Sonderdruck aus:

ARCH IV ••

FUR ORIENTFORSCHUNG

lnternationale Zeitschrift fur die Wissenschaft vom Vorderen Orient

Begrundet van Ernst Weidner

In Zusammenarbeit mit Hermann Hunger

Herausgegeben van Ha n s Hi rsch

Redaktion: Michael Jursa

BAND XLIV UND BAND XLV

1997/1998

Selbstverlag des lnstituts fUr Orientalistik der Universitat Wien Druck: F. Berger & Sohne G.m.b.H., Horn

Rezensionen 277

Ake W. Sjoberg (ed.), with the collaboration of Hermann Behrens, ... [et al.], The Sumerian Die­tionary of the University Museum of the University of Pennsylvania. Vol. lA Part I. xlv, 209 pp., Philadelphia, Baby Ionian Section of the Uni­versity Museum, 1992. US $ 50,-.

Idem. Part Il. xlii, 202 pp. Philadelphia·, Babylo­nian Section of the Univl!rsity Museum, 1994. US $ 50,-. 1

Following PSD B (1984), PSD All (1992) and Alii (1994) are the second and third publication resulting from a long-term lexicographical project under the direction of Ake Sjoberg in Philadelphia. No announce­ment has been made as to how many parts PSD A will have eventually, but PSD All (a - AxBAD) and Alii (a2 - abzu2) clearly do not cover more than the first half.

PSD All has 333 main entries (164 headwords from actual texts, 169 occurring only in lexical lists) in addition to 302 cross-references. PSD Alii has 261 main entries (144 headwords from texts, 117 from lists) and 195 cross-references. A total of 594 entries (or 1091 entries, if cross-references are included) seems to be a very small number for two dictionary volumes. Compare, for instance, the seventh edition of the Concise Oxford Dictionary of current English, which claims to contain 95,000 entries. However, the small number of main entries says more about the differ­ences in linguistic properties between English and Sumerian than about anything else. English has a rich lexical morphology, having numerous means to make new words on the basis of existing ones. Sumerian, by contrast, generally lacks such means to make complex words but compensates for this by making a much greater use of groups of words to express certain meanings. Sumerian is in this respect more like a Romance language than like a Germanic language (cf. French maison de poupee vs. German Puppenhaus). Sumerian commonly uses, for instance, genitive con­structions to express concepts for which Germanic languages employ compounds. Compare, for example, Sumerian e nu-da.k "bedroom (lit. 'room of lying down')" with English bedroom, German Schlaftimmer, and French chambre a coucher. While the number of complex nouns is relatively small in Sumerian, com­plex verbs are even completely lacking. Sumerian has only a few hundred verbs but nevertheless succeeds in expressing all verbal concepts by combining these verbs with certain prefixes and by using idiomatic combinations of verbs with nouns (commonly called 'compound verbs'). Thus Sumerian differs from a lan­guage like English in having a much smaller number

1) Our abbreviations are as in PSD, with in addition the following: Touzalin A/eppo (= Maryse Touzalin L'administra­tion palatiale a l'epoque de la Troisieme Dynastie d'Ur: Textes inedits du musee a Alep. These de doctoral de troisieme cycle soutenue a l'universite de Tours, 1982) and UT AMI 3 (= Fatma Yiidiz und Tohru Gomi Die Umma-Texte aus den Archiiologischen lvluseen zu Istanbul Bethesda, 1993). Our transliteration of Sumerian differs from PSD in that we use diacritics to distinguish homophonous signs such as e and e (PSD consistently uses subscripts, as in e2 and e3). Like PSD, we join signs which belong to the same word, but, in contrast with PSD, we never hyphenate word combinations, except to refer to a PSD headword.

278 Rezensionen

of individual words while having many more word combinations with specialised meanings.

Dictionaries generally use words as headwords. One would therefore expect a Sumerian dictionary to follow the same procedure. However, there is one complication. The Sumerian script does not indicate word borders, which makes delimiting words far from easy. Unfortunately, Sumerology has never addressed this problem systematically. On the contrary, there is a strong tradition to transliterate nominal phrases in such a way that the issue of word borders need not be addressed at all. PSD stands squarely in this tradition (PSD Foreword: "( ... ) segments, or signs, belonging to the same word being joined by hyphens ( ... ) Genitive compounds and noun-adjective combinations are also hyphenated"). As a consequence, not only simple and complex words (e.g. a and ab-sa) figure as headwords in PSD, but also quite a few word combinations: e.g., genitive constructions (e.g., a GAR, a i-ri-na, a-111 id­da, a nun, a se-gin, a nam-ur-sag-ga, a u4-da), nouns with attributive adjectives (e.g., a mab, a diri), nouns with attributive participles (e.g., a ki-ta ell-de, a ga­la nu-dag-ga), coordinated nouns (ab udu), case forms of nouns (e.g., a-na-as, a-na-gin7), a copular clause (a-ma-ru-kam), and perhaps a noun with an enclitic demonstrative (a-se). The criteria by which such word combinations have been selected as headwords are not always clear, but semantic considerations obviously play a crucial role in many such instances.

In the ideal entry of the ideal Sumerian dictionary, one would expect to find explicit information about the headword on the following topics: (1) spellings, (2) phonemic form(s), (3) grammatical information, e.g., about part-of-speech membership, stem-forms, typical constructions, and tor verbs also about pre­fixes, ( 4) meaning and senses, (5) idioms and expres­sions, (6) quotations illustrating and documenting the preceding items, and (7) bibliographical information. PSD provides information on all these seven topics but does not always do so explicitly.

• Ad (1 ): PSD lists all attested spellings of the headword in the heading of each main entry. Such a list of spellings can be quite heterogeneous and may include standard spellings from different periods or regions (e.g., hi-zu vs. a-ra-zu, ugur2 vs. a-gar), spellings with and without determinatives (e.g., a-ga­hi vs. kuia-ga-hi), spellings with word signs as well as ones with sound signs (e.g., absin, vs. ab-sin), non­standard spellings (e.g., c-gc-cn for a-gin7), abbrevi­ated spellings (the unique a-gis-gar vs. the widely attested a-gis-gar-ra, a-c vs. normal a-e-a, etc.), or even different \vord torms (e.g., a-ma-ru-kam vs. a­ma-ru-um, ab vs. ab-ha) and forms from different dialects (e.g., a-gal VS. Emesal a-ma-al). With the exception of hm:sal forms, PSD does not specify to

which category each of the various spellings belongs, but it gives the user the means to determine this himself, as all spellings are documented in the quota­tions.

* Ad (2): PSD is very reticent about phonological matters, without doubt because "of the uncertainties surrounding Sumerian phonology" (PSD Foreword). It does not distinguish between the two Sumerian pho­nemes /g/ and /g/, or between /r/ and /'t/. Also, PSD gives no phonemic form(s) of the headword. That the word a-sa, for instance, actually has a final /g/ can only be inferred from the quotations.

• Ad (3): PSD gives no grammatical information. Whereas the volume published first, PSD B, still indi­cates part-of-speech membership of each headword, PSD A has discontinued this practice (without explain­ing why, though). PSD does not specify the Mani-stem of verbs (cf., e.g., a--tu5, a--ag, a--tab). Nor does it indicate how verbs are construed (with which cases or with which prefixes). In most instances, however, the user can deduce such information from the quotations.

* Ad (4): PSD shows the meaning of a given headword by providing in the heading of the entry one or more English words which can be used to translate the headword. As a rule such English equivalents match the word class of the headword (i. e., nouns for translating nouns, etc.), but there are exceptions, e.g., a-nun (a noun) "mighty (one)", a-tuku (a participial phrase) "powerful (person)" and "clever", a-gin7 (an adverb) "like this", "how?", "because". PSD is quite economical with meaning discriminations. A user who wants to know to what extent the meaning of the English equivalent corresponds to that of the Sumerian headword has to resort to the quotations. Likewise, PSD gives hardly any information about the semantic relationships between the various senses of a word. It lacks, for instance, labels for showing which English equivalents represent the more basic and literal senses and which the more extended and figurative ones. (Note, however, that the equivalents are often ordered in such a way that the more basic senses come first.) Finally, PSD gives almost no information about the semantic relationships between different Sumerian words (synonyms, antonyms, etc.), although it gives cross-references (e.g., a-a A, ab-ba A, and ad-da "father").

* Ad (5): PSD is not restricted to individual Sum­erian words but also treats many word combinations with specialised meanings. PSD handles such idioms in various ways. Some receive their own separate entries, featuring as headwords. Others are treated in an entry dealing with a part of the idiom. The expres­sion a--de "to irrigate, to flood", for instance, is treated under a A "water" subsection 2 "water (used for irrigation)" but a--de "to libate" under a A sub-

Rezensionen 279

section 3 "(libation) water". The idiom a--tu5 "to have/take a bath" has its own separate entry. Finally, a--bal "to draw water" is treated under the verb bal D "to tum". Thus a given 'compound' verb may be treated under the noun, the verb, or under a separate entry of its own. Which procedure applies to a given idiom does not seem to be very predictable, so that PSD is far from user-friendly in this respect. Idioms other than 'compound' verbs are less difficult to locate, although here too some guesswork is required of the user. The entry a C "(point of) time" includes, for instance, the phrase u. a-ba "the right time (lit. 'the day of its time')", while other phrases have received their own entries: a gi6 ba-a "midnight (lit. 'the time when the night is halved (?)')", a gu zi-ga "early morning (lit. 'the time when the neck is raised')", a-se "now (lit. 'this time' (?))", a u. te-na "evening (lit. 'the time when the day has cooled of)". Attinger (ZA 85 [1995] pp. 128-133) has listed the various idioms treated in PSD A/1 and has thus provided a most valuable tool for the user.

• Ad (6): The quotations are without doubt the most valuable part of PSD. Providing a comprehensive collection of quotations is clearly a key aim of PSD. The literary and lexical texts are excerpted particu­larly thoroughly. Other types of texts, such as admin­istrative documents, are quoted less extensively. The quotations are organised on the basis of several com­peting principles. The primary division is into unilingual, bilingual, and lexical quotations (although the unilingual section may contain quotations from certain bilingual texts). The unilingual quotations are further subdivided according to the type of source (administrative or literary texts, and the like) and the date of the source. Sense distinctions play only a secondary role in subdividing quotations. Some entries arrange the w1ilingual quotations according to sense distinctions (e. g., a A, a B), but several other entries where such a subdivision \Vould have been perfectly possible actually lack it, e.g., a-da-ab (a dmm or a song), a-ra B "way, \vays, state, condition, counsel, advice", a-ki-ti (a festival cdebrated twice a year and the temple where the festival is celebrated).

• Ad (7): Bibliographical information is given at the end of an entry (sometimes in a discussion note) in those instances where PSD finds this useful.

Several Sumerologists have already given com­ments on points of detail, among them Attinger on PSD A/1 (ZA 85 [1995] pp. 127-141) and Civil on PSD A/I and Alii (Corrections and Additions to PSD A. Sumerian Lexical Archive: http://www.oi.uchicago. edu/OI/PROJ/SUM/SLA/ Add _PSD.html). Generally speaking, comments already made by either author will not be repeated here. The following comments will focus on the Old and Neo-Sumerian material.

Note that an initial asterisk (•) indicates that PSD lacks that particular headword.

*a - Note that a can also be a variant spelling of the noun e or the verb ak. The spelling a for e is attested in the Umma month name iti e-iti-6, which is sometimes written iti a-iti-6 (e.g., JRAS 1937, 471 2: 6; AUCT I, 719: 6). It also occurs in the Lagash name i-dub e-NE-le, some­times written l-dub a-NE-le (e.g., SNAT 161 case 3; MVN 12, 336: 7). The spelling a of ak is, for instance, found in ba-ni-a (Gudea Cyl. A xxvi 19).

a A - Add the Old Sumerian expression a ki-ta.k "the water of below". E.g., 60 i1s sa, 60 sag an-na, 80 sag a ki-ta­ka, asag-bi I 2.1.0 gana2 "sixty nindan, the long sides being equal; sixty nindan the upper short side; eighty nindan the short side of the water below: its area two bur and six iku" (DP 605 1: 1-4). Ad 1.3.6: also e a-kum/-ka "in the hot-water room" (Nik 1, 286 ii 4). The dis in the quotation hi a-ktim-dis-me must he a scribal error. For "individual" one expects didli. Ad 1.3.8: also a (sed12)

de-(a), a ceremony attested in Ur Ill texts from Umma (Sallaberger Kalender index). Ad 2.3.1 a--bu/bil/bu,: In addition to Attinger's remarks about the correct reading of this "monstre orthographique" (op. cit. p. 128f.), note that all verifiable attestations clearly have the sign GU7

(=KAxNiG) instead of PU (=KAxKAR). Ad 2.3.2 a-de: The year name in RTC 185 should be read mu asag mus­'bPI-(ed)en-na a ba-del-a, "the year when the Mus­bi'edena-field was flooded". For the Musbi'edena area see, e.g., Lafont-Yildtz Tello Istanbul II, L.3350: 2. Ad 2.3.5.1: The last quotation must be read i-dub a-KAI-sal4-a-ta (Lafont-Ytld1z Tello Istanbul I, L. 77 5: 7) and does not belong here. Ad 2.3.9.1: Translate sukkal-mab-da nu­me-a I a ba-ra-ab-ga-ga "I will certainly not irrigate it without the pennission of the sukkal-mah". This clause is part of an oath formula. B. Lafont discussed this text and similar ones in RA 88 (1994) pp. 97-106. As for the quotation from Acta Sum 6, 129 (!) no. 3: 8: Both the reading and the translation remain uncertain. Ad 2.3.12 a-ku5: This verbal expression is to be read a-bas, as shown by the non-standard spelling in MVN 18, 516: 1-2 a-sa ka-ma-ri<ki>_ta, a ba-ra-ba-as "water was diverted from the Kamari-field" (Yoshikawa Acta Sum 17, 345f.). Ad 6: This section should probably be deleted. In the quotations from Urnanse and Eannatum, a is to be read id5, an older spelling for id (Bauer Altorientalische Notizen 21 [ 1985]). The remaining two quotations belong else­where. Ad 7: Add a-sa dnin-a-gal a su ilr-ra 1 i-ib-gal "There was water damage in the Ninagal field" (CT 7, 18 BM 12942 rev. 2-3). Alternatively, one might follow Wilcke's translation of a su ilr-ra as "Uberschwemmung" (ZA 78 [1988] p. 16).

a-a A - Ad 9.3: The name igi-a-a-n(a-se) only occurs in Falkenstein Gerichtsurlamden 28 and is based on a recon­struction.

a-ba C - Add the common expression a-ba sd-gu10-gin7 "Who is like my brother?" (e.g., TCS I, 139: 6; 287: 7; MVN 3, 332: 9) which often occurs in letters, being used to reinforce a request. Similarly: a-ba ama-[gu 10-gin7) "Who is like my mother?" (TCS 1, 54: 9). This expres­sion is also a common pattern for proper names: a-ba-se5-gu10-gin7 (MVN 15, 131: 11 ), a-ba-nin-gu 10-gin7

280 Rezensionen

(Waetzoldt Textilindustrle 258, 81: 2), a-ba-a-a-gu 10-gin7

(TuM NF 112, 149 obv 6), a-ba-lugall-gu10-gin 7 (Owen Nippur 686: 1), etc.

•a-ba-al- This word qualifies esir2 "bitumen" (see Oppenheim Eames Coli. p. 3 7). In MVN 2, 3 esir2 a-ba-al is att~sted together with several other types of bitumen, all used in boat construction, viz. esir2 bad "dry bitumen", esir2 1Jur-sag, "bitumen of the foothills", esir2 e-a, " ... bitu­men", whereas a combination of two of these, esir2 a-ba­al and esir2 bur-sag, is found in ITT 2, 755: 5. esir2 a­ba-al is a solid substance, measured in talents (gti).

a-bal A - This functionary's relatively low social status is shown by the fact that he could receive monthly allotment barley (§e-ba iti-da, as in Sigrist Syracuse 365: 15). An important text is MVN 12, 297, which is an account of one month's allotment barley for the water drawers (se-ba a-bala-e-ne) working in sundry orchards, among them persons qualified as SIG7-a, the same qualification as found in Lafont-Ylld1z Tello Istanbul I L.630.

a-bal B- Acta Sum 5, 48 no. 6: l-2 should be read 16 laligur a ba(la-e (or perhaps -a)J esir2-bi 0.0.2 and belongs to balD 3.1.1 (PSD B s. v.), where actually another attesta­tion of the same phrase in the same text (there "Acta Sum 5, 48 AlA 104 ") was already cited.

•a-bar - Variant spelling of a-gar5•

•a-bi-za - (a small piece of stone broken or cut off) "chip" (cf. Molina Aula Or 7 [1989] p. 84]. E.g.: 1 na4 du8-si­a, 9 a-bi-za na4 duB-si-a, uJ-sakar sa-am-sa-tum I kii­sig17 hus-a, sc-ge-de "one topaz stone, nine chips of topaz stone to be mounted on a moon crescent and sun disk of red gold" (UET 3, 557: 3-6); 1 na4 du8-si-a, 8 'a­bi-za1 na4 1dUB·Si-a I, Se-ge-de '"one topaz Stone, eight chips of topaz stone to be mounted on it {= a moon crescent and sun disk)" (UET 3, 613: 6-8); 1 kam-kam­ma-tum ku-sigl7 bus-a, a-bi-za na4 du6-a se-ga e-ba-an "one ring of red gold with a pair of mounted ... -stone chips" (UET 3, 703 i 1-2).

a-bu-um - Add the Ur Ill attestation from Lagash a-bu-um Jugal-se "(loaves of bread) for the abwn of the king" (BM 18684: 7, unpub.). See also: M. Cohen, The Cultic Calendars of the Anciem Near East [Bethesda 1993] 261 ("The ab/pum was probably a mound placed over a supposed passage to the netherworld through which the dead could return to the land of the living and through which the living could provide for the dead", with tiirther Ur III references ibid. 259-260).

a-da - Add UET 3, 27'2 v 40. *a-da-ga - Short form of pa4 a da-ga "irrigation ditch" (see

Waetzoldt, BSA 5 (1990] p. 8; Sauren Ununa p. 43). E.g.: (x) gurus u4 1-se, (a-d)a-ga-as gen-na "[x] labourers for one day, who went to the irrigation ditches" (TCL 5, 5674 ix 12-13).

a-dar - The cross-reference to a-dara3 is to be deleted, see PSD Alii p. 110 s. v. a-tarab.

a-dara3 - The same holds as for a-<lar. a-diri - This headword does not exist as such. The entry

features two different forms: ( l) gi-diri "floating reed, raft" (if that is really the meaning of the word) and(:!) gi­a-diri ''reed floating on water".

a-e-a- PSD gives two senses l(lr thts expression: (I) ''breach", "water-outlet (for irrigationiJrainage)" and (2) "gushing water". The first sense is only attested in economic texts,

while the second only occurs in literary texts. This odd distribution disappears when "dike breach" is taken as the basic meaning of a e-a (lit. something like "water gone out"). In the literary texts, a e-a is clearly used as an image for a strong destructive force. In the economic texts, an a e-a is nearly always associated with expendi­tures of reed and labourers but never with irrigating fields. Take, for instance, the first quotation under 1.1 (transliteration and translation adapted): 1620 sa gi I a e­a I id gir-sulli-ka u-se-de "1620 bundles of reed for damming up (us 'to dam up') the dike breach of the Girsu Canal". Ad 1.5: Read in RA 34, 76 no. 3 for e7-ZUR: e­amar. The quotation YOS 4, I: 4-5 does not belong here. Read a-sa hi-kal-la sagi a-e de6-a I a ga-ab-su "As for (?) the field of Lukalla the cupbearer, which the water 'carried off, I will repay the water (i. e., the damage done by the water?)". The quotation Sigrist Princeton 456: 1-2 is incomplete, as line 3 belongs to it. Read 59 gurus u4

1-se I a e-a uku2-lnu-ti-ka gub-ba. In MCS 3, 90 11:!947 read for a-sa PN1: a-sa Jugal ii a-gestin, which are two field names.

A.EDIN.LA- YOS 4, 298 (an Ur 1II text from Umma) is the only text given in PSD with the spelling A.U.EDIN.LA instead of A.EDLlloi.LA. One is immediately reminded of the different spelling conventions existing in Ur III Umma as compared to Ur Ill Lagash and Ur (see, e.g., de Maaijer, Jaarbericht "Ex Oriente Lux" 33 [ 1993-1994] p. 121). Umma spells the word for "potter" babar3 = U."EDIN", whereas Lagash and Ur spell babar2 = "EDIN" (see H. \Vaetzoldt, WO 6 [1970-1971] p. 8-9). Unfortunately not enough reliable autograph copies ofUr III texts have been published to verify a similar distribu­tion for the spellings A.U.EDIN.LA and A.EDIN.LA.

*a-egir - This word seems to denote a kind of "dam" (see Maekawa Acta Sum 14 [1992] 214, 223 note 52; Steinkeller BSA 4 (1988] 81), see Oberhuber Florenz 95 i 18-19 a-sa a-egir damarl-dsuen-dsara2-ki-ag "The Field At-The-Dam-Of-The-Amar-Suen-Shara-Ki'ag-Canal" (Ur Ill Umma); Acta Sum 14 [1992], 243 92 i 13-14 600 gid 1/3 sar 5 ginl-ta a-igi a-egir, a-sa 250 sar (Ur III Lagash). Compare a-igi.

*a-ga-ri.n, *a-ga-ri.n - Variant spellings of agarin. E.g.: im <a>-ga-ri-na lu-a (MVN 13, 299: 12) and e a-ga-ri-se ga6-ga (Watson Birmingham II, 199: 2)

a-GAR - PSD gives a rather imprecise explanation of what this genitive construction stands for. It designates a flour­based fluid for depilating hides as a preparation for tannage (cf. Stol RIA 6, 531 ). A suitable translational equivalent may therefore be "depilation fluid". E.g.: 60 kus udu a gar I gu,-a, 30 kus udu siki mu "Sixty depilated sheep hides (lit. 'which ate depilation fluid'), thirty sheep hides with hair (lit. 'which grow hair')" (UET 3, 1271: 1-2). Ad 4: Translate dabin a gar kus udu gukkal-ka-se "barley-flour for depilation fluid for hides of fat-tailed sheep".

a-gar5 - The variant spelling a-gar in a quotation sub 1. (TLB 3, 163) is not given in the heading. The few published autograph copies of Ur Ill texts seem to indi­cate that this word was written a-bar before the third year of Sii-Suen and a-gar5 in and after the third year of Sii­Suen, which fits in nicely with other administrative re­fonns issued by King Sii-Suen (see, e.g., Watson Bir-

Rezensionen 281

mingham I [1986] 81-85 and Sallaberger Kalender p. 50 with note 208).

•a-gar 5-gar 5 - This reading is missing as a cross-reference to a-lu-lu (see PSD s. v.).

a-gi.-a-um - According to Waetzoldt Textilindustrie 172 note 116, it is not clear whether in the expression tug a-gi4-a­um LUGAL, LUGAL is to be understood as Jugal "of the king", or as sar "of the first quality". In Ur Ill texts from Girsu, the word a-gi4-a-um is always spelled a-gi4-

um (see, e.g., MVN 5, 155 i 4; RTC 304 i 21; Lafont­Ytldtz Tello Istanbul II L.433l: 2; Waetzoldt Textilindu­strie 16 i 5'). Another Umma reference is: 8 tug us-bar a-gi.-um (RA 86 [1992] l 09 vii 200). Snell's interpreta­tion of this term as a royal bureau in Snell Ledgers 85 (not "trans[lated] as 'royal wardrobe'" as PSD cites this reference, but rather "with the function of 'royal ward­robe'") is controversial, compare H. Waetzoldt's critical remarks on Snell's reconstruction of various "bureaus" in OrNS 55 (1986] 331.

•a-gu4 - Snell assumes a word a-gu4 in the quotation 1 i11a­gu4 za-gin kit-sig17 gar, ku-bi 112 ma-na "one wooden ... , inlaid with lapis lazuli and gold; its silver is half a pound" (Snell Ledgers 19 rev. 5-6, compare Snell's re­marks op. cit. p. 220). This word a-gu4 must probably be read ildag2 = A.AM as in RTC 307 v 13 (quoted by Snell, but incorrectly read a-gu4).

a-glib-ha - Sallaberger Kalender p. 238 discusses some uncertain Ur Ill attestations. Add the Old Sumerian PN a­gtib-ba-ni-du10 (LB 916 ii 3 unpub.), written a-gtib-ni­du10 elsewhere (Nik l, 213 i 2 and V AS 27, 12 iv 3).

a-l-ri-na - The phrase a 61-ri-na (probably a genitive con­struction) is to be translated as "madder water" (Stol RIA 6, 535). This fluid was used to tan hides. Translate therefore: 5 kus udu a •ii-ri-na gu,-a "five sheep hides tanned with madder water (lit. 'which ate madder water')". Add: MVN 16, 616 obv 2; MCS I, 53 = MCS 6, 3 105791: 2; MCS 1, 53 105753: 2.

•a-igi B - This word seems to denote a kind of "dam" (Maekawa Acta Sum 14 [1992] 214, 223 note 52; P. Steinkeller BSA 4 [1988] 81; Compare a-egir), see, e.g., Gomi-Sato British Museum 86 ii 12 a-igi a-egir u2 sag11

I kab2-ku5 (Ur Ill Lagash). *A.IGI C - This word denotes a kind of weed (Jacobsen

Copenhagen p. 5S), see, e.g., ki sitm-ma-ka "A.IGI, bit­ra "who tore out ... in a onion plot" (Jacobsen Copenha­gen 27: 9-10); "A.IGI ga6-ga ·'who carried ... " (Sigrist Princeton I, 43 7: 3 ).

a-igi-du8 - This functionary is supervised by the ensi2-gal, as Jacobsen has suggested (Aula Or 9 [1991] 114) and is clearly shown by Reisner Telloh Ill rev. vi 13-14. However, ITT 3, L.5268: 6 3 udu ki-BAD ensi2-gaf-ne I 1 mas ki-BAD ugula a-igi-du 8-me may indicate that there were other supervisors of the a-igi-du8, apart from the ensi2-gal. The word a-igi-du8 means literally "water watcher" and denotes an inspector of water supply and allocation (Jacobsen op. cit. p. 114 note 8). To the litera­ture and references may be added Waetzoldt BSA 5 [1990] 12 and 3 gin kit, su-ga inim-dinanna a-igi-du8,

mu a-sa nin-amas-zi-/ta a bala-a-se "three shekels of silver, paid back by luim-Inanna the irrigation inspector, because water was drawn from the field Ninamashzi" (Acta Sum 9 [1987] 329: 6 ii 5-8). A non-standard writing

of lti a-igi-du8 "man of the water watcher" may be la-a­igi-du8 (UET 3, 1053: 3, pers. comm. Waetzoldt).

*A+KA.KU-bi- Transliterated ••*ugu4-bi (UET 3, 711: 10), this is a variant spelling of ugu.-hi "monkey".

•a-KA-sal4 - Add this word, which denotes a kind of water­course (see Maekawa Acta Sum 13 [ 1991] 20 1-204 "the water flowing into irrigation furrows within the field" or "the water which is introduced into a small irrigation channel through its narrow 'mouth"'). If this word recurs in the name of the location a-KA-sal4111 (situated in the province of Umma), it must be read a-pi4-sal4 , see the evidence presented by de Maaijer op. cit. p. 120.

a-ku5 - This word occurs only in lexical texts (see Lexical section). Since the term GAG.A. TAR is poorly under­stood (see Attinger p. 137 and observe that PSD derives its translation of GAG.A. TAR from the Akkadian trans­lation of lti-(g)ag-a-ku5, mu-[p]e-e-t[u-u] "the one who opens"), connecting GAG.A.TAR with a-ku5 should have been done with caution. With AHw, the Akkadian trans­lation butuqtu of a-ku5 seems to denote a "breach" rather than a "sluice channel''. Since a--ku5 has to be read a--bas (see above s. v. a A), the reading of the noun a­ku5 remains uncertain.

a-la-A~ - This is a ghost word, as has already been noted by P. Attinger (p. 13 7, add to his reference R. Plochl & K. Reiter, "Alasija und Alas "Kupfer/Bronze"," Kadmos, Zeitschrift fiir vor- und friihgriechische Epigraphik 33 [1994] 65-68 and K. Reiter & R. Plochl, "SMN 2559: Das Geisterwort alas = "Kupfer/Bronze"," NABU 1993/ 86).

a-la-la A, a-la-lu, a-lu-lu - For the character of these "excla­mations", "work-cries", or "songs", see H.L.J. Vanstiphout, Acta Sum 12 [1990] 306 note 48, who points out that the sequence of sounds seems to have only a signalling function, and is in itself meaningless - one of his exam­ples being Gabriele d'Annunzio's famous Italian Fascist "war cry".

•a-la.m - This non-standard writing of elam "Elamite" may be attested in a personal name in MVN 2, 152, where the tablet (lines 2, 3) and case (lines 2, 3) read e-zi-sa-gal dumu elam, but the seal e-zi-sa-ga-al dumu a-la-ma (with copy; E. Sollberger, TCS I p. 115 and H. Sauren, WMAH p. 156 both read -ga-al, which one would ex­pect).

a-h) B - The spelling a-a-la does not exist. In all the relevant quotations, the first a of a-a-la is actually the genitive case marker belonging to the preceding word. E.g.: gis gid-da zabar 1-a, a-la-ba ga-ga-de "(gold) for plating the a-la of one bronze lance" (UET 3, 642: 5-6). The quotation under 2.1 is incomplete: 12 213 ma-na 5 gin zabar, urud•gag-si-sa 3 ma-na, a-la-hi 1 ma-na bar-bi I 5/6 ma-na, arud•gag-si-sa 2 Yz ma-na a-la-hi, 516 ma-na bar-bi 2/310 1, U urud•<gag>-si-sa 2 ma-na a-1:1-bi, 213 18

bar-bi Yz ma-na 1-§e "Twelve and two thirds of a pound and five shekels of bronze: for one straight peg of three pounds with an a-la of one pound and an 'outside' of five sixths of a pound; for one straight peg of two-and-a-half pounds with an a-la of five sixths of a pound and an 'outside' of two thirds of a pound; and for one straight peg of two pounds with a a-la of two thirds of a pound and an 'outside' of half a pound" (UET 3, 44 7: 1-7). Note also the expression a-la dim, where a-la denotes a part of a

282 Rezensionen

pole. See J.-P. Gregoire AAS p. 183 "il s'agit sans doute d'une partie determinee d'une colonne (ou d'un poteau)" and, e.g., the text Gregoire AAS 140 1-6 12 arud•subui­sag-IC, 17 arudua-la-dim, 60 unodugag ii1kuns, 0 urad•nu-kui 11 ki-18-bi 26 516 I ma-n a 3 gin, kfg dub-ba "12 ... , 17 pole ... , 60 ladder pegs, 0 ... ; their weight is 26 516 pounds and 3 shekels; damaged work".

a-hi C - This may very well be the same word as a-hi B. Is a-la the Sumerian word for '·pipe, tube"?

a-lum A - See now M. St~pien, Animal Husbandry in the Ancient Near East. A Prosopographic Study of Third­Millennium Umma [1996] 16-17, 20 for a discussion of this term (with previous literature). Steinkeller's interpre­tation (BSA 8 [1995] 52) of this word as aslums (A..LUM) "long-fleeced" seems the most convincing one.

•a-ma-ad - A word illa-ma-ad, with unknown meaning, may occur in M. Lambert TEL 113:7, 17; 115: 30; 118A: 2 (il1(il-subJ I a-ma-ad), as well as in POT 2, 918 i 8, ii 22 (!) (il1il-sub5 I a-ma-ad).

•a-ma-n - (Meaning unknown). E.g. 3 gal a-ma-il I kil­babbar, 1 gal a-ma-n mai-tab-ba kil-babbar, ki-la-bi 4 516 ma-na 4 gin I 213 (NIND~xSE.AS.AS) "three silver ... cups, one silver twin ... cup; their weight four pounds and 54 2/3 shekels" (UET 3, 302: 1-3).

a-ma-ru - Ad 1.2: Read the first quotation mu di-bi-dsuen lugal uri5111-ma-ke4 a-ma-ru nig du11-ga digir-re-ne-ke4

za an ki im-silb-silb-a urim5111 URUxUD 111 tab-ba bi-in­ge-en "year: Ibbi-Sin, King of Ur, - when a flood ordered by the gods shook the whole world - secured stricken Ur and URUxUD" (See Civil NABU 1987/49 and UET 9, 413).

a-ma-ru-kam - From a grammatical point of view, the quotations under this entry belong under the entry a-ma­ru. The form a-ma-ru-um consists of the noun a-ma-ru followed by the enclitic copula. The form a-ma-ru-kam has the same structure, except that a-ma-ru is in the genitive case. As PSD's quotations under a-ma-ru-kam I. show, a-ma-ru can mean something like "emergency, urgency". Thus, a-ma-ru-um is "it is urgent" (lit. "an urgency") and a-ma-ru-kam "it is urgent" (lit. "of ur­gency"). Semantically, these expressions clearly belong to a-ma-ru "flood".

a-mui - The references given by PSD are exclusively from Ur Ill Umma. PSD describes a-mui as a type of canal under this entry, but as a canal name s. v. a-mus-DU (discussion). One should distinguish between the id amus or id a-mus, the Amus-canal (a canal name), which is sometimes abbreviated to amus or a-mus, and the noun amus/a-mus of unknown meaning.

a-mui-DU - This term is also attested in Ur Ill texts and is used there as a qualification of land, see, e.g., AfO 24 [1973] pl. 17 Truro 1 iv 12 (20.0.0 gana. a-mui-DU) (from Lagash) and ASJ 18 (1996) 183,6: t"2 (Umma).

a-na - Add ad 3. the Ur Ill expression gu4-re a-na-am DU (var. gu4-e ... ) "whatever the teams took (viz. as seed, fodder, or wages)", attested in Lagash and Ununa. E.g.: Chiera STA 27 (passim); ITT 3, 5427: 2; ITT 5, 6872: 2, M. Lambert TEL 3: 3; Lafont-Ytldtz Tello Istanbul I L.979: 2; La font-Ylldtz Tello Ista11b11l II L.2546: 2; MVN 14, 257: 5; MVN 16, 869: 3; etc. Differently: Lafont­Ytldtz Tello Istanbul II p. 279 ad L.2546 gu4 e a-na am­DU "ce que les boeufs ont apporte".

a-nigin2 - This word occurs also passim in Ur III texts, e.g., 6 gurus a-nigin2-na gub-ba (HSS 4, 13 iii 13). A further a-LAGAB, in addition to PSD's a-nigin2 "pond" and a­NIGIN2 (a profession), may be attested in quotations like 1 dug dida 0.0.3 a-LAGAB "one thirty-litre pot for won ... " (Reisner Telloh 128 iv 16, Sumerian Archival Texts I, 257: 3).

a-nir A - Note the crucial spelling ki •a-nir•-••-ra under Lexical 3, which seems to be the only spelling pointing to a reading a-nir instead of a-ser7 (the writing <a>-ne­ra quoted in the heading of the entry does not recur in the quotations).

a-ra - Add: TCL 5, 5673 passim; Touzalin Aleppo 341: l; Sauren New York Library 363: 16'. In all attestations, the illa-ra designates a wooden part of a boat (their number ranges between six and eleven per boat).

a-ra-ab - Add the expression gag a-ra-ab-ba (a kind of metal pin used in doors). E.g.: 92 gag a~-ra-ab-ba I zabar-bi, ki-la-bi 1 Yz ma-na 1 gin "92 bronze ... pins for it ( = a door), their weight one and a half pounds and one shekel" (UET 3, 826 i 7-8); 117 unodugag a-ral-ab-ba ig e ku-ba-tum, ki-la-bi 1 ma-na la I 213 (NIND~xSE.A§.AS) "117 copper ... pins for the door of Kubatum's house: their weight one pound minus two thirds of a shekel" (UET 3, 348: l-3); 1 2/3 ma-na 6 gin I zabar, gag a~-ra-ab-ba I il1ig-ie "one and two-thirds of a pound and six shekels of bronze, for ... pins for a door" (UET 3, 614: 1-2).

a-ra-ak - See below s. v. a-rak. a-ra-ak-a - See below s. v. a-rak. a-ra-li - The question mark after "Ur III" can safely be

deleted, see the geographical name u2-du dnin-a-ra-li attested in Umma texts (e.g., UT AMI 3, 2074: 2; MVN 3, 280: 8; Gregoire AAS 43 124: 2; Touzalin Aleppo 194; Hans J. Nissen Friihe Schrift und Techniken der Wirtschaftsverwa/tung im a/ten Vorderen Orient p. 92 iii 9) and the canal name a-ra-li in Lagash texts (e.g., Acta Sum 13, 227-8 72 rev. vi 14).

a-ra-zu - This noun is also found in an Ur Ill text: u4 en eridu111, a-ra-zu df-bf-ldEN.ZU-ka-ie pa-da, e dgu-la-le I l-in-ku4-ra-a (AUCT 3, 489: 24-26); mu en eridu111, a­ra-zu di-bi-ldEN.ZU-na pa-da I ba-bug-ga-ie (AUCT 3, 489: 46-47). These attestations of a-ra-zu allow a more precise dating of the spelling change from fa-zu to a-ra­zu. The first spelling is the norm in the Gudea texts (but is also attested in Shulgi P), while the second is the normal spelling from the (late) Ur Ill period onwards. The other two spellings listed by PSD (a-i'a-zu and ra­zu) are non-standard at best.

· PSD's analysis of a-ra-zu as 'your way' is impossible. Not only is it based on the secondary spelling a-i'a-zu, but it also violates a rule of Sumerian grammar. The vowel /u/ of the possessive pronoun zu 'your' contracts with the /a! of the genitive and locative case markers, but PSD's quotations show that the lul of a-ra-zu behaves otherwise.

a-ra A - Ad 1.1: Read and translate the first quotation: mu­a~ a-fa S-am6 hi 1-§e I mu-tilm "Five times per year per person, he will bring this (viz. the amounts of fish as listed in the preceding lines)". Ad 1.2: This section lumps together two different expressions. First, a-fa n-kam-ma, which loses its final /a/ after the Old Sumerian period:

Rezensionen 283

"the nth time". Second, a-ra n-kam "this is of the nth time (lit. 'it is of time n')". From about the Old Akkadian period pnwards, these two expressions are homonymous. A unique blend of the two occurs in Steinkeller Legal and Administrative Texts 26 (passim): a-ra n-ka-ma-kam "this is of the nth time".

a-ni B - Add the sense "trip". E.g.: 11 gurus u4 4-se, kab­ku5 ti1§inig-se, "bar-an il-Ia, a-ra-bi 2-ta "eleven labour­ers for four days, who carried 'road'-grass to the regulator of the Tamarisk (field); their trips two each" (Sigrist Syracuse 32: 4-7).

a-ra C - The forms a-da5 and a-ra are certainly not different spellings of a single word. It is true that the consonant rtl is often reflected by /d/, but only in later forms. In this case, the attestations of a-da5 are actually older than those with a-fa. The noun gada-a-dab6 (the reading dab6

being preferable over das) designates a linen garment (cf. Waetzoldt RIA 6, 588f). The noun a-ra as a designation of textile is not attested in unilingual Sumerian texts. The quotations given do not belong here and must be inter­preted differently. Read: 6.0.0 naga gur, gada-a DU-a­a§ "six kors of alkali for the 'walking' on linen" (UET 3, 1627: 2'-3'); a tug gada-a DU-a, urim5kl-ma-gin7-nam "the wages for 'walking' on cloth and linen is as at Ur" (TCS l, 327: 3-4); 7.1.0 naga gur, tug-ga DU-a-as "seven kors and sixty litres of alkali for the 'walking' on cloth" (UET 3, 953: 14-15). This "'walking' on cloth and linen" refers to the activity of fulling (Waetzoldt Textilindustrie p. 164 ).

a-ra-min - The material given under this headword seems to belong more properly under a-fa A 1.2. Also, the spell­ing a-ra-me-cg does not exist as such. As the relevant quotation shows, the /g/ actually stands for the first part of the suffix kam-ma.

a-rak - The headword a-rak (PSD: "heron") may stand for the same word as the headwords a-ra-ak (PSD: "spar­row") and a-ra-ak-a (PSD: "stork"). Note that the read­ing a-rak of a-MUNUS actually presupposes the identity of these three headwords and makes use of an (at least in origin) Akkadian value of the sign MUNUS (derived from sal = raqqu). The bird name a-rak (Akkadian laqlaqqu or raqraqqu) seems to be an onomatopoeia.

a-ri-a B - See, besides the references given by Attinger (p. 139) also de Maaijer op. cit. p. 120 text 8 with commen­tary (add JCS 32 [ 1980] 172, 2: 2 a-ri-a dnin-bur-sag iri-sag-rig7 kl).

a-ri-lum - The form u-ra-lum does not belong here. As Bauer has shown (Altorientalische Notizen 34 [1987]), it is to be read u-ra-gum, a loanword from Akkadian urakum ("ein Steinstab"), written u-ra-ku-um in TCL 5, 6044 rev. i 22 and ii 4. Note that the reading !urn of LUM in a-ri-lum is uncertain.

a-ri-na - The comments on u-a-NIR are missing s. v. a-nir A on p. 132 and should be added there.

a-ru- Ad 2.3: The text 2NT-T70 (cited as TCS I, 124) has now been published in autograph copy as Owen Nippur 807. This autograph copy disagrees on several points with Jacobsen's translation as used by Sollberger, one discrepancy being the inscription on the seal. According to Owen's copy, the seal reads di-bf-dsuen,"lugal kalag­ga, lugal uri5kl-ma I Jugal an-ub-da limmu2-ba, a-bu­ba-[x), dub-sar <urdu2-zu(?)> not ... -ra ... a mu-na-ru.

Since the legend as copied is an unusual one, the seal inscription requires collation. For another example of this type of seal, see R.L. Zettler, JCS 39 ( 1987) p. 236 n.48, dinanna I nin-a-ni I ur-zu I sandan I den-lil-la I nam-ti­la-ni-se I a mu-na-ru (no columns?). Ad 3.1: read nig-a­ru-s(e) in the quotation from DP 53. Ad 3.2: See below s. v. a-n1-a A.

a-ru-a A- The form a ru-a is a non-finite form of the verbal expression a--ru "to dedicate". This form can be used as an adjective (translation: "dedicated" or "given as a dedi­catory gift") or as a noun (translation: "dedicated one" or "one given as a dedicatory gift"). In either case a ru-a can refer to persons, animals, or things, just like the verb a-ru. PSD gives the quotations of a ru-a used as an adjective under a--ru 3. "things and people described as a-n1-a". There we find expressions such as geme2 a ru­a "female servant given as a dedicatory gift" and udu a ru-a-am6 "These are sheep given as dedicatory gifts". In the entry a-ru-a A, PSD treats only the quotations of a ru-a used as a noun, with "dedicatory gift" as the trans­lational equivalent. Since the noun a ru-a is nothing more than the substantivised version of the adjectival a ru-a, a translational equivalent closer to the original Sumerian would have been "dedicated one" or "one given as a dedicatory gift". E.g.: dub-sar a ru-a "scribe of the (ones given as) dedicatory gifts" and sipa a ru-a "shep­herd of the ones (viz. sheep) given as dedicatory gifts". Ad 2.4: In the first quotation (DP 72) read nig-a-ru instead of ninda-a-ru. This quotation properly belongs under a-ru 3.1.

a-ru-a B - This seems to be the same word as a-ri-a A. These two words are written similarly (viz. a ru-a or a ri-a), while their meanings ("family" vs "ejaculated semen", "offspring") are quite close too.

*a-sag B - This term serves as a qualification of flour. See also 0.1.1 5 sila3 z{d a-sag I Jugal "7 5 litres of ... flour (measured according to the) royal (measure)" (Gomi-Sato British Museum 219 I); se-bala-bi zid a-sag I igi-5-gal ba-a-5es4 (MVN 17, 6 rev ii 3) (Ur III texts from Lagash).

a-sa : Ad 1.1: DP 606 v 3 reads a sag gi-dab-ba, the name of a well-known field in Lagash (e.g., DP 573 v 5 (Presarg.); Lafont-Y11d1z Tello Istanbul II L.2590: 3 (Ur III). Ad 1.3 "the location of a field" and 1.4 "field names and designations": In Sumerian there is no difference between these categories, at least not as far as the chosen examples are concerned (e.g., a§ag da kisi17-ga surely means "the field at the side of the Acacia" yet it is in fact a name). Ad 1.4.3: The only option to read GANA2 as asag in Ur III texts is in proper names, i. e., in archaising spellings. The reference to Pettinato Untersuchungen is misleading, since out of the three examples given by Pettinato, two concern gana2 "land, soil" in an area mentioned by name and not gana2 designating a field or a field name (ITT 4, 7148 and 7285, now published as MVN 6, 145 and MVN 6, 277 = AnOr 45, 65, respec­tively). Pettinato's third example is from a Lagash II text (ITT 4, 7979, now published as MVN 7, 376). It is generally overlooked that Ur III Lagash geographical areas lend their name not only to fields but also to, e.g., canals, storehouses, and settlements. Also, the Ur Ill scribes may refer to "land" (gana2) in an area without mentioning the "field" (a-~a) named after it. Ad 1.12.3:

284 Rezensionen

This section must be deleted since the only attestation given here (AUCT 2, 105) should be read (lines 1-3) 11 gu4, kisib hi a-sa im-/lik-dsu-Jsuen 10-se, ba-a-re-d5-a-ne "eleven oxen, sealed document(s) of the men who went to the field oflmlik-Sii-Suen". Ad 1.12.7: The SIG7.NIGIN2-

official has recently been discussed by T. Maeda (Acta Sum 18 [1996] 251-253), who concludes that this official "belonged to the organization of the ruler (ensi) and ... engaged in the cultivation of the ensi's fields". Ad l.l6.9: a-sa gis-ba-sub-ba does not refer to an administrative procedure, as PSD suggests, but is the name of a field which derives its name from an adjoining canal (Rep. geogr. 2, 265 s. v. Gisbasuba), see gti id gis!-ba-/sub-ba (RA 10, 66: 68 i 8'); ( .•• ] 'x gis-ba-sub-ba (Reisner Telloh 16 i 15', in between other field-names). Ad l.l6.12.2: lugal-e(-)a-na in-gid does not mean "the king measured it off with his own hand" but "(an official named) Lugale'ana measured it". See for this PN, e.g., PN dumu lugal-e-a-na (RA 46, 53: 3 line I). For this type of name, see, e.g., nin-e-a-na (UET 3, 26 seal).

a-§e-gin - This is probably a genitive construction, a se-gin "liquid glue (lit. 'water of glue')". Note that LB 1020 and ll 05 have been published as TLB/SLB 5, 12 and ll.

*a-su-dab6 - This term denotes a qualification of oil or an oil-producing plant, see, e.g., l a-su-dab6 " ... oil" (Reisner Telloh 126 obv. iv 17).

a-il-ba - In the spelling of this headword, il is a sound sign used instead of the word sign u5• (Such spellings with it are particularly common in the Ur III period. E.g.: 2 ma-90-gur I 0.0.3-ta, ma-lab5-bi, i-ib-it "two boats with a capacity of ninety kors for (a rent of) thirty litres each. Its boatmen sail on it" (MVN 16, 892 obv l-3).) The phrase a u5-ba means literally "in its riding (on) water" (said of a river) and is a literary expression for "in flood". Where the context does not call for a locative, the form is simply a il-bi (VAS 17, 32: 3-5), without the locative case marker. The bi of the phrase resumes something men­tioned earlier, usually the name of a river, e.g., id idigna a il-ba gal-la-am "it is the Tigris river (being) in flood". Phrases such as a dtub u5-ba "in its carp flood" (with a genitive after a) show unambiguously that a u5-ba is a phrase and not a complex word.

a A-B - These two headwords represent a single Sumeriau word. The semantic distance from a A sense 6 "power, strength, force, ability" to a B sense 1 "work(load), labor" is far too small to warrant positing two homony­mous words.

a A - Ad 1.4 Ibbisin year 17: Read uri5 instead of uri2 (the signs are ~E~.AB, not ~E~. UNUG) here and passim throughout both volumes. The verbal fonn is never at­tested as im-ma-an-ga-ar (thus PSD). It is written either im-ma-na-an-ga-ar (UET 3, 698) or im-rna-na-a-an-ga­ar (UET 3, 699 and 1464; UET 9, 572, 906, and 1029). Ad 3.3: Translate sagsu a musen as "helmets (decorated with) wings". There is no reason to posit a sense "plumes" for a musen "bird's wing". Note that the Sumerian ex­pression for "feather" is pa musen. Ad 6.1.3: Suigi year 23 is mu lugal-ra a mab sum-ma in RTC 268: 14. Ad 7.2: In Owen Nippur 471, the copy has a ga-bu "the left side", not a-bi gid.

aB- Ad l.l.l: Read l-ku, for i-DU passim (cf. Krecher ZA 77 [1987] pp. 7-21). Ad 1.3.1.1: In MVN 13, 365: 1-4,

instead of ad read kisi 17 as in PSD All s. v. a-sa 1.4.1. Translate BRM 3, 119 sabar zi-ga "who excavated earth". In TCL 5, 5673 and Jones-Snyder SET 272, the bi of a­bi refers to previous sections (not quoted by PSD), not to the following, quoted, sections. TCL 5, 6036 lugal read sar. The untranslated i1 may mean "grass", used as bind­ing materials. Ad 2.2: Just as dumu-gi7 does not mean "Sumerian child" or "free child citizen", dumu dab5-ba does not mean "conscripted children" but "seized indi­viduals".

a-ag-ga - This word can also have the meaning "news". E.g.: siskur2 a-ag-ga ugnim silim•·"•-ma de6-a "the rites when the news was brought that the army was safe" (ITT 3, 5271: 14 ); PN ra-gaba a-ag-ga sig5 si-ma-n timid tJul-a de6-a "PN the rider, who brought the good news that Simanum had been destroyed" (MVN 16, 960 obv 16); u4

a-ga sig5 kaskal l-im-de6-a "when the good news about the military campaign was brought" (MVN 13, 563: 1).

a-ag - In this expression, the verb ag construes the person who is ordered something as a comitative. E.g.: dnin-za­ga-da a mu-da-ag "He gave instructions to Ninzaga" (Gudea Cyl. A xv 11 ). A dative, however, expresses the benificiary. Translate therefore ( ... ] e-an-na-ttim-ra a e­na-ag (p. 34) "He gave instructions for (the benefit of) Eannatum" (Ean. 63 ii 2-3). Ad 2.1: read PN nu-banda3

a-bi <e>-ma-ag (p. 36) "PN, the inspector, ordered it" (VAS 14, 94 ii 4-6). What is ordered can be construed as a genitive or as a possessive pronoun dependent on a. E.g.: it a-sa iri-u1-ka I a-bi in-da-ag-e "Also he will give instructions to him about the field of Iri'ul" (TCS l, 113: 9-1 0). Alternatively, what is ordered can be construed as the object of ag. The noun a is then in the terminative case. See PSD ad 4. for examples.

a-an - Ad 1.-3: see M. Civil, op. cit. Ad 4: an "ear (of barley)" does not belong here, as it is a completely different word which deserves an entry of its own.

a-A~-gar - This word does not exist. Read a-sur (see s. V.

below). The last text cited sub 1. is BM 105452 instead of 105453 and a photograph of the obverse of this text may be found on p. 61 of J.N. Postgate's The Making of the Past: The First Empires (Oxford 1977).

a-as - With very few exceptions, the quotations with the spelling as represent the meaning "curse" and those with a-as "desire". Are they actually ditferent words?

a-ba1-a - This is a genitive construction a bal-a "a (i.e. 'labour', 'wages', 'expenses', etc.) of the bala". Compare, e.g., PSD's quotation 1a-NI 263 1/3 gurus u4 1-se I la-NI su-su a bal-a-ka "Arrears: 263 I /3 labourers for one day. Repayable arrears of the labour of the ba/a" (Sauren New York Library 117: 1-2). The phrase a bal-a may also occur in a text from before the Ur III period: 60 ku6 a bal-a (OIP 14, 112: I, from Adab).

*a-bu-ru-um - E.g.: 1 ku 1e-sir a-bu-ru-um-ma giln-a e-ba­an-ta I bu-ra "one coloured sandal of ... , taken out of a pair" (MVN 3, 354: 6-7).

a-bi1r - What is being corrected here? *a-da-bar - "basalt" (cf. Akkadian atbaru and M. Stol, On

Trees, Mountains, and Millstones in the Ancient Near East [1979] 83-84). E.g.: 1 ur5 a-da-bar, §u-bi zi-bi "one lower mill stone of basalt, its upper stone of ... " (Fish Rylands Library 569: 1-2). Similarly: Acta Sum 18, 164 ii 24f. The later spelling for this word is ad-bar.

Rezensionen 285

a-dar - In this expression, the verb dar construes a per­sonal object as a dative (cf. the second quotation in PSD), while a non-personal object is construed as a locative (cf. already Falkenstein Gerichtsurkunden II p. llO). Trans­late therefore e-ga a bi-in-dar "he seized my house illegally" (Gomi-Sato British Museum 535: 11 ). Unfortu­nately, PSD has abbreviated some quotations with a non­personal object in such a way as to make the case marking invisible: le hi-ni(n-g)a-k(a] na-g(u] a bi-in­d(a]r (Falkenstein Gerichtsurkunden 145: 7'); nfg-ga ur­TAR.LUU-ka I ur-ab-su il dam ur-ab-su-ka-ke4 I a bi­dar ba-an-tum "Ur-Absu and Ur-Absu's wife illegally seized the property of Urtarluh and took it away for themselves' (Nik 2, 447: 10-12). Translate PN3-e a nu-ni­dar nu-zu bi-in-du11 "PN3 said: 'I did not seize her illegally. I am not aware of it'" (Gomi-Sato British Mu­seum 312: 5). Translate a-la dam PN1-ka 1.0.0 gana2-

am I P(N2-e a] bi-in-dar "The field ofPN/s wife is 1 bur (in size). PN2 appropriated it illegally".

a-diri A - In the first quotation the subject is nita a diri-ke4

im-mir-e "the man with (lit. 'of) superior strength, the north wind, (will bring ... )".The-e after sa is simply the third person suffix.

a-diri B - It is unclear why PSD decided to give a diri "additional work" its own entry, separating it from a B "work" and diri "additional". Was it done in order to avoid confusion between a-diri A and a-diri B?

a-e A - The difference between PSD's l. and 2. is only grammatical and not one in meaning. E.E stands for the Marii-stem of E. See also the comments on a--e B.

a-e B- Read the first quotation i 11ma-nu-a a E.E-de gir.­e ba-ab-gu7 "(reed) for growing ma-nu-trees, but used up by the oven". This quotation belongs to the entry a--e A and shows that that expression construes a non-per­sonal object as a locative.

a--ga-ga - By using the forms a-ga-ga and a--gar as headwords for separate entries (without even cross-refer­encing them), PSD suggests that they are two different verbs, one only attested in the Marii, the other only in the ijamtu. Such a distribution seems highly unlikely.

a-GAM - Powell's translation "ladle" for A.GAM is far better than PSD's over-cautious "a metal container for oil". The reading of A.GAM is a different matter though. In theory, there are three possible relationships between the Akkadian noun itqiimm and a hypothetical Sumerian noun id-gur. First, Akkadian itqurum might be a loan from Sumerian. Such an hypothesis is, however, refuted by the presence of the /q/ in itqurum. Second, a Sumerian id-gur might be a loan from Akkadian. However, the form id-gur is contrary to the normal form of Akkadian loanwords in Sumerian, which have a fmal /a/ before the time of Gudea (e.g., dam-ba-ra, ar-za-na) and a final I urn/ from Gudea onwards (PSD's comments are somewhat imprecise on this point). A reading id-gurum, which PSD tentatively suggests, would avoid this problem. Third, both Akkadian itqumm and a Sumeriau id-gur might be loans from a third, unknown language. Thus, if the reading id-gurum is correct, A.GAM is a loan from Akkadian, whereas, if the reading ld-gur is correct, A.GAM is a loan from an unknown language. However, both readings are quite uncertain, as the value id of the sign A is not Sumerian but comes from Akkadian.

The quotation on p. 60a from MVN 7, 159: 1 should be read 1 a-GAM l-gii!. Since the standard capacity of the A.GAM is only four shekels (i. e., one fifteenth of a litre), an amount of twenty litres is inconceivable. AUCT 2, 93 is worth citing more fully: 1 a-gam ku-babbar, e­gissu iu-i, u-gu i-de "One silver ladle: Egissu, the barber, lost it".

a-gar A - PSD takes this as an agricultural tool, referring to Lambert RA 47, 34. This is probably a slip of the pen, as neither Lambert nor the adduced quotations suggest that the tool a-gar is a specifically agricultural one. Add: 25 ba-zl zabar3 I 25 a-gar zabar 3 /11 ba-zi sabar-ra (V AS 27, 91 i 1-ii 1). Perhaps a-gar means "spade". Such a meaning would fit the available attestations quite well.

a-gi6 - With this headword PSD goes against a well-estab­lished view in Sumerology, which interprets a-MI as a­mi, taking it as a variant spelling of the noun e-mf. The discussion note is not entirely clear, but PSD seems to have two reasons for taking a different view. Firstly, PSD seems to read e-mi as e-munus (cf. also PSD's cross­reference entry: a-munus see e-munus), a reading which makes it impossible to connect this e-munus with a form a-mi. However, although it is perfectly true that the Sumerian word for "woman" is munus, that word is not a part of the compound e-mf. As Krecher has shown, e­m{ (E.MUNUS) is the older spelling of the word ama5

(ExMUNUS). The various attested readings of ama5 make this particularly clear (Krecher Kultlyrik pp. 11 0-112). Both form and meaning of a-mi make it virtually certain that it is a variant spelling of this e-mi = ama5• PSD's second argument against such a solution does not con­vince either, viz. that the spelling a-mi (for e-mi) occurs in context with e-a-ni. Every scribe can be expected to know the sign e for "house" and use it. However, it is perfectly imaginable that some scribes are unaware of the internal structure of e-mf or e nu-da.k, and write e as a pan of such complexes differently from e as an independ­ent noun.

a-gis-gar-ra - Ad l.l.l: e zabar-dab5 is not "the zabardab­(ware)house" but "the house of the zabardab(-officiai)".

a-gu4 - Ad 1.1: This section is to be deleted, as the only quotation belongs to a B 5: a gu4 "hire of oxen".

a-gu4-bu-um - The first quotation gives an a-gu4-bu-um weighing almost 1.5 kilos, so that it is far too heavy to be a sash or a shawl, as PSD suggests. The last quotation under I. should read tug-MA instead of tug-ha!!.

a-gul-la - Although the exact implications of this expression are unclear, more can be said than just that it is "an administrative term". Maekawa has collected evidence for the meaning of this expression in his article given by PSD, "New Texts on the Collective Labor Service of the Erin-People of Ur Ill Girsu" in Acta Sum 10 (1988) 37-94. His presentation makes clear that a gul-la denotes workdays which a foreman had been given at his disposal but could not cover in the form of real performance and hence had to compensate for. The translation "(destroyed =) wasted labour" suggests itself. Ad 4: a-GUL is a toponym and does not belong here, see Rep. geogr. 2 p. 16 s. v. As una (add to the references given there and in PSD the following ones: CT 3, pis. 15-18 BM 18343 v 40; MVN 2, 206: 4; MVN 11, Ill: 10; Lafont-Ylld1z Tello Istanbul II 3179: 4; 3509: 4; 3937 case 3, tablet 2';

286 Rezensionen

40 15: 4; M. Lambert TEL 211: 8; Reisner Tell oh 168: 4; Zinbun 21, pl. 9, 42 ii 5). This settlement in the district of Gu'aba in the province of Lagash had a station of the messenger service (zi-gtim) and a storehouse (i-dub ). Especially ITT 3, 5443: 3 suggests that the name a-GUL should be read a-sun since the signs copied are A.GUL.NA. However, the matter must await collation.

a-bu-ul-gal - The legal meaning "malice aforethought" is probably too technical. Something like "maltreatment" seems preferable. Translate the first quotation (reading lugal-sa-la and ur-me-me-ka-bi, see Falkenstein Ge­richtsurkunden III pp. 9-1 0): "PN, the herdsman, refused to take an oath that seventy sheep of various types which were taken [taking re as a non-standard spelling for de6] from the sheep shepherds, that maltreatment of them by Urmeme had caused them to die".

a-ki-ti - Ad 2.4: mas-gal does not mean "large goat" but "full-grown he-goat".

a-kitJ-ii - The two forms a kus-a and a kits-u, which PSD treats as mere variant spellings, contain actually two different participial forms of the verb kits. While a kits­u contains the Man1 participle of kits, a kits-a includes the LAL-a ctfamtu) participle of kits.

*a-mi - PSD reads this as a-gi6. See above s. V. a-gi6. a-munus - See the comments on a-gi6.

*a-na - The noun *''a-na occurs in the Old Sumerian texts from Lagash. See Selz, WO 20-21 (1989-90) 43, for the attestations and a discussion.

a-na-da - Against PSD, a nti-da.k is a variant spelling of e nti-da.k "bedroom'' (lit. "room of lying down"). See the comments on a-gi6 above. In the first quotation read a nti-da-ka-na (not -na-ka).

a-nig-bul-DU - The cross-reference to a-nig-bul is a dead end.

a-sag- Ad l: ri-ri-ga a-sag does not mean "dead, (killed by) the asag( -demon/disease)" but rather "picked up by the asag(-demon)". As an accounting term it refers to cases of death in the herd which are accepted as a herdsman's losses by the owner of the animals. This can be inferred from the fact that they are not booked as deficits (l:i-NI) in the texts recording the status of a herd, see, e.g., the texts collected by Snell in "The Rams of Lagash", Acta Sum 8 [1986] 133-217 (with different interpretation).

a-si - Add: 7 *'1it-sub5 I ba-gul, sa-ba 8 il1a-si ig, 1 iliu­(su)b5, ba-an-gar "Seven firs have been taken apart (?). Eight door hinges (?) and one fir were placed among them." (Lafont-YildiZ Tello Istanbul II L.2714: 1-4).

a-sikil - In Sigrist Rochester 161, a-sikil seems to denote a profession: 1 PN I a-sikil I 1 PN2 nu-bandaJ a-sikil (Sigrist Roe hest er 161 i I 0-11 ).

*a-sur - PSD treats this word only under a A Lexical 21 (without translation) and, misreading it, under a-A~-gar. The word a-sur denotes a kind of ax, see Civil op. cit.

a-sita4 - Ad 2: Why does PSD read cris-dingir-ra instead of the usual nin-dingir-ra (TLB 3, 54: 3)?

a-tab - This noun means "helper"' rather than "help, aid". It is a compound similar in structure to the noun dub-sar "scribe" (lit. "tablet-writer") and means literally "strength­adder". It usually refers to a person but it can also refer to a thing (cf. some of the bilingual quotations in PSD). "Help, aid" in Sumerian is a tab-a (lit. "added strength"). Some quotations with that expression inadvertently found

their way into the entry on a-tab: en dnin-gir-su a tab­a-ta (p. 106b) and dull-ga a tab-a-ni nig ou-ktir-ru (p. 107b).

a-u4-da - PSD assigns a meaning "daily ... " to the genitive construction a u4-da.k. The quotations make clear that the " ... " of this meaning represents a, while "daily" translates the genitive u4-da.k (lit. "of a day"). However, a more precise translation of this expression is possible, starting from the various attested senses of a. Firstly, a u4-da can signify the amount of work (a) done in one day (u4): "a day's work". E.g.: a u4-da 1-ta mu-du I u4 7-kam-ma-ka e-e im-mi-dab6 "He set them (=six stone stelas) up with a single day's work each. On the seventh day he had them standing around the temple" (Gudea Cyl. A 23: 3-4). Secondly, a u4-da can designate the payment for a day's work: "daily wage". E.g.: tukum-bi I ga-la ba-an-dag I a u4-da 5 sila3 ag-e-dam "if she(?) does not work, a daily wage of five litres is to be paid" (TuM NF 1/2, 32: 7-9). Thirdly, a u4-da can mean "daily ex­penses". E.g.: 4 udu niga 4 udu ti I a u4-da u, 4-kam "four barley-fed rams and four grass-fed rams: these are the daily expenses of four days" (MVN 5, 34 rev. 4-5). Most (if not all) of PSD's quotations under 1. belong to this third meaning.

a-u4-du8-a -Several texts, e.g., Jones-Snyder SET 274 (cited sub 3.), TCL 5, 5675 (rev. x 23), BIN 5, 272 (rev. ix 224 ), spell a u, dub-ba instead of the usual a u, dub-a, and indicate that the verb dub "to release" is part of this expression, which is attested in Ur III Umma texts solely. In analogy with the expression a 114 tus-a, attested in Ur Ill Lagash texts, it may very well denote work performed during the period when workers were off-duty and did not have to do corvee-work. It is unlikely that free days would have been registered as performed labour.

a-u,-KU-a - See a-u,-du8-a above. The expression a u, tus­a is transliterated inconsistently in PSD. Sub a B 6.8 it is transliterated a-u.-tus-a; on p. 116, however, there is a cross-reference back to :i-u4-KU-a.

a-zi - This word has a final /g/, as can be seen from several different quotations. Consequently, a zi contains the stem zi.g "to rise". The single (restored!) quotation with (a] zi­da displays the stem zi.d "right", which is a completely different word, so that this quotation does not belong here.

a12-ra-bu - This word displays a bewildering variety of spellings with word signs, sound signs, and mixtures of these two. One spelling, u4-ra-bu, uses sound signs, sometimes with an additional gloss reflecting a more recent pronunciation, •u,-ra-bu or u;-ra-bu (with an assimilation of the /u/ of the first syllable to the /a/ of the second). A second spelling uses the word signs UD.NUN for the city name Adab, UD.NUNmul ... , often with an additional gloss, uou.buUD.NUNmute•. In this gloss UDU­bu, the sign UDU has the value ura,, as can be seen from the parallel spelling u4-ra-bu and from the form udu-a in the phrase udu-a ba-ab-gu7 (MVN 18, 367: 7), which shows that in the Ur III period the final vowel of the noun udu "ram" was /a/ (the form udu-a stands for the noun udu with the assimilated case marker /e/). A third spell­ing (from Ebla), ti-sa-abmuten, reflects the Akkadian name of the bird, usiibu.

ab A - The spellings ab-ba and ab-bi do not exist: ab-ba is

Rezensionen 287

the gemttve or locative case form of ab, while ab-bi contains the enclitic pronoun bi. The final ba of the spelling a-ab-ba likewise represents the genitive case marker.

AB B - Foster has suggested with good reason that RTC 221 vi 7ff lists parts for "a large tent or pavillion" for a royal family (JANES 12 [1980] 35). The lmiAB in vi 2 and vi 16 may accordingly be "tents" or "pavillions", with AB to be read es. The sizes and methods of manufacturing ..,.AB given in the texts seem to match this interpretation.

ab-ba A- Ad 8: At least one (the only?) of the meanings of ab-ba as a function, is "top official (of a household)", see the cited text iabra sanga ••• pisan-dub ••• sag-sug5 •••

dub-sar gu4 li1apin ••• , ab-ba-ab-ba-me "the temple ad­ministrators, the archivist, the surveyor, the scribe of the ploughing teams ... They are the top officials" (MVN 6, 279 i 7-20) and also 1 sanga, 1 dumu sanga, 7 aga3-us sanga, 1 pisan-dub-ba, 1 ici-tab-ba, 1 sag-sugs, 1 sei­tab-ba, 1 ka-guru,, 1 sar!-ra-ab-du, 1 iei-tab-ba, 1 ab­ha iri, 1 iei-tab-ba, 1 dub-sar gu4-apin, ab-ba-ab-ba­me "one administrator, one son of the administrator, seven guards of the administrator, one archivist, one assistant, one surveyor, one assistant, one granary man­ager, one ... , one assistant, one City Elder, one assistant, one scribe of the ploughing teams: they are the top officials" (MVN 17, 3 ii 13-iii 2). The term contrasts with, e.g., giri3-se-ga gu4 "personnel of the ploughing teams", which are mid-level officials. The ab-ba iri.k, "City Elder", is a high official of intermediate rank in the temple organisation, as may be seen in the passage cited above. Add to the references the illuminating passage ki sanga dnin-gfr-su I giri3 ab-ba iri-na il ur-dnin-gii-zi-da "from the administrator of Ningirsu, via his City Elder -and-l:4:eNingishzida" (Gomi-Sato British Museum 168 obv. 13-14).

ab-ba B - This headword does not exist as a Sumerian word and results from a confusion of two different Sumerian expressions: (I) ab "sea" (is this the same word as ab A "opening"?) and (2) the genitive construction a ab-ba.k "sea (lit. 'water of the opening/sea')".

*ab-bu.n - Also written ab-bu-um. Meaning unknown. Je ab-bu-na seems to be associated with granaries and seems to involve losses of small amounts of grain which are to be reimbursed. E.g., 2.0.2 4 sila3 Je gur, §e ab-bu­na sa-gaz ak "two kors and 24 litres of barley: barley of ... which was robbed" (Lafont-Ytldtz Tello Istanbul 11 1.4307: 1-2); 26.3.3 diri-bi, 2.2.1 se ab-bu-na-bi "26 kors and 210 litres its excess, two kors and 130 litres its barley of ... " (Lafont-Ytldtz Tello Istanbul II 1.2801: lO­ll); 6 gin kil-babbar, su-ga se ab-bu-n a, nfg-samim bala-se "six shekels of silver, repayment of the ... barley, as price of ... "(ITT 3, 5044: 1-3); 3.2.0 ziz ab-bu-na "three kors and 120 litres of ... emmer" (Limet Ur Ill Brussels 58 7); 2.0.0 se gur Jugal, ab-bu guru7 gu-la-ka, ba-a-e "two royal kors of barley: this was brought out onto the ... of the larger granary" (Reisner Telloh 266: l-3); 3.2.0 se gur Jugal, se ab-bu-um miJ-da, guru, urubkl, ur-nigin3-gar-ke4, su-su-dam "three royal kors and 120 litres of barley, barley ... ,of Urub's granary. This is to be reimbursed by Umigingar"' (Barton Have1:ford I, 27 HLb 185: 1-5); se ab-bu-na nui-da " ... barley" (BM 20 !51: 16, courtesy M. Sigrist); se ab-bu-um, dig-alim "barley

of the . .. of lgalim" (Lafont-Y ildtz Tello Istanbul 11 1.3960: 2-3).

*ab-bu-um - Variant form of ab-bu.n (see above). ab-e - Perhaps this means literally "letting the ancestors go

out", referring to processions with symbols. ab-ki-iz - See the comments on ab-ki. • AB. KID - A qualification of mill stones, e.g., MCS 8, 85

BM 106055 ii 22; RA 86 (1992) 108-109 i 13; iii 86; v 135; ix 241.

ab-sln - The spelling ..,absin3 also occurs in Owen Nippur 373 (passim). Ad 1.3: The writing ab-suu·n(a) is cer­tainly not a different writing for ab-sin "furrow" but should be read ab-bu.n (see above s. v.).

ab-sutJur - This is probably the same word as ab-subur. •ab-turn - This is a kind of plant, see, e.g., Lafont-Ytld1z

Tello Istanbul 11 1.3254: 1 in-nu ab-turn; BIN 5, 157: 1. ab A- Ad 1.2.2: 1 ab libir does not mean .. 1 old cow" but

"1 cow, of old". The term libir refers to backlogs in this account, not to the animals' physical age. Ad 1.2.4: The phrase mu n shows the grammatically correct order of noun- numeral (Thomsen § 140, compare W. Sallaberger, BiOr 52 [1995] 444), although we are dealing with economic texts here. A survey of Ur Ill economic texts suggests that Thomsen's rule that in "economic texts ... the numeral is normally given first, for practical reasons" may be modified to " ... the numeral is given first with units to be added up". Ad 1.7.5: Add the expression ab ga-za-PI (UT AMI 3, 1857: 1; 2002: 1; 2112: 3; etc.). Ad 2: ab lugal-ba-ta-e I gir-su 111-ta 1-ma-ra-ba-al-la .. That Lugalbatae had recovered (lit. 'dug up') a cow from Girsu" (cf. Heimpel NABU 1994/82).

AB.GAL - This word is not only attested in Presargonic texts, but also in Lagash 11 texts, e.g., MVN 6, 314 obv. i 5 (AB.GAL dnin-bara2-ga), and may very well be a variant spelling of abgal. PSD translates the passage from Westenholz Jena 19 no. 16 here in a different way from s. v. abgal (see Discussion section).

ab-ki - According to Civil, this Old Sumerian word could represent the later ab-ki-iz (Civil Farmer's Instructions p. 17 4 ). In fact, it is highly likely that ab-ki-iz and ab-ki represent one and the same word. Both ab-ki-iz and ab­ki occur in an agricultural context and are regularly associated with furrows. The absence of the /z/ from ab­ki poses no problem, as Old Sumerian spelling usually ignores syllable-fmal consonants. Compare, for instance, the Old Sumerian spelling of the PN nin-ab-gu (DP 112 viii 4) with the Ur III spelling nin-fb-gu-ul (MVN 2, 176 ii 33) or Old Sumerian su-si "fellmonger" (Nik I, 137 i 3) with Ur Ill su-si-ig (MVN 3, 147 4), and so on. As for the meaning of ab-ki = ab-ki-iz, the translation .. cleaned furrow" does not convince. The attestations for ab-ki seem to call for something more specific. Generally speak­ing, a field seems to have an ab-ki in two places. E.g.: 10 hi 1 absin3 ie-hi I 8 absin3 gli-gli-GUD I ab-ki min-na­ba e-gal .. Nine furrows of coriander, eight furrows of early peas: they (i.e., the furrows) are in both ab-kis" (VAT 4656 =VAS 27, 5 iv 6-v 2). According to other texts, certain furrows are in the .. the upper ab-ki" (ab-ki sag an-na-ka-kam "they are of the upper ab-ki" (Nik I, 46 i 4)), while other furrows are in "the lower ab-ki" (ab­ki a-ki-ta-ka-kam "they are of the lower ab-ki" (Nik I, 46 ix 11)). The PSD quotations with ab-ki are generally

288 Rezensionen

about locating furrows. Translate the first quotation (V AS 14, 40), for instance, with: "(So-and-so many furrows). This is the ab-ki situated at the side of the emmer. It is outside. (So-and-so many furrows). They make up the ab­ki situated at the Ninti temple". The second quotation (VAS 14, 52) runs "From the Northern side, the field of the god makes this (set of furrows) into an ab-ki". And so on. PSD's last quotation of ab-ki (DP 102) does not belong here. Read ab ki-<a> tak4-a "cows left where they were".

*ab-ri - This word designates a raw material: ab-ri I im-ta­e11 "He brought down ... " (Gudea Statue B vi 43).

ab-ri-ig - Read in the quotation ab-ri-ig es (also attested in Buccellati Amorites 18 viii 15'). Fish Rylands Library 320: 3 may have PN ab-rf-ig!. This headword almost certainly represents a variant spelling of the word abrig. Note that the two texts with PN ab-ri-ig es have a PN gata-mab in the preceding line.

ab-ru-um- Also ab-ru-um-ta dab5-ba (JANES 9 [1977], 22 no. 5: 3, Puzris-Dagan).

ab-subur - This is probably the same word as ab-subur. aban - That the lexical list Ea gives a-ba-an (the construct

state of the Akkadian noun abnu) as a possible reading of NA4 is hardly enough evidence for such a form to be listed in a Sumerian dictionary as an Akkadian loanword.

abut - The references have been cumbersomely arranged. Note that ka may be a short writing for abut, and abut a short writing for abut-mab, especially in Ur III admin­istrative texts, where the administrators !.?low what is meant and abbreviations accordingly are numerous. Dif­ferentiating between these terms must be done with cau­tion. Ad 1.2.4: Gudea 56: 10 compare Gudea 94 ii 2-3 . Ad 2: Many more entries could have been added, e.g., abut dda-mu (BIN 9, 347: 7); abul dpa-bil-sag (BIN 9, 380: 9 I! JAOS 98, 264 nr. 12: 9); abul dJugal-mar-da (BIN 9, 426: 28) (lsin); abul dnanna, abul lugaf, abut il1gu-za (MVN 13, 120 2, 3, 6) (Ur); abut dtugal-gu4-si­su (PDT 2, PD 1050 rev. 6) (Nippur). Most references given sub 2. are no "gates of buildings" but rather city­gates and should be added sub 1.2. For example, the Ur III Lagash references are undoubtedly to the four city­gates in 1.2.4, where they should have been listed. These four city-gates are abul e-gal, abul dba-ti, abul bara, dutu and abul dnanse (exhaustive references may be found in Sallaberger Kalender tables 106a-106b). Ad 5: add the references abul-mab d§ara2 (MVN 13, 775: 6); abul-mab dnin-dti-ma (MVN 13, 775: 8) (Umma); 1 udu abul-mab (Gomi-Sato British Museum 409 rev . i 22); (ab)ul-mab (Owen Nippur 920: I), which are probably city-gates just as the abuls mentioned sub 2.1 . Ad 7: The PN ur-abul is frequently attested, e.g., Zettler Ur !If Temple 266 5 NT463. Another PN may be found in ARRIM 7, 18 v 18 PN ur-abul-tur (cf. the Old Sumerian PN ur-ka-tur in DP 128 i 9 and DP 129 i 9).

abzu- Ad 1.3.7: See M.W. Green, JCS 30 (1978) 160.

Leiden. Remco de Maaijer and Bram Jagersma.