Red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska (Poland)

© Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznaÒ (Poland), Department of Plant Taxonomy. All rights reserved.

BRCwww.brc.amu.edu.pl

Red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska (Poland)

Bogdan Jackowiak*, Zbigniew Celka, Julian Chmiel, Karol Latowski& Waldemar Øukowski

Department of Plant Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 PoznaÒ, Poland, * e-mail:[email protected]

Abstract. The article presents the second, substantially changed edition of the red list of vascular plants of Wielkopolska. Theregion under study covers the area of 50 000 km2 and constitutes a significant part of the Central European Lowlands. The eastand central part of Wielkopolska includes an important historical territory which, from the 8th-10th century, was the center ofPolish statehood creation. The flora of this region has been the subject of systematic investigations since the first half of the19th century. Thanks to that, it is possible to evaluate the longterm changes resulting from human activities. Currently, the redlist consists of 601 taxons, which accounts for 30% of the vascular flora of Wielkopolska. Apart from the dominant nativeplants, the list includes also archaeophytes (42 species). In comparison to the first edition of the list, further increase in the floraendangerment has been observed. At present, 52 species should be considered extinct. Moreover, the number of taxons criticallyendangered (87 species) has also significantly increased. A detailed analysis of the data presented in the publication emphasizestaxonomical, chorological and ecological aspects of species extinction. The separate part of the red list has been dedicated tothe 13 species which conservation requires designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) within the Natura 2000network.

Key words: regional biodiversity assessment, red list, vascular plants, categories of threat, IUCN, Habitats Directive, Natura 2000

Biodiv. Res. Conserv. 5-8: 95-127, 2007

1. Introduction

The subject of this publication is the extinction ofvascular plants under human influence on naturalenvironment. For the last several dozens of years, theproblem has been evoking a deep interest which increasesproportionally to the growing speed and range of thisphenomenon and results both from scientific and practicalreasons. Scientific interest is caused by insufficient recogni-tion of the mechanisms of species retreat and a smalleffectiveness of methods for counteracting this process.Practical reasons are mainly connected with the decreasinglevel of biodiversity and, at the same time, diminishingpossibilities of utilization of genetic resources stored inpopulations of irreversibly disappearing species.

An important role in this current of research playregional red lists of threatened species. They give thebasis for an estimation of the level of endangerment ofbiodiversity and indicate the species which in the firstplace should be the subject of the detailed chorologicaland ecological studies and the target of conservationmeasures.

The red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska followsthis direction of research, alluding to several dozens ofsimilar lists prepared for other regions of Poland (amongothers, Zajπc A. & Zajπc M. 1998; Jakubowska-Gabara& Kucharski 1999; Bernacki et al. 2000; Krukowski etal. 2000; Jakubowska-Gabara 2001; Towpasz & KotaÒ-ska 2001; Nowak et al. 2003; G≥owacki et al. 2003;Kπcki et al. 2003; Kucharczyk & Szuka≥owicz 2003;Markowski & BuliÒski 2004) and other areas of CentralEurope (among others, Fukarek 1992; Maglock˝ &Ferakov· 1993; »e¯ovsk˝ et al. 1999; Schulz 1999;Prasse et al. 2001; Scheuerer & Ahlmer 2003; Schnitter2004; Ristow et al. 2006). The present version is theresult of a critical analysis of the earlier edition of thered list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska (Øukowski &Jackowiak 1995a). The need for its updating stems fromseveral reasons: (i) change of threat categories intro-duced by the IUCN 2001; (ii) considerable progress inthe recognition of the regionís flora resources; (iii) sug-gestions of many specialists which, in the meantime,were directed to the authors of the 1995 edition; (iv)intensification of works related to the conservation of N

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96 Red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska (Poland)Bogdan Jackowiak et al.

the regionís nature, including introduction of the Euro-pean Ecological Network Natura 2000.

2. The area of study

An analysis of vascular flora endangerment has beenconducted in the area of Wielkopolska, i.e., in theregionís broad limits designated by Krygowski (1961).Wielkopolska stretches from the Odra river valley inthe west up to the £Ûdü Upland and K≥odawa Uplandin the east. From the north it is limited by the edges ofthe NoteÊ and Warta river valleys and from the southby the Trzebnica Hills and Dalkowskie Hills (Fig. 1).The area of Wielkopolska delimited in this way coversalmost 50 thousand km2 and constitutes a significantpart of the Polish Lowlands. To a large extent, it is alsorepresentative for the Central European Lowlands.

The area of study almost entirely coincides with thegeobotanical region named the Wielkopolska-KujawyLowland (Szafer 1972).

Proglacial Valley and in the central region it is partiallydivided by the Warszawa-Berlin Proglacial Valley.Proglacial depressions are connected by the latitudinalsections of river valleys.

The present landscape of Wielkopolska has beenshaped mainly by Pleistocene glaciations, particularly,by the Central-Polish and Baltic (Northern-Polish) ones.The evident remains of the Central Polish Glaciationare, already mentioned, the Trzebnica Hills, while theBaltic Glaciation marked the landscape with smallerbut noticeable moraine hills (Krygowski 1961;Bartkowski 1970; Kondracki 1980).

In Wielkopolska, like in other parts of the PolishLowlands, dominate soils developed from glacial deposits,mainly clays and sands. The distribution of soils isstrictly related to the variation in the bedrock. The mostfrequent are brown soils and podsols, which cover about90% of the area. A special feature of Wielkopolska areblack soils, which are most strongly represented inKujawy, and to a lesser extent, in the Gniezno Lake

Although Wielkopolska is a lowland region, it isshowing a distinctly varied relief. Its lowland characteris emphasized by the predominance of areas (about 70%)lying from 10 to 100 m above the sea level. In contrastwith the neighboring Mazowsze, the region has a numberof geomorphological forms which make the landscapeconsiderably diversified. A characteristic feature of therelief are broad and fairly deep valley depressions, whichdivide Wielkopolska into smaller sections. In the north,the territory is divided by the ToruÒ-EberswaldProglacial Valley, in the south by the Barycko-G≥ogowska

Fig. 1. Location and borders of the Wielkopolska Region

District and Kalisz Plateau (Bednarek, Prusinkiewicz1997). No less interesting are relatively frequent remainsof older geological periods ñ in the form of saltoutcrops found in the vicinity of Ciechocinek, Ino-wroc≥aw, Szubin, Wapno and K≥odawa. The remainingtypes of soils (peat, peat earth and alluvial soil)account only for a small percentage and are relatedto valleys and proglacial valleys depressions. They arealso found in topographically low and watershed areas,like, e.g., raised and transitional bogs in the NoteckaForest.

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The main river of Wielkopolska is Warta, whichforms regionís hydrographic axis. Its main tributariesare: Ner, We≥na, NoteÊ, Prosna and Obra.

Wielkopolska is abounding in postglacial lakes,although they are distributed irregularly. The line dividingthe area under discussion into the lake-rich northern partand almost devoid of them southern part became the basefor its division into two physical-geographical units:Wielkopolska Lake District and Southern WielkopolskaLowland (Kondracki 1980). Overall, in the whole regionthere are nearly 1000 lakes, of which the largest are:Gop≥o, Powidzkie, ZbπszyÒskie and PrzemÍckie.

Apart from the natural waterway network, there arealso some artificial water bodies, including storage reser-voirs (e.g. Jeziorsko on the Warta river), systems of

The most significant feature of the climate ofWielkopolska is its transitional character with alternatingoceanic and continental influences. This results inconstant changes of the weather connected with themovement of atmospheric fronts, facilitated by lack ofnatural barriers. The western parts of Wielkopolska arewarmest (Fig. 2), with the mean annual temperatureexceeding 8oC (S≥ubice ñ 8.4oC, Zielona GÛra ñ 8.2oC).Further eastward, the temperature gradually falls(PoznaÒ ñ 8oC, Ko≥o ñ 7.9oC, Kalisz ñ 7.8oC) (Fig. 3).The mean total annual precipitation in excess of600 mm is recorded only in southern Wielkopolska (inhigher elevation areas) and in the Lubuskie LakeDistrict (Woú 1994), while the lowest one (below 500mm) is observed in the central and eastern parts of the

channels (e.g. Bydgoski, ålesiÒski and three ObrzaÒskiechannels) and complexes of fish-farming ponds (e.g.Milicz Ponds).

Fig. 2. Mean values of average annual air temperature inWielkopolska in the years 1951-1980 (according to Woú 1994)

Fig. 3. Climatic diagrams of Gaussen-Walter for the six measuring stations in Wielkopolska in the years 1951-1985

Fig. 4. Mean annual precipitation in Wielkopolska in the years 1951-1980 (according to Woú 1994)

region (Fig. 4). The level of precipitation and its distri-bution during the vegetation season confirms a wellestablished in scientific literature opinion about the


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increasing processes of continentalization of anthropo-genic origin, described also as the conversion of Wiel-kopolska into steppe (among others, Wodziczko 1947;CzubiÒski 1947; Szulczewski 1947; cf. Latowski 2001,2004; Jackowiak 2003). The changes of natural featuresof the climate of Wielkopolska along the east-west axisare generally expressed as a loss of oceanic character,accompanied by the increase of continental character-istics. This direction is reflected in the plant cover andexpressed as a disappearance of single localities of spe-cies connected with the broadly understood Atlanticzone.

3. Material and methods

3.1. The sources of floristic data

The red list of threatened vascular plants of Wielko-polska has been created on the basis of the source data(literature and herbarium) analysis and several dozenyears of the authorsíown studies, both published andunpublished. While preparing the second edition of thered list of flora of Wielkopolska, numerous localitiesof the target species were checked and herbariumcollections verified to ensure their correctness andvalidity. In the new version of the list, the authorsattempted to take into consideration numerous commentsof other botanists, which were submitted after the first

marked by important synthetic publications whichsum up the state of knowledge of vascular plants ofthis region over longer period of time: Ritschl (1850),Pfuhl (1896), Szulczewski (1951) and Jackowiak etal. (2008).

3.2. Taxonomy, nomenclature and other principlesof species classification

The red list of flora of Wielkopolska is arranged inthe alphabetical order (Table 3 in the chapter 4.1.) andtakes into account the following information: name ofa species along with authors abbreviations and, in someinstances, also its synonyms with authors abbrevations,category of threat in the region, conservation status inPoland and family affiliation. Species of alien origin,in this case archaeophytes, are designated with anasterisk. Moreover, the statistical analysis involved alsothe phytogeographical status of native species and theirsynecological preferences.

Taxonomy and nomenclature of species follow, inprinciple, the checklist by Mirek et al. (2002). A fairlybroad approach to taxons corresponds to the abovementioned list and to the position of the editors of theÑDistribution Atlas of Vascular Plants in Polandî(Zajπc A. & Zajπc M. 2001). In some particularly justi-fied cases, the decision was made to estimate the im-perilment of subspecies, in certain works considered atthe species level. Such situation illustrates well anexample of Pinguicula vulgaris L., divided into two

Red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska (Poland)Bogdan Jackowiak et al.

Stage Period Selected works I 1815-1850 -��$�;�� :@:�� A$�;�� :@�@� 0��. B��0�� :@CD�� Motty (1836), Pampuch (1840),

Ritschl (1850) II 1851-1896 Szafarkiewicz (1861, por. Stecki & Pietkiewicz 1931), Bänitz (1865), Huth (1882), Spribille

(1883, 1898), Nowicki (1885), Strähler (1893), Drymmer (1895), Struve (1895), Pfuhl (1896) III 1897-1951 Hellwig (1897), Miller (1899, 1900), Spribille (1900), Schube (1903), Matuszewski (1904),

Bock (1908), Decker (1912, 1924), Nowicki (1912), Kulesza (1920), Wodziczko (1925), Frase �:CEF� :CE�� &�� < G�!�� :CEF�� G�!�� :CEF�� 2�7�� < G�!�� :CE��%;�� :CEE�� 0�� :CEE�� &�� :CE�� :CED�� 0��-G�!�� :CE��Wodziczko et al. (1938), Krawiecowa (1951), Szulczewski (1951)

IV 1952-2008 -�6�� 5.</.�:C�E��-�6��:CDF��>"��:CD:�:CHD��+��:CD��-��-Michalska (1963), Denisiuk (1964, 1980), Krotoska (1966), Filipek (1974), Latowski (1977/1978, 1998, 2007), Latowski et al. (1979, 1985), Jackowiak (1983, 1990a, 1990b, 1993, 1998�� 2�� FFF� �FFE�� ;�� :CCE� :CCH� :CC@� �FF:� �FF9� �FFD�� FFD!��Jackowiak et al.�:CCF�:CC9��I� ��<>"��:CC:��Borysiak et al. (1992), Borysiak (1994), Borysiak & Brzeg (1994), Celka (1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004), >"�� <Jackowiak (1995a, 1995b), >"�� et al. (1995, 2001, 2002), Jackowiak & Celka (1997), Celka & Szkudlarz (1999), Chmiel et al. ��FFF�� FF:, 2004), Wojterska (2003), Czarna (2004, 2006), Brzeg (2005), Jackowiak et al. (2008)

Table 1. The stages of floristic studies in Wielkopolska

edition in 1995. The complete floristic database, alongwith the list of literature resources is held in the De-partment of Plant Taxonomy of the Adam MickiewiczUniversity of PoznaÒ.

The history of studies on the flora of Wielkopolskacan be divided into four stages (Table 1). They are

subspecies: P. vulgaris and P. vulgaris subsp. bicolor(Wo≥.) ¡. Lˆve & D. Lˆve. An analysis took also intoaccount the established species of hybrid origin, e.g.Potamogeton ◊nitens Weber (Potamogeton perfoliatus◊ P. gramineus). The names of families follow Roth-maler (1994).

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In conformity with the classification system of threa-tened species introduced by the International Union forConservation of Nature (IUCN 2001) and principlesrecommended by this organisation, the categories pre-sented in the Table 2 have been employed.

In the column Çprotection statusí (Table 3 in the chap-ter 4.1.), the species mentioned in the Annex II of theHabitats Directive (EC Habitats Directive 1992) (HD)as well as those under the lawís protection in the areaof Poland were singled out. In compliance with theRegulation of the Minister of Environment on wild speciesof plants under protection (Regulation 2004), two groupsof species were distinguished: strictly protected (SP)and partially protected (PP).

The affiliation to the group of archaeophytes, i.e.species of alien origin naturalized in Poland before theend of the 15th century, was assigned mainly on the basisof works by Zajπc (1979, 1983, 1987a, 1987b, 1988).

The phytogeographical diagnostics of native speciesis based on the conception of geographical elementsand, accordingly, the following three groups of specieswere distinguished:ñ western (Atlantic sensu lato), classified according

to Zajπc M. and Zajπc A. (2006)ñ northern (boreal), classified according to Zajπc A.

and Zajπc M. (2001)ñ south-eastern and eastern, classified on the basis of

analysis of their general distribution range and distri-bution in Poland.An important feature of the studied flora of low-

lands is the presence of species which have their

optimum in the mountains. Their classification wasbased on the work by Zajπc (1996).

The basis of the synecological diagnostics is theclassification of plant communities of Poland accordingto Matuszkiewicz (2001) as well as regional phytoso-ciological documentation and the authorsí own fieldobservations.

4. Results

4.1. Red list of the vascular plants threatenedin Wielkopolska

In the present edition of the red list, in comparisonto the first edition from 1995 (Øukowski & Jackowiak1995a), several dozen of species have been excluded(Table 3). Some of them were removed from the list onaccount of a different taxonomic approach (e.g. Seselisibirica) or better recognition of composition and condi-tion of the flora of Wielkopolska. The species excludedfrom the list are mainly those previously considered asrare (e.g. Acer campestre, Conium maculatum, Eryngiumplanum or Lathyrus palustris) or threatened (among oth-ers, Carex disticha, Ceratophyllum submersum orCucubalus baccifer). Clearly designated borders ofWielkopolska (cf. Øukowski et al. 2001) as well as pub-lishing of the ÑDistribution Atlas of Vascular Flora inPolandî (Zajπc A. & Zajπc M. 2001), allowed to ad-just the range limits of some very rare species, whichhave never occurred in Wielkopolska, e.g. Deschampsiasetacea or Orobanche arenaria.

Table 2. Categories of extinct, endangered and vulnerable species of plants in Wielkopolska


IUCN category Definition EX – Extinct, presumed to

be extinct Category comprising species which, according to the present state of knowledge, do not grow in the wild in Wielkopolska, i.e. all earlier known populations of species become destroyed (extinct) or there has been no confirmation of species presence since the beginning of the 20th century (presumably extinct). For the sake of the publication, no distinction between the Extinct and Extinct in the Wild categories is made.

CR – Critically Endangered Survival of the populations of such species in Wielkopolska is very unlikely if the threatening factors continue to operate, protection measures are not promptly implemented or are abandoned or inappropriate. Involve species occurring at single locations as small, isolated populations.

EN – Endangered Survival of the populations of such species in Wielkopolska is very unlikely if the threatening factors continue to operate and future protection measures are not implemented. Involves species found at relatively more numerous localities and not necessarily only in small populations.

VU – Vulnerable Species which resources are clearly decreasing in the area of Wielkopolska as a result of direct and indirect activities. In the nearest future, if the threatening factors continue to operate, they are at risk of moving to the EN category. Involves rare species, species occurring in small populations and rare species occupying threatened habitats.

LC – Least Concern Species which are naturally rare, even though their resources have remained fairly stable over the last period, including some archaeophytes occurring in synanthropic plant communities influenced by human activities.

DD – Data Deficient Species which can not be ranked among the above categories due to the insufficient information. The reasons of such inadequate state of knowledge could be of taxonomical, biological or ecological nature.


1 Quoted from several localities in Wielkopolska ñ POZ (Czarna 2005).2-3 Aside from native populations, found also spreading from cultivation and running wild.

Table 3. List of endangered and vulnerable species of Wielkopolska

Name of species Cathegories of threat

Protection status Name of family

Abies alba Mill. VU - Pinaceae Aconitum variegatum L. EN SP Ranunculaceae Actaea spicata L. LC - Ranunculaceae Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser CR SP, HD Campanulaceae * Adonis aestivalis L. EN - Ranunculaceae Adonis vernalis L. CR SP Ranunculaceae Aira caryophyllea L. LC - Poaceae Aira praecox L. LC - Poaceae Alchemilla acutiloba Opiz EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla cymatophylla Juz. EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla glabra Neygenf. EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla glaucescens Wallr. EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla gracilis Opiz VU - Rosaceae Alchemilla monticola Opiz VU - Rosaceae Alchemilla plicata Buser EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla propinqua H. Lindb. EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla subcrenata Buser EN - Rosaceae Alchemilla walasii��. CR - Rosaceae Alchemilla xanthochlora Rothm. CR - Rosaceae Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. CR SP, HD Droseraceae Alisma gramineum Lej. EN - Alismataceae Alisma lanceolatum With. VU - Alismataceae Allium angulosum L. EN - Liliaceae Allium montanum F. W. Schmidt EN - Liliaceae * Allium rotundum L.1 EN - Liliaceae Allium ursinum L.2 EN PP Liliaceae Anacamptis pyramidalis (L.) Rich. EX - Orchidaceae * Anagallis foemina Mill.

[= Anagallis coerulea Schreb.] EN - Primulaceae

Andromeda polifolia L. VU - Ericaceae Androsace septentrionalis L. VU - Primulaceae Anemone sylvestris L. EN SP Ranunculaceae Antennaria dioica (L.) Gaertn. EN - Asteraceae * Anthemis cotula L. VU - Asteraceae Anthericum liliago L. EN SP Liliaceae * Aphanes inexspectata W. Lippert

[= Aphanes microcarpa (Boiss. & Reuter) Rothm.] LC - Rosaceae

Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. CR SP Apiaceae Apium repens (Jacq.) Lag. CR SP, HD Apiaceae Aquilegia vulgaris L.3 VU SP Ranunculaceae Arabis planisiliqua (Pers.) Rchb.

[= Arabis gerardii (Besser) Besser] EN - Brassicaceae

Arabis sagittata (Bertol.) DC. DD - Brassicaceae Arctium nemorosum Lej. LC - Asteraceae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. LC SP Ericaceae Arnica montana L. VU SP Asteraceae Asperula cynanchica L. EN - Rubiaceae Asperula tinctoria L. VU - Rubiaceae Asplenium septentrionale (L.) Hoffm. EX - Aspleniaceae

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4 Native in Poland, in lowlands also secondarily (i.e. shadowed walls).5 According to Mirek (1981), in Poland the taxon is differentiated into 2 subspecies: subsp. alyssym and subsp. integerrima »elak, both formerly observed

also in Wielkopolska but for a long time not confirmed.6 Apart from localities in natural communities, where it is threatened, more frequently found in country parks.


Name of species Cathegories

of threat Protection

status Name of family

Asplenium trichomanes L.4 EN - Aspleniaceae Aster amellus L. EN SP Asteraceae Aster tripolium L. EN SP Asteraceae Astragalus danicus Retz. EN - Fabaceae Astrantia major L. VU - Apiaceae * Atriplex rosea L. EN - Chenopodiaceae * Avena strigosa Schreb. LC - Poaceae Avenula pratensis (L.) Dumort. LC - Poaceae Baeothryon alpinum (L.) T. V. Egorova

[= Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers.] EX SP Cyperaceae

Batrachium hederaceum (L.) Gray EX SP Ranunculaceae Betonica officinalis L. VU - Lamiaceae Betula humilis Schrank CR SP Betulaceae Betula obscura Kotula DD - Betulaceae Bidens radiata Thuill. LC - Asteraceae Blechnum spicant (L.) Roth EN SP Blechnaceae Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link EX - Cyperaceae Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. EN SP Ophioglossaceae Botrychium matricariifolium (Retz.) A. Braun ex

W. D. J. Koch [= Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Aschers.]

EN SP Ophioglossaceae

Botrychium multifidum (S. G. Gmel.) Rupr. CR SP Ophioglossaceae Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. EX SP, HD Ophioglossaceae * Bromus arvensis L. LC - Poaceae Bromus racemosus L. VU - Poaceae Bromus ramosus Huds. EN - Poaceae * Bromus secalinus L. VU - Poaceae * Bupleurum rotundifolium L. EX - Apiaceae Bupleurum tenuissimum L. EX - Apiaceae Calamagrostis stricta (Timm) Koeler VU - Poaceae Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl. CR SP, HD Alismataceae Callitriche autumnalis L. emend. Wahlenb. EN - Callitrichaceae Callitriche hamulata Kütz. ex W. D. J. Koch EN - Callitrichaceae Callitriche stagnalis Scop. EN - Callitrichaceae * Camelina alyssum (Mill.) Thell.5 EX - Brassicaceae * Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz VU - Brassicaceae Campanula bononiensis L. VU SP Campanulaceae Campanula cervicaria L. VU - Campanulaceae Campanula latifolia L.6 LC SP Campanulaceae Campanula sibirica L. VU SP Campanulaceae Cardamine flexuosa With. LC - Brassicaceae Cardamine impatiens L. VU - Brassicaceae Cardamine parviflora L. EN - Brassicaceae Carex atherodes Spreng.

[= Carex aristata R. Br.] EN - Cyperaceae

Carex bohemica Schreb. EN - Cyperaceae Carex buekii Wimm. EX - Cyperaceae Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. CR - Cyperaceae Carex chordorrhiza L. f. CR SP Cyperaceae Carex davalliana Sm. CR SP Cyperaceae





Carex demissa Hornem. VU - Cyperaceae Carex diandra Schrank LC - Cyperaceae Carex dioica L. EN - Cyperaceae Carex divulsa Stokes EN SP Cyperaceae Carex hartmanii Cajander VU - Cyperaceae Carex heleonastes Ehrh. in L. f. EX - Cyperaceae Carex hostiana DC. VU - Cyperaceae Carex humilis Leyss. CR - Cyperaceae Carex lepidocarpa Tausch LC - Cyperaceae Carex ligerica J. Gay VU - Cyperaceae Carex limosa L. VU SP Cyperaceae Carex ornithopoda Willd. EX - Cyperaceae Carex pilosa Scop. VU - Cyperaceae Carex pseudo-brizoides Clavaud

[= Carex reichenbachii Kük.] CR - Cyperaceae

Carex pulicaris L. CR SP Cyperaceae Carex repens Bellardi EN - Cyperaceae Carex secalina Wahlenb. CR SP Cyperaceae Carex supina Wahlenb. CR SP Cyperaceae Carex tomentosa L. VU - Cyperaceae Carex umbrosa Host CR - Cyperaceae Carlina acaulis L. EN SP Asteraceae Catabrosa aquatica (L.) P. Beauv. VU - Poaceae * Caucalis platycarpos L.

[= Caucalis daucoides L.] CR - Apiaceae

Centaurea oxylepis (Wimm. & Grab.) Hayek EN - Asteraceae Centaurea phrygia L. DD - Asteraceae Centunculus minimus L. EN - Primulaceae Cephalanthera damasonium (Mill.) Druce

[= Cephalanthera alba (Crantz) Simk.] CR SP Orchidaceae

Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch [= Cephalanthera ensifolia (Sw.) L. C. Richard]

CR SP Orchidaceae

Cephalanthera rubra (L.) Rich. EN SP Orchidaceae Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. EX - Caryophyllaceae Cerastium dubium (Bastard) Guépin

[= Cerastium anomalum Waldst. & Kit.] DD - Caryophyllaceae

Cerastium glutinosum F. W. Schultz [= Cerastium pallens F. W. Schultz]

EN - Caryophyllaceae

Cerastium macrocarpum Schur emend. Gaertner DD - Caryophyllaceae Cerastium pumilum Curtis s. str. EN - Caryophyllaceae Cerasus fruticosa Pall. VU SP Rosaceae Chaerophyllum hirsutum L. VU - Apiaceae Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeff.) Rothm.

[= Cytisus ratisbonensis Schaeff.] EN - Fabaceae

Chamaecytisus supinus (L.) Link [= Cytisus capitatus Scop.]

EN - Fabaceae

* Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. LC - Chenopodiaceae * Chenopodium murale L. LC - Chenopodiaceae * Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. ex W. D. J. Koch

& Ziz LC - Chenopodiaceae

* Chenopodium urbicum L. LC - Chenopodiaceae * Chenopodium vulvaria L. LC - Chenopodiaceae Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. P. C. Barton LC SP Pyrolaceae * Chrysanthemum segetum L. LC - Asteraceae Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L. CR - Saxifragaceae Cimicifuga europaea Schipcz. EN SP Ranunculaceae Circaea intermedia Ehrh. VU - Onagraceae

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7 Not observed in Poland for the last several dozen of years (Øukowski 2001). Recently found in the Barycz river valley by Kπcki (2005).8 A species consisting of two taxons at the rank of subspecies, with differentiated degree of endangerment.





Cirsium canum (L.) All. VU - Asteraceae Cirsium rivulare (Jacq.) All. EN - Asteraceae Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl LC SP Cyperaceae Cnidium dubium (Schkuhr) Thell. LC - Apiaceae Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. EX SP Orchidaceae Colchicum autumnale L. EN SP Liliaceae * Conringia orientalis (L.) Dumort. EX - Brassicaceae Corallorhiza trifida Châtel. CR SP Orchidaceae * Coronopus squamatus (Forssk.) Asch.

[= Coronopus procumbens Gilib.] LC - Brassicaceae

Corrigiola litoralis L. CR SP Caryophyllaceae Corydalis intermedia (L.) Mérat LC - Fumariaceae Corydalis pumila (Host) Rchb. EN SP Fumariaceae Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. EN - Fumariaceae Crassula aquatica (L.) Schönland7

[= Bulliardia aquatica (L.) DC.] CR - Crassulaceae

Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand. var. rhipidophylla LC - Rosaceae Crepis mollis (Jacq.) Asch. s. str.

[= Crepis mollis (Jacq.) Aschers. subsp. mollis] EN - Asteraceae

Crepis praemorsa (L.) Tausch EN - Asteraceae Cruciata glabra (L.) Ehrend.

[= Galium vernum Scop.] LC - Rubiaceae

Cruciata laevipes Opiz [= Galium cruciata (L.) Scop.]

LC - Rubiaceae

* Cuscuta epilinum Weihe ex Boenn. EX - Cuscutaceae Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. s. str. LC - Cuscutaceae Cyperus flavescens L. CR - Cyperaceae Cypripedium calceolus L. CR SP, HD Orchidaceae Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. LC - Athyriaceae Dactylorhiza baltica (Klinge) N. I. Orlova EX SP Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó EN SP Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó subsp. incarnata8 LC SP Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó subsp. ochroleuca

(Boll) P. F. Hunt & Summerh.8 CR SP Orchidaceae

Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó VU SP Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P. F. Hunt &

Summerh. LC SP Orchidaceae

Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó EX SP Orchidaceae Daphne mezereum L. LC SP Thymelaeaceae Dentaria bulbifera L. EN - Brassicaceae Dentaria enneaphyllos L. EN - Brassicaceae Dianthus arenarius L. LC SP Caryophyllaceae Dianthus armeria L. LC SP Caryophyllaceae Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill.

[= Dianthus caesius Sm.] CR SP Caryophyllaceae

Dianthus superbus L. s. str. LC SP Caryophyllaceae Dichostylis micheliana (L.) Nees EX - Cyperaceae Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub

[= Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm., Lycopodium complanatum L.]

VU SP Lycopodiaceae

Diphasiastrum tristachyum (Pursh) Holub [= Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh, Lycopodium chamaecyparissus A. Br., Diphasium tristachyum (Pursh) Rothm.]

CR SP Lycopodiaceae


9 A western species quoted from a single, isolated locality in Poland; POZ ñ Schˆnke 1845 (Øukowski 1969).




Diphasiastrum zeilleri (Rouy) Holub [= Diphasium zeilleri (Rouy) Damboldt]

DD SP Lycopodiaceae

Dipsacus laciniatus L. DD - Dipsacaceae Draba nemorosa L. VU - Brassicaceae Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. CR SP Lamiaceae Drosera anglica Huds. VU SP Droseraceae Drosera intermedia Hayne VU SP Droseraceae Drosera ×obovata Mert. & W. D. J. Koch DD SP Droseraceae Drosera rotundifolia L. LC SP Droseraceae Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. DD - Aspidiaceae Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray VU - Aspidiaceae Dryopteris expansa (C. Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy

[= Dryopteris assimilis S. Walker] DD - Aspidiaceae

Elatine alsinastrum L. EN SP Elatinaceae Elatine hexandra (Lapieree) DC. EN SP Elatinaceae Elatine hydropiper L. emend. Oeder EN SP Elatinaceae Elatine triandra Schkuhr EN SP Elatinaceae Eleocharis mammillata (H. Lindb.) H. Lindb. ex

Dörfl. s. str. CR - Cyperaceae

Eleocharis multicaulis Sm. CR SP Cyperaceae Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem. & Schult. VU - Cyperaceae Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O. Schwarz VU - Cyperaceae Eleogiton fluitans (L.) Link9 EX - Cyperaceae Empetrum nigrum L. s. str. CR - Empetraceae Epilobium obscurum Schreb. LC - Onagraceae Epipactis albensis Nováková & Rydlo CR SP Orchidaceae Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser CR SP Orchidaceae Epipactis palustris (L.) Crantz LC SP Orchidaceae Epipactis purpurata Sm.

[= Epipactis viridiflora (Hoffm.) Rchb.] CR SP Orchidaceae

Epipogium aphyllum Sw. EX SP Orchidaceae Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. DD - Equisetaceae Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. LC SP Equisetaceae Equisetum variegatum Schleich. EN SP Equisetaceae Erica tetralix L. CR SP Ericaceae Eriophorum gracile W. D. J. Koch EX SP Cyperaceae Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe VU - Cyperaceae Eriophorum vaginatum L. VU - Cyperaceae Eryngium campestre L. VU - Apiaceae Euonymus verrucosa Scop. LC - Celastraceae Euphorbia dulcis L. LC - Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia lucida Waldst. & Kit. VU - Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia palustris L. LC - Euphorbiaceae Euphrasia micrantha Rchb. DD - Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. VU - Scrophulariaceae Festuca altissima All. EN - Poaceae Festuca amethystina L. subsp. ritschlii (Hack.)

Lemke ex Markgr.-Dann. VU SP Poaceae

Festuca duvalii (St.-Yves) Stohr DD - Poaceae Festuca nigrescens Lam. DD - Poaceae Festuca polesicaJ�0��. DD - Poaceae Festuca psammophila (Hack. ex Kelak.) Fritsch VU - Poaceae Festuca questphalica Boenn. ex Rchb. DD - Poaceae

105

10 The species extinct in natural localities (cf. Szulczewski 1951), recently quoted from the vicinity of Gubin ñ from the locality implying its anthropogenicorigin (Kujawa-Pawlaczyk 2005).

11 A species spreading from cultivation and running wild. The presence of native populations in the south of Wielkopolska cannot be excluded.





Festuca rupicola Heuff. LC - Poaceae Festuca tenuifolia Sibth.

[= Festuca capillata Lam.] DD - Poaceae

Festuca vaginata Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. DD - Poaceae Festuca valesiaca Schleich. ex Gaudin DD - Poaceae Ficaria nudicaulis A. Kern.

[= Ficaria calthifolia Rchb.] DD - Ranunculaceae

Filago lutescens Jord. [= Filago germanica L. non Huds.]

DD - Asteraceae

Filago vulgaris Lam. EN - Asteraceae Fragaria moschata Duchesne VU - Rosaceae Fritillaria meleagris L.10 EX SP Liliaceae * Fumaria schleicheri Soy.-Will. LC - Fumariaceae * Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. LC - Fumariaceae * Gagea arvensis (Pers.) Dumort. LC - Liliaceae Gagea spathacea (Hayne) Salisb. DD - Liliaceae Galanthus nivalis L.11 DD SP Liliaceae Galium pumilum Murray LC - Rubiaceae Galium rivale (Sibith. & Sm.) Griseb. LC - Rosaceae Galium rotundifolium L. VU - Rubiaceae Galium sylvaticum L. LC - Rubiaceae Galium schultesii Vest LC - Rubiaceae Genista germanica L. VU - Fabaceae Genista pilosa L. EN - Fabaceae Gentiana cruciata L. CR SP Gentianaceae Gentiana pneumonanthe L. VU SP Gentianaceae Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner DD SP Gentianaceae Gentianella baltica (Murb.) Börner EX SP Gentianaceae Gentianella uliginosa (Willd.) Börner

[= Gentiana uliginosa (Willd.) Börner] CR SP Gentianaceae

Geranium sylvaticum L. VU Geraniaceae Gladiolus imbricatus L. EN SP Iridaceae Gladiolus paluster Gaudin EX SP, HD Iridaceae Glaux maritima L. VU SP Primulaceae Glyceria declinata Bréb. EN - Poaceae Glyceria nemoralis (R. Uechtr.) R. Uechtr. & Körn. EN - Poaceae Gnaphalium luteo-album L. LC - Asteraceae Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. EN SP Orchidaceae Gratiola officinalis L. VU SP Scrophulariaceae Groenlandia densa (L.) Fourr.

[= Potamogeton densus L.] EX SP Potamogetonaceae

Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. EN SP Orchidaceae Hammarbya paludosa (L.) Kuntze CR SP Orchidaceae Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. subsp.

obscurum (Kelak.) Holub [= Helianthemum ovatum (Viv.) Dunal]

VU - Cistaceae

Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. EX SP Orchidaceae * Herniaria hirsuta L. LC - Caryophyllaceae Hieracium bauhinii Schult. DD - Asteraceae Hieracium bifurcum M. Bieb. (pilosella >

echioides) DD - Asteraceae


12 Quoted from several localities by Klimko and Czarna (2001a, 2001b).13 Both historical and geographical and taxonomical statuses have not been definitely determined so far. Some researchers acknowledge that parents of both

hybrids are Lamium purpureum and L. amplexicaule (Sychowa 1967; Gladokova 1978; Adler 1994). Rothmaler (1994) and Dvo¯·kov· (2002) share thisopinion only in relation to L. moluccellifolium (L. intermedium). In turn, as parental species of L. hybridum, Dvo¯·kov· (2002) considers L. bifidum andL. purpureum, while Rothmaler (1994) designates L. moschatum and L purpureum.




Hieracium bracchiatum Bertol. ex DC. (pilosella > piloselloides)

DD - Asteraceae

Hieracium cymosum L. DD - Asteraceae Hieracium echioides Lumn. VU - Asteraceae Hieracium fallax Willd. (echioides – cymosum) DD - Asteraceae Hieracium flagellare Willd. (pilosella –

caespitosum) DD - Asteraceae

Hieracium floribundum Wimm. & Grab. (caespitosum > lactucella)

DD - Asteraceae

Hieracium lactucella Wallr. LC - Asteraceae Hieracium longiscapum Boiss. & Kotschy

(caespitosum – lactucella) DD - Asteraceae

Hieracium prussicum Nägeli & A. Peter (caespitosum > pilosella)

DD - Asteraceae

Hierochloë australis (Schrad.) Roem. & Schult. CR PP Poaceae Hierochloë odorata (L.) P. Beauv. CR PP Poaceae Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Jess ex Harz CR - Poaceae Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.

[= Lycopodium selago L.] EN SP Huperziaceae

Hypericum hirsutum L. LC - Hypericaceae Hypericum pulchrum L. CR SP Hypericaceae Hypochoeris maculata L. VU - Asteraceae Illecebrum verticillatum L. VU - Caryophyllaceae Inula hirta L. CR - Asteraceae Inula salicina L. LC - Asteraceae Iris sibirica L. VU SP Iridaceae Isolepis setacea (L.) R. Br. VU - Cyperaceae Isolepis supina (L.) R. Br. EX - Cyperaceae Isopyrum thalictroides L. VU - Ranunculaceae Jovibarba sobolifera (Sims) Opiz

[= Sempervivum soboliferum Sims subsp. soboliferum]

VU SP Crassulaceae

Juncus acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. EN - Juncaceae Juncus alpino-articulatus Chaix

[= Juncus alpinus Vill.] VU - Juncaceae

Juncus atratus Krock. DD - Juncaceae Juncus capitatus Weigel LC - Juncaceae Juncus filiformis L. EN - Juncaceae Juncus gerardi Loisel. CR - Juncaceae Juncus squarrosus L. VU - Juncaceae Juncus subnodulosus Schrank VU - Juncaceae Juncus tenageia Ehrh. CR - Juncaceae * Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort.

[= Linaria elatine (L.) Mill.] LC - Scrophulariaceae

* Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. [= Linaria spuria (L.) Mill.]

EX - Scrophulariaceae

Koeleria grandis Besser ex Gorski EN - Poaceae Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) P. Beauv.12 EN - Poaceae * Lamium incisum Willd.13

[= Lamium dissectum With., Lamium hybridum auct.]

DD - Lamiaceae

* Lamium moluccellifolium Fr.13 [= Lamium intermedium Fr.]

DD - Lamiaceae

107

14 A species spreading from cultivation and running wild.15 A species occurs in natural localities in the south and south-west parts of Wielkopolska, apart from this also secondarily, i.e. in the Wielkopolski National

Park.16 Localities recently quoted (Kujawa-Pawlaczyk 2005) are not documented with herbarium specimens.17 A species occurs in natural localities in south Wielkopolska, apart from this, also secondarily.18 All localities outside the Lubuska Land are secondary.





Laserpitium latifolium L. EN - Apiaceae Laserpitium prutenicum L. VU - Apiaceae Lathyrus heterophyllus L. EX - Fabaceae Lathyrus montanus Bernh. LC - Fabaceae Ledum palustre L. VU SP Ericaceae Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. VU - Poaceae Lembotropis nigricans (L.) Griseb.

[= Cytisus nigricans L.] VU - Fabaceae

Leucoium vernum L.14 DD SP Liliaceae Libanotis pyrenaica (L.) Bourg.

[= Libanotis montana Crantz] LC - Apiaceae

Lilium martagon L. LC SP Liliaceae * Linaria arvensis (L.) Desf. EX - Scrophulariaceae Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Borbás

[= Lindernia pyxidaria L.] CR - Scrophulariaceae

Linnaea borealis L. CR SP Caprifoliaceae Linosyris vulgaris Cass.

[= Aster linosyris (L.) Bernh.] CR SP Asteraceae

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. EN SP, HD Orchidaceae Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. LC SP Orchidaceae Lithospermum officinale L. VU - Boraginaceae Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. EX - Plantaginaceae * Lolium remotum Schrank EX - Poaceae * Lolium temulentum L. LC - Poaceae Lonicera periclymenum L.15 VU SP Caprifoliaceae Lotus tenuis Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. VU - Fabaceae Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott EX - Onagraceae Luronium natans (L.) Raf.

[= Elisma natans (L.) Buchenau]16 EX SP, HD Alismataceae

Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott17 VU - Juncaceae Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub

[= Lycopodium inundatum L.] CR SP Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium annotinum L. VU SP Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium clavatum L. LC SP Lycopodiaceae Lythrum hyssopifolia L. VU - Lythraceae Malaxis monophyllos (L.) Sw. EX SP Orchidaceae Matteucia struthiopteris (L.) Tod.18 EN SP Athyriaceae Medicago minima (L.) L. VU - Fabaceae Melampyrum arvense L. VU - Scrophulariaceae Melampyrum cristatum L. EN - Scrophulariaceae Melampyrum sylvaticum L. EN - Scrophulariaceae Melandrium rubrum (Weigel) Garcke LC - Caryophyllaceae Melilotus altissima Thuill. DD - Fabaceae Melilotus dentata (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers. EN - Fabaceae Melittis melissophyllum L. VU SP Lamiaceae Mentha pulegium L. VU - Lamiaceae Minuartia viscosa (Schreb.) Schinz & Thell. VU - Caryophyllaceae * Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.

[= Antirrhinum orontium L.] EN - Scrophulariaceae


19 In the light of recent publications, the occurrence of this species in the Lubuska Land (Wayda 2000; Pe≥echaty & Pukacz 2005) requires further studies.20 Lately noted, among others, in the vicinity of PoznaÒ (Stachnowicz 1997).21 In Poland, Pinguicula vulgaris L. is distinctly differentiated into two taxons at the rank of subspecies.




Moneses uniflora (L.) A. Gray [= Pyrola uniflora L.]

VU - Pyrolaceae

Montia fontana L. subsp. montana CR SP Portulacaceae Myrica gale L. CR SP Myricaceae Najas minor All. CR SP Najadaceae Nasturtium officinale R. Br. VU SP Brassicaceae Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. EN SP Orchidaceae Nuphar pumila (Timm) DC. CR SP Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea candida C. Presl19 DD SP Nymphaeaceae Nymphoides peltata (S. G. Gmel.) Kuntze VU SP Menyanthaceae Oenanthe fistulosa L. VU - Apiaceae Ononis repens L. VU PP Fabaceae Ophioglossum vulgatum L. VU SP Ophioglossaceae Orchis coriophora L.20 CR SP Orchidaceae Orchis militaris L. VU SP Orchidaceae Orchis morio L. CR SP Orchidaceae Orchis palustris Jacq. CR SP Orchidaceae Orchis tridentata Scop. EX SP Orchidaceae Orchis ustulata L. EX SP Orchidaceae Oreopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex All.) Holub

[= Dryopteris oreopteris (Ehrh.) Maxon] EN - Thelypteridaceae

Ornithopus perpusillus L. VU - Fabaceae Orobanche caryophyllacea Sm. CR SP Orobanchaceae Orobanche elatior Sutton CR SP Orobanchaceae Orobanche lutea Baumg. CR SP Orobanchaceae Orobanche purpurea Jacq. CR SP Orobanchaceae Osmunda regalis L. VU SP Osmundaceae Ostericum palustre Besser

[= Angelica palustris (Besser) Hoffm.] VU SP, HD Apiaceae

Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr. DD - Ericaceae Oxycoccus palustris Pers.

[= Oxycoccus quadripetalus Gilib.] VU - Ericaceae

Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC. VU SP Fabaceae Parnassia palustris L. VU - Parnassiaceae Pedicularis palustris L. EN SP Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum L. EX SP Scrophulariaceae Pedicularis sylvatica L. EN SP Scrophulariaceae Petasites spurius (Retz.) Rchb. VU - Asteraceae Peucedanum cervaria (L.) Lapeyr. VU - Apiaceae Phegopteris connectilis (Michx.) Watt

[= Phegopteris polypodioides Fée] EN - Thelypteridaceae

Phyteuma orbiculare L. EX SP Campanulaceae Pilularia globulifera L. CR SP Marsileaceae Pinguicula vulgaris L. subsp. bicolor�-��.�L.8M��

& D. Löve21 CR SP Lentibulariaceae

Pinguicula vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris21 CR SP Lentibulariaceae Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich. VU SP Orchidaceae Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb. EN SP Orchidaceae Pleurospermum austriacum (L.) Hoffm. EX - Apiaceae Poa remota Forselles VU - Poaceae Polemonium coeruleum L. EX - Polemoniaceae Polycnemum arvense L.) CR - Chenopodiaceae

109

22 Aside from native populations, found also spreading from cultivation and running wild.





Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. EN - Liliaceae Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth EN SP Aspidiaceae Populus nigra L. LC - Salicaceae Potamogeton acutifolius Link VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton alpinus Balb. VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton ×angustifolius Bercht. & J. Presl

[= Potamogeton ×zizii Koch ex Roth, Potamogeton lucens × P. gramineus]

DD - Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton berchtoldii Fieber VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton compressus L. VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton filiformis Pers. CR - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton friesii Rupr.

[= Potamogeton mucronatus Schrad.] VU - Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton gramineus L. VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton ×nitens Weber

[= Potamogeton perfoliatus × P. gramineus] DD - Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & W. D. J. Koch VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr. CR - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton praelongus Wulfen CR - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton pusillus L. VU - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. DD - Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. VU - Potamogetonaceae Potentilla norvegica L. LC - Rosaceae Potentilla rupestris L. EN - Rosaceae Potentilla silesiaca R. Uechtr. DD SP Rosaceae Potentilla sterilis (L.) Garcke EX - Rosaceae Prenanthes purpurea L. EN - Rosaceae Primula elatior (L.) Hill22 EN PP Primulaceae Prunella grandiflora (L.) Scholler EN - Lamiaceae Prunella laciniata (L.) L. EN - Lamiaceae Pulmonaria angustifolia L. VU - Boraginaceae Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. subsp. patens CR SP, HD Ranunculaceae Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill. EN SP Ranunculaceae Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. CR SP Ranunculaceae Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. EX SP Ranunculaceae Pyrola chlorantha Sw. VU - Pyrolaceae Pyrola media Sw. EN - Pyrolaceae Pyrola rotundifolia L. VU - Pyrolaceae Radiola linoides Roth VU - Linaceae * Ranunculus arvensis L. VU - Ranunculaceae Ranunculus cassubicus L. s. l. VU - Ranunculaceae Ranunculus serpens Schrank subsp. nemorosus

(DC.) G. López DD - Ranunculaceae

Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.) Pollich [= Rhinanthus hirsutus All., Rhinanthus major L.]

DD - Scrophulariaceae

Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl VU - Cyperaceae Rhynchospora fusca (L.) W. T. Aiton CR SP Cyperaceae Rosa agrestis Savi VU - Rosaceae Rosa gallica L. VU SP Rosaceae Rosa jundzillii Besser VU - Rosaceae Rosa micrantha Borrer ex Sm. VU - Rosaceae Rosa tomentosa Sm. LC - Rosaceae Rosa zalana Wiesb. VU - Rosaceae





Rubus acanthodes (H. Hofm. ex Focke) E. Barber LC - Rosaceae Rubus angustipaniculatus Holub LC - Rosaceae Rubus apricus Wimm. LC - Rosaceae Rubus bavaricus (Focke) Hruby LC - Rosaceae Rubus bifrons Vest LC - Rosaceae Rubus camptostachys G. Braun LC - Rosaceae Rubus capitulatus Utsch LC - Rosaceae Rubus chaerophylloides Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus chaerophyllus Sagorski & Wilh. Schulze LC - Rosaceae Rubus constrictus P. J. Müll. & Lefèvre LC - Rosaceae Rubus crispomarginatus Holub LC - Rosaceae Rubus curvaciculatus Walsemann ex H. E. Weber LC - Rosaceae Rubus czarnunensis (Sprib.) Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus divaricatus P. J. Müll. LC - Rosaceae Rubus dollnensis Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus fasciculatus P. J. Müll. LC - Rosaceae Rubus franconicus H. E. Weber LC - Rosaceae Rubus glivicensis (Sprib. ex Sudre) Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus guentheri Weihe LC - Rosaceae Rubus hevellicus (E. H. L. Krause) E. H. L. Krause LC - Rosaceae Rubus hirtus Waldst. & Kit. Agg. LC - Rosaceae Rubus koehleri Weihe LC - Rosaceae Rubus kuleszae Ziel. LC - Rosaceae Rubus lidforsii (Gelert) Lange LC - Rosaceae Rubus lusaticus Rostock LC - Rosaceae Rubus macrophyllus Weihe & Nees LC - Rosaceae Rubus nemoralis P. J. Müll. LC - Rosaceae Rubus opacus Focke LC - Rosaceae Rubus ostroviensis Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus pedemontanus Pinkw. LC - Rosaceae Rubus pfuhlianus Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus posnaniensis Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus pyramidalis Kaltenb. LC - Rosaceae Rubus rudis Weihe LC - Rosaceae Rubus salisburgensis Focke ex Caflisch LC - Rosaceae Rubus schleicheri Weihe ex Tratt. LC - Rosaceae Rubus schnedleri H. E. Weber LC - Rosaceae Rubus scissus W. C. R. Watson LC - Rosaceae Rubus seebergensis Pfuhl ex Sprib. LC - Rosaceae Rubus senticosus Köhler ex Weihe LC - Rosaceae Rubus silesiacus Weihe LC - Rosaceae Rubus spribillei (Pfuhl ex Sprib.) Kulesza LC - Rosaceae Rubus sulcatus Vest LC - Rosaceae Rubus tabanimontanus Figert LC - Rosaceae Rubus wahlbergii Arrh. LC - Rosaceae Rumex aquaticus L. VU - Polygonaceae Rumex palustris Sm. VU - Polygonaceae Rumex sanguineus L. VU - Polygonaceae Rumex ucrainicus Besser ex Spreng. EN - Polygonaceae Sagina ciliata Fr. VU - Caryophyllaceae Salicornia europaea L. VU SP Chenopodiaceae Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.

[= Salix nigricans Sm.] VU - Salicaceae

Salix myrtilloides L. CR SP Salicaceae Salix starkeana Willd. CR - Salicaceae

111

23 According to CzubiÒski (1961), a western, native species, occurring at the edge of its geographical range (cf. HultÈn & Fries 1986).





Salvinia natans (L.) All. VU SP Salviniaceae Samolus valerandi L. CR - Primulaceae Saxifraga hirculus L. EX SP, HD Saxifragaceae Scabiosa canescens Waldst. & Kit. VU - Dipsacaceae Scabiosa columbaria L. s. str. VU - Dipsacaceae * Scandix pecten-veneris L. EX - Apiaceae Scheuchzeria palustris L. EN SP Scheuchzeriaceae Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla

[= Scirpus mucronatus L.] EX - Cyperaceae

Schoenus ferrugineus L. CR SP Cyperaceae Schoenus nigricans L. CR SP Cyperaceae Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják

[= Holoschoenus vulgaris Link] CR - Cyperaceae

Scirpus radicans Schkuhr VU - Cyperaceae Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link VU - Poaceae Scorzonera purpurea L. s. str. EN SP Asteraceae Scutellaria minor Huds.23 DD - Scrophulariaceae Sedum villosum L. EX - Crassulaceae Senecio aquaticus Hill VU - Asteraceae Senecio barbaraeifolius (Krock.) Wimm. & Grab. VU - Asteraceae Senecio erucifolius L. DD - Asteraceae Senecio fluviatilis Wallr. VU - Asteraceae Senecio nemorensis L. subsp. nemorensis EN - Asteraceae Senecio ovatus (P. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb.)

Willd. EN - Asteraceae

Senecio paludosus L. VU - Asteraceae Senecio rivularis (Waldst. & Kit.) DC. VU - Asteraceae * Sherardia arvensis L. LC - Rubiaceae Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell. LC - Apiaceae Silene chlorantha (Willd.) Ehrh. VU - Caryophyllaceae * Silene gallica L. LC - Caryophyllaceae Silene nutans L. subsp. glabra (DC.) Rothm. VU - Caryophyllaceae Sonchus palustris L. EN - Asteraceae Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz LC SP Rosaceae Sparganium angustifolium F. Michx. EN - Sparganiaceae Sparganium minimum Wallr. VU - Sparganiaceae Sparganium neglectum Beeby

[= Sparganium ramosum Huds., Sparganium erectum subsp. neglectum (Beeby) Schinz & Thell.]

DD - Sparganiaceae

Spergula pentandra L. CR - Caryophyllaceae Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl

[= Spergularia marginata (DC.) Kittel] EX - Caryophyllaceae

Spergularia salina J. Presl & C. Presl VU - Caryophyllaceae Spergularia segetalis (L.) G. Don

[= Delia segetalis (L.)Dum.] DD - Caryophyllaceae

Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall. EX SP Orchidaceae * Stachys arvensis (L.) L. EX - Lamiaceae Stachys germanica L. LC - Lamiaceae Stachys recta L. LC - Lamiaceae Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh. DD - Caryophyllaceae Stellaria longifolia H. L. Mühl. ex Willd. DD - Caryophyllaceae Stellaria uliginosa Murray VU - Caryophyllaceae Stipa capillata L. EN SP Poaceae


24 Aside from native populations, found also spreading from cultivation and running wild.25 A species native only in the south of Wielkopolska, in north part, probably, only in secondary localities.




Stipa joannis Kelak. s. str. EN SP Poaceae Succisella inflexa (Kluk) Beck CR SP Dipsacaceae Swertia perennis L. subsp. perennis CR SP Gentianaceae Symphytum tuberosum L. EN Boraginaceae Taxus baccata L.24 LC SP Taxaceae Tetragonolobus maritimus (L.) Roth subsp.

siliquosus (L.) Murb. [= Lotus siliquosus L.]

LC - Fabaceae

Teucrium scordium L. LC - Lamiaceae Teucrium scorodonia L. LC - Lamiaceae Thalictrum simplex L. EN - Ranunculaceae Thesium ebracteatum Hayne CR SP, HD Santalaceae Thesium linophyllon L. EN - Santalaceae * Thymelaea passerina (L.) Coss. & Germ.

[= Lygia passerina (L.) Fassano] DD - Thymelaeaceae

Tofieldia calyculata (L.) Wahlenb. CR SP Liliaceae Trapa natans L. s. l. EN SP Trapaceae Traunsteinera globosa (L.) Rchb. EX SP Orchidaceae Trifolium lupinaster L. EN - Fabaceae Trifolium ochroleucon Huds. EN - Fabaceae Trifolium rubens L. EN - Fabaceae Trifolium striatum L. EN - Fabaceae Triglochin maritimum L. VU - Juncaginaceae Trisetum flavescens (L.) P. Beauv.25 VU - Poaceae Trollius europaeus L. s. str. VU SP Ranunculaceae Utricularia australis R. Br. VU SP Scrophulariaceae Utricularia intermedia Hayne EN SP Lentibulariaceae Utricularia minor L. VU SP Lentibulariaceae Utricularia ochroleuca R. W. Hartm. CR SP Lentibulariaceae * Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert LC - Caryophyllaceae Vaccinium uliginosum L. VU - Ericaceae Valeriana angustifolia Tausch DD - Valerianaceae Valeriana dioica L. s. str. LC - Valerianaceae Valeriana sambucifolia J. C. Mikan VU - Valerianaceae Valeriana simplicifolia Kabath EN - Valerianaceae * Valerianella rimosa Bastard LC - Valerianaceae Verbascum phoeniceum L. VU - Scrophulariaceae Veronica austriaca L. s. str. VU - Scrophulariaceae Veronica catenata Pennell VU - Scrophulariaceae Veronica montana L. VU - Scrophulariaceae Veronica praecox All. LC - Scrophulariaceae Veronica teucrium L. VU - Scrophulariaceae Veronica vindobonensis (M. A. Fisch.) M. A. Fisch.

[= Veronica chamaedrys L. subsp. vindobonensis M. A. Fisch.]

DD - Scrophulariaceae

Vicia dumetorum L. LC - Fabaceae Vicia pisiformis L. EN - Fabaceae Vicia sylvatica L. LC - Fabaceae Vicia tenuifolia Roth LC - Fabaceae Viola collina Besser VU - Violaceae Viola elatior Fr. EN - Violaceae Viola mirabilis L. LC - Violaceae

113

4.2. Statistical data

At present, floristic database of Wielkopolska(FDBW) comprises 1950 species of vascular plants,including those brought into the area or running wildfrom cultivation (Jackowiak et al. 2007 ñ FDBW). Thebody of the regionís flora is composed of native speciesand naturalized foreign species. Altogether, from thebeginning of the 19th century up to the modern times,1630 species belonging to both groups have beenregistered.

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31 45 3 06 74 ))

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Fig. 5. The number and percentage participation of species in theparticular threat categories of the IUCN

The red list of the vascular flora of Wielkopolskaincludes 601 taxons (598 species including 3 speciesdifferentiated into subspecies), i.e. 31% of the body ofthe regionís flora. All the basic categories of threat, asdefined by the IUCN 2001, are represented in the list(Fig. 5). Since 1951, which is accepted as the criticaldate, 52 species have not been recorded anymore, while87 others classified as critically endangered (CR), 117endangered (EN) and 157 vulnerable (VU). The red listis complemented with 131 least concern species (LC)and, in the light of the present state of knowledge, 57species of unknown risk of extinction (DD).

Threats to flora affect different systematic, geogra-phic and historical and biotopic groups with variousintensity. Adequately to the taxonomic structure of thetotal flora of the region, the red list is dominated byangiosperm plants (570 species) composed of 392 speciesof dicotyledons and 178 of monocotyledons. The othergroups of high taxonomic rank are represented as follows:gymnosperms ñ 2 species, ferns ñ 19, horsetails ñ 3 andlycopods ñ 7. Amongst 81 families, most numerous inthreatened species are: Rosaceae, Cyperaceae, Asteraceae,Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae andScrophulariaceae. A special attention deserve the Orchi-daceae and Cyperaceae families which include manyspecies recognized as extinct (EX) and critically endan-gered (CR) (Table 4).

Out of 559 native species of threatened vascularplants of the region, 189 (33.8%) constitute taxonsrepresenting 3 main geographic elements (western,south-east and boreal) characteristic for the area underscrutiny as well as the montane element, rarely met inthe Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowlands. The most numer-ous is the western element comprising 70 species. Thesouth-east element (continental) includes 43 species,while the boreal one 32 species. 42 species represent-ing the montane element, mostly from the lower for-est zone, are classified as endangered in Wielkopol-ska.

Besides the native species, the red list comprises alsoa large, composed of 42 species, group of archaeophytes.Although, almost half of them belong to the LC category(20 species), still, 9 from the group of early adventiveshave to be considered as extinct, one of them criticallyendangered (Caucalis platycarpos) and some missing(Bupleurum rotundifolium, Camelina alyssum, Conringiaorientalis, Cuscuta epilinum, Kickxia spuria, Linariaarvensis, Lolium remotum, Scandix pecten-veneris andStachys arvensis). Additionally, the list of threatenedarchaeophytes is complemented with the species fromother categories: EN ñ 5, VU ñ 4 and DD ñ 3.


26 A species consisting of two taxons at the rank of subspecies, with differentiated degree of endangerment.




Viola pumila Chaix CR - Violaceae Viola stagnina Kit. VU SP Violaceae Viscum album L. subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abrom. VU - Loranthaceae Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray DD - Poaceae Vulpia myuros (L.) C. C. Gmel. VU - Poaceae Wolffia arrhiza (L.) Horkel ex Wimm. VU - Lemnaceae Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. palustris26 VU - Zannichelliaceae Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. pedicellata

(Wahlenb. & Rosén) Hegi26 DD - Zannichelliaceae


Table 4. Plant families participation in the threat categories of vascular plants of Wielkopolska

Ranunculaceae 2 3 6 5 1 2 19 Rosaceae 1 2 9 9 51 1 73 Rubiaceae 0 0 1 2 6 0 9

Name of family EX CR EN VU LC DD Total Alismataceae 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 Apiaceae 4 3 1 7 3 0 18 Aspidiaceae 0 0 1 1 0 2 4 Aspleniaceae 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 Asteraceae 0 2 13 11 6 12 44 Athyriaceae 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 Betulaceae 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 Blechnaceae 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Boraginaceae 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 Brassicaceae 2 0 4 4 2 1 13 Callitrichaceae 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 Campanulaceae 1 1 0 3 1 0 6 Caprifoliaceae 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 Caryophyllaceae 2 3 2 7 7 5 26 Celastraceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Chenopodiaceae 0 1 1 1 5 0 8 Cistaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Crassulaceae 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 Cuscutaceae 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 Cyperaceae 10 16 5 14 3 0 48 Dipsacaceae 0 1 0 2 0 1 4 Droseraceae 0 1 0 2 1 1 5 Elatinaceae 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 Empetraceae 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Equisetaceae 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 Ericaceae 0 1 0 4 1 1 7 Euphorbiaceae 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 Fabaceae 1 0 10 7 5 1 24 Fumariaceae 0 0 2 0 3 0 5 Gentianaceae 1 3 0 1 0 1 6 Geraniaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Huperziaceae 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Hypericaceae 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 Iridaceae 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 Juncaceae 0 2 2 4 1 1 10 Juncaginaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Lamiaceae 1 1 2 3 4 2 13 Lemnaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Lentibulariaceae 0 3 1 1 0 0 5 Liliaceae 1 1 7 0 2 3 14 Linaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Loranthaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Lycopodiaceae 0 2 0 2 1 1 6 Lythraceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Marsileaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Menyanthaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Myricaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Najadaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Nymphaeaceae 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 Onagraceae 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 Ophioglossaceae 1 1 2 1 0 0 5 Orchidaceae 11 12 7 3 4 0 37 Orobanchaceae 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 Osmundaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Parnassiaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Pinaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Plantaginaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Poaceae 1 3 8 11 7 8 38 Polemoniaceae 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Polygonaceae 0 0 1 3 0 0 4 Portulacaceae 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Potamogetonaceae 1 3 0 9 0 3 16 Primulaceae 0 1 3 2 0 0 6 Pyrolaceae 0 0 1 3 1 0 5

115

Salicaceae 0 2 0 1 1 0 4 Salviniaceae 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Santalaceae 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 Saxifragaceae 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 Scheuchzeriaceae 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Scrophulariaceae 3 1 5 9 2 4 24 Sparganiaceae 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 Taxaceae 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Thelypteridaceae 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Thymelaeaceae 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 Trapaceae 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Valerianaceae 0 0 1 1 2 1 5 Violaceae 0 1 1 2 1 0 5 Zannichelliaceae 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 52 87 117 157 131 57 601

Threatened species are components of various plantcommunities and represent, in total, as many as 27syntaxonomical classes (Table 5, Plate I). These unitsgroup not only natural communities but also seminaturaland synanthropic ones. The most numerous group constitutesward species ñ especially from the Festuco-Brometea

Table 5. Participation of the threatened species of Wielkopolska in the main syntaxonomical groups

Explanation: No. spp. ñ number of species

class, meadow species from the Molinio-Arrhenathereteaclass as well as forest species ñ mainly representing thefloristically richest Querco-Fagetea and Vaccinio-Piceetea classes. A particularly high level of risk is notedamong species of fens (Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae),aquatic (Potametea), littoral (IsoÎto-Nanojuncetea) and,


Syntaxonomical groups No. spp. EX CR EN VU LC DD Forest and shrub communities 132 4 20 27 37 35 9 Rhamno-Prunetea 11 0 1 0 5 5 0 Salicetea purpureae 4 0 0 0 2 1 1 Alnetea glutinosae 3 0 1 0 2 0 0 Vaccinio-Piceetea 25 1 6 6 7 2 3 Quercetea robori-petraeae 9 0 2 0 4 3 0 Querco-Fagetea 80 3 10 21 17 24 5 Skirt, clearing and heath communities 46 5 2 13 8 12 6 Trifolio-Geranietea sanguinei 17 2 1 6 4 3 1 Artemisietea vulgaris 6 0 0 1 0 4 1 Epilobietea angustifolii 3 0 0 1 0 2 0 Nardo-Callunetea 20 3 1 5 4 3 4 Sward and meadow communities (permament grasslands) 147 12 17 37 47 18 15 Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis 23 1 2 2 9 4 5 Festuco-Brometea 75 6 11 24 21 8 5 Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 48 5 4 11 17 6 5 Bog, fen and poor fen communities 63 6 21 9 19 6 3 Oxycocco-Sphagnetea 10 0 2 0 5 1 2 Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae 54 6 19 9 14 5 1 Rushes and halophytes communities 29 4 5 6 10 3 1 Phragmitetea 16 2 2 4 5 2 1 Asteretea tripolium 12 2 3 2 4 1 0 Thero-Salicornietea 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Short-lived communities of muddy banks and shores and periodically flooded depressions 33 3 7 6 12 3 2

Isoëto-Nanojuncetea 27 3 7 6 7 2 2 Bidentetea tripartiti 6 0 0 0 5 1 0 Aquatic and spring seepage areas communities 44 5 10 6 17 1 5 Lemnetea minoris 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 Potametea 28 2 5 4 12 0 5 Utricularietea intermedio-minoris 5 0 2 1 2 0 0 Littorelletea uniflorae 5 2 2 1 0 0 0 Montio-Cardaminetea 4 1 1 0 1 1 0 Ruderal and segetal communities 41 9 2 5 4 18 3 Polygono arenastri-Poetea annuae 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 Stellarietea mediae 40 9 2 5 4 17 3 Others (of wider or unspecified synecological scale) 66 4 3 8 3 35 13 Total 601 52 87 117 157 131 57


in the first place, among segetal ones (Stellarietea mediae).It is worth noting that a smaller number of species fromother classes is often the result of their natural, smallerrepresentation in the flora of the studied area. A goodexample is here the Asteretea tripolium class, with almostall its species classified as threatened in Wielkopolska.

An analysis of the species frequency distribution inparticular categories of risk reveals that in the group ofextinct species (EX) most numerous are meadow-swardand segetal species. In the Critically Endangeredcategory (CR) the highest share have bog and fen spe-cies and once more, sward ones. The representatives of

6a 6b

6c 6d

6e 6f

the latter group prevail also in the EN and VU catego-ries, which are marked by high participation of forestspecies (Plate II).

4.3. The occurrence of species of the HabitatsDirective and species protected in Poland

In Wielkopolska, there are 13 species of vascularplants listed in the Annex II of the Habitats Directive(EC Habitats Directive 1992). Most of them (8) belongto naturally very rare species and the rest ñ to rare ones(Fig. 6 ñ caption see page 118). Currently, all of themare included in the red list of the regionís flora with

117

4 of them considered extinct, 7 critically endangered, 1endangered and 1 vulnerable.

Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Besser ñ a critically en-dangered species (CR). Known from 5 localities, withone locality of uncertain location (Fig. 6a). The lastobservation comes from Tobolski (1961).

Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. ñ a critically endangeredspecies (CR). Quoted from 8 localities, including 7 recor-ded after 1951 (Fig. 6b). Recently observed in 1983 (Ka-miÒski 2006). Reintroduction attempts were unsuccessful.

Apium repens (Jacq.) Lag. ñ a critically endangeredspecies (CR), despite the fact that in recent years it has beenobserved in 11 localities (Fig. 6c). However, the localitiesare concentrated in 2 remote parts of the region and thesize of the populations monitored for about 30 years,excluding one locality in the Leszno Lake District, is clearlydecreasing (Chmiel, Jackowiak 2001; Jackowiak 2004).

Botrychium simplex E. Hitchc. ñ extinct in the wild (EX).It was noted in 5 localities situated in the western part ofthe region (Fig. 6d). The latest data come from the be-ginning of the 20th century (Schube 1903; Decker 1912).

Caldesia parnassifolia (L.) Parl. ñ a critically endange-red species (CR). It was known from 4 localities situatedin western Wielkopolska (Fig. 6e). Currently, the presenceof the species in the lake Nietopersko, in the localitydiscovered by Dπmbska (1964) and confirmed by Øu-kowski in 1986 (Øukowski 2001), cannot be ruled out.

Cypripedium calceolus L. ñ a species criticallyendangered in the region (CR). Quoted, in total, from14 localities (Fig. 6f). It was observed in 2 localities asearly as in the second half of the 20th century. At present,it is monitored by the authors only in one of them.

Gladiolus paluster Gaudin ñ extinct in the wild (EX).It was quoted from 9 localities (Fig. 6g). The most recentreport from Dziki OstrÛw, in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz(SzymaÒska & SzymaÒski 1959), was not confirmedlater, despite the special search carried out by Chmieland Celka in 1998.

Liparis loeselii (L.) Rich. ñ an endangered species(EN). Overall, quoted from over 30 localities scatteredin western, central and eastern Wielkopolska (Fig. 6h).Currently confirmed in 18 localities (ca. 50% of thoseknown from the literature). Liparis loeselii occupieshabitats very sensitive to anthropopression, and particularly,to changes in water conditions and eutrophication.

Luronium natans (L.) Raf. ñ a species which should berecognized as extinct in Wielkopolska (EX). Quoted inthe literature as early as in the first halt of the 20th centuryfrom 4 localities (Fig. 6i) but, presumably, only on thebasis of earlier works (Schube 1903; Decker 1912). Thesubsequent information is not sufficiently documented.

Ostericum palustre Besser ñ a vulnerable species(VU). Known from almost 60 localities, with most ofthem managed to be found or confirmed in recent years(Fig. 6j). This concerns mostly the north-east part of

6g

6h

6i

6j



the region. It cannot be ruled out, that the species occursmore frequently than it has been thought so far. Itrequires further studies.

Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. subsp. patens ñ a criti-cally endangered species (CR). Formerly, it occurred quitefrequently in almost whole Wielkopolska (Fig. 6k).Overall, noted in over 70 localities. In the recent period,the species resources have been rapidly decreasing.

Saxifraga hirculus L. ñ an extinct species (EX).According to the literature sources it occurred in over20 localities situated in the north, west and south-westpart of the region (Fig. 6l). The latest data come fromthe interwar period.

Thesium ebracteatum Hayne ñ a critically endan-gered species (CR). Known from over 30 localities (Fig.6m), although only a few of them were confirmed inthe second part of the 20th century.

The species listed in the Annex II of the HabitatsDirective (EC Habitats Directive 1992) which are cur-rently occurring in Wielkopolska provide the basis forcreation of special areas of conservation (SACs). Hence,there is hope that their resources remain stable in thenearest future. Moreover, considerably larger group ofthe red list plants is subject to species protection, which,according to the Polish law, is differentiated into thestrict and partial protection. The former involves 180species and the latter 5 species. Although effectivenessof these forms of protection has not been satisfactoryso far, it seems that in the recent years they have beenpreserving localities of threatened plants more effi-ciently, first of all, against investment activities. In thecourse of procedure for estimation of the plannedenterprises impact on natural environment, it becomesthe rule that investors are obliged to protect threatenedhabitats, including the necessity of implementation ofactive protection measures, such as metaplantations.

5. Conclusions

Wielkopolska has been an area of geobotanical stud-ies since the beginning of the 19th century. During thisperiod, the region has been subject to the dynamic so-cial and economic transformations, which caused es-sential changes in the structure of plant landscape andnatural habitats. This, in turn, exerted an enormous in-fluence on the species resources of flora and on vegeta-tion. As early as in the first half of the 20th century, theattention was drawn to the natural effects of the inten-sification of land usage. It was Wodziczko (1947), whodescribed this process in particularly straightforwardway as Çthe conversion of Wielkopolska into steppeí.Most important manifestations of so named, at that time,phenomenon involved: extinction of native species andspreading of geographically alien ones (Jackowiak2003). Since the mid-1960s, this idea has been devel-

6k

6l

6m

oped by FaliÒski (1966, 2000), the author of the theoryof plant cover synanthropisation based on the follow-ing definition: synanthropisation of plant cover is theentirety of historic and modern transformations of floraand vegetation, consisting in withdrawal of specific

Fig. 6. Distribution of vascular plant species from the Annex II ofthe Habitats Directive in Wielkopolska

Explanations: ñ localities last observed in the 19th century (1900 included); ñ localities last observed in the years 1901-1951; ñ localities observedafter 1951; ? ñ location of the site uncertain

119

stenotopic elements and their replacement with cosmo-politan, eurytopic ones.

The red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska confirmsthat the process of synanthropisation is very advancedin the Central European Lowlands and keeps increasingits rate. At present, every third species is at risk of extinc-tion. This index is significantly higher than the degreeof threat to the flora of the whole country, which comesto about 20% (Zarzycki & Szelπg 1992, 2006) and, inturn, corresponds to the level of threat observed in othercountries of central and western Europe, such as Ger-many, Switzerland or Austria (Niklfeld 1986). It is worthemphasizing that in the last dozen or so years, the num-ber of plants listed as extinct and endangered increased

from 527 to 601 species (cf. Øukowski & Jackowiak1995a). It happens, despite the efforts connected withthe expansion and modernization of the biodiversityconservation system in Wielkopolska. Some hope forstopping this process maybe associated with the intro-duction of the European Ecological Network Natura2000, based on the conception of conservation of natu-ral habitats particularly sensitive to anthropopressionas well as the most threatened species. The experienceto date in the organization of this network points outthat the effectiveness of this form of biodiversity pro-tection would be certainly higher if the set of speciesused as the basis for creation of special conservationareas to a larger extent considers the local red lists.

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Plate I. Selected habitats of threatened species of Wielkopolska

1. Fragment of willow carr ñ Salicetum albo-fragilis (Warta river valley in the vicinity of Oborniki, central Wielkopolska); 2. Alder carr ñRibeso nigri-Alnetum (Kπty Forest District in Central Wielkopolska); 3. Fresh scots pine forest ñ Leucobryo-Pinetum (Wolsztyn ForestDistrict ñ western Wielkopolska); 4. Lichen scots pine forest ñ Cladonio-Pinetum (Notecka Forest ñ north-west Wielkopolska); 5. Xerothermicoak forest ñ Potentillo albae-Quercetum (Miradz Forest District ñ eastern Wielkopolska); 6. Oak-hornbeam forest ñ Galio sylvatici-Carpinetumbetuli (ìDÍbinaî Reserve in the vicinity of Wπgrowiec ñ central Wielkopolska); 7. Inland psammophilous grassland ñ Spergulo vernalis-Corynephoretum (in the vicinity of LubstÛw ñ eastern Wielkopolska); 8. Extensively used meadow with Lychnis flos-cuculi (Barycz rivervalley in the vicinity of OdolanÛw ñ southern Wielkopolska); 9. Poor fen ñ a community of the class Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (ìBagnoChorzemiÒskieî Reserve in the vicinity of Wolsztyn ñ western Wielkopolska); 10. Raised peat bog ñ the community of the class Oxycocco-Sphagnetea (Notecka Forest ñ north-west Wielkopolska); 11. Chara lake with a belt of vegetation with floating leaves ñ Nupharo-Nympaeetumalbae (Lake Zamorze in the vicinity of Pniewy ñ central Wielkopolska); 12. Cultivated field with segetal vegetation (Lednica LandscapePark ñ central Wielkopolska)

Authors of photographs: Zbigniew Celka (2, 3, 9, 11, 12), Julian Chmiel (5, 7), Rados≥aw Sajkiewicz (1, 4, 10), Piotr Szkudlarz (6, 8)

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Plate II. Selected species of threatened plants of Wielkopolska

1. Linnaea borealis in the scots pine urban forest of PoznaÒ (central Wielkopolska); 2. Dianthus gratianopolitanus on the hillside in scotspine woodland (in the vicinity of Pszczew ñ western Wielkopolska); 3. Epipactis atrorubens at the edge of scots pine forest (Wronki ForestDistrict in the Notecka Forest ñ north-west Wielkopolska); 4. Orchis palustris on wet meadow (in the vicinity of Pyzdry ñ central Wielkopolska);5. Cephalantera rubra at the edge of acidophilous beech forest (Karwin Forest District in the Notecka Forest ñ north-west Wielkopolska); 6.Botrychium lunaria in ash carr (Dziewicza GÛra hill ñ central Wielkopolska); 7. Trollius europaeus on wet meadow (RÛøany Potok valley inthe Morasko district of PoznaÒ ñ central Wielkpolska); 8. Vaccinium uliginosum at the edge of marshy pine forest (in the vicinity ofChlebowo in the Notecka Forest ñ central Wielkopolska); 9. Dianthus arenarius at the edge of scots pine forest (in the vicinity of NowyTomyúl ñ western Wielkopolska); 10. Leucoium vernum in low oak-hornbeam forest (Ñånieøycowy Jarî Reserve in the vicinity of MurowanaGoúlina ñ central Wielkopolska); 11. Gagea arvensis on a slope of an historic earhtwork (Kicin in the vicinity of PoznaÒ ñ central Wielkopolska);12. Bromus secalinus in the field of rye (in the vicinity of Zielona GÛra ñ the Lubuska Province)

Authors of photographs: Zbigniew Celka (2, 8, 9, 11, 12), Eløbieta Obarska (1), Rados≥aw Sajkiewicz (3-7, 10)

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Red list of vascular flora of Wielkopolska (Poland)

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