UTMUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

CHELMIMUAMAR ROSYADI MANULANGSATRIADI

PRINCIPLE OF COUNSELLING

PRINCIPLE OF COUNSELLING

EMPATHY

TRUST

CONGRUENCE

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARDS

NON JUDGEMENTAL

CONFIDENTIALITY

EMPATHY • Definition of Empathy

Empathy is a multidimensional and complex social phenomenon consisting of cognitive, affective, and relational processes (Smith, 2006).

Carl Rogers introduced empathy as one of the necessary conditions of successful counseling, and humanistic counseling practice places empathy as a core value (Association for Humanistic Counseling, 2012).

RELATION EMPATHY BETWEEN CONSELLING

As a consellor, you must to build the relationship with the client through all the skills you need. Yet all these skills will be hindered without the use of empathy.

Rothschild (Campbell & Simmonds, 2011) describes empathy as the ‘connective tissue’ of good therapy which hones the tools of insight and intuition, but also points out that the neurological, psychological and somatic mechanisms of empathy can lead to compassion fatigue or vicarious traumatisation

SYMPATHY AND EMPATHY ???

TRUST• Definition of Trust

Rousseau et al. (1988), defined trust as a psychological state that comprises the intention to accept vulnerability due to positive expectations about the intentions or behavior of another.

Cook and Wall (1980) suggested two main factors of trust : faith in the good intentions of the other party and the degree of confidence in their capabilities and reliability.

McAllister (1995), on the other hand, explained the phenomenon using a cognitive dimension based on objective reasons to trust someone in certain circumstances, as well as an emotional dimension, which is motivated by an interpersonal relationship.

RELATION TRUST BETWEEN CONSELLING

Trust in counseling is achieved through compassionate and mindful communication that is relationship focused. Trust happen when a counselor fosters emotional intimacy, ‘‘letting the client know that he or she has actually been heard.’’ This process creates a ‘‘positive feedback loop’’ confirming understanding between counselor with client (Coulehan, 2009, p. 598).

CONGRUENCE• Definition of Congruence

According to Lietaer (1993) congruence define as awareness, the ability to be aware of one’s own internal experience and the transparency, the willingness to communicate to the other person what is going on within.

According to Gillon (2007) defined congruence :“That the therapist is his actual self during his encounter with his client. Without facade, he openly has the feelings and attitudes that are flowing in him at the moment. This involves self-awareness; that is, the therapist’s feeling are available to him – to his awareness – and he is able to live them, to experience them, in the relationship, and to communicate them if they persist

RELATION CONGRUENCE BETWEEN CONSELLING

The condition of therapist congruence is the least understood of all the core conditions and has been open to considerable mis-understanding and mis-interpretation over the years.

Being congruent, a counselor seen as a process of awareness and openness in the moment, escapes the problem of claiming some greater ontological validity for certain aspects of self.

When I am being congruent, as well as being open to my experience, I am also doing different things at different times depending on the person I am with, the situation and the specific in-therapy context in which I am being congruent (Wyatt, 2000).The counselor must be congruent which involves being aware of :

•Feelings of the client •Awareness of client •Expressions of the client

UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD• Definition of Unconditional Positive RegardRogers (Sommers; 2014) defined

unconditional positive regards as follows:

“To the extent that the therapist find himself (herself) experiencing a warm acceptance of each aspect the client’s experience… he is experiencing unconditional positive regards… its means there are no condition of acceptance no feeling of “I like you only if you thus and so.” It means a “prizing “ of the

person, as Dewey has used that term…. It means a caring for the client as a separate person

RELATION UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD BETWEEN CONSELLING

Offering unconditional positive regard often relies on listening and responding non-judgmentally to whatever a client is experiencing at a given moment. Although this may imply a passive quality, unconditional positive regard is more active, openly warm, valuing process (Gillon, 2007).

For Roger, unconditional positive regard was based on an underlying belief that consistent warmth, acceptance and prizing of clients were needed to facilitate client growth toward their potential. Here, Roger describing how positive or accepting feeling toward clients are what allow clients to feel safe enough to explore their self-doubts, insecurities, and weaknesses.

NON JUDGEMENTAL• Definition of Non Judgmental

Non Judgmental means that of, relating to, or indicating an attitude and approach that is open and not integrating a judgment whatsoever.

Carl Rogers strongly believed that each person is unique, that each person should be responsible for the conduct and direction of his or her own life, and especially that one person should not impose beliefs and values on another. (Don Baucum, 1999)

RELATION NON JUDGEMENTAL BETWEEN CONSELLING

The counselor need to provide an environment in which the client does not feel under threat or judgment. This enables the client to experience and accept more of who they are as a person, and reconnect with their own values and sense of self-worth.

CONFIDENTIALITY• Definition of Confidentiality

Confidentiality is the state of being secret. It is mainly associated with professions such as law, medicine, and counseling. Confidentiality ensures that information is only accessible only to those authorized to have access.

Confidentiality is a central aspect of counseling. The counseling process depends on the client feeling sufficiently safe to be able to talk openly and honestly about whatever it is that is bothering them. (McLeod & McLeod, 2011)

RELATION CONFIDENTIALITY BETWEEN CONSELLING

There are 2 main practical ways in which counselors can ensure that confidentiality is dealt with in an appropriately ethical manner :1. Being a counselor involves

developing a capacity to store client information in separate ‘boxes’ in one’s mind, and only to open each of these boxes when required to do so.

2. The client is informed about the limits of confidentiality, then they are in position to decide about whether or not to disclose certain areas of information.

VIDEO CONSELLING SESSION

REFERENCEAssociation for Humanistic Counseling. (2012).

Humanistic philosophy. Retrieved from http://afhc.camp9.org/Default. aspx?pageld=1242938.

Campbell, A. F., & Simmonds, J. G. (2011). Therapist Perspectives On The Therapeutic Alliance With Children And Adolescents. Counselling Psychology Quarterly , 195-209.

Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New Work Attitude Measures Of Trust, Organizational Commitment And Personal Need Nonfulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.

Coulehan, J. (2009). Compassionate Solidarity: Suffering, Poetry, And Medicine. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 52, 585–603.

Don Baucum, P. (1999). Behavioral and Social Science Psychology. New York, United States of America: Barron's Educational Series.

 

Gillon, E. (2007). An Introduction To Person-centred Counselling Psychology. London: Sage Publication.

Krischenbaum, H., & Henderson, V. L. (1989). The Carl Rogers Reader. United States of America.

Lietaer, G. (1993). Authenticity, Congruence and Transparency. In D. Brazier (Ed). Beyond Carl Rogers. London: Constable.

McLeod, J., & McLeod, J. (2011). Counselling Skills; A practical guide for counsellors and helping professionals (Vol. Second Edition). New York: Open University Press.

Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S., & Camere, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393-404.

Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. The Psychological Record, 56, 3-21.

Sommers, J. (2014). Clinical Interviewing Fifth Edition. Hoboken: Wiley.

Wyatt, G. (2000). The Multifaceted Nature of Congruence Within the Therapeutic Relationship. The Person Centered Journal .

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION…..!