QUESTION BANK

ON CORE COURSE

(CC)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY (UG)

SABANG SAJANIKANTA MAHAVIDYALAYA, V.U.

Prepared by- Prof. Arunodaya Bose, Debasish Maity, Shibdas Maity & Rajdeep Deb

List of Core Courses (CC)

CC-1 Phycology and Microbiology

CC-2 Bio-molecule and Cell Biology

CC-3 Mycology and Phytopathology

CC-4 Archaegoniate

CC-5 Anatomy of Angiosperms

CC-6 Economic Botany

CC-7 Genetics

CC-8 Molecular Biology

CC-9 Plant Ecology and Phytogeography

CC-10 Plant Systematics

CC-11 Reproductive Biology ofAngiosperms

CC-12 Plant Physiology

CC-13 Plant Metabolism

CC-14 Plant Biotechnology

1. Describe cell structure found in cyanophyta. What is Akinet?

2. Explain the structure & function of Hetercyst. What are main pigments found in cyanophyta.

What is gaidukov phenomenon?

3. What is coenozoospore? Elaborate the structure of antheridium & oogonium in Vaucheria.

4. What is transformation & transduction? Describe the nucleoid structure found in bacterial

cell.

5. Describe beneficial effect of bacteria in industry. What is episome?

6. Explain the process of conjugation in bacteria.

7. Describe globule structure found in Chara. What is bulbil & amylase stars?

8. Describe structure of a Bacteriophage? Distinguish between lytic & lysogenic cycle?

9. What is coenobium? Explain development of daughter colony within mother colony of

Volvox.

10. What is palmella stage? Describe the process of asexual reproduction found in

Chlamydomonas.

11. Describe oedogonial cell. Explain origin & development of androspore in Oedogonium.

12. Explain structure of chloroplastid found in Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Chara and

Coleochaete. What is reserve food material found in cyanophyta and chlorophyta.

13. What do you know about isomorphic alternation of generation? Give example. Explain

neutral sporangium & neutral spores. What is physiological anisogamy? Explain with

example.

14. What is spermatium? Explain structure & development of spermatangium in Polysiphonia.

15. What is carpogonium? Explain the structure & development of carpogonium in Polysiphonia.

16. What is carpospores? Describe structure & development of cystocarp in Polysiphonia.

17. What is tetraspore? Explain triphasic alternation of generation found in life cycle of

Polysiphonia.

18. What is conceptacle? Describe male & female conceptacle found in Fucus.

19. What is diplobiontic life cycle? Give example. Explain vegetative structure of Fucus.

20. What is sexual dimorphism? Give example. Explain role of algae as food and in industry.

CC-1: PHYCOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY

1. Define pH. Write the significance of pH. State the basic structure of water.

2. What is buffers and chemical bonds? Write its significance.

3. Write the difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugar. What is nucleoside and

nucleotide?

4. What is isomerisation and muta-rotation? What do you mean by oligosaccharide and

polysaccharide? Give example.

5. What are homopolysaccharide and heteropolysaccharide? Give example.

6. Define the term- i) Rancidity; ii) Saponification; iii) Halogination.

7. Write the basic differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

8. State the basic properties and functions of phosphoglycerides. What is wax?

9. Define amino acid? Show how peptide bond is formed? What is Zwitterions?

10. What is vanderwall forces? What are differences between covalent and non-covalent bond?

11. What do you mean by protein denaturation? Define the tertiary structure of protein.

12. What are Amphipathic molecule. Write the nutritional significance of protein.

13. Compare B and Z types of DNA. Define the basic structure of t-RNA.

14. Describe and draw the DNA model given by Watson and Crick.

15. Define the term- i) hnRNA, ii) siRNA & iii) snoRNA.

16. What do you mean by redox potential? Give an example. Briefly describe the structure of

ATP.

17. Give the structure of triacylglycerate. Write the differences between endergonic and

exergonic reactions.

18. What do you mean by cell cycle and cell cycle check point? Explain briefly the role of check

point in different stages of cell cycle?

19. What are cdks and MPF? Explain in brief the chemical regulation of cell cycle?

20. Write the significance of meiosis. What are the fundamental differences between mitosis

and meiosis?

21. Define iso-enzyme with an example. State the mechanism of enzyme action.

22. What do you mean by allosteric inhibition? Distinguish between prosthetic group and co-

factor. What is Km?

CC-2: BIO-MOLECULES AND CELL BIOLOGY

23. Write the classification of enzyme. Describe the lock & key hypothesis and induced fit

theory.

24. Brief the structure and functions of cell membrane (fluid mosaic model).

25. What do you mean by passive and active membrane transport. Distinguish between

endocytosis and exocytosis.

26. What is Golgi apparatus? What do you mean by protein sorting?

27. Discuss the ultra-structure of mitochondria, peroxisomes and chloroplast with suitable

diagram.

28. Point out the significance of microtubule and lysosome in cell physiology. Why mitochondria

are called autonomous cell organelles.

29. Briefly discuss the ultra-structure of ribosome with suitable sketches.

30. Briefly discuss the ultra-structure of endoplasmic reticulum with suitable sketches.

31. Write the chemical composition of nuclear envelope. Give the structure and function of

nucleolus.

1. What is fungus? Describe in brief the range of vegetative structure in fungi with special

reference to the modification of mycelium.

2. What are the salient features of fungi?

3. What are differences between algae and fungi?

4. What is mycelium and hyphae?

5. Mention different classes of Fungi.

6. Name two cell wall materials of fungi.

7. What do you mean by holocarpic and eucarpic?

8. Name four types of spores produced by fungi.

9. What is dikaryotization and diploidization?

10. What is gametangial copulation?

11. How homothallism differ from heterothallism.

12. What are the different types of septa found in fungi? Give example in each case.

13. Mention the economic importance of Rhizopus.

14. Give an account of the different modes of sexual reproduction in Saccharomyces. Illustrate.

15. Draw and label the cell structure of Saccharomyces.

16. Briefly describe asexual and sexual reproduction in Penicillium. Draw labelled sketches of

both the process.

17. Name two industrial products produced by Penicillium.

18. Describe the life history ofPeziza.

19. Distinguish between ascus and basidium.

20. Describe in detail the life history of Agaricus. State the nature of hyphae.

21. What is fairy ring? Where it is noted?

22. Mention the economic importance ofAgaricus?

23. Why are the Fungi Imperfecti so called? Are these organisms parasitic or saprophytic in

nature?

24. Mention the name of one edible and one poisonous mushroom.

25. Explain briefly the haplobiontic life cycle in relation to yeast.

26. Give the salient features of Puccinia.

CC-3: MYCOLOGY AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY

27. Explain the following terms with examples—Polymorphic rust; Heteroecious rust; autoecious

rust; primary host; & alternate host.

28. What are rust fungi? Describe the life cycle of a well known fungus causing disease in wheat.

29. Explain the role of fungi in fermentation industries.

30. Give the economic importance of fungi with respect to agriculture and food.

31. Give the applications of fungi in Industries and Medicine.

32. Explain symbiotic activities of fungi.

33. What is mycorrhiza?

34. What role mycorrhiza play in plant growth?

35. How does ectomycorrhizal differ from endomycorrhiza?

36. Describe how lichen reproduce and mention their economic importance.

37. Write a note on “fungi as food”.

38. Describe the harmful activities of fungi.

39. Define plant disease. What do you mean by systematic disease?

40. Name the causal organism of the following disease

i) Black stem rust of wheat

ii) Early blight of potato

iii) White rust of crucifers

41. What are the three basic symptoms of plant disease? How TMV is transmitted?

42. What is fungicide? What are the criteria of a good fungicide?

1. Explain adaptation of Bryophytes to land habit and their thallus structure.

2. Classify Bryophytes with their class characters.

3. Describe sporophyte of Anthoceros& point out evolutionary significance found within it.

4. Describe spore dispersal mechanism found in Bryophytes.

5. Explain types of stele found in Pteridophytes.

6. What is apogamy&apospory?

7. Describe Teleome theory.

8. Explain heterospory and seed habit found in Pteridophyta.

9. Compare male gametophyte of Cycas, Pinus&Gnetum.

10. What are the evolutionary significance found in Gnetum.

11. Describe with sketches female cone of Pinus. Name two Indian species of Pinus.

12. Name two Indian species of Cycas. Explain different pteridophytic characters found in Cycas.

13. Describe economic importance of Gymnosperms. Briefly narrate different morphological

types found in Gnetum.

14. What is polyembryoni? Explain the process in life cycle of Pinus.

15. Describe with diagram morphological characters of Psilotum.

16. What is sorus? Describe the sorus structure found in Pteris.

17. Describe in detail the structure of sporophyte found in Funaria.

18. Describe the structure of sporophyte Pellia. How does it differ with that of Porella.

19. Describe the structure of sporophyte in Riccia. How does it differ with that of Marchantia.

20. Explain the structure of antheridiophore found in Marchantia.

21. Explain the structure of archegoniophore found in Marchantia.

22. Describe the gametophytic structure of Sphagnum.

23. Explain the economic & ecological importance of Sphagnum.

24. Describe with diagram the sporophytic structure of Sphagnum.

25. Compare the sporophytic structure in Riccia, Anthoceros & Funaria. With reference to spore

dispersal mechanism.

26. Describe in detail strobilus of Equisetum.

27. Describe strobilus of Selaginella. How does it differ from Lycopodium.

28. Explain structure and morphological nature of sporangium found in Psilotum.

29. Describe structure and development of gametophyte of Lycopodium.

30. What is Prothallus? Describe prothallus of Pteris.

CC-4: ARCHEGONIATE

1. What is cyto-differentiation? Explain the term Root-Stem transition.

2. What do you mean by nodal anatomy? What is plasmodesmata & write its function.

3. What is hydathodes & give an example. What do you mean by lithocysts and laticifers?

4. Describe in brief the different types of meristems found according to cell division. What is

callus?

5. What is aerenchyma and prosenchyma? Define the term diploblast with example.

6. What do you mean by wood fibres and bast fibres?

7. Write a comparative differences between parenchyma; collenchyama & sclerenchyma.

8. What is protoxylem and metaxylem? What do you mean by sieve elements?

9. What is callus pad? Explain the term wall ingrowths?

10. What is intracellular spaces? Write its different types with example.

11. Describe in brief the eragastic substances with example.

12. Write a short notes on various shoot apex theory (Tunica corpus theory and Histogen

theory).

13. What is kranz anatomy? Where it is found?

14. What is anomalous secondary growth? Give an example with diagram.

15. What is ring and diffuse porous wood? Differences between sapwood and heartwood.

16. What do you mean by the term Dendrochronology.

17. State the basic structure of periderm. What is rhyitidome and lenticels?

18. Discuss the anomalous secondary growthfound in Bignonia and Aristolochia.

19. What is mechanical tissue write its significance.

20. Classify different types of stomata with example.

21. What is glandular and non-glandular trichomes? Give two example each.

22. Give a brief description of anatomical adaptations of xerophytes.

23. Give a brief description of anatomical adaptations of hydrophytes.

CC-5: ANATOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS

1. What is green revolution?

2. Explain any two importance of economic botany.

3. What is gene center?

4. Give origin of rice and wheat plants.

5. Give origin of cotton and sugarcane plants.

6. Describe Chinese center of origin of cultivated plants.

7. Write short notes on Scope of economic botany.

8. Describe any three center of origin of cultivated plants.

9. Give botanical name and source of rubber plant

10. What is latex?

11. Give botanical name of sugarcane plant.

12. Give botanical name of cotton plant.

13. Give chemistry of starch.

14. Describe any four characteristics of starch.

15. Describe any two types of starch grains.

16. Describe the morphology of Sugarcane plant.

17. Describe any two by-products of sugar cane industry.

18. Define the oils.

19. classify the oil.

20. What is volatile oil? And give two characters of it.

21. Give chemical nature of fatty oils.

22. What is fatty oils? Give two characters of it.

23. Give botanical source, properties and uses of groundnut oil.

24. Give botanical name of coir and mention the parts used.

25. Describe botanical characters of Gossypium sp.

26. Describe botanical characters of Cocos nucifera.

CC-6: ECONOMIC BOTANY

27. Write short notes on Harvesting and Ginning of cotton.

28. Write short notes on Surface and Hard fibers.

29. Give botanical source and uses of cotton.

30. Describe botanical characteristics of pulse yielding plants.

31. Describe importance of pulses.

32. Mention botanical source and external morphology of Pigeon plant.

33. Mention botanical source and external morphology of Chick pea.

34. What are spices?

35. What are food adjuncts?

36. Give chemical content of black pepper.

37. Mention botanical name and parts used of black pepper.

38. Give chemical constituents of Turmeric.

39. Mention botanical name and parts used of Turmeric.

40. Mention botanical source, chemical content and uses of Tea.

41. Mention botanical source, chemical content and uses of Coffee.

1. What is chromosome theory of inheritance? Explain incomplete dominance and co-

dominance, with example.

2. Explain the phenomenon of epistasis with proper example.

3. What are multiple alleles? Explain polygenic inheritance in plants.

4. Point out extrachromosomal inheritance found in Four O’ clock plants. Does it follow

principle of mendelian inheritance?

5. What are Kappa-particles? Explain maternal effect on shell-coiling, found in snail.

6. Explain Morgan’s theory on linkage. Distinguish between complete and incomplete linkage.

7. Explain ‘’interference and co-incidence’’. How they can be measured & expressed

mathematically.

8. Briefly narrate mechanism of crossing over as described by R. Holliday with diagram.

9. Describe the experiment of McClintock to establish incidence of crossing over cytologically.

10. What is three point test cross? Why it is done? How does it differ from normal two point test

cross?

11. Define deletion and duplication. What are the effects of these incidents on organism?

12. What is inversion? What is the effect of inversion on organism? What is position effect?

13. What is the difference between pericentric and paracentric inversion? Do they have any

effect on crossing over?

14. Distinguish simple and reciprocal translocation. Explain diagrammatically how translocation

heterozygote can be easily identified during meiosis.

15. Define monosomic & trisomic. How they originate? How they can be identified during

meiosis.

16. What is molecular basis of mutation? Explain mutagenic effect of x-ray on living organism.

Name two chemical mutagens.

17. What is clastogen & carcinogen? Explain effect of nitrous acid on DNA.

18. What is tautomerism? Explain the effect of tautomerisation on DNA chain.

19. What is ‘Frame-shift’? How can it happen? Name two Alkylating agents which bring about

shift in DNA frame.

20. Write notes on- i) Non-sense mutation, ii) Mis-sense mutation, iii) Silent mutation

iv) Terratogen

CC-7: GENETICS

1. Explain DNA structure proposed by Watson & Crick?

2. What are the differences between B-DNA & Z-DNA?

3. What is euchromatin& heterochromatin?

4. Distinguish between constitutive & facultative heterochromatin?

5. What is central dogma? Explain deciphering of Genetic code?

6. Describe m-RNA. What is the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic m-RNA?

7. Explain the process of DNA replication found in eukaryotic cell.

8. What is activation of amino acid? Explain peptide chain initiation in Prokaryotes.

9. Explain the role of- i) Helicase, ii) Polymerase, iii) Ligase, &iv) Nuclease in various cell

metabolism process.

10. Explain Gene-regulation process found in prokaryotes in relation to lactose metabolism.

11. What is split gene? Explain the process of splicing in Eukaryotic cells.

12. Explain wobble hypothesis and degeneration of Genetic code.

13. How can you explain overlapping genes found in many bacteria.

14. Explain the role of helicase and topoismerase during DNA replication.

15. What is Polysome? Explain the process of peptide chain elongation in prokaryotes.

16. Discuss in detail the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translational process.

17. List out the changes which will occur after formation of a new peptide chain in eukaryotes.

18. Briefly discuss the process of termination of growing peptide chain in prokaryotes.

19. What is operator and structural genes? How can you explain the Operon concept developed

from study of lactose metabolism.

20. How can you explain c-AMP related positive regulation of Lac-operon in E. Coli.

21. What is aporepressor? Explain the process of tryptophan operon, in reaction to it.

22. What is spliceosome? Explain the process of RNA splicing in eukaryotic cells.

23. What is the difference between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic mRNA.

24. What are the changes a mRNA undergoes after its formation in eukaryotic cells.

25. What is semi conservative method of DNA replication? Explain it on the basis of experiment

set by Messelson & Stahl.

26. What is autocatalysis & hetercatalysis? Explain, DNA is the carrier of genetic information as

suggested in the Griffith’s experiment.

27. What is RNA priming? Briefly discuss the difference between B-DNA & Z-DNA.

28. What is genetic code? Explain the nature of genetic code in biotic world.

CC-8: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1. What do you mean by ecology? What are its divisions?

2. Define the term vegetation. How it originates? What are the different types of life forms of

plants noted in a vegetation?

3. What is meant by climatic factors? Name and classify several factors of the environment that

influence the distribution of plants.

4. Write a short essay on the ecological factors which affect plant life.

5. What is meant by a plant community? How does it originates in a particular area?

6. Discuss the origin, development and succession of plant communities.

7. What do you mean by plant succession? How succession develops in a particular region?

8. What is sere? Describe the different stages of succession in hydrosere.

9. Describe the various stages of succession in xerosere.

10. What do you mean by ecosystem? Describe various components of ecosystems.

11. Explain with examples the terms ecological niche and trophic level in an ecosystem.

12. What do you mean by ecological pyramids? Discuss with examples and diagrams.

13. What is food chain? Discuss the types of food chain.

14. Discuss the energy flow in ecosystem.

15. Write short notes on:-

i. Photophillic and photophobic plants

ii. Soil profile

iii. Climax vegetation

iv. Food web and food chain

v. Ecological niche

vi. Ecotone and Edge effect

16. What do you mean by endemism? Describe the theories regarding the origin of endemic

plants. Name some endemic plants of India.

17. Describe the factors responsible for endemism.

18. Enumerate the major terrestrial biome of the world. How are the predominant environment

factors responsible for this type of distribution?

19. Give a general account of phytogeographical regions of India as proposed by different

authors.

20. Give a general account of the vegetation of India and its distribution.

CC-9: PLANT ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

1. Write the importance of botanical garden.

2. What is flora and E-flora?

3. What do you mean by single assess and multi-assess key?

4. What do you mean by taxonomic and evolutionary species concept.

5. Write the principles of ICN.

6. Give the brief reference of APG III classification.

7. Differentiate between phenogram and cladogram.

8. Differences between convergence and divergence.

9. Brief account of Co-evolution of angiosperm.

10. What is characters weighting and coding?

11. What is OUTs?

12. Write the classification system of Bentham and Hooker (up to series).

13. Write the short note on principle of priority.

14. Difference between synapomorphies and symplesiomorphies.

15. Write the short note on dichotomous key.

16. What is lead and couplet?

17. What is taxon?

18. What is binomial nomenclature? With example.

19. Differentiate between artificial and natural system of classification.

20. What is variety and clone?

21. What is dendograms?

22. Differentiate between taxonomy and systematic.

23. Write the four merits of OUTs.

CC-10: PLANT SYSTEMATICS

24. What is the unit of classification?

25. Mention the largest botanical garden in World and India.

26. Write the importance of herbaria.

27. Difference between parallelism and convergence.

28. Comparison in between monophyly, polyphyly and paraphyly.

1. What is flower? Give an account of different parts of a typical flower and the function of its

different parts.

2. “The flower is equivalent to a modified shoot”. Justify the statement with reasons.

3. Describe in brief the genetic and molecular aspects of flower development.

4. Write the contribution of G.B. Amici, E. Strasburger and S.G. Nawaschin in reproductive

biology of angiosperms.

5. What is a pollen grain or microspore? Describe the formation of microspores within the

microsporangium or anther.

6. Describe the development of the female gametophyte of an angiospermic plant. Why

endospermic cells are considered triploid?

7. What is pollination? Mention the types of pollination.

8. What is cross-pollination? What are the contrivances for cross-pollination?

9. Give a general account of different agents of pollination.

10. Define fertilization? By means of labelled sketches describe the process of fertilization in

angiosperms.

11. What is bisporic and tetrasporic embryo sac.

12. What is (a) Chalazogamy; (b) Mesogamy; (c) Porogamy

13. Describe the development and differentiation of typical dicotyledonous embryo.

14. Describe the development of a typical monocotyledonous embryo.

15. What is endosperm? How it is formed in seeds of spermatophytes?

16. Write notes on:

I. Polyembryony

II. Apomixis

17. How many types of endosperm formation are found in angiosperms? Mention those types.

18. Describe the mechanism of dispersal of fruits and seeds through different agencies with

examples.

19. Give an account of various structures of dicotyledonous albuminous and exalbuminous

seeds.

20. How many walls are present over the seed? What is kernel?

21. Describe in brief the embryo development in Paeonia.

I. Explain the following terms- i) Pseudomonad; ii) Polyads; iii) Pollinia; iv) Massulae

CC-11: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS

1. Write about the importance of water in plant life.

2. Distinguish between osmosis and diffusion. Discuss their nature and function.

3. Describe the role of cytochrome-pump hypothesis in relation to the entrance of mineral

salts. What do you mean by salt respiration?

4. What do you mean by apoplast and symplast? Describe critically the two process regarding

the path of absorption and conduction of mineral salts by plant roots.

5. What do you understand by ‘ascent of sap’? How does sap rises in the system and what is its

path?

6. What is transpiration? How does it differ from evaporation?

7. What do you mean by the term “antitranspirant”? Name some chemicals which act as

antitranspirant. Describe its importance in agriculture.

8. What do you mean by guttation? Explain the mechanism of guttation in plants.

9. Give the classification of mineral elements indicating their essentiality. What criteria should

be met before a mineral element can be considered as essential?

10. What are the micronutrients? Give a brief account of the role of micronutrient elements in

the nutrition of plants.

11. What are trace and tracer elements? Describe the role of them in plant physiology.

12. Give the physiological role of boron and molybdenum. How do they help in nitrogen fixation

and reduction in leguminous plants?

13. Write a notes on hydroponics.

14. What do you understand by translocation of solutes? Discuss its importance in the life of the

plants.

15. Define auxins. Write an essay on their detection and bioassay methods.

16. What are gibberellins? Discuss the role of gibberellins in plants particularly in relation to the

production of hydrolytic enzymes.

17. Discuss the role of ethylene particularly in relation to its fruit preservation.

18. Enumerate the plant growth substances and give a brief account of their physiological effect.

19. Define photoperiodism. Give a detailed account of the plants responsive to day light.

20. Define vernalization. Give a detailed account on the transmission of the low temperature

stimulus.

CC-12: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

21. What I your idea about the flowering stimulus? Give an account of the ‘florigen’ concept of

flowering.

22. What do you mean by phytochrome? Give their chemical nature and role in flower initiation.

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1. What are anabolism & catabolism? Explain role of allosteric & isoenzymes in regulation of

cell metabolism.

2. What is photochemical reaction? Explain electron transport in PSI & PSII.

3. What is C4 pathway? Explain the pathway of carbon assimilation in C4 plants.

4. What is CAM? Explain the role of factors affecting CO2 reduction.

5. Write notes on- (i) Photorespiration, (ii) Antenna molecules.

6. Describe the synthesis of sucrose. What is Glycolysis?

7. Explain the process of Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

8. Where is the site of TCA cycle? Explain the pathway of TCA cycle. What is the product of it?

9. Describe the process of mitochondrial electron transport chain. What is cyanide resistant

respiration?

10. Describe the process of synthesis of triglyceride.

11. Explain the process of Beta-oxidation of Glyoxylic acid.

12. What is Gluconeogenesis? Explain its role in mobilization of lipids during seed germination.

13. What is Leghaemoglobin? Explain the process of biological nitrogen fixation in legumes.

14. Write notes on- (i) Nitrate assimilation & (ii) Transamination

15. Explain the mechanism of Receptor-ligand interaction.

16. What is second messenger concept? Explain calcium calmodulin & MAP-Kinase cascade.

17. Write an explanatory notes on genes involved in nodule formation.

18. Diagrammatically represent the Z-scheme of light reaction.

19. Give a schematic view (with enzymes) of Krebs cycle, indicating the reversible steps.

20. Define light and CO2 compensation points. Comment on the inhibitors of light reaction.

21. Differentiate between:

i) Preparatory and pay-off phase in glycolysis

ii) Action spectrum and absorption spectrum

iii) Reductive amination and transamination

iv) Synthesis and degradation of fats

22. Explain the chemiosmotic mechanism for ATP synthesis.

23. Outline the steps of Beta-oxidation of fats. Explain with the help of a 16C long fatty acid.

CC-13: PLANT METABOLISM

1. What is totipotency and organogenesis? Describe composition of M-S culture medium.

2. What is Cryopreservation? Explain the process of protoplast isolation & fusion in culture

technique.

3. Describe application of androgenesis or pollen culture in biotechnology. What is Germplasm

Conservation.

4. What is recombinant DNA technology? Explain the role of Endonuclease in it.

5. What is cloning vector? Explain the structure & function of Ti plasmid & pBR322 in cloning.

6. What is Bacterial transformation? Explain PCR Mediated gene cloning process.

7. Write notes on- (i) c-DNA Library, (ii) PCR, (iii) gene cloning, &(iv) colony hybridization.

8. What is micro-injection? Explain the process of direct gene transfer by Electroporation.

9. What is transgenes? Explain the role of marker & reporter gene in biotechnology.

10. Explain- (i) Bt Cotton; (ii) Transgenic plant

11. Describe the role of transgenics in Bioremediation.

12. Write notes on activity of- (i) Aspergillase; (ii) Protease; (iii) Lipase

13. What is Phagemid? How does it differ from Cosmid?

14. Write notes on- (i) Shuttle vector & (ii) Eukaryotic vectors

15. Mention the source of Bt gene. What for it is used? Give two example of Bt crops.

16. Mention the applications of transgenic plants.

17. Explain the process of in-vitro organogenesis in plants.

18. Describe various methods for transferring recombinant DNA to host cells.

19. Describe the strategy for the construction of genomic libraries.

20. Write salient features of cosmid and BAC vectors with the help of suitable examples.

21. Describe any two expression vectors in bacteria and eukaryotes.

22. Discuss the role of microorganisms in solid waste management.

23. What is micropropagation? Mention its stages and explain any one stage with respect to

multiplication of propagule. Cite suitable examples for horticultural plants.

24. Write explanatory notes on – i) Designing the primer; ii) DNA marker technology in plants

25. Write explanatory notes on any two of the following:

i) Herbicide resistant transgenic crops

ii) Metabolic engineering

CC-14: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY