PSC REF#:204700

For Official Use Only

Imagine the result

Phase 2: Evaluation of Long-Term Water Supply Alternatives, Town of Jackson

West Shore Pipe Line Company

January 2013

PSC REF#:204700Public Service Commission of Wisconsin

RECEIVED: 05/20/14, 10:41:14 AM



James P. Cooper, PE Staff Water Resources Engineer

Robert L. McNutt, PE Senior Water Resources Engineer

Edmund A. Buc, PEProject Manager

Prepared for:


Prepared by:

ARCADIS U.S., Inc. 126 North Jefferson Street Suite 400 Milwaukee Wisconsin 53202 Tel 414 276 7742 Fax 414 276 7603

Our Ref.:

WI001304.0002

Date:

January 2013

This document is intended only for the use of the individual or entity for which it was prepared and may contain information that is privileged, confidential and exempt from disclosure under applicable law. Any dissemination, distribution or copying of this document is strictly prohibited.

For Official Use Only i

g:\aproject\buckeye\wi1304\jackson\reports\phase ii\phase2_report_20121227.docx



Abbreviations vii

Executive Summary E-1

1. Introduction 1-1

1.1 Purpose of Evaluation 1-1

1.2 Key Assumptions 1-1

1.3 Anticipated Future Phases 1-3

2. Site Background and Current Conditions 2-1

2.1 Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation Summary 2-1

2.2 Community Engagement 2-3

2.3 Impacted Wells 2-3

2.4 Determination of Proposed Services 2-4

2.5 Proposed Services Water Consumption 2-5

2.5.1 Residential Demands 2-5

2.5.2 Agricultural Demands 2-6

2.6 Geology and Hydrogeology 2-6

2.6.1 Regional Geology 2-7

2.6.2 Regional Hydrogeology 2-8

2.6.3 Local Geology 2-9

2.6.4 Local Hydrogeology 2-10

3. Phase 2 Alternatives Development 3-1

3.1 Identification of Alternatives 3-1

3.1.1 Alternative 2 – Village PWS 3-1

3.1.2 Alternative 3 – Town of Jackson SD 3-1

3.1.3 Alternative 4 – New Private Water Supply Wells 3-2

4. Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation 4-1

4.1 Alternative 2 – Village of Jackson PWS 4-1

For Official Use Only ii




4.1.1 Distribution System Hydraulic Assessment 4-1

4.1.1.1 Previous System Analysis 4-2

4.1.1.2 Current System Conditions 4-2

4.1.1.3 Current System Assessment 4-3

4.1.2 Border or Supply Agreements 4-4

4.1.3 Regulatory Considerations 4-4

4.1.4 Additional Considerations 4-5

4.2 Alternative 3 – Town of Jackson SD 4-5

4.2.1 Water Supply Source 4-6

4.2.1.1 Village PWS 4-6

4.2.1.2 Town Wells 4-7

4.2.2 Facilities and Staffing 4-8

4.2.2.1 Interconnection Facility and BPS 4-9

4.2.2.2 SD Water Treatment Facility 4-9



4.3 Alternative 4 – New Private Water Supply Wells 4-12

4.3.1 Desktop Geologic Study 4-12

4.3.1.1 Regional Geology 4-12

4.3.1.2 Regional Hydrogeology 4-15

4.3.1.3 Groundwater Location, Movement, and Recharge 4-16

4.3.1.4 Hydraulic Conductivity 4-17

4.3.2 Desktop Geologic Study Results 4-18

4.3.2.1 Communication between Aquifers 4-18

4.3.2.2 Water Quality 4-20

4.3.2.3 Water Quantity 4-24

For Official Use Only iii




4.3.3 Well Drilling Requirements 4-26



5. Phase 2 Alternatives Comparative Analysis 5-1

5.1 Evaluation Criteria 5-1

5.1.1 Long-Term Susceptibility 5-2

5.1.2 Technical Feasibility 5-2

5.1.3 Quantity of Water 5-2

5.1.4 Quality of Water 5-2

5.1.5 Operations, Maintenance and Replacement 5-3

5.1.6 Legal and Regulatory Complexity 5-3

5.1.7 Monitoring, Reporting and Compliance 5-3

5.1.8 Timing to Implement 5-3

5.1.9 System Redundancy 5-4

5.1.10 Anticipated Community Acceptance 5-4

5.1.11 Capital Cost 5-4

5.2 Evaluation Results 5-4

5.2.1 Implementation Schedule Comparison 5-5

5.2.2 Conceptual Level Capital and O&M Cost Opinions 5-6

5.2.3 Alternative Results Summary 5-8

5.2.3.1 Alternative 2 5-8

5.2.3.2 Alternative 3A 5-9

5.2.3.3 Alternative 3G 5-9

5.2.3.4 Alternative 4 5-9

6. Selection and Recommendation of Alternatives 6-1

6.1 Basis of Recommendation 6-1

For Official Use Only iv




6.2 Conceptual Design 6-2

6.3 Anticipated Implementation Schedule 6-3

7. References 7-1

Tables

2-1 Phase 1 Alternatives Comparison Scorecard

2-2 Well Detections Summary

2-3 Estimated Proposed Services Water Consumption

2-4 Summary of Geologic Units

4-1 Summary of Water Quality Data

4-2 Summary of Water Quantity Data

5-1 Evaluation Criteria Weighting

5-2 Phase 2 Alternatives Comparison Scorecard

5-3 Anticipated Alternative Costs

6-1 Alternative 2 Preliminary Implementation Schedule

Figures

1-1 Site Location Map

2-1 7.5-Minute Quadrangle Map

2-2 Remediation and Monitoring Well Locations

2-3 Impacted Well Properties

2-4 Phase 2 Proposed Services

3-1 Alternative 2 - Preliminary Water Infrastructure

3-2 Alternative 3A - Preliminary Water Infrastructure

3-3 Alternative 3G - Preliminary Water Infrastructure

For Official Use Only v




3-4 Alternative 4 - Preliminary Water Infrastructure

4-1 Alternative 2 – Maximum Day Demands Model Simulated Pressures

4-2 Alternative 3A – Interconnection Facility Layout

4-3 Alternative 3G – Municipal Well Section

4-4 Alternative 3G – Treatment Facility Flow Schematic

4-5 Location of Geologic Cross Sections

4-6 Geologic Cross Section A-A’

4-7 Geologic Cross Section of B-B’

4-8 Regional Bedrock Topography

4-9 Niagara Aquifer, Arsenic Concentrations

4-10 Niagara Aquifer, Presence of Coliform Bacteria

4-11 Niagara Aquifer, Total Hardness

4-12 Niagara Aquifer, Iron Concentrations

4-13 Niagara Aquifer, Manganese Concentrations

4-14 All Aquifers, Nitrate Concentrations

4-15 Sandstone Aquifer, Arsenic Concentrations

4-16 Sandstone Aquifer, Presence of Coliform Bacteria

4-17 Sandstone Aquifer, Total Hardness

4-18 Sandstone Aquifer, Iron Concentration

4-19 Sandstone Aquifer, Manganese Concentration

4-20 Niagara Aquifer, Specific Capacity

4-21 Sandstone Aquifer, Specific Capacity

4-22 Niagara Aquifer, Pumping Rate

4-23 Sandstone Aquifer, Pumping Rate

4-24 Alternative 4 – Private Well Section

For Official Use Only vi




5-1 Implementation Schedule Comparison

6-1 Recommended Alternative Infrastructure

Appendices

A Workshop and Meeting Minutes

B Drinking Water Fact Sheets

C Soil Boring Logs and Well Construction Reports

D Water Quality and Quantity Databases

E Cost Estimates

For Official Use Only vii




Abbreviations

AACE Association for Advancement of Cost Engineering

BPS Booster Pumping Station

EOPCC Engineer’s Opinion of Probable Construction Cost

ES Enforcement Standard

ft feet

ft bgs feet below ground surface

ft/d feet per day

gpapd gallons per animal per day

gpm gallons per minute

gpm/ft gallons per minute per foot

GRN Groundwater Retrieval Network

HGL Hydraulic Grade Line

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level

MG Million Gallons

MGD Million Gallons per Day

mg/L Milligrams per Liter

NR Natural Resources

OM&R Operation, Maintenance, and Replacement

PAL Preventive Action Limit

POET Point of Entry Treatment

PSC Public Service Commission

PSI Pounds per Square Inch

PWS Public Water System

For Official Use Only viii




SD Sanitary District

SEWRPC South East Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission

UED Upper Enlarged Drillhole

U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

USGS United States Geological Study

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

WDNR Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources

WGNHS Wisconsin Geologic and Natural History Survey

WDS Water Distribution System

WSPC West Shore Pipe Line Company





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Executive Summary

ARCADIS was retained by West Shore Pipe Line Company (WSPC) to complete a Phase 2 Evaluation of long-term water supply alternatives associated with response actions in the Town of Jackson, Wisconsin (Town). On July 17, 2012, an underground pipeline owned by WSPC released approximately 1,300 barrels of gasoline into the ground in the Town. The pipeline was shut down less than three minutes after the release occurred, and no injuries were sustained in the process. After successfully testing the integrity of the system and receiving regulatory approval for repairs, WSPC operators safely restarted the pipeline on July 21, 2012 and resumed normal operations.

The release occurred in the Town in an area largely occupied by farmsteads and residences. These properties obtain water from individual private water supply wells. The Village of Jackson (Village) is located to the northwest of the release site and operates a public water system (PWS). Concurrent with repair activities, WSPC mobilized staff and contractors to the area to respond to the release. Efforts included sampling nearly 300 private water supply wells, installing over 70 point of entry treatment (POET) systems, and providing bottled water. Remediation efforts are ongoing.

As of November 26, 2012, 13 water supply wells (on 11 properties) contained benzene at concentrations above the Natural Resources (NR) 140 Enforcement Standard (ES) of 5 micrograms per liter. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) views the use of POET systems as a short-term solution to provide water to property owners and has requested that WSPC restore potable water supply to affected property owners without the use of POET systems.

A Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation of long-term water supply alternatives was conducted between August and October 2012 to identify potentially feasible long-term water supply options. The Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation identified six water supply alternatives and provided conceptual-level information for comparison of the alternatives:

Alternative 1 – Maintain existing private wells with POET systems.

Alternative 2 – Connect properties to the Village PWS as direct customers.





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Alternative 3 – Establish a Town sanitary district (SD). Seven alternative sources of water were identified for the SD.

Alternative 4 – Abandon affected private water supply wells and replace with deeper wells. Based on input from Town residents and the Town Board, two sub-alternatives were identified: a) Replacement of each individual well, and b) Cluster wells, where deep wells would be installed to serve groups of six properties or less.

Alternative 5 – Establish a privately-owned water supply system.

Alternative 6 – A combined approach using elements of the other five alternatives.

Based on results of the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation and stakeholder feedback, three alternatives were selected for Phase 2 Evaluation:

Alternative 2 – Connect properties to the Village PWS as direct customers.

Alternative 3 – Town SD, with source water provided by either: Consecutive system to Village, or Include installation of PWS wells and a water treatment plant for treatment of

potential naturally-occurring contaminants.

Alternative 4 – Abandon affected private water supply wells and replace with deeper wells, with either a) replacement of each individual well, or b) Cluster wells, where deep wells would be installed to serve groups of six properties or less.

As part of this Phase 2 Evaluation, ARCADIS collected additional information to conduct further evaluations of the three selected alternatives and to define the area of proposed services. The conceptual infrastructure layout generally considers a service area near the region bounded by Maple Road, Division Road, Mill Road and Western Avenue and the subdivisions that include Wildflower, Mockingbird and Hummingbird Drives. Phase 2 proposed services within this region are defined as all properties with a related well detection of benzene and all immediately adjacent properties.

ARCADIS met with representatives of the Village, Town, and WDNR to confirm that each alternative was viewed as potentially feasible and to clarify engineering requirements for implementing each alternative. Field surveying was initiated to identify potential water main routes and easement considerations. A desktop study was completed to evaluate geologic and hydrogeologic conditions and assess the quantity





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and quality of water available for supply wells. This information was used to develop conceptual layout figures for each alternative. Eleven selection criteria were then used to evaluate each alternative to determine which would be the most feasible for providing a safe and reliable long-term water supply for proposed services within a reasonable period of time.

Based on evaluation results, the recommended long-term water supply is Alternative 2 – Connect properties to Village PWS. Alternative 2 is further defined as extension of the existing Village water distribution system with direct hydraulic connection to properties with detectable benzene in water supply wells and the opportunity for connection of adjacent properties. This alternative will have sufficient capacity to add additional properties if the affected area changes and to support limited growth.

This report presents the project background and current conditions, the Phase 2 Evaluation process, and results of the Phase 2 Evaluation. Assumptions, findings and recommendations in this report are based on data available at the time of the evaluation.





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1. Introduction

ARCADIS was retained by West Shore Pipe Line Company (WSPC) to complete a Phase 2 Evaluation of long-term water supply alternatives associated with response actions in the Town of Jackson (Town), Wisconsin. On July 17, 2012, an underground pipeline owned by WSPC released approximately 1,300 barrels of gasoline into the ground in the Town. The pipeline was shut down less than three minutes after the release occurred, and no injuries were sustained in the process. After successfully testing the integrity of the system and receiving regulatory approval for repairs, WSPC operators safely restarted the pipeline on July 21, 2012 and resumed normal operations. The release site is depicted on Figure 1-1.

The repair occurred in the Town, in an area largely occupied by farmsteads and residences. Figure 1-1 is an aerial photograph that depicts land use in the area. These properties obtain water from individual private water supply wells. The Village of Jackson (Village) is located to the northwest of the release site and operates a public water system (PWS). Concurrent with repair activities, WSPC mobilized staff and contractors to the area to respond to the release. Efforts included sampling nearly 300 private water supply wells, installing over 70 point of entry treatment (POET) systems, and providing bottled water. Remediation efforts are ongoing. Locations of private water supply wells in the area are also depicted on Figure 1-1.

As of November 26, 2012, 13 water supply wells (on 11 properties) contained benzene at concentrations above the Natural Resources (NR) 140 Enforcement Standard (ES) of 5 micrograms per liter. The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) views the use of POET systems as a short-term solution to provide water to property owners and has requested that WSPC restore potable water supply to affected property owners without use of POET systems.

1.1 Purpose of Evaluation

The purpose of the Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation is to identify a feasible alternative for providing a safe and reliable long-term water supply for the proposed services in a reasonable period of time.

1.2 Key Assumptions

Throughout the evaluation process, several key assumptions were applied to develop and further evaluate each alternative. Assumptions include, but are not limited, to:





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1. The long-term water supply solution shall: a) Provide a safe, reliable water supply for a minimum 20-year planning period.

Any alternative that is not considered viable for at least 20 years shall be deemed non-feasible and eliminated from further consideration.

b) Replace the water supply that existed at the time of the spill without intending to improve water quantity or provide for growth through development or lot splits.

c) Be flexible so if the affected area migrates, the solution can be altered to provide safe, reliable water.

d) Not require additional treatment by property owners to meet drinking water standards.

2. The intent is to replace what was lost, not upgrade or improve on the previous system. Therefore, improvements such as fire protection, if provided, are considered an additional benefit.

3. New wells must be drilled below the impacted Niagara Aquifer through the Maquoketa Shale layer to prevent migration of gasoline to unaffected aquifers.

4. Agricultural uses are intended to remain on existing wells with POET systems and be physically disconnected from the potable water solution provided. Separation of water systems must be approved by regulatory agencies and verified through inspections. During the first year of POET installation, adsorption media in the POET systems is anticipated to be replaced monthly and is included in the construction cost opinions. After the first year of media replacements, media is anticipated to be replaced quarterly, or four times per year, and is included in the annual operations, maintenance and replacement (OM&R) costs.

5. New municipal wells would be sized for 100 gallons per minute (gpm) peak rate. Two wells would be provided, one for backup to provide a reliable and redundant system.

6. Capital, operating and maintenance costs to be developed will be Class 5, conceptual level cost opinions as defined by the Association for Advancement of Cost Engineering (AACE).





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1.3 Anticipated Future Phases

The Phase 2 Evaluation is complete and documented in this report. Subsequent phases of work required to implement a safe and reliable long-term water supply are:

Phase 3 – Management of Negotiations for Long-Term Water Supply, including: agreement negotiations, cost sharing, modification and finalization of selected alternative, OM&R negotiations, contracts, and technical negotiations. Complete the preliminary design for selected and agreed upon option.

Phase 4 – Engineering for Long-Term Water Supply, including design, bidding support, construction engineering services and Resident Project Representative.





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2. Site Background and Current Conditions

The release occurred on July 17, 2012. After successfully testing the system’s integrity and receiving regulatory approval for repairs, WSPC operators safely restarted the pipeline on July 21, 2012 and resumed normal operations. The repair area is located approximately 1,150 feet north of Western Avenue in the Town and in the Southwest quarter of the Southeast quarter of Section 28, Township 10 North, Range 20 East, in Washington County. A United States Geologic Survey (USGS) 7.5-Minute quadrangle map of the area is presented as Figure 2-1.

Remediation efforts are ongoing and are being documented by others. In summary, approximately 7,270 tons of soil containing gasoline were excavated and transported off-site for disposal during repair activities. Five groundwater recovery wells were installed around the perimeter of the repair to recover light nonaqueous phase liquid and groundwater. Extracted groundwater is being treated by an interim groundwater remediation system and treated water is discharged in accordance with a Wisconsin Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit. Extraction activities were initiated on August 22, 2012 and are ongoing. A network of vapor extraction wells was installed around the perimeter of the repair area to recover petroleum vapors.

A groundwater monitoring program was implemented immediately after the repair. As of November 26, 2012, groundwater samples had been collected from 298 water supply wells on 286 properties. In addition, 78 monitoring wells were installed to further evaluate groundwater conditions. Remediation and monitoring well locations are depicted on Figure 2-2.

2.1 Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation Summary

ARCADIS was initially retained by WSPC to complete a Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation of potential long-term water supply alternatives. During the first part of the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation, potential water supply alternatives were identified. ARCADIS solicited input during the community engagement process and from stakeholders such as the WDNR, WSPC, and officials with the Town and Village. These potential long-term water supply alternatives were identified:

Alternative 1 – Maintain existing private wells with POET systems.

Alternative 2 – Connect properties to Village PWS as direct customers.





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Alternative 3 – Establish a Town sanitary district (SD). Seven alternative sources of water were identified for the SD.

Alternative 4 – Abandon affected private water supply wells and replace with deeper wells. Based on input from Town residents and the Town Board, two sub-alternatives were identified: a) replacement of each individual well, and b) Cluster wells, where deep wells would be installed to serve groups of six properties or less.

Alternative 5 – Establish a privately-owned water supply system.

Alternative 6 – A combined approach using elements of the other five alternatives.

In summary, six alternatives were identified. Alternative 3 included seven alternate sources of water, and Alternative 4 included two alternate sources of water, creating 13 potential alternatives.

Following a review of multiple parameters, each alternative was scored based on 11 equally-weighted criteria. All criteria were scored a 1 (comparatively unfavorable) to a 5 (comparatively favorable) with a total possible score of 55. Scores and criteria are identified on the Phase 1 Alternatives Comparison Scorecard (Scorecard) presented in Table 2-1, which considered available data through September 24, 2012. Alternatives 1, 2 and 3A scored highest based on engineering evaluations completed at the time of the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation. Specific stakeholder preferences for long-term water supply affect which alternatives are ultimately retained for Phase 2 evaluations. As such, this additional input was considered:

WDNR stated that Alternative 1 cannot be used for a long-term water supply solution, though it was among the highest-scoring alternatives identified.

Town Board input indicated a preference for replacement of existing private wells with deeper wells, potentially in a cluster well configuration (Alternative 4).

Based on results of the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation and feedback from the WDNR and Town Board, these alternatives were selected for inclusion in the Phase 2 Evaluation:

Alternative 2 – Connect properties to Village PWS as direct customers.





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Alternative 3 – Town SD, with source water provided by either: Alternative 3A – Consecutive system to Village, or Alternative 3G – Installation of new PWS wells and water treatment plant for

treatment of potential naturally-occurring contaminants.

Alternative 4 – Abandon affected private water supply wells and replace with deeper wells. Based on input from Town residents and the Town Board, two sub-alternatives were identified: a) Replacement of each individual well, and b) Cluster wells, where deep wells would be installed to serve groups of six properties or less.

2.2 Community Engagement

Shortly after the repair was completed, the WDNR began to approach stakeholders to initiate discussions regarding implementing a long-term water supply solution for the affected area. Discussions were held with officials from the Town and Village. The WDNR hosted a public meeting on September 18, 2012. The Town sent a survey to residents in the affected area on September 20, 2012 to solicit input regarding long-term water supply alternatives. As part of the Phase 2 Evaluation, ARCADIS met with representatives of the Village and Town to collect information for the evaluation. Copies of workshop and meeting minutes are included in Appendix A. ARCADIS, WSPC and WDNR have also participated in several Town Board meetings to present information regarding potential long-term water supply alternatives.

2.3 Impacted Wells

As indicated above, a groundwater monitoring program was implemented to evaluate groundwater quality in the affected area. As of November 26, 2012, groundwater samples had been collected from 298 water supply wells on 286 properties and from 83 remediation/monitoring wells. Groundwater samples are analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) Method 524.2. For this Alternatives Evaluation, benzene is being used as an indicator of petroleum constituents to evaluate groundwater quality.

Groundwater quality criteria in Wisconsin are set forth in Chapter NR 140, Wis. Admin. Code. For each regulated constituent, two standards are established in NR 140: an ES and a preventive action limit (PAL). The PAL is lower than the ES and was developed as a ‘trigger’ standard. If a constituent concentration is below the ES but exceeds the PAL, NR 140 establishes a list of potential response actions which generally are associated with continued evaluation or monitoring. The ES represents the minimum





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concentration at which a constituent poses a potential risk to human health. The NR 140 ESs are equivalent to or lower than the U.S. EPA’s Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). If an ES is exceeded, NR 140 establishes a list of potential responses, which are more aggressive than those for PAL exceedances, and range from further investigation to implementation of remediation.

The number of water supply wells that have demonstrated detectable benzene and exceedances of the NR 140 ES for benzene has fluctuated, but has been generally decreasing over time. An overview of detection changes over time (WSPC, 2012) is shown below in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2 Well Detections Summary

Date

Number of Wells with Benzene

Detections

Number of Wells with Benzene Detections

above NR 140 ES 8/11/2012 23 18 9/11/2012 15 12 10/12/2012 13 12 11/12/2012 17 13 11/26/2012 15 13 12/17/2012 14 13

Locations of properties with water supply wells demonstrating detectable benzene during at least one sampling event are shown on Figure 2-3.

2.4 Determination of Proposed Services

The Town Board and WDNR requested that each alternative be expandable in the event the area of impacted wells migrated. The conceptual infrastructure layout generally considers a service area near the region bounded by Maple Road, Division Road, Mill Road and Western Avenue and the subdivisions that include Wildflower, Mockingbird and Hummingbird Drives. Therefore, the alternatives are expandable to reasonably supply water should an increase in the number of well detections occur. The alternatives are not intended to support future growth/demands that may be created by subdividing parcels into developments. Future developers would be responsible for infrastructure necessary to support development. The system is designed to allow minimal growth; however, a balance must be achieved between designing a system for current demands only versus designing a system to sustain all





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land being converted to subdivisions and significant growth. This underscores the necessity to define proposed services for this Phase 2 Evaluation.

Phase 2 proposed services are defined based on WDNR’s recommendation that all properties with a well detection at any time and all immediately adjacent properties be included in proposed services. A property may not be required to connect to the replacement water supply; however, each alternative was developed as if it were serving all proposed services. Proposed services include 40 households with impacted wells or adjacent to impacted wells as indicated on Figure 2-4.

2.5 Proposed Services Water Consumption

The Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation considered replacement water supply to all parcels within the Flush Only Advisory area that existed at the time of the Evaluation. A total of 64 homes were considered. The sizing of water infrastructure for each alternative continues to be based on the ability to serve the entire Phase 1 Evaluation area. Based on further delineation of the proposed services reflective of data available at the time of this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation, a total of 40 homes are now considered. Private well users typically do not retain well usage data; therefore water usage for residential and agricultural users was estimated.

2.5.1 Residential Demands

Multiple sources applicable for estimating residential water usage exist. Per Section 11.243.b of the Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities (GLUMRB, 2004), a proposed normal flow for planning purposes is 100 gallons per capita per day (gpcd). Per Table 6 of the Water Use in Wisconsin domestic water use is 56.1 gpcd (USGS, 2005). According to data obtained from the 2010 U.S. Census for Washington County, Wisconsin, an average of 2.51 occupants per household exists countywide, with 2.47 occupants per household within the Village. Water usage varies, and distribution systems are generally most economical when sources are designed to supply at up to the average rate of demand on the maximum day with demands in excess of this rate supplied from distribution storage.

A summary of estimated historical water usage and water infrastructure design usage for the 40 proposed services is provided in Table 2-3.





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Table 2-3 Estimated Proposed Services Water Consumption

System Demand Scenario

Historical Usage(1)

TotalDesign Demand

(gpd) Demand

Ratio

PerHousehold

(gpd) Total (gpd)

Average Day 141 5,700 10,000 - -

Maximum Day 226 9,100 16,000 1.6

Peak Hour 451 18,200 32,000 3.2(1) Based on USGS and U.S. Census data

As indicated in Table 2-3, water infrastructure is designed to provide water supply of 10,000 gpd on average. This amount is in excess of the 5,700 gpd estimated usage by the 40 proposed services, allowing flexibility for serving additional proposed services if required.

2.5.2 Agricultural Demands

Four properties located within the proposed services have water usage considered agricultural, as shown on Figure 2-3. WSPC provided bulk water deliveries to agricultural properties between August and November 2012. Per Table 10 of the Water Use in Wisconsin (USGS, 2005), dairy cows use 35 gallons per animal per day (gpapd) and horses use 10 gpapd. However, mixed agricultural usage within the area could not be estimated based on animal counts. Agricultural water usage within the proposed services will be supplied via existing wells with POET systems. Usage includes a nursery, raspberry farm and crop farms and is not intended for human consumption. Agricultural use properties will still be included in the long-term water supply solution for their residential usage.

2.6 Geology and Hydrogeology

ARCADIS conducted a desktop geologic study as part of this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation. A detailed discussion of the desktop geologic study and associated results is presented in Section 4.3. An overview of regional and local geology and hydrogeology is presented below.





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2.6.1 Regional Geology

Washington County’s regional geology is characterized by a series of geologic units consisting of unconsolidated deposits underlain by a sequence of bedrock units: limestone/dolomite; shale, dolomite, and sandstone; sandstone; and crystalline bedrock. The various geologic units from youngest to oldest are summarized in Table 2-4 below (WGNHS, 1980).

Table 2-4 Summary of Geologic Units

Period Lithology/Formation Description

Quaternary UnconsolidatedDeposits

Poorly sorted sand and gravel deposited by end and ground moraines. Clay and silt tills are also

present.

Silurian Limestone/Dolomite Very light to light gray, fossiliferous, medium to

coarse grained limestone with thin to thick beds. Discontinuous fractures are present in the upper

part of the unit.

Ordovician

Maquoketa Shale Greenish gray to purplish with interbedded dolomite and shale in the upper part and uniform shale in the

lower part of the unit.

Galena Dolomite, Decorah Formation, Platteville Formation

Light-gray to blue-gray, shaley dolomite.

St. Peter Sandstone White to light gray, fine to medium grained.

Prairie du Chien Group White to gray dolomite with some sandstone.

Cambrian

Trempealeau Formation Light gray, very fine to medium grained sandstone with interbedded siltstone.

Franconia Formation Very fine to medium grained sandstone with siltstone and dolomite beds.

Galesville Sandstone Light gray fine to medium grained sandstone.

Eau Claire Sandstone Light gray to light pink, fine to medium grained sandstone.

Mount Simon Sandstone

White to light gray, fine to coarse grained sandstone with interbedded dolomite and shale.

Precambrian Crystalline rock Crystalline rock.





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2.6.2 Regional Hydrogeology

Groundwater is used as potable water for Washington County (WCLWR, 2005). Over 12 million gallons per day (MGD) of water are withdrawn from groundwater in Washington County. There are three aquifers in Washington County, discussed below (USGS, 1992), and fact sheets on drinking water from private wells and public water systems from regulatory agencies are provided in Appendix B. Water from each aquifer has the potential to contain naturally occurring or regional contaminants that can affect potable water quality. These water quality parameters include arsenic, iron, manganese, hardness, bacteria and nitrate.

Unconsolidated Sand and Gravel Aquifer: The sand and gravel aquifer is the shallowest and youngest aquifer with its origins from glacial and alluvial deposits. Because the sand and gravel aquifer is shallow, it is directly connected to surface water and can be readily recharged through precipitation.

Niagara Aquifer: The Niagara Aquifer includes the Silurian limestone/dolomite found directly beneath the unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits and above the Maquoketa Shale. The Niagara is a primary aquifer used in Washington County for drinking water where the unconsolidated deposits are thin or not present.

In Washington County, groundwater is generally located 25 feet or less below ground surface (ft bgs) (WCLWR, 2005). Groundwater in the Niagara Aquifer flows to the southeast. The potentiometric surface is located between 800 and 900 feet above mean sea level (ft msl). Because groundwater is shallow, recharge to the Niagara Aquifer is provided predominantly by precipitation (SEWRPC, 2005).

Wells in the Niagara Aquifer have a sufficient yield to support supplying water for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes (WGNHS, 1980). The horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Silurian limestone/dolomite is estimated at 1 to 4 feet per day (ft/d), and the vertical hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 0.001 to 0.1 ft/d.

Sandstone Aquifer: The Sandstone Aquifer, confined by the Maquoketa Shale, includes the Ordovician Galena-Platteville Dolomite, St. Peter Sandstone and Prairie du Chien Group sandstone formations (WGNHS, 1980). The potentiometric surface rises above the Maquoketa Shale and is below the potentiometric surface in the Niagara Aquifer in wells cased below the Maquoketa Shale. The potentiometric surface





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is approximately 100 to 200 feet below the groundwater elevation in the Niagara Aquifer, indicating a downward gradient exists.

Groundwater in the Sandstone Aquifer flows to the southeast. Recharge to the Sandstone Aquifer is predominantly where the Maquoketa Shale is absent, in the western third of Washington County. The Sandstone Aquifer has a sufficient well yield to support supplying water for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes (WGNHS, 1980). The horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Galena-Platteville Formation and the St. Peter Sandstone Formation are estimated at 0.04 to 0.3 ft/d and 1.2 to 6 ft/d, respectively (SEWRPC, 2005). The vertical hydraulic conductivity for the Galena-Platteville Formation and the St. Peter Sandstone Formation show little variability, with estimated values at 0.0005 to 0.01 ft/d and 0.0004 to 0.04 ft/d, respectively.

Maquoketa Shale: The Maquoketa Shale is an aquitard located between the Niagara and Sandstone Aquifers. The shale exhibits geologic heterogeneity with bedding plane fractures where interbedded shale and dolomite facies are present in the upper part, compared to the lower part that has a uniform shale lithology (WGNHS, 2001).The horizontal conductivity is estimated at 0.0003 to 0.3 ft/d and the vertical hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 0.000005 to 0.001 ft/d (SEWRPC, 2005). As indicated above, the Maquoketa Shale is absent in the western third of Washington County.

2.6.3 Local Geology

Local geology in the immediate area of the pipeline repair consists of unconsolidated Quaternary deposits overlying a local bedrock high. Quaternary deposits consist mostly of clay, but are variable and can include sand and gravel. Quaternary deposits range in thickness from 3 to 27 feet with thickening to the north, south, east, and west away from the bedrock high.

Bedrock underlying the Quaternary deposits consists of Silurian limestone/dolomite. Depth to bedrock ranges from 3 to 27 ft bgs in the area of the bedrock high and deepens to 300-500 ft bgs approximately 2 miles to the west of the area due to a north-south trending erosional valley in the bedrock surface. Based on Village municipal wells, thickness of the limestone/dolomite in the affected area ranges from 120 to 225 feet. The limestone/dolomite is very vuggy (i.e., small cavity in a rock or vein often lined with crystals) and often highly fractured with soft zones and vugs reported during drilling.





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The Ordovician Period Maquoketa Shale underlies the Silurian limestone/dolomite. Several Village municipal wells penetrate the top of the shale at depths ranging from 280 to 320 ft bgs. The shale has been described as greenish to blue-gray, dolomitic, and somewhat hard, with traces of fossils and pyrite. The upper part of the shale is often interlayered with and gradational to dolomite. The thickness of the Maquoketa Shale, where completely penetrated by municipal wells in the Village and the city of Cedarburg, is approximately 200 feet.

The Maquoketa Shale is underlain by Ordovician Period dolomite of the Sinnipee Group that includes the Galena, Decorah, and Platteville Formations. The top of the Galena Formation was found at 480 ft bgs in one Village municipal well and ranges from 680 to 745 ft bgs in several city of Cedarburg municipal wells. The Ordovician dolomites are light gray and brown, dense, with traces of pyrite, white chert, red speckling, and some interbedded shale. The thickness of the Ordovician dolomites where completely penetrated by municipal wells in the city of Cedarburg is approximately 200 feet.

The Ordovician Period St. Peter sandstone is beneath the Ordovician dolomites. The St. Peter sandstone is not penetrated in the affected area but is found in several municipal wells in the city of Cedarburg to the east. Where encountered, the depth to the top of the St. Peter sandstone ranges from 920 to 1,035 ft bgs. The sandstone is light yellowish gray, very fine to coarse grain, with a trace of dolomitic cementing. The St. Peter sandstone is the deepest formation encountered in the area and not completely penetrated, except for one well where the thickness was 205 feet.

None of the private water supply wells in the affected area penetrate the Silurian limestone/dolomite. As a result, little information is available regarding the depth or thicknesses of the underlying bedrock formations in the immediate area of the pipeline repair, including the continuity of the Maquoketa Shale.

2.6.4 Local Hydrogeology

The Niagara Aquifer, where the water table is present, is the major water supply in the affected area. All the area residential wells and a majority of the Village municipal wells produce water from this unit. The static water level reported in the residential wells at the time of installation ranged from 45 to 125 ft bgs. Water levels reported from monitoring and extraction wells installed in the affected area ranged from approximately 95 to125 ft bgs or 855 to 832 ft msl.





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Groundwater flows primarily to the east; however, due to the bedrock high in the affected area, some radial flow to the north, west and south may also be expected. In addition, fractures in the Niagara limestone affect groundwater flow.

Residential wells in the affected area ranged in depth from 45 to 125 ft bgs. The depth to water during pumping tests performed during historic private water well installations ranged from 63 to 150 ft bgs. Sustained flow rates during pumping tests conducted after historic private water well construction ranged from 8 to 25 gpm, and flow rates of 15 to 20 gpm were common. Residential wells were generally completed with a 6-inch open hole, with surface casing installed to depths ranging from 27 to 166 ft bgs.





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3. Phase 2 Alternatives Development

Alternatives 2, 3A, 3G and 4 were selected for further comparison and evaluation. The following sections present an overview of each of these alternatives.

3.1 Identification of Alternatives

Due to the dynamic nature of site conditions and the overall project, identification and refinement of the selected alternatives is based on information available at the time of this Evaluation.

3.1.1 Alternative 2 – Village PWS

Alternative 2 would extend the Village PWS to the proposed services with service connections from the water main to each user as shown on Figure 3-1. Users would be long-term water customers of the Village’s Water Utility. Improvements necessary to adequately serve the users were identified and included in this Evaluation. This alternative will have sufficient capacity to add additional properties if the affected area changes and to support limited growth.

Locations of existing Village water mains and planned future water mains are shown on Figure 3-1. The long-term water supply must be reliable and redundant; therefore portions of 12-inch diameter mains are included in this alternative in accordance with the Village’s master plan to provide service in the 2030 Village Limits. All water mains directly serving users are assumed as 8-inch diameter.

The Village’s master plan also identifies a need for a future elevated tank in the proposed services’ vicinity; however, the Village does not own property in the area for an elevated tank. WSPC may consider negotiating acquisition of property for a tank site.

3.1.2 Alternative 3 – Town of Jackson SD

Alternative 3 would be a Town-maintained SD providing a public water supply to the proposed services. This alternative is further divided into two sub-alternatives, as included in Phase 1, based on the SD’s water source.

Alternative 3A would establish a SD that provides water from the Village PWS. The SD would be considered a consecutive system, purchasing bulk water from the Village. All





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water infrastructure and customers beyond the master meter would be the responsibility of the Town SD. Water infrastructure required to develop the SD is identified on Figure 3-2. Water main routes are similar to Alternative 2, with the exception that an additional structure is shown at the future elevated tank site. An Interconnection Facility would contain the master meter, backflow prevention, booster pumps and space for future booster chlorination equipment. Provisions would be included to allow booster chlorination if warranted in the future; however, based on discussion with Village representatives, it is not anticipated that booster chlorination would be required at this time. Space for a hydro-pneumatic tank would also be planned into this building.

Alternative 3G establishes a SD that provides water via new, SD-owned pubic water system wells. Wells would be drilled on Town Hall property located at 3146 Division Road, which is the closest potential site to the release that could be utilized and is owned by the Town. There is an assumption that sufficient quantity and quality of water could be found at this area. Public water system treatment would also need to occur on the property, where the water distribution system would distribute treated water from wells at the Town Hall property to the proposed services. Water infrastructure locations are identified on Figure 3-3. To provide a reliable and redundant long-term water supply, two wells are included, with each well of adequate capacity to supply the system demands. The SD in this alternative would be physically separate and not reliant on the Village PWS.

3.1.3 Alternative 4 – New Private Water Supply Wells

Alternative 4 would provide water supply to the proposed services through private individual or cluster wells. This alternative did not score well in comparison to other alternatives in the Phase I Alternatives Evaluation; however, the Town requested that it be considered further. Where feasible, up to six households would share a single private well without the design or reporting requirements of a public water system. Due to the rural nature of the area, some households would be provided with an individual well where cluster wells would not be geographically feasible. However, cluster (or individual) wells must be capable of providing long-term water supply that meets public drinking water standards. As a result, treatment of well water for naturally occurring contaminants (i.e., arsenic, radionuclides, iron, manganese, hardness) or contaminants associated with regional land use (i.e., nitrate from agriculture) may be necessary. Preliminary water infrastructure locations for this alternative and service connections from each cluster well to the proposed services are shown on Figure 3-4.





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4. Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation

Each alternative was evaluated as a viable, long-term, safe and reliable drinking water supply for the proposed services. Each evaluation includes technical, regulatory, economic and additional considerations. A comparison of the evaluation results for each alternative is presented in Section 5. Results of the alternative comparison and final recommendations for the long-term water supply solution are reviewed and discussed in Section 6.

4.1 Alternative 2 – Village of Jackson PWS

The Village Water Utility owns and maintains a water distribution network with water mains in the southeastern portion of the Village approximately one mile from the proposed services. As the nearest PWS, it is a feasible source for long-term water supply of the proposed services. However, the Village system must have adequate capacity to sustain the additional water usage. Alternative 2 considers extending the Village system to the proposed services, and users would be direct customers of the Village Water Utility. This extension of the water system beyond the current and 2030 Village Limits would require a revision or supplement to the existing Village of Jackson Revenue Sharing Agreement and Cooperative Boundary Plan (Border Agreement). Regulatory, negotiations and additional considerations applicable to this alternative were also evaluated.

4.1.1 Distribution System Hydraulic Assessment

The Village provided a copy of their latest water distribution system hydraulic model to assist in evaluating their system for purposes of this work. The model was last calibrated by Bonestroo (now Stantec) in June 2011 and is assumed to reasonably reflect current system conditions and operations. A complete system analysis considers the following: high head loss, high and low pressures, fire flow capacity, distribution storage and turnover, reliability and redundancy, operations and maintenance and water quality. The model provided by the Village does not appear to be developed to perform calibrated extended period analyses. A steady-state model simulation was completed to evaluate portions of the system reliability and redundancy, hydraulic grade line (HGL), pressures and fire flow capacity.





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4.1.1.1 Previous System Analysis

A summary of the Water Analysis Report dated October 20, 2006 and prepared by Bonestroo (now Stantec) is set forth below:

1) Water infrastructure consists of five wells, two elevated tanks (0.2 million gallons [MG] Central Tank and 0.5 MG West Tank), each with an overflow HGL at elevation 1,065 feet, USGS Datum, one booster pumping station and one hydro-pneumatic tank.

2) The low pressure zone serves customers at ground elevations ranging from 840 to 965 feet.

3) The booster pumping station zone serves customers at ground elevations of 990 to 1,054 feet.

4) Village wells have a firm capacity (capacity with largest pump out of service) of 3.4 MGD.

5) Maximum day demand in 2006 of 1.34 MGD projected to increase to 1.77 MGD by 2009 and 1.92 MGD by 2010.

6) Maximum day demand to average day demand ratio of 1.86.

7) Recommended to add 12-inch diameter mains to loop southeastern area of the system.

8) Recommended to add elevated tank in southeastern portion of system in 2009 and add elevated tank in northern portion of system in 2010, contingent on system demands increasing as projected.

Analysis recommendations are revisited in this report, as appropriate, and based on actual system demands from January 2010 through June 2012.

4.1.1.2 Current System Conditions

As stated in the system analysis summary above, maximum day water demands were projected to increase to 1.77 MGD by 2009 and 1.92 MGD by 2010, warranting a new elevated tank in the low pressure zone in 2009 and a new elevated tank in the north





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zone in 2010, respectively. Following 2006 demand projections, the Village has experienced attenuated growth of water demands, similar to many other public water systems.

Data provided by the Village indicates annual maximum day demands of 1.171 MGD in 2010 (versus projected demand of 1.92 MGD), 1.238 MGD in 2011 and 1.115 MGD in 2012 (to date of data acquisition) or an average of 1.18 MGD maximum day demand over this 2-year period.

4.1.1.3 Current System Assessment

The water source for the Village PWS is a series of wells providing a firm capacity of 3.4 MGD. Current maximum day demands of 1.18 MGD are within the firm well capacity. Including a maximum day water usage projection of 16,000 gpd for the affected parcels would increase system demand by approximately 1.4 percent to 1.196 MGD. Based on maximum day demands totaling 1.196 MGD, the firm well capacity of 3.4 MGD is adequate to supply existing system and projected design demands from the proposed services.

The distribution system is generally well reinforced; however, the southeastern portion is in need of improvements to ensure system reliability and redundancy. Currently, the Twin Creeks subdivision is supplied water via a single 8-inch diameter main, and the Oakland Drive/Hickory Lane/Sherman Parc area is supplied water via a single 12-inch diameter main. A 12-inch diameter main along Sherman Road and Jackson Drive from Hickory Lane to Twin Creeks Road would provide reliability and redundancy for existing Village customers and for the additional 40 proposed services. This 12-inch diameter water main is included in the Alternative 2 water infrastructure improvements and will be included in remaining distribution system evaluations.

The proposed water infrastructure for Alternative 2 was added to the existing system hydraulic model for analysis. Model junctions were included at all pipe intersections and at high and low elevations along the water main routes. Results of the simulated distribution system pressures are presented in Figure 4-1. As shown on Figure 4-1, the proposed Alternative 2 distribution system would be served with adequate pressures greater than 45 pounds per square inch (psi) during maximum day demand conditions. Addition of an elevated tank or booster pumping station is not warranted due to system pressures in Alternative 2.





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The proposed location of a future elevated tank is also shown on Figure 4-1. A system analysis completed in 2006 by Bonestroo identified a need for additional system storage when warranted by increased system demands. Due to the existing system and affected user maximum day demands totaling 1.196 MGD, which is below the 1.77 MGD rate projected for implementing an elevated tank in the southeastern portion of the system, an elevated tank is not required based on system demands.

4.1.2 Border or Supply Agreements

The need for a long-term water supply is driven by the emergency nature of the release. While the Border Agreement provides the best protection for the Village Water Utility, it is recommended that a separate water supply agreement be entered into for extending water to the proposed services. Town developers cannot simply extend the water distribution system (WDS) network or connect to the WDS network and develop a subdivision without Village approval. It is recommended that any future development activities in this area require modification of the Border Agreement, as is the nature and intent of the existing Border Agreement and cooperative working relationship between the Village and Town.

4.1.3 Regulatory Considerations

Chapters NR 809 (Safe Drinking Water), NR 810 (Requirements for the Operation and Maintenance of Public Water Systems), NR 811 (Requirements for the Operation and Design of Community Water Systems) and NR 812 (Well Construction and Pump Installation) regulate various aspects of public water systems. These requirements are currently being met by the Village PWS and would extend to the proposed services. Failure to do so would result in a violation of State and Federal laws.

The Public Service Commission (PSC) of Wisconsin regulates public water utilities including major capital improvements and utility rates and requires various annual reports and financial statements from utilities be filed. The PSC also reviews new public wells and treatment, and approves or denies them based on potential water supplies and sources in an area.

Section NR 812.26, Wis. Admin. Code requires that water supply wells taken out of service be abandoned (i.e., sealed). For properties where connection to the PWS will occur, the existing water supply well would be decommissioned by removing the pump to prevent cross-connections or use of the Niagara Aquifer. In the long term, it is assumed that each of the decommissioned water supply wells would be sealed in





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accordance with Chapter NR 812, Wis. Admin. Code. In the near term, WDNR may request that decommissioned water supply wells be maintained for collection of groundwater samples to monitor groundwater quality in the Niagara Aquifer as remediation progresses. For a few properties, the existing well and POET system will be transitioned into an agricultural well, completely disconnecting potable water in the home from remaining agricultural uses.

4.1.4 Additional Considerations

A key negotiation issue is for permission to install water service laterals onto each property and connect to the new system. Size of water mains, fire protection and new elevated water storage tank are all considered negotiable under this alternative. Although a rural water network utilizing 4-inch diameter mains would be adequate to provide water in quantity and quality similar to what previously existed, Village standards set the minimum acceptable water main at 8-inch diameter. Further, hydrants may be required by state regulations.

While the Village’s 2030 master plan proposes a water storage tank in this area when justified by higher demands, at this time, construction of this proposed tank is not recommended. However, consideration may be given to secure a site for a future tank as part of this overall plan.

Extending the Village PWS service area to provide long-term, safe water supply to the proposed services would be fairly straightforward. The Village PWS is in the business of providing water, is knowledgeable, is currently under the jurisdiction of regulators, and is appropriately staffed. This alternative provides the least concerns for operations, maintenance and long-term viability.

4.2 Alternative 3 – Town of Jackson SD

Alternative 3 would construct a water distribution system within the affected area, and laterals would be extended to the proposed services. Each affected water supply well would be decommissioned in accordance with Chapter NR 812, Wis. Admin. Code. The SD would obtain water from one of two sources, from the Village PWS or from public water supply wells installed as part of the overall SD’s water system.

A SD is a quasi-governmental entity with taxing authority, similar to a town or village. SDs are established under Wisconsin Statutes, Chapter 60 – Towns, Subchapter IX – Town SD. These districts provide water and/or sanitary sewer service to protect the





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public health of an area where a water or sanitary sewer utility cannot provide service and where private systems are not considered feasible. When required, the WDNR can force establishment of a SD to protect public health.

A SD has the ability to own, operate, manage and maintain water and sewer utilities. Once created, they are treated basically the same as any other public water or sanitary sewer utility. As such, administration, operation and maintenance of a SD are regulated by the Wisconsin Administrative Code, Wisconsin Statutes and Annotations, WDNR, and PCS. The utility would need to establish an income stream appropriate to operate, manage, and maintain the utility system in accordance with the appropriate Wisconsin Administrative Code. This alternative assumes creating a SD for the purpose of providing long-term, safe and reliable water supply for the proposed services.

4.2.1 Water Supply Source

The SD would be required to obtain a safe supply of water and distribute this safe, reliable water to the proposed services. Two options for a water source were evaluated as part of this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation. Alternative 3A considers the Village PWS as a water source, and Alternative 3G considers new wells drilled specifically for the SD.

4.2.1.1 Village PWS

The Village PWS is considered the most viable source of public water supply in the area. The Village has sufficient quantity and quality of water to serve the needs of the SD. Water would be transported to the point of connection where the Town would purchase the water through a master water meter connection.

A distribution system hydraulic assessment, identical to the assessment performed for Alternative 2, was also performed for this alternative. By adding a master meter, backflow prevention, and other appurtenances, an additional 10 to 15 psi pressure loss at the point of connection from the Village PWS to the Town SD will result. This will require addition of a Booster Pumping Station (BPS) to maintain adequate system pressure within the SD. A 1,500 gallon hydro-pneumatic tank would also be added to maintain system pressures and attenuate surges during periods of peak demand. A preliminary layout for an Interconnection Facility, including the BPS, is presented as Figure 4-2.





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The master meter, BPS and tank would be owned and maintained by the Town SD. The proposed site for these facilities and a portion of the district’s distribution system downstream of these facilities would be constructed within the 2030 Village Limits (Figure 3-2). Easements and property transfers would be required to allow for operation and maintenance of District facilities and water mains.

4.2.1.2 Town Wells

The Town Board could also install its own municipal well fields and treatment facilities to produce sufficient water to serve the needs of the SD. New municipal wells would be developed as a water source. Developing a groundwater source would be in accordance with Chapter NR 811, Wis. Admin. Code, and well construction and pump installation would be in accordance with Chapter NR 812, Wis. Admin. Code. A proposed municipal well section is shown on Figure 4-3.

Two wells would be constructed for redundancy. Both well pumps would be sized to handle system demands independently of the other. Each well site would require a lot or parcel of land with minimum dimensions of 100 feet by 100 feet. A well site investigation report would be prepared for each well site and submitted before or concurrent with a request for approval of a test well or permanent well. Proposed well sites are recommended at the Town property where the Town Hall and community sports fields are located (Figure 3-3). If there are existing septic systems on the property, wells would need to maintain a minimum separation distance of 400 feet.

Section NR 811.12(5), Wis. Admin. Code states that water supply wells must be located at least 1,200 feet from known contamination sites. The affected area is located more than 1,200 feet from the Town Hall property. It is anticipated that WDNR will establish additional standards for well construction to safeguard against migration from the affected area. This alternative assumes that the Town wells would be installed to depth through the Maquoketa shale layer and into the Sandstone Aquifer.

A water quality analysis for wells that are in operation drawing from the Sandstone Aquifer was performed on existing data from wells throughout Washington and surrounding counties. Based on results of that analysis, this alternative assumes that along with disinfection requirements, the SD would also provide treatment for iron, manganese and arsenic that may be above NR 140 ESs. If this alternative is selected, it is recommended that a test well be constructed at one of the permanent well sites to confirm water quality before detailed design of treatment facilities. Also, treatment of arsenic would require a pilot study prior to approval for implementation.





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Upon reviewing acceptable treatment methods described in Chapter NR 811, Wis. Admin. Code, all three contaminants listed above would be treated with an oxidation and filtration unit process along with adsorption media technology. Well pumps would pump through pressure filters with chlorine feed pre-filtration for oxidation of the contaminants and another chlorine feed point post-filtration for disinfection. The filtered water would then be re-pumped into a 4,000 gallon hydro-pneumatic tank to maintain system pressures, provide for backwash water, and attenuate surges during periods of peak demand. A preliminary flow schematic for the treatment facility is shown on Figure 4-4.

As stated above, arsenic is present as a naturally occurring contaminant. Chapter NR 811, Wis. Admin. Code requires pilot testing for any unit process being proposed for the treatment of arsenic. Detailed design of such a process would be based on information from a pilot study. For purposes of this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation, a three month pilot study was assumed, following a projected nine month review and approval process by PSC, for a 12 month total regulatory review period.

Finally, the waste stream from the treatment process must be appropriately handled. Ideally, the filter backwash wastewater would be discharged directly to a sanitary sewer system. Because the Village’s sanitary system is approximately 1.6 miles away, a sanitary pumping station and force main would be needed. However, for the conceptual design phase, it is recommended that a backwash waste recycling system be chosen with zero wastewater discharge and only a sludge load-out connection. This method is more cost effective due to lack of a nearby sanitary sewer collection system.

4.2.2 Facilities and Staffing

The most significant operating cost for a utility is typically personnel, including administrative support, customer service, licensed operators, equipment operators, service technicians, and meter readers. Emergency responders for main breaks and major equipment malfunctions would also be required. Some of this staffing could be provided through current Town staff, if available. In accordance with Chapter NR 810, Wis. Admin. Code the District is required to employ a certified operator to oversee water quality monitoring and preparation and submittal of monthly reports to WDNR. None of these positions justify full-time employment. The SD could also consider subcontracting these duties out to a public entity, such as the Village, or a private business, who already has trained personnel in the area that could be responsible for the monitoring, reporting, billings, financials and maintenance responsibilities needed by the SD.





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Regardless of the supply water source, it is anticipated that the SD would need a facility somewhere within the Town for storing spare parts and materials. It is assumed for purposes of this study that existing Town maintenance facilities would be used, thus no additional buildings are included. The SD would need to maintain this storehouse, ensure that the necessary items are available for repairs, operation and maintenance of the SD’s BPS and distribution system. It is also expected that the SD would need to purchase a service vehicle to assist with day-to-day operations.

4.2.2.1 Interconnection Facility and BPS

Facility components for Alternative 3 include the check valve, master meter, BPS and hydro-pneumatic tank. It is recommended that all of these components be incorporated into one Interconnection Facilities Building (Figure 4-2).

4.2.2.2 SD Water Treatment Facility

Facility components for this alternative include well fields and well pumps. A building near the well fields to house the water treatment unit processes would need to be constructed and sized to house pressure filters, chlorine storage and chemical feed equipment, filtered water pumps, and hydro-pneumatic tank. In addition, the wastewater treatment tanks, recirculation and sludge load-out equipment would be housed in this building (Figure 4-4).


Regulatory considerations are two-fold for this alternative: 1) Establishing a water utility capable of serving the proposed services, and 2) establishing a SD. Utilization of wells is regulated via Section NR 811.12(5), Wis. Admin. Code. It establishes siting requirements for wells used as part of a community water system. Section NR 811.12(5) states that water supply wells must be located at least 1,200 feet from solid waste facilities and other known sources of contamination. In addition, treatment for arsenic requires pilot testing per Section NR 811, Wis. Admin. Code, as discussed in Section 4.2.1.2.

The PSC of Wisconsin regulates public water utilities (Section 4.1.3 above). As stated, they regulate, review and require reporting. For a new water system, reviews are expected to require between six and nine months and include additional time for public meetings and comments. The PSC contacted ARCADIS regarding this evaluation and indicated that establishment of small SDs such as Alternative 3 is generally





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discouraged because utilities this small frequently encounter management, operational, or financial difficulties that can adversely affect users.

Establishing the SD would need to comply with Chapter 60, Subchapter IX, of the Wisconsin Statutes; however, it also could be established at the order of WDNR. This process would begin with WDNR giving the Town Board 30 days notice that they wish to hold a public hearing, and the Board then would be responsible for publishing a hearing notice. After the hearing, and upon receipt of notice from WDNR, the Town Board would be ordered to establish a Town SD. If the Town Board did not establish a SD within 45 days of the notice from WDNR, WDNR has the authority to issue orders establishing boundaries of the SD, declaring the District organized, and giving the District a corporate name.

Section NR 812.26, Wis. Admin. Code requires that water supply wells taken out of service be abandoned (i.e., sealed). For properties where connection to the SD will occur, the existing water supply well would be decommissioned as presented above in Section 4.1.3.


The water source supply would be the main factor to consider in negotiations. Supply from Village PWS would require the most significant negotiations, whereas developing SD wells would be fairly straightforward.

For a well water supply owned by the Town, the key negotiation issue is for permission to install water service laterals onto each property and connect to the new system. The SD would have to decide on distribution system piping diameter and whether or not to provide fire hydrants. Although a rural water network utilizing 4-inch diameter mains would be adequate to provide water in quantity and quality similar to what existed previously, if fire hydrants are desired or required, a minimum 6-inch diameter or recommended 8-inch diameter, main would be necessary.

A well site must be acquired, test wells drilled and sampled and final design for wells and necessary treatment completed. Acquisition of a well site would require negotiation if the Town Hall property were not used.

As mentioned above, negotiating agreements for a water supply source from the Village would be more involved. The first issue is whether the Border Agreement would require update, or whether a separate water supply agreement would suffice. The latter





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is recommended, and such a supply agreement should resolve issues regarding size of water mains to be attached, average and maximum flow rates desired at the point of connection, impact fees to be collected, quality of water delivered at the point of master meter, rates charged for water, term of agreement, and how to modify the agreement over time for growth of the SD’s water network.

Property acquisition for the water treatment facility would be needed if the Town Hall property was not used. Any special requirements for the building’s architectural features, zoning, any site fencing needed, etc. should be considered. Also, internal components (pumps, storage tank, office space or not, and other considerations) as well as possible need for sanitary sewer on the site should be considered.

Other operational issues with either supply source could be included in the water supply agreement, such as possible desire to subcontract with the Village for operations, maintenance and management (customer service, meter reading, billings, etc.). Emergency repairs could also be contracted as part of such an agreement.

Through use, deeper wells could draw contaminant vertically if there are unknown fissures, cracks, or crevices in the Maquoketa Shale resulting in a newly impacted well. This could impair the new well, thus reversing the situation and creating a need for new wells. Also, construction activities could result in similar contaminant migration vertically. Water quality at deeper strata at the actual well site could significantly affect treatment infrastructure and associated costs.

Additional operations, maintenance and management activities are required with operating a water utility and are compounded by addition of wells and water treatment. The more complexities introduced to a utility, the higher the OM&R expenses and initial design and construction. Given the relatively small size of the system needed for the proposed services, the long-term cost per user could be significant.

The list of regulated contaminants continues to be evaluated by U.S. EPA and continues to grow. Over time SD operations could be increased, and more treatment for additional, currently unregulated contaminants could be required. This also increases costs to end users.

Time frame to set up a SD and get agreements in place prior to providing water to residents will be longer than the other alternatives. Inter-government relationships, procedures, and public meetings could pose significant time delays in final implementation of this alternative. Plan reviews for design can be expedited for the





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piping system. However, timing for pilot studies for arsenic treatment (if needed) could delay final implementation and water supply to the proposed services

4.3 Alternative 4 – New Private Water Supply Wells

Under Alternative 4 each existing private water supply well would be decommissioned by removing the well pump, and a new water supply well would be installed to provide potable water. Decommissioned wells would either be maintained as monitoring wells to continue evaluating the extent of affected groundwater or sealed in accordance with Chapter NR 812.26, Wis. Admin. Code.

During the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation, several concerns were raised regarding installation of replacement water supply wells. The goal of this process is to provide affected properties with a long-term, safe and reliable source of potable water. If replacement wells were installed in a lower portion of the Niagara Aquifer or the upper portion of the Sandstone Aquifer, the combined effect of multiple operating water supply wells has the potential to draw contaminants further downward into previously unaffected aquifers. In addition, water quality parameters associated with naturally occurring conditions such as hardness and iron often increase in concentration with depth.

The Town Board requested that installation of replacement wells be retained as an alternative. It was also suggested that a variation of this alternative be included in the Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation. To reduce the number of replacement water supply wells, the Town Board suggested that consideration be given to installing water supply wells that would service groups of properties, clustering properties in close proximity with one another to provide water from a common well. This variation was also reviewed as part of the Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation.

4.3.1 Desktop Geologic Study

ARCADIS completed a desktop geologic study to evaluate hydrogeologic conditions in the area and determine whether Alternative 4 would be feasible for providing affected properties with a long-term, safe and reliable source of potable water.

4.3.1.1 Regional Geology

Washington County’s regional geology is characterized by a series of geologic units consisting of unconsolidated deposits underlain by a sequence of bedrock units:





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limestone/dolomite; shale, dolomite, and sandstone; sandstone; and crystalline bedrock. Bedrock cross sections were prepared to depict subsurface conditions, and locations of geologic cross sections are depicted on Figure 4-5. Cross sections A-A’ and B-B’ are presented on Figures 4-6 and 4-7, respectively. Boring logs and well construction reports reviewed in the desktop geologic study are included in Appendix C. A summary of the various geologic units from youngest to oldest is presented below.

Unconsolidated Deposits: In Washington County unconsolidated deposits were formed during the Quaternary Period, which started approximately 1.6 million years ago. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet advanced from central and eastern Canada into Wisconsin, several distinct lobes were formed including the Green Bay and Lake Michigan Lobes (WGNHS, 1997). These lobes transected Washington County from northeast to southwest. The Lake Michigan Lobe was located where the Village is currently located. As the two lobes retreated, melt water flowed south under and above the ice sheet and deposited massive amounts of sand and gravel, along with clay and silt.

Unconsolidated deposits in the southeast quarter of Washington County were formed from end and ground moraine (WGNHS, 1983). Thickness of deposits range from zero (where the underlying dolomite bedrock outcrops at the surface) up to approximately 50 feet. Deposits belong to the Waubeka Member of the Holy Hill Formation that contains sand, gravel, and diamicton. Diamicton refers to poorly sorted sediment with a wide range of grain sizes. Unconsolidated deposits in the Waubeka Member consist of gray to brown, clayey till and silt till, with limited amounts of sand (WGNHS, 1997).

Bedrock: Bedrock in Washington County (WGNHS, 1980), from youngest to oldest, includes these geologic units:

Silurian limestone/dolomitic bedrock;

Ordovician shale, dolomite and sandstone;

Cambrian sandstones; and

Precambrian basement crystalline rock.

Topography of the top of the bedrock surface in the region is depicted on Figure 4-8. Additional information regarding each unit is presented below.





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Silurian Age Bedrock: Underlying the unconsolidated deposits is a Silurian Period limestone/dolomite (WGNHS, 1980). The Silurian Period was approximately 419 to 440 million years ago, and the Silurian limestone/dolomite belongs to the Racine Formation (WGNHS, 2004). The Racine Formation is very light to light gray, medium to coarse grained, with thin to thick beds, and is fossiliferous. Significant discontinuous fractures are present in the upper limestone/dolomite that is referred to as the Niagara Aquifer and is a predominant aquifer used for drinking water. Thickness of the Silurian limestone/dolomite increases from zero in parts of Washington County to approximately 150 feet below land surface along the Lake Michigan shoreline.

Ordovician Age Bedrock: Underlying the Silurian limestone/dolomite is Ordovician Period shale, sandstone, and dolomite (WGNHS, 1980). The Ordovician Period was approximately 440 to 485 million years ago. Multiple formations were formed during this Period including the Maquoketa shale; a dolomite-shaley dolomite, referred to as the Galena dolomite, Decorah Formation, and Platteville Formation; St. Peter Sandstone; and the dolomite-sandy dolomite Prairie du Chien Group. Much of the Prairie du Chien Group was eroded before the St. Peter Sandstone was deposited.

The Maquoketa Shale is greenish gray to purplish, with limited tan, argillaceous dolomite (WGHNS, 2004). The Galena, Decorah, and Platteville formations are light-gray to blue-gray and are also known to be shaley (WGNHS, 1980). The St. Peter Sandstone is white to light gray, fine to medium grained. The Prairie du Chien Group is white to gray dolomite with some sandstone. The Galena-Platteville unit surface is located approximately 750 feet above sea level west of Hartford to more than 150 feet below sea level along the Lake Michigan shoreline. The elevation of the Ordovician bedrock ranges from 750 feet above sea level west of Hartford to more than 150 feet below sea level along the Lake Michigan shoreline.

There is a bedrock valley trending from northeast to southwest that transects Washington County (WGHNS, 2004), and this valley is located west of the Village (Figure 4-8). The valley was formed as the Silurian dolomite/limestone was eroded down to the Maquoketa Shale, and unconsolidated sand and gravel has filled the buried bedrock valley.

Cambrian Age Bedrock: Underlying the Ordovician Period bedrock, sandstone was formed during the Cambrian Period approximately 485 to 540 million years





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ago. This sandstone is subdivided into five formations including, from youngest to oldest: the Trempealeau, Franconia, Galesville, Eau Claire, and Mount Simon. These sandstones generally represent a fining-up-sequence that grades from fine to coarse sand in the Mount Simon Formation to very fine to medium sand in the Trempealeau Formation. Siltstone beds are present in the Trempealeau Formation, while dolomitic and shale beds are present in Eau Claire and Mount Simon Formations. Thickness of the Cambrian sandstones increases from zero in the Hartford area to several hundred feet along the Lake Michigan shoreline.

Precambrian Age Bedrock: Underlying the Cambrian Period sandstone is crystalline bedrock that was formed during the Precambrian Period that ended approximately 540 million years ago. Crystalline bedrock underlies the Cambrian Age sandstone and slopes to the east. The surface of the crystalline bedrock ranges from approximately 500 feet above sea level near Hartford to approximately 1,200 feet below sea level along the Lake Michigan shoreline. The thickness of the crystalline bedrock is unknown.

4.3.1.2 Regional Hydrogeology

Groundwater is used as potable and process water for Washington County (WCLWR, 2005) with more than 12 MGD withdrawn from groundwater in Washington County. A summary of the regional hydrogeology based on reports prepared by the USGS, Wisconsin Geologic and Natural History Survey (WGNHS), and the Southeast Regional Planning Commission (SEWRPC) is below.

There are three aquifers in Washington County (USGS, 1992):

Unconsolidated Sand and Gravel Aquifer: The sand and gravel aquifer is the shallowest and youngest aquifer with sand and gravel originating from glacial and alluvial deposits. Unconsolidated deposits are typically 50 feet or less thick. Complex stratigraphy (variable grain sizes) and depositional environments, combined with variable thickness of deposits and hummocky topography, contribute to the low to medium permeability of the aquifer. However, since the sand and gravel aquifer is shallow, it is directly connected to surface water and can be readily recharged through precipitation.

Niagara Aquifer: The Niagara Aquifer includes the Silurian limestone/dolomite found directly beneath the unconsolidated glacial and alluvial deposits, but above the Maquoketa Shale. This is the primary aquifer used in Washington County for





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drinking water, where unconsolidated deposits are thin or not present. Drinking water in the affected area is supplied from private wells installed in the Niagara Aquifer.

Sandstone Aquifer: The Sandstone Aquifer includes the Ordovician Galena-Platteville Dolomite, St. Peter Sandstone and Prairie du Chien Group sandstone formations. The aquifer is located beneath the Maquoketa Shale. The Ordovician age Maquoketa Shale is a relatively impermeable formation that separates the Niagara and Sandstone aquifers and confines the water in the Sandstone Aquifer (WGNHS, 1980).

4.3.1.3 Groundwater Location, Movement, and Recharge

A summary of the depths to groundwater, flow direction, and recharge information for the Niagara and Sandstone aquifers is below.

Niagara Aquifer: In Washington County groundwater is located 25 feet or less below land surface (WCLWR, 2005). Groundwater in the Niagara Aquifer flows to the southeast (SEWRPC, 2005). The potentiometric surface is located between 800 and 900 feet above mean sea level and coincides directly with the topography and location of surface water bodies. There has been negligible change in the potentiometric surface and flow direction in Washington County between predevelopment and current development.

Since groundwater is shallow, recharge to the unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifer and Niagara Aquifer is provided predominantly by precipitation and discharge from surface water bodies like streams, lakes, and springs (SEWRPC, 2005). Washington County receives an average of 15 to 25 inches of rainfall annually (USGS, 2012). The recharge rate in southeast Washington County is approximately two to three inches per year (SEWRPC, 2005).

Sandstone Aquifer: The Sandstone Aquifer is confined by the Maquoketa Shale. In wells cased below the Maquoketa Shale, the potentiometric surface rises above the Shale and below the potentiometric surface of the Niagara Aquifer located approximately 700 feet below land surface. This is approximately 100 to 200 feet below the groundwater elevation in the Niagara Aquifer, indicating a downward gradient exists.





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Prior to development of Washington County, groundwater flow was to the east towards Lake Michigan. However, as pumping rates in Milwaukee and Waukesha counties increased with development, the cone of depression in southeast Wisconsin expanded, and today groundwater flow in the Sandstone Aquifer (predominantly in the St. Peter Sandstone) is to the southeast. Recharge to the Sandstone Aquifer is predominantly where the Maquoketa Shale is absent, in the western third of Washington County.

4.3.1.4 Hydraulic Conductivity

Both the Niagara and Sandstone Aquifers are important sources of water for Washington County. The Maquoketa Shale is a confining unit that separates the two aquifers. A discussion of the hydraulic conductivities of the two aquifers and confining unit is below.

Niagara Aquifer: Wells in the Niagara Aquifer have a sufficient well yield to support supplying water for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes (WGNHS, 1980). The Niagara Aquifer includes the Devonian and the Silurian dolomite. The Devonian dolomite was eroded by the last glaciation in Washington County. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Silurian dolomite/limestone is estimated at 1 to 4 feet per day (ft/d) and the vertical hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 0.001 to 0.1 ft/d.

Maquoketa Shale: The Maquoketa Shale is an aquitard located between the Niagara and Sandstone Aquifers. The shale exhibits geologic heterogeneity with bedding plane fractures where interbedded shale and dolomite facies are present in the upper part, compared to the lower part that has a uniform shale lithology (WGNHS, 2001). Fractures in the upper part of the shale have resulted in a higher bulk hydraulic conductivity in the upper part of the formation than compared to the lower half. The horizontal conductivity is estimated at 0.0003 to 0.3 ft/d and the vertical hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 0.000005 to 0.001 ft/d (SEWRPC, 2005).

Sandstone Aquifer: Like the Niagara Aquifer, wells in the Sandstone Aquifer have a sufficient well yield to support supplying water for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes (WGNHS, 1980). However, the Sandstone Aquifer is generally not utilized for domestic purposes since the Niagara Aquifer provides a sufficient quantity of water, and constructing wells in the Sandstone Aquifer would be more costly.

The Sandstone Aquifer includes the Galena-Platteville Formation and the St. Peter Sandstone Formation. The St. Peter Sandstone is more conductive than the Galena-





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Platteville Formation (SEWRPC, 2005). The horizontal hydraulic conductivity for the Galena-Platteville Formation and the St. Peter Sandstone Formation are estimated at 0.04 to 0.3 ft/d and 1.2 to 6 ft/d, respectively. The vertical hydraulic conductivity for the Galena-Platteville Formation and the St. Peter Sandstone Formation show little variability with estimated values at 0.0005 to 0.01 ft/d and 0.0004 to 0.04 ft/day, respectively.

4.3.2 Desktop Geologic Study Results

The feasibility of Alternative 4 is driven by geologic and hydrogeologic conditions in the area. To be feasible, it must be possible to install replacement wells that provide affected properties with a long-term, safe and reliable source of potable water. For this to occur, there must be 1) no potential for water to become impacted with constituents from the affected area over time; 2) the source water must be similar in quality to the water being replaced; and 3) the source must be capable of providing sufficient yield of water to ensure the quantity of available water is comparable to the source water being replaced.

4.3.2.1 Communication between Aquifers

Based on conversations with the WDNR, private water supply wells installed in the affected area would have to be installed so water is being drawn from the Sandstone Aquifer, with the well casing secured within the Maquoketa Shale. The Maquoketa Shale is a regional confining unit located between the Niagara and Sandstone Aquifers in southeast Wisconsin (WGNHS, 2001). Characterization of the Maquoketa Shale as an aquitard is a central component to regional groundwater flow models, which are used to understand and adjust regional groundwater use and develop wellhead protection plans.

The ability of the Maquoketa Shale to serve as an aquitard is critical for the feasibility of this alternative. If the Maquoketa Shale is not a sufficient aquitard, there is potential that the newly installed private water supply wells could create a downward gradient, drawing contaminants into previously unaffected aquifers. ARCADIS reviewed available information regarding the potential for communication between the Niagara and Sandstone Aquifers and key observations follow:

High capacity wells for industrial and municipal use in the region are installed above and below the Maquoketa Shale. Water levels in wells cased below the Maquoketa Shale in the Sandstone Aquifer are located below the water levels for





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wells cased above the Maquoketa Shale in the Niagara Aquifer, indicating there is a downward gradient. This downward gradient increases the potential for leakage across the confining unit.

The Maquoketa Shale is approximately 200 feet thick in southeast Washington County; however, there is a bedrock valley trending from northeast to southwest that transects Washington County (WGHNS, 2004). This valley is located approximately 2 miles west of the Village. The valley was formed as the Silurian limestone/dolomite was eroded down to the Maquoketa Shale, and unconsolidated sand and gravel has filled the buried bedrock valley. The presence of this valley indicates there is a potential for localized communication between the two aquifers due to thinning or absence of the Maquoketa Shale.

Drawdown was observed in wells cased in the Maquoketa Shale at various depths when pumping was initiated in the Niagara Aquifer. This connectivity led to further characterization of the Shale as an aquitard. Geologic heterogeneity exists in the upper two-thirds of the formation where bedding plane fractures are observed at the shale and dolomite facies, compared to the lower part of the formation. The drawdown observed in the shale formation was attributed to higher bulk conductivity in the upper formation where local interconnections between bedding plane and vertical fractures are present.

The horizontal conductivity is estimated at 0.0003 to 0.3 ft/day and the vertical hydraulic conductivity is estimated at 0.000005 to 0.001 ft/day (SEWRPC, 2005). These results indicate that the upper portion of the Maquoketa Shale would not serve as an aquitard.

Tritium concentrations in groundwater are often used to evaluate groundwater movement. Tritium is present in groundwater as a result of atmospheric nuclear testing conducted in the 1960s. Tritium in precipitation subsequently entered groundwater through recharge and serves as a tracer. The isotropic results for tritium were negative in the Maquoketa Shale (WGNHS, 2001). Elevated tritium values would be expected if leakage were occurring through the Maquoketa Shale. The lack of tritium may be an indication of the formation acting as a regional confining unit or aquitard.

Based on the drawdown observed in wells installed above and below the Maquoketa Shale and the higher bulk conductivity observed in the upper two-thirds of the formation where bedding plane and vertical fractures are present, there is potential,





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although low, for leakage through the Maquoketa Shale. A test well installed in the lower one-third of the Maquoketa Shale to evaluate the geologic heterogeneity of the formation and assist with design and installation methodology and identification of construction materials for a replacement potable well would be advisable if this alternative were selected.

4.3.2.2 Water Quality

ARCADIS obtained an analytical database for private and high capacity wells from the WDNR online Groundwater Retrieval Network (GRN) on December 4, 2012. The data ranges from November 1993 to March 2012. Specific water quality parameters from this database (total arsenic, hardness, nitrate, bacteria as coliform, total iron and total manganese) were reviewed for the Niagara Aquifer and underlying Sandstone Aquifer. These parameters were selected because they provide an indicator of these water quality issues:

Aesthetic properties that affect water use. These parameters include hardness, iron and manganese, which can cause scaling and staining.

The presence of naturally occurring or manmade contaminants that can cause health issues. These parameters include arsenic, bacteria and nitrate.

Other parameters including radium and hydrogen sulfide were considered, but insufficient data were available. Fact sheets from regulatory agencies for the constituents evaluated by this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation are included in Appendix B.

ARCADIS reviewed the database to determine minimum, maximum, and average values for these water quality parameters for wells located within the Niagara Aquifer and Sandstone Aquifer (Table 4-1). Water quality data was then mapped to evaluate spatial distribution of the data relative to the affected area. For each water quality parameter except nitrate, separate figures (Figures 4-9 through 4-19) were prepared for the Niagara Aquifer (Figures 4-9 through 4-13) and Sandstone Aquifer (Figures 4-15 through 4-19). Based on the limited number of samples containing nitrate, all data for this water quality parameter were placed on a single figure (Figure 4-14). Data from the WDNR GRN database used for this analysis are included in Appendix D. Data was reviewed to evaluate whether the Sandstone Aquifer is capable of providing a sufficient quality of water for new private water supply wells. Water quality data was also





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reviewed for the Niagara Aquifer, as this aquifer is currently in use in the affected area and results serve as a baseline.

Niagara Aquifer: Groundwater database results were evaluated for the Niagara Aquifer. Based on available literature, water from the Niagara Aquifer is very hard and locally contains high concentrations of iron and manganese (WGNHS, 1980).

Total arsenic was detected in 179 analytical samples out of 308. The average detection for total arsenic was 0.011 milligrams per liter (mg/L). Of the 179 detections, 120 were greater than or equal to the NR 140 PAL of 0.001 mg/L and less than the NR 140 ES of 0.10 mg/L, and 38 detections were greater than the ES. ES limits are local required treatment standards and are equal to or more stringent than the U.S. EPA MCLs requiring treatment per the Safe Drinking Water Act. A summary of results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-9. In general, higher arsenic concentrations were present in wells to the west and north.

Bacteria, as Coliform, was detected in 37 analytical samples out of 1,107. The NR 140 PAL and ES is zero (i.e., no bacteria present). A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-10. Several exceedances were located near the affected area.

Hardness was detected in 72 analytical samples out of 74. The average detection for hardness was 340 mg/L, an indication of hard water. Of the 72 detections, 61 were greater than or equal to a hardness of 100 mg/L, indicating moderately hard water. No NR 140 ES or PAL has been established for hardness. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-11.

Total iron was detected in 66 analytical samples out of 103. The average detection for iron was 1.256 mg/L. Of the 66 detections, six were greater than or equal to the NR 140 PAL of 0.15 mg/L and less than the NR 140 ES of 0.30 mg/L, and 38 detections were greater than the ES. NR 140 water quality criteria exceedances for iron were located in all directions from the affected area. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-12.

Total manganese was detected in 74 analytical samples out of 98. The average detection for manganese was 1.38 mg/L. Of the 74 detections, 15 were greater than or equal to the PAL of 0.025 mg/L and less than the ES of 0.05 mg/L, and 14 detections were greater than the ES. NR 140 water quality criteria exceedances for manganese





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were located in all directions from the affected area. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-13.

Nitrate was detected in 30 analytical samples out of 32. The average detection for nitrate was 1.186 mg/L. Of the 30 detections, 3 were greater than or equal to the PAL of 2.0 mg/L and less than the ES of 10 mg/L, and no detections were greater than the ES. All available nitrate data was collected from the Cedarburg-Grafton area to the east. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-14.

Sandstone Aquifer: Groundwater database results were evaluated for the Sandstone Aquifer. Based on available literature, water from the Sandstone Aquifer has the potential to contain concentrations of water quality parameters that affect potable water aesthetics (WGNHS, 1980).

Total arsenic was detected in 22 analytical samples out of 51. The average detection for total arsenic was 0.003 mg/L. Of the 22 detections, 14 were greater than or equal to the NR 140 PAL of 0.001 mg/L and less than the NR 140 ES of 0.10 mg/L, and no detections were greater than the ES. NR 140 groundwater quality criteria exceedances were generally found to the north and east. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-15.

Bacteria, as Coliform, was detected in 2 analytical samples out of 308, indicating limited exceedances of the NR 140 groundwater quality criteria for this parameter. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-16.

Hardness was detected in 20 analytical samples out of 20. The average detection for hardness was 321.45 mg/L, indicating hard water. Of the 20 detections, 19 were greater than or equal a hardness of 100 mg/L, indicating moderately hard water throughout the area. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-17.

Total iron was detected in 16 analytical samples out of 18. The average detection for iron was 0.438 mg/L. Of the 16 detections, 1 was greater than or equal to the PAL of 0.15 mg/L and less than the ES of 0.30 mg/L, and 11 detections were greater than the ES. NR 140 water quality criteria exceedances for iron were located in all directions from the affected area. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-18.





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Total manganese was detected in 17 analytical samples out of 18. The average detection for manganese was 0.039 mg/L. Of the 17 detections, 5 were greater than or equal to the NR 140 PAL of 0.025 mg/L and less than the ES of 0.05 mg/L, and 7 detections were greater than the NR 140 ES. Exceedances of the NR 140 groundwater quality criteria were found to the north, west and south. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-19.

Nitrate was detected in 13 analytical samples out of 16. The average detection for nitrate was 0.841 mg/L. Of the 13 detections, none were greater than or equal to the PAL of 2.0 mg/L or the ES of 10 mg/L. A summary of these results is shown in Table 4-1 and depicted on Figure 4-14.

Summary: The quality of groundwater in wells completed in the Niagara and Sandstone Aquifers throughout Washington and Ozaukee Counties is generally good; however, some characteristics make it objectionable or unsuitable for some uses (WGNHS, 1980). Water from each aquifer contains iron and manganese concentrations that commonly exceed the NR 140 ES for potable wells, the water is also moderately hard, exceeding 100 mg/L throughout the area and averaging more than 300 mg/L in both aquifers in some areas.

Average concentrations of total arsenic, iron and manganese in the Niagara Aquifer exceed the NR 140 ESs. The average concentration for iron was the only parameter that exceeded the ES for the Sandstone Aquifer, but the maximum concentration for iron and manganese was greater than the ES for each parameter.

As indicated in Table 4-2, it appears the water quality in the Sandstone Aquifer is better than or equal to that from the Niagara Aquifer, based on the average concentrations of water quality parameters; however, construction of some of the wells completed into the Sandstone aquifer consist of open boreholes completed across multiple geologic units (discussed below). This, along with a limited dataset from the Sandstone Aquifer creates uncertainty in the comparison of water quality between the two aquifers. To provide confirmation of the water quality data collected for this study, a test well is recommended, if this alternative is selected. If a test well is utilized, it is recommended that depth-specific sampling be performed to identify the best screening intervals for water quality. Confirmation of arsenic concentrations would be of primary concern given the low regulatory standard for this parameter and the need for water treatment if the regulatory standard is exceeded.





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4.3.2.3 Water Quantity

ARCADIS obtained a database from the WGNHS (WGNHS, 2012) that provided hydrologic information including normal pumping rates and specific capacity on high-capacity wells in Washington and Ozaukee Counties. ARCADIS reviewed the database to determine minimum, maximum, and average values for pumping rate and specific capacity for wells located within the Niagara Aquifer and Sandstone Aquifer. Results of this review for each aquifer are presented in Table 4-2. Average specific capacity for area water supply wells located within the Niagara Aquifer and Sandstone Aquifer are presented in Figures 4-20 and 4-21, respectively, to depict the spatial distribution of wells and specific capacity. Average pumping rates for area water supply wells located within the Niagara Aquifer and Sandstone Aquifer are presented in Figures 4-22 and 4-23, respectively, to depict the spatial distribution of wells and pumping rates. Data from the WGNHS databases used for this analysis are included in Appendix D.

The data was reviewed to evaluate whether the Sandstone Aquifer is capable of providing a sufficient quantity of water for new private water supply wells. Water quantity data was also reviewed for the Niagara Aquifer because this aquifer is currently in use in the affected area and results serve as a baseline.

Niagara Aquifer: The Niagara Aquifer includes Devonian and Silurian dolomite. Based on available literature, wells completed in this aquifer have sufficient yield to support water supply wells for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes (WGNHS, 1980). Furthermore, this unit currently provides water for the affected area since all of the private water supply wells in the affected area are installed in the Niagara Aquifer. Local water shortages associated with this formation in the affected area have not been reported, although shortages were reported in the city of Cedarburg to the east in 2012.

Forty-six wells identified and mapped in the WGNHS database search are completed within the Niagara aquifer (Figure 4-20). The average specific capacity is 21.5 gallons per minute per foot (gpm/ft) of drawdown. The maximum specific capacity is 550 gpm/ft (located approximately 2.5 miles south of the affected area), and the minimum is 0.3 gpm/ft (located approximately 11.5 miles north of the affected area). Wells with higher specific capacity were generally located to the south and east. The wells completed in the Niagara Aquifer (Figure 4-21) have an average pumping rate of 174 gpm. The wells completed in this aquifer range in depth from 64.5 to 127.9 feet and casing diameters range in size from 6 to 20 inches. Wells with higher pumping rates were





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located to the east, south and west and corresponded to municipal wells in areas with higher populations. These results support the literature conclusion that the Niagara Aquifer has sufficient water for current development.

Sandstone Aquifer: The Sandstone Aquifer includes the Ordovician Galena-Platteville Dolomite, St. Peter Sandstone and Prairie du Chien Group sandstone formations and is located beneath the Maquoketa Shale. Based on available literature, wells that are completed in the Sandstone Aquifer have sufficient yield to support water supply wells for domestic, municipal, industrial, and irrigation purposes (WGNHS, 1980). This aquifer is generally not used for domestic purposes because the overlying Niagara Aquifer provides sufficient quantity, and Sandstone Aquifer wells are more costly to install. As noted above, local water shortages were reported in the city of Cedarburg to the east in 2012; the city of Cedarburg’s municipal water system includes wells that draw water from the Sandstone Aquifer.

Twelve wells identified in the WGNHS database search are completed within the Sandstone Aquifer (Figure 4-22). The average specific capacity of these wells is 4.1 gpm/ft of drawdown. The maximum specific capacity is 13.6 gpm/ft (located approximately 7 miles to the east, in Cedarburg), and the minimum is 1.3 gpm/ft (located approximately 18 miles northwest). The wells completed in the Sandstone aquifer (Figure 4-23) have an average pumping rate of 271 gpm and range in depth from 190 to 1,401 feet with casing diameters ranging in size from 6 to 24 inches. Wells with higher specific capacity and pumping rates were generally located to the south and east.

Summary: Results of the desktop geologic study and associated WGNHS database review suggest that the Sandstone Aquifer is capable of providing a sufficient quantity of water for replacement water supply wells. However, as noted above, there is a potential for water shortages evidenced by the nearby city of Cedarburg experiencing water shortages in 2012. In addition, a review of the database indicated that many of the existing water supply wells constructed within the Sandstone Aquifer are constructed across several geologic units. For example, a nearby well in the city of Cedarburg (BG643) has a drilled depth of 1,210 feet. Another nearby well in the Village of Germantown (BH247) has a drilled depth of 1,271 feet. Well construction information indicates that these wells are completed across the Galena and Plattville formations. If this alternative is selected, a test well and pumping test may be needed to confirm that the portion of the Sandstone Aquifer targeted for use by new private water supply wells is capable of providing sufficient quantity of water, aquifer yield and well capacity.





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Water quantity in both the limestone layer and sandstone layer below the shale appear to be adequate for proposed services, and the peak pumping rate of 100 gpm desired for the municipal wells required in Alternative 3G. (See Table 4-2 and Figures 4-20 through 4-23 for a summary of water quantity in the region.)

4.3.3 Well Drilling Requirements

Minimum standards for private water supply well construction are established in NR 812, Wis. Admin. Code. WDNR has the regulatory authority to establish additional standards to protect human health and the environment. ARCADIS contacted the WDNR to determine if more stringent construction requirements would be established for private water supply wells constructed within the affected area.

WDNR indicated that additional well construction requirements would need to be met for private water supply wells installed within the affected area. A proposed private well section is shown in Figure 4-24. An overview of required construction methods follows:

A 12-inch upper enlarged drillhole (UED) extending from the ground surface to 10 to 20 feet into the Maquoketa Shale using mud rotary drilling techniques.

An 8-inch steel casing cement-grouted into the UED.

A borehole drilled through the Maquoketa Shale and into the lower dolomite or sandstone. This second borehole could be drilled using either air or mud rotary techniques.

A 6-inch casing cement-grouted into place using the Bradenhead technique.

The lower drillhole would be constructed as needed to supply water.

As noted in the regional geology discussion, the upper portion of the Maquoketa Shale exhibits geologic heterogeneity with bedding plane fractures and interbedded shale and dolomite facies. It is recommended that the construction methods described above be modified to require construction of the UED and 8-inch casing into the lower portion of the Maquoketa Shale.

If private water supply wells are replaced outside the affected area, WDNR indicated that alternate well construction techniques beyond the minimum requirements in NR 812 Wis. Admin. Code would also be required. They would not, however, be as





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stringent as those required for private water supply well construction within the affected area. For the purpose of this Alternatives Evaluation, all proposed private wells are located within the affected area.


Regulations for the construction of private water supply wells are established in Chapter NR 812, Wis. Admin. Code, and establishes a minimum standard. The WDNR provided a more stringent construction methodology for water supply wells within the affected area.

Water supply wells and the associated distribution system serving seven or more single family homes are considered community water systems, regulated under Chapter NR 811, Wis. Admin. Code. Regulations for water supply wells used to serve groups of six single family homes or fewer are limited to those applicable to individual private water supply wells (i.e., NR 812) and associated with plumbing connections (Chapter SPS 382).

There is no state or Town regulatory requirement for sampling a private water supply well or a water supply well serving up to six single family homes. However, Section NR 700, Wis. Admin. Code gives the WDNR authority to require investigation and remediation activities to address a release. Such activities can include implementation of a groundwater monitoring program under Chapters NR 716 or NR 724, Wis. Admin. Code. As stated earlier in this report, a groundwater monitoring program to evaluate groundwater quality has been implemented in the affected area. WDNR may require sampling of the newly installed water supply wells to confirm the absence of contaminants associated with the release.

Section NR 812.26, Wis. Admin. Code requires that water supply wells taken out of service be abandoned (i.e., sealed). For properties where a replacement water supply well is installed, the existing water supply well would be decommissioned by removing the pump to prevent cross-connections or use of the Niagara Aquifer. In the long term, it is assumed that each of the decommissioned water supply wells would be sealed in accordance with Chapter NR 812, Wis. Admin. Code. In the near term, WDNR may request that decommissioned water supply wells be maintained for collection of groundwater samples to monitor groundwater quality in the Niagara Aquifer as remediation progresses.





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If this alternative were selected, negotiations for implementation would be held directly with individual property owners or, in the case of cluster well usage, groups of property owners. The Village and Town would not be included in these negotiations except as it relates to permitting required for well construction and infrastructure associated with water lines from cluster wells. ARCADIS does not envision any specific water-related issues related to negotiations for this alternative.

Additional negotiations would be necessary to implement cluster wells as an alternative. The affected area would be divided into groups of six or less single family homes and a decision would then need to be made on where each water supply well would be constructed. Property deeds would require updating, placing easements across neighboring properties for operations, maintenance and/or replacement of wells, piping, etc. This could prove to be difficult and tenuous, resulting in strained neighbor relations and delays in implementing the alternative.

The use of cluster wells would require that the homes being grouped onto a single water supply well cooperate in initially establishing an agreed-upon location for the shared well and easement rights for future well maintenance. There are no legal requirements or oversight from WDNR, Town or Washington County Health Department to force “cluster homes” to work amicably together to operate and maintain wells. It is not uncommon for relationships among the property owners to become strained as individual properties are sold and new owners enter into the arrangement/easement relationship. As a result, there is a potential for future claims by individual property owners if a well fails and the parties cannot agree on upgrades or replacement.

The WDNR developed specifications for construction of replacement water supply wells within the affected area. Construction methods include installation of a casing from the ground surface to the Maquoketa Shale and sealing the casing within the shale. Protection of the Sandstone Aquifer would rely on the successful well construction and continued integrity of the casing and seal. A construction deficiency or seal failure could result in migration of contaminants to the Sandstone Aquifer.

The use of the Maquoketa Shale as an aquitard assumes that the unit is continuous across the entire affected area. The desktop geologic study did not identify a well or boring in the affected area that extends to the Maquoketa Shale, so its presence in the affected area is being inferred from boring log information from neighboring





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communities. A bedrock valley is located two miles west of the affected area, indicating there may be some localized discontinuity of this unit.

There are no specific monitoring requirements for private water supply wells. In the absence of a monitoring program, there would be no mechanism to identify whether contaminants from the affected area have migrated to a replacement well due to drawdown, failed casing, or failed seal within the Maquoketa Shale.

Based on these additional considerations, this approach may not be viable for the 20- year planning period of the Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation.





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5. Phase 2 Alternatives Comparative Analysis

Each alternative was evaluated separately to better define and identify key aspects. Each alternative was also compared to the remaining alternatives, to defensibly compare options and provide a single recommendation. The comparative analysis includes multiple criteria and an economic and timeline comparison.

5.1 Evaluation Criteria

A series of 11 evaluation criteria were considered for the Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation. The criteria match those used in the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation. Because additional information was obtained during Phase 2, each of the 11 criteria was assigned a weighting percentage totaling 100 percent. All criteria were scored a 1 (comparatively unfavorable) to a 5 (comparatively favorable), and each score was factored by the criteria weight. The resultant overall alternative evaluation score was presented out of a total possible score of 5.0.

Three main categories were considered for the criteria weighting percentage. The categories and corresponding percentages are shown in Table 5-1 below.

Table 5-1 Evaluation Criteria Weighting

Category Percentage Criteria

Efficiency to

Implement

15 Technical Feasibility

15 Schedule

15 Cost

Long Term Viability

10 Water Quality

10 Water Quantity

10 Long Term Susceptibility

DailyOperations

5 Operation and Maintenance

5 Legal and Regulatory Complexities

5 Monitoring and Reporting Compliance

5 System Redundancy

5 Anticipated Public Acceptance

Total 100





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5.1.1 Long-Term Susceptibility

Each alternative was compared on its susceptibility as a long-term replacement water supply. The evaluation considered factors such as maintaining an adequate source, potential for long-term use and ability for adapting to long-term changes in property ownership. A public water system would be comparatively favorable due to its established resources and maintenance procedures and its ongoing regulatory sampling and reporting requirements. Private cluster wells scored comparatively unfavorable due to unknown operations, maintenance and replacement agreements among homeowners and complications with long-term changing property ownership.

5.1.2 Technical Feasibility

Each alternative was compared on its technical feasibility as a long-term replacement water supply. The evaluation considered factors such as ability to meet the defined assumptions, best available technology for treatment and possibility of technical complications. Alternatives were also compared based on type and amount of water infrastructure required. A supply requiring additional treatment, booster pumping or hydro-pneumatic storage was comparatively unfavorable to a supply not requiring treatment, pumping or storage.

5.1.3 Quantity of Water

Each alternative was compared on the quantity of water available to be supplied to the proposed services. The evaluation considered factors such as available capacity for a public water system and volume of water available in the specific aquifer strata for drilling new deep wells. Alternatives with known available capacities would be comparatively favorable to alternatives with unknown specific available capacities from a well or public water system.

5.1.4 Quality of Water

Each alternative was compared on the quality of water provided to the proposed services. The evaluation considered factors such as data available to determine water quality, untreated water quality of source and ability to maintain adequate water quality delivered to each user. Alternatives with historically adequate water quality data, ability to flush areas with high water age and ability to maintain quality water at customer taps would be comparatively favorable to alternatives with poor or little historical water quality data and lack of control to maintain water quality at customer taps.





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5.1.5 Operations, Maintenance and Replacement

Each alternative was compared for its complexity and ability for the infrastructure owner(s) to operate, maintain and replace. The evaluation considered factors such as treatment equipment complexity, infrastructure useful life and ability for future replacement. Alternatives with minimal equipment, infrastructure with a high useful life and treatment equipment that could be easily removed and replaced were comparatively favorable to alternatives with complex or buried infrastructure, treatment requiring chemical addition and treatment resulting in conveyance or additional treatment of large quantities or high concentrations of process waste streams.

5.1.6 Legal and Regulatory Complexity

Each alternative was compared for its legal and regulatory complexity, considering alternative implementation as well as long-term operation. The evaluation considered factors such as infrastructure ownership, necessity to revise or supplement the existing Town/Village Border Agreement and additional regulations applicable to the infrastructure within each alternative. Alternatives that were an extension of existing infrastructure or with minimal legal requirements were comparatively favorable to alternatives that developed a new public water entity or alternatives that may require multiple property owner easements.

5.1.7 Monitoring, Reporting and Compliance

Each alternative was compared on its monitoring and reporting complexity and its long-term ability to maintain monitoring and reporting compliance. The evaluation considered factors such as assumed sampling frequency, technical expertise required of the personnel responsible for the infrastructure and past monitoring and reporting compliance. Alternatives considering private water supply were comparatively favorable to alternatives potentially requiring long-term raw water, treatment and distribution sampling and compliance.

5.1.8 Timing to Implement

Each alternative was compared on its estimated implementation schedule, from detailed design to water at the users’ tap. The evaluation considered factors such as schedule estimates for design, regulatory and local approvals; pilot testing; plan reviews; capacity assurance plans; construction, startup and testing. Alternatives with





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the least time estimated to full implementation were comparatively favorable to alternatives with the longest estimated time to full implementation.

5.1.9 System Redundancy

Each alternative was compared on its reliability to continuously provide a long-term water supply through infrastructure redundancy. The evaluation considered backup from the water supply source, extent of looping within a distribution system, duplicate treatment or distribution equipment and power facilities. Alternatives with multiple redundancies within the source and distribution were comparatively favorable to alternatives with little or no source or distribution redundancy.

5.1.10 Anticipated Community Acceptance

Each alternative was compared on its anticipated community acceptance as a long-term water supply for the users. The evaluation weighed public perception of having a safe and reliable water supply from a public water system with the perception of no user cost for private well supply. Generalized preliminary results of the Town’s affected user survey were considered as short-term community acceptance along with anticipated long-term community acceptance.

5.1.11 Capital Cost

Each alternative was compared on its estimated capital cost. Alternatives with lowest capital cost estimate were comparatively favorable to alternatives with the highest capital cost estimate. Cost was evaluated with the 10 other specific criteria to provide an overall evaluation score encompassing all significant aspects of each alternative.

5.2 Evaluation Results

Results of the comparative analysis are summarized in Table 5-2. An overall comparative evaluation score is provided as an overall rank of alternatives based on the criteria defined within Section 5.1. Due to the criticality of the project timeline, additional comparison and evaluation of implementation schedule is provided. Further supporting information and assumptions in developing anticipated project costs and operation and maintenance costs is also provided within the evaluation results. A brief summary of the comparative analysis results for each alternative is also provided.





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5.2.1 Implementation Schedule Comparison

The estimated implementation schedule is shown in Figure 5-1.

The schedule considers multiple steps to alternative implementation ranging from detailed design through water at the users’ tap. The evaluation considers factors such as schedule estimates for design, regulatory and local approvals; pilot testing; plan reviews; capacity assurance plans; construction, startup and testing. Many of the specific requirements such as approval and testing are based on possible requirements that may or may not be imposed by regulatory agencies. Therefore, the following assumptions were considered in the implementation schedule estimate:

1) Alternatives for design and approval do not include any time needed for negotiations among various stakeholders.

Figure 5-1: Implementation Schedule Comparison

Implementation Time (months)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

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2) Alternative 2 Negotiations: a) Village and Town to extend water into Town. b) WSPC and property owners to permit access to private property to install

services and disconnect wells. c) WSPC and Paloroma Farms to extend water mains across their property and

consider acquiring tank site. d) Construction time for a new elevated tank is significantly longer but not

required in the short-term to make this alternative viable.

3) Alternative 3A Negotiations: a) Same as Alternative 2. b) Village and Town for Water Supply Agreement. c) WDNR and Town to establish SD. d) SD to establish utility ordinances, standards and codes.

4) Alternative 3G Negotiations: a) WSPC and property owners to permit access to private property to install

services and disconnect wells. b) Town and WDNR for pilot testing and approval of treatment. c) WDNR and Town to establish SD. d) SD to establish utility ordinances, standards and codes.

5) Alternative 4 Negotiations: a) WSPC and property owners to drill new wells and install connections. b) Property owners with each other to create easements and operations,

maintenance and expense sharing agreements and to file new easements or agreements with County recorder.

5.2.2 Conceptual Level Capital and O&M Cost Opinions

Cost opinions are Class 5, conceptual level cost opinions as defined by the AACE. These cost opinions were developed by ARCADIS’ in-house Chief Estimator based on similar construction project bids and contracts as well as through Means Cost Estimating guides. Further, budgetary costs were provided by manufacturers for specialty equipment as determined necessary for the various alternatives. For well drilling, contractor input was also solicited and considered herein.

These costs are conceptual in nature, with unknowns regarding treatment for potential municipal wells and resulting waste streams in Alternative 3G. Thus, the cost opinions





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for Alternative 3G have specifically been increased to account for potential unknowns. However, the piping networks and associated infrastructure (Alternatives 2 and 3A) and private wells (Alternative 4) are much better defined. Therefore a 15 percent contingency was added onto all engineer’s opinions of costs as a uniform contingency rate.

Capital costs for setting up the long-term water supply solution are the most significant portion of the overall cost opinions. For most alternatives, water distribution system piping, valves, hydrants, and service connections are included. This portion of the capital cost comprises the largest percentage of the engineer’s opinion of probable construction cost (EOPCC). Water storage tanks, pumps, water treatment equipment, and buildings represent a smaller portion of the overall costs. Finally, well installation cost within the proposed services, and specifically within the affected area, are significantly higher than outside the affected area. Wells must comply with WDNR requirements for this area, including significantly deeper wells, double casing and specialized drilling and construction methods.

Conversely, annual operating costs are relatively minor compared to the capital costs for developing a new water utility. Operating costs include personnel, utilities, chemicals, facilities’ needs, postage, consumables, etc. The most significant operating cost is typically personnel, including administrative support, customer service, licensed operators, equipment operators, service technicians, and meter readers. The relative size of such a utility will dictate annual and monthly operating costs that must be borne by utility customers (rate payers). The expense for compliance with all local, state and federal drinking water requirements is considered in this item as well, including water system flushing, valve exercising, sampling, laboratory analyses, and reporting.

Maintenance and replacement costs are considered to be very low during the first five years and also over the 20-year planning period of this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation. The utility infrastructure will be new. Specialty equipment should not need much initial maintenance work, and tends to have a design life of at least 20 years. The consumable media from treatment is considered an operating expense, as discussed above. Finally, the most significant portion of the capital cost is for piping infrastructure that has a minimum design life of 50 years.

As with any utility, rates charged to users of the utility must be sufficient to cover operations, maintenance, and replacements of the infrastructure. A utility fund is an enterprise fund and is expected to be self-sufficient, not requiring outside taxes or general operating funds to support the utility.





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Table 5-3 shows a summary of the anticipated capital and OM&R cost for each alternative. The EOPCC tables are included in Appendix E for each alternative. For Alternatives 2, 3A, and 3G, four of the existing private water supply wells would be maintained for agricultural water use and would be disconnected from the potable water supply. The first year’s anticipated cost for media was considered in the up-front capital cost, then quarterly replacement thereafter. All other wells are anticipated to be abandoned.

From Table 5-3 it is noteworthy that the EOPCC for Alternatives 2, 3A and 3G at $3.79 Million, $3.82 Million, and $3.99 Million, respectively, are all within 5 percent of one other. At this level of engineering judgment, these are all considered equivalent. Additional factors must be considered to make a comparison among these alternatives. The POET systems with agricultural wells are identical for these three alternatives. The annual operating costs, however, increase significantly for Alternatives 3A and 3G due to the small number of proposed services being tasked with the cost of operating a SD. Alternative 2 overall seems to represent the least cost opinion per user for both capital and operations. Alternative 4 at $5.18 Million is the highest cost alternative primarily due to the significant cost to drill and develop each well for the proposed services.

5.2.3 Alternative Results Summary

Each of the alternatives selected in the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation has been further defined, evaluated and compared. A brief summary of the Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation results is provided herein, including the evaluation score for each alternative (Table 5-1).

5.2.3.1 Alternative 2

Alternative 2 would extend the Village PWS to supply water to the proposed services defined herein. Comparative analysis results indicate an evaluation score of 4.7 out of 5.0. The alternative ranked favorably due to its established resources, maintenance and reporting requirements; available data and ability to meet the defined assumptions; adequacy of water quality and quantity, and short implementation timeline. Potential extension of the Village PWS has been anticipated, studied, modeled and included in the current Border Agreement between the Village and Town. The system has a plan for maintaining a well-reinforced transmission grid as the water utility develops and expands.





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5.2.3.2 Alternative 3A

Alternative 3A would establish a SD with a water distribution system supplied by the Village PWS. Comparative analysis results indicate an evaluation score of 3.8 out of 5.0. The alternative ranked favorably due to the Village PWS water supply having adequate quality and quantity. The alternative ranked unfavorably because of the additional legal and regulatory complexity, lack of proven maintenance and necessity to develop a new water utility, and the additional implementation time and complexity of operating and maintaining a booster pumping station. The SD start-up as a new utility would present challenges and complexities that would likely result in increased time required for implementation.

5.2.3.3 Alternative 3G

Alternative 3G would establish a SD with a water distribution system supplied by new Town wells and water treatment facility. Comparative analysis results indicate an evaluation score of 2.7 out of 5.0. The alternative ranked unfavorably due to the various unknowns of siting and drilling new municipal wells and probable need for development of a water treatment facility based on results of possible test well and pilot studies. The alternative scored the lowest for facilities operation and maintenance and timing to implement the wells, treatment and distribution facilities. Similar to Alternative 3A, the SD start-up as a new utility would present challenges and complexities that would likely result in increased time required for implementation.

5.2.3.4 Alternative 4

Alternative 4 would construct new cluster or individual private wells. Similar to Alternative 3G, comparative analysis results indicate an evaluation score of 2.4 out of 5.0. Alternative 4 is the least involved alternative from the Town’s perspective and the Village’s perspective. The alternative ranked unfavorably due to the various unknowns and risks of drilling multiple wells through the confining Maquoketa Shale; the lack of system redundancy; and the long-term legal and regulatory complexity of establishing easements, access rights and ownership of water supply equipment for cluster wells. Through evaluation of defining a recommended long-term water supply, Alternative 4 has the lowest ability to provide a safe and reliable long-term water supply. Further, drilling multiple new wells through the regional aquitard that protects an aquifer that provides water to many nearby communities adds inherent risk to regional groundwater resources. These penetrations could provide conduits for contaminants to migrate into the Sandstone Aquifer. Lastly, the need for private well owner treatment in this area





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due to arsenic, iron and manganese, voids this alternative from further consideration. WDNR has stated that an alternative that requires private treatment systems would not be considered a long-term solution as long as other viable options are available.





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6. Selection and Recommendation of Alternatives

Through completion of the Phase 1 Alternatives Evaluation, multiple alternatives were considered to select potentially feasible options for providing long-term water supply to the affected area. A more detailed review of the alternatives selected in Phase 1 was conducted in this Phase 2 Alternatives Evaluation. Through the specific evaluation of alternatives and their multi-parameter comparative analysis, a recommendation for the preferred alternative for a long-term water supply is provided herein.

6.1 Basis of Recommendation

Alternative 4, private individual and cluster wells, is excluded from further consideration because POET systems for treating inorganic, naturally occurring contaminants in the strata required for new wells would be required. In addition, Alternative 4 would require multiple penetration of a regional aquitard that protects an aquifer that provides water to many nearby communities. These penetrations could provide conduits for contaminants to migrate into the Sandstone Aquifer.

Alternative 3G, SD with new public wells, is excluded from further consideration due to comments received from the PSC, the time needed for regulatory reviews including pilot testing treatment options for arsenic, time required for a new start-up, and relatively higher operations, maintenance and replacement costs for the additional required treatment. Further, the cost per customer for treatment and distribution systems over the long term, including changing regulations and resulting increases in costs, is not sustainable for such a small number of customer connections (40 connections).

Alternatives 2 and 3A include the Village as the source water and a new distribution system along Mill Road, Maple Road, Western Avenue, Division Road, and corresponding subdivisions. Considering the differences between these two alternatives, a direct Village supply, and operations, maintenance and ownership provides for a solution that can be implemented in a more expeditious timeframe and should require less effort and time for negotiations. It is ARCADIS’ opinion that the additional time needed to establish a SD and adequately develop and staff a new water utility would delay implementation of the long term water solution well into 2014. In addition, the PSC has indicated that establishment of a utility as small as the one being considered for Alternative 3A is generally discouraged.





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Based on the analysis summarized in this report, ARCADIS recommends Alternative 2 as the recommended long-term water supply solution for the proposed services included in this Alternatives Evaluation.

6.2 Conceptual Design

A proposed layout for Alternative 2 is shown on Figure 6-1. This alternative includes approximately 32,000 lineal feet of water main along Maple, Mill, Division, Western, Crosswinds and connected subdivisions, and develops a significant portion of the proposed Village 2030 master plan in the southeastern portion of the Village WDS.

A total of 36 private wells would be decommissioned. However, in the interest of maintaining the existing groundwater monitoring network, these wells may not be completely abandoned for the next few years. The four wells to be converted for agricultural purposes would be individually evaluated for sizing the POET systems. The POET systems would be modified as soon as practical, but no later than at the time of the final connection of the replacement potable water system.

Fire hydrants could be installed periodically throughout the WDS network for fire protection and for WDS maintenance and flushing. The recommendation is to not provide hydrants at urban densities within the general service area. There are long stretches of water main with few, if any, customers; fire protection there would be superfluous. In addition, too many hydrants could pose a challenge to farming activities resulting in increased maintenance, while providing no additional benefit. Likewise, isolation valves are included at a more sparse density than would be recommended in an urban setting.

An elevated water tank could be constructed within the Paloroma Farms subdivision in the future. The property could be secured and ownership transferred to the Village for water utility purposes.

Homes that have had an occurrence of benzene in their well samples and/or are immediately adjacent to such a home would be connected into the water system. If contaminants migrate and further wells are found to be contaminated over time, those homes would also be connected as soon as possible after verifying presence of benzene from the release.

No sanitary sewers or other facilities other than what is included above will be considered as part of this long-term water supply solution. Providing water via this





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Alternative should neither require nor prevent annexation of lands beyond what is currently included in the existing Border Agreement between the Village and Town.

6.3 Anticipated Implementation Schedule

Considering the assumptions set forth for Alternative 2 in Section 5.2.1, an anticipated implementation schedule for Alternative 2 is shown below in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1 Alternative 2 Preliminary Implementation Schedule

Phase Description of Activities Schedule

2 Review and acceptance of this Evaluation by stakeholders, including public comment period. January 2013 - March 2013

3 Negotiations and finalization of selected alternative and associated agreements April 2013 - June 2013

4Detailed design, approval and bidding April 2013 - July 2013

Construction and construction administration August 2013 - November 2013

The schedule requires cooperation among various stakeholders throughout each project phase; however, one month of float is included within the WDNR-directed schedule that requires complete implementation by the end of 2013. This anticipated schedule shall be considered preliminary until confirmed through Phase 3 and Phase 4 activities.





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7. References

Bonestroo. 2006. Village of Jackson Water Analysis Report. 20 October 2006.

Bonestroo. 2011. Village of Jackson Model Calibration and Fire Flow Evaluation Memo. 15 June 2011.

Donohue & Associates, Inc. 1987. Report on Remedial Action for VOC Contamination at Well No. 3 and Well No. 5, Cedarburg, Wisconsin.

Great Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board. 2004. Recommended Standards for Wastewater Facilities, 2004 Edition.

Microsoft Corporation. 2010. Bing Maps Aerial. Licensed for use through ESRI Map Service. http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=8651e4d585654f6b955564efe44d04e5.Accessed 27 December 2012.

National Geographic Society. 2011. USA Topo Maps representing United States Geological Society paper topographic maps. ESRI Map Service. http://goto.arcgisonline.com/maps/USA_Topo_Maps. Accessed 27 December 2012.

Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission. 2005. A Regional Aquifer Simulation Model for Southeast Wisconsin Technical Report Number 41.

United States Geologic Survey. 1983. Quaternary Geologic Map of the Chicago 40 x 60 Quadrangle, United States. Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States.

United States Geologic Survey. 1992. Ground Water Atlas of the United States Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, HA 730-J.

United States Geologic Survey. 2004. The Value of Long-Term Monitoring in the Development of Ground-Water-Flow Models Fact Sheet 116-03.

United States Geological Survey. 2005. Water Use in Wisconsin. Open-File Report 2009-1076, Versions 1.1, November 2011.

Village of Jackson. 2008. Design and Drafting Handbook, Utility Specifications and Exhibits. Revised 28 March 2008.





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Village of Jackson and Town of Jackson. 2008. Village of Jackson and Town of Jackson Revenue Sharing Agreement and Cooperative Boundary Plan. Amended February 2008. Maps Revised March 2009.

Washington County, Wisconsin Geographic Information Systems. 2007. Washington County 2007 Digital Contour Mapping. Spatial Reference: Horizontal Coordinate System State Plane Zone 4803; Geodetic Model North American Datum 1927; Vertical Coordinate System National Geodetic Vertical Datum 1929. Contour data as of 18 December 2006.

Washington County Land and Water Conservation Committee. 2005. Washington County Land and Water Resource Management Plan (1st Revision 2006-2010).

West Shore Pipe Line Company. 2012. http://www.jacksonwisconsinresponse.com/ Accessed. November 26, 2012.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2012. Website: http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Groundwater/data.html Accessed December 3, 2012.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2012. Website: http://prodoasext.dnr.wi.gov/inter1/hicap$.startup. Accessed December 4, 2012.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 1980. Ground-Water Resources and Geology of Washington and Ozaukee Counties, Wisconsin Information Circular Number 38. 1980.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 1983. Thickness of Unconsolidated Material in Wisconsin. 1983.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 1997. Quaternary Geology of Ozaukee and Washington Counties, Wisconsin Bulletin 91.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 2000. Appendix B Hydraulic Conductivity and Specific Storage of the Maquoketa Shale, Open-file Report 2000-01.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 2001. Appendix C Verification and Characterization of a Fracture Network Within the Maquoketa Shale Confining Unit, Southeast Wisconsin Open-file Report 2001-04.





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Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 2001. Appendix C Verification and Characterization of a Fracture Network Within the Maquoketa Shale Confining Unit, Southeast Wisconsin Open-file Report 2001-04.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 2004. Preliminary bedrock geologic map of Washington County, Wisconsin Open File Report 2004-17A.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 2004. Preliminary depth to bedrock map of Washington County, Wisconsin. Open-File Report 2004-17C.

Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. 2011. Glaciation of Wisconsin Educational Series 36 Fourth Edition.

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.27

Alt.

3EVi

llage

of G

rafto

n3

33

23

32

41

51

This

alte

rnat

ive

has

sim

ilar a

dvan

tage

s an

d lim

itatio

ns a

s th

e ot

her

Sani

tary

Dis

trict

opt

ions

.30

Alt.

3FCi

ty o

f Wes

t Ben

d3

33

23

32

41

31

The

supp

ly m

ain

is th

e lo

nges

t dis

tanc

e, re

sulti

ng in

a p

oten

tial f

or

redu

ced

wat

er q

ualit

y an

d th

e m

ain

has

the

mos

t spe

cial

cro

ssin

gs.

28

Alt.

3GN

ew P

WS

Wel

ls1

22

22

21

53

33

This

alte

rnat

ive

pose

s m

any

unkn

owns

bot

h du

e to

wat

er q

ualit

y an

d qu

antit

y, c

oupl

ed w

ith th

e ad

ditio

nal P

WS

regu

lato

ry re

quire

men

ts o

f a

Sani

tary

Dis

trict

.26

Drill Deeper Wells

Alt.

4N

ew P

rivat

e W

ells

12

34

35

21

13

4D

rillin

g ne

w w

ells

lead

s to

var

ious

unk

now

ns s

uch

as w

ater

qua

lity

and

quan

tity,

pro

vide

d no

redu

ndan

cy a

nd is

not

a c

ost e

ffect

ive

optio

n.29

Privately Owned Water

System

Alt.

5Pr

ivat

ely

Ow

ned

Publ

ic W

ater

Sys

tem

22

33

23

24

13

4M

any

conc

erns

with

priv

atel

y ow

ned

utilit

ies.

29

Combined Approach

Alt.

6Se

lect

ed a

ltern

ativ

e m

ay b

e un

ique

to e

ach

affe

cted

use

r3

13

22

32

12

34

Not

cos

t effe

ctiv

e no

r acc

epta

ble

to s

elec

tive

choo

se m

ultip

le

alte

rnat

ives

per

eac

h af

fect

ed u

ser's

pre

fere

nce.

26

Low

(com

para

tivel

y u

nfav

orab

le)

Med

ium

-Low

Med

ium

Med

ium

-Hig

h H

igh

(c

ompa

rativ

ely

fav

orab

le)

Eval

uatio

nSc

ore

(out

of 5

5)

Tabl

e 2-

1Ph

ase

1 Al

tern

ativ

es C

ompa

rison

Sco

reca

re

Com

para

tive

Ratin

g Le

gend

Establish Sanitary District

Alte

rnat

ives

Key

Hig

hlig

hts

Com

paris

on C

riter

ia

5555

5555555

5555

5555

555

55555

55

55555555

55

555555 55

ARC

ADIS

U.S

., In

c.Fo

r Offi

cial

Use

Onl

y 2

Jan

201

3

Mid

dle

95%

Mid

dle

95%

Ave

rage

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Max

imum

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Max

imum

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Arse

nic

0.00

10.

0130

80.

011

0.00

790.

474

0.04

610.

0005

442

%H

ardn

ess

NS

NS

7434

0.12

341.

8462

158

51.

23%

Nitr

ate

210

321.

186

1.07

85.

22.

20.

216%

Bact

eria

, As

Col

iform

*0

01,

107

N/A

N/A

Pres

ent

N/A

097

%Iro

n0.

150.

310

31.

261.

2099

6.7

6.6

0.00

1235

%M

anga

nese

0.02

50.

0598

1.38

0.03

1810

00.

186

0.00

0624

%

Mid

dle

95%

Mid

dle

95%

Ave

rage

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Max

imum

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Arse

nic

0.00

10.

0151

0.00

310.

0029

0.00

920.

0087

0.00

051

57%

Har

dnes

sN

SN

S20

321.

4531

6.53

415

410

820%

Nitr

ate

210

160.

8412

0.77

81.

61.

60.

056

19%

Bact

eria

, As

Col

iform

*0

030

8N

/AN

/APr

esen

tN

/A0

99%

Iron

0.15

0.3

180.

440.

394

1.1

0.91

0.01

411

%M

anga

nese

0.02

50.

0518

0.03

90.

0371

0.07

20.

068

0.00

025%

Bol

dC

once

ntra

tion

Exce

eds

the

NR

140

Pre

vent

ive

Actio

n Li

mit

(PAL

). Ex

pres

sed

as m

illigr

ams

per l

iter (

mg/

L) u

nles

s ot

herw

ise

note

d.B

old

Con

cent

ratio

n Ex

ceed

s th

e N

R 1

40 E

nfor

cem

ent S

tand

ard

(ES)

. Ex

pres

sed

as m

g/L

unle

ss o

ther

wis

enot

ed.

NS

No

stan

dard

.Ba

cter

ia, A

s C

olifo

rm*

This

par

amet

er is

repo

rted

as p

rese

nt o

r abs

ent,

not a

s m

g/L.

Tabl

e 4.

1. S

umm

ary

of W

ater

Qua

lity

Dat

a, P

hase

2 A

ltern

ativ

es E

valu

atio

n, J

acks

on, W

isco

nsin

.

Ave

rage

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Min

imum

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Ave

rage

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Max

imum

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Min

imum

Con

cent

ratio

n(m

g/L)

Nia

gara

Aqu

ifer

Con

stitu

ent

Con

stitu

ent

Sand

ston

e A

quife

r

NR

140

ES (m

g/L)

NR

140

PA

L (m

g/L)

Num

ber

ofSa

mpl

es

Perc

ent

Non

dete

ct

NR

140

PA

L (m

g/L)

NR

140

ES (m

g/L)

Num

ber

ofSa

mpl

es

Perc

ent

Non

dete

ct

For O

ffici

al U

se O

nly

G:\A

proj

ect\B

ucke

ye\W

I130

4\Ja

ckso

n\ta

bles

\wat

er q

ualit

y qu

antit

y ta

bles

.xls

x (q

ualit

y)

Ave

rage

Mid

dle

95%

A

vera

geM

axim

umM

iddl

e 95

%

Max

imum

Min

imum

Num

ber o

f Sa

mpl

es

Spec

ific

Cap

acity

(gpm

/ft)

21.5

178

055

044

.40.

346

Nor

mal

Pum

ping

Rat

e (g

pm)

174.

4616

082

567

20.

6946

Ave

rage

Mid

dle

95%

A

vera

geM

axim

umM

iddl

e 95

%

Max

imum

Min

imum

Num

ber o

f Sa

mpl

esSp

ecifi

c C

apac

ity (g

pm/ft

)4.

093.

213

.67.

61.

312

Nor

mal

Pum

ping

Rat

e (g

pm)

270.

6319

01,

000

300

34.7

212

gpd/

ft

gal

lons

per

min

ute

(gpm

) per

foot

.

Nia

gra

Aqu

ifer

Sand

ston

e A

quife

r

Tabl

e 4.

2. S

umm

ary

of W

ater

Qua

ntity

Dat

a, P

hase

2 A

ltern

ativ

es E

valu

atio

n, J

acks

on, W

isco

nsin

.

For O

ffici

al U

se O

nly

G:\A

proj

ect\B

ucke

ye\W

I130

4\Ja

ckso

n\ta

bles

\wat

er q

ualit

y qu

antit

y ta

bles

.xls

x (q

uant

ity)

Crit

eria

Long

Ter

m

Susc

eptib

ility

Tech

nica

l Fe

asib

ility

Qua

ntity

of

Wat

erQ

ualit

y of

W

ater

Ope

ratio

ns &

M

aint

enan

ce

Lega

l and

R

egul

ator

y C

ompl

exity

Mon

itorin

g,

Rep

ortin

g an

d C

ompl

ianc

e

Tim

ing

to

Impl

emen

tSy

stem

R

edun

danc

y

Antic

ipat

ed

Publ

ic

Acce

ptan

ceC

apita

l Cos

t

Wei

ght

1015

1010

55

515

55

15

Alt.

25

55

55

44

55

34

4.7

Alt.

3A4

45

54

33

34

14

3.8

Alt.

3G3

33

32

22

14

24

2.7

Alt.

41

13

34

25

41

41

2.4

Low

(com

para

tivel

y u

nfav

orab

le)

Med

ium

-Low

Med

ium

Med

ium

-Hig

h H

igh

(c

ompa

rativ

ely

fav

orab

le)

Com

para

tive

Rat

ing

Lege

nd

Tabl

e 5-

2Ph

ase

2 Al

tern

ativ

es C

ompa

rison

Sco

reca

rd

Alte

rnat

ives

Eval

uatio

nSc

ore

(out

of 5

.0)

Exte

nd V

illag

e of

Ja

ckso

n Sy

stem

Sani

tary

Dis

tric

t w

ith V

illag

e of

Ja

ckso

n W

ater

So

urce

Sani

tary

Dis

tric

t w

ith N

ew P

WS

Wel

ls

New

Priv

ate

Wel

ls

Com

paris

on C

riter

ia a

nd W

eigh

ting

Perc

enta

ge

5555

55 55

55 55

55

55

5555

ARC

ADIS

U.S

., In

c.Fo

r Offi

cial

Use

Onl

y 2

Jan

201

3

Tota

lPe

r Ser

vice

WD

S N

etw

ork

40$3

,761

,940

$94,

048.

50$2

9.55

$95,

821.

50

POET

Sys

tem

s fo

r Agr

. Site

s4

$28,

060

$7,0

15.0

0$1

,600

.00

$32,

615.

00

Tota

l Con

stru

ctio

n C

ost

- -$3

,790

,000

WD

S N

etw

ork

& Sa

n D

istri

ct40

$3,7

91,9

40$9

4,79

8.50

$72.

00$9

9,11

8.50

POET

Sys

tem

s fo

r Agr

. Site

s4

$28,

060

$7,0

15.0

0$1

,600

.00

$32,

615.

00

Tota

l Con

stru

ctio

n C

ost

- -$3

,820

,000

WD

S N

etw

ork

& Sa

n D

istri

ct40

$3,9

61,9

40$9

9,04

8.50

$87.

00$1

04,2

68.5

0

POET

Sys

tem

s fo

r Agr

. Site

s4

$28,

060

$7,0

15.0

0$1

,600

.00

$32,

615.

00

Tota

l Con

stru

ctio

n C

ost

- -$3

,990

,000

Priv

ate

Wel

ls40

$5,1

80,0

00$1

29,5

00.0

0$2

2.00

$130

,820

.00

Tota

l Con

stru

ctio

n C

ost

- -$5

,180

,000

Tabl

e 5-

3An

ticip

ated

Alte

rnat

ive

Cos

ts(1

)

Com

pone

nt

(2) E

OPC

C -

engi

neer

s op

inio

n of

pro

babl

e co

nstru

ctio

n co

sts

(3) C

ost i

nclu

des

supp

lies,

pow

er, c

hem

ical

s, tr

eatm

ent,

etc

as w

ell a

s m

onth

ly w

ater

bills

bas

ed o

n av

erag

e cu

stom

er u

sage

(4) C

ost i

nclu

des

EOPC

C a

nd 5

yea

rs o

f fix

ed O

&M c

osts

.

EOPC

C(2

)

(1) L

egal

cha

lleng

es, r

emed

iatio

n co

sts,

and

cos

ts o

utsi

de th

is re

port

are

not i

nclu

ded.

No.

of

Serv

ices

Alte

rnat

ive

Alte

rnat

ive

4N

ew P

rivat

e W

ells

Mon

thly

O

M&

R(3

)5

Yr. C

ost

Per S

ervi

ce(4

)

Alte

rnat

ive

2Ex

tend

Vill

age

of J

acks

on

Syst

em

Alte

rnat

ive

3ASa

nita

ry D

istr

ict w

ith V

illag

e of

Jac

kson

Wat

er S

ourc

e

Alte

rnat

ive

3GSa

nita

ry D

istr

ict w

ith N

ew

PWS

Wel

ls

ARC

ADIS

U.S

., In

c.Fo

r Offi

cial

Use

Onl

y 2

Jan

201

3

JACKSON

SHER

MA

N

MAPLE

HICKORY

CR

OSSWIND

RIVERVIE

W

DIVISION

CTY TK

T

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

EL CAMINO

FIESTA

SHER

MA

N

SPRING VALLEY

CREEKWOODSHER

MA

N PA

RC

WILDFLOWERMOCKINGBIRD

MONTIC

ELLO

DIVISION

MAPLE

JACKSON

WESTER

N

DIVISION

MAPLE

CENTER

SPRIN

G VA

LLEY

MILL

WESTER

N

SHER

MA

N

OA

KLAND

STONEHEDGE

SHER

MA

N PA

RC

JACKSON

JACKSON

TWIN CREEKS

FENCELINE

CENTER

CROSSWINDB

ROO

KS ID

E

BR

OO

KSID

E

1-1WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013 Site Location Map

ARCADIS U.S., Inc.126 N. Jefferson St., Suite 400Milwaukee, WI 53202Tel 414 276 7742 Fax 414 276 7603www.arcadis-us.com

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE

DRAWN BY SHEET TITLE

CLIENT/PROJECT FIGURE


01,400

2,800700

Feet

Release

Site

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Fig1-1_SiteLocationMap.mxd

Germ

antown

Jackson

MAPLE

DIVISIONC

TY TK

T

CHURCHPIO

NEER

CENTER

CHURCH

CTY TK P

CE NTER

HY 45 HY 45

LocationM

ap

The information presented originates from

various sources. It shall be considered for preliminary reference purposes only and shall not be considered final.

West Shore Pipe Line Company - Jackson, WI

Phase 2 Long-TermWater Supply Eval.

LegendPrivate Wells

Road

ReleaseSite


2-1WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

7.5-MinuteQuadrangle Map

WSPC - Jackson, WI


SHEET TITLE

FIGUREPROJECT NUMBER

DATE

DRAWN BY

CLIENT/PROJECT

0 1,750 3,500875Feet

Use

r: JC

oope

r D

ate:

12/

27/2

012

P

ath:

G:\P

RO

JEC

TS\W

I001

304.

0001

\Wat

er\F

igur

es\G

IS\F

ig2-

1_U

SG

SQ

uadM

ap.m

xd

For O

ffici

al U

se O

nly

The information presented originates from various sources. It shall be considered for preliminary reference purposes only and shall not be considered final.

1880W

ESTERN

AVE

1930W

ESTERN

AVE

WESTER

NAVE

1836W

ESTERN

AVE

1891 WM

ILL RD

MILL R

D

1964W

ESTERN

AVE

1969 WM

ILL RD

1859M

ILL RD

1824W

ESTERN

AVE

MILL R

D

DU

229

SJ467

TL785

930

940

950

960

960

940

950

960

950

950

960

960

950

950

MW

-1

MW

-2

MW

-3

MW

-4M

W-4D

MW

-5

MW

-6

MW

-6D

MW

-7M

W-7D

MW

-8MW

-8D

MW

-9MW

-9D

MW

-10M

W-10D

MW

-11M

W-11D

MW

-12M

W-12D

MW

-13M

W-13D

MW

-14M

W-14D

MW

-15M

W-15D

MW

-16M

W-16D

RW-1

RW-2

RW-3

RW-4

RW-5

LegendMonitoring & Extraction W

ells

Private Wells

Parcels

Contours

2-2WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

Remediation andMonitoring Well Locations


PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




0200

400100

Feet

Release

Site

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig2-2_RemediationMonitoringWells.mxd

MAPLE

DIVISIONM

ILL

SHER

MA

N

WESTER

N

SPRING

VALLEY

Location Map





2002

2135

3279

20302780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

32863048

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

1885

1894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

20352043 2042

1930

3053

2418

2266 2244

2255

224922392339

2327

2288 2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

31143220

31063228

3167

3124

31003105

3236

32443086

2243

2235

22132229

30643055

30562242

2234

3047

1870

1682

1998

1710

1732

1752

1782

1796

18181876

194

194194

194194

160

194

160

160

160

193 193160

160160

2840

1639

2818

28602762

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

2305

2245

2771

2343

2321

2165

3255

3223

3209

2979

2315

3215

3207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3252

3037

1740

1750

1708

1595

1555

3265

1629

1645

1665

32043282

3296

1683

3146

3191317131113123

2976

2950

1676

1666

3186

3174

3166

1605

3060

3375

3217 3249

1964

2004

2018

1986

1930

1646

2992

1997

1969

2039

3071

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

29852987

3020

3115

1987

1845

31153116

2430

31653166

ST ONE H

EDGE

HICKORYSH

ERM

AN

C ROSSWIND

EAST

GATE

DIVISION

MAPLE

EAST GATE

OAKLAND

WESTER

N

GO

LDEN

HA

RVEST

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

SHERM

AN

PARC

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

DIVISION

CTY TK

T

MAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

SHER

MA

N PA

RC

FENCELINE

CROSSWIND

930

910

890

920

880

860

960

940

910

880

870

930

910

900

930

920

930

900

930

900

900

930

900

960

910

920

900

910

930

900

900

900

960

910

960

840

940

870

920

890

900

890

910

930

940

880

850

870

910

870

870

890

930

890

890

890

930

890

930

890

930

960

910

890

900

910

860

920

910

920

960

920

900

850

910

930

920

950

900

920

890

910

890

900

950960

880

920

900

900

900

910

920

940

900

950

LegendPrivate W

ellsR

esidential Usage

Agricultural Usage

ParcelsWell Im

pacted

Well N

ot Impacted

Contours

2-3WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013Impacted Well

Properties




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site

Note: Background data as of N

ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig2-3_AffectedUserParcels.mxd



2002

2135

3279

20302780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

32863048

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

1885

1894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

20352043 2042

1930

3053

2418

2266 2244

2255

224922392339

2327

2288 2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

31143220

31063228

3167

3124

31003105

3236

32443086

2243

2235

22132229

30643055

30562242

2234

3047

1870

1682

1998

1710

1732

1752

1782

1796

18181876

194

194194

194194

160

194

160

160

160

193 193160

160160

2840

1639

2818

28602762

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

2305

2245

2771

2343

2321

2165

3255

3223

3209

2979

2315

3215

3207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3252

3037

1740

1750

1708

1595

1555

3265

1629

1645

1665

32043282

3296

1683

3146

3191317131113123

2976

2950

1676

1666

3186

3174

3166

1605

3060

3375

3217 3249

1964

2004

2018

1986

1930

1646

2992

1997

1969

2039

3071

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

29852987

3020

3115

1987

1845

31153116

2430

31653166

ST ONE H

EDGE

HICKORYSH

ERM

AN

C ROSSWIND

EAST

GATE

DIVISION

MAPLE

EAST GATE

OAKLAND

WESTER

N

GO

LDEN

HA

RVEST

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

SHERM

AN

PARC

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

DIVISION

CTY TK

T

MAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

SHER

MA

N PA

RC

FENCELINE

CROSSWIND

930

910

890

920

880

860

960

940

910

880

870

930

910

900

930

920

930

900

930

900

900

930

900

960

910

920

900

910

930

900

900

900

960

910

960

840

940

870

920

890

900

890

910

930

940

880

850

870

910

870

870

890

930

890

890

890

930

890

930

890

930

960

910

890

900

910

860

920

910

920

960

920

900

850

910

930

920

950

900

920

890

910

890

900

950960

880

920

900

900

900

910

920

940

900

950

LegendPrivate W

ellsR

esidential Usage

Agricultural Usage

ParcelsProposed Service (Well Im

pacted)

Proposed Service (Adjacent to Impacted W

ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

Contours

2-4WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013Phase 2

Proposed Services




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig2-4_Ph2PropSvcs.mxd



2002

2135

3279

20302780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

2400

3026

2420

3080

3130

2435

2423

2415

2407

2426

2418

2408

32863048

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2473

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

18851894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

20352043 20421930

3053

2418

2266

2244

2255

2249

2239

2398

2339

2327

2358

2366

2288

2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

3114

3220

31063228

3167

3124

31003105

3236

32443086

2243

2235

2213

2229

30643055

3056

2242

2234

3047

1870

2333

3207

3195

3189

31833177

3138

3142

3160

3172 3180

3291

3275

3253

3274

3260

3252

3244

2239

2247

2257

2267

2275

2283

2293

2305

2238

2246

2256

2266

2274

2284

2298

2306

2314 2320 2328

2342

3044

325332473239

3229

3219 325032443236

2430

2420

2410

2400

2384

2370

2364

2358

2350

2431

2421

2411

2401

2385

2373

3226

1682

1998

17101732

17521782

1796

18181876

194

194194

194

160

160

160193

160160

2406160

28402818

2860

2762

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

2305

2245

2771

2343

2321

2401

2788

2450

2165

3255

3223

3209

2979

2315

2409

3215

3207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3252

3037

1740

1750

1708

3204 3282

3296

16833146

29762950

3186

31743166

3060

1964

2004

2018

1986

1930

2992

1997

1969

2039

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

29852987

3020

3115

1987

1845

31153116

2466

2430

31653166

HICKORY

JACKSON

SHER

MA

N

CTY

TK T

DIVISION

CROSSWIND

MAPLE

OAKLAND

CROSSWIND

TWIN CREEKS

EAST G

ATE

EAST GATE

GO

LDEN H

AR

VEST

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

JACKSON

TWIN CREEKS

CREEKWOODSHER

MA

N PARC

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

WESTER

N

MAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

S HER

MA

N PA

RC

FENCELINE

FENCELINE

CROSSWINDBRO

OK

SI DE

BR

OO

KSID

E

DIVISION

930

910 890

960

940

910

930

910

860

930900

890

850

900

890

870

850

930

900

910

930

960

860

900

900

960

910

960

910

920

920

890

900

890

910

930

940

870

910

870

930

870

890

890

850

930

890

840

930

890

930

870

960

910

900

910

920

890

920

900

960

930

920

950

920

870880

900

950

960

880

920

900

920

940

900

860

950

LegendVillage W

ater Mains

8" - Existing

12" - Existing

8" - Future

12" - Future

Private Wells

Residential U

sage

Agricultural Usage

Proposed Water M

ains

Service Connections

2030 Village Limits


pacted)


ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

3-1WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

Alternative 2Preliminary Water

Infrastructure




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site

Future VillageElev. Tank Site

8"

12"

8"

8"

8"

8"

8"

12"

8"

8"8"

12"12"


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig3-1_Alt2PrelimInfrastructure.mxd



8"

8"

8"

HICKORY

JACKSON

SHER

MA

N

CTY

TK T

DIVISION

CROSSWIND

MAPLE

OAKLAND

CROSSWIND

TWIN CREEKS

EAST G

ATE

EAST GATE

GO

LDEN H

AR

VEST

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

JACKSON

TWIN CREEKS

CREEKWOODSHER

MA

N PARC

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

WESTER

N

MAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

S HER

MA

N PA

RC

FENCELINE

FENCELINE

CROSSWINDBRO

OK

SI DE

BR

OO

KSID

E

DIVISION

2002

2135

3279

20302780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

2400

3026

2420

3080

3130

2435

2423

2415

2407

2426

2418

2408

32863048

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2473

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

18851894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

20352043 20421930

3053

2418

2266

2244

2255

2249

2239

2398

2339

2327

2358

2366

2288

2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

3114

3220

31063228

3167

3124

31003105

3236

32443086

2243

2235

2213

2229

30643055

3056

2242

2234

3047

1870

2333

3207

3195

3189

31833177

3138

3142

3160

3172 3180

3291

3275

3253

3274

3260

3252

3244

2239

2247

2257

2267

2275

2283

2293

2305

2238

2246

2256

2266

2274

2284

2298

2306

2314 2320 2328

2342

3044

325332473239

3229

3219 325032443236

2430

2420

2410

2400

2384

2370

2364

2358

2350

2431

2421

2411

2401

2385

2373

3226

1682

1998

17101732

17521782

1796

18181876

194

194194

194

160

160

160193

160160

2406160

28402818

2860

2762

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

2305

2245

2771

2343

2321

2401

2788

2450

2165

3255

3223

3209

2979

2315

2409

3215

3207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3252

3037

1740

1750

1708

3204 3282

3296

16833146

29762950

3186

31743166

3060

1964

2004

2018

1986

1930

2992

1997

1969

2039

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

29852987

3020

3115

1987

1845

31153116

2466

2430

31653166

930

910 890

960

940

910

930

910

860

930900

890

850

900

890

870

850

930

900

910

930

960

860

900

900

960

910

960

910

920

920

890

900

890

910

930

940

870

910

870

930

870

890

890

850

930

890

840

930

890

930

870

960

910

900

910

920

890

920

900

960

930

920

950

920

870880

900

950

960

880

920

900

920

940

900

860

950

LegendVillage W

ater Mains

8" - Existing

12" - Existing

8" - Future

12" - Future

Private Wells

Residential U

sage

Agricultural Usage

Proposed Water M

ains

Service Connections

2030 Village Limits

ParcelsProposed Service (W

ell Impacted)

Proposed Service (A

djacent to Impacted W

ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

3-2WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

Alternative 3APreliminary Water

Infrastructure




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site

Future VillageElev. Tank &Structure Site

8"

12"

8"

8"

8"

8"

8"

12"

8"

8"8"

12"12"


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig3-2_Alt3APrelimInfrastructure.mxd



8"

8"

8"

CROSSWIND

EAST

GATE

EAST GATE

GO

LDEN

HA

RVEST

SHER

MA

N

PARC

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

WESTER

N

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

CTY TK

T

DIVISION

MAPLEMAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

FENCELINE

SHER

MA

N PA

RC

CROSSWIND

2014

2002

2030

2780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

1790

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

18851894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

2761

20352043 2042

1862

1930

3053

2418

22662244

2255

2249

22392339

2327

2288

2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

3114

3220

31063228

3167

31243100

31053236

32443086

2243

2235

2213

2229

30642242

1870

2046

2840

1639

2818

28602762

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

2726

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

2305

2245

2771

2757

2723

2343

2321

3255

3223

3209

2979

2315

3215

3207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3252

3037

1740

1750

1708

1595

1555

3265

1629

1645

1665

3204

3282

3146

3191317131113123

2976

2950

1676

1666

3186

3174

3166

1605

3060

3217 3249

1964

2004

1646

2992

1969

2039

3071

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

29852987

3020

3115

1987

1845

31153116

2430

3165

3166

960

940

910

930

910

930

900

910

890

880

900

900

880

930

890

910

880

900

930

900

960

910

920

910

910900

930

920

900

900

960

960

880

940

920

920

900

900900

890

930

940

870

910870

930

890

930

890

900

930

890

930

920

960

910

910

920

890

850

920

960

890

910

930

920

950

920

910

860

900

950

960

920

900

890

900

910

920

940

900

900

950

LegendVillage W

ater Mains

8" - Existing

12" - Existing

8" - Future

12" - Future

Private Wells

Residential U

sage

Agricultural Usage

Proposed Water M

ains

Service Connections

2030 Village Limits


pacted)


ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

3-3WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site

PWS W

ells, Treatment

and Water Storage

Preliminary Site

8"

8"

8"

8"

8"8"


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig3-3_Alt3GPrelimInfrastructure.mxd



8"

8"

8"

Alternative 3GPreliminary Water

Infrastructure

12"

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

CTY TK

T

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

DIVISION

MAPLE

WESTER

N

MILL

WESTER

N

20022030

2780

2812

1860

31273128

31343133

3151

3152

3159

1982

1915

1885

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

20352043

2042

1930

31883220

1870

2840

1639

2818

2860

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

3209

2979

32153207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3037

1740

1750

1708

16653204

3146

2976

2950

1676

1666

3186

3174

3166

3060

1964

2004

1646

29921969

2039

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

2985

2987

3020

3115

1987

31153116

3165

3166

960

940

910

930

930

890

930

920

960

910

930

890

880

890

900

900

910

960

910

960

940

920

930

930

940

900

900

930

920

930

930

890

930

910

960

960

960

960

900

910

910

920920

960

960

900

910

930

920

910

950

920

910

930

910

950

960

900

900

940

900

950

LegendProposed W

ellsC

luster

Individual

Cluster W

ell Service Connections

Private Wells

Residential U

sage

Agricultural Usage

ParcelsProposed Service (W

ell Impacted)

Proposed Service (A

djacent to Impacted W

ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

2030 Village Limits

3-4WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




0500

1,000250

Feet

Release

Site


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig3-4_Alt4PrelimInfrastructure.mxd



Alternative 4Preliminary Water

Infrastructure

HICKORY

JACKSON

SHER

MA

N

CTY

TK T

DIVISION

CROSSWIND

MAPLE

OAKLAND

CROSSWIND

TWIN CREEKS

EAST G

ATE

EAST GATE

GO

LDEN H

AR

VEST

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

JACKSON

TWIN CREEKS

CREEKWOODSHER

MA

N PARC

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

WESTER

N

MAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

S HER

MA

N PA

RC

FENCELINE

FENCELINE

CROSSWINDBRO

OK

SI DE

BR

OO

KSID

E

DIVISION

2002

2135

3279

20302780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

2400

3026

2420

3080

3130

2435

2423

2415

2407

2426

2418

2408

32863048

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2473

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

18851894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

20352043 20421930

3053

2418

2266

2244

2255

2249

2239

2398

2339

2327

2358

2366

2288

2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

3114

3220

31063228

3167

3124

31003105

3236

32443086

2243

2235

2213

2229

30643055

3056

2242

2234

3047

1870

2333

3207

3195

3189

31833177

3138

3142

3160

3172 3180

3291

3275

3253

3274

3260

3252

3244

2239

2247

2257

2267

2275

2283

2293

2305

2238

2246

2256

2266

2274

2284

2298

2306

2314 2320 2328

2342

3044

325332473239

3229

3219 325032443236

2430

2420

2410

2400

2384

2370

2364

2358

2350

2431

2421

2411

2401

2385

2373

3226

1682

1998

17101732

17521782

1796

18181876

194

194194

194

160

160

160193

160160

2406160

28402818

2860

2762

2881

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LegendM

odel Nodes (by pressure)

< 45 psi

45 - 50 psi

50 - 60 psi

65 - 80 psi

> 80 psi

Village Water M

ains8" - Existing

12" - Existing

8" - Future

12" - Future

Private Wells

Residential U

sage

Agricultural Usage

Proposed Water M

ains

2030 Village Limits


pacted)


ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

4-1WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

Alternative 2Maximum Day Demands

Model Simulated Pressures




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site


8"

12"

8"

8"

8"

8"

8"

12"

8"

8"8"

12"12"


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig4-1_SvcAreaPressures.mxd



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045

MM

769

SS40

7

GE

666

AG684

LI481

KC4

88

KY52

6

GG

113

GK

653

HI637

QI36

2

FI542

SM146

LU548

SJ467

UA9

01TL7

87

OH

550

AY310

FT649

FT651

NA5

21

OG

953

WJ

910

TG9

92

UL300

TF239

JE535

TP056

TE146

WN

354

KQ063

OC

012

FW78

1

LT288

EN8

88

MG

628

KX85

3HI556

SU5

38

RK1

37

CP8

70

EJ387

OO

715

ID309

QQ

635

LL157

SL326

MV

520

AG724

GV

804

SJ239

QQ

627

SL302

DR

215

SU5

21

WG

249

QW

487

DD

860

CW

584

AU5

55

KA91

3

MZ

520

OC

091

HO

635

EQ959

OR

075

CZ51

7

SJ250

AZ646

OC

064

QX

792

QV

050WG

248

GC

247

RK1

84

GK

656

UZ67

9

TL785

TG9

53

VJ973

TI919

UB8

84

TC52

7

TC55

0

GG

154

BH2

13

UX9

09

VL980

TE290

SL394

HI528

DB9

64

OC

099

LT671

DF43

9

HY2

11

NL132

NJ395

DU

266

MO

402

EQ960

HU

665

NA7

02

CD

213

LM5

60

CU

573

KA60

8

RN

169

IQ92

7

CW

789

HI694

RM

701

NY4

99

HR

445

LE719

NJ318

MK

120

KR6

62

LL748

NR

362

UX9

14

QS

525

FO4

50

SL372

FO7

00

HO

606

CU

522

LT251

EN1

37

UD

640

US3

29

TC57

5

UK9

20

WM

906

SL334

NA8

19

SM181

HP1

65

KY54

9

DN

662

RY8

35

FO2

80

QQ

647

AJ547

NL183

HY2

14

CD

150

OS

965

LT302

RU

894

DA5

53

KM108

KB23

1

NL105

KP21

0

SL399

AG276

TQ4

21LL772

IF009 N

J375

OJ952

DV1

63

MG

696

LT682

DE2

72

HX8

03

FG6

84

OS

256

NQ

584

VA277

DR

789

SL318

DC

937

CZ34

9

FW86

4

CY4

92

RN

753

RW2

79

WM

739

CZ53

1

GO

783

LL714

IC386

EJ392

MD

433

ON

308

FO2

01

Q686

UM

808

UN

451

LT199

OJ726

LT147

LU416

FV739

SZ290

GE

677

HI534

SC1

00

EP95

1

OC

065

SQ033

LU416

ON

323

FG7

06

HI554

OC

092

LI591

FI259

SK16

2

OJ904

FT642

LT128

LK052

LT164

EM367

MK

185

HO

655

UP8

20

SL371

YE66

7

UN

673

UO

650

UM

873

US0

79

TC54

6

UK9

10

EQ549

Cedarburg

Germ

antown

Grafton

Hartford

Jackson

Mequon

New

burg

PortW

ashingtonSaukville

Slinger

Thiensville

West

Bend

57

145

57

32

59181

60

167

144

57

57

57

57

14332

144

167 175

K

145

Kilbourn

Main

Eastern

Mequon

Granville

Swan

Ulao

18th18th

River

Range Line

C

Pione er Chestnut

1st

Dec orahP

Wauwatosa

Lake Shore

Main

164

Ll

P

Highl and

O

45

4545

41

43

43

43

BH

272

BG

643

WQ

162

BH

264

BH

277

BH

270

FM494

BH

258

JA248

BG

646

HN

169

BG

647

BH

269

GM

798

BH

265

BH

263

BH

274

BG

655

GU

105EM

272

BH

257

BH

271

BG

652

BG

651

BH

268

BH

245

BA

139

BH

266

BG

653

BH

246

BG

654

WJ284

BG

645

WO

060

CS308

TQ324

BH

273

BG

650

WJ910

SA189

BH

255

BH

252

BH

253B

H254

BH

256

BH

250

LegendHigh C

apacity Wells

Private Wells

Cities or Villages

County Boundaries

Cross SectionsA-A'

B-B'

4-5WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013Location of Geologic

Cross Sections




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




02

41

Miles

Release

Site

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig4-5_LocationCrossSections.mxd



KZ194

LE715

FO6

64

RV1

05

AD9

31

RQ

901

RH

684

RC

217

QO

153

KO992

WH

774

KU0

77

LT289

QN

765

QV

075

HP6

12

FO3

46

FV241

LT228

DA6

64

OC

048

UB8

73

TH24

1

TF094

WI047

QW

672

HD

938

VC8

17

HX4

33

SN0

73

QW

691

RM

710

UP8

16

WG

236

FL993

IN031

NV7

01

LT179

NA8

49

NG

839

IC420

US3

46

NX6

37

LT218

US7

28

QL78

9

SL338

SL393

DO

389

DC

298

TW118

BO725

QW

628

TQ1

00

QQ

646

NA8

40

LL796

LT213

II680

UP8

37

LL766

KZ128

QX

781

CO

462

IE873

OT8

49

LL787

OS

778

FX730

ET678

WI028

KL891

SS04

9

QW

614

OC

003

LW6

81

FO2

24

RP6

61

DA6

66

TK050

LI442

HD

973

LT132

TL782

KC8

81

MP

583

EM373

HU

087

SJ224

SL311

SJ463

SE22

0

RS0

35

SK19

0

HR

500

FO6

65

CE1

58

GH

029

OC

080

DM

810

HI583

QW

631

MC

491

HC

711

DU

229

DE6

69

NM

760

RV5

45

KO938

OT8

70

MC

491

TL452

QS

548

QW

651

NV7

45

GE

907

NG

844

GG

104

SQ032

UK9

39

DN

494

MW

576

DC

071

SJ470

DC

540

OR

062

RM

746

LK184

QW

635

LL718

WL

894

HD

932

LI584

TH85

0

NC

866

NE4

13

RB5

28

GE

922

RK9

84

RC

279

EN8

36

FK250

NB3

73

RV1

45

VC9

54

SL376

OT8

17

LT317

OJ758

NM

761

DU

289

MW

418

EQ949

SJ461

RM

709

UD

673

UP8

31TL3

36

KC0

45

MV

277

OJ757

MW

577

GG

126

OT8

65

NJ368

RN

164

NY4

54

ID387

HO

609

NF78

9

MW

399

DQ

166

UP8

43

NM

761

SQ028

TJ161

QW

634

RN

792

QW

697

SJ249 LH

748

OT8

65

TL479

AG279

ID387

GC

134

RN

137

SJ469

MF

079

AJ335

SL341

WL

878

SS07

9

TF202

MJ45

5

NM

774

MK

454

RP3

63

FU98

9

TL338

NG

830

EJ397

ET675

LT323

RV1

48

OG

190

DA5

52

EN0

12

SQ028

TH84

3

SJ212

SZ292

WL

889

UP8

21

HV5

64

RY1

64

RC

258

DA6

19

RM

744

FW86

1

HS5

48

OT8

73

SJ242

KU6

02

TR76

9

II673

LD594

LT300

HS9

43

FU47

8

GE

658

SL312

FY010

LJ486

AF149

QX

045M

M7

69

LI481

LU548

SJ467

UA9

01

OH

550

OG

953

UL300

TP056

TE146

SL326

EQ959

AZ646

WG

248

RK1

84

GK

656

TL785

TI919

TC55

0

TE290

SL394

SL372

FO7

00

UD

640

SL334

CI475

DA5

53

KM108

GO

783

MD

433

ON

308

FO2

01

Q686

ON

323

FG7

06

FI259

FT642

LT128

LT164

EM367

SL371

Germ

antown

Jackson

West

Bend

4-6WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013Geologic

Cross Section A-A'




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




07,500

15,0003,750

Feet

Release

Site

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig4-6_CrossSectionA-A.mxd



A

A'

LegendHigh C

apacity Wells

Private Wells

Cross S

ection A-A'

Cities or Villages

County Boundaries

B

B'

DM

958

KZ194

LE715

IC389

QW

674

NM

754

AD9

31

UM

851

UC

251

MG

684

SJ227

KO992

WH

774

SN0

88

KU0

77

NA8

87

QJ937

LT289

HP6

12

FQ3

51

FO3

46

EN8

95

KO985

QV

094

FV241

WG

395

OC

048

UB8

73

TH24

1

UM

860

US3

48

SJ208

VC8

17

MG

697

HX4

33

OQ

617

RM

710

WG

236

LT146

MP

522

CW

583

NX6

37

RA5

83

LT218

US7

28

UY5

58

QL78

9

HO

669

SE21

6

TW118

SL309

QQ

646

OT8

38M

W58

2

NA8

40

CY7

63

LL796

QV

058

HC

800

UP8

37

CT95

7

SJ216

LL766

WG

237

WL

338

WJ

052

IL288

MF

026

SN1

71

LT657

MJ48

6

DA6

44

ON

310

QO

176

KO970

IG37

3

MQ

152

SL316

WL

329

TK050

OS

786

LI442

HD

973

LT132

MP

583

KO991

HU

087

HC

798

RP6

65

SJ463

RS0

35

EN8

26

QQ

630

TG9

93

EN1

25

NF77

8

GH

029

MC

491

HC

711

OT8

42

DQ

181

DP3

80

GL06

9

QV

014

MC

491

US3

38

TL452

HO

672

EJ396

GC

497

KO906

FQ3

27

IG65

7

LL736

KO990

ID399

RB3

91

IG40

5

CT38

1

SQ032

UK9

39

UD

661

TI965

UC

217

DU

973

SJ470

RM

746

LK184

QW

635

IL209

LI584

TH85

0

UP8

49

WM

333

NC

866

KZ925

FW86

8

MC

499

MC

414

RC

279

EN8

36

SE25

3

KO116

SJ222

RU

838

VC9

54

TU44

8

SL376

RE1

72

FI275

CI960

HY2

73

GH

031

NM

761

GK

846

LL710

KO116

SJ461

RM

709

TL454

TL336

US3

39

TH86

2

MV

277

OJ757

KP25

1

FY622

HD

949

LL756

HO

744

DC

947

ID387

HJ957

NF78

9

LH826

OR

067

QO

975

QN

735

NM

761

SQ028

TJ161

WO

858

WN

339

QW

634

RN

792

SJ249

DC

935

LH748

TL479 SJ2

01

MJ66

6

OQ

643

ID387

SJ202

SJ276

GC

134

RN

137

CN

712

GE

700

AJ335

UN

654

KA44

3

TI987

WO

721

TI986

TF202

MJ45

5

NM

774

IE912

MK

454

DR

799

RP3

63G

C637

SQ028

TH84

3

SJ212

GL06

0

SZ292

UN

675

WL

889

CU

368

LU435

HV5

64

LU417

RC

258

SN0

98

IC406

SE24

1

FW86

1

FY913

RV1

50

LK319

CB5

81

FY632

HO

665

GC

140

KB80

2

UO

614

WL

403

FY010

ON

350

LJ486

OS

996

IN004

RM

077

QX

045

MM

769

LI481

SJ467

NA5

21

TP056

TE146

OC

012

EN8

88

HI556

RK1

37

EJ387

SL326

SJ239

WG

249

QX

792

QV

050

UZ67

9

TL785

VJ973

TC55

0

VL980

TE290

SL394

NA7

02

KR6

62

NR

362

UX9

14

EN1

37

UD

640

SL334

NQ

584

Q686

UM

808

OJ726

LU416

SZ290

LU416

HI554

OC

092

MK

185

HO

655

UP8

20

SL371

YE66

7

UO

650

Cedarburg

Germ

antown

Grafton

Jackson

Mequon

Slinger

4-7WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013Geologic

Cross Section B-B'




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




07,500

15,0003,750

Feet

Release

Site

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig4-7_CrossSectionB-B.mxd



LegendHigh C

apacity Wells

Private Wells

Cross S

ection B-B'

Cities or Villages

County Boundaries

Germ

antown

Hartford

Jackson

Slinger

West

Bend

60

83

145

83

144143

167

175

K

S

145

State

Prospect

Lincoln

Monro e

Lin coln

Forest

83 MainMain

Cedar

83

Pio neer

164

MainPP

45

4545

41

LegendHigh C

apacity Wells

Private Wells

Cities or Villages

4-8WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

RegionalBedrock Topography




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01.5

30.75

Miles

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig4-8_RegionalBedrockTopo.mxd

Release

Site



Release Site

LegendTotal A

rsenic, milligram

s per liter (mg/L)

less than 0.001 mg/L

0.001 - 0.009 mg/L

greater than or equal to 0.01 mg/L

Counties

Urban Areas

4-9WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara Aquifer Arsenic Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet




Points shown reflect data filtered from

WD

NR

database for Washington and O

zaukee County w

hich includes data from private potable,

municipal, non-transient non-com

munity, transient non-com

munity, and unspecified non-com

munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-9_niagara_arsenic.mxd



Release Site

LegendC

oliform B

acteriaPresent/Postive

Absent/Negative

Counties

Urban A

reas

4-10WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara AquiferPresence of Coliform Bacteria

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-10_niagra_bacteria.mxd



Release Site

LegendTotal H

ardness, milligram

s per liter (mg/L)

less than 100 mg/L

greater than or equal to 100 mg/L

Counties

Urban Areas

4-11WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara Aquifer Total Hardness

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-11_niagra_hardness.mxd



Release Site

4-12WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara Aquifer Iron Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-12_niagra_iron.mxd



LegendTotal Iron, m

illigrams per liter (m

g/L)N

D or less than 0.15 m

g/L0.15 - 0.29 m

g/Lgreater than or equal to 0.3 m

g/LC

ountiesU

rban Areas

Release Site

LegendTotal M

anganese, milligram

s per liter (mg/L)

less than 0.025 mg/L

0.025 to 0.049 mg/L


Counties

Urban Areas

4-13WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara AquiferManganese Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-13_niagra_Mn.mxd



Release Site

LegendTotal N

itrate (mg/L)


less than 2.0 mg/L

Counties

Urban A

reas

4-14WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

All AquifersNitrate Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-14_nitrate.mxd



Release Site

LegendTotal A

rsenic, milligram

s per liter (mg/L)

ND

or less than 0.001 mg/L

0.001 to 0.01 mg/L

Counties

Urban Areas

4-15WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Sandstone AquiferArsenic Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-15_SS_arsenic.mxd



Release Site

LegendC

oliform B

acteriaPresent/Positive

Absent/Negative

Counties

Urban Areas

4-16WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Sandstone AquiferPresence of Coliform Bacteria

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-16_SS_bacteria.mxd



Release Site

LegendTotal H

ardness, milligram

s per liter (mg/L)

Less than 100 mg/L

Greater than or equal to 100 m

g/L

Counties

Urban Areas

4-17WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Sandstone AquiferTotal Hardness

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-17_SS_hardness.mxd



Release Site

LegendTotal Iron, m

illigrams per liter (m

g/L)N

D or less than 0.15 m

g/L

0.15 to 0.29 mg/L

Greater than or equal to 0.3 m

g/L

Counties

Urban Areas

4-18WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Sandstone AquiferIron Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-18_SS_iron.mxd



Release Site

LegendTotal M

anganese, milligram

s per liter (mg/L)

ND

to less than 0.025 mg/L

0.025 to 0.049 mg/L


Counties

Urban Areas

4-19WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Sandstone AquiferManganese Concentrations

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS_BrianWebb\mxd\Fig4-19_SS_Mn.mxd



Release Site

550 gpm/ft

0.3 gpm/ft

LegendSpecific C

apacity, gallons per minute per foot (gpm

/ft)less than or equal to 10 gpm

/ft

12 - 50 gpm/ft

550 gpm/ft

Counties

Urban Areas

4-20WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara AquiferSpecific Capacity

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

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Release Site

1.3 gpm/ft

13.6 gpm/ft

LegendSpecific C

apacity, gallons per minute per foot (gpm

/ft)less than 10 gpm

/ft

13.6 gpm/ft

Counties

Urban Areas

4-21WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Sandstone AquiferSpecific Capacity

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

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Release Site

LegendPum

ping Rate, gallons per m

inute (gpm)

less than 100 gpm

100 to 500 gpm

greater than 500 gpm

Counties

Urban Areas

4-22WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013

Niagara AquiferPumping Rate

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

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Release Site

BH

247

BG

643

LegendPum

ping Rate, gallons per m

inute (gpm)

less than 100 gpm

100 to 500 gpm

1000 gpm

Counties

Urban Areas

4-23WI001304.0002

B. Webb

2 Jan 2013Sandstone Aquifer

Pumping Rate

PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




013,200

26,400Feet





WD

NR


zaukee County w





munity w

ells.

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2002

2135

3279

20302780 2812

32473252

3075

32622263

2362

2400

3026

2420

3080

3130

2435

2423

2415

2407

2426

2418

2408

32863048

1860

31273128

31343133

31513152

3159

2473

2913

2926 2938 2948

2945 2961

2459

2985

1982

1915

18851894

1985

2014

1969

1983

1790

1760

1770

1880

2771

3073

20352043 20421930

3053

2418

2266

2244

2255

2249

2239

2398

2339

2327

2358

2366

2288

2280

3146

3144

3188

3162

3170

3114

3220

31063228

3167

3124

31003105

3236

32443086

2243

2235

2213

2229

30643055

3056

2242

2234

3047

1870

2333

3207

3195

3189

31833177

3138

3142

3160

3172 3180

3291

3275

3253

3274

3260

3252

3244

2239

2247

2257

2267

2275

2283

2293

2305

2238

2246

2256

2266

2274

2284

2298

2306

2314 2320 2328

2342

3044

325332473239

3229

3219 325032443236

2430

2420

2410

2400

2384

2370

2364

2358

2350

2431

2421

2411

2401

2385

2373

3226

1682

1998

17101732

17521782

1796

18181876

194

194194

194

160

160

160193

160160

2406160

28402818

2860

2762

2881

2025

2015

2005

1971

1961

2869

2857

2026

2864

1990

1974

19601957

1995

2007

2019

2031

2807

2305

2245

2771

2343

2321

2401

2788

2450

2165

3255

3223

3209

2979

2315

2409

3215

3207

1736

2963

1730

1780

1836

1891

2955

2060

2090

2097

20452011

3252

3037

1740

1750

1708

3204 3282

3296

16833146

29762950

3186

31743166

3060

1964

2004

2018

1986

1930

2992

1997

1969

2039

2250

1859

2933

1824

2971

29852987

3020

3115

1987

1845

31153116

2466

2430

31653166

HICKORY

JACKSON

SHER

MA

N

CTY

TK T

DIVISION

CROSSWIND

MAPLE

OAKLAND

CROSSWIND

TWIN CREEKS

EAST G

ATE

EAST GATE

GO

LDEN H

AR

VEST

HU

MM

ING

BIR

D

JACKSON

TWIN CREEKS

CREEKWOODSHER

MA

N PARC

WILDFLOWER

MOCKINGBIRD

MAPLE

WESTER

N

MAPLE

MILL

WESTER

N

S HER

MA

N PA

RC

FENCELINE

FENCELINE

CROSSWINDBRO

OK

SI DE

BR

OO

KSID

E

DIVISION

930

910 890

960

940

910

930

910

860

930900

890

850

900

890

870

850

930

900

910

930

960

860

900

900

960

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960

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920

920

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900

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930

940

870

910

870

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960

910

900

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920

890

920

900

960

930

920

950

920

870880

900

950

960

880

920

900

920

940

900

860

950

LegendVillage W

ater Mains

8" - Existing

12" - Existing

8" - Future

12" - Future

Private Wells

Residential U

sage

Agricultural Usage

Proposed Water M

ains

Service Connections

2030 Village Limits


pacted)


ell)

Well N

ot Impacted

6-1WI001304.0002

J. Cooper

2 Jan 2013

RecommendedAlternative

Infrastructure




PROJECT NUMBER

DATE




01,000

2,000500

Feet

Release

Site


8"

12"

8"

8"

8"

8"

8"

12"

8"

8"8"

12"12"


ov. 2012

User: JCooper Date: 12/27/2012 Path: G:\PROJECTS\WI001304.0001\Water\Figures\GIS\Phase2\Fig6-1_RecommendedInfrastructure.mxd



8"

8"

8"

Appendix A


Workshop and Meeting Minutes

Page:

1/3

October 19, 2012WSPC – Phase 2 Long Term Water Supply Alternatives Evaluation

Conference Call with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), West Shore Pipe

Line Company, ARCADIS

A G E N D A

Telephone Conference Call: Friday, October 19, 2012

Time Item

11:30 Agenda outline for call was provided by Steve Ales of WDNR, and is presented below. Discussion notes in italics/underline

Future Water Options for Town of Jackson Gas Spill Area

1. Private wells: Pros/Consa. Geology of the areab. Upper aquifer in area of spill likely unusable due to gasc. Evaluate lower aquifer for use.

i. Depth of lower aquiferii. Water quality of lower aquifer – Lower aquifer appears to

be widely used suggesting water quality will be acceptable for potable use. However, water quality will be different and potentially more mineralized than the shallow aquifer.Perception of residents may be that lower aquifer is of poorer quality than the shallower aquifer. Can be determined from regional studies and water quality sampling at the site. Per WDNR – local water quantity may be limited.

iii. Due to depth will a 6” well work? Are there commercially available pumps that will lift water from that depth? GouldsPumps have a lot of well pumps, check catalog. Actual pump sizing will need to be made to determine this.Diameter is not influenced by flow rate as much as by pump hydraulics. If larger pump is needed – well casingwill need to be larger.-Spoke to a residential well driller that has experience completing wells to these type of depths and to a pump supplier. Both indicated that there are numerous off-theshelf pump models that will lift water from these types of depths. The pumps can be found in standard 4-inchdiameter sizes, such that larger well diameters would not be needed.

iv. If 6” wells won’t work and 8” wells are needed, what type of pump (hp, 3 phase, cost of operation) are needed to lift water from great depth – Horsepower and voltage would need to be greater to achieve the greater lifts. Perhaps

Page:

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from the standard ½ to ¾ horsepower shallow well pump to about a 3 horsepower (depends on head conditions).Could still use single phase pump. There would be greater electrical costs associated with the stronger pumps, which can be calculated. Additional costs probably not excessive because of the pumps short actual run time, but calculations would confirm.

d. Evaluate upper aquifer but outside plume. Will higher/concentrated pumping draw contamination into that well? –Possible, but generally water usage from residential wells is small enough that it does not have a large influence on water levels or flow directions/gradients. Influence of can be determined with a groundwater flow model calibrated to site water level measurements and/or pumping test Can you use monitoring wells around extraction system as a pump test? - Yes, provided that the flow rate in the extraction well can be precisely controlled (and turned off for a period of time) and monitoring wells are appropriately spaced and screened at the appropriate depth.Can be determined by review of the monitoring system and calculations with pumping rate and assumed hydraulic parameters. Must also consider where to discharge contaminated water during the test.- All remediation wells, monitoring wells and residential wells are located within the upper aquifer. To obtain representative results, a test well would need to be installed within the aquifer that would be used for replacement wells. ARCADIS suggested a desktop geologic study to obtain information on regional geology and hydrogeology in lieu of a pump test.

2. Public Water Systema. What geographic area should be covered by the distribution

system?b. Other Than Municipal Systems – multiple to cover geographic

areasc. Source of water

i. Purchase from Jackson. Pros/Consii. Purchase from some other municipality. Pros/Cons – The

major drawbacks with providing municipal water fromother sources are the large expenses associated with running a raw water line greater distances.

iii. New source wells. Pros/Cons – Major drawbacks are expense associated with raw water line, new production wells, testing/engineering, and permitting. Increased regulation, operator qualifications, testing, O&M costs associated with these type of systems….unless surrounding municipality willing to take over operation of system. Advantage would be ability to site well/wells closer to affected area (i.e. less transmission line). Will need to demonstrate quantity is sufficient, quality is acceptable, and no impacts to surrounding water users through testing and potentially modeling. Also, larger

Page:

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draw of water may impact movement of plume.Placement of well must take well-head protection into account, time of travel from any potential contaminant plume, etc. This will take more time to evaluate and more cost for preliminary engineering.

1. Test well into lower aquifer.a. Needs prior approval from public water

programb. Design so that it could be used as part of a

public water systemc. Determine testing protocol once well is

completed. This testing will also answer viability of lower aquifer for private wells

d. Location – place where it could be part of a future public water system

d. Cost of operation including pumping and treatment of any public water system

Additional conference call discussions:

WDNR: Can’t force Village to extend water distribution system (WDS). Must

have an agreement with them to do so. Can force Town to establish a Sanitary District for water service.

Village – supply water to a WDS that either they operate or to a consecutive system. Source eliminates a lot of uncertainty.

Border Agreement – looks like parties can extend the Agreement further. Developer – can’t annex just because tie in to water. Erick Nitchke does not incorporate annexation for water & sewer. Some

areas are included for specific annexation (NE area) Lower dolomitic limestone, not much water producer. Time frame can extend as needed for test wells, report work, etc. – just

don’t have long lag times for moving forward. DNR may permit lack of profile view for this design. WDNR needs to put

this in writing. If Village Source – Village or Town may not permit lack of profiles. Need to confirm with each party.

Can ARCADIS start working with Village? – WDNR says yes – ARCADIScan talk with Village and with Town directly. Prior to specific alternative, need to provide more details to public. No final decision until privatewells data has been worked out. Washington County GIS – Eric (person) very good. Margaret Anderson, Katie can provide some contact. Any special crossings – show profile.

Trying to keep ahead of weather, therefore preliminary investigation work & surveying.

For a consecutive system may need chemical boosting? Above ground building? BPS? Etc.

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November 14, 2012WSPC – Phase 2 Long Term Water Supply Alternatives Evaluation

Jackson Village HallN168 W20733 Main St

Jackson, WI 53037

A G E N D A

Alternative 2 – Direct Connections to Village of Jackson

Time Item

1:30 Data Needs from the Village of Jackson

1. Border Agreement (BA) and understandinga. Area of concern is outside the Border Agreement.b. BA should be updated for the land area to be included. Concern is

how to manage growth, subdivisions, etc – benefitting from Village services without Village taxes and ROI.

2. WDS Hydraulic Modela. Stantec currently has Village Modelb. WDS model will be made available to ARCADISc. ARCADIS will assume that model is updated – due to recalibration

efforts in 2011. ARCADIS will analyze hydraulics for proper sizing ofinfrastructure.

3. Copy of a typical water bill (showing all fees)a. Village to provide copy to ARCADIS. Also, village will provide most

recent rate study.4. Connection and Service fees per account

a. Connection fee $820 per Residential Equivalent User (REU)b. Village will provide example bill.

Planning Area

1. Identify Service Areaa. Long Term service area to be determined by Town, if outside current

Border Agreementb. Alternative 2B Figure is appropriate for the immediate impacted area

of concern. This area will be used for sizing infrastructure unless appropriate direction provided.

2. Access, Land Ownership: Future tank site, ROW or easementsa. Village does not own site for future tank.b. Village does not own easements for potential cross-country routes

Geology

1. Knowledge of rock elevations along Sherman, Maple, Mill, Western, etc.a. No additional data is known, beyond ARCADIS current knowledge of

area


2/3

Village Hydraulic Needs

1. Storage, BPSa. Storage needed once demand on Village WDS reaches 1.0 MGD.

Currently at about 700,000 gpd.b. BPS – will need to be determined based on modeling

2. Elevations to be serveda. Washington County data (2 ft contours) to be provided to ARCADISb. Pressures needed between 45 – 85 psi at street, per plumbing code.

3. Obtain elevation contours

Design Standards

1. Engineering Standardsa. Standards provided. Piping materials DIP, PVC or HDPEb. Depth of cover min = 6ft, thus design at 7 ft coverc. HDPE services – use 1.25” to provide 1” internal diameter. Long

services may need to be larger to overcome headloss.d. Meters to be in the home – not in pitse. Village will have Fixed Base Meter Reading system in place within 3

yearsf. Design so that sanitary sewers can be placed in ROW in the futureg. Road crossings must meet Town requirements for Town roads and

County requirements for Highway G – Division Road2. Additional Requirements (i.e. fire protection, sanitary sewer, etc.)

a. WSPC will not install sanitary sewers.

Other Issues or Concerns

1. Any funding available?a. If so, Town would need to apply, not Village.

2. Any other Village issues, concerns or questions? Deal busters?a. No cost by Village to set up

3. Review and approval processa. Last Tuesday of month = Board of Public Works reviews

2:25 Identify Action Items

Alternative 3 - Sanitary District Service

Time Item

2:30 Consecutive System Requirements

1. Border Agreement modificationsa. See above

2. Supply Agreement neededa. Yes –Village rate payers cannot subsidize Town bulk water costs.


3/3

b. Terms of sale, costs, etc to be included.3. Emergency Interconnection – site and type

a. If Town has 2 wells (one for backup) would not need Village as an emergency backup.

b. Could use Village, but same type of Agreement and terms & conditions would be needed.

4. Ability for Town to contract WDS operations and management servicesa. Village would be willing to accommodate as appropriate – not against

the idea.

Town Well Source1. Source Water Protection Plan, well locations (N/A)2. Pumping, treatment and storage needs (N/A)3. Emergency Interconnection – mutual benefit

a. Village would not want this - no need to have Town provide water to Village.

b. Town would need a check valve to prevent Town water from re-entering the Village WDS.

Other Issues or Concerns1. Any Village concerns as a source for a consecutive system

a. Can’t have Village rate payers subsidize Town customers.b. Timing for updating the Border Agreement and/or executing a Water

Supply Agreement with Town.2. Any Village concerns as a source for an emergency interconnection

a. Same as above.3. Any Town concerns to accepting Village as source or emergency connection

(N/A)4. Any Town concerns to establishing a Sanitary District (N/A)

2:55 Identify Action Items

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November 27, 2012WSPC – Phase 2 Long Term Water SupplyAlternatives Evaluation

Jackson Town Hall

Jackson, WI 53037

A G E N D A

Telephone Conference Call: Tuesday November 20, 2012 (email 11/16/12)

Time Item

10:30Engineering Design Standards

Follow the Village of Jackson standards basically for WDS network materials, pipes,valves, hydrants, etc. PVC and HDPE pipe materials are very common.

Street crossings for pipe can be open cut, but backfilled with slurry. Water servicelaterals must be bored across the streets. County Highway G (Division Road)improvements must be approved by Washington County. Street crossings do not need tobe in casing pipe, unless County requires it..

Reviews required by WDNR, inspections by Village, no zoning or building departmentreviews by Town, no Board of Planning or such entity either. Engineering reviews will berequired though.

No review or consideration as of yet for property needs, facilities, etc. Town Board willneed to address such issues.

Border Agreement, Service Area, Misc:

Property owner surveys are confidential – and as such, specifics cannot be released.

Town is willing to move forward, as directed by the Town Board.

Town sees this situation as an emergency. This is not a plan for expansion ordevelopment but rather emergency to fix problems from the accidental release ofgasoline.

Town Board is not in favor of reopening the Border Agreement or updating to address theemergency spill zone needs.

Town Board desires a separate water supply agreement to address this area, concernsfor routine splitting of a lot, for usual growth, but not to permit new subdivisions orsignificant growth.

Town Board will have to address the issue of fire protection, fire hydrants, etc.

Annexation and/or reopening the Border Agreement for this would be considered a “dealbreaker”.

Potential long term service area to be determined. However, hard to make decisionswithout knowing why pipe failed. What is potential of failure of pipe anywhere else alongthe pipe?

Staffing for a Sanitary District would need Town Board action, but previous thought givento subcontracting back to Village or other entity.

No current plans to force residents to connect to any water mains, unless forced due toimpacted well – by WDNR.


2/3

Strong desire to consider agricultural usage separate from domestic usage.

For Alternative 4 – desire cluster wells, no governmental oversight. Home owners wouldbe on their own to work out costs, etc, but Town would not be involved.

Other Issues or Concerns

1. Any funding available?

None known. Town is not in a position to apply for such funding (noexperience).

2. Any other Town issues, concerns or questions? Deal busters?

Reopening the Border Agreement = deal breaker

Forced annexation = deal breaker

3. Capacity in infrastructure design

Would like to see Report identify available capacity for improvements, beyondneeded capacity for immediate area impacted.

Would like to see Report state flexibility and options for growing therecommended infrastructure should plume movement require adding moreproperties.

Has WDNR set the base line service area to be included yet? If so, where?

Town Meeting – November 27, 2012Questions to Town Board for consideration:

1. Fire Protection issues:

WDNR codes require?) Hydrants per Town Engineers. Town may request avariance from this rule if desired to provide rural water use only – without fireprotection, matching the current system conditions.

Spacing typically between 350 to 600 feet, with average of 400 ft spacing.Could request a variance and permit further apart. Would need ability to flushthe WDS network for water quality purposes.

2. Service Area: Intended = impacted area noted in Phase I.

Town sees this situation as an emergency. This is not a plan for expansion ordevelopment but rather emergency to fix problems from the accidental releaseof gasoline.

Sizing of infrastructure is a point of concern.

i. Water main (WM) should be large enough to accommodate the currentand potential total customers impacted by the plume.

ii. WM should be large enough to permit modest growth on existing lands(for example parent splitting off a lot or two for their children to buildhomes).

iii. WM should be small enough not to impact water quality and not toencourage subdivision type growth.

iv. Report should state the design capacity, initial expected demand andavailable capacity for growth, including number of homes that could beadded.

3. Sanitary District Alternative

Properties or sites for consideration

i. Town Hall property may have land for facilities


3/3

ii. Town has property along Route 60, but may be too small

iii. Location of future municipal wells will be as directed by WDNR

iv. Town property at Transfer Station approximately 1.5 miles north of theimpacted area.

v. Depending on needs, additional land may be required.

Village Source Concerns?

i. Border Agreement issues – see below

Well Water Source

i. Concern – will WDNR permit drilling in contaminated plume area?

ii. How far away from plume will WDNR draw any “no-drill” boundary forprivate wells?

iii. How could this affect future drilling of currently unaffected parcels?

iv. How far away from plume will WDNR permit drilling a new municipalwell for use as a Town Source?

v. Can the Town be provided this information ASAP in order to continuemaking decisions?

vi. If using cluster wells, how will the clusters be set up to permit someexpansion of the system for lot splits and new services?

4. Border Agreement modifications

No reference to accommodate this type of emergency situation

Any future properties “desiring” to be served – vs. required to be served, wouldneed to continue falling under the Border Agreement requirements.

This emergency service needs to be treated separately via a Supply Agreementinstead of modifying the Border Agreement.

5. Supply Agreement needed

Town Board believes that a separate agreement will be required instead ofreopening the border agreement.

6. Long term water supply concerns or issues?

Any Town concerns to accepting Village as source or emergency connection?

i. No change to Border Agreement

ii. No annexation

Any Town concerns to establishing a Sanitary District

i. What is the future financial impact on the tax payers for O,M & R of thewater facilities and infrastructure? What is the 50 year design life costimpact on the Town?

ii. Will tax payers from rest of Town be required to pay for this watersystem, long term, that 1) was forced upon them and 2) serves sofew?

Time: Item

7:00 Identify Action ItemsARCADIS to call WDNR and further request information as well as clarificationregarding well related questions.

Appendix B


Drinking Water Fact Sheets

PRINTED ONRECYCLEDPAPER

YOU & YOUR WELLWISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services, and functions under an Affi rmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to Equal Opportunity Offi ce, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.This publication is available in alternative format (large print, Braille, audio tape, etc) upon request. Please call 608-266-0821 for more information.

For more information, request the following brochures: Well Abandonment (PUB-DG-016), Bacteriological Contamination of Drinking Water (PUB-DG 003), Driven-Point (Sand-Point) Wells (PUB-DG-022 92)

PUB-DG-002 2007

Is there a new well in your future? Perhaps you are building a new home, or are simply considering replacing or upgrading an existing water supply. Whatever the case, here is some information that can help you.

Who regulates water wells?

Wisconsin has had well regulations since 1936, and today is recognized as a national leader in well protection. NR 812, (formerly NR 112), Wis. Adm. Code, is administered by the Department of Natural Resources (DNR). The Well Code is based on the sound premise that if a well and water system is properly located, constructed, installed and maintained the well should provide safe water continuously without the need for treatment. Most county zoning and public health offi ces have a copy of the Well Code. For information about the code, contact a DNR regional water supply staff person or a licensed well driller or pump installer. Consult with licensed individuals or neighbors for background information on water quality.

When is an approval required prior to construction?

A DNR Notifi cation Number is required prior to construction. You may obtain a DNR Noti-fi cation Number online at: dnr.wi.gov. Under “Online Services” click on Well Construc-tion Notifi cation and answer the questions. Be sure to print a copy for your records. A second option is that you may also visit one of the 1500 locations throughout Wisconsin where hunting & fi shing licenses are sold. You will receive a receipt for your records which displays a DNR Notifi cation Number. Also, some DNR approved county ordinances require that a “well permit” be obtained prior to construction. Check with your county health department or zoning offi ce.

State statutes require that any owner who constructs and/or operates a well or combina-tion of wells on one property that are capable of producing 70 or more gallons per minute, in aggregate, must obtain an approval from the DNR prior to construction.

Approvals are also required for constructing school water systems, wastewater treatment plant water systems and community water systems governed under chapter NR 811 and for the installation of some types of water treatment.

Who can construct wells?Who can install pumps?

Well Driller—Only those persons holding a current well drilling license from the Depart-ment of Natural Resources may construct or reconstruct (deepen or install a liner or screen) potable wells.

Pump Installer—Only those persons hold-ing a current pump installer license from the

Department of Natural Resources may install and replace pumps, pitless adapters and acces-sory piping and pressure tanks on both drilled and driven point potable wells.

Exceptions—A well drilling license is not required for constructing driven point wells.

A license is not required for a person con-structing a well or installing a pump on property owned and occupied by him or her. State law requires, however, that no matter who does the work, it must comply with the State Private Well Code (ch. NR 812), and a Well Construction Report must be submitted to DNR.

A license is not required for an individual constructing a nonpotable well or installing a pump in a nonpotable well, however the instal-lation must comply with the well code.

What are the responsibilities of a well constructor to the owner?

The well must be constructed or reconstructed in compliance with ch. NR 812, and upon completion of a well construction or recon-struction, a well driller or point driver is required to:

1. Test pump and fl ush the well.

2. Disinfect the well.

3. Collect a water sample for a bacteriologi-cal test; submit the sample to a laboratory certifi ed for bacteriological testing; and provide a report of the results to the owner within 10 days of receiving the water test results. (The DNR recommends that the water also be tested for nitrates.)

4. Provide the owner or his agent with a copy of a Well Construction Report, that describes how the well was constructed, within 30 days of completion of the well. The report assigns a unique number to the well.

The water sample test results and well construction report must also be sent to the Department.

What are the responsibilities of a pump installer to the owner?

A pump installer must install the pump, the pitless adapter, pressure tank and sample faucet in compliance with the Well Code, disinfect the

pump and distribution system after installation, fl ush it, take a water sample for bacteriological analysis (as described in #3 above) and report the results to the owner.

The pump installer may delegate the sample collection to the owner or another agent, by leaving the sample bottle, instructions and form, but the pump installer is still responsible for the sample collection.

Some private well location requirements (from NR 812)

Always ensure that your well is located upslope and as far as possible from potential sources of contamination, but at least:

◆ 8 feet from an approved gravity building sewer pipe or 25 feet from building sewers made of other non-approved materials or a pressurized building sewer.

◆ 8 feet from a swimming pool.

◆ 100 feet from any buried petroleum tank, except that only 25 feet of separation is required for a buried fuel oil tank if the tank is used only for private residential heating.

◆ 25 feet from a septic or holding tank, or from a laundry or wastewater sump.

◆ 25 feet from the high water mark of a lake, pond or stream.

◆ 50 feet from a privy, dry well, soil absorp-tion system (“drainfield”) or mound system.

◆ 50 feet from a municipal collector sewer.

◆ 50 feet from an animal yard or animal shelter

◆ 250 feet from a sludge disposal area, a salvage yard or a salt storage area.

◆ 250 feet from an absorption, storage, retention or treatment pond; ridge and furrow system; or spray irrigation waste disposal site.

◆ 1,200 feet from any existing, proposed or abandoned landfi ll site.

NOTE: This list is not complete. Consult NR 812 or the DNR for specifi c requirements. Figures A and B show well location require-ments.

Figure A Common separation distances on residential lots Figure B Common separation distances

on farms

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Figure D Deep-well offset pump installation using a packer-jet assembly

Figure C Shallow-well pump installation

Some general DOs and DON’Ts

DON’T Install a well in the base-ment or in a crawl space of your home. (The well would not be accessible for repair.) If the base-ment is of the walk-out type, installation is per-missible. (Offset pumps may be installed in dry basements.)

DON’T Construct a well, pump, or pressure tank pit. A well may not terminate in a pit or an alcove. The DNR does not allow pits because of the potential for fl ooding and subse-quent contamination of the water supply. (Pitless adapters have made pits obsolete.)

DON’T Install unprotected buried suction line between a well and a pump or pressure tank in a basement. If the pipe were to develop a hole or crack, it could allow surface water to get into the water supply. Instead use a pitless adapter or unit with a pressurized piping arrangement. Do not install a non-pressure conduit to enclose the suction piping between a well and a basement.

DON’T Use a well for disposal or drainage of solid wastes, sewage, surface water or wastewater. This can contaminate an aquifer.

DON’T Develop a spring as a drinking water source without obtaining advance approval from DNR. The DNR does not recommend the use of a spring as a source of water for drinking.

DO Make certain the well constructor extends the well casing pipe at least 12 inches above the fi nished ground surface and two feet above a fl oodplain. (Future land-scaping must be taken into account.)

DO Properly install a vermin-proof well cap and electrical conduit to prevent entrance of insects into the well.

DO Make certain any under-ground connection to the well is made with an approved pitless adapter or unit. Properly installed, this will provide a water tight connection to the well and allow easy pump repair or well cleaning.

DO Completely fi ll and seal any unused wells (a DNR bro-chure on well abandonment is available).

DO Collect a water sample for bacteriological analysis at least once each year and any-time you notice a change in taste, odor, color or appear-ance. Also sample for nitrate if the water is to be used for an infant or a pregnant woman.

DO Construct your driven point well to a depth of at least 25 feet (not including the screen), or, 10 feet below the static water level, whichever is the greater depth.

DO Install an accessible down-ward-facing, non-threaded sampling faucet between the pump and the pressure tank at least 12 inches above the fl oor to allow for sampling water directly from the well.

DO Use only code-comply-ing well casing pipe. (see NR 812.17).

Types of acceptable pump installations

Offset Pump Installations (pump usually installed offset from the well in basement of house) with a seal-cross fi tting or a fl ange adapter and pressurized, concentric discharge. Connections should be made below frost depth to eliminate the potential for freezing.

1. Offset shallow-well pump for driven point well (Figure C)

2. Packer jet assembly for offset for driven point well pump(Figure D)

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7/02 LP

NORTHEAST

NORTHERN

SOUTHEAST

WEST CENTRAL

SOUTH CENTRAL

Region Offices

Green Bay

Spooner Rhinelander

Milwaukee

Eau Claire

Madison

Well Code requirements have been simplifi ed for this pamphlet.

For specifi c details on the Wisconsin Well Code (NR 812), look on our website at: dnr.wi.gov/

org/water/dwg/code.htm. If you have questions on the specifi cs of NR 812, please contact staff at one of the following offi ces.

Figure F Approved above-ground discharge unit

Figure HSubmersible pump with pitless receiver tank

Figure E Submersible pump with above-ground discharge in pumphouse

Figure G Submersible pump with below-ground discharge

Figure I Example of a vermin-proof cap

Northern Region810 W. Maple StreetSpooner, WI 54801(715) 635-2101or107 Sutliff AvenueRhinelander, WI 54501(715) 365-8900

South Central Region3911 Fish Hatchery RoadFitchburg, WI 53711(608) 275-3266

West Central Region1300 W. ClairemontPO Box 4001Eau Claire, WI 54702-4001(715) 839-3700

Southeast Region2300 N. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. DriveMilwaukee, WI 53212(414) 263-8500

Northeast Region2984 Shawano AvenueP.O. Box 10448Green Bay, WI 54307-0448(920)662-5100

Central Offi ce101 S. WebsterP.O. Box 7921Madison, WI 53707-7921(608) 266-0821

Submersible Pumps installed within well, below water level with:1. An above-ground discharge

pipe enclosed in a heated shelter (Figure E); or

2. Approved above-ground dis-charge unit, directed to an inside pressure tank (Figure F); or

3. A below-ground discharge with approved pitless adapter or pitless unit (Figure G); or

4. A buried pitless receiver tank (Figure H).

Drinking Water FromHousehold Wells

Cover photo courtesy of Charlene E. Shaw, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Table of Contents

Introduction .............................................................. 1

What Is Ground Water andHow Can It Be Polluted? ........................................... 2

Where Do Ground WaterPollutants Come From? ............................................. 4

What Are Some NaturallyOccurring Sources of Pollution? ............................ 5

What Human Activities CanPollute My Ground Water? .................................... 5

Should I Be Concerned? ............................................ 8

How Much Risk Can I Expect? .............................. 8

What Should I Do? .................................................... 8

Six Steps to Well Water Safety .............................. 8

Protecting Your Ground Water Supply .................. 9

Find Out More – Sources ofInformation on Well Water ................................. 16

Definitions – Common TermsAbout Wells and Ground Water ............................... 18

EPA 816-K-02-003 January 2002

Introduction

If your family gets drinking water from your ownwell, do you know if your water is safe to drink? Whathealth risks could you and your family face? Wherecan you go for help or advice?

This pamphlet helps answer these questions. It givesyou general information about drinking water fromhome wells (also considered private drinking watersources). It describes types of activities in your areathat can create threats to your water supply. It alsodescribes problems to look for and offers maintenancesuggestions. Sources for more information and helpare also listed.

All of us need clean water to drink. We can go forweeks without food, but only days without water.Contaminated water can be a threat to anyone’shealth, but especially to young children.

About 15 percent of Americans have their own sourcesof drinking water, such as wells, cisterns, and springs.Unlike public drinking water systems serving manypeople, they do not have experts regularly checkingthe water’s source and its quality before it is sentthrough pipes to the community.

To help protect families with their own wells, almost allstates license or register water-well installers. Most alsohave construction standards for home wells. In addition,some city and county health departments have localrules and permitting. All this helps make sure the well isbuilt properly. But what about checking to see that it isworking correctly and the water is always healthy todrink? That is the job of the well owner, and it takessome work and some knowledge.

1

Drinking Water From Household Wells


What Is Ground Water AndHow Can It Be Polluted?

Ground water is a resource found underthe earth’s surface. Most ground watercomes from rain and melting snowsoaking into the ground. Water fills thespaces between rocks and soils, makingan “aquifer”. (See Watershed Graphic.)About half of our nation’s drinkingwater comes from ground water. Most issupplied through public drinking watersystems. But many families rely onprivate, household wells and use groundwater as their source of fresh water.

Ground water — its depth from thesurface, quality for drinking water, andchance of being polluted — varies fromplace to place. Generally, the deeperthe well, the better the ground water.The amount of new water flowing intothe area also affects ground waterquality.

Ground water may contain somenatural impurities or contaminants,even with no human activity or pollu-tion. Natural contaminants can comefrom many conditions in the watershedor in the ground. Water movingthrough underground rocks and soilsmay pick up magnesium, calcium andchlorides. Some ground water naturallycontains dissolved elements such asarsenic, boron, selenium, or radon, agas formed by the natural breakdownof radioactive uranium in soil. Whetherthese natural contaminants are healthproblems depends on the amount ofthe substance present.

In addition to natural contaminants,ground water is often polluted byhuman activities such as

• Improper use of fertilizers, animalmanures, herbicides, insecticides,and pesticides

2

A “watershed” is the landarea where water soaksthrough the earth fillingan underground watersupply or aquifer. It isalso called a rechargearea. The “water table” isthe line below which theground is saturated orfilled with water andavailable for pumping.The water table will fallduring dry seasons. Awell can pump waterfrom either the saturatedzone or an aquifer. Wellsmust be deep enough toremain in the saturatedzone.

Impermeable Rock

Aquifer

Ocean

Precipitation

Recharge AreaWaterTable


• Improperly built or poorly locatedand/or maintained septic systemsfor household wastewater

• Leaking or abandoned undergroundstorage tanks and piping

• Storm-water drains that dischargechemicals to ground water

• Improper disposal or storage ofwastes

• Chemical spills at local industrialsites

These problems are discussed ingreater detail later in this brochure.

Suburban growth is bringing busi-nesses, factories and industry (andpotential sources of pollution) intoonce rural areas where families oftenrely on household wells. Growth is alsopushing new home developments ontothe edge of rural and agriculturalareas. Often municipal water and

sewer lines do not extend to theseareas. Many new houses rely on wellsand septic tanks. But the people buyingthem may not have any experienceusing these systems.

Most U.S. ground water is safe forhuman use. However, ground watercontamination has been found in all 50states, so well owners have reason tobe vigilant in protecting their watersupplies. Well owners need to be awareof potential health problems. Theyneed to test their water regularly andmaintain their wells to safeguard theirfamilies’ drinking water.

3

The hydrologic cycle isthe natural process ofrain and snow falling toearth and evaporatingback to form clouds andfall again. The waterfalling to earth flows intostreams, rivers, lakes andinto the soil collecting toform groundwater.

Groundwater Flow

Evaporation

Sleet, Snow, or Rain


Quick Reference List of Noticeable Problems

Visible• Scale or scum from calcium or magnesium salts in water• Unclear/turbid water from dirt, clay salts, silt or rust in water• Green stains on sinks or faucets caused by high acidity• Brown-red stains on sinks, dishwasher, or clothes in wash points to

dissolved iron in water• Cloudy water that clears upon standing may have air bubbles from poorly

working pump or problem with filters.

Tastes• Salty or brackish taste from high sodium content in water• Alkali/soapy taste from dissolved alkaline minerals in water• Metallic taste from acidity or high iron content in water• Chemical taste from industrial chemicals or pesticides

Smell• A rotten egg odor can be from dissolved hydrogen sulfide gas or certain

bacteria in your water. If the smell only comes with hot water it is likelyfrom a part in your hot water heater.

• A detergent odor and water that foams when drawn could be seepagefrom septic tanks into your ground water well.

• A gasoline or oil smell indicates fuel oil or gasoline likely seeping from atank into the water supply

• Methane gas or musty/earthy smell from decaying organic matter in water• Chlorine smell from excessive chlorination.

Note: Many serious problems (bacteria, heavy metals, nitrates, radon, andmany chemicals) can only be found by laboratory testing of water.

Where Do Ground WaterPollutants Come From?

Understanding and spotting possiblepollution sources is important. It’s thefirst step to safeguard drinking waterfor you and your family. Some threatscome from nature. Naturally occurringcontaminants such as minerals canpresent a health risk. Other potentialsources come from past or presenthuman activity — things that we do,

4

make, and use — such as mining,farming and using chemicals. Some ofthese activities may result in thepollution of the water we drink.

Several sources of pollution are easy tospot by sight, taste, or smell. (See “QuickReference List.), however many seriousproblems can only be found by testingyour water. Knowing the possible threatsin your area will help you decide on thekind of tests you need.


What are Some Naturally

Occurring Sources of Pollution?

Microorganisms: Bacteria, viruses,parasites and other microorganismsare sometimes found in water. Shallowwells — those with water close toground level — are at most risk.Runoff, or water flowing over the landsurface, may pick up these pollutantsfrom wildlife and soils. This is oftenthe case after flooding. Some of theseorganisms can cause a variety ofillnesses. Symptoms include nauseaand diarrhea. These can occur shortlyafter drinking contaminated water. Theeffects could be short-term yet severe(similar to food poisoning) or mightrecur frequently or develop slowly overa long time.

Radionuclides: Radionuclides areradioactive elements such as uraniumand radium. They may be present inunderlying rock and ground water.Radon — a gas that is a naturalproduct of the breakdown of uraniumin the soil — can also pose a threat.Radon is most dangerous when in-haled and contributes to lung cancer.Although soil is the primary source,using household water containingRadon contributes to elevated indoorRadon levels. Radon is less dangerouswhen consumed in water, but remainsa risk to health.

Nitrates and Nitrites: Althoughhigh nitrate levels are usually due tohuman activities (see below), they maybe found naturally in ground water.They come from the breakdown ofnitrogen compounds in the soil.Flowing ground water picks them upfrom the soil. Drinking large amounts

of nitrates and nitrites is particularlythreatening to infants (for example,when mixed in formula).

Heavy Metals: Underground rocksand soils may contain arsenic, cad-mium, chromium, lead, and selenium.However, these contaminants are notoften found in household wells atdangerous levels from natural sources.

Fluoride: Fluoride is helpful in dentalhealth, so many water systems addsmall amounts to drinking water.However, excessive consumption ofnaturally occurring fluoride candamage bone tissue. High levels offluoride occur naturally in some areas.It may discolor teeth, but this is not ahealth risk.

What Human Activities Can

Pollute Ground water?

Bacteria and Nitrates: Thesepollutants are found in human andanimal wastes. Septic tanks can causebacterial and nitrate pollution. So canlarge numbers of farm animals. Bothseptic systems and animal manuresmust be carefully managed to preventpollution. Sanitary landfills andgarbage dumps are also sources.Children and some adults are at extrarisk when exposed to water-bornbacteria. These include the elderly andpeople whose immune systems areweak due to AIDS or treatments forcancer. Fertilizers can add to nitrateproblems. Nitrates cause a healththreat in very young infants called“blue baby” syndrome. This conditiondisrupts oxygen flow in the blood.

5


Concentrated Animal FeedingOperations (CAFOs): The numberof CAFOs, often called “factory farms,”is growing. On these farms thousandsof animals are raised in a small space.The large amounts of animal wastes/manures from these farms can threatenwater supplies. Strict and carefulmanure management is needed toprevent pathogen and nutrient prob-lems. Salts from high levels of manurescan also pollute groundwater.

Heavy Metals: Activities such asmining and construction can releaselarge amounts of heavy metals intonearby ground water sources. Someolder fruit orchards may contain highlevels of arsenic, once used as apesticide. At high levels, these metalspose a health risk.

Fertilizers and Pesticides: Farmersuse fertilizers and pesticides to pro-mote growth and reduce insect dam-age. These products are also used ongolf courses and suburban lawns andgardens. The chemicals in theseproducts may end up in ground water.Such pollution depends on the typesand amounts of chemicals used andhow they are applied. Local environ-mental conditions (soil types, seasonalsnow and rainfall) also affect thispollution. Many fertilizers containforms of nitrogen that can break downinto harmful nitrates. This could add toother sources of nitrates mentionedabove. Some underground agriculturaldrainage systems collect fertilizers andpesticides. This polluted water canpose problems to ground water andlocal streams and rivers. In addition,chemicals used to treat buildings andhomes for termites or other pests mayalso pose a threat. Again, the possibility

of problems depends on the amountand kind of chemicals. The types of soiland the amount of water movingthrough the soil also play a role.

Industrial Products and Wastes:Many harmful chemicals are usedwidely in local business and industry.These can become drinking waterpollutants if not well managed. Themost common sources of such prob-lems are:

• Local Businesses: These includenearby factories, industrial plants,and even small businesses such asgas stations and dry cleaners. Allhandle a variety of hazardouschemicals that need careful manage-ment. Spills and improper disposalof these chemicals or of industrialwastes can threaten ground watersupplies.

• Leaking Underground Tanks & Piping:Petroleum products, chemicals, andwastes stored in undergroundstorage tanks and pipes may end upin the ground water. Tanks andpiping leak if they are constructed orinstalled improperly. Steel tanks andpiping corrode with age. Tanks areoften found on farms. The possibilityof leaking tanks is great on old,abandoned farm sites. Farm tanksare exempt from the EPA rules forpetroleum and chemical tanks.

• Landfills and Waste Dumps: Modernlandfills are designed to contain anyleaking liquids. But floods can carrythem over the barriers. Olderdumpsites may have a wide variety

6


of pollutants that can seep intoground water.

Household Wastes: Improperdisposal of many common products canpollute ground water. These includecleaning solvents, used motor oil,paints, and paint thinners. Even soapsand detergents can harm drinkingwater. These are often a problem fromfaulty septic tanks and septic leachingfields.

Lead & Copper: Household plumb-ing materials are the most commonsource of lead and copper in homedrinking water. Corrosive water maycause metals in pipes or soldered jointsto leach into your tap water. Yourwater’s acidity or alkalinity (oftenmeasured as pH) greatly affectscorrosion. Temperature and mineralcontent also affect how corrosive it is.

They are often used in pipes, solder, orplumbing fixtures. Lead can causeserious damage to the brain, kidneys,nervous system, and red blood cells.The age of plumbing materials — inparticular, copper pipes soldered withlead — is also important. Even inrelatively low amounts these metalscan be harmful. EPA rules under theSafe Drinking Water Act limit lead indrinking water to 15 parts per billion.Since 1988 the Act only allows “leadfree” pipe, solder, and flux in drinkingwater systems. The law covers bothnew installations and repairs ofplumbing. For more information onavoiding lead in drinking water, visitthe EPA Website at www.epa.gov/safewater/Pubs/lead1.html

Water Treatment Chemicals:Improper handling or storage of water-well treatment chemicals (disinfec-tants, corrosion inhibitors, etc.) closeto your well can cause problems.

7

LocalIndustry

HouseholdWastes

Landfills

Pesticides and Fertilizers

LivestockWastes

SepticTank

UndergroundStorage Tanks

Septic tanks are deignedto have a “leach field”around them — an areawhere wastewater flowsout of the tank. Thiswastewater can alsomove into the groundwater


Should I Be Concerned?

You should be aware because the SafeDrinking Water Act does not protectprivate wells. EPA’s rules only apply to“public drinking water systems” —government or privately run companiessupplying water to 25 people or 15service connections. While most statesregulate private household wells, mosthave limited rules. Individual wellowners have primary responsibility forthe safety of the water drawn fromtheir wells. They do not benefit fromthe government’s health protections forwater systems serving many families.These must comply with federal andstate regulations for frequent analysis,testing, and reporting of results.

Instead, household well owners shouldrely on help from local health depart-ments. They may help you with yearlytesting for bacteria and nitrates. Theymay also oversee the placement andconstruction of new wells to meet stateand local regulations. Most have rulesabout locating drinking water wellsnear septic tanks, drain fields, andlivestock. But remember, the finalresponsibility for constructing yourwell correctly, protecting it frompollution, and maintaining it falls onyou, the well owner.

How Much Risk Can I Expect?

The risk of having problems dependson how good your well is — how wellit was built and located, and how wellyou maintain it. It also depends onyour local environment. That includesthe quality of the aquifer from whichyou draw your water and the humanactivities going on in your area that canaffect your well water.

Some questions to consider in protect-ing your drinking water and maintain-ing your well are:

• What distance should my well befrom sources of human wastes suchas septic systems?

• How far should it be from animalfeedlots or manure spreading?

• What are the types of soil andunderlying rocks? Does water floweasily or collect on the surface?

• How deep must a well be dug toavoid seasonal changes in groundwater supply?

• What activities in my area (farming,mining, industry) might affect mywell?

• What is the age of my well, itspump, and other parts?

• Is my water distribution systemprotected from cross connectionsand backflow problems?

What Should I Do?

Listed below are the six basic steps youshould take to maintain the safety ofyour drinking water. After the list you’llfind “how to” suggestions for eachpoint to help you protect your well andyour drinking water.

1. Identify potential problem sources2. Talk with ”local experts”3. Have your water tested periodically.4. Have the test results interpreted and

explained clearly.5. Set a regular maintenance schedule

for your well, do the scheduledmaintenance and keep accurate,up-to-date records.

6. Remedy any problems.

8


9

Protecting Your Ground Water Supply

When Building, Modifying Or Closing A Well

• Hire a certified well driller for any new well construction or modification• Slope well area so surface runoff drains away• When closing a well:

– Do not cut off the well casing below the land surface– Hire a certified well contractor to fill or seal the well

Preventing Problems

• Install a locking well cap or sanitary seal to prevent unauthorized use of,or entry into, the well

• Do not mix or use pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, degreasers, fuels, andother pollutants near the well

• Never dispose of wastes in dry wells or in abandoned wells• Pump and inspect septic systems as often as recommended by your local

health department• Never dispose of hazardous materials in a septic system• Take care in working or mowing around your well

Maintaining Your Well

• Each month check visible parts of your system for problems such as:– Cracking or corrosion,– Broken or missing well cap,– Settling and cracking of surface seals

• Have the well tested once a year for coliform bacteria, nitrates, and othercontaminants

• Keep accurate records in a safe place, including:– Construction contract or report– Maintenance records, such as disinfection or sediment removal– Any use of chemicals in the well– Water testing results

After A Flood — Concerns And Advisories

• Stay away from the well pump while flooded to avoid electric shock• Do not drink or wash from the flooded well to avoid becoming sick• Get assistance from a well or pump contractor to clean and turn on the

pump• After the pump is turned back on, pump the well until the water runs clear

to rid the well of flood water• If the water does not run clear, get advice from the county or state health

department or extension service• For additional information go to http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/

whatdo.htm


1. How Can I Spot Potential

Problems?

The potential for pollution enteringyour well is affected by its placementand construction — how close is yourwell to potential sources of pollution?Local agricultural and industrialactivities, your area’s geology andclimate also matter. This documentincludes a checklist to help you findpotential problems with your well.Take time to review it in the boxlabeled “Protecting Your Ground waterSupply.” Because ground water con-tamination is usually localized, the bestway to identify potential contaminantsis to consult a local expert. For ex-ample, talk with a geologist at a localcollege or someone from a nearbypublic water system. They’ll knowabout conditions in your area. (Seeitem # 5)

2. Have Your Well Water Tested

Test your water every year for totalcoliform bacteria, nitrates, totaldissolved solids, and pH levels. If yoususpect other contaminants, test forthese also. Chemical tests can beexpensive. Limit them to possibleproblems specific to your situation.Again, local experts can tell you aboutpossible impurities in your area.

Often county health departments dotests for bacteria and nitrates. For othersubstances, health departments,environmental offices, or countygovernments should have a list of statecertified laboratories. Your StateLaboratory Certification Officer canalso provide one. Call EPA’s SafeDrinking Water Hotline, (800) 426-4791, for the name and phone numberof your state’s certification officer.

Before taking a sample, contact the labthat will perform your tests. Ask forinstructions and sampling bottles.Follow the instructions carefully so youwill get correct results. The first step isgetting a good water sample. It is alsoimportant to follow advice aboutstoring the samples. Ask how soon theymust be taken to the lab for testing.These instructions can be very differentfor each substance being tested.

Remember to test your water afterreplacing or repairing any part of thewell system (piping, pump, or the wellitself.) Also test if you notice a changein your water’s look, taste, or smell.The chart below (“Reasons to Test YourWater”) will help you spot problems.The last five problems listed are not animmediate health concern, but theycan make your water taste bad, mayindicate problems, and could affectyour system long term.

10


Reasons to Test Your Water

Conditions or Nearby Activities: Test for:

Recurring gastro-intestinal illness Coliform bacteria

Household plumbing contains lead pH, lead, copper

Radon in indoor air or region Radonis radon rich

Corrosion of pipes, plumbing Corrosion, pH, lead

Nearby areas of intensive agriculture Nitrate, pesticides, coliform bacteria

Coal or other mining Metals, pH, corrosionoperations nearby

Gas drilling operations nearby Chloride, sodium, barium, strontium

Dump, junkyard, landfill, factory, Volatile organic compounds, totalgas station, or dry- cleaning dissolved solids, pH, sulfate,operation nearby chloride, metals

Odor of gasoline or fuel oil, and Volatile organic compoundsnear gas staion or buried fuel tanks

Objectionable taste or smell Hydrogen sulfide, corrosion, metals

Stained plumbing fixtures, laundry Iron, copper, manganese

Salty taste and seawater, or a Chloride, total dissolved solids,heavily salted roadway nearby sodium

Scaly residues, soaps don’t lather Hardness

Rapid wear of water pH, corrosiontreatment equipment

Water softener needed to Manganese, irontreat hardness

Water appears cloudy, frothy, Color, detergentsor colored

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3. Understanding Your Test

Results

Have your well water tested for anypossible contaminants in your area.Use a state-approved testing lab. (Seebelow for sources of approved labora-tories.) Do not be surprised if a lot ofsubstances are found and reported toyou.

The amount of risk from a drinkingwater contaminant depends on thespecific substance and the amount inthe water. The health of the person alsomatters. Some contaminant causeimmediate and severe effects. It maytake only one bacterium or virus tomake a weak person sick. Anotherperson may not be affected. For veryyoung children, taking in high levels ofnitrate over a relatively short period oftime can be very dangerous. Manyother contaminants pose a long-term orchronic threat to your health — a littlebit consumed regularly over a longtime could cause health problems suchas trouble having children and othereffects.

EPA drinking water rules for publicwater systems aim to protect peoplefrom both short and long term healthhazards. The amounts of contaminantsallowed are based on protecting peopleover a lifetime of drinking water. Publicwater systems are required to test theirwater regularly before delivery. Theyalso treat it so that it meets drinkingwater standards, notify customers ifwater does not meet standards andprovide annual water quality reports.

Compare your well’s test results tofederal and state drinking waterstandards. (You can find these stan-dards at www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html or call the Safe DrinkingWater Hotline 800-426-4791.) In somecases, the laboratory will give a veryhelpful explanation. But you may haveto rely on other experts to aid you inunderstanding the results.

The following organizations may beable to help:

• The state agency that licenses water-well contractors can help youunderstand your test results. It willalso provide information on wellconstruction and protection of yourwater supply. The agency is usuallylocated in the state capital or othermajor city. It is often part of thedepartment of health or environ-mental protection. Check the blue“government pages” of your localphone book or call the AmericanGround Water Trust at (614) 761-2215 or the EPA Hotline at (800)426-4791 for your licensing agency’sphone number.

• The local health department andagricultural agents can help youunderstand the test results. Theywill have information on any knownthreats to drinking water in yourarea. They can also give you sugges-tions about how to protect your wellwater.

• The state drinking water programcan also help. You can compare yourwell’s water to the state’s standardsfor public water systems. Stateprograms are usually located in thestate capital or another major city.They are often part of the depart-ment of health or environmental

12


regulation. Again, consult the blue“government pages” in your localphone book for the address andphone number or call or the EPAHotline — (800) 426-4791.

• The Safe Drinking Water Hotline at(800) 426-4791, mentioned above— can help in many ways. TheHotline can provide a listing ofcontaminants public water systemsmust test for. EPA also has copies ofhealth advisories prepared forspecific drinking water contami-nants. The EPA Hotline staff canexplain the federal regulations thatapply to public water systems. Theycompare your lab results to thefederal standards. In addition, theycan give you the phone number andaddress of your state drinking waterprogram, and of your state labora-tory certification officer. That officercan send you a list of approved labsin your area.

4. Well Construction and

Maintenance

Proper well construction and continuedmaintenance are keys to the safety ofyour water supply. Your state water-well contractor licensing agency, localhealth department, or local watersystem professional can provideinformation on well construction. (Seethe two graphics below. One showsthree types of well locations and howsurface water drains. The other lists thedistances from the well to guardagainst possible sources of pollution.)

Water-well drillers and pump-wellinstallers are listed in your localphone directory. The contractorshould be bonded and insured. Makecertain your ground water contractoris registered or licensed in your state,if required. If your state does nothave a licensing/registration programcontact the National Ground WaterAssociation. They have a voluntary

13

GOOD FAIR POOR The well should belocated so rainwaterflows away from it.Rainwater can pick upharmful bacteria andchemicals on the land’ssurface. If this waterpools near your well, itcan seep into it, poten-tially causing healthproblems.


14

certification program for contractors.(In fact, some states use theAssociation’s exams as their test forlicensing.) For a list of certified con-tractors in your state contact theAssociation at (614) 898-7791 or (800)551-7379. There is no cost for mailingor faxing the list to you.

Many homeowners tend to forget thevalue of good maintenance untilproblems reach crisis levels. That canbe expensive. It’s better to maintainyour well, find problems early, andcorrect them to protect your well’sperformance. Keep up-to-date recordsof well installation and repairs pluspumping and water tests. Such recordscan help spot changes and possibleproblems with your water system. Ifyou have problems, ask a local expertto check your well construction andmaintenance records. He or she can seeif your system is okay or needs work.

The graphic on the next page shows agood example of an animal-proof capor seal and the casing of a well.

Protect your own well area. Be carefulabout storage and disposal of house-hold and lawn care chemicals andwastes. Good farmers and gardenersminimize the use of fertilizers andpesticides. Take steps to reduce erosionand prevent surface water runoff.Regularly check underground storagetanks that hold home heating oil,diesel, or gasoline. Make sure your wellis protected from the wastes of live-stock, pets, and wildlife.

5. Talk With Local Experts

Good sources of information andadvice can be found close to home. Thelist below tells about some “localexperts”:

• The local health department’sregistered “sanitarian” is a healthspecialist. He or she likely knows themost about any problems withprivate wells.

50 ft.Septic Tanks

50 ft.Livestock YardsSilos Septic Leach Fields

100 ft.Petroleum TanksLiquid-Tight Manure StoragePesticide and Fertilizer Storage and Handling

250 ft.Manure Stacks

To keep your well safe,you must be surepossible sources ofcontamination are notclose by. Experts suggestthese separationdistances as a minimumfor protection — farther isbetter.


15

• Local water-well contractors can tellyou about well drilling and construc-tion. They are also familiar withlocal geology and water conditions.Look in the yellow pages of yourphone book or contact the agency inyour state that licenses water wellcontractors. Call the NationalGround Water Association (NGWA)at (614) 898-7791 or (800) 551-7379 to find NGWA-certified water-well contractors in your area.

• Officials at the nearest public watersystem may explain any threats tolocal drinking water and may bedeveloping plans to address poten-tial threats. They may advise you ontaking samples and understandingtests done on your water. Ask thelocal health department or look inyour phone book for the name andaddress of the closest system.

• Local county extension agents willknow about local farming andforestry activities that can affectyour water. They may also haveinformation about water testing.

• The Natural Resources ConservationService (NRCS) replaced the oldU.S. Soil Conservation Service. It ispart of the U.S. Department ofAgriculture. The NRCS and the U.S.Geological Survey have informationabout local soils and ground water.They can tell you where a localwater supply is located and how it isrecharged or replenished. Theywould know of any pollution threatsand if radon is a problem in thearea. Look for both in the blue pagesof your local phone book.

• Local or county planning commis-sions can be good sources. Theyknow about past and present landuses in your area that affect water.

• Your public library may also haverecords and maps that can provideuseful information. Nearby collegesand universities have research armsthat can provide facts and expertise.They may also have a testing lab.

ScreenedVent

Vermin-ProofCap or Seal

18-inches

An animal or verminproof cap preventsrodents from enteringyour well, being trappedand dying. Paving aroundyour well will preventpolluted runoff fromseeping into your watersupply.


16

6. Fix Problems Immediately

If you find that your well water ispolluted, fix the problem as soon aspossible. You may need to disinfectyour water, have a new well drilled,replumb or repair your system. Con-sider hooking into a nearby communitywater system (if one is available). Ifyou have a new well drilled or connectto a community water system, the oldwell must be closed properly. Consult“local experts” for help. You mightconsider installing a water treatmentdevice to remove impurities. Informa-tion about treatment devices can beobtained from the following sources:

Water Quality AssociationP.O. Box 6064151 Naperville RoadLisle, IL 60532www.wqa.org

National Sanitation FoundationP.O. Box 130140789 N Dixboro RoadAnn Arbor, MI 48113-0140(734) 769-8010, (800) NSF-MARKwww.nsf.org

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(to visit in person)Office of Water Resource Center1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NWAriel Rios BuildingWashington, DC 20460Phone: (202) 260-7786

Monday through Friday,except federal holidays,8:30AM – 4:30PM ET

E-mail address:[email protected]

There are many home water treatmentdevices. Different types remove differentpollutants or impurities. No onedevice does it all. Also, you mustcarefully maintain your home treatmentdevice so your water stays safe. For moreinformation, get a copy of EPA’s pam-phlet, “Home Water Treatment Units”from the U.S. EPA Resource Center orcall the Hotline at (800) 426-4791.

Find Out More

To find out more about your watershedand its ground water visit “Surf YourWatershed” at www.epa.gov/surf. Alsolook at the “Index of WatershedIndicators” at www.epa.gov/iwi. Thesewebsites can also tell you possiblesources of problems. Companies withpermits to release their wastewaters inyour area are listed. You can see if theymeet pollution control laws. You canalso learn how your watershed com-pares to others in the country.

The U.S. Department of Agricultureand EPA support a program to helpfarmers, ranchers and ruralhomeowners. Called Farm*A*Syst orHome*A*Syst, it helps identify andsolve environmental problems, includ-ing protecting drinking water. Obtain acopy of the Home*A*Syst question-naire/checklist that can help you findpossible threats to your water supplyfrom:

National Farm*A*Syst/Home*A*SystProgram303 Hiram Smith Hall1545 Observatory DriveMadison, WI 53706


17

Ph: 608.262.0024, Fax: [email protected]

For more information on current andfuture federal drinking water standardsand for general information on drinkingwater topics and issues, contact the EP Aat www.epa.gov/safewater or at:

U .S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Ground Water andDrinking Water1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NWWashington, DC 20460

Or call:

The Safe Drinking Water Hotline(800) 426-4791The hotline operates from 9:00 AM to5:30 PM (EST)The hotline can be accessedon the Internet atwww.epa.gov/safewater/drinklink.html

You can get a list of Federal drinkingwater standards from the EPA website.In addition, the EPA Office of GroundWater and Drinking Water giveschemical and health risk informationfor a number of drinking water prob-lems through its Safe Drinking WaterHotline (800) 426-4791. This informa-tion is also on the internet atwww.epa.gov/safewater. If you do nothave a computer, most public librariesoffer internet access. Even thoughfederal standards do not apply tohousehold wells, you can use them as aguide to potential problems in yourwater. Be aware that many states havetheir own drinking water standards.Some are stricter than the federalrules. To get your state standards,contact your state drinking waterprogram or local health department.

Other sources of information include:

Ground Water Protection Councilhttp://gwpc.site.net

American Water WorksAssociationwww.awwa.org

National Rural WaterAssociationwww.nrwa.org

National Drinking WaterClearinghousewww.estd. wvu.edu/ndwc

Rural CommunityAssistance Programwww.rcap.org

U.S. Geological Surveywater.usgs.gov

U.S. Department of AgricultureNatural ResourcesConservation Servicewww.nrcs.usda.gov

Water Systems Councilwww.watersystemscouncil.org


18

Definitions

Aquifer – An underground formationor group of formations in rocks andsoils containing enough groundwater to supply wells and springs.

Backflow – A reverse flow in waterpipes. A difference in water pres-sures pulls water from sources otherthan the well into a home’s watersystem, for example waste water orflood water. Also called backsiphonage.

Bacteria – Microscopic livingorganisms; some are helpful andsome are harmful. “Good” bacteriaaid in pollution control by consum-ing and breaking down organicmatter and other pollutants in septicsystems, sewage, oil spills, and soils.However, “bad” bacteria in soil,water, or air can cause human,animal, and plant health problems.

Confining layer – Layer of rock thatkeeps the ground water in theaquifer below it under pressure.This pressure creates springs andhelps supply water to wells.

Contaminant – Anything found inwater (including microorganisms,minerals, chemicals, radionuclides,etc.) which may be harmful tohuman health.

Cross-connection – Any actual orpotential connection between adrinking (potable) water supply anda source of contamination.

Heavy metals – Metallic elementswith high atomic weights, such as,mercury chromium cadmium,arsenic, and lead. Even at low levelsthese metals can damage livingthings. They do not break down ordecompose and tend to build up inplants, animals, and people causinghealth concerns.

Leaching field – The entire areawhere many materials (includingcontaminants) dissolve in rain,snowmelt, or irrigation water andare filtered through the soil.

Microorganisms – Also calledmicrobes. Very tiny life forms suchas bacteria, algae, diatoms, para-sites, plankton, and fungi. Some cancause disease.

Nitrates – Plant nutrient andfertilizer that enters water supplysources from fertilizers, animal feedlots, manures, sewage, septicsystems, industrial wastewaters,sanitary landfills, and garbagedumps.

Protozoa – One-celled animals,usually microscopic, that are largerand more complex than bacteria.May cause disease.


19

Radon – A colorless, odorlessnaturally occurring radioactive gasformed by the breakdown or decayof radium or uranium in soil orrocks like granite. Radon is fairlysoluble in water, so well water maycontain radon.

Radionuclides – Distinct radioactiveparticles coming from both naturalsources and human activities. Canbe very long lasting as soil or waterpollutants.

Recharge area – The land areathrough or over which rainwaterand other surface water soaksthrough the earth to replenish anaquifer, lake, stream, river, or marsh.Also called a watershed.

Saturated zone – The undergroundarea below the water table where allopen spaces are filled with water. Awell placed in this zone will be ableto pump ground water.

Unsaturated zone – The area abovethe ground water level or watertable where soil pores are not fullysaturated, although some water maybe present.

Viruses – Submicroscopic disease-causing organisms that grow onlyinside living cells.

Watershed – The land area thatcatches rain or snow and drains itinto a local water body (such as ariver, stream, lake, marsh, oraquifer) and affects its flow, and thelocal water level. Also called arecharge area.

Water table – The upper level of thesaturated zone. This level variesgreatly in different parts of thecountry and also varies seasonallydepending on the amount of rainand snowmelt.

Well cap – A tight-fitting, vermin-proof seal designed to preventcontaminants from flowing downinside of the well casing.

Well casing – The tubular lining of awell. Also a steel or plastic pipeinstalled during construction toprevent collapse of the well hole.

Wellhead – The top-of a structurebuilt over a well. Term also used forthe source of a well or stream.

WATER ON TAPwhat you need to know

Office of Water (4601)EPA 816-K-09-002www.epa.gov/safewaterDecember 2009 Printed on Recycled Paper

Table of Contents

Chapter Page No.

1. A Consumer’s Guide To The Nation’s Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

2. How Safe Is My Drinking Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

3. Where Does My Drinking Water Come From And How Is It Treated? . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

4. How Do We Use Drinking Water In Our Homes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

5. What’s Being Done To Improve Water Security? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

6. What Can I Do If There Is A Problem With My Drinking Water? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

7. How Safe Is The Drinking Water In My Household Well? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

8. What You Can Do To Protect Your Drinking Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Appendix A: National Primary Drinking Water Standards as of 10/03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

Appendix B: References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Appendix C: Sources of Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Appendix D: Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

The United States enjoys one of the best supplies of drinking water in the world. Nevertheless, many of us who once gave little or no thought to the water that comes from our taps are now asking the ques-tion: “Is my water safe to drink?” While tap water that meets federal and state standards is generally safe to drink, threats to drinking water are increasing. Short-term disease outbreaks and water restrictions during droughts have demonstrated that we can no longer take our drinking water for granted.

Consumers have many questions about their drinking water. How safe is my drinking water? What is being done to improve security of public water systems? Where does my drinking water come from, and how is it treated? Do private wells receive the same pro-tection as public water systems? What can I do to help protect my drinking water?

1. A Consumer’s Guide To The Nation’s Drinking Water

Sensitive Subpopulations

Some people may be more vulnerable to con-taminants in drinking water than the general population. People undergoing chemotherapy or living with HIV/AIDS, transplant patients, children and infants, the frail elderly, and preg-nant women and their fetuses can be particu-larly at risk for infections.

If you have special health care needs, con-sider taking additional precautions with your drinking water, and seek advice from your health care provider. For more information, see www.epa.gov/safewater/healthcare/special.html.

You will find information on bottled water and home water treatment units on page 16 of this booklet. You may also contact NSF International, Underwriter’s Laboratory, or the Water Quality Association. Contact information is located in Appendix C.

This booklet provides the answers to these and other frequently asked questions.

This booklet also directs you to more detailed sources of information. Often, you will be directed to a page on the EPA website. Additionally, the Safe Drinking Water Hotline is available to answer your questions. Please also see Appendix C for more resources. Refer to the Glossary (Appendix D) for definitions of words in bold font.

1

www.epa.gov/safewater Safe Drinking Water Hotline: 800-426-4791

What you need to know to protect your family

2


What Law Keeps My Drinking Water Safe?

Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1974 to protect public health by regulat-ing the nation’s public drinking water supply and protecting sources of drinking water. SDWA is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its state partners.

What Is A Public Water System?

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) defines a public water system (PWS) as one that serves piped water to at least 25 persons or 15 service connections for at least 60 days each year. There are approxi-mately 161,000 public water systems in the United States.1 Such systems may be publicly or privately owned. Community water systems (CWSs) are public water systems that serve people year-round in their homes. Most people in the U.S. (268 million) get their water from a community water system. EPA also regulates other kinds of public water systems,

2. How Safe Is My Drinking Water?

Highlights of the Safe Drinking Water Act

Authorizes EPA to set enforceable health stan-dards for contaminants in drinking water

violations and annual reports (Consumer Confidence Reports) to customers on con-taminants found in their drinking water - www.epa.gov/safewater/ccr

-lation enforcement

protect underground sources of drinking water - www.epa.gov/safewater/uic

except those with pristine, protected sources

-ing loan fund for water system upgrades - www.epa.gov/safewater/dwsrf

all drinking water sources to contamination - www.epa.gov/safewater/protect

— Drinking Water: Past, Present, and Future EPA-816-F-00-002

Public Water Systems

Community Water System (54,000 systems)—A public water system that serves the same people year-round. Most residences are served by Community Water Systems.

Non-Community Water System ( approximately 108,000 systems)—A public water system that does not serve the same people year-round. There are two types of non-community systems:

System (almost 19,000 systems)—A non-community water system that serves the same people more than six months of the year, but not year-round. For example, a school with its own water supply is consid-ered a non-transient system.

(more than 89,000 systems)—A non- community water system that serves the public but not the same individuals for more than six months. For example, a rest area or a campground may be considered a transient system.

3


such as those at schools, campgrounds, factories, and restaurants. Private water supplies, such as household wells that serve one or a few homes, are not regulated by EPA. For information on household wells, see “How Safe Is The Drinking Water In My Household Well?” on page 18 of this booklet.

Funding In The Future?

Nationwide, drinking water systems have spent hun-dreds of billions of dollars to build drinking water treatment and distribution systems. From 1995 to 2000, more than $50 billion was spent on capital investments to fund water quality improvements.2

With the aging of the nation’s infrastructure, the clean water and drinking water industries face a signifi-cant challenge to sustain and advance their achieve-ments in protecting public health. EPA’s Clean Water & Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap Analysis3

has found that if present levels of spending do not increase, there will be a significant funding gap by the year 2019.

Where Can I Find Information About My Local Water System?

Since 1999, water suppliers have been required to provide annual Consumer Confidence Reports to their customers. These reports are due by July 1 each year, and contain information on contaminants found

in the drinking water, possible health effects, and the water’s source. Some Consumer Confidence Reports are available at www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htm.

Water suppliers must promptly inform you if your water has become contaminated by something that can cause immediate illness. Water suppliers have 24 hours to inform their customers of violations of EPA standards “that have the potential to have seri-ous adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term exposure.” If such a violation occurs, the water system will announce it through the media, and must provide information about the potential adverse effects on human health, steps the system is taking to correct the violation, and the need to use alternative water supplies (such as boiled or bottled water) until the problem is corrected.

Systems will inform customers about violations of less immediate concern in the first water bill sent after the violation, in a Consumer Confidence Report, or by mail within a year. In 1998, states began com-piling information on individual systems, so you can evaluate the overall quality of drinking water in your state. Additionally, EPA must compile and summarize the state reports into an annual report on the condi-tion of the nation’s drinking water. To view the most recent annual report, see www.epa.gov/safewater/annual.

How Often Is My Water Supply Tested?

EPA has established pollutant-specific minimum test-ing schedules for public water systems. To find out how frequently your drinking water is tested, contact your water system or the agency in your state in charge of drinking water.

If a problem is detected, immediate retesting require-ments go into effect along with strict instructions about how the system informs the public. Until the system can reliably demonstrate that it is free of problems, the retesting is continued.

In 2001, one out of every four community water systems did not conduct testing or report the results for all of the monitoring required to verify the safety

Cost of Making Water Safe Continues to Rise

Much of the existing water infrastructure (underground pipes, treatment plants, and other facilities) was built many years ago. In 1999, EPA conducted the second Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey, and found that drinking water systems will need to invest $150 billion over a 20-year period to ensure clean and safe drinking water.

4


of their drinking water.4 Although failure to monitor does not necessar-ily suggest safety problems, conduct-ing the required reporting is crucial to ensure that problems will be detected. Consumers can help make sure certain monitoring and reporting requirements are met by first contacting their state drinking water agency to determine if their water supplier is in compliance. If the water system is not meeting the requirements, consumers can work with local and state officials and the water supplier to make sure the required mon-itoring and reporting occurs.

A network of government agencies monitor tap water suppliers and enforce drinking water standards to ensure the safety of public water supplies. These agencies include EPA, state depart-ments of health and environment, and local public health departments. Nevertheless, problems with local drinking water can,

and do, occur.

What Problems Can Occur?

Actual events of drinking water contamination are rare, and typically do not occur at levels likely to pose health concerns. However, as development in our modern society increases, there are growing numbers of activities that can contaminate our drink-ing water. Improperly disposed-of chemicals, animal and human wastes, wastes injected underground, and naturally occurring substances have the potential to contaminate drinking water. Likewise, drinking water that is not properly treated or disinfected, or that travels through an improperly maintained distribution system, may also pose a health risk. Greater vigilance by you, your water supplier, and your government can help prevent such events in your water supply.

Contaminants can enter water supplies either as a result of human and animal activities, or because they occur naturally in the environment. Threats to your drinking water may exist in your neighborhood, or may occur many miles away. For more information on drinking water threats, see www.epa.gov/safewater/

District ofColumbia

0% - 6% of Systems 6% - 11% of Systems 11+% of Systems

Reported Community Water Systems Violating Maximum Contaminant Levels or Treatment

Standards in FY 2002

Common Sources of Pollution

Naturally Occurring: microorganisms (wild-life and soils), radionuclides (under lying rock), nitrates and nitrites (nitrogen compounds in the soil), heavy metals (underground rocks containing arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and selenium), fluoride.

Human Activities: bacteria and nitrates (human and animal wastes—septic tanks and large farms), heavy metals (mining construc-tion, older fruit orchards), fertilizers and pes-ticides (used by you and others (anywhere crops or lawns are maintained)), industrial products and wastes (local factories, indus-trial plants, gas stations, dry cleaners, leak-ing underground storage tanks, landfills, and waste dumps), household wastes (cleaning solvents, used motor oil, paint, paint thinner), lead and copper (household plumbing materi-als), water treatment chemicals (waste water treatment plants).

5


publicoutreach/landscapeposter.html. Some typical examples are microbial contamination, chemical con-tamination from fertilizers, and lead contamination.

Microbial Contamination:

The potential for health problems from microbial-contaminated drinking water is demonstrated by localized outbreaks of waterborne disease. Many of these outbreaks have been linked to contamination by bacteria or viruses, probably from human or animal wastes. For example, in 1999 and 2000, there were 39 reported disease outbreaks associated with drinking water, some of which were linked to public drinking water supplies.5

Certain pathogens (disease-causing microorgan-isms), such as Cryptosporidium, may occasionally pass through water filtration and disinfection process-es in numbers high enough to cause health problems, particularly in vulnerable members of the population. Cryptosporidium causes the gastrointestinal disease, cryptosporidiosis, and can cause serious, some-times fatal, symptoms, especially among sensitive members of the population. (See box on Sensitive Subpopulations on page 1.) A serious outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in 1993 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, causing more than 400,000 persons to be infected with the disease, and resulting in at least 50 deaths. This was the largest recorded outbreak of waterborne disease in United States history.6

Chemical Contamination From Fertilizers:

Nitrate, a chemical most commonly used as a fertil-izer, poses an immediate threat to infants when it is found in drinking water at levels above the national standard. Nitrates are converted to nitrites in the intestines. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, nitrites prevent hemoglobin from transporting oxy-gen. (Older children have an enzyme that restores hemoglobin.) Excessive levels can cause “blue baby syndrome,” which can be fatal without immediate medical attention. Infants most at risk for blue baby syndrome are those who are already sick, and while they are sick, consume food that is high in nitrates or drink water or formula mixed with water that is high in nitrates. Avoid using water with high nitrate levels for drinking. This is especially important for infants and young children, nursing mothers, pregnant women and certain elderly people.

Boil Water Notices for Microbial Contaminants

When microorganisms such as those that indicate fecal contami-

nation are found in drinking water, water suppliers

water for one minute kills the microorganisms that cause disease. Therefore, these notices serve as a precaution to the public. www.epa.gov/safewater/

l

Nitrates: Do NOT Boil

Do NOT boil water to attempt to reduce nitrates.

Boiling water contaminated with nitrates increases its concentration and potential risk. If you are concerned about nitrates, talk to your health care provider about alternatives to boiling water for baby formula.

Excessive levels of nitrates can cause

“blue baby syndrome,” which can be fatal

without immediate

medical attention.

6


Lead Contamination:

Lead, a metal found in natural deposits, is commonly used in household plumbing materials and water service lines. The greatest exposure to lead is swal-lowing lead paint chips or breathing in lead dust. But lead in drinking water can also cause a variety of adverse health effects. In babies and children, exposure to lead in drinking water above the action level of lead (0.015 milligram per liter) can result in delays in physi-cal and mental development, along with slight deficits in attention span and learn-ing abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pres-sure. Lead is rarely found in source water, but enters tap water through corrosion of plumbing materials. Very old and poorly maintained homes may be more likely to have lead pipes, joints, and solder. However, new homes are also at risk: pipes legally considered to be “lead-free” may contain up to eight percent lead. These pipes can leach signifi-cant amounts of lead in the water for the first several months after their installation. For more information on lead contamination, see www.epa.gov/safewater/con-taminants/dw_contamfs/lead.html.

For more information on drinking water contaminants that are regulated by EPA, see Appendix A, or visit www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html.

Where Can I Find More Information About My Drinking Water?

Drinking water varies from place to place, depending on the water’s source and the treatment it receives. If your drinking water comes from a community water system, the system will deliver to its customers annual drinking water quality reports (or Consumer Confidence Reports). These reports will tell consumers what contaminants have been detected in their drinking water, how these detection levels compare to drink-ing water standards, and where their water comes from. The reports must be provided annually before July 1, and, in most cases, are mailed directly to customers’ homes. Contact your water suppli-er to get a copy of your report, or see if your report is posted online

at www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htm. Your state’s department of health or environment can also be a valuable source of information. For help in locating these agencies, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline. Further resources can be found in Appendix C. Information on testing household wells is on page 19.

1 Factoids: Drinking Water & Ground Water Statistics for 2002, 2003.

2 Community Water Systems Survey 2000, Volume I, 2001.3 The Clean Water and Drinking Water Infrastructure Gap

Analysis, EPA 816-R-02-020.4 Factoids: Drinking Water and Ground Water Statistics for

2001, EPA 816-K-02-004.5 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance for

Waterborne Disease Outbreaks, United States 1999-2000, 2002.

6 25 Years of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 1999.

Lead: Do NOT Boil

Do NOT boil water to attempt to reduce lead. Boiling water increases lead concentration.

Always use water from the cold tap for pre-paring baby formula, cooking, and drinking. Flush pipes first by running the water before using it. Allow the water to run until it’s cold. If you have high lead levels in your tap water, talk to your health care provider about alter-natives to using boiled water in baby formula.

7


Your drinking water comes from surface water or ground water. The water that systems pump and treat from sources open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs is known as surface water. Water pumped from wells drilled into under-ground aquifers, geologic formations containing water, is called ground water. The quantity of water produced by a well depends on the nature of the rock, sand, or soil in the aquifer from which the water is drawn. Drinking water wells may be shallow (50 feet or less) or deep (more than 1,000 feet). More water systems have ground water than surface water as a source (approx. 147,000 v. 14,500), but more people drink from a surface water system (195 million v. 101,400). Large-scale water supply systems tend to rely on surface water resources, while smaller water systems tend to use ground water. Your water utility or public works department can tell you the source of your public water supply.

How Does Water Get To My Faucet?

An underground network of pipes typically delivers drinking water to the homes and businesses served by the water system. Small systems serving just a hand-ful of households may be relatively simple, while large metropolitan systems can be extremely com-plex—sometimes consisting of thousands of miles of pipes serving millions of people. Drinking water must meet required health standards when it leaves the treatment plant. After treated water leaves the plant, it is monitored within the distribution system to identify and remedy any problems such as water main breaks, pressure variations, or growth of microorganisms.

How Is My Water Treated To Make It Safe?

Water utilities treat nearly 34 billion gallons of water every day.1 The amount and type of treatment applied varies with the source and quality of the water. Generally, surface water systems require more treat-ment than ground water systems because they are directly exposed to the atmosphere and runoff from rain and melting snow.

Water suppliers use a variety of treatment processes to remove contaminants from drinking water. These individual processes can be arranged in a “treatment train” (a series of processes applied in a sequence). The most commonly used processes include coagu-lation (flocculation and sedimentation), filtration, and disinfection. Some water systems also use ion exchange and adsorption. Water utilities select the treatment combination most appropriate to treat the contaminants found in the source water of that par-ticular system.

Coagulation (Flocculation & Sedimentation):

Flocculation: This step removes dirt and other par-ticles suspended in the water. Alum and iron salts or synthetic organic polymers are added to the water to form tiny sticky particles called “floc,” which attract the dirt particles.

3. Where Does My Drinking Water Come From And How Is It Treated?

All sources of drinking water contain some naturally occurring contaminants. At low levels, these contaminants generally are not harmful in our drinking water. Removing all contaminants would be extremely expensive, and in most cases, would not provide increased protection of public health. A few naturally occurring min-erals may actually improve the taste of drinking water and may even have nutritional value at low levels.

8


Sedimentation: The flocculated particles then settle naturally out of the water.

Filtration:

Many water treatment facilities use filtration to remove all particles from the water. Those particles

include clays and silts, natural organic matter, precip-itates from other treatment processes in the facility, iron and manganese, and microorganisms. Filtration clarifies the water and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection.

Storage: Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir for disinfection to take place. The water then flows through pipes to homes and businesses in the community.

Source: AWWA Drinking Water Week Blue Thumb Kit

Filtration: The water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal that help remove even smaller particles.

Sedimentation: The heavy particles (floc) settle to the bottom and the clear water moves to filtration.

Disinfection: A small amount of chlorine is added or some other disinfection method is used to kill any bacteria or microorganisms that may be in the water.

Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky particles called “floc” which attract the dirt particles. The combined weight of the dirt and the alum (floc) become heavy enough to sink to the bottom during sedimentation.

Lake or Reservoir

Water Treatment Plant

Follow a drop of water from the source through the treatment process. Water may be treated differently

9


Disinfection Byproducts

Disinfection of drinking water is one of the major public health advances of the 20th century. However, sometimes the disinfec-tants themselves can react with naturally occurring materials in the water to form unintended byproducts, which may pose health risks. EPA recognizes the importance of removing microbial contaminants while simultaneously protecting the public from disinfection byproducts, and has developed regulations to limit the presence of these byproducts. For more information, see www.epa.gov/safewater/mdbp.html.

Disinfection:

Disinfection of drinking water is considered to be one of the major public health advances of the 20th century. Water is often disinfected before it enters the distribution system to ensure that dangerous micro-bial contaminants are killed. Chlorine, chlorinates, or chlorine dioxides are most often used because they are very effective disinfectants, and residual concen-trations can be maintained in the water system.

Why Is My Water Bill Rising?

The cost of drinking water is rising as suppliers meet the needs of aging infrastructure, comply with pub-lic health standards, and expand service areas. In most cases, these increasing costs have caused water suppliers to raise their rates. However, despite rate increases, water is generally still a bargain compared to other utilities, such as electricity and phone ser-vice. In fact, in the United States, combined water and sewer bills average only about 0.5 percent of household income.2

1 Protect Your Drinking Water, 2002.2 Congressional Budget Office Study: Future Investment in

Drinking Water & Wastewater Infrastructure, 2002.

Water System Filtration Tank

Water passes through charcoal, sand, and gravel layers in a water system’s filtration tank.

10


We take our water supplies for granted, yet they are limited. Only one percent of all the world’s water can be used for drinking. Nearly 97 percent of the world’s water is salty or otherwise undrinkable, and the other two percent is locked away in ice caps and glaciers. There is no “new” water: whether our source water is a stream, river, lake, spring, or well, we are using the same water the dinosaurs used mil-lions of years ago.

The average American uses about 90 gallons of water each day in the home, and each American household uses approximately 107,000 gallons of water each year.1 For the most part, we use water treated to meet drinking water standards to flush toilets, water lawns, and wash dishes, clothes, and cars. In fact, 50-70 percent of home water is used for watering lawns and gardens.2 Nearly 14 percent of the water a typi-cal homeowner pays for is never even used—it leaks down the drain.3

How Much Water Do Homes In The U.S. Use Compared To Other Countries?

Americans use much more water each day than indi-viduals in both developed and undeveloped countries: For example, the average European uses 53 gallons; the average Sub-Saharan citizen, 3-5 gallons.4

Water efficiency plays an impor-tant role in protecting water sourc-es and improving water quality. By using water wisely, we can save money and help the environment. Water efficiency means using less water to provide the same benefit. Using water-saving techniques could save you hundreds of dollars each year, while also reducing the amount of pollutants entering our waterways.

How Do Drinking Water Utilities Conserve Water?

Water utilities forecast water source availability, growth in population, and water demand to

ensure adequate future water supplies during normal conditions, as well as periods of drought. When water shortages are predicted or experienced, water utilities have many options for conserving water. Temporary cutbacks or permanent operating adjustments can help conserve water.

Temporary cutbacks may include:• Reduction of system-wide operating pressure, and• Water use bans, restrictions, and rationing.

4. How Do We Use Drinking Water In Our Homes?

Common Household Uses of Drinking Water* (*Gallons per Capita per Day)

Bathing, 20 gpcdToilet Flushing, 24 gpcd

Laundry8.5 gpcd

Drinking and Cooking, 2 gpcdGarbage Disposal, 1 gpcd

Dishwasher, 4 gpcd

CarWashing2.5 gpcd

Lawn Watering and Pools, 25 gpcd Source: Van Der Leeden, F., F. L. Troise, and D. K. Todd.

The Water Encyclopedia. Lewis Publishers, Inc. Second Edition, 1990.

11


Permanent conservation measures may include:• Subsidizing use of water-efficient faucets, toilets,

and showerheads,• Public education and voluntary use reduction,• Billing practices that impose higher rates for high-

er amounts of water use,• Building codes that require water-efficient fixtures

and appliances,• Leak detection surveys and meter testing, repair,

and replacement, and• Reduction in use and increase in recycling of

industrial water.

How Can Businesses Conserve Water?

The industrial and commercial sectors can con-serve water through recycling and waste reduction. Industry has implemented conservation measures to comply with state and federal water pollution con-

trols. Evaluation of industrial plant data may show that a particular process or manufacturing step uses the most water or causes the greatest contamination. Such areas can be targeted for water conservation. Also, water that is contaminated by one process may be usable in other plant processes that do not require high-quality water.

How Can I Conserve Water?

The national average cost of water is $2.00 per 1,000 gallons. The average American family spends about $474 each year on water and sewage charges.5American households spend an additional $230 per year on water heating costs.6 By replacing appliances such as the dishwasher and inefficient fixtures such as toilets and showerheads, you can save a substantial amount each year in water, sewage, and energy costs.

There are many ways to save water in and around your home. Here are the five that might get the best results:

Ways To Save Water At Home* (*Water Savings as Percent of Total Interior Water Use)

Low-Flow Showerheads(or Flow Restrictors), 12 percent

Source: Corbitt, Robert A.Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering.McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1989.

Low-Water UseClothes Washers, 5 percent

Low-Water Use Toilets(or Plastic Bottles or Water Dams in Toilet Reservoir), 18 percent

Low-Flow Aerators on Faucets (or Replacement

Faucets), 2 percent

Low-Water UseDishwasher, 4 percent

Insulation onHot Water Lines,

4 percent

12


• Stop Leaks.• Replace Old Toilets with models that use 1.6

gallons or less per flush.• Replace Old Clothes Washers with EPA Energy

Star certified models.• Plant the Right Kind of Garden that requires less

water.• Provide Only the Water Plants Need.

For more information on ways to conserve water in the home, see www.epa.gov/water/waterefficiency.html or www.h2ouse.org.

1 Water Trivia Facts, EPA 80-F-95-001.2 AWWA Stats on Tap.3 Using Water Wisely in the Home, 2002.4 The Use of Water Today, World Water Council.5 Investing in America’s Water Infrastructure, 2002.6 Using Water Wisely in the Home, 2002.

Nearly 14 percent of the water a typical homeowner pays for is never even used—it leaks down the drain.

Using Water Wisely in the Home, 2002

13


What Security Measures Are In Place To Protect Water Systems?

Drinking water utilities today find themselves fac-ing new responsibilities due to concerns over water system security and counter-terrorism. EPA is com-mitted to the safety of public drinking water supplies and has taken numerous steps to work with utilities, other government agencies, and law enforcement to minimize threats.

The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 requires that all community water systems serving more than 3,300 people evaluate their susceptibility to potential threats and identify corrective actions. EPA has provided assistance to help utilities with these Vulnerability Assessments by giving direct grants to large systems, supporting self-assessment tools, and providing tech-nical help and training to small and medium utilities. For more information on water system security, see www.epa.gov/safewater/security.

How Can I Help Protect My Drinking Water?

Local drinking water and wastewater systems may be targets for terrorists and other would-be criminals

wishing to disrupt and cause harm to your community water supplies or wastewater facilities.

Because utilities are often located in isolated areas, drinking water sources and wastewater collection sys-tems may cover large areas that are difficult to secure and patrol. Residents can be educated to notice and report any suspicious activity in and around local water utilities. Any residents interested in protecting

their water resources and community as a whole can join together with law enforcement, neighbor-hood watch groups, water suppliers, wastewater operators, and other local public health officials. If you witness suspicious activities, report them to your local law enforcement authorities.

Examples of suspicious activity might include:

• People climbing or cutting a utility fence

• People dumping or discharging material to a water reservoir

5. What’s Being Done To Improve Water Security?

14


Do not confront strangers. Instead report suspicious activities to local authorities.

When reporting an incident:

• State the nature of the incident

• Identify yourself and your location

• Identify location of activity

• Describe any vehicle involved (color, make, model, plate number)

• Describe the participants (how many, sex, race, color of hair, height, weight, clothing)

For more information on water security, visit: www.epa.gov/safewater/security

• Unidentified truck or car parked or loitering near waterway or facilities for no apparent reason

• Suspicious opening or tampering with manhole covers, fire hydrants, buildings, or equipment

• People climbing or on top of water tanks

• People photographing or videotaping utility facilities, structures or equipment

• Strangers hanging around locks or gates

Report suspicious activity to local

authorities

For emergencies, dial 9-1-1 or other local emergency response numbers.

15


Local incidents, such as spills and treatment prob-lems, can lead to short-term needs for alternative water supplies or in-home water treatment. In isolated cases, individuals may need to rely on alternative sources for the long term, due to their individual health needs or problems with obtaining new drinking water supplies.

What Alternative Sources Of Water Are Available?

Bottled water is sold in supermarkets and conve-nience stores. Some companies lease or sell water dispensers or bubblers and regularly deliver large bottles of water to homes and businesses. It is expen-sive compared to water from a public water system. The bottled water quality varies among brands, because of the variations in the source water used, costs, and company practices.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regu-lates bottled water used for drinking. While most con-sumers assume that bottled water is at least as safe as tap water, there are still potential risks. Although required to meet the same safety standards as public water supplies, bottled water does not undergo the same testing and reporting as water from a treatment facility. Water that is bottled and sold in the same

state may not be subject to any federal standards at all. Those with compromised immune systems may want to read bottled water labels to make sure more stringent treatments have been used, such as reverse osmosis, distillation, UV radiation, or filtration by an absolute 1 micron filter.

Check with NSF International to see if your bottled water adheres to FDA and international drinking water standards. The International Bottled Water Association can also provide information on which brands adhere to even more stringent requirements. Contact information is listed in Appendix C.

Can I Do Anything In My House To Improve The Safety Of My Drinking Water?

Most people do not need to treat drinking water in their home to make it safe. However, a home water treatment unit can improve water’s taste, or provide a factor of safety for those people more vulnerable to waterborne disease. There are different options for home treatment systems. Point-of-use (POU) systems treat water at a single tap. Point-of-entry (POE) systems treat water used throughout the house. POU systems can be installed in various places in

the home, including the counter top, the faucet itself, or under the sink. POE systems are installed where the water line enters the house.

POU and POE devices are based on various contaminant removal technologies. Filtration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and distilla-tion are some of the treatment methods used. All types of units are generally available from retailers, or by mail order. Prices can reach well into the hundreds and sometimes thousands of dollars, and depending on the method and location of installation, plumbing can also add to the cost.

6. What Can I Do If There Is A Problem With My Drinking Water?

16


Activated carbon filters adsorb organic contami-nants that cause taste and odor problems. Depending on their design, some units can remove chlorination byproducts, some cleaning solvents, and pesticides. To maintain the effectiveness of these units, the car-bon canisters must be replaced periodically. Activated carbon filters are efficient in removing metals such as lead and copper if they are designed to absorb or remove lead.

Because ion exchange units can be used to remove minerals from your water, particularly calcium and magnesium, they are sold for water softening. Some ion exchange softening units remove radium and bar-ium from water. Ion exchange systems that employ activated alumina are used to remove fluoride and

arsenate from water. These units must be regenerated periodically with salt.

Reverse osmosis treatment units generally remove a more diverse list of contaminants than other systems. They can remove nitrates, sodium, other dissolved inorganics, and organic compounds.

Distillation units boil water and condense the result-ing steam to create distilled water. Depending on their design, some of these units may allow vaporized organic contaminants to condense back into the prod-uct water, thus minimizing the removal of organics.

You may choose to boil your water to remove micro-bial contaminants. Keep in mind that boiling reduces

TREATMENT DEVICE WHAT IT DOES TO WATER TREATMENT LIMITATIONS

Activated Carbon Filter

(includes mixed media that remove heavy metals)

Adsorbs organic contaminants that cause taste and odor problems.

Somedesigns remove chlorination byproducts;

Some types remove cleaning solvents and pesticides

Is efficient in removing metals such as lead and copper

Does not remove nitrate, bacteria or dissolved minerals

Ion Exchange Unit

(with activated alumina)

Removes minerals, particularly calcium

Some designs remove radium and barium

Removes fluoride

If water has oxidized iron or iron bacteria, the ion-exchange resin will become coated or clogged and lose its softening ability

Reverse Osmosis Unit (with carbon)

Removes nitrates, sodium, other dissolved inorganics and organic compounds

Removes foul tastes, smells or colors

May also reduce the level of some pesticides, dioxins and chloroform and petrochemicals

Does not remove all inorganic and organic contaminants

Distillation Unit Removes nitrates, bacteria, sodium, hardness, dissolved solids, most organic compounds, heavy metals, and radionucleides

Kills bacteria

Does not remove some volatile organic contaminants, certain pesti-cides and volatile solvents

Bacteria may recolonize on the cool-ing coils during inactive periods

17


the volume of water by about 20 percent, thus con-centrating those contaminants not affected by the temperature of boiling water, such as nitrates and

Maintaining Treatment Devices

All POU and POE treatment units need main-tenance to operate effectively. If they are not maintained properly, contaminants may accu-mulate in the units and actually make your water worse. In addition, some vendors may make claims about their effectiveness that have no merit. Units are tested for their safety and effectiveness by two organizations, NSF International and Underwriters Laboratory. In addition, the Water Quality Association represents the household, commercial, indus-trial and small community treatment industry and can help you locate a professional that meets their code of ethics. EPA does not test or certify these treatment units.

pesticides. For more information on boiling water, see page 5 of this booklet.

No one unit can remove everything. Have your water tested by a certified laboratory prior to purchasing any device. Do not rely on the tests conducted by salespeople that want to sell you their product.

Where Can I Learn More About Home Treatment Systems?

Your local library has articles, such as those found in consumer magazines, on the effectiveness of these devices.

The U.S. General Accounting Office published a booklet called Drinking Water: Inadequate Regulation of Home Treatment Units Leaves Consumers At Risk (December 1991). To read this booklet, visit www.gao.gov and search for documentnumber RCED-92-34, or call (202) 512-6000.

This treatment device is for point of use (POU).

For more information on different types of devices contact

NSF International, Underwriters Laboratory, or the

Water Quality Association See Appendix C for

contact information.

18


EPA regulates public water systems; it does not have the authority to regulate private wells. Approximately 15 percent of Americans rely on their own pri-vate drinking water supplies (Drinking Water from Household Wells, 2002), and these supplies are not subject to EPA standards. Unlike public drinking water systems serving many people, they do not have experts regularly checking the water’s source and its quality before it is sent to the tap. These households must take special precautions to ensure the protection and maintenance of their drinking water supplies.

Drinking Water from Household Wells is an EPA publication available to specifically address special concerns of a private drinking water supply. To learn more, or to obtain a copy, visit www.epa.gov/safewater/privatewells, or call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline.

How Much Risk Can I Expect?

The risk of having problems depends on how good your well is—how well it was built and located, and how well you maintain it. It also depends on your local environment. That includes the quality of the aqui-fer from which your water is drawn and the human activities going on in your area that can affect your well.

Several sources of pollution are easy to spot by sight, taste, or smell. However, many serious problems can be found only by testing your water. Knowing the possible threats in your area will help you decide the kind of tests you may need.

What Should I Do?

There are six basic steps you can take to help protect your private drinking water supply:

1. Identify potential problem sources.

2. Talk with local experts.

3. Have your water tested periodically.

4. Have the test results interpreted and explained clearly.

5. Set and follow a regular maintenance schedule for your well, and keep up-to-date records.

6. Immediately remedy any problems.

Identify Potential Problem Sources

Understanding and spotting possible pollution sources is the first step to safeguarding your drinking water. If your drinking water comes from a well, you may also have a septic system. Septic systems and other

on-site wastewater disposal sys-tems are major potential sources of contamination of private water supplies if they are poorly main-tained or located improperly, or if they are used for disposal of toxic chemicals. Information on septic systems is available from local health departments, state agen-cies, and the National Small Flows Clearinghouse (www.epa.gov/owm/mab/smcomm/nsfc.htm) at (800) 624-8301. A septic system design manual and guidance on system

maintenance are available from EPA (www.epa.gov/OW-OWM.html/mtb/decent/homeowner.htm).

7. How Safe Is The Drinking Water In My Household Well?

19


Talk With Local Experts

Ground water conditions vary greatly from place to place, and local experts can give you the best infor-mation about your drinking water supply. Some examples are your health department’s “sanitarian,” local water-well contractors, public water system officials, county extension agents of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), local or county planning commissions, and your local library.

Have Your Water Tested Periodically

Test your water every year for total coliform bacteria,nitrates, total dissolved solids, and pH levels. If you suspect other contaminants, test for these as well. As the tests can be expensive, limit them to possible problems specific to your situation. Local experts can help you identify these contaminants. You should also test your water after replacing or repairing any part of the system, or if you notice any change in your water’s look, taste, or smell.

Often, county health departments perform tests for bacteria and nitrates. For other substances, health departments, environmental offices, or county gov-ernments should have a list of state-certified labora-tories. Your State Laboratory Certification Officer can also provide you with this list. Call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline for the name and number of your state’s certification officer. Any laboratory you use should be certified to do drinking water testing.

Have Your Test Results Interpreted And Explained Clearly

Compare your well’s test results to federal and state drinking water standards (see Appendix A, or visit www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html or call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline). You may need to consult experts to aid you in understanding your results, such as the state agency that licenses water well contrac-tors, your local health department, or your state’s drinking water program.

Protecting Your Ground Water Supply

well for problems such as:

- Cracked, corroded, or damaged well casing

- Broken or missing well cap

- Settling and cracking of surface seals.

-face runoff away from the well.

unauthorized use of, or entry into, the well.

per year with bleach or hypochlorite gran-ules, according to the manufacturer’s direc-tions.

-form bacteria, nitrates, and other constitu-ents of concern.

-tenance, such as disinfection or sediment

-icals in the well.

construction, modification, or abandon-ment and closure.

herbicides, degreasers, fuels, and other pollutants near the well.

abandoned wells.

land surface.

as recommended by your local health department.

septic system.

20


Set A Regular Maintenance Schedule For Your Well And Your Septic System

Proper well and septic system construction and con-tinued maintenance are keys to the safety of your water supply. Your state water well and septic system contractor licensing agency, local health department, or local public water system professional can provide information on well construction. Make certain your contractors are licensed by the state, if required, or certified by the National Ground Water Association.

Maintain your well, fixing problems before they reach crisis levels, and keep up-to-date records of well installation and repairs, as well as plumbing and water costs. Protect your own well area from contamination.

Immediately Remedy Any Problems

If you find that your well water is con-taminated, fix the problem as soon as possible. Consider connecting into a nearby community water system, if one is available. You may want to install a water treatment device to remove impurities. Information on these devices is provided

on page 16. If you connect to a public water system, remember to close your well properly.

After A Flood-Concerns And Advisories

• Stay away from well pump to avoid electric shock.

• Do not drink or wash from a flooded well.

• Pump the well until water runs clear.

• If water does not run clear, contact the county or state health department or extension service for advice.

Animal wastecan

contaminateyour

water supply

21


Drinking water protection is a shared responsibility. Many actions are underway to protect our nation’s drinking water, and there are many opportunities for citizens to become involved.

Be Involved!

EPA activities to protect drinking water include set-ting drinking water standards and overseeing the work of states that enforce federal standards—or stricter ones set by the individual state. EPA holds many public meetings on issues ranging from pro-posed drinking water standards to the development of databases. You can also comment on proposed drafts of other upcoming EPA documents. A list of public meetings and regulations open for comment can be found at www.epa.gov/safewater/pubinput/html.

Be Informed!

• Read the annual Consumer Confidence Report provided by your water supplier. Some Consumer Confidence Reports are available at www.epa.gov/safewater/dwinfo.htm.

• Use information from your state’s Source Water Assessment to learn about potential threats to your water source.

• If you are one of the 15 percent of Americans who uses a private source of drinking water—such as a well, cistern, or spring—find out what activi-ties are taking place in your watershed that may impact your drinking water; talk to local experts/test your water periodically; and maintain your well properly.

• Find out if the Clean Water Act standards for your drinking water source are intended to protect water for drinking, in addition to fishing and swimming.

Be Observant!

• Look around your watershed and look for announcements in the local media about activities that may pollute your drinking water.

• Form and operate a citizens watch network with-in your community to communicate regularly with law enforcement, your public water supplier and wastewater operator. Communication is key to a safer community!

• Be alert. Get to know your water/wastewater utili-ties, their vehicles, routines and their personnel.

• Become aware of your surroundings. This will help you to recognize suspicious activity as opposed to normal daily activities.

Other Ways To Get Involved

-tion, storm water permitting, and town planning.

asking to see their environmental impact statements.

affect your water source.

water system as they make funding deci-sions.

-ticipate in your community’s contaminant monitoring activities.

their job.

8. What You Can Do To Protect Your Drinking Water

22


• If you see any suspicious activities in or around your water supply, please notify local authorities or call 9-1-1 immediately to report the incident.

Don’t Contaminate!

• Reduce paved areas: use permeable surfaces that allow rain to soak through, not run off.

• Reduce or eliminate pesticide application: test your soil before applying chemicals, and use plants that require little or no water, pesti-cides, or fertilizers.

• Reduce the amount of trash you create: reuse and recycle.

• Recycle used oil: 1 quart of oil can contaminate 2 million gallons

of drinking water—take your used oil and anti-freeze to a service station or recycling center.

• Take the bus instead of your car one day a week: you could prevent 33 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions each day.

• Keep pollutants away from boat marinas and waterways: keep boat motors well-tuned to prevent leaks, select nontoxic cleaning products and use a drop cloth, and clean and maintain boats away from the water.

For more information on how you can help pro-tect your local drinking water source, call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline, or check www.epa.gov/safewater/publicoutreach. Additional resources are listed in Appendix C.

Stormwater runoff threatens our sources of drinking water. As this water washes over roofs, pavement, farms and grassy areas, it picks up fertilizers, pesticides and litter, and deposits them in surface water and ground water. Here are some other threats to our drinking water:

Every year:

that contain toxic and harmful chemicals to our lawns.

municipal solid water—approximately five pounds of trash or garbage per person per day—that contain bacteria, nitrates, virus-es, synthetic detergents, and household chemicals.

and houseboats and 10,000 boat marinas release solvents, gasoline, detergents, and raw sewage directly into our rivers, lakes and streams.

23


Contaminant MCL or Potential health effects from Common sources of contaminant Public Health TT1 (mg/L)2 long-term3 exposure above the MCL in drinking water Goal (mg/L)2

Acrylamide TT4 Nervous system or blood problems; Added to water during sewage/ zeroincreased risk of cancer wastewater treatment

Alachlor 0.002 Eye, liver, kidney or spleen problems; Runoff from herbicide zeroanemia; increased risk of cancer used on row crops

Alpha/photon emitters 15 picocuries Increased risk of cancer Erosion of natural deposits of certain zeroper Liter minerals that are radioactive and(pCi/L) may emit a form of radiation known

as alpha radiation

Antimony 0.006 Increase in blood cholesterol; decrease Discharge from petroleum refineries; 0.006 in blood sugar fire retardants; ceramics; electronics;

solder

Arsenic 0.010 Skin damage or problems with circulatory Erosion of natural deposits; runoff 0systems, and may have increased from orchards; runoff from glass &risk of getting cancer electronics production wastes

Asbestos (fibers >10 7 million Increased risk of developing benign Decay of asbestos cement in water 7 MFL micrometers) fibers per intestinal polyps mains; erosion of natural deposits

Liter (MFL)

Atrazine 0.003 Cardiovascular system or reproductive Runoff from herbicide used on row 0.003problems crops

Barium 2 Increase in blood pressure Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge 2 from metal refineries; erosion

of natural deposits

Benzene 0.005 Anemia; decrease in blood platelets; Discharge from factories; leaching zero increased risk of cancer from gas storage tanks and landfills

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.0002 Reproductive difficulties; increased risk Leaching from linings of water storage zero(PAHs) of cancer tanks and distribution lines

Beryllium 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal refineries and 0.004coal-burning factories; dischargefrom electrical, aerospace, anddefense industries

Beta photon emitters 4 millirems Increased risk of cancer Decay of natural and man-made zeroper year deposits of certain minerals that are

radioactive and may emit forms ofradiation known as photons and betaradiation

Bromate 0.010 Increased risk of cancer Byproduct of drinking water disinfection zero

Cadmium 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion 0.005of natural deposits; discharge

from metal refineries; runoff fromwaste batteries and paints

Carbofuran 0.04 Problems with blood, nervous system, or Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice 0.04reproductive system and alfalfa

Carbon tetrachloride 0.005 Liver problems; increased risk of cancer Discharge from chemical plants and zeroother industrial activities

Chloramines (as Cl2) MRDL=4.01 Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfort; Water additive used to control MRDLG=41anemia microbes

Chlordane 0.002 Liver or nervous system problems; Residue of banned termiticide zeroincreased risk of cancer

Chlorine (as Cl2) MRDL=4.01 Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfort Water additive used to control MRDLG=41microbes

Chlorine dioxide MRDL=0.81 Anemia; infants, young children, and fetuses of Water additive used to control MRDLG=0.81(as ClO2) pregnant women: nervous system effects microbes

Chlorite 1.0 Anemia; infants, young children, and fetuses of Byproduct of drinking water 0.8pregnant women: nervous system effects disinfection

Chlorobenzene 0.1 Liver or kidney problems Discharge from chemical and agricultural 0.1chemical factories

Chromium (total) 0.1 Allergic dermatitis Discharge from steel and pulp mills; 0.1erosion of natural deposits

Copper TT5; Short-term exposure: Gastrointestinal Corrosion of household plumbing 1.3Action distress. Long-term exposure: Liver or systems; erosion of natural depositsLevel = kidney damage. People with Wilson’s

1.3 Disease should consult their personaldoctor if the amount of copper in theirwater exceeds the action level

Cryptosporidium TT7 Short-term exposure: Gastrointestinal illness Human and animal fecal waste zero(e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps)

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

R

R

D

D

D

IOC

IOC

IOC

IOC

IOC

IOC

IOC

IOC

M

DBP

DBP

LEGEND

D IOC OCDisinfectant Inorganic Chemical Organic ChemicalRMDBP Disinfection Byproduct Microorganism Radionuclides

24



Cyanide 0.2 Nerve damage or thyroid problems Discharge from steel/metal factories; 0.2(as free cyanide) discharge from plastic and fertilizer

factories

2,4-D 0.07 Kidney, liver, or adrenal gland problems Runoff from herbicide used on row 0.07crops

Dalapon 0.2 Minor kidney changes Runoff from herbicide used on rights 0.2of way

1,2-Dibromo-3- 0.0002 Reproductive difficulties; increased risk Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant zerochloropropane of cancer used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples,(DBCP) and orchards

o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 Liver, kidney, or circulatory system Discharge from industrial chemical 0.6problems factories

p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 Anemia; liver, kidney or spleen damage; Discharge from industrial chemical 0.075changes in blood factories

1,2-Dichloroethane 0.005 Increased risk of cancer Discharge from industrial chemical zerofactories

1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical 0.007factories

cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07 Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical 0.07factories

trans-1,2- 0.1 Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical 0.1Dichloroethylene factories

Dichloromethane 0.005 Liver problems; increased risk of cancer Discharge from drug and chemical zerofactories

1,2-Dichloropropane 0.005 Increased risk of cancer Discharge from industrial chemical zerofactories

Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 0.4 Weight loss, liver problems, or possible Discharge from chemical factories 0.4 reproductive difficulties

Di(2-ethylhexyl) 0.006 Reproductive difficulties; liver problems; Discharge from rubber and chemical zerophthalate increased risk of cancer factories

Dinoseb 0.007 Reproductive difficulties Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans 0.007and vegetables

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) 0.00000003 Reproductive difficulties; increased risk Emissions from waste incineration zeroof cancer and other combustion; discharge

from chemical factories

Diquat 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from herbicide use 0.02

Endothall 0.1 Stomach and intestinal problems Runoff from herbicide use 0.1

Endrin 0.002 Liver problems Residue of banned insecticide 0.002

Epichlorohydrin TT4 Increased cancer risk; stomach problems Discharge from industrial chemical zerofactories; an impurity of some watertreatment chemicals

Ethylbenzene 0.7 Liver or kidney problems Discharge from petroleum refineries 0.7

Ethylene dibromide 0.00005 Problems with liver, stomach, reproductive Discharge from petroleum refineries zerosystem, or kidneys; increased risk of cancer

Fecal coliform and MCL6 Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose Human and animal fecal waste zero6E. coli presence indicates that the water may be contaminated

with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes may cause short term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps,nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose aspecial health risk for infants, young children, and peoplewith severely compromised immune systems.

Fluoride 4.0 Bone disease (pain and tenderness of Water additive which promotes 4.0the bones); children may get mottled strong teeth; erosion of naturalteeth deposits; discharge from fertilizer

and aluminum factories

Giardia lamblia TT7 Short-term exposure: Gastrointestinal illness Human and animal fecal waste zero(e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps)

Glyphosate 0.7 Kidney problems; reproductive Runoff from herbicide use 0.7 difficulties

Haloacetic acids 0.060 Increased risk of cancer Byproduct of drinking water n/a9(HAA5) disinfection

Heptachlor 0.0004 Liver damage; increased risk of cancer Residue of banned termiticide zero

Heptachlor epoxide 0.0002 Liver damage; increased risk of cancer Breakdown of heptachlor zero

Heterotrophic plate TT7 HPC has no health effects; it is an HPC measures a range of bacteria n/acount (HPC) analytic method used to measure the that are naturally present in the

variety of bacteria that are common in environmentwater. The lower the concentration ofbacteria in drinking water, the bettermaintained the water system is.

OC

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M

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LEGEND



Hexachlorobenzene 0.001 Liver or kidney problems; reproductive Discharge from metal refineries and zero difficulties; increased risk of cancer agricultural chemical factories

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 0.05 Kidney or stomach problems Discharge from chemical factories 0.05

Lead TT5; Infants and children: Delays in physical or Corrosion of household plumbing zeroAction or mental development; children could systems; erosion of natural deposits

Level=0.015 show slight deficits in attention spanand learning abilities; Adults: Kidneyproblems; high blood pressure

Legionella TT7 Legionnaire’s Disease, a type of Found naturally in water; multiplies in zeropneumonia heating systems

Lindane 0.0002 Liver or kidney problems Runoff/leaching from insecticide used 0.0002on cattle, lumber, gardens

Mercury (inorganic) 0.002 Kidney damage Erosion of natural deposits; discharge 0.002 from refineries and factories; runoff from landfills and croplands

Methoxychlor 0.04 Reproductive difficulties Runoff/leaching from insecticide used 0.04on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock

Nitrate (measured as 10 Infants below the age of six months who Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching 10Nitrogen) drink water containing nitrate in excess from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of

of the MCL could become seriously ill natural depositsand, if untreated, may die. Symptomsinclude shortness of breath and blue-babysyndrome.

Nitrite (measured as 1 Infants below the age of six months who Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching 1Nitrogen) drink water containing nitrite in excess from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of

of the MCL could become seriously ill natural depositsand, if untreated, may die. Symptomsinclude shortness of breath and blue-babysyndrome.

Oxamyl (Vydate) 0.2 Slight nervous system effects Runoff/leaching from insecticide used 0.2on apples, potatoes, and tomatoes

Pentachlorophenol 0.001 Liver or kidney problems; increased Discharge from wood-preserving zerocancer risk factories

Picloram 0.5 Liver problems Herbicide runoff 0.5

Polychlorinated biphenyls 0.0005 Skin changes; thymus gland problems; Runoff from landfills; discharge of zero (PCBs) immune deficiencies; reproductive or waste chemicals nervous system difficulties; increased

risk of cancer

Radium 226 and 5 pCi/L Increased risk of cancer Erosion of natural deposits zeroRadium 228 (combined)

Selenium 0.05 Hair or fingernail loss; numbness in fingers Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries; 0.05or toes; circulatory problems erosion of natural deposits; discharge

from mines

Simazine 0.004 Problems with blood Herbicide runoff 0.004

Styrene 0.1 Liver, kidney, or circulatory system problems Discharge from rubber and plastic 0.1 factories; leaching from landfills

Tetrachloroethylene 0.005 Liver problems; increased risk of cancer Discharge from factories and dry cleaners zero

Thallium 0.002 Hair loss; changes in blood; kidney, intestine, Leaching from ore-processing sites; 0.0005or liver problems discharge from electronics, glass,

and drug factories

Toluene 1 Nervous system, kidney, or liver problems Discharge from petroleum factories 1

Total Coliforms 5.0 Coliforms are bacteria that indicate that other, Naturally present in the environment zeropercent8 potentially harmful bacteria may be present.

See fecal coliforms and E. coli

Total Trihalomethanes 0.080 Liver, kidney or central nervous system problems; Byproduct of drinking water disinfection n/a9(TTHMs) increased risk of cancer

Toxaphene 0.003 Kidney, liver, or thyroid problems; Runoff/leaching from insecticide used zeroincreased risk of cancer on cotton and cattle

2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05 Liver problems Residue of banned herbicide 0.05

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.07 Changes in adrenal glands Discharge from textile finishing 0.07factories

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2 Liver, nervous system, or circulatory Discharge from metal degreasing 0.2problems sites and other factories

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0.005 Liver, kidney, or immune system Discharge from industrial chemical 0.003problems factories

Trichloroethylene 0.005 Liver problems; increased risk of cancer Discharge from metal degreasing zerosites and other factories

OC

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M

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26


M

LEGEND



Turbidity TT7 Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water. Soil runoff n/a It is used to indicate water quality and filtration

effectiveness (e.g., whether disease-causing organismsare present). Higher turbidity levels are often associatedwith higher levels of disease-causing microorganismssuch as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. Theseorganisms can cause short term symptoms such asnausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches.

Uranium 30μg/L Increased risk of cancer, kidney toxicity Erosion of natural deposits zero

Vinyl chloride 0.002 Increased risk of cancer Leaching from PVC pipes; discharge zerofrom plastic factories

Viruses (enteric) TT7 Short-term exposure: Gastrointestinal illness Human and animal fecal waste zero(e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps)

Xylenes (total) 10 Nervous system damage Discharge from petroleum factories; 10discharge from chemical factories

OC

OC

R

M

27


NOTES1 Definitions • Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG)—The level of a contaminant in drinking water below

which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goals. • Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)—The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. • Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal (MRDLG)—The level of a drinking water disinfectant

below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants.

• Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL)—The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants. • Treatment Technique (TT)—A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.2 Units are in milligrams per liter (mg/L) unless otherwise noted. Milligrams per liter are equivalent

to parts per million (ppm).3 Health effects are from long-term exposure unless specified as short-term exposure.4 Each water system must certify annually, in writing, to the state (using third-party or manufacturers

certification) that when it uses acrylamide and/or epichlorohydrin to treat water, the combination (orproduct) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the levels specified, as follows: Acrylamide = 0.05 percent dosed at 1 mg/L (or equivalent); Epichlorohydrin = 0.01 percent dosed at 20 mg/L (or equivalent).

5 Lead and copper are regulated by a Treatment Technique that requires systems to control thecorrosiveness of their water. If more than 10 percent of tap water samples exceed the action level,water systems must take additional steps. For copper, the action level is 1.3 mg/L, and for lead is 0.015 mg/L.

6 A routine sample that is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive triggers repeat samples--if anyrepeat sample is total coliform-positive, the system has an acute MCL violation. A routine samplethat is total coliform-positive and fecal coliform-negative or E. coli-negative triggers repeat samples--ifany repeat sample is fecal coliform-positive or E. coli-positive, the system has an acute MCL violation.See also Total Coliforms.

7 EPA’s surface water treatment rules require systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to (1) disinfect their water, and (2) filter their water or meetcriteria for avoiding filtration so that the following contaminants are controlled at the following levels:

• Cryptosporidium: 99 percent removal for systems that filter. Unfiltered systems are required to include Cryptosporidium in their existing watershed control provisions. • Giardia lamblia: 99.9 percent removal/inactivation

• Viruses: 99.99 percent removal/inactivation • Legionella: No limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses are removed/inactivated according

to the treatment techniques in the surface water treatment rule, Legionella will also be controlled.• Turbidity: For systems that use conventional or direct filtration, at no time can turbidity (cloudiness of

water) go higher than 1 nephelolometric turbidity unit (NTU), and samples for turbidity must beless than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 percent of the samples in any month. Systems that usefiltration other than conventional or direct filtration must follow state limits, which must include turbidity

at no time exceeding 5 NTU. • HPC: No more than 500 bacterial colonies per milliliter • Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment; Surface water systems or ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water serving fewer than 10,000 people must comply with the

applicable Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule provisions (e.g. turbidity standards, individual filter monitoring, Cryptosporidium removal requirements, updated watershed control requirements for unfiltered systems). • Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment; This rule applies to all surface water systems or ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water. The rule targets additional

Cryptosporidium treatment requirements for higher risk systems and includes provisions to reducerisks from uncovered finished water storages facilities and to ensure that the systems maintain microbial

protection as they take steps to reduce the formation of disinfection byproducts. (Monitoring start dates are staggered by system size. The largest systems (serving at least 100,000 people) will begin monitoring in October 2006 and the smallest systems (serving fewer than 10,000 people) will not begin monitoring until October 2008. After completing monitoring and

determining their treatment bin, systems generally have three years to comply with any additional treatment requirements.) • Filter Backwash Recycling: The Filter Backwash Recycling Rule requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system’s existing conventional or direct filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state.8 No more than 5.0 percent samples total coliform-positive in a month. (For water systems that collect

fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be total coliform-positive per month.) Every sample that has total coliform must be analyzed for either fecal coliforms orE. coli. If two consecutive TC-positive samples, and one is also positive for E. coli or fecal coliforms,system has an acute MCL violation.

9 Although there is no collective MCLG for this contaminant group, there are individual MCLGs for some of the individual contaminants:

• Haloacetic acids: dichloroacetic acid (zero); trichloroacetic acid (0.3 mg/L) • Trihalomethanes: bromodichloromethane (zero); bromoform (zero); dibromochloromethane (0.06 mg/L)

28


Environmental Education:

29


American Water Works Association

www.awwa.org

Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies

www.amwa.net

Association of State Drinking Water Administrators

www.asdwa.org

Clean Water Action

www.cleanwater.org

Consumer Federation of America

www.consumerfed.org

The Groundwater Foundation

www.groundwater.org

The Ground Water Protection Council

www.gwpc.org

International Bottled Water Association

[email protected]

National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners

www.naruc.org

National Association of Water Companies

www.nawc.org

National Drinking Water Clearinghouse

www.ndwc.wvu.edu

National Ground Water Association

www.ngwa.org

National Rural Water Association

www.nrwa.org

Natural Resources Defense Council

www.nrdc.org

30


NSF International

www.nsf.org

Rural Community Assistance Program

www.rcap.org

Underwriters LaboratoriesCorporate Headquarters

www.ul.com

Water Quality Association

www.wqa.org

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Water Resource Center

www.epa.gov/safewater

Water Systems CouncilNational Programs Office

www.watersystems council.org

EPA Region 1

EPA Region 2

EPA Region 3

EPA Region 4

EPA Region 5

EPA Region 6

EPA Region 7

EPA Region 8

EPA Region 9

EPA Region 10

31


Action Level

The level of lead and copper which, if exceeded,

water system must follow.

A natural underground layer, often of sand or gravel, that contains water

Coliform

A group of related bacteria whose presence in drinking water may indicate contamination by disease-causing microorganisms

Community Water System (CWS)

A water system that supplies drinking water to 25 people or more year-round in their residences

Contaminant

Anything found in water (including microorgan-isms, radionuclides, chemicals, minerals, etc.) which may be harmful to human health

Cryptosporidium

Microorganism found commonly in lakes and rivers which is highly resistant to disinfection.

Disinfectant

A chemical (commonly chlorine, chloramines, or ozone) or physical process (e.g., ultraviolet light) that kills microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa

Distribution System

A network of pipes leading from a treatment plant to customers’ plumbing systems

Ground Water

Inorganic Contaminants

Mineral-based compounds such as metals, nitrates, and asbestos; naturally occurring in some water, but can also enter water through human activities

Maximum Contaminant Level

The highest level of a contaminant that EPA allows in drinking water (legally enforceable standard)

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal

The level of a contaminant at which there would be no risk to human health (not a legally enforceable standard)

Microorganisms

Tiny living organisms that can be seen only under a microscope; some can cause acute health prob-lems when consumed in drinking water

Non-Transient Non-Community Water System

A non-community water system that serves the same people more than six months of the year, but not year-round

Organic Contaminants

Carbon-based chemicals, such as solvents and pes-ticides, which enter water through cropland runoff or discharge from factories

Pathogen

Disease-causing organism

32


Public Water System (PWS)

A water system which supplies drinking water to at least 25 people, at least 60 days each year

Sensitive Subpopulation

People who may be more vulnerable to drinking water contamination, such as infants, children, some elderly, and people with severely compro-mised immune systems

Septic System

Used to treat sanitary waste; can be a significant

Source Water

Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking (i.e., lakes, streams, ground water)

Surface Water

Water that is pumped and treated from sources open to the atmosphere, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs

Transient Non-Community Water System

A non-community water system that serves the public but not the same individuals for more than six months

Violation

Failure to meet any state or federal drinking water regulation

Vulnerability Assessment

its vulnerability to contamination by pathogens and toxic chemicals

Watershed

The land area from which water drains into a stream, river, or reservoir

Well

A bored, drilled or driven shaft whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension, a dug hole whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension, an improved sinkhole, or a sub-surface fluid distribution system

34


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th

e fo

llow

ing

pag

es w

ith

info

rmat

ion

rela

ting

to

lab

s, w

ater

qua

lity

and

arse

nic

rese

arch

.

Wis

con

sin

’s A

rsen

ic I

nfo

rmat

ion

Pag

eV

isit

th

e D

NR

Web

sit

e fo

r ar

seni

c in

form

atio

nre

late

d t

o w

ell d

rilli

ng, w

ater

tre

atm

ent

opti

ons,

rece

nt n

ews

arti

cles

, res

earc

h p

aper

s an

d m

ore!

Go

to t

he

DN

R W

eb s

ite

at d

nr.

wi.

gov/

org/

wat

er/d

wg/

arse

nic

/in

dex

.htm

Cer

tifi

ed L

abor

ator

ies

A li

st o

f cer

tifie

d la

bs is

ava

ilabl

e fr

om t

he D

NR

or

onlin

e at

: dn

r.w

i.gov

/org

/es/

scie

nce

/lc/

INFO

/La

bli

sts.

htm

or

chec

k yo

ur lo

cal y

ello

w p

ages

and

ask

if th

ey a

re s

tate

cer

tifie

d to

tes

t fo

r ar

seni

c.

Con

sum

er C

onfi

den

ce R

epor

tsYo

ur lo

cal w

ater

sup

plie

r p

rint

s a

spec

ial r

epor

ton

th

e q

ualit

y of

you

r p

ublic

wat

er s

yste

m’s

dri

nkin

g w

ater

. Con

tact

you

r lo

cal w

ater

sup

plie

r or

find

you

r sy

stem

’s la

test

rep

ort

onth

e W

eb! G

o to

th

e D

NR

Web

sit

e at

pro

dm

tex0

0.d

nr.

stat

e.w

i.u

s/p

ls/i

nte

r1/

pw

s2$.

star

tup

. A q

uery

, or

sear

ch, c

anth

en b

e m

ade

by

city

or

ind

ivid

ual s

yste

m.

North

ern

Regi

on

OR Sout

h Ce

ntra

l Reg

ion

Wes

t Cen

tral R

egio

n

Sout

heas

t Reg

ion

Wh

at

is a

rsen

ic?

Ars

enic

is a

n el

emen

t th

atoc

curs

nat

ural

ly in

soi

l and

bed

rock

form

atio

ns. T

race

s of

arse

nic

are

also

foun

d in

grou

ndw

ater

, lak

es, r

iver

s an

doc

ean

wat

er. F

ood

s lik

e fr

uits

,ve

geta

ble

s, a

nd s

eafo

od c

anal

so c

onta

in a

rsen

ic. S

ome

frui

ts a

nd v

eget

able

sab

sorb

tra

ces

of a

rsen

ic fr

om t

he

soil

they

gro

win

. Oce

an fi

sh a

nd s

eafo

ods

natu

rally

hav

e h

igh

leve

ls o

f an

orga

nic

non-

toxi

c fo

rm o

f ars

enic

.

Hig

h le

vels

of i

norg

anic

ars

enic

, th

e m

ost

toxi

cfo

rm, h

ave

bee

n fo

und

in o

ver

1,20

0 p

riva

ted

rink

ing

wat

er w

ells

in W

isco

nsin

. Man

y of

the

impa

cted

wel

ls a

re lo

cate

d in

Out

agam

ie,

Win

neba

go a

nd B

row

n C

ount

ies

whe

re b

edro

ck is

natu

rally

hig

h in

ars

enic

. The

map

on

the

cove

rsh

ows

coun

ties

whe

re w

ells

hav

e be

en t

este

dan

d fo

und

to c

onta

in a

rsen

ic a

bove

10

ppb.

Ho

w c

an

I b

e ex

po

sed

to

ars

enic

?

Sinc

e ar

seni

c is

a n

atur

al p

art

of o

ur e

nvir

onm

ent,

ever

yone

is e

xpos

ed t

o sm

all a

mou

nts.

The

maj

orso

urce

of a

rsen

ic e

xpos

ure

is d

rink

ing

wat

er t

hat

cont

ains

ele

vate

d le

vels

of a

rsen

ic. O

ther

sou

rces

of a

rsen

ic e

xpos

ure

incl

ude:

food

s co

ntai

ning

tra

ces

of a

rsen

ic

smok

e fr

om w

ood

, coa

l, to

bac

co p

rod

ucts

dus

t fr

om s

ome

ind

ustr

ial p

roce

sses

pes

tici

des

anti

-par

asit

ic v

eter

inar

y m

edic

ines

folk

rem

edie

s

som

e tr

eate

d lu

mb

er

Peo

ple

wh

o ar

e ex

pos

ed t

o ar

seni

c ov

er a

per

iod

of y

ears

can

exp

erie

nce

a va

riet

y of

hea

lth

pro

ble

ms.

Ars

enic

can

be

easi

lyab

sorb

ed in

to t

he

hum

an s

yste

m b

y d

rink

ing

cont

amin

ated

wat

er o

r b

y b

reat

hin

g ai

rbor

nep

arti

cula

tes.

In m

ost

case

s, it

is s

afe

to u

sew

ater

th

at c

onta

ins

arse

nic

to b

ath

e an

d fo

rh

ouse

hol

d c

hor

es. A

rsen

ic is

not

eas

ilyab

sorb

ed t

hro

ugh

th

e sk

in a

nd d

oes

not

evap

orat

e fr

om t

he

wat

er in

to t

he

air.

Ho

w d

oes

ars

enic

get

in

to a

dri

nki

ng

wa

ter

sup

ply

?

Mos

t of

th

e ar

seni

c fo

und

inW

isco

nsin

gro

und

wat

er is

natu

rally

occ

urri

ng,

dep

osit

ed in

th

e so

il an

db

edro

ck la

yers

ove

rm

illio

ns o

f yea

rs.

Ars

enic

is t

ied

up

insu

lfid

e m

iner

als,

wh

ich

are

com

mon

in b

edro

ckfo

rmat

ions

and

in s

ome

glac

ial d

epos

its.

Ars

enic

can

be

rele

ased

from

soi

l and

rock

into

th

egr

ound

wat

er a

ndd

raw

n in

to w

ells

.

Scie

ntis

ts w

ho

hav

e st

udie

d t

his

pro

ble

m b

elie

ve a

rsen

ic is

bei

ngre

leas

ed in

to g

roun

dw

ater

at

elev

ated

leve

ls in

the

Out

agam

ie, W

inne

bag

o an

d B

row

n C

ount

yar

ea a

t le

ast

par

tly

bec

ause

peo

ple

are

now

usin

g m

ore

wat

er t

han

eve

r b

efor

e d

ue t

o ra

pid

sub

urb

an d

evel

opm

ent.

Dur

ing

the

pas

t te

nye

ars,

ab

out

10,0

00 n

ew w

ells

hav

e b

een

cons

truc

ted

in t

his

are

a. W

ater

qua

lity

pro

ble

ms

hav

e in

crea

sed

as

mor

e ne

w w

ells

are

bei

ng d

rille

d a

nd d

eman

ds

on g

roun

dw

ater

cont

inue

to

incr

ease

.

Stu

die

s h

ave

sho

wn

th

at in

crea

sed

wat

erd

eman

ds

hav

e lo

wer

ed t

he

wat

er t

able

in t

his

area

. Th

is h

as a

llow

ed o

xyge

n t

o g

et in

to t

he

bed

rock

aq

uif

ers,

cre

atin

g ch

emic

al r

eact

ion

sth

at r

elea

se a

rsen

ic in

to t

he

wat

er. I

n o

ther

area

s o

f th

e St

ate,

dif

fere

nt

typ

es o

f rea

ctio

ns

can

rel

ease

ars

enic

th

at m

ove

d in

to W

isco

nsi

n,

in t

he

geo

logi

c p

ast,

fro

m o

ther

geo

grap

hic

sou

rces

. Sci

enti

sts

are

stu

dyi

ng

thes

e an

do

ther

po

ssib

le fa

cto

rs t

o d

eter

min

e th

e b

est

way

s to

avo

id a

rsen

ic p

rob

lem

s. T

he

Dep

artm

ent

of N

atu

ral R

eso

urc

es s

taff

co

nti

nu

eto

stu

dy

arse

nic

co

nta

min

atio

n p

rob

lem

sth

rou

gho

ut

the

Stat

e to

det

erm

ine

its

geo

grap

hic

al e

xten

t an

d s

ever

ity.

Ho

w c

an

ars

enic

aff

ect

my

hea

lth

?

Con

sum

pti

on o

f ars

enic

-co

ntam

inat

ed w

ater

has

bee

nas

soci

ated

wit

h t

he

follo

win

gp

ossi

ble

hea

lth

eff

ects

:

Skin

can

cer

Inte

rnal

can

cers

(b

lad

der

,p

rost

ate,

lung

and

oth

er s

ites

)

Th

ick,

rou

gh s

kin

on h

and

s an

d fe

et

Unu

sual

ski

n p

igm

enta

tion

(d

app

ling

ofd

ark

bro

wn

or w

hit

e sp

lotc

hes

)

Num

bne

ss in

th

e h

and

s an

d fe

et

Cir

cula

tory

dis

ord

ers

Tre

mor

s

Stom

ach

pai

n, n

ause

a, d

iarr

hea

Dia

bet

es

Dep

ress

ion

Ars

enic

con

tam

inat

ion

of d

rink

ing

wat

er is

ase

riou

s h

ealt

h c

once

rn. I

f you

th

ink

you

orso

meo

ne in

you

r fa

mily

has

sym

pto

ms

from

arse

nic

exp

osur

e ta

lk t

o yo

ur d

octo

r an

d h

ave

your

wat

er t

este

d fo

r ar

seni

c.

Ho

w c

an

I f

ind

ou

t if

my

wa

ter

isco

nta

min

ate

d w

ith

ars

enic

?

You

cann

ot s

mel

l, ta

ste

or s

ee a

rsen

ic in

you

rd

rink

ing

wat

er. T

he

only

way

to

know

if y

our

wat

er c

onta

ins

arse

nic

is t

o h

ave

a w

ater

sam

ple

from

you

r p

riva

te w

ell t

este

d b

y a

cert

ified

lab

orat

ory.

A li

st o

f cer

tifie

d la

bs

is a

vaila

ble

from

th

e D

NR

or

onlin

e at

: dn

r.w

i.go

v/or

g/es

/sc

ien

ce/l

c/IN

FO/L

abli

sts.

htm

If yo

u us

e w

ater

from

a p

ublic

wat

er s

yste

m,

chec

k th

e w

ater

sys

tem

’s C

onsu

mer

Con

fiden

ceR

epor

t (C

CR

). P

ublic

wat

er s

yste

ms

dist

ribu

teco

pies

of t

heir

CC

R t

o sy

stem

use

rs e

ach

sum

mer

.T

he s

ecti

on t

itle

d “W

here

can

I ge

t m

ore

info

rma-

tion

”, fo

und

in t

his

broc

hure

con

tain

s in

stru

c-ti

ons

to h

elp

you

find

your

CC

R o

n th

e w

ebsi

te.

If t

he

arse

nic

leve

l in

your

wat

er is

ab

ove

the

dri

nkin

g w

ater

sta

ndar

d o

f 10

pp

b, s

top

dri

nkin

g yo

ur w

ater

. Ob

tain

wat

er fr

om a

kno

wn

safe

sou

rce

for

dri

nkin

g an

d p

rep

arat

ion

ofb

ever

ages

or

for

food

s lik

e b

aby

form

ula,

sou

p,

and

cof

fee.

Unl

ess

your

ars

enic

leve

l exc

eed

s10

0 p

pb

, it

is s

afe

to b

ath

e in

th

e w

ater

and

use

it fo

r h

ouse

hol

d p

urp

oses

. If a

rsen

ic le

vels

exce

ed 1

00 p

pb

, you

sh

ould

con

sult

you

r lo

cal

or C

ount

y h

ealt

h d

epar

tmen

t.

If t

he

arse

nic

leve

l in

your

wat

er is

just

und

er 1

0p

pb

and

you

con

sum

e 2

liter

s (a

bou

t 68

oun

ces)

or m

ore

of d

rink

ing

wat

er fr

om t

his

sou

rce

per

day

, you

may

wis

h t

o tr

y to

red

uce

your

exp

osur

e to

ars

enic

. Con

tact

you

r h

ealt

h c

are

pro

vid

er o

r lo

cal h

ealt

h d

epar

tmen

t to

det

erm

ine

your

sp

ecif

ic n

eed

s.

New

wel

l con

stru

ctio

n or

rec

onst

ruct

ions

hav

eb

een

succ

essf

ul a

t re

duc

ing

the

arse

nic

conc

entr

atio

ns in

wat

er s

upp

ly s

yste

ms.

For

leve

ls o

f ars

enic

con

tam

inat

ion

exce

edin

g50

pp

b, D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

esW

ell C

ompe

nsat

ion

Prog

ram

fund

s m

ay b

eav

aila

ble

for

rep

lace

men

t w

ater

sys

tem

s fo

rin

com

e-el

igib

le p

riva

te w

ell o

wne

rs o

r le

ssee

s.

Ever

yone

sh

ould

sam

ple

th

eir

wel

l for

ars

enic

at le

ast

once

eve

ry fi

ve y

ears

. If y

ou a

re in

th

e“S

peci

al W

ell C

asin

g D

epth

Are

a” (

Out

agam

iean

d W

inne

bag

o C

ount

ies)

or

an a

rea

wh

ere

arse

nic

has

bee

n d

etec

ted

, th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es r

ecom

men

ds

you

rete

st y

our

wel

l wat

er e

ach

yea

r, r

egar

dle

ss o

f pre

viou

s te

stre

sult

s b

ecau

se c

once

ntra

tion

s of

ars

enic

can

chan

ge o

ver

tim

e. (

See

the

map

on

the

fron

t of

this

bro

chur

e fo

r co

unti

es in

Wis

cons

in w

her

ear

seni

c le

vels

are

kno

wn

to h

ave

exce

eded

10p

pb

.) In

a s

mal

l per

cent

age

of w

ells

th

atp

rod

uce

wat

er w

ith

hig

h le

vels

of a

rsen

ic, t

he

wat

er is

ver

y ac

id a

nd c

an c

orro

de

plu

mb

ing

pip

es a

nd fi

xtur

es.

Con

vers

ely,

if y

ou h

ave

corr

osiv

e w

ater

, i.e

. you

r p

ipes

and

fixt

ures

are

cor

rod

ing,

ther

e is

a g

reat

er c

han

ce y

ouh

ave

an a

rsen

ic p

rob

lem

.

PR

INTE

D O

NR

ECYC

LED

PAPE

R

7/02

LP

NORT

HEAS

T

NORT

HERN

SOUT

HEAS

T

WES

T CEN

TRAL

SOUT

H CE

NTRA

LReg

ion

Offi

ces

Gre

en B

ay

Spo

oner

Rhi

nela

nder

Milw

auke

e

Eau

Cla

ire

Mad

ison

Iron

in Dri

nki

ng

Wat

er

Bur

eau

of D

rink

ing

Wat

er &

Gro

und

wat

er

Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es

PU

B-D

G-0

35 2

010

Intr

oduc

tion

Iron

is o

ne o

f th

e ea

rth

’s

mos

t p

lent

iful r

esou

rces

, m

akin

g up

at

leas

t fiv

e p

erce

nt o

f th

e ea

rth

’s c

rust

. W

hen

rai

nfal

l see

ps

thro

ugh

th

e so

il, t

he

iron

in t

he

eart

h’s

su

rfac

e d

isso

lves

, cau

sing

it t

o go

into

alm

ost

ever

y na

tura

l w

ater

sup

ply

, inc

lud

ing

wel

l w

ater

. Wh

en ir

on is

pre

sent

in

our

wat

er, i

t is

usu

ally

foun

d

at c

once

ntra

tion

s le

ss t

han

10

mill

igra

ms

per

lite

r (m

g/l)

or

par

ts p

er m

illio

n (p

pm

);

how

ever

, hig

her

leve

ls a

re

ofte

n fo

und

.

Add

ition

al In

form

atio

nR

emem

ber

, th

e ty

pe

of w

ater

you

hav

e w

ill d

eter

min

e w

hat

typ

e of

tre

atm

ent

is p

ossi

ble

. No

one

trea

tmen

t te

chni

que

wor

ks fo

r ev

ery

iron

pro

ble

m a

nd w

ell c

onst

ruct

ion

or r

econ

stru

ctio

n m

ay b

e m

ore

cost

ef

fect

ive.

For

ad

dit

iona

l inf

orm

atio

n on

iron

in d

rink

ing

wat

er, c

onta

ct a

wat

er t

reat

men

t d

eale

r, a

licen

sed

p

lum

ber

or

a lic

ense

d w

ell d

rille

r or

pum

p in

stal

ler.

For

info

rmat

ion

on o

ther

wat

er q

ualit

y co

ncer

ns g

o to

dn

r.wi.g

ov/o

rg/w

ater

/dw

g/pr

ivat

e/w

ater

prob

lem

s.ht

m.

Th

is b

roch

ure

was

rev

ised

by

the

Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es w

ith

ass

ista

nce

from

th

e Ed

ucat

ion

Sub

com

mit

tee

of t

he

Gro

und

wat

er C

oord

inat

ing

Cou

ncil.

Th

e W

isco

nsin

Dep

artm

ent

of N

atur

al R

esou

rces

pro

vid

es

equa

l op

por

tuni

ty in

its

emp

loym

ent,

pro

gram

s, s

ervi

ces

and

func

tion

s un

der

an

Affi

rmat

ive

Act

ion

Pla

n. If

you

hav

e an

y q

uest

ions

, ple

ase

wri

te t

o: E

qua

l Op

por

tuni

ty O

ffice

, D

epar

tmen

t of

th

e In

teri

or, W

ash

ingt

on, D

.C. 2

0240

.

Th

is p

ublic

atio

n is

ava

ilab

le in

alt

erna

tive

form

at (

larg

e p

rint

, Bra

ille,

aud

io t

ape,

etc

) up

on r

eque

st. P

leas

e ca

ll (6

08)

266-

0821

for

mor

e in

form

atio

n.

Char

acte

ristic

Know

n As

Trea

tmen

t Met

hods

Cons

ider

atio

nsDr

awn

tap

wat

er is

cl

ear a

nd c

olor

less

. W

hen

allo

wed

to s

tand

, re

ddis

h br

own

parti

cles

ap

pear

and

set

tle to

bo

ttom

.

Solu

ble

Clea

r W

ater

Fe+

2 Fe

rrou

s Di

ssol

ved

Aera

tion/

Filtr

atio

nM

ay re

quire

leng

thy

cont

act t

ime.

Tem

pera

ture

de

pend

ent.

Wat

er s

ofte

ner

Hard

ness

mus

t be

calc

ulat

ed. S

yste

m m

ust b

e ai

rtigh

t. Al

l w

ater

mus

t be

treat

ed.

Chlo

rinat

ion/

Filtr

atio

nCh

lorin

e liq

uid

or p

elle

ts. F

requ

ent m

onito

ring.

Pro

per

wat

er p

ress

ure.

Man

gane

se g

reen

sand

/Filt

ratio

nAd

equa

te p

ress

ure.

Cata

lytic

filtr

atio

n “B

IRM

”Di

ssol

ved

oxyg

en, o

rgan

ic m

atte

r, ch

lorin

atio

n,

poly

phos

phat

e, te

mpe

ratu

re li

mita

tions

Ozon

atio

nUs

ed b

y so

me

mun

icip

al s

yste

ms.

Exp

ense

.

Sequ

este

ring

May

not

pre

vent

sta

inin

g. M

ay n

eed

to re

mov

e se

ques

terin

g ag

ents

and

iron

. Tes

t for

age

nts

befo

re

choo

sing

ano

ther

trea

tmen

t dev

ice.

Draw

n ta

p w

ater

ap

pear

s ru

sty

or h

as

a re

d or

yel

low

col

or.

Whe

n al

low

ed to

sta

nd,

parti

cles

set

tle to

bo

ttom

.

Inso

lubl

e Re

d W

ater

Fe+

3 Fe

rric

Ox

idize

d

Man

gane

se g

reen

sand

/Filt

ratio

nAd

equa

te p

ress

ure.

Cata

lytic

filtr

atio

n “B

IRM

”Di

ssol

ved

oxyg

en, a

lkal

inity

, org

anic

mat

ter,

chlo

rinat

ion,

po

lyph

osph

ate,

tem

pera

ture

lim

itatio

ns

Chlo

rinat

ion/

Filtr

atio

nCh

lorin

e liq

uid

or p

elle

ts. F

requ

ent m

onito

ring.

Pro

per

wat

er p

ress

ure.

Wat

er ta

nk/to

ilet t

ank/

plum

bing

hav

e re

ddis

h br

own

or y

ello

w

gela

tinou

s sl

ime

or

slud

ge p

rese

nt. M

ay

have

obj

ectio

nabl

e od

or

or o

ily s

heen

.

Bact

eria

l Cre

no-

thrix

Lep

toth

rix

Galli

onel

la

Shoc

k ch

lorin

atio

n an

d co

nsid

er

follo

win

g w

ith c

ontin

uous

ch

lorin

atio

n. B

acte

ricid

es.

Shoc

k ch

lorin

atio

n sh

ould

incl

ude:

cle

anin

g th

e w

ell

thor

ough

ly, c

lean

ing

pum

p an

d ris

er p

ipe,

and

com

plet

e ch

lorin

atio

n an

d flu

shin

g of

dis

tribu

tion

syst

em.

Mak

e su

re b

acte

ricid

es c

an b

e us

ed in

drin

king

wat

er.

Bact

eric

ides

nee

d lo

ng c

onta

ct ti

me

for a

dequ

ate

treat

men

t.

High

col

or c

onte

nt

(yel

low

or b

row

n) o

r co

lorle

ss. G

ener

ally

gr

ound

wat

er fr

om

shal

low

wel

l or s

urfa

ce

wat

er.

Orga

nic

Hem

me

Tann

inW

ater

sof

tene

rFi

rst s

tep

is to

trea

t for

org

anic

s. H

ardn

ess

mus

t be

calc

ulat

ed. S

yste

m m

ust b

e ai

rtigh

t. Tr

eat a

ll w

ater

.M

anga

nese

gre

ensa

nd/F

iltra

tion

Firs

t ste

p is

to tr

eat f

or o

rgan

ics.

Ade

quat

e pr

essu

re.

Ozon

atio

nUs

ed b

y so

me

mun

icip

al s

yste

ms.

Exp

ense

.

Tabl

e 1:

Tre

atm

ent C

onsi

dera

tions

for

Vari

ous

Form

s of

Iron

North

ern

Regi

on

810

W. M

aple

Stre

et

Spoo

ner,

WI 5

4801

(7

15) 6

35-2

101

–or–

107

Sutli

ff Av

enue

Rh

inel

ande

r, W

I 54

501

(715

) 365

-890

0

Sout

h Ce

ntra

l Reg

ion

3911

Fis

h Ha

tche

ry R

d.Fi

tchb

urg,

WI 5

3711

(608

) 275

-326

6

Wes

t Cen

tral R

egio

n13

00 W

. Cla

irem

ont

PO B

ox 4

001

Eau

Clai

re, W

I 547

02-4

001

(715

) 839

-370

0

Sout

heas

t Reg

ion

2300

N. D

r. M

artin

Lut

her K

ing,

Jr

. Driv

eM

ilwau

kee,

WI 5

3212

(414

) 263

-850

0

North

east

Reg

ion

2984

Sha

wan

o Av

eGr

een

Bay,

WI 5

4313

-672

7(9

20)6

62-5

100

Cent

ral O

ffice

101

S. W

ebst

erP.

O. B

ox 7

921

Mad

ison

, WI 5

3707

-792

1(6

08) 2

66-0

821

Dep

artm

ent o

f Nat

ural

R

esou

rces

Offi

ces

Hea

lth a

nd W

ater

Qua

lity

Iron

is n

ot c

onsi

der

ed h

azar

dou

s to

hea

lth

. In

fact

, iro

n is

ess

enti

al fo

r go

od h

ealt

h b

ecau

se it

tr

ansp

orts

oxy

gen

in y

our

blo

od. I

n th

e U

nite

d

Stat

es, m

ost

tap

wat

er p

rob

ably

sup

plie

s le

ss

than

5 p

erce

nt o

f th

e d

ieta

ry r

equi

rem

ent

for

iron

.

Und

er D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es

(DN

R)

rule

s, ir

on is

con

sid

ered

a s

econ

dar

y or

“ae

sth

etic

” co

ntam

inan

t. T

he

pre

sent

re

com

men

ded

lim

it fo

r ir

on in

wat

er, 0

.3 m

g/l

(pp

m),

is b

ased

on

tast

e an

d a

pp

eara

nce

rath

er t

han

on

any

det

rim

enta

l hea

lth

eff

ect.

P

riva

te w

ater

sup

plie

s ar

e no

t su

bje

ct t

o th

e ru

les,

but

th

e gu

idel

ines

can

be

used

to

eval

uate

wat

er q

ualit

y.

For

inst

ance

, wh

en t

he

leve

l of i

ron

in w

ater

ex

ceed

s th

e 0.

3 m

g/l l

imit

, we

exp

erie

nce

red

, bro

wn,

or

yello

w s

tain

ing

of la

und

ry,

glas

swar

e, d

ish

es, a

nd h

ouse

hol

d fi

xtur

es s

uch

as

bat

htu

bs

and

sin

ks. T

he

wat

er m

ay a

lso

hav

e a

met

allic

tas

te a

nd a

n of

fens

ive

odor

. W

ater

sys

tem

pip

ing

and

fixt

ures

can

als

o b

ecom

e re

stri

cted

or

clog

ged

.

Typ

es o

f Iro

nIr

on is

gen

eral

ly d

ivid

ed in

to tw

o m

ain

cate

gori

es: 1

) so

lub

le o

r fe

rrou

s an

d 2)

in

solu

ble

or

ferr

ic ir

on. S

olub

le ir

on, o

r “c

lear

w

ater

” ir

on, i

s th

e ty

pe o

f iro

n fo

und

in o

ur

grou

ndw

ater

and

oxi

dize

s to

inso

lubl

e or

red

ir

on in

the

pres

ence

of o

xyge

n ei

ther

in th

e w

ell

or in

you

r ho

me.

Thi

s ty

pe o

f iro

n is

iden

tifie

d

afte

r yo

u’ve

pou

red

a gl

ass

of c

old

clea

r w

ater

. If

allo

wed

to s

tand

in th

e pr

esen

ce o

f air,

red

dish

br

own

part

icle

s w

ill a

ppea

r in

the

glas

s an

d

even

tual

ly s

ettl

e to

the

bott

om.

Wh

en in

solu

ble

iron

, or

“red

wat

er”

iron

is

pou

red

into

a g

lass

, it

app

ears

rus

ty o

r h

as a

re

d o

r ye

llow

col

or. I

nsol

uble

iron

can

cre

ate

seri

ous

tast

e an

d a

pp

eara

nce

pro

ble

ms

for

the

wat

er u

ser.

Iron

, wh

ich

com

bin

es w

ith

diff

eren

t na

tura

lly-

occu

rrin

g or

gani

c ac

ids

or t

anni

ns, m

ay a

lso

exis

t as

an

org

anic

com

ple

x. A

com

bin

atio

n of

aci

d a

nd ir

on,

or o

rgan

ic i

ron

, can

be

foun

d a

nyw

her

e; h

owev

er, i

t is

mor

e co

mm

on in

sh

allo

w w

ells

and

sur

face

wat

er.

Alt

hou

gh t

his

kin

d o

f iro

n ca

n b

e co

lorl

ess,

it is

us

ually

yel

low

or

bro

wn.

Fina

lly, w

hen

iron

exi

sts

alon

g w

ith

cer

tain

kin

ds

of b

acte

ria,

pro

ble

ms

can

bec

ome

even

wor

se. T

he

bac

teri

a co

nsum

e ir

on t

o su

rviv

e an

d le

ave

a re

dd

ish

b

row

n or

yel

low

slim

e th

at c

an c

log

plu

mb

ing

and

ca

use

an o

ffen

sive

od

or. Y

ou m

ay n

otic

e th

is s

lime

or

slud

ge in

you

r to

ilet

tank

wh

en y

ou r

emov

e th

e lid

. Fo

r m

ore

info

rmat

ion

on ir

on b

acte

ria,

find

th

e D

NR

p

ublic

atio

n, Ir

on B

acte

ria

Pro

ble

ms

in W

ells

on

the

inte

rnet

at

dnr.w

i.gov

/org

/wat

er/d

wg/

feba

ct.h

tm. O

nce

you

det

erm

ine

wh

eth

er y

ou h

ave

“cle

ar w

ater

,” “

red

w

ater

,” “

orga

nic”

or

“bac

teri

al”

iron

in y

our

wat

er,

you

can

take

ste

ps

to c

orre

ct t

he

pro

ble

m. K

eep

in

min

d t

hat

no

one

trea

tmen

t m

eth

od w

ill w

ork

for

ever

y ty

pe

of ir

on p

rob

lem

.

Test

You

r W

ater

Bef

ore

you

atte

mp

t to

rem

ove

anyt

hin

g th

at a

pp

ears

to

be

iron

-rel

ated

, it

is im

por

tant

to

hav

e yo

ur w

ater

te

sted

. A c

omp

lete

wat

er t

est

to d

eter

min

e th

e ex

tent

of y

our

iron

pro

ble

m a

nd p

ossi

ble

tre

atm

ent

solu

tion

s sh

ould

incl

ude

test

s fo

r ir

on c

once

ntra

tion

, ir

on b

acte

ria,

pH

, alk

alin

ity,

and

har

dne

ss. C

hec

k th

e b

usin

ess

pag

es o

f th

e p

hon

e b

ook

und

er

“Lab

orat

orie

s-Te

stin

g” t

o fin

d a

wat

er t

esti

ng la

b o

r ca

ll a

licen

sed

pro

fess

iona

l for

ass

ista

nce.

Cer

tifie

d

lab

orat

orie

s ca

n al

so b

e fo

und

at

dnr.w

i.gov

/org

/es/

scie

nce/

lc/P

W/L

ablis

ts.h

tm.

If yo

u re

ceiv

e yo

ur w

ater

from

a p

ublic

wat

er s

yste

m

and

exp

erie

nce

red

wat

er p

rob

lem

s, it

is im

por

tant

to

con

tact

a u

tilit

y of

ficia

l to

det

erm

ine

wh

eth

er t

he

red

wat

er is

from

th

e p

ublic

sys

tem

or

your

hom

e’s

plu

mb

ing

or p

ipin

g.

Wel

l Con

stru

ctio

n/R

econ

stru

ctio

nH

igh

iron

leve

ls m

ay b

e av

oid

ed in

som

e ca

ses

by

chan

ging

th

e sc

reen

or

casi

ng d

epth

of t

he

wel

l as

long

as

the

min

imum

cas

ing

dep

th r

equi

rem

ents

ar

e st

ill m

et. T

alki

ng t

o yo

ur n

eigh

bor

s ab

out

thei

r w

ell d

epth

s an

d ir

on le

vels

will

giv

e yo

u so

me

idea

of

wh

at w

ell d

epth

wou

ld p

ump

th

e lo

wes

t am

ount

of

iron

. It

is a

lso

hel

pfu

l to

talk

to

a w

ell d

rille

r or

p

ump

inst

alle

r ab

out

loca

l con

dit

ions

and

th

e co

st

of d

rilli

ng a

new

wel

l in

your

are

a. T

he

cost

of w

ell

wor

k sh

ould

be

com

par

ed t

o th

e lo

ng t

erm

(p

erh

aps

twen

ty y

ears

) co

st o

f tre

atin

g th

e w

ater

for

any

iron

re

late

d p

rob

lem

s.

Tre

atm

ent

Tab

le 1

list

s tr

eatm

ent

cons

ider

atio

ns fo

r th

e va

riou

s fo

rms

of ir

on. F

or a

dd

itio

nal

info

rmat

ion

on w

ater

tre

atm

ent

syst

ems,

co

ntac

t yo

ur C

ount

y Ex

tens

ion

Offi

ce o

r Ex

tens

ion

Pub

licat

ions

, Rm

. 245

, 30

N.

Mur

ray

Stre

et, M

adis

on, W

I 537

15 a

nd a

sk

for

pub

licat

ion

G35

58-5

, Ch

oosi

ng a

Wat

er

Tre

atm

ent

Dev

ice

or y

ou c

ould

con

tact

a

licen

sed

plu

mb

er. A

list

of i

ron

trea

tmen

t d

evic

es a

pp

rove

d fo

r us

e in

Wis

cons

in c

an

be

foun

d a

t co

mm

erce

.wi.g

ov/p

hp/s

b-pp

alop

p/co

ntam

_alp

ha_l

ist.p

hp.

Wh

en c

hoo

sing

a w

ater

tre

atm

ent

met

hod

or

dev

ice,

mak

e su

re y

ou h

ave

answ

ers

to t

he

follo

win

g fiv

e q

uest

ions

:

1.

Wh

at fo

rm o

f iro

n d

o I h

ave

in m

y w

ater

sy

stem

?

2.

Will

th

e w

ater

tre

atm

ent

unit

rem

ove

the

tota

l iro

n co

ncen

trat

ion

(det

erm

ined

by

the

wat

er t

est)

in m

y w

ater

sup

ply

? (T

otal

ir

on r

efer

s to

bot

h s

olub

le a

nd in

solu

ble

ir

on c

omb

ined

).

3.

Will

th

e tr

eatm

ent

unit

tre

at t

he

wat

er

at t

he

flow

rat

e re

qui

red

for

my

wat

er

syst

em?

4.

Con

sid

erin

g th

e re

sult

s of

my

wat

er t

est,

w

ill t

his

met

hod

eff

ecti

vely

rem

ove

iron

? (F

or e

xam

ple

, pH

may

nee

d t

o b

e ad

just

ed

bef

ore

beg

inni

ng a

par

ticu

lar

trea

tmen

t).

5.

Wou

ld w

ell c

onst

ruct

ion

or r

econ

stru

ctio

n b

e m

ore

cost

eff

ecti

ve t

han

a lo

ng t

erm

ir

on r

emov

al t

reat

men

t p

roce

ss?

Iron

Tre

atm

ent T

erm

s

Aera

tion:

Intro

duci

ng o

xyge

n to

the

wat

er s

ourc

e to

co

nver

t sol

uble

iron

to it

s in

solu

ble

form

.

Filtr

atio

n: M

edia

use

d to

ent

rap

and

scre

en o

ut o

xidi

zed

parti

cles

of i

ron.

Usu

ally

requ

ires

back

was

hing

to re

mov

e ac

cum

ulat

ed ir

on.

Wat

er S

ofte

ning

: Rem

oval

of s

olub

le ir

on b

y io

n ex

chan

ge.

Man

gane

se G

reen

sand

: An

ion

exch

ange

san

d m

ater

ial

whi

ch is

cap

able

of r

emov

ing

iron.

Ads

orbs

dis

solv

ed ir

on

and

requ

ires

chem

ical

rege

nera

tion.

Cata

lytic

Filt

ratio

n “B

IRM

”: A

gra

nula

r filte

r med

ium

that

en

hanc

es th

e re

actio

n be

twee

n ox

ygen

and

iron

and

then

fil

ters

the

inso

lubl

e iro

n.

Ozo

natio

n: A

spe

cial

ized

form

of a

erat

ion

usin

g oz

one

to

conv

ert s

olub

le ir

on to

inso

lubl

e iro

n.

Ion

Exch

ange

: Sub

stitu

ting

an a

ccep

tabl

e io

n (s

uch

as

sodi

um) f

or s

olub

le ir

on.

Sequ

este

ring

: Add

ing

chem

ical

age

nts

to w

ater

to k

eep

met

als

like

iron

in s

olut

ion

to p

reve

nt c

hara

cter

istic

red

stai

ns.

Chlo

rina

tion:

Che

mic

al o

xidi

zer u

sed

to c

onve

rt s

olub

le

iron

to a

n in

solu

ble,

filte

rabl

e fo

rm.

7/02

LP

NORT

HEAS

T

NORT

HERN

SOUT

HEAS

T

WES

T CEN

TRAL

SOUT

H CE

NTRA

LReg

ion

Offi

ces

Gre

en B

ay

Spo

oner

Rhi

nela

nder

Milw

auke

e

Eau

Cla

ire

Mad

ison

Bact

erio

logic

al Co

nta

min

atio

n

of D

rinkin

g W

ate

r W

ells

Wisc

onsin

Dep

artme

nt of

Natur

al Re

sourc

es, B

ureau

of D

rinkin

g Wate

r and

Grou

ndwa

ter

PUB-D

G-003

-2009

Regi

on O

ffi ce

s

North

ern

Regio

n81

0 W.

Map

le St

reet

Spoo

ner, W

I 548

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15) 6

35-21

01OR 10

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tliff A

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I 545

01(7

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65-89

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West

Cent

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1300

Wes

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remon

tP.O

.Box

400

1Ea

u Clai

re, W

I 547

02-40

01(7

15) 8

39-37

00

Prin

ted

on R

ecyc

led

Pape

r

This

bro

chur

e w

as re

vise

d by

the

Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es w

ith a

ssis

tanc

e fro

m th

e Ed

ucat

ion

Subc

omm

ittee

of t

he G

roun

dwat

er C

oord

inat

ing

Cou

ncil.

The

Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of N

atur

al R

esou

rces

pro

vide

s eq

ual o

ppor

tuni

ty in

its

empl

oym

ent,

prog

ram

s, s

ervi

ces

and

func

tions

und

er a

n A

ffi rm

ativ

e A

ctio

n Pl

an. I

f you

hav

e an

y qu

estio

ns, p

leas

e w

rite

to E

qual

Opp

ortu

nity

Offi

ce,

Dep

artm

ent o

f the

Inte

rior,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

. 202

40

This

pub

licat

ion

is a

vaila

ble

in a

ltern

ativ

e fo

rmat

(la

rge

prin

t, Br

aille

, aud

iota

pe, e

tc) u

pon

requ

est.

Plea

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all (

608)

266

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r mor

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form

atio

n.

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n29

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no Av

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Gr

een B

ay, W

I 543

13-67

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uthe

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egion

2300

N. D

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. Driv

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3212

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) 263

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11(6

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101

S. W

ebste

r St.,

P.O.

Box

792

1Ma

dison

, WI 5

3707

-7921

(608

) 266

-0821

Mos

t priv

ate

wel

ls pr

ovid

e a

safe

and

unc

onta

min

ated

sou

rce

of

drin

king

wat

er. S

ome

wel

ls do

how

ever

bec

ome

cont

amin

ated

with

ba

cter

ia. F

ortu

nate

ly c

ertifi

ed

labs

can

eas

ily te

st w

ater

for c

olifo

rm

bact

eria

, a c

omm

on in

dica

tor o

f bac

teria

l con

tam

inat

ion

in w

ells.

To

ensu

re y

our w

ell i

s no

t con

tam

inat

ed, i

t is

a go

od id

ea to

regu

larly

test

your

wat

er. Y

ou s

houl

d ha

ve y

our w

ater

teste

d at

leas

t ann

ually

and

w

hene

ver y

ou n

otic

e a

chan

ge in

the

taste

, odo

r or c

olor

of t

he w

ater

.

Mos

t bac

teria

ent

erin

g th

e gr

ound

sur

face

alo

ng w

ith ra

inw

ater

or

sno

wm

elt a

re fi

ltere

d ou

t as

the

wat

er s

eeps

thro

ugh

the

soil.

Se

vera

l stra

ins

of b

acte

ria c

an s

urvi

ve a

long

tim

e an

d fi n

d th

eir

way

into

the

grou

ndw

ater

by

mov

ing

thro

ugh

coar

se s

oils,

sha

llow

fra

ctur

ed b

edro

ck, q

uarr

ies,

sin

khol

es, i

nade

quat

ely

grou

ted

wel

ls or

cra

cks

in th

e w

ell c

asin

g. In

sect

s or

sm

all r

oden

ts ca

n al

so c

arry

bac

teria

into

wel

ls w

ith in

adeq

uate

cap

s or

sea

ls.

Col

iform

bac

teria

are

nat

ural

ly o

ccur

ring

in s

oil a

nd a

re

foun

d on

veg

etat

ion

and

in s

urfa

ce w

ater

s. W

ater

from

a w

ell

prop

erly

loca

ted

and

cons

truct

ed s

houl

d be

free

of c

olifo

rm

bact

eria

. Whi

le c

olifo

rm b

acte

ria d

o no

t cau

se il

lnes

s in

hea

lthy

indi

vidu

als,

thei

r pre

senc

e in

wel

l wat

er in

dica

tes

the

wat

er

syste

m is

at r

isk

to m

ore

serio

us fo

rms

of c

onta

min

atio

n.

The

pres

ence

of a

noth

er ty

pe o

f bac

teria

, Esc

heric

hia

coli

(E. c

oli),

in

dica

tes

feca

l con

tam

inat

ion

of th

e w

ater

. Fec

al c

olifo

rm b

acte

ria in

habi

t th

e in

testi

nes

of w

arm

-blo

oded

ani

mal

s an

d ar

e ty

pica

lly fo

und

in th

eir

feca

l mat

ter.

Path

ogen

ic b

acte

ria, v

iruse

s an

d pa

rasi

tes

ofte

n pr

esen

t in

feca

l mat

ter c

an c

ause

illn

esse

s, s

ome

havi

ng fl

u-lik

e sy

mpt

oms

such

as

nau

sea,

vom

iting

, fev

er a

nd d

iarr

hea.

In s

ome

case

s, s

ympt

oms

can

be m

ore

seve

re. M

any

labs

now

rout

inel

y te

st fo

r E. c

oli b

acte

ria a

long

w

ith to

tal c

olifo

rm. T

he p

rese

nce

of E

. col

i bac

teria

in w

ater

repr

esen

ts a

serio

us p

robl

em. I

f you

r wat

er s

ampl

e is

pos

itive

for E

. col

i, it

is im

porta

nt

you

stop

cons

umin

g yo

ur w

ater

and

dea

l with

this

pro

blem

imm

edia

tely.

Bact

eria

are

onl

y on

e of

sev

eral

con

tam

inan

ts th

at c

an a

ffect

you

r wel

l w

ater

. It i

s go

od n

ews

if th

e re

sults

of b

oth

the

tota

l col

iform

and

E. c

oli

bact

eria

tests

are

neg

ativ

e, b

ecau

se th

is m

eans

ther

e ar

e no

bac

teria

l co

ntam

inan

ts in

the

wat

er. H

owev

er, t

hese

neg

ativ

e re

sults

do

not

nece

ssar

ily m

ean

your

wat

er is

free

of c

hem

ical

con

tam

inat

ion,

like

nitr

ate

or p

estic

ides

. For

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g ch

emic

al c

onta

min

atio

n of

you

r w

ell w

ater

you

can

refe

r to

othe

r ava

ilabl

e de

partm

ent b

roch

ures

.

Vo

lum

e of

Ble

ach

A

ppro

xim

ate

To

Wat

er

Chl

orin

e

Mix

Rat

io

Con

cent

ratio

n

3 /

4 qu

art b

leac

h pe

r

100

gallo

ns w

ater

10

0 pp

m

11

/2 q

uarts

ble

ach

per

10

0 ga

llons

wat

er

200

ppm

2

quar

ts bl

each

per

10

0 ga

llons

wat

er

300

ppm

3. U

sing

wat

er fr

om a

kno

wn

safe

and

un

cont

amin

ated

sou

rce,

add

a v

olum

e of

w

ater

– a

t lea

st as

gre

at a

s th

e vo

lum

e of

wat

er

stand

ing

in th

e w

ell –

into

cle

an n

ew g

arba

ge

cans

or o

ther

com

para

ble

cont

aine

rs.

4. U

sing

the

tabl

e be

low

cal

cula

te th

e vo

lum

e of

bl

each

(sod

ium

hyp

ochl

orite

) nec

essa

ry to

pro

duce

th

e de

sire

d ch

lorin

e co

ncen

tratio

n to

dis

infe

ct th

e w

ell a

nd w

ater

sys

tem

. Gen

eral

ly, fo

r mos

t wat

er

syste

ms,

a c

once

ntra

tion

of a

nyw

here

from

100

to

300

parts

per

mill

ion

(ppm

) will

be

adeq

uate

to

disi

nfec

t the

wel

l and

the

plum

bing

sys

tem

. (M

ost

hous

ehol

d bl

each

es c

onta

in b

etw

een

5% a

nd 6

%

avai

labl

e ch

lorin

e.) T

he b

leac

h m

ust b

e fre

e of

ad

ditiv

es li

ke ‘f

resh

sce

nt,’

alga

ecid

es o

r thi

cken

ing

agen

ts th

at c

an c

hem

ical

ly c

onta

min

ate

your

wel

l.

Note

: For

sev

ere

bact

eria

l inf

esta

tions

per

haps

in

volv

ing

a bi

ofi lm

, lik

e an

iron

or s

ulfa

te re

duci

ng

bact

eria

l slim

e, m

ore

aggr

essi

ve a

ppro

ache

s m

ay b

e ne

cess

ary.

The

se a

ppro

ache

s in

clud

e a

mor

e co

ncen

trate

d ch

lorin

e so

lutio

n, m

easu

res

to c

ontro

l the

pH

of t

he s

olut

ion,

or t

he a

dditi

on

of s

alt (

NaC

l) or

oth

er d

epar

tmen

t app

rove

d pr

oduc

ts. S

omet

imes

it is

also

nec

essa

ry to

scr

ub

the

insi

de o

f the

wel

l with

a c

him

ney

brus

h to

hel

p re

mov

e sli

me

or m

iner

al b

uild

up th

at c

an h

arbo

r th

e ba

cter

ia. C

onta

ct a

Lic

ense

d W

ell D

rille

r or

Pum

p In

stalle

r for

thes

e m

ore

diffi

cult

situ

atio

ns.

5. U

sing

this

wat

er a

nd th

e ca

lcul

ated

vol

ume

of

blea

ch, p

repa

re a

chl

orin

e so

lutio

n th

at e

qual

s or

exc

eeds

the

volu

me

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g w

ithin

th

e w

ell.

Add

the

blea

ch to

the

wat

er-fi

lled

cont

aine

rs a

t a s

ite u

pwin

d an

d cl

ose

to th

e w

ell

so y

ou a

re le

ss li

kely

to b

reat

he th

e fu

mes

and

so

you

won

’t ha

ve to

car

ry th

e so

lutio

n to

o fa

r.6.

Rem

ove

your

wel

l cap

or s

eal a

nd a

dd a

bout

a

half-

cup

to a

cup

of D

epar

tmen

t-app

rove

d ch

lorin

e gr

anul

es o

r tab

lets

(cal

cium

hyp

ochl

orite

) dow

n th

e w

ell.

(The

se p

rodu

cts

mus

t also

be

free

of

addi

tives

.) Th

e gr

anul

es w

ill d

isin

fect

the

colu

mn

of

wat

er s

tand

ing

with

in th

e w

ell a

nd p

reve

nt b

acte

ria

from

bei

ng fo

rced

out

into

the

aqui

fer w

hen

you

add

the

larg

e vo

lum

e of

liqu

id c

hlor

ine

solu

tion.

(C

aution: D

o no

t use

gra

nula

r or t

able

t chl

orin

e pr

oduc

ts in

the

arse

nic

prob

lem

are

as o

f no

rthea

stern

Wis

cons

in.)

7. T

urn

off t

he e

lect

rical

pow

er a

nd, w

hile

wea

ring

eye

prot

ectio

n, ru

bber

glo

ves

and

rubb

er-so

led

shoe

s, re

mov

e th

e w

ell c

ap. M

ake

sure

you

ex

amin

e pu

mp

wire

s fo

r cha

fed

insu

latio

n or

m

issi

ng w

ire n

uts.

Hav

e an

y ne

cess

ary

repa

irs

mad

e to

the

elec

trica

l sys

tem

.8.

Pou

r or s

ipho

n th

e ch

lorin

e so

lutio

n do

wn

the

wel

l, as

rapi

dly

as p

ossi

ble,

in o

ne c

ontin

uous

pou

r.9.

Con

nect

a n

ew c

lean

hos

e to

a n

earb

y ho

se b

ib

(fauc

et) a

nd tu

rn th

e el

ectri

cal p

ower

bac

k on

. Tu

rn th

e w

ater

on

and

reci

rcul

ate

the

chlo

rinat

ed

solu

tion

thro

ugh

the

hose

and

bac

k to

the

wel

l m

akin

g su

re y

ou ri

nse

the

entir

e in

side

sur

face

of

the

casi

ng, a

ll th

e w

ay d

own

to th

e w

ater

tabl

e.

10. A

gain

turn

off

the

elec

trica

l pow

er a

nd d

rain

bot

h th

e pr

essu

re ta

nk a

nd w

ater

hea

ter.

(Doi

ng th

is w

ill

subs

eque

ntly

allo

w th

e w

ater

from

thes

e ta

nks

to

be to

tally

repl

aced

by

the

chlo

rinat

ed s

olut

ion.

)11

. Tur

n th

e el

ectri

cal p

ower

to th

e pu

mp

back

on

and

let t

he w

ell w

ater

refi l

l the

pr

essu

re ta

nk a

nd w

ater

hea

ter.

12. O

pen

ever

y on

e of

you

r wat

er fa

ucet

s th

roug

hout

yo

ur p

lum

bing

sys

tem

, bot

h in

side

and

out

side

, unt

il yo

u ca

n sm

ell t

he c

hlor

ine

solu

tion

at e

ach

one.

N

ote

: For

car

tridg

e w

ater

fi lte

rs, r

epla

ce th

e ca

rtrid

ge a

fter y

ou h

ave

com

plet

ed th

e ch

lorin

atio

n pr

oces

s an

d co

mpl

etel

y fl u

shed

the

syste

m. T

o di

sinf

ect y

our w

ater

sof

tene

r, af

ter c

ompl

etio

n of

the

chlo

rinat

ion

proc

edur

e, a

dd a

bout

1/4

to

1 /2

cup

of b

leac

h to

the

fi ll t

ube

in th

e br

ine

tank

an

d se

t the

sof

tene

r to

man

ually

rech

arge

.13

. Tur

n al

l wat

er ta

ps o

ff co

mpl

etel

y an

d al

low

the

chlo

rine

solu

tion

to re

mai

n in

you

r wel

l and

plu

mbi

ng

syste

m a

t lea

st ov

erni

ght,

but p

refe

rabl

y fo

r 24

hour

s.14

. Flu

sh th

e ch

lorin

e so

lutio

n fro

m th

e en

tire

wat

er

syste

m b

y us

ing

a ho

se c

onne

cted

to o

ne o

f you

r ou

tside

fauc

ets.

Run

the

solu

tion

to a

loca

tion

away

from

you

r law

n an

d la

ndsc

apin

g be

caus

e it

can

dam

age

them

. Also

mak

e su

re th

e ch

lorin

e

solu

tion

does

not

get

into

a s

tream

, riv

er o

r lak

e.

Chl

orin

e, e

ven

in s

mal

l dos

es, c

an k

ill a

quat

ic li

fe.

Do

not r

un th

e ch

lorin

ated

sol

utio

n in

to y

our s

eptic

sy

stem

bec

ause

it m

ay k

ill th

e ba

cter

ia th

at b

iolo

gica

lly

brea

kdow

n th

e w

aste

. The

ext

ra v

olum

e of

the

solu

tion

can

also

hyd

raul

ical

ly o

verlo

ad th

e sy

stem

. Th

e fl u

shin

g pr

oces

s ca

n ta

ke a

long

tim

e. K

eep

runn

ing

the

wat

er u

ntil

you

can

no lo

nger

not

ice

a sm

ell o

f chl

orin

e fro

m a

ny o

f you

r fau

cets

or ta

ps.

15. A

fter t

he c

hlor

ine

solu

tion

has

been

com

plet

ely

fl ush

ed

from

the

syste

m, w

ait a

bout

a w

eek

and

resa

mpl

e yo

ur

wat

er to

mak

e su

re it

is b

acte

riolo

gica

lly s

afe

to d

rink.

Some

Gen

eral

DO’s

and D

ON’T

sD

O c

heck

chl

orin

e pr

oduc

ts be

fore

you

use

them

. C

hlor

ine

conc

entra

tions

var

y fro

m m

anuf

actu

rer t

o m

anuf

actu

rer a

nd d

ecre

ase

in c

once

ntra

tion

with

ag

e. S

ome

prod

ucts

cont

ain

inap

prop

riate

add

itive

s.

It is

also

a g

ood

idea

to c

onfi r

m th

e co

ncen

tratio

n of

th

e ch

lorin

e in

the

wel

l usi

ng a

test

kit.

This

pro

cess

w

ill a

ssur

e th

at y

ou a

re a

ddin

g en

ough

, but

not

too

muc

h, b

leac

h so

lutio

n in

to th

e w

ell.

You

may

wis

h to

co

nfi rm

the

pH o

f the

chl

orin

e so

lutio

n in

you

r wel

l w

ith te

st pa

per.

The

pH s

houl

d no

t exc

eed

abou

t 7.5

.

DO

con

tact

a L

icen

sed

Wel

l Dril

ler o

r Pum

p In

stalle

r fo

r gui

danc

e if

you

do n

ot fe

el c

onfi d

ent y

ou c

an

safe

ly u

nder

take

this

pro

cedu

re o

r for

a s

ituat

ion

invo

lvin

g a

mor

e di

ffi cu

lt ca

se o

f bac

teria

l inf

esta

tion

or/o

r slim

e bu

ildup

. The

pro

fess

iona

l con

tract

or

may

wis

h to

opt

imiz

e th

e ch

lorin

e so

lutio

n w

ith p

H

cont

rol o

r by

addi

ng s

alt i

n or

der t

o ob

tain

pea

k ge

rmic

idal

act

ion

from

the

chlo

rinat

ion

proc

ess.

DO

sam

ple

your

wel

l wat

er a

bout

a w

eek

follo

win

g th

e ch

lorin

atio

n pr

oced

ure

and

have

it te

sted

for

colif

orm

bac

teria

at a

cer

tifi e

d la

b. If

the

sam

ple

is “

safe

”, s

ampl

e yo

ur w

ater

yea

rly th

erea

fter,

durin

g ea

rly s

prin

g or

late

sum

mer

/ear

ly fa

ll.

DO

NO

T ch

lorin

ate

your

wel

l and

wat

er s

yste

m a

s pa

rt of

regu

lar m

aint

enan

ce p

roto

col u

nles

s yo

u ha

ve

recu

rrin

g or

per

siste

nt p

robl

ems.

Doi

ng s

o ca

n, in

som

e ca

ses,

plu

g up

the

pum

p w

ith s

edim

ent o

r dam

age

the

pum

p or

com

pone

nts

of th

e w

ater

sys

tem

.

DO

NO

T us

e m

ore

blea

ch th

an n

eces

sary

for t

he

disi

nfec

tion

proc

edur

e. D

oing

so

can

rais

e th

e pH

of

the

solu

tion

to a

poi

nt w

here

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s of

th

e ch

lorin

atio

n pr

oces

s is

sig

nifi c

antly

redu

ced.

DO

NO

T us

e dr

y ca

lciu

m h

ypoc

hlor

ite p

rodu

cts

(gra

nule

s or

pel

lets)

with

in th

e ar

seni

c co

ntam

inat

ion

area

s of

no

rthea

stern

Wis

cons

in. W

hen

usin

g a

liqui

d bl

each

/w

ater

dis

infe

ctio

n so

lutio

n in

thes

e ar

seni

c pr

oble

m

area

s, d

o n

ot

use

a ch

lorin

e co

ncen

tratio

n gr

eate

r th

an 1

00 p

pm o

r allo

w th

e so

lutio

n to

rem

ain

in th

e w

ell f

or m

ore

than

30

min

utes

. Doi

ng s

o ca

n tri

gger

ge

oche

mic

al re

actio

ns w

ithin

the

bedr

ock

aqui

fers

th

at c

an re

leas

e ar

seni

c in

to y

our w

ell w

ater

.

Poss

ible

sou

rces

of w

ell c

onta

min

atio

n

‘Volu

me

fact

ors

’ -

base

d o

n w

ell d

iam

eter

:

• 2

-inch

dia

met

er

= 3

/4 q

uart

wat

er fo

r eac

h fo

ot o

f wat

er s

tand

ing

in th

e w

ell.

• 4

-inch

dia

met

er

= 1

/2 g

allo

n w

ater

for e

ach

foot

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g in

the

wel

l. •

5-in

ch d

iam

eter

=

1 g

allo

n w

ater

for e

ach

foot

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g in

the

wel

l.•

6-in

ch d

iam

eter

=

11 /

2 ga

llons

wat

er fo

r eac

h fo

ot o

f wat

er s

tand

ing

in th

e w

ell.

• 8

-inch

dia

met

er

= 2

1 /2

gallo

ns w

ater

for e

ach

foot

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g in

the

wel

l.•

10-in

ch d

iam

eter

=

4 g

allo

ns w

ater

for e

ach

foot

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g in

the

wel

l.

How

can

my w

ell be

come

cont

amina

ted?

Your

wat

er s

uppl

y m

ay b

ecom

e ba

cter

iolo

gica

lly

cont

amin

ated

bec

ause

of o

ne o

r mor

e of

the

follo

win

g re

ason

s:

1. T

here

is a

sou

rce

of c

onta

min

atio

n to

o cl

ose

to

the

wel

l and

the

casi

ng d

oes

not e

xten

d de

ep

enou

gh to

ass

ure

bact

eria

hav

e be

en a

dequ

atel

y fi l

tere

d ou

t of r

echa

rge

wat

er to

the

aqui

fer.

2 Th

e w

ell m

ay h

ave

been

con

struc

ted

usin

g po

or s

anita

ry

prac

tices

. Wel

ls ca

n be

com

e co

ntam

inat

ed d

urin

g th

e dr

illin

g pr

oces

s by

the

impr

oper

use

of c

onta

min

ated

dr

ill to

ols,

cas

ing

pipe

or d

rillin

g w

ater

. The

insta

llatio

n of

the

pum

p, it

s di

scha

rge

pipi

ng, o

r any

oth

er p

ump

or p

ress

ure

syste

m c

ompo

nent

can

also

be

the

caus

e of

co

ntam

inat

ion

if th

ey a

re n

ot a

ssem

bled

and

insta

lled

in a

san

itary

man

ner p

rior t

o th

eir u

se. T

he S

tate

Priv

ate

Wel

l Cod

e (N

R 81

2) re

quire

s di

sinf

ectio

n of

any

new

w

ell,

the

pum

p, p

ump

disc

harg

e pi

ping

and

the

pres

sure

ta

nk, p

rior t

o be

ing

plac

ed in

ser

vice

.3.

Con

tam

inat

ed s

urfa

ce o

r nea

r-sur

face

wat

er c

an e

nter

a

subs

tand

ard

or im

prop

erly

con

struc

ted

wel

l in

any

of

the

follo

win

g w

ays:

• D

ug w

ells

lined

with

poo

rly s

eale

d br

ick,

sto

ne o

r til

e cu

rbin

g, o

r hav

ing

unse

aled

cov

ers,

can

allo

w

unfi l

tere

d w

ater

to g

et in

to th

e w

ell.*

• C

asin

g im

prop

erly

sea

led

thro

ugh

a sh

allo

w

unco

nsol

idat

ed o

r bed

rock

geo

logi

cal f

orm

atio

n m

ay

allo

w c

onta

min

ated

wat

er to

mig

rate

dow

nwar

d in

to

the

aqui

fer.*

• Su

rface

wat

er c

an e

nter

the

top

of th

e w

ell c

asin

g if

the

casi

ng d

oes

not e

xten

d fa

r eno

ugh

abov

e th

e gr

ound

sur

face

.•

The

wel

l cas

ing

may

term

inat

e in

a b

asem

ent,

pit o

r al

cove

sub

ject

to fl

oodi

ng o

r see

page

of w

ater

.•

An

old

wel

l cas

ing

may

bec

ome

badl

y co

rrod

ed

and

allo

w w

ater

to s

eep

into

the

wel

l thr

ough

hol

es

in th

e ca

sing

.*•

A w

ell w

ith a

non

com

plyi

ng c

asin

g de

pth

setti

ng

can

allo

w c

onta

min

ated

nea

r-sur

face

wat

er to

ent

er

the

wel

l.*•

A w

ell h

avin

g ol

d, s

ubsta

ndar

d ‘s

tove

-pip

e’ c

asin

g ca

n al

low

nea

r sur

face

wat

er to

ent

er th

e w

ell.*

*

Note

: A

wel

l with

the

defe

cts

indi

cate

d w

ith a

n as

teris

k ca

nnot

be

easi

ly re

paire

d an

d ty

pica

lly n

eed

to b

e re

plac

ed w

ith a

new

cod

e-co

mpl

ying

wel

l.4

The

aqui

fer m

ay b

e a

high

ly fr

actu

red

bedr

ock

form

atio

n or

a c

oars

e gr

avel

dep

osit

that

doe

s no

t ade

quat

ely

fi lte

r rec

harg

e w

ater

per

cola

ting

dow

n fro

m th

e gr

ound

sur

face

into

the

aqui

fer.

5. T

he w

ell c

ap m

ay b

e lo

ose

or p

oorly

insta

lled

allo

win

g in

sect

s, s

pide

rs o

r sm

all a

nim

als

to e

nter

the

wel

l.6

Ther

e m

ay b

e a

‘cro

ss-c

onne

ctio

n’ b

etw

een

the

wel

l or

plum

bing

sys

tem

and

the

sept

ic o

r sew

erag

e sy

stem

.

When

shou

ld I t

est m

y well

for

bacte

riolog

ical c

onta

mina

tion?

The

Stat

e W

ell C

ode

requ

ires

all n

ew w

ells

to b

e te

sted

for

bact

erio

logi

cal q

ualit

y. W

ells

mus

t also

be

teste

d fo

llow

ing

the

insta

llatio

n or

rein

stalla

tion

of a

pum

p, o

r any

time

a w

ell i

s en

tere

d fo

r rep

airin

g or

rein

stalli

ng e

quip

men

t w

ithin

the

wel

l. Ex

istin

g w

ells

shou

ld b

e te

sted

annu

ally,

af

ter m

odify

ing

the

wel

l in

any

way

, or w

hene

ver t

here

is

any

chan

ge in

the

taste

, odo

r or a

ppea

ranc

e of

the

wat

er.

The

best

times

of t

he y

ear t

o te

st yo

ur w

ell w

ater

are

whe

n it

is m

ost l

ikel

y to

be

unsa

fe. S

tatis

tical

ly th

ese

times

occ

ur

follo

win

g a

perio

d of

hea

vy s

now

mel

t in

early

spr

ing

or

durin

g th

e ho

t sta

gnan

t tim

e of

late

sum

mer

and

ear

ly fa

ll.

Wher

e can

I ob

tain

a wat

er-sa

mplin

g kit

for b

acter

iolog

ical t

estin

g?A

test

kit (

incl

udin

g sa

mpl

ing

instr

uctio

ns) m

ay b

e ob

tain

ed fr

om a

ny la

bora

tory

cer

tifi e

d to

test

wat

er fo

r ba

cter

iolo

gica

l con

tam

inat

ion.

For

priv

ate

wel

l ow

ners

, ce

rtifi e

d ba

cter

ia la

bs c

an b

e fo

und

onlin

e at

dnr.

wi.g

ov/

org

/wate

r/dw

g/w

ells

.htm

. Whe

n co

llect

ing

a w

ater

sam

ple

mak

e su

re y

ou c

aref

ully

fo

llow

all

instr

uctio

ns fo

r sam

plin

g an

d ha

ndlin

g.

If a

Wis

cons

in U

niqu

e W

ell N

umbe

r (W

UW

N) h

as b

een

assi

gned

to y

our w

ell,

you

may

cho

ose

to h

ave

a co

py o

f yo

ur te

st re

sults

sav

ed in

a p

erm

anen

t fi le

for y

our w

ell b

y w

ritin

g th

e W

UW

N o

n th

e la

b fo

rm a

nd c

heck

ing

the

box

“sen

d co

py o

f res

ults

to D

NR.

”

Resu

lts o

f wat

er q

ualit

y te

sts d

one

by th

e St

ate

Labo

rato

ry

of H

ygie

ne a

re a

utom

atic

ally

repo

rted

to D

NR

for fi

ling

and

ar

e en

tere

d in

to th

e de

partm

ent’s

wat

er s

ampl

e da

ta s

yste

m

if th

e W

UW

N is

incl

uded

on

the

sam

ple

colle

ctio

n fo

rm.

Your

WU

WN

may

be

foun

d on

a s

ticke

r tag

atta

ched

to

the

wat

er p

ipe

ente

ring

the

build

ing

from

the

wel

l, of

ten

near

the

sam

plin

g fa

ucet

. You

may

also

fi nd

a c

ompa

nion

sti

cker

on

the

mai

n el

ectri

cal f

use

or c

ircui

t bre

aker

box

.

What

do th

e tes

t res

ults t

ell m

e?Ba

cter

iolo

gica

l ana

lyse

s of

wat

er s

ampl

es a

re c

ompl

eted

to

dete

rmin

e th

e sa

fety

of t

he w

ater

for d

rinki

ng a

nd p

repa

ratio

n of

food

. If a

sam

ple

was

col

lect

ed a

ccor

ding

to d

irect

ions

in

clud

ed w

ith th

e ki

t and

the

lab

subs

eque

ntly

repo

rts th

e sa

mpl

e as

bac

terio

logi

cally

“sa

fe,”

then

“to

tal c

olifo

rm

bact

eria

” w

ere

not f

ound

in th

e w

ater

. You

can

then

be

reas

onab

ly s

ure

the

wat

er is

bac

terio

logi

cally

saf

e to

drin

k.

On

the

othe

r han

d, w

hen

the

lab

repo

rts th

e sa

mpl

e as

eith

er

bact

erio

logi

cally

“at

risk

” or

“un

safe

,” th

en to

tal c

olifo

rm

and/

or E

. col

i bac

teria

wer

e fo

und

in th

e sa

mpl

e an

d yo

u sh

ould

not

drin

k th

e w

ater

. Tot

al c

olifo

rm b

acte

ria a

re o

nly

an in

dica

tor b

acte

ria a

nd a

re n

ot, b

y th

emse

lves

, usu

ally

a

heal

th c

once

rn fo

r hea

lthy

indi

vidu

als.

But

thei

r pre

senc

e in

wel

l wat

er in

dica

tes

an in

crea

sed

risk

that

pat

hoge

nic

(dise

ase-

caus

ing)

bac

teria

are

also

pre

sent

in th

e w

ater

.

Wel

l wat

er re

porte

d by

the

lab

as b

eing

“at

risk

” or

“un

safe

” sh

ould

not

be

cons

umed

or u

sed

for p

repa

ratio

n of

food

un

less

it is

fi rs

t boi

led

for a

t lea

st on

e m

inut

e, a

t a ro

lling

bo

il. If

you

nee

d ad

ditio

nal h

elp

in in

terp

retin

g th

e re

sults

of

your

wat

er a

naly

sis, c

onta

ct y

our l

abor

ator

y.

(Not

e: B

oilin

g w

ater

for a

long

tim

e re

duce

s th

e vo

lum

e of

w

ater

and

can

incr

ease

the

conc

entra

tion

of a

ny n

itrat

e th

at

may

be

pres

ent i

n th

e w

ater

. Thi

s ca

n m

ake

the

wat

er m

ore

haza

rdou

s fo

r inf

ants.

)

What

shou

ld I d

o if m

y well

wat

er is

ba

cterio

logica

lly u

nsaf

e?1.

Firs

t res

ampl

e yo

ur w

ell.

Col

lect

ano

ther

wat

er s

ampl

e an

d ha

ve it

ana

lyze

d to

con

fi rm

you

r fi rs

t “at

risk

” or

“u

nsaf

e” re

sult.

Be

sure

to u

se th

e pr

oper

sam

plin

g pr

oced

ure

whe

n yo

u co

llect

the

sam

ple.

Thi

s w

ill h

elp

you

dete

rmin

e if

your

orig

inal

sam

ple

resu

lt co

uld

have

si

mpl

y be

en a

resu

lt of

an

impr

oper

sam

plin

g te

chni

que.

2. I

f the

sec

ond

sam

ple

resu

lt is

also

repo

rted

as b

eing

“a

t ris

k” o

r “un

safe

”, d

o not

cons

ume

the

wat

er u

nles

s yo

u bo

il it,

at a

rolli

ng b

oil,

for a

t lea

st 1

min

ute.

3. I

f you

fi nd

no

obvi

ous

sour

ces

of c

onta

min

atio

n of

you

r wel

l or w

ater

sys

tem

, you

sho

uld

have

yo

ur e

ntire

sys

tem

insp

ecte

d an

d di

sinf

ecte

d by

a

repu

tabl

e Lic

ense

d W

ell D

rille

r or P

ump

Insta

ller.

You

can

disi

nfec

t you

r wel

l you

rsel

f if y

ou fo

llow

the

prec

autio

ns a

nd d

irect

ions

at t

he e

nd o

f thi

s br

ochu

re.

4. I

f you

r wel

l doe

s no

t hav

e a

Dep

artm

ent-a

ppro

ved

verm

in-p

roof

wel

l cap

or s

eal,

have

one

insta

lled

by y

our L

icen

sed

Wel

l Dril

ler o

r Pum

p In

stalle

r.

To fi

nd a

Lic

ense

d W

ell D

rille

r or P

ump

Insta

ller,

look

in th

e ba

ck o

f you

r pho

ne b

ook

unde

r “W

ater

Wel

l Dril

ling

& S

ervi

ce,”

“Pu

mp

Serv

ice

& R

epai

r” o

r “W

ater

Sup

ply

Syste

ms.

”

How

can

I fi n

d pos

sible

sour

ces o

f my

well c

onta

mina

tion?

If yo

ur w

ater

is u

nsaf

e an

d yo

u ha

ve ru

led

out s

ampl

ing

proc

edur

al e

rror

s, th

en c

heck

the

area

sur

roun

ding

you

r w

ell f

or p

ossi

ble

sour

ces

of c

onta

min

atio

n, in

clud

ing

anim

al y

ards

, sep

tic s

yste

ms,

sew

ers,

impr

oper

ly

aban

done

d w

ells,

land

fi lls,

sin

khol

es, q

uarr

ies,

bed

rock

ou

tcro

ppin

gs, e

tc.

Oth

er p

ossi

ble

caus

es o

f an

unsa

fe w

ater

con

ditio

n in

clud

e in

appr

opria

te o

peni

ngs

in th

e w

ell h

ead,

a d

amag

ed o

r co

rrod

ed c

asin

g, a

n in

adeq

uate

cas

ing

dept

h se

tting

, fau

lty

insta

llatio

n of

a p

itles

s ad

apte

r or a

ny o

ther

com

pone

nt

of th

e pu

mp

insta

llatio

n. If

any

of t

hese

item

s se

ems

to b

e a

likel

y ca

use

of y

our w

ell c

onta

min

atio

n, th

e ne

cess

ary

repa

irs s

houl

d be

mad

e to

you

r wat

er s

yste

m. Y

ou c

an a

sk

a Lic

ense

d W

ell D

rille

r, Pu

mp

Insta

ller o

r Cou

nty

Sani

taria

n (if

ava

ilabl

e in

you

r Cou

nty)

to a

ssis

t you

in in

spec

ting

your

w

ell a

nd w

ater

sys

tem

and

to re

com

men

d w

heth

er o

r not

yo

ur s

yste

m s

houl

d be

mod

ifi ed

, upg

rade

d or

repl

aced

.

How

can

I disi

nfec

t my w

ater

syste

m?Sa

fety

: Bef

ore

you

begi

n, c

onsi

der s

afet

y is

sues

, fi r

st an

d fo

rem

ost.

You

may

dis

infe

ct y

ou w

ater

sys

tem

you

rsel

f, bu

t if

you

choo

se to

do

so it

is v

ery

impo

rtant

you

fi rs

t he

ed th

e fo

llow

ing

impo

rtant

saf

ety

prec

autio

ns:

Elec

tric

al:

If yo

u un

derta

ke th

is p

roce

dure

you

will

be

wor

king

with

bot

h w

ater

and

dan

gero

us v

olta

ges

of e

lect

ricity

, a p

oten

tially

leth

al c

ombi

natio

n. U

se

extre

me

caut

ion

to p

rote

ct y

ours

elf a

nd o

ther

s fro

m e

lect

rical

sho

ck. I

f you

are

not

fam

iliar

with

el

ectri

cal s

yste

ms,

see

k he

lp fr

om a

lice

nsed

pr

ofes

sion

al. I

f you

hav

e th

e ne

cess

ary

know

ledg

e an

d ex

perie

nce,

use

the

follo

win

g pr

ecau

tions

be

fore

and

dur

ing

a di

sinf

ectio

n pr

oced

ure:

• Tu

rn o

ff th

e el

ectri

cal p

ower

to th

e pu

mp

at th

e ci

rcui

t bre

aker

bef

ore

rem

ovin

g th

e w

ell c

ap.

• W

ear r

ubbe

r glo

ves

and

rubb

er-so

led

foot

wea

r.•

Afte

r rem

ovin

g th

e w

ell c

ap o

r sea

l, ex

amin

e th

e w

ires

and

conn

ectio

ns fo

r po

tent

ial e

lect

rical

saf

ety

haza

rds.

Hav

e an

y da

mag

ed fe

atur

es re

paire

d or

repl

aced

.•

Keep

the

pow

er o

ff w

hen

addi

ng th

e ch

lorin

ated

sol

utio

n in

to th

e w

ell.

Chem

ical:

The

use

of c

hlor

ine

prod

ucts

invo

lves

the

risk

of c

hlor

ine

gas,

whi

ch is

ver

y da

mag

ing

to th

e ey

es a

nd lu

ngs

and

can

be d

eadl

y in

ext

rem

e ca

ses.

Ta

ke th

e fo

llow

ing

prec

autio

ns to

pro

tect

you

rsel

f:

• W

ear p

rote

ctiv

e go

ggle

s or

a fa

ce s

hiel

d w

hen

usin

g a

chlo

rine

prod

uct.

• N

ever

mix

chl

orin

e an

d am

mon

ia p

rodu

cts.

A

mix

ture

of t

hese

two

prod

ucts

will

cr

eate

a c

once

ntra

ted

chlo

rine

gas.

• St

ay u

pwin

d of

you

r mix

ing

cont

aine

rs a

nd th

e w

ell.

• D

o no

t mix

or u

se a

chl

orin

e pr

oduc

t in

an e

nclo

sed

spac

e lik

e a

pum

phou

se, a

lcov

e or

wel

l pit.

(In

fact

, do

not e

nter

a p

it fo

r any

reas

on b

ecau

se

ther

e ca

n be

a lo

w o

xyge

n le

vel o

r a b

uild

up

of o

ther

har

mfu

l gas

es in

a p

it.) I

f you

r wel

l is

in a

pit,

an

alco

ve o

r in

your

bas

emen

t, hi

re a

lic

ense

d pr

ofes

sion

al to

chl

orin

ate

the

wel

l.•

Do

not u

se m

ore

blea

ch fo

r the

chl

orin

e so

lutio

n th

an th

e vo

lum

es re

com

men

ded

belo

w.

• D

o no

t drin

k he

avily

chl

orin

ated

wat

er o

r bat

he

or s

how

er in

it. D

oing

so

can

dam

age

skin

and

oth

er ti

ssue

.•

Do

not l

eave

or s

tore

ble

ach

prod

ucts

whe

re c

hild

ren

can

get t

o th

em.

Disin

fecti

on P

roce

dure

New

wel

ls an

d w

ells

that

pro

duce

bac

terio

logi

cally

un

safe

wat

er s

houl

d be

dis

infe

cted

acc

ordi

ng to

the

follo

win

g in

struc

tions

:

1. C

lose

gat

e va

lves

so

the

chlo

rine

solu

tion

will

byp

ass

your

wat

er s

ofte

ner a

nd a

ny o

ther

wat

er tr

eatm

ent

equi

pmen

t. A

stro

ng c

hlor

ine

solu

tion

can

dam

age

this

equi

pmen

t. Yo

u ca

n di

sinfe

ct th

ese

devi

ces

sepa

rate

ly u

sing

the

man

ufac

ture

r’s in

struc

tions

.

Exam

ple

: Cal

cula

te th

e vo

lum

e of

wat

er s

tand

ing

with

in a

6-in

ch d

iam

eter

wel

l, 80

feet

dee

p w

ith a

sta

tic w

ater

le

vel o

f 15

feet

.

Firs

t the

re a

re (8

0’- 1

5’) =

65

feet

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g w

ithin

the

wel

l. Th

e vo

lum

e of

the

wat

er s

tand

ing

with

in th

is w

ell w

ill th

en b

e:[‘V

olum

e fa

ctor

’ X (8

0’ –

15’

) [1

.5 g

al./

ft. X

65

ft.] =

97.

5 ga

llons

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g w

ithin

wel

l.

2. C

alcu

late

the

volu

me

of w

ater

sta

ndin

g w

ithin

yo

ur w

ell a

ccor

ding

to th

e fo

llow

ing:

Vo

lum

e of

wat

er s

tand

ing

with

in a

wel

l =

Leng

th o

f wat

er c

olum

n m

ultip

lied

by th

e ‘V

olum

e fa

ctor

’ for

you

r wel

l. (‘V

olum

e fa

ctor

s’

are

liste

d be

low

for g

iven

wel

l dia

met

ers)

.

Note

: Le

ngth

of s

tand

ing

wat

er c

olum

n =

Tota

l w

ell d

epth

min

us d

epth

to th

e sta

tic w

ater

leve

l.

Wh

ere

can

I g

et m

ore

in

form

ati

on

?

Lice

nsed

wel

l dri

llers

can

hel

p y

ou d

eter

min

e w

het

her

dri

lling

a w

ell w

ith

mor

e ca

sing

ca

n re

duc

e th

e ni

trat

e le

vels

in y

our

wat

er. C

hec

k yo

ur lo

cal p

hon

e d

irec

tory

un

der

“W

ater

Wel

l Dri

lling

& S

ervi

ce.”

Th

e W

isco

nsin

Dep

artm

ent

of H

ealt

h S

ervi

ces

(DH

S), D

ivis

ion

of P

ublic

Hea

lth

can

giv

e yo

u m

ore

info

rmat

ion

on t

he

pot

enti

al h

ealt

h e

ffec

ts

of n

itra

te e

xpos

ure.

Cal

l (60

8) 2

66-0

923

or v

isit

th

e D

HS

web

site

at

dh

s.w

isco

nsi

n.g

ov/e

h/w

ater

.

Th

e W

isco

nsin

Dep

artm

ent

of A

gric

ultu

re, T

rad

e an

d C

onsu

mer

Pro

tect

ion

(DAT

CP

) ca

n gi

ve

you

mor

e in

form

atio

n on

loca

ting

p

oten

tial

nit

rate

sou

rces

. Cal

l (6

08)

224-

4502

or

visi

t th

e D

ATC

P

web

site

at

dat

cp.s

tate

.wi.

us

A li

st o

f cer

tifi e

d la

bs

is a

vaila

ble

from

DN

R

onlin

e at

dn

r.w

i.go

v/or

g/es

/sci

ence

/lc/

und

er

the

cate

gory

“C

erti

fi ed

Lab

Lis

ts.”

You

may

al

so fi

nd la

bor

ator

ies

liste

d in

you

r lo

cal

tele

ph

one

boo

k un

der

“La

bor

ator

ies-

Test

ing.

”

DN

R h

as m

ore

info

rmat

ion

abou

t d

rink

ing

wat

er o

n it

s w

ebsi

te a

t d

nr.

wi.

gov.

Ch

oose

“D

rink

ing

Wat

er

& G

r oun

dw

ater

” fr

om t

he

dro

p-d

own

pro

gram

m

enu,

and

sel

ect

from

a v

arie

ty o

f lis

ted

top

ics.

Fi

nd o

ut h

ow t

o d

eal w

ith

wat

er q

ualit

y p

r ob

lem

s b

y se

arch

ing

for

“Wh

at’s

Wro

ng w

ith

My

Wat

er”

on

the

DN

R w

ebsi

te.

The

Uni

vers

ity

of W

isco

nsin

-Coo

pera

tive

Ext

ensi

on

has

man

y pu

blic

atio

ns r

elat

ed t

o dr

inki

ng w

ater

an

d w

ater

qua

lity

avai

labl

e on

its

web

site

. Go

to

lear

nin

gsto

re.u

wex

.ed

u/D

rin

kin

g-W

ater

-C12

0.as

px.

The

Dep

artm

ent o

f Com

mer

ce h

as in

form

atio

n on

w

ater

trea

tmen

t dev

ices

and

app

rova

ls o

n it

s w

ebsi

te.

• co

mm

erce

.wi.

gov/

SB/S

B-P

lum

bin

gWat

Tre

atR

evQ

A.h

tml

• co

mm

erce

.wi.

gov/

SB/d

ocs/

SB-P

lum

bin

gPro

dR

evC

omm

Info

0310

.pd

f

• co

mm

erce

.wi.

gov/

SB/d

ocs/

SB-P

lum

bin

gWtr

Trt

Req

List

.pd

f

The

Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of N

atur

al R

esou

rces

Bur

eau

of D

rink

ing

Wat

er a

nd G

roun

dwat

er w

ould

like

to th

ank

the

Gro

undw

ater

Coo

rdin

atin

g C

ounc

il (G

CC

) Ed

ucat

ion

Sub-

Com

mitt

ee fo

r its

par

t in

the

deve

lopm

ent a

nd

editi

ng o

f thi

s pu

blic

atio

n. F

or m

ore

info

rmat

ion

on

the

GC

C, i

t’s m

embe

r or

gani

zatio

ns a

nd p

rogr

amm

ing,

pl

ease

vis

it w

isco

nsi

n.g

ov.

Cho

ose

“Gov

ernm

ent,”

“S

tate

Age

ncie

s,”

follo

wed

by

“Lis

t of A

genc

ies”

th

en s

elec

t “G

roun

dwat

er C

oord

inat

ing

Cou

ncil.

”

Sout

h Ce

ntra

l

North

east

Wes

t Cen

tral

North

ern

Sout

heas

t

Th

e W

isco

nsin

Dep

artm

ent

of N

atur

al R

esou

rces

pro

vid

es

equa

l op

por

tuni

ty in

its

emp

loym

ent,

pro

gram

s, s

ervi

ces

and

func

tion

s un

der

an

Affi

rmat

ive

Act

ion

Pla

n. If

you

hav

e an

y q

uest

ions

, ple

ase

wri

te t

o: E

qua

l Op

por

tuni

ty O

ffi ce

, D

epar

tmen

t of

th

e In

teri

or, W

ash

ingt

on, D

.C. 2

0240

.

Th

is p

ublic

atio

n is

ava

ilab

le in

alt

erna

tive

form

at

(lar

ge p

rint

, Bra

ille,

aud

iota

pe,

etc

) up

on r

eque

st.

Ple

ase

call

(608

) 26

6-08

21 fo

r m

ore

info

rmat

ion.

DNR

Cent

ral O

ffi ce

101

S. W

ebst

er

P.O

. Box

792

1 M

adis

on, W

I 537

07-7

921

(608

) 266

-082

1

Nort

hern

Reg

ion

810

W. M

aple

Stre

et

Spoo

ner,

WI 5

4801

(7

15) 6

35-2

101

107

Sutli

ff Av

enue

R

hine

land

er, W

I 545

01

(715

) 365

-890

0

Nort

heas

t Reg

ion

2984

Sha

wan

o Av

enue

Gre

en B

ay, W

I 543

13-6

727

(920

)662

-510

0

Sout

heas

t Reg

ion

2300

N. D

r. M

artin

Lut

her K

ing,

Jr.

Driv

eM

ilwau

kee,

WI 5

3212

(4

14) 2

63-8

500

Wes

t Cen

tral R

egio

n 13

00 W

. Cla

irem

ont

P.O

. Box

400

1 Ea

u C

laire

, WI 5

4702

-400

1 (7

15) 8

39-3

700

Sout

h Ce

ntra

l Reg

ion

3911

Fis

h H

atch

ery

Roa

d Fi

tchb

urg,

WI 5

3711

(6

08) 2

75-3

266

Dep

art

men

t o

f N

atu

ral

Res

ou

rces

Offi

ces

Wis

cons

in D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es

Bur

eau

of D

rink

ing

Wat

er &

Gro

und

wat

er

Th

is b

roch

ure

exp

lain

s h

ow

nitr

ate

can

ente

r d

rink

ing

wat

er s

upp

lies,

th

e h

ealt

h

effe

cts

of n

itra

te e

xpos

ure,

w

hen

to

test

a p

riva

te w

ell,

and

th

ings

you

can

do

to

red

uce

the

nitr

ate

leve

l in

your

dri

nkin

g w

ater

. Th

e b

roch

ure

also

pro

vid

es

sour

ces

of in

form

atio

n an

d

assi

stan

ce t

hat

may

be

usef

ul

to p

riva

te w

ell o

wne

rs.

Nit

rate

In Dri

nki

ng

Wat

er

PU

B-D

G-0

01 2

010

Res

ults

of w

ater

qua

lity

test

s d

one

by

the

Stat

e La

bor

ator

y of

Hyg

iene

are

aut

omat

ical

ly

rep

orte

d t

o D

NR

for

fi lin

g. Y

ou c

an fi

nd y

our

Uni

que

Wel

l Num

ber

clo

se t

o th

e sa

mp

ling

fauc

et

on t

he

wat

er p

ipe

ente

ring

th

e b

uild

ing

from

th

e w

ell o

r on

th

e m

ain

elec

tric

al fu

se b

ox.

Wh

at

sho

uld

I d

o i

f m

y w

ate

r is

h

igh

in

nit

rate

?

If th

e ni

trat

e-ni

trog

en c

once

ntra

tion

of y

our

wat

er e

xcee

ds

the

10-m

illig

ram

per

lite

r st

and

ard

, th

e fo

llow

ing

acti

ons

are

reco

mm

end

ed:

A

void

dri

nkin

g th

e w

ater

dur

ing

pre

gnan

cy

and

do

not

give

th

e w

ater

to

infa

nts

less

th

an 6

mon

ths

of a

ge o

r us

e th

e w

ater

to

pre

par

e in

fant

form

ula.

T

he

Wis

cons

in D

ivis

ion

of P

ublic

Hea

lth

re

com

men

ds

that

peo

ple

of a

ll ag

es a

void

lo

ng-t

erm

con

sum

pti

on o

f wat

er t

hat

has

a

nitr

ate

leve

l gre

ater

th

an 1

0 p

pm

.

D

o no

t at

tem

pt

to r

emov

e th

e ni

trat

e b

y b

oilin

g th

e w

ater

. Th

is w

ill o

nly

incr

ease

th

e ni

trat

e co

ncen

trat

ion.

Se

ek m

edic

al h

elp

imm

edia

tely

if t

he

skin

co

lor

of a

n in

fant

ap

pea

rs b

luis

h o

r gr

ay.

Som

etim

es c

olor

ch

ange

is fi

rst

noti

ced

ar

ound

th

e m

outh

, or

on t

he

han

ds

and

feet

.

P

rote

ct y

our

wat

er s

upp

ly fr

om n

itra

te

cont

amin

atio

n b

y re

duc

ing

fert

ilize

r yo

u us

e, im

pro

ving

man

ure-

han

dlin

g m

eth

ods,

m

aint

aini

ng y

our

sep

tic

syst

em a

nd p

ump

ing

sep

tic

tank

s re

gula

rly

to p

reve

nt o

verfl

ow

.

A

saf

er, l

onge

r-te

rm r

emed

y m

ay b

e to

dri

ll a

new

wel

l.

T

reat

men

t de

vice

s ap

prov

ed b

y th

e D

epar

tmen

t of

Com

mer

ce.

Ho

w d

o I

kn

ow

if

my

wa

ter

is s

afe

to

dri

nk?

Pu

bli

c W

ater

Sys

tem

sA

ll p

ublic

wat

er s

yste

ms

are

req

uire

d t

o no

tify

co

nsum

ers

if an

y re

gula

ted

con

tam

inan

t, in

clud

ing

nitr

ate,

exc

eed

s th

e m

axim

um c

onta

min

ant

leve

l (M

CL)

th

at is

set

by

the

fed

eral

Saf

e D

rink

ing

Wat

er A

ct. M

unic

ipal

sys

tem

s (s

uch

as

city

, tow

n,

or s

anit

ary

dis

tric

ts)

and

Oth

er-T

han

-Mun

icip

al

(OT

M)

syst

ems

(suc

h a

s m

obile

hom

e p

arks

or

con

dom

iniu

m a

ssoc

iati

ons)

are

req

uire

d t

o re

por

t an

y d

etec

tion

of a

reg

ulat

ed c

onta

min

ant

that

occ

urre

d in

th

e p

revi

ous

year

in t

hei

r an

nual

C

onsu

mer

Con

fi den

ce R

epor

t (C

CR

). If

you

wou

ld

like

to v

iew

you

r co

mm

unit

y’s

CC

R, c

onta

ct

your

loca

l wat

er s

upp

lier

or v

isit

th

e W

isco

nsin

D

epar

tmen

t of

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es (

DN

R)

web

site

at

dn

r.w

i.go

v. C

hoo

se “

Dri

nkin

g W

ater

& G

roun

dw

ater

” fr

om t

he

dro

p-d

own

“Pro

gram

” m

enu.

Ch

oose

“W

ater

Q

ualit

y D

atab

ases

” in

th

e le

ft-h

and

col

umn.

Nex

t ch

oose

“P

ublic

Wat

er S

yste

ms”

und

er t

he

‘Dri

nkin

g an

d G

r oun

dw

ater

Sys

tem

’ hea

din

g. A

sea

rch

can

th

en b

e m

ade

by

city

or

ind

ivid

ual s

yste

m.

Tre

atm

ent

met

hod

s ar

e av

aila

ble

th

at c

an

red

uce

the

leve

ls o

f nit

rate

in t

he

dri

nkin

g w

ater

sup

ply

, but

som

e m

eth

ods

may

be

mor

e ap

pro

pri

ate

or c

ost-

effe

ctiv

e th

an

oth

ers.

In m

any

case

s th

e b

est

opti

on

for

a co

mm

unit

y is

to

dri

ll a

new

wel

l.

Res

iden

tial

Wel

l O

wn

ers

The

onl

y w

ay t

o kn

ow if

you

r dr

inki

ng w

ater

co

ntai

ns n

itra

te is

to

have

a w

ater

sam

ple

from

you

r pr

ivat

e w

ell t

este

d by

a c

erti

fi ed

labo

rato

ry. A

list

of

cer

tifi e

d la

bs is

ava

ilabl

e fr

om t

he D

epar

tmen

t of

N

atur

al R

esou

rces

(D

NR

) or

onl

ine

at d

nr.

wi.g

ov/

org/

es/s

cien

ce/l

c. A

nit

rate

tes

t is

rec

omm

ende

d

for

all n

ewly

con

stru

cted

pri

vate

wel

ls a

nd w

ells

th

at h

ave

not

been

tes

ted

duri

ng t

he p

ast

5 ye

ars.

Te

stin

g is

als

o re

com

men

ded

for

wel

l wat

er u

sed

by

pr e

gnan

t w

omen

and

is e

ssen

tial

for

a w

ell

that

ser

ves

infa

nts

unde

r 6

mon

ths

of a

ge. W

ells

w

ith

nitr

ate

conc

entr

atio

ns b

etw

een

5 an

d 10

m

illig

ram

s pe

r lit

er s

houl

d be

tes

ted

annu

ally

. A

ddit

iona

l tes

ting

may

als

o be

use

ful i

f the

re a

re

any

know

n so

urce

s of

nit

rate

or

if hi

gh n

itra

te

conc

entr

atio

ns a

re fo

und

in n

eigh

bori

ng w

ells

.

Wh

at

is n

itra

te?

Nit

rate

(N

O3- )

is a

com

pou

nd m

ade

up o

f nit

roge

n an

d o

xyge

n. It

is fo

rmed

wh

en n

itro

gen

from

am

mon

ia o

r ot

her

sou

rces

com

bin

es w

ith

oxy

gen

in w

ater

. Nit

rate

is n

atur

ally

foun

d in

pla

nts

and

in

vege

tab

les

at v

aryi

ng c

once

ntra

tion

s. It

is o

ften

in

grou

ndw

ater

dep

end

ing

on t

he

amou

nt o

f fer

tiliz

er

and

man

ure

app

lied

to

crop

fi el

ds.

Acc

ord

ing

to t

he

U.S

. Env

iron

men

tal P

rote

ctio

n A

genc

y, m

ost

adul

ts

wh

o ar

e ea

ting

a b

alan

ced

die

t m

ay c

onsu

me

10-2

5 m

illig

ram

s of

nit

rate

-nit

roge

n p

er d

ay in

th

eir

food

. M

ost

of t

his

nit

rate

com

es fr

om le

afy

vege

tab

les

like

lett

uce,

cab

bag

e, c

eler

y, s

pin

ach

, and

cur

ed m

eats

. A

dd

itio

nal e

xpos

ure

to n

itra

te fr

om c

onta

min

ated

d

rink

ing

wat

er m

ay p

ose

a si

gnifi

cant

hea

lth

ris

k.

Ho

w d

oes

nit

rate

en

ter

gro

un

dw

ate

r?

In n

atur

e, w

ater

usu

ally

con

tain

s le

ss

than

1 m

illig

ram

of n

itra

te-n

itro

gen

per

lite

r an

d is

not

con

sid

ered

a

hea

lth

con

cern

. Sig

nifi c

antl

y h

igh

er

nitr

ate

conc

entr

atio

ns c

an in

dic

ate

that

th

e d

rink

ing

wat

er h

as b

een

cont

amin

ated

and

may

pos

e a

seri

ous

hea

lth

con

cern

. Com

mon

so

urce

s of

nit

rate

incl

ude

nitr

ogen

fert

ilize

rs, m

anur

e,

sep

tic

syst

ems,

mun

icip

al

sew

age

trea

tmen

t sy

stem

s,

and

dec

ayin

g p

lant

deb

ris.

N

itra

te d

isso

lves

eas

ily in

w

ater

and

doe

s no

t ad

sorb

ont

o th

e so

il. It

can

ea

sily

be

carr

ied

into

th

e gr

ound

wat

er b

y ra

inw

ater

an

d m

elti

ng s

now

as

they

per

cola

te t

hro

ugh

th

e so

il an

d b

edro

ck in

to t

he

und

erly

ing

aqui

fer.

Is m

y w

ell

at

risk

?

Th

e on

ly w

ay t

o kn

ow if

you

r d

rink

ing

wat

er

cont

ains

exc

essi

ve n

itra

te is

to

hav

e a

wat

er s

amp

le

anal

yzed

by

a ce

rtifi

ed la

bor

ator

y. T

her

e ar

e al

so

seve

ral t

hin

gs y

ou c

an c

hec

k to

det

erm

ine

your

w

ell’s

vul

nera

bili

ty t

o ni

trat

e co

ntam

inat

ion.

W

ell L

ocat

ion.

Nit

rate

-con

tam

inat

ed w

ells

ar

e of

ten

loca

ted

nea

r fa

rm fi

eld

s, b

arny

ard

s,

feed

lots

, sep

tic

tank

s, m

unic

ipal

was

tew

ater

tr

eatm

ent

syst

ems

or “

slud

ge”

spre

adin

g si

tes.

W

ell c

asin

g d

epth

and

con

stru

ctio

n.

Sinc

e ni

trat

e en

ters

th

e aq

uife

r fr

om

the

grou

nd s

urfa

ce, w

ells

th

at h

ave

shal

low

cas

ing

are

mor

e lik

ely

to b

e af

fect

ed t

han

dee

per

cas

ed w

ells

.

G

eolo

gy. A

reas

wit

h h

igh

ly p

orou

s, s

and

y so

ils, f

ract

ured

bed

rock

, nat

ural

cav

es a

nd

sink

hol

es, a

nd s

hal

low

dep

ths

to g

roun

dw

ater

ar

e es

pec

ially

vul

nera

ble

to

cont

amin

atio

n.

Are

as w

ith

hig

hly

exp

osed

cre

vice

d b

edro

ck

or s

pec

ifi c

geol

ogic

con

dit

ions

kno

wn

as

“kar

st”

limes

tone

geo

logy

, pre

sent

in m

uch

of

Doo

r C

ount

y fo

r ex

amp

le, m

ay a

lso

be

vuln

erab

le t

o ni

trat

e co

ntam

inat

ion.

Wh

at

are

th

e h

ealt

h r

isks

of

con

sum

ing

wa

ter

wit

h h

igh

co

nce

ntr

ati

on

s o

f n

itra

te?

Stat

e an

d F

eder

al la

ws

set

the

max

imu

m a

llow

able

le

vel o

f nit

rate

-nit

roge

n in

pu

blic

dri

nki

ng

wat

er a

t 10

mill

igra

ms

per

lite

r (1

0 p

arts

per

m

illio

n).

Th

e W

isco

nsi

n D

ivis

ion

of P

ub

lic H

ealt

h

reco

mm

end

s th

at p

eop

le o

f all

ages

avo

id lo

ng-

term

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

f wat

er t

hat

has

a n

itra

te le

vel

grea

ter

than

10

pp

m.

Nit

rate

-con

tam

inat

ed w

ater

sh

ould

nev

er b

e fe

d t

o an

infa

nt u

nder

6 m

onth

s of

age

. In

youn

g in

fant

s,

inge

stio

n of

nit

rate

can

red

uce

the

blo

od’s

ab

ility

to

car

ry o

xyge

n. In

sev

ere

case

s it

can

cau

se a

co

ndit

ion

that

doc

tors

cal

l met

hem

oglo

bin

emia

. T

he

cond

itio

n is

als

o ca

lled

“b

lue

bab

y sy

ndro

me”

bec

ause

th

e in

fant

’s s

kin

app

ears

b

lue-

gray

or

lave

nder

in c

olor

. T

his

ski

n co

lor

chan

ge is

cau

sed

b

y a

lack

of o

xyge

n in

th

e b

lood

.

All

infa

nts

less

th

an 6

mon

ths

of

age

are

at r

isk

of n

itra

te t

oxic

ity,

b

ut p

rem

atur

e b

abie

s an

d b

abie

s w

ith

oth

er h

ealt

h p

rob

lem

s ar

e m

ore

sens

itiv

e th

an h

ealt

hy

infa

nts.

A

n i

nfa

nt

suff

erin

g fr

om “

blu

e b

aby

syn

dro

me”

nee

ds

imm

edia

te m

edic

al

care

bec

ause

th

e co

nd

itio

n c

an l

ead

to

com

a an

d d

eath

if

it i

s n

ot t

reat

ed p

rom

ptl

y.

Wh

en n

ursi

ng m

oth

ers

inge

st w

ater

con

tain

ing

elev

ated

con

cent

rati

ons

of n

itra

te, t

he

amou

nt

of n

itra

te in

bre

ast

milk

may

incr

ease

slig

htl

y.

Alt

hou

gh n

o co

nfi r

med

cas

es o

f “b

lue

bab

y sy

ndro

me”

hav

e b

een

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

nit

rate

in

bre

ast

milk

, it

may

be

advi

sab

le fo

r nu

rsin

g w

omen

to

avoi

d d

rink

ing

wat

er t

hat

con

tain

s m

ore

than

10

mill

igra

ms

of n

itra

te p

er li

ter

of w

ater

.

Som

e sc

ient

ifi c

stud

ies

hav

e al

so fo

und

evi

den

ce

sugg

esti

ng t

hat

wom

en w

ho

dri

nk n

itra

te-

cont

amin

ated

wat

er d

urin

g p

regn

ancy

are

mor

e lik

ely

to h

ave

bab

ies

wit

h b

irth

def

ects

. Th

is m

ay

be

bec

ause

nit

rate

inge

sted

by

the

mot

her

may

als

o lo

wer

th

e am

ount

of o

xyge

n av

aila

ble

to

the

fetu

s.

Som

e re

sear

cher

s su

spec

t th

at c

onsu

min

g ni

trat

e-co

ntam

inat

ed w

ater

may

in

crea

se t

he

risk

of t

hyr

oid

d

isea

se, d

iab

etes

, and

ce

rtai

n ty

pes

of c

ance

r. P

eop

le w

ho

hav

e h

eart

or

lung

dis

ease

, cer

tain

in

her

ited

enz

yme

def

ects

or

can

cer

may

be

mor

e se

nsit

ive

to t

he

toxi

c ef

fect

s of

nit

rate

th

an h

ealt

hy

ind

ivid

uals

.

Wel

ls c

onta

min

ated

wit

h h

igh

nit

rate

leve

ls

are

mor

e lik

ely

to b

e co

ntam

inat

ed w

ith

ag

ricu

ltur

al p

esti

cid

es. I

f you

r w

ater

is

cont

amin

ated

wit

h n

itra

te, y

ou m

ay w

ant

to h

ave

the

wat

er t

este

d fo

r p

esti

cid

es,

esp

ecia

lly if

you

r w

ell i

s ne

ar fa

rm fi

eld

s.

Interpreting Drinking Water Test Resultsby Chris Mechenich and Elaine Andrews

Musty odors, red-brown stains on plumbing fixtures, bathtubrings—all these are unpleasant signs of water qualityproblems, but usually not of harmful contaminants in the

water. Contaminants that may threaten our health are usually notdiscernible by the senses. Drinking water can contain nitrate,bacteria, and pesticides at levels which cannot be tasted or smelled,but which can be hazardous to health.

If your drinking water comes from a private well, you should testyour water once a year even if you do not observe any smells, stainsor changes in water quality. Only analysis by a certified laboratorycan determine if the water is free of harmful contaminants. Thispublication provides information about how to interpret thelaboratory results for a basic set of tests conducted as part of theUniversity of Wisconsin–Extension water testing program and thatare recommended for all private wells.

The tests described in this publication are also conducted on publicwater supplies. If you are using water from a public water utility,consider having the water tested if your home plumbing systemcontains lead or copper pipes or lead solder, if you are installing awater treatment device, or if you have concerns about the water. SeeEvaluating the Condition of Your Public Water Supply (G3558-3), formore information.

The Initial Set of Water TestsAnyone buying a home with a private well, installing a new well orsimply having their well water tested for the first time should runthe basic set of tests described here. These tests give a good overallpicture of current water quality, indicate possible problems, andprovide a “baseline” for comparing future test results. Each test isdescribed in more detail in this publication.

Always have a certified laboratory conduct the tests. Labs certified bythe Department of Natural Resources or Department of Agriculture,Trade and Consumer Protection must meet standards for accuracy. Alist of certified labs is available from county Extension offices andDepartment of Natural Resources (DNR) regional offices.

This fact sheet is part of a seriesdesigned to help you determinethe quality of your home drinkingwater and to show you techniquesavailable for improving it. To makethe best use of these publications,include them in a household filecontaining well information andwater test results.

Other fact sheets in the series are:

Keeping Your Home WaterSupply Safe (G3558-1)

Evaluating the Condition ofYour Private Water Supply(G3558-2)

Evaluating the Condition ofYour Public Water Supply(G3558-3)

Choosing a WaterTreatment Device (G3558-5)

The Extension bulletin MaintainingYour Home Well Water System(G3399), can be used with thesepublications.

This series was developed by theUniversity of WisconsinCooperative Extension incooperation with the WisconsinDepartment of Natural Resourcesand the Wisconsin Department ofCommerce.

HOME WATER SAFETY

G3558-4

Tests to Identify Contaminants that Harm Health

BACTERIA. Bacteria, viruses and parasites in water can cause disease.The coliform bacteria test indicates the possible presence of disease-causing bacteria from human or animal waste.

NITRATE. A form of nitrogen that can dangerously reduce theamount of oxygen in the blood of infants under six months old andmay also harm the unborn. Nitrate is a common contaminant fromfertilizers, septic systems and animal wastes. It often indicates thepresence of other contaminants.

LEAD AND COPPER. Lead and copper can be leached into water frompipes or solder and can represent a significant health threat.

Tests to Determine Overall Water Quality

ALKALINITY. Measurement needed to determine corrosivity.

CHLORIDE. High concentrations often indicate contamination froma septic system, fertilizer, landfill or road salt.

CONDUCTIVITY. Measures the ability of water to conduct anelectrical current; can be used to signal the presence ofcontaminants.

CORROSIVITY INDEX. A combination of several tests that indicatesthe tendency for water to corrode plumbing, or for lime deposits toform in pipes.

HARDNESS. Helps determine the need for water softening; alsoinfluences corrosivity.

pH. Indicates water's acidity and helps determine if water willcorrode plumbing.

After running the initial set of tests, well users should continue totest for bacteria once a year. It’s also a good idea to test for nitrateannually for several years. If nitrate levels are consistently low,nitrate tests are not necessary every year. However, a nitrate testshould always be conducted if an infant or pregnant woman isdrinking the water.

A Note on Drinking Water Standards

Public water supplies must meet numerical water quality standardsset by the United States Environmental Protection Agency andenforced by the Wisconsin DNR. Routine testing is not required forprivate wells. However, users of private well water should at least beaware of the broad range of contaminants that may be found in wellwater and that concern public health officials.

Primary standards provide health limits for 82 contaminants as of1995.The list includes 8 inorganic compounds, such as arsenic,copper and lead; pesticides, such as aldicarb and chlordane; volatileorganic chemicals such as benzene and trichloroethylene; PCBs;

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WHAT IS A PARTPER MILLION?Laboratory equipment canmeasure contaminants in water atextremely low levels, such asparts per million (ppm) or evenparts per billion (ppb). Forexample, one part per millioncan be imagined as one redmarble mixed in with 999,999blue marbles, one inch in sixteenmiles, or a minute in the space oftwo years. One part per billion isthe same as two croutons in afive hundred pound salad, or eightdrops of water in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.1 Althoughsuch small numbers may seemquite insignificant, even one partper billion or less of certainchemicals has been found tocause adverse health effects.1These creative part-per-million and part-per-billion examples are from theWaterTest Corporation, New London, NH.

microbial pathogens; and radioactive elements. Secondary standardsprovide aesthetic limits for 13 contaminants, such as iron, zinc, colorand odor. The sources and maximum contaminant levels (MCL) forthese substances are described in the publication Private DrinkingWater Supplies: Quality, Testing and Options for Problem Waters listedin the resource section of this fact sheet.

Testing private well water supplies for all these contaminants wouldbe expensive and is not recommended unless your well is close to aknown or suspected source of contamination.

The Initial Water Tests:What the Results MeanThe initial set of water tests can provide a good overview of yourwell water quality if you know how to interpret the results. Theinformation below provides a starting point for evaluating yourwater quality.

Note that water test results are usually presented in milligrams perliter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (μg/L). For example, a water testmight indicate that the water contains 6 mg/L nitrate, meaning thata liter of water contains an average concentration of 6 milligrams ofnitrate. Note also that one mg/L is equivalent to one part permillion (ppm). One μg/L equals one part per billion (ppb).

Coliform Bacteria

Coliform bacteria are microorganisms found in surface water, soiland in the feces of humans and animals. They do not usually causedisease. However, their presence indicates that fecal wastes may becontaminating the water and means that pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms could be present. If human or animal wastes arecontaminating the water, gastrointestinal diseases, hepatitis or otherdiseases may result.

Many labs can also test for a specific fecal coliform bacteria, E. coli.The presence of E. coli in a water sample represents an even greaterhealth risk than the presence of total coliform bacteria.

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: 0 coliform/100 milliliters (ml) of water. If youhave coliform bacteria present, you should resample. If a second testshows coliform, take corrective action.

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Not present

Safe Unsafe

Present

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: Coliform bacteria in groundwater indicatethat contaminated surface water is entering groundwater withoutthe filtering effect that soils usually provide. In areas where thebedrock is fractured and close to the surface, or in areas with coarsesand and gravel soils, contaminated surface water can naturally findits way into the groundwater. More often, detection of coliformbacteria in well water is an indication that contaminated surfacewater is entering a well because of defects in well construction ormaintenance.

If coliform bacteria are detected in the water sample, have anothersample tested. Carefully follow the sampling steps suggested by thelaboratory to ensure that your sampling procedure itself is notcontaminating the water. If the second test shows bacterialcontamination, check the well for defects. Some defects are easilyviewed; others might require excavating around the well. Followthis checklist as you look for obvious defects:

✓ Is the cap or seal on tightly? Is the well vented? The well capshould fit tightly to keep out surface water and vermin. On adrilled well, the screened vent that allows air to enter the wellmust be securely connected to the cap or seal.

✓ Is all wiring in conduit (tubing that connects the well with theelectrical box)?

✓ Is the casing at least 12 inches above the ground? (The casing isthe steel or plastic pipe installed in the bore hole duringconstruction.) Also, if there are visible holes or cracks in thecasing, or if you can move it, there might be a problem.

✓ Is the well in a pit or basement? If so, it may not meet staterequirements and might be unsafe.

After correcting visible defects, disinfect the well with chlorinebleach and have another sample tested after all traces of chlorinehave dissipated. Test again one month later to ensure that thecontamination source has been eliminated. See the DNRpublication Bacteriological Contamination of Drinking Water and theExtension publication Evaluating the Condition of Your Private WaterSupply (G3558-2) for more information.

Nitrate

Nitrate nitrogen is a commonly used lawn and agricultural fertilizer.It is also a chemical formed in the decomposition of waste materials.If infants under six months of age drink water (or formula madewith water) that contains more than 10 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen, theyare susceptible to methemoglobinemia, a disease which interfereswith oxygen transport in the blood. Pregnant women should alsoavoid drinking water high in nitrate. Recent studies suggestconnections between high-nitrate water and birth defects ormiscarriages.

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High nitrate levels also suggest that other contaminants may bepresent. The natural level of nitrate in Wisconsin’s groundwater isless than 0.2 mg/L. Nitrite is an unstable form of nitrogen which maybe found in small amounts along with nitrate. Sometimes results ofnitrate and nitrite are reported together.

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: Labs report nitrate results either as nitratenitrogen or as nitrate. When reported as nitrate nitrogen (NO -

3-N)or nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (NO -

2 + NO - 3-N) the acceptable

level is less than 10 mg/L (less than 2 mg/L is preferred). Whenreported simply as nitrate (NO -

3), the acceptable level is less than45 mg/L.

SOURCES: Fertilizer, septic system effluent and animal wastes can allcontribute to elevated nitrate levels. In most cases, elevated nitratelevels indicate general contamination of the aquifer (water-bearingformation) at the depth of the well.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS:✓ Deepen or replace the well. Nitrate is more commonly found in

shallow wells. Drilling to a deeper part of the aquifer might helpreduce nitrate levels.

✓ Eliminate contamination sources. If the source of the nitrate canbe identified (such as a nearby barnyard or septic system) thebest solution might be to clean up or remove the contaminationsource. However, it could take years for the nitrate to return tosafe levels in the well.

✓ Carry or buy water, especially for infants and pregnant women.

✓ Treat the water. Some home water treatment devices can removenitrate from drinking water. See fact sheet Choosing a WaterTreatment Device (G3558-5) for more information.

Lead and copper

Lead is a metal once used in solder, pipes and plumbing fixtures inmany Wisconsin homes. High lead levels in the body can damagemany body organs and systems. Lead can be especially dangerous toyoung children, infants and the unborn.

Copper is the metal commonly used to manufacture water pipes.Too much copper in drinking water may cause vomiting, stomachcramps, diarrhea and nausea. Some cases of “formula intolerance” ininfants may be caused by high copper levels in water. Loss of copperfrom pipes into the drinking water may also eventually lead to leaksin the pipes.

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0 0.2 2 5 10

Natural level

Nitrate-nitrogen mg/L

Human influence on waterquality

Unsafe

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: less than 15 μg/L (parts per billion) lead. Less than 1.3 mg/L (parts per million) copper

SOURCES: lead and copper in pipes, solder and plumbing fixtures.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS :✓ Before using water for cooking or drinking, flush the cold water

faucet by allowing the water to run until it is as cold as it will get(usually 2-3 minutes). Do not use water from the hot water tapfor drinking or cooking because hot water dissolves metals in theplumbing system more quickly than cold water. For moreinformation see the DNR publication Lead in Drinking Water andCopper in Drinking Water.

✓ Replace copper or lead pipes with plastic pipes.

✓ Avoid drinking water treated by a water softener. Soft waterprevents a protective coating from forming on pipes and mayallow metals to leach into the water. If water is naturally too soft,see “Corrective Action for Corrosivity” for steps to harden water.

Chloride

In most areas of Wisconsin, chloride in groundwater is naturally lessthan 10 mg/L. Some higher concentrations in limestone andsandstone aquifers in eastern Wisconsin may also be natural. Higherconcentrations usually indicate contamination by septic systems,road salt, fertilizer, animal or other wastes. Chloride is not toxic, butsome people can detect a salty taste at 250 mg/L. Water with highchloride may also have a high sodium content. High chloride mayalso speed up corrosion in plumbing (just as road salt does to yourcar).

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0 10 250

Natural level

mg/L Chloride

Human-influencedlevels

Salty taste,corrosion

0 5 10 15

Acceptable

μg/L Lead

Unsafe

0 1.3

Acceptable

mg/L Copper

Unsafe

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: There is no health standard. Levels less than10 mg/L are desirable. Levels more than 250 mg/L may cause a saltytaste.

SOURCES: Septic systems, road salt, fertilizer, animal or other wastes.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: None required specifically for chloride. Ifelevated chloride levels are found in combination with high nitratelevels, take corrective actions indicated for nitrate.

Conductivity

Conductivity (specific conductance) is a measure of water’s ability toconduct an electrical current. It is related to the amount of dissolvedminerals in water, but it does not give an indication of whichminerals are present. Conductivity (measured in μmho/cm at 25˚C)is about twice the hardness (mg CaCO3/L) in most uncontaminatedwaters in Wisconsin. If it is much greater than two times thehardness, it may indicate the presence of contaminants such assodium, chloride, nitrate, or sulfate, which may occur naturally or beinfluenced by human activity. Changes in conductivity over timemay indicate changing water quality.

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: There is no health standard. A normalconductivity value is roughly twice the hardness in unsoftenedwater.

SOURCES: Natural and human-made dissolved substances in thewater.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: None specifically required for conductivity.

pH

The measure of the hydrogen ion (acid) concentration in water iscalled pH. A pH of 7 is neutral. Values above 7 are alkaline or basic;those below 7 are acidic. A change of 1 pH unit is a tenfold changein acid level. Acidic water is often corrosive (see Corrosivity Index).Iron may also be found at problem levels in acid water. LaboratorypH values are often slightly higher than would be found in a freshwater sample from your well.

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: There is no health standard. Values from 6.5to 8.5 pH units occur in most natural waters. Ideal values range from7.5 to 8.3. The lower the pH, the more corrosive the water will be.

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7.5 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Idealrange

pH

Acidic Neutral Basic

May corrode pipes May corrode pipes

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SOURCES: Low values are most often caused by lack of carbonateminerals, such as calcium and magnesium found in limestone anddolomite rocks. Water leaking from a landfill may also lower pH.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: See Corrosivity Index.

Alkalinity

Alkalinity is a measure of water’s ability to neutralize acids, and so isrelated to pH. It results primarily from carbonate minerals, such asthose found in limestone, dissolving in the aquifer. Alkalinity andtotal hardness are usually nearly equal in concentration when bothare reported in mg/L CaCO3 (calcium carbonate), because theycome from the same minerals. If alkalinity is much higher than totalhardness in an unsoftened sample, consider testing for sodium.Ifalkalinity is much lower than total hardness, test for chloride,nitrate and sulfate.

The lower the alkalinity, the more likely water is to be corrosive.Water with high alkalinity (greater than 150 mg/L) may contributeto scale (lime) buildup in plumbing.

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: There is no health standard. Values near 150are considered ideal if the corrosivity index is satisfactory. Whenexpressed as mg/L CaCO33, the value should be near that of hardness(from 75 to 100 percent of the hardness value).

SOURCES: Primarily dissolved minerals from soil and limestone anddolomite rocks (carbonates and bicarbonates).


Hardness

Hardness in water is caused mostly by dissolved calcium andmagnesium, primarily the end product of dissolving limestone anddolomite from soil and rock materials. Hard water is beneficial tohealth. However, high hardness can cause lime buildup (scaling) inpipes and water heaters. It also reacts with soap to form a “scum”which decreases soap’s cleaning ability, increases bathtub ring andturns white laundry grey. Water that is naturally too soft may becorrosive. The water softening industry measures hardness in grainsper gallon. One grain/gallon=17.1 mg/L CaCO3.

0 50 100 150 200

Often corrosive if low pH

mg/L Alkalinity

Ideal range Possiblescaling

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: Hard water is beneficial to health. However,values near 150 mg/L are ideal from an aesthetic viewpoint, if thecorrosivity index is satisfactory.

SOURCES: Primarily dissolved limestone minerals from soil,limestone and dolomite rocks (calcium and magnesium).


Corrosivity Index (also called Saturation Index, StabilityIndex, Langelier Index)

Corrosivity index is a measure of the tendency for lime (calciumcarbonate) to precipitate (form a solid and settle out) from water. Itis calculated from pH, alkalinity, calcium hardness and conductivity data.

Water is a good solvent, and will attack unprotected metalplumbing. Lead, copper and zinc from pipes and solder joints maythen leach (dissolve) into drinking water. Symptoms of corrosivewater include pinhole leaks in copper pipes or green stains onplumbing fixtures. Lime precipitate (scale) from hard water is anatural protection against corrosion. Too much scale, however, willpartially plug pipes and water heaters, decreasing their efficiency.Water softeners prevent scale buildup, but also decrease anyprotection from corrosion the water may have provided.

ACCEPTABLE RESULTS: There is no health standard. Values between0.5 and 1 units are considered the most desirable for a corrosivityindex. However, the relationship between the corrosivity index andleaching of metals is imperfect. You may still need to test your waterfor lead and copper, or run the water until cold before drinking it, ifyour plumbing contains these metals.

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0 50 100 150 200 250

Soft

Hardness mg/L

Ideal range Hard Very hard

May wish to soften

(-3) (-2) (-1) 0 (0.5) (+1) (+2) (+3)

severe moderate slight Ideal slight moderate severe

Corrosivity Index

Scaling occursCorrosion occurs

SOURCES: Low values may be caused by natural lack of carbonateminerals in the aquifer and/or high nitrate levels. High valuesnormally relate to high water hardness and alkalinity.

CORRECTIVE ACTIONS FOR CORROSIVITY, HARDNESS, ALKALINITYOR pH: If values are too low, indicating a corrosion problem, youshould consider:

✓ Deepening the well.

✓ Increasing the hardness and/or alkalinity of the water with awater treatment device (see the Extension publication Choosing aWater Treatment Device (G3558-5)).

✓ Running water for several minutes before using it for drinking orcooking if the plumbing includes copper pipes, lead pipes or leadsolder. Replacing all plumbing with plastic would be also be asolution.

If hardness or corrosivity values are too high, indicating a scalingproblem:

✓ Soften water (except a cold water tap for drinking water). Softened water prevents protective scale formation and alsocontains sodium.

If alkalinity or pH values are too high, contact a water testinterpretation specialist (see page 12).

When You Should ConsiderAdditional TestsIn addition to the initial set of tests and once-a-year checks forbacteria and nitrate, you should consider additional testing of yourprivate water supply in the following circumstances:

If you are installing a water treatment deviceTEST FOR: Any contaminants you are concerned about removing.You will need to know the levels of contaminants present to choosethe best treatment device.

If you have copper pipes soldered with lead solder or lead pipesTEST FOR: Lead and copper.

If there is an infant or pregnant woman in the homeTEST FOR: Nitrate, copper, lead and coliform bacteria before theinfant begins drinking the water.

If there is a family illness that could be related to drinking water(such as gastrointestinal illness)TEST FOR: Coliform bacteria and copper. (Consult a physician formedical advice.)

If there are noticeable changes in livestock or poultry performanceTEST FOR: Compounds measured in the initial water test.

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SHOULD I WORRYABOUT CHANGESIN MY WATER?Sudden changes in water qualitymay be a sign of seriouscontamination problems whichmay harm health. If there is aproblem with the construction ofyour private well, you areespecially likely to observesudden changes in taste, odor orclarity in the spring or after heavyrain. Such changes should beinvestigated immediately withlaboratory testing for coliformbacteria and nitrate. The watermay be used for washing andbathing but should not beconsumed until the laboratoryresults show that your water issafe.

You may find that some changesyou observe are natural. If yourwater quality changes routinely ata certain time of year, you maywant to make that the time atwhich you do your routineannual testing. Ultimately,sampling frequency is a personaldecision which should be basedon your own judgment, level ofconcern, and previouscontamination levels.

If your neighbors find one or more contaminants when they testtheir wellTEST FOR: The same contaminants found in the neighbors’ well.

If agricultural chemicals or petroleum products have been spillednear your well, or you suspect an accident might have back-siphoned these products into the wellTEST FOR: The suspected volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) orpesticides.

If pesticides or fertilizers are applied to fields within 100 feet ofyour wellTEST FOR: Nitrate and pesticides with a scan that includes thepesticides used on the fields. If corn is grown, consider screening foratrazine, a common corn herbicide.

If there is an old underground fuel storage tank nearbyTEST FOR: Oil, gasoline and volatile organic chemicals.

If indoor air testing reveals radon concentrations higher than 4picocuries/liter in kitchen and bathroom areas (Radon is anaturally occurring radioactive substance in geological materialsin some areas; in well water, radon can contribute to elevatedindoor air radon levels.)TEST FOR: Radon. Contact the DNR water systems specialist forhelp.

If you notice rust stains on bathroom or kitchen fixtures,laundered clothes, cooking utensilsTEST FOR: Iron.

If you live near an active or abandoned solid waste landfillTEST FOR: Volatile organic chemicals, chloride, and chemical oxygendemand.

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Sources of InformationPublications

University of Wisconsin-Extension:Do Deeper Wells Mean Better Water?(G3652)Improving Your Drinking WaterQuality (G3378)Maintaining Your Home Well WaterSystem (G3399)Available from: Extension countyoffices or from ExtensionPublications, Rm. 170, 630 W.Mifflin St., Madison, WI 53715608/262-3346; fax 608/265-8052

DNR:Bacterial Contamination of DrinkingWater PUBL-WS-003 97 REVCopper in Drinking Water PUBL-WS-027 92Iron Bacteria Problems in WellsPUBL-WS-004 89 REVLead in Drinking Water PUBL-WS-015 94 REV.Nitrate in Drinking Water PUBL-WS-001 95 REV.Pesticides in Drinking Water PUBL-WS-007 93 REV.Private Well Construction in GraniteFormations PUBL-WS-017 91 REV.Radium in Drinking Water PUBL-WS-008 90 REV.Sulfur Bacteria Problems in WellsPUBL-WS-005 95 REV

You and Your Well PUBL-WS-00295 REV.Available from: DNR, 101 S.Webster St., Madison, WI 53707 orDNR regional offices.

Northeast RegionalAgricultural EngineeringService:Private Drinking Water Supplies:Quality, Testing, and Options forProblem Waters NRAES-47

Available from: Northeast RegionalAgricultural Engineering Service,152 Riley-Robb Hall, CooperativeExtension, Ithaca, NY 14853-5701

Sources of AssistanceWater testing: A list of certifiedlaboratories is available from countyExtension offices and DNR regionaloffices. The Wisconsin StateLaboratory of Hygiene providesinexpensive nitrate and bacteriatesting. For information, contact theState Laboratory, 465 Henry Mall,Madison, WI 53706, 608/262-6303. In addition, the lab provides aninexpensive scan for atrazine (a common agricultural herbicide).For information call 1/800/334-1641.

Water test interpretation:County Extension offices, DNRregional offices, county healthdepartments.

Well constructors report:Available from the WisconsinGeological and Natural HistorySurvey (WGNHS), 608/262-7430and from DNR regional offices.

Well inspection: Licensed welldrillers and pump installers.

Well compensation fund: Insome circumstances the state willhelp pay for the cost of installing anew well or reconstructing anexisting well. Contact DNR regionaloffices for more information.

Toxicity of watercontaminants: WisconsinDepartment of Health and FamilyServices: 608/266-0923 or 608/266-7480.

EPA Safe Drinking Waterhotline: 1/800-426-4791

DNR regional drinking waterofficesNortheast Region 414/492-5800Northern Region—Rhinelander715/365-8900

Northern Region—Spooner715/635-2101

South Central Region 608/275-3266Southeast Region 414/263-8500West Central Region 715/839-3700

Copyright © 2004 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System doing business as the division of Cooperative Extensionof the University of Wisconsin–Extension. All rights reserved. Send copyright inquiries to Cooperative Extension Publishing, Rm. 103, 432 N. Lake St., Madison, WI 53706.

Authors: Christine Mechenich was formerly a groundwater education specialist with the Central Wisconsin Groundwater Center,College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point and the University of Wisconsin–Extension, Cooperative Extension.Elaine Andrews is an environmental education specialist with the Environmental Resources Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison andthe University of Wisconsin–Extension, Cooperative Extension.

Produced by Cooperative Extension Publishing, University of Wisconsin–Extension.

An EEO/AA employer, the University of Wisconsin–Extension, Cooperative Extension provides equal opportunities in employment andprogramming, including Title IX and Americans with Disabilities (ADA) requirements.

This publication is available from your Wisconsin county Extension office or from Cooperative Extension Publishing. To order, call toll-free: 1-877-WIS-PUBS (947-7827) or visit our web site: cecommerce.uwex.edu.

Home Water Safety: Interpreting Drinking Water Test Results (G3558-4) RP/09-2004

Appendix C


Soil Boring Logs and Well Construction Reports

PSC REF#:204700

Documents

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