Radiolaria.from the southern part of the New England Orogen, eastern Australia

J.e. Aitchison Department of Geology and Geophysics University of New England

ABSTRACT

Radiolaria can be used to place age constraints on previously undated portions of the New England Orogen (NEO). In the Djungati terrane a pre-Middle Devonian to Late Devonian age range is indicated for the deposition of red ribbon-bedded cherts of the Bobs Creek Formalion. Sediments of the Nangahrah Formation which were deposited on or proxima] to the subduction complex into which the Bobs Creek Formation was accreted contain a Late Devonian (Famennian) fauna. The age of this fauna indicates the timing of the amalgamation of the various elements of this terrane in a subduction complex.

Latest Devonian and Early Carboniferous radiolarians are widespread in the Anaiwan terrane and four assemblages are recognised. Famennian ribbon-bedded chert and Toumaisian tuffaceous cherts were accreted into an Early Carboniferous subduction complex.

The occurrence of Radiolaria in lbe Yarrimie Ponnation (Gamilaroi terrane) is widespread. These fossils show closest affinity to Frasnian radiolarians from other 10caJities worldwide which lends support to the hypothesis that older limestone blocks within the fonnation are allochthonous.

INTRODUCTION

l11e geology of eastern Australia is dominated by the New England Orogen (NEO), the detailed geology of which is not well known. Early plate tectonic models for eastern Australia have assumed a relatively simple active plate margin during the Paleozoic (Leitch, 1974. 1975; Cawood, 1983; Harrington and Korsch, 1985; Murray .tlJll., 1987). However. recent detailed work has shown that the NEO is a complex tectonic collage of terranes (Fig. 1) which accreted to the eastern margin of Austra1ia in the late Paleozoic (Aitchison and Flood, 1988: Flood and Aitchison, 1988, this volume). Allbaugh some of the terranes are moderately rich in macrofossils (eg. Gamilaroi terrane) macrofossils are scarce in many of the terranes and previous tectonic models have been basro on asswnptions as to their ages. Many of these assumptions are incorrect and this has been demonstrated by recent radiolarian studies (Ishigatl..al., 1987. 1988; Aitchison, 1988a-f, this paper). The presence of Radiolaria in parts of the NEO is well known (eg. David and Pitunan, 1899; Richards and Bryan, 1924; Bryan and Jones, 1962). However until the development of HF acid leaching techniques for the extraction of Radiolaria from siliceous lithologies (pessagno and Newport, 1972) which allows for their subsequent identification the utility of these fossils was not apparent.

Radiolaria were first described from rocks of the NEO by Hinde (1899) who described 53 species in siliceous limestone samples from the Yarrimie Fonnation exposed at Tanlworth Common. Despite this excellent early work no further detailed studies of Australian Radiolaria were made until the 1980's (Gogo Fonnation, Carming Basin, Western Australia: Nazarov rul., 19&2; Nazarov and anniston, 1983; Lachlan Fold Belt, NSW: Webby and Blom, 1986) and radiolarian studies did not commence in the NED until the late 1980's.

Rccenliy HF leaching tcchniques have been applied to siliceous rocks of the NEO and have produced encouraging results which can be used to place the first age constraints on the development of previously undated terranes. This

work. when accompanied by detailed mapping (eg. Aitchison. 1988e). clearly demonstrates that the NEO is much more complex than previously thought and illustrates the need for further detailed work.

(n this papcr details of radiolarian assemblages discovered during preliminary (and continuing) work are described. Most radiolarians discovered so far arc of Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous a'ge and many species present are common to radiolarian faunas described from the northern hemisphere (Deflandre, 1952, 1%0: Comble ~ ill" 1985; Holdsworth. 1973; Holdsworth<lJll., 1978; Holdsworth and Jones, 1980; Cheng, 1986). All fossils illustrated in this paper are houscd in the Australian National Museum, Sydney and corresponding AMF numbers arc indicated.

RADIOLARIAN ASSEMBLAGES

GAMILAROI TERRANE

Gamilaroi terrane fomled on, or in close pro",imity to, an active occanic ishmd arc during the carly stage (Devonian) of ils development. Radiolaria are abundant in Ihe Yarrimie Fonnation (part oCthe Tamworth Group oC Crook, 1961) which constitutes part of lhe terrane. Although ahundant in tuffaceous silL<;tones these Radiolaria are not always weH preserved. However, Hinde (1899) described 53 spccies of Radiolaria from etched thin-sections of dark colored siliceous limestones of Lhe Yarrimic Fonnatioll exposed at Trunworth Common. Tamworth has grown considerably since 1899 and the best exposure of these rocks is now found in a quarry behind Tamworth Hospital. Lenses of Moore Creek Limestone. a member of the Yarrimie Fonnation. are present at this locality. An abundant conodont fauna has been used to establish a late Eifelian age for these limestones (philip, 1967; Philip and Pedder, 1966). However it is not clearly established whether these limestones are autochthonous or allochthonous and some researchers consider that the Yarrimie Fonnation may be as young as Frasnian. TIle fauna described by Hinde (1899) has been recollected from Tamworth and at a new locality at Silver Gully in the type section of the formation (Fig. 2. Aitchison, 1988c).

Radiolaria present include: Entactinosphaera grandis Nazarov, Entactinosphaera aitpaiensis Nazarov, Enlactinia spp. Foreman, Ceratoikiscum sp. cf. C. ayimexpectans Deflandre Group, Spongentactinella corynacantha Nazarov and Onniston. Soongentactinella cf. Soongenlactjnclla sp. 2 of Nazarov and anniston, Staumdnum.,a praclollga (Hindc) and Palacosccnidjum cladoohorum Dcnandre variants.

Radiolaria from the Yammie Ponnalion are similar [0

those in faunas described from Late Devonian rocks of West Australia (Nazarov.dJU 1982, Nazarov and anniston 1983) USSR (Nazarov 1975) and Ohio (Foreman 1963). Although the exact age o f thc Yarrimie Fonllation radiolarian fauna has not yet been established the radiolarians present show greater affmiLy with Lare Devonian faunas than wiLh those of Middle Devonian age (eg. radiolarians from USSR (Nazarov and Omliston 1988), USA (JCA pers obs). This suggests that shallow water limcstone blocks of Lale Eifelian age which are common in the Yarrimie Formation may be allochthonous.

50

o Successor OIl,lns

OVERLAP SEQUENCES

GRANITOIDS r::::t In •• Perll,IM-Eo,ly t;..;..;..;J Trl ... le lend A Type.

In! H Early Perml.n S Type

STITCHING PLUTONS 1 D+E 2 G+H 3 0+1 4 C+D 6 A+C

*

TERRANE SYMBOLS

A Gamllarol

B Weraera~

C DJungati

0 Anaiwan

E KelnJtlll

F Gldabsl

G Yugambal

H BundJalung

1 Ngaku

J Blrpal

I( Ngamba

Figure 1: Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the southern portion of the New England Orogen. Radiolarian localities discussed in this paper are indicated by a star shaped symbol •.

DIUNGATI TERRANE

Djungali terrane con~ists of a disrupted bas~II •. chert. , volcaniclastic siltstone and sandstone R.<:SOClaUon which probably accumulated in a s~~uctio.r. c~mplex .. Radi~laria."1 chert is onc of the dominant IHhologlCS In the DJungau terrane. Red ribbon bedded cherts dominate the Bobs Creek Formation. the lowermost formation of the Woolomin ,Group (Aitchison tUJ. .• 1988). The age range of lhese cherts IS not weli constrained as Radiolaria are typically pocrIy preserveu and are recrystaJlised and deformed i~ many area.~. Deformed radiolariaf! ghosts define an aXial planar clcl\'age in some areas. However at some localities preservation of radiolarians is 5uHicicnt 10 indicste that basal section!; of these red cherts accumulated before the Middle l.>cvoniwl. Poorly preserved radiolarians with simple rod-like spinc.Ii similar to thcr.e pos."cs,";ed by some Ordovician fo nDS are present {Fig. 3 A-F). The: presence radiol!uian faunas dominated by spheroidal forms wilh strongly developed three-bladed spines higher in the red chert sequence indicates that deposition of this lithology continued until Middle to Late Devonian time. Sobs Creek Formation is overlain by tuff~ccous cherts a.'1d volcaniclastic sediments of the Na.llgahrah Formation which is interprcued to have fomled in or dose to a penecontemporaneous subduction compleJ:. In many ~r:eas Nangahrah Formation is strongly deformed and phylhllc or semi-schistose. However, weli prcserved radiolarians have recently been found in the Nangahrah Formation in thc northem part of the lerrane and they indicate a Lale Devcnian (Famennian) age. Radiolarians present include Holo:.cjscus morphotypc A. Palaeoscenidium cladophomffi DcOandre varinnts, En1ak1inla spp .. .En.1acljncsphacra spp. and spheroidal radiolarians with sinistrally twisted three bladed spines (Fig. 3).

ANAlWANTERRANE

Anaiwan terrane is a regionally eJ:tensive terrane which may yet prove to be composite. This terrane consists of minor basalt. ribboil bedded tuffaceous chert. tuffaceous siltston~'i and volcaniclastic sandstones which are thought to have accumulated in a subduction compleJ:. Four discrete radiolarian assemblages have been identified so far. The ages of these assemblages range from latest Famennian to late Toumaisian. The oldest assemblage diseovered so far "Warrawee" (Fig 4 A-J) is known from the northwestern part of the terrane and contains ~ ~ Cheng. ~ sp., Archocyniwn spp., CyntD1,.,CljlJia spp .• Palaeoscenidium ~dQnhQrum Deflandre variants and spheroids with three bladed spines. This a~~mblage is probably of late Famennian age.

The "Braesidc" assemblage (Fig 4 K-V) includes the following taxa: Ceratojkiscum ayiml"'xpeclDns Deflandre Group. falacosetnjdjnm cladophorum Deflandre variants. .c.vrtjsphaernc!r;njnm spp .. Aochocynjnm spp .• ~miwn spp. EntactjnosphErl sp .• and Stimmdruppa sp. afr. s..1llll.a!a Foreman. r01is assemblage is most probably of Early Carboniferous age (Fig. 8) and is similar to an Early Carboniferous fauna described from Germany by Won (1983) and is almost identical in content and p~servation to material from the Webb Formation cf Nevada. USA (pelS obs).

The "Jackadgery" assemblage (Fig 5, 6) is diverse ccntaining spicul~s and conodonts as well as radiolarians. The following important taxa are present: ProtoalbajlJelJa morphotype A. Albaillella ~ Deflandre Group, Albajllella ll!Id.W.a1a Deflandre. CcralOjkjscum A,vjmexneclans Deflandre Group and Palaeoscenidium &l.w1QJlborwn Deflandre variants. Pylenlonemids arc both abundant and dive~ and include: Pvltnl0ntml' spp., Quadranesus sp., Archocynjum spp .• ~.tni.Ym spp., O;Oandrdlinm spp. and Moslleriym spp. Spheroidal radiolarians are also abunda.'1t with several new species present (Aitchison in prep) and include forms with either sinistrally or dextrally twisted three bladed spines. The "Ja~kadgery" ussemblage is most probably of Toumaisian (Tn2) .ge.

51

The "Dangnrsleigb Road" assembla!!e (Fig 7. Aitchison. in press) is thought to be s!ightly younger than the "Jackadgcry" assemb!age as PmlQalbaillella morpbotypc A is absent. Radiolarians in the assemhlage include: Arcbpcynjnm spp .. Cerereho ... yniwn spp .. CynjsphacrW"tDjum spp .• Knplo!lum UDdl!lnj~lm Olcng. Palacoscenidimu cladophQrnm Deflandre vanants, Siaumdruppa DJl2laUl Foreman and AlbujUclla, ~ Deflandre Group.

CONCLUSiOI<S

The presence of Radi!)!~ri3 in olher parts of the NEO is well docamcnted (eg. Richards and Dryan. 1924; Bry:lll ami Jon::s, 1962). Some p!'diminary work has begun in the Brisbane area where radiolarian ribbon cherts of the Neronleigh-Femvalc beds. which were originally ttl(~ught to he of Siluriz...11 age (Bryan and Jones. 1%2), conlam an Early Cf.rboniferous f~ljna whieh includes AlbajUella =1wrn Deflandre Group (AilChison. 1988b).

Studies of Radio!aria which are abundant In many of the otherwise sparsely fossiliferous terranes of the NEO is vital to the understanding of the tectcnic development of eastcrn Australia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The financial support of an Australian Commonweal/h Post Graduate Research Award and cnntribulinDf'i from BliP Minerals. Australlan Research Grants Scheme and the Queemiland Department of Mines are gratefully acknowledged. Pe!erGarlick and Barbara Ward of the Electron Microscope Unit. UNE a.~sistcd with SEM photography.

REFERENCES

AITCHISON J. C. 1988a. Late Palco7.oic radiolarian ages fmm the Gwydir temme. New England orogen. eastern Australia. ~.

AITCHISON J. C. 1988h. Early Carbuniferous (l'oumaisi.UI) Radiolaria from the NenUllcigh-Femvale beds. Lakc Manchestcr. Queensland, Australia. Qucensland Goyemmcnl Mi ning Journal 89, 240-241.. . .

AITCHISON J. C. 1988c. Middlc·Late Devoman RadIOlaria from the Yarrimie Formation. Tamworth Group, northeastern New South Wales. Australia. Geologica ct Palaeontolosiea First Inltmalional Conference on Radjolaria abstracts pp. 4. (R. Schmidt-Effing &~. Braun eds) Philipps University. Marburg. Federa1 Republic of Germany.

AITCHISON J. C. 1988d. Kinderhookian Radiolaria from the Gundahl Complex. Anaiwan terrane, New England . orogen. N.S.W .. Australia. Geologica qt Pal.acon1ologlca Fjrst International Conference OD Rad!Olana ~~SlracIS pp. 5. (R. Schmidt-Effing & A. Brau~ cds) Plllhpps University. Marburg, Federal RepubliC of~ermany . .

AITCHISON J. C. 19S8c. Radiolarian biostraugraphy and liS

application to terrane analysis: rul exa.m~le from the New England Orogen of eastern Austr~~la. fmIp.h IOlcrnalioDgl Ternnc Con[erencc Nanling Chma

~. '1'[ AITCHISON J. C. 1988f. in press. Toumaisian RadiO ana rom tuffacCQus cherts of the Sandon beds ncar Arnlidalc. N.S.W .• Australia. In

AITCHISON J. C & FLOOD P.G. 1988. New England Orogen Nairn A.E.M. ed. Phanerowje Geology or !be World. Elsevier, Amsterdam. (in press)

AITCHISON J. c.. BLAKE M. C. Jr .. FLOOD P. G. & MURCIIEY D. L. 1988. New and revised lithostratigraphic units and terranes from the southwestern New England orogen. Qwlocical Survey of New SO!!Jb Wales Quancrly Notcs

72. 10-16. [ I BRYANW.lt&JONESO.A. 1962. The bcdded cherts 0 tiC

Neranlcigh-Femvale Group of south-ea.~te~ Queensland. ~ings or the Royal SOCIety of Queensland 73. 17-36.

52

CAWOOD P. A. 1983. Modal composition and detrital clinopyroxene geochemistry of lithic sandstones from the New England Ford Belt (east Australia); A Palco7.oic forearc. terrane. Otological Soricty of A"Icrirjl Uul!cljll 94.1199·1214.

CHENG Y. N. 1986: TlUoltomic studies in Upper Pllloowic Radiolaria. Natjonal Mysc;ym of Nptural Science Tajwan Spe&jBlPublicatjoo 1,31Ip.

COMBLE C .. DE WEVER P .• TERS M. & WEYANT M. 1985. D6c0uverte de Conodomcs ct de Radiolaircs d'agc Toumaisicn dans les schistes bariol~s de B~tignolies-sur·Mcr (Venda). Comp!.es ReDdns de I'Acad<;mje des Sciences Paris 300. Series II. 899-904,

CROOK K. A. W. 1961 . Stratigraphy oCthe Tamworth Group (Lower and Middle Devonian), Tamworth-Nundlc District. N.S.W. Journal and Proceedjngs grlbe Royal Society of New SQutb Wales 94, 173-188.

DA VIO T. W. E. & Pillman E. F. 1899. Palaeozoic radiolarian rocks of New South Wales. Geological Socicty of london Quarterly Journal 55. 16·37.

DEFLANDRE G. 1952. Albaillella nov. gen .• Radiolarie fossile du Carboni~rc inf~rieur. type d'une lign~e aberrante eteinte. Complcs Rcnd!ls de I'Aeademic des Sciences Paris 234.872-874.

DEFLANDRE O. 1960. A propos du developpcment des recherches sur Ies radiolaries fossiles. ~ Mjcmpalhmlologje 2.212·218.

FLOOD P. G. & AITCHISON 1. C. 1988. Preliminary terrane map for the southem portion ofllle New England orogen. fourth Inle0!31jonai leanne Confertn" Nnniing China abstracts.

FLOODf'. G. & AITCIIISON J. C. 1988. Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the southem part of the New England Orogen. (this ... olume)

FOREMAN H. 1963. Upper De ... onian Radiolaria fmm the Huron Member of the Ohio Shale. MicropnleonJolQgy 9. 267-304.

HARRINGTON H. J. & KORSCH R. J. 19&5a. Tectonic model for the De ... onian 10 middle Pennian of the New England Orogen. Australian JQurnal of Ear1h Science 32. 163·179.

HINDE G. 1. 1899. Radiolaria in the De ... onian rocks of New South Wales. Geological Society ofL.P~~ 1mImol 55,38-64.

HOLDSWORTH B. K. 1973. The Radiolaria of the Baltalimani Fonnation. Lower Carboniferous, Istanbul.ln Kaya O. ed. Paleozoic of Istanbul Eie OnjY,rsju;sj fen FakOl1esi KjlaplarSerisj 40,117-134.

llOLDSWORTlI B. K. & JONES D. L. 19&0. Preliminary radiolarian l,onation for Late De ... onian through Pennian time. ~ 8.281-285.

HOLDSWORTH B. K .• JONES. D. L. & ALLISON C. 1978. Upper De ... onian Radiolarians separated from chert of the Ford Lake Shale, Alaska. Journal of Research of J 'oited Slates GcolQgical Surv,y 6.775·788.

ISHIGA H .. LEITCH E. C .• NAKA T.. WATANAAE T. & IWASAKI M. 1987. Late Dc ... onian Paleosccnidiidae fmm the Hastings Block. New England Fold Belt. N.S.W .• Australia. Earth Science CCbikyu Kagakul 41,297·302.

ISHJGA H., LEITCH E. c.. WATANABE T .. NAKA. T. & IWASAKI M. 1988. Radiolarian and conodont biostratigraphy of siliceous rocks from the New England Fold Belt. AUSlralian Journal pf Earth Scjence 35.73·80.

LEITCH E. C. 1974. The geological de ... elopment of the southern part of the New England Fold BelL. Journal of the GeoloGical Society of.Aus1r1llia 21. 133·156.

I,ElTell E. C. 1975. Phue Tectonic Interpretation of the Pnleowie histury uf the New England Fold Belt. Geological S{X'ieIY of America Dullclill 86. 141·144.

MURRAY C. G .• FERGUSSON C. G .. FLOOD P. G .. WIIITAKER. W. G. & KORSCH R. J. 1987. Plate tectonic model for lhe Carboniferous Evolution of the New England Fold Belt. Auslralian Journal of Earth Science 34.213-236.

NAZAROV B. B. 1975. Radiolyarii nizhnego-srcndncgo palco7.oya kazakhMana Academija Nauk S S S R Ordena Tmdpyoio KrasDm.:o ZDaOleni Gcologjcheskii Insljtut TOldv Vyp 275, 1· 202. I Radiolaria of the Lower· Middle Paleozoic of Kazakhstan in Russian).

NAZAROV B. B. & ORMISTON A. R. 1983. Upper Devonian (Frasnian) radiolarian fauna fmm the Gogo Fonnation. Western Australia. MicrnpaleoDlplpGY 29.454-466.

NAZAROV B. B. & ORMISTON A. R. 1988. The bio'lr'ligraphic potential of Paleozoic Radiolaria GcoJoiica el Palacontolpgjea MrS' '""matjona! Conference on Radjolaria abstracts pp. 27, (R. Sehmidt·Effing & A. Braun cds) Philipps Uni ... ernity. Marburg, Federal Republic of Gemlany.

NAZAROV B. B., COCKBURN A. E. & PLAYFORD P. E. 1982. Late De ... onian Radiolaria from the Gogo Fonnation. Canning Basin. Western Australia. Aleberinga 6, 161·173.

PESSAGNO E. A. Jr. & NEWPORT R. L. 1972. A tcchnique ror extracling Radiolaria from radiolarian cherts. MjcrppaleoD!o!ogy J8.231·234.

PHILIP G. M. 1967. Middle Devunian conodonts from the Moore Creek Limestone, northern New South Wales, Journal of the Royal SQ('jely of New SQuib Wales 100. 151 -161.

PIIILlP G. M. & PEDDER A. E. H. 1966. Stratigraphical correlation of the principal De ... onian Limestone sequences of Eastern Australia. Inlernatjpnal Symposium on the Qcyonjan S)'Slem (cd. D. II. Oswald) Calgary 1025-1041.

RICHARDS H. C. & BRYAN W. H. 1924. Geology oflhe Sil ... erwood·Lucky Valley area. Proceedings ofWt Rpyal Society of Queensland 36,44· t08.

WEBBY B. D. & SLOM W. M. 1986. The first wc1l ·prcservcd radiolarians from the Ordovician of Australia. Journal of PaICOnlplp~ 60.145-157.

WON M. Z. 1983. Radiolarien aus dem Unterkarbon des Rheinischen Schiefergehirges (Deutschland). Falaconlpgrnphiro Ablejhml! A 182. 116·175.

Figure 2: Radiolaria from the Yarrimie Formation (Gamilaroi terrane) localities UNE L 1901 [Tamworth Hospital Quarry figs. A,B. H,I) and UNE Ll902 {Silver Gully figs. C-GJ. Length of scale bar in J.U1l is indicated in parenlheses. A: Ceratoikiscum sp. cf..c. avimcx.pc.ctans Deflandre Group (75 J.U1l), AMF14482. B: EOlacljoosphaera sp (90 J.U1l). AMF74483. C: En!actinja sp. nov. (120 J.il11), AMF74484, 0: Soongenlacljnella cprvnacanlha Nazarov and Omliston (110 J.il11). AMF74485. E: ?Paiaeosccnjdjuw c!adQphQDlw Deflandre (90 J.U1l). AMF74486. F: Soongentactine11a sp. cf. Soongcntactinclla sp. 2 of Nazarov and Ormiston 1983 (80 JlIll), AMF74487, G: Enlaklioosphacra.uandi.s Nazarov (90 J.il11), AMF74488. H: Enlactioosphacra aitpaicusis Nazarov. (1 IO J.U1l), AMF74489. I: Slanrodmppa prae10nga (Hinde) (90 J.U1l), AMF74490.

53

54

Figure 3: Radiolaria from the Djwlgati terrane. Length of scale bar in Ilill is indicated in parentheses. A-F: locality UNE Ll903lMiddle Crossing]: Radiolarians from the Bobs Creek Fonnation of probable pre-Middle Devonian age. G-J, and M-T from locality UNELl904 I Bumimaj, K, L. and P-S from locality UNE L1905 [Windi) A: spheroidal radiolarian (90 Jilll) AMF74491. B: spheroidal radiolarian (120 J.UTI) AMF74492. C: sphero id al radiolari an (140 ~m) AMF74493. D: spheroidal radiolarian (120 ~un) AMF74494. E: spheroidal radiolarian (120 ~m) AMF74495. F: spheroidal rad iolarian (tOO f.1.I11) AMF74496. G: Entactioosphaera sp. (60 J.Un). AMF74497. H: EnlactioQsphaera sp. (90 J.1ffi ), AMF74498. I: Entactinia sp . (80 J.1ffi), AMF74499, J: En!ar1jnja sp. (65 jlffi), AMF74500. K: En1acljoosphaera sp. (35 J.U1l), AMF74501, L: Enlactinosphaera sp . (90 1J.111). AMF74501, M: ?Palacoscenidium cladophoOlm Deflandre (75 l.1m), AMF74502, N: Holoeciscus morphotypc A (110 1J.111). AMF74503. 0: Holoeciscus morphotype A (llD Ilffi), AMF74503, P: Entactinosphaera sp. (30 jlIll), AMF74504, Q: Enlactinosphacra sp. (50 1JIll), AMF74505, R: Entactinia sp. (140 1»0), AMF74506. S: Entaclinia sp. (80 1J.Il1), AMF74507, T: Enlacljnja sp. (160 1JIll), AMF74S08.

Figure 4: Radiolarians from the western part of the Anaiwan terrane: A-J from locality UNE Ll898 [Warrawee] -lower Cara Fonnation ribbon bedded red, brown and grey cherts (late Famennian) K-V from locality UNE Lt896 lBraeside] tuffaceous. siliceous red mudstones (Early Carboniferous). Length of scale bar in Jlill is indicated in parentheses. A: Holoeciscus fomlanac Cheng (80 J.Un), AMF74509, B: Holoeciscus ~ Cheng (80 IJ.m), AMF745 10, C: Ceratoikiscum sp. (ttO ~1.Jll), AMF74511, D: Cyoentaclinia sp. (70 1J.ffi), AMF74512, E: Cyrtentaclinia sp. (50 J.Un), AMF74513, F: Entactiniid gen . ct sp. indet. (120 ~m), AMF74514, G: ArchocYOiulll sp. B (40 j.Ul1), AMF74515, H: Archocyrtjum sp. (60 IJ. m), AMF74516, I: ?Palaeoscenidium cladophoOlm Deflandre (1 10 J,Un), AMF74517, J: ?Palaeoscenidium cladophorum Deflandre (l1O Jlill), AMF74518, K: Ceratoikiscum ayjmexJ?Cdans Deflandre (70 IJ.m), AMF745 19, L: Staurodruppa sp. arr. ,S.. QIQ.l.ill..a. Foreman, (l00 J.Ul1), AMF74520, M: Archocyrtium sp. (70 1J.ffi), AMF7452J, N: CerarchoGyrtium sp. (1 15 1J..Jll), AMF74522, 0 : Cyrtisphaeractenium sp. (651J.ffi), AMF74523, P: Cerarchocyrtium sp. (70 Illn), AMF74524, Q: Cerarchocyrtium sp. (80 1J.ffi), AMF74525, R: Cyrtisphaeractenium sp. (40 J.llll), AMF74526, S: Emaclinosphaera sp. (90 J.ill1), AMF74527, T: Ccrarchocyrtium sp. (40 Ilffi), AMF74528, U: Archocy rliJJ!!l sp. (70 IJ.m), AMF74529, V: Archocyrtium coronacsimilc Won (65 j.UTI), AMF/4530.

55

56

Figure 5: Radiolaria from the eastern part of the Anaiwan terrane at locality UNE L1899 [Jackadgcry I. Length of scale bar in IlJll is indicated in parenlheses. A: Mosllerinm sp. (120 ~ll) , AMF7453 1, B: Mos!lcrjuID sp. (80 )Jffi). AMF74532, C: Cynisphacrancnium sp. aff. Cyrtisphacraclenium spinosum Cheng (100 j.1m), AMF74533, D: Cyrtisohaeraclenium sp. (80 1.1111), AMF74534, E: Deflandrellium sp. (80 )Jffi), AMF74S3S, F: Cyrtisphacractenium sp. arr. CyrtisphacractcniLlm spjnoSnID Chcng (140 j.1m), AMF74536, G: Archocyrtium sp. (lOS/lIn), AMF74537. II : Archocyrti uID sp. (65 1.l1n ), AMF74538, I: Archocyrtium sp. (7S j.1m). AMF74539, J: ArchocyrtiuID sp. (100 )Jffi), AMF74540, K: Archocyrtjum ill;d£li Deflandre ( 100 ~n).

AMF7454 1, L: Archocyrtium r.i..!akli Deflandre ( 120 J.11Tl). AMF74542. M: Archocyrtillm sp. cr. A. casilll igerum Deflandre. (110 ).Ull), AMF74543. N: Pylentonema sp. A (90 ).Ull), AMF74544, 0: Pylentonema sp. A (110 j.UlI.), AMF74569. P: Py lcnlollcma sp. A (100 ).Ull). AMF 74570. Q: r:v.kll.t.Q!l~ sp. B (75 j.UlI.). AMF 7457 J. R: Quad rapesus sp. A (100 ).Ull). AMF74548, s: Quad rapesus sp. A (90 J.11Tl ). AMF14572, T: QuadrancSlIs sp. A (100 j.Ul1), AMF74573 . U: PylcOIonema sp . (75j.Ul1). AMF74549.

Figure 6: Spheroidal radiolarians from the eastern part afthe Anaiwan terrane at locality UNE Ll899 [Jackadgery1 Length of scale bar in JlIIl is indicated in parentheses. A: (180 JlIIl) AMF74574. B: (270~) AMF74575, C: (2oo~) AMF74576, D: (225~) AMF74577, E: (lSO~) AMF 74578, F: (120 ~), AMF74562, G: (75~) AMF74579, H: (120 ~), AMF74563,

Figure 7: Spheroidal radiolarians from the eastern part of the Anaiwan terrane at localilY UNE L1899 [Jackadgery] Length of scale bar in J..I.II1 is indicated in parentheses. A,B,C.D,F,Q,H.: Seclillicollacia sp A.. E,}: Proyisocyntra sp A. A: (100~) AMF74580. B: (140 J.Un) AMF74581, C: (100 ~m) AMF74582, D: (l1O~) AMF74556, E: (l40~) AMF74557, F: (6 Jill') AMF74580, G: (6 ~) AMF74583, H: (24~) AMF 74584, J: (140 ~) AMF 74585.

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58

fii!ure 8: Spheroidal radiolarians rrom the eastern part or the Anaiwan terrane at locality UNE L1899 [lackadgcryj Length or scale bar in !lID is indicated in parentheses. A: (l \0 j.lm), AMF74554. B: (l20~) AMF 74586. C: (160 ~). AMF74555. D: (200 ~). AMf74558. E: (180 lUll). AMF74559. F: (180 ~). AMF74552. G: (200 ~). AMF74553. H: (100~) AMF 74587. I: (90 lUll) AMF74588. J: (200 "m) AMF74589. K: (180~) AMF74590. L: (65 ~). AMF74560. M: (75 "m) AMF 7459 1. N: (100 lUll). AMF7456 1. 0: (l00~) AMF74592.

Figure 9: Radiolarians, sponge spicules, and conodont'; from the eastern pa rt of the Anaiwan terrane at locality UNE L1899 [Jackadgery1 Length of scale bar in lJITl is indicated in parentheses. A: Protoalbaillella morphotype A (100 l.un) AMF74593. B: Protoalbaillella morphotype A (65 ~), AMF74550, C: Albaillella undulata Denandre (90 flIll ), AMF7455 J, D: Protoalbaillell a morphotype A (25~) AMF74593, E: Ceratoikiscum sp. (80 j.lm), AMF74546, F: Ceratoikiscym avimexpectans Deflandre Group (65 J..U1l). Arv1F74545, G: Albaillella ~ Denandre Group (90 flIll) AMF14594, H: Albaillell a sp. (65 J..U1l ) AMF74595, I: Palaeoscenidium eladophoouo Deflandre varian! (60 J.l.Ill) AMF74596, J: Palaeoscenidiym eladOQhOOiID Deflandre variant (100 J.l.Ill), AMF74547. K: Palaeoscenidium cladophorum Deflandre va riant (110 J.lITl) AMF74597, L: Palaeoscenidium cladophorum Deflandre varian t (80 flIll) AMF74598, M-O: sponge spicules. M: (60 ~n). AMF74564. N: (60 !llll). AMF74565. 0: (225 ~1111 ). AMF74566. P: unidentified conodont (100 J.l.Ill), AMF74567, Q: unidentified conodont (100 J.lII1), AMF74568. NB. Sponge spicules (Fig M, N is not a radiolarian cf. misidentification by Ishiga tl..al. (1987) as Palaeorubus haSljngensis Ish iga.

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Figure 10: Radiolarian fauna from tuffaceous cherts of the Sandon beds ncar Armidale, N.S.W. Locality UNE Ll900 lDangarsleigb Road]. Length orsealc bar in ~ is indicated in parentheses. A: ArchocyrtjuID.J:i&Will Deflandre. (160 ~), AMf74454, B: ArchocyojuID morphotype A (75 ~), AMF14444, C: Archocyrtium sp. cf. A. ~ Cheng, (75 J.UTl) . AMF74463. D: Archocyrtium morpholypc B (60 J.UTl). AMF74452. E: Archocyrtium l!!..d.i.gym Deflandre. (60 /.UTI), AMF74451. F: Archocyrtium sp. cf. A· castuligerum Deflandre, (100 llffi). AMF74445, G: ArchocyrtjuID morphotype C (80 1J.l11), AMF74457. H: Arcbocyrtjum sp. cr. d. Yillid..um Cheng. (1 10 /.UTI). AMF74458. I: Archocynjum delicatum Cheng, (lOa J.UTl), AMF74449, J: Kantollum unduJaluID Cheng. (120 J.UTl), AMF7447 1, K: CynjsphaeraclcniuID sp. A, (200 1J.1l1), AMF74469, L: Cerarchocyojym sp. Deflandre. (150 J.UTl). AMF74466. M: CyrtjsphacraclenjuID sp. B, (160 ~). AMF74470. N: Archocyrtium sp. cf. A. venuSlum Cheng, (160 J.Ull), AMF74459. 0: Cyrtisphacraclenjum sp. aff. Cyrtisphaeraclenium spinosum Cheng, (150 1lITl). AMF74468, P; 7Palacoscenid ium cJadophomm7 Deflandre, (130 Ilfll), AMF74479, Q: ?Palacosccnjdjum cladophQmm Dcflandre, (100 J.Ull), AMF74480, R: Albaillella ~ Deflandre Group, (110 Ilfll). AMf74473, S: AlbajJJella ~ Deflandre Group, (120 J.Ull), AMF74474. T: Albaj1lella ~ Dcflandre Group, (90 J.UTI). AMf74475. U: S!aurodruppa sp. aff. S. D.il2l..iUil Foreman, (160 J.Ull), AMF74478. V: Unidentified conodont element. (130 J.UTI), AMF7448 I.