* gsrq lEikndh; dk;kZy;edku ua0 466] jkgqy uxj] ¼ia0 gfjca'k feJ dSEil½

eM+;k] vktex<+&276001 ¼m0iz0½ Hkkjreks % 09415082614] 09532225244

iz/kku lEikndMkW0 vf[kys'k pUnz

lEikndMkW0xhrk flag

o"kZ 8- vad 10 Bilingual ¼fgUnh & English½

fuf/k 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kks/k laLFkku }kjk izdkf'kr vkxkeh vad 23 twu 2018

vf[ky xhr

'kks/k&n`f"V

AKHIL GEET

fuf/k 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kks/k laLFkkuekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ij dsfUnzr laLFkk

vktex<+&276001 ¼m0iz0½iathdj.k la[;k % 2556 AZ-17160/2010

mn~ns'; %

fuf/k 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kks/k laLFkku vktex<+ ¼m0iz0½ ,d iathÑr xSj ljdkjh laLFkk gSA bldk xBu lu~ 2010 esa fd;k x;kA ;g laLFkk ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ds {ks= esa dh tk jgh 'kSf{kd ,oa 'kks/k ijd xfrfof/k;ksa ds izksRlkgu gsrq xfBr gSA bl laLFkk ls fuEufyf[kr xfrfof/k;k¡ lEié gksaxhA

1- laLFkk ,d 'kSf{kd laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z djsxhA

2- laLFkk ekufodh ,oa lekt foKku ds 'kks/k xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, jk"Vªh;@vUrjjk"Vªh; 'kks/k tuZy ^vf[ky xhr 'kks/k&n`f"V* dk izdk'ku djsxh] ftlesa izk/;kidksa] fo}kuksa rFkk 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds 'kks/k dk;ksZa dk izdk'ku fd;k tk,xkA

3- laLFkk ekufodh rFkk lekt foKku fo"k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr fofo/k dk;ZØeksa tSls&laxks"Bh] dk;Z'kkyk] ifjppkZ] lsfeukj vkfn dk vk;kstu djsxh ftlesa jk"Vªh;@vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ds fo}kuksa] fopkjdksa] leh{kdksa dks le;≤ ij vkeaf=r fd;k tk;sxkA

4- laLFkk izkFkfed Lrj ls mPp Lrj ds ckyd@ckfydk fo|ky;ksa@egkfo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk gsrq dk;Z djsxh ftldk lapkyu foHkkxh; vuqefr ls fd;k tk;sxkA

5- jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ds vk/kqfud ek/;eksa ds iz;ksx ls ,d fof'k"V okrkoj.k rS;kj dj 'kks/k dk;ksZa dks v|ru :i nsrs gq, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk;sxkA

6- laLFkk le;≤ ij orZeku ifjos'k ls tqM+s Toyar eqn~nksa ij if=dk@iqLrd dk izdk'ku@lEiknu djsxhA

'kks/k&n`f"V'kks/k&n`f"Vvf[ky xhr


RNI No : UPBIL 03942/2010 - अखिल गीत शोध दृष्टि

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