Planning for Housing Development in Brazil: Planning, Policy and Implementation

UDM 715 : URBAN HOUSING

PLANNING FOR HOUSING

DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL : PLANNING, POLICY AND IMPLEMENTATION

A REVIEW ABOUT URBAN HOUSING POLICY IN BRAZIL AND HOW THE

POLICY SHAPES THE COUNTRY HOUSING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

POSTGRADUATES AND RESEARCH CENTRE

FACULTY ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

SHAH ALAM

HOUSING SCHEME IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL


INTRODUCTION


HOUSING IN BRAZIL: EARLY AGES

• Despite major urban developments, both the housing supply and

living conditions in Brazil remain inadequate.

• Large, sprawling slums are endemic in the large cities, while most

rural dwellers live without amenities such as piped water and

electricity.

• In the mid-1990s, there were nearly 35 million residences. At last

estimate, more than 80% of all housing units were detached houses

of brick, stone, wood or concrete; less than 10% were apartments;

less than 10% were rural dwellings of wood or clay; and less than

5% were semi-private units called "quartes." Roughly 74% of all

dwellings were owner occupied.

Source:http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-

HOUSING.html#ixzz1E3QPFOjY



• In 1964, the federal government enacted the National Housing Act

and suspended rent controls, with the stipulation that rents could be

brought in line with private market levels.

• The law provided for the establishment of the National Housing Bank

(Banco Nacional de Habitação, or BNH), whose main purposes are

to stimulate savings to finance home construction through lending

institutions, to coordinate the activities of both the public and private

sectors, and to introduce financial incentives.

• The BNH can raise funds through bond issues and may also receive

deposits from governmental agencies, public cooperatives, and

mixed companies.

Source:http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-

HOUSING.html#ixzz1E3QPFOjY



• The National Housing Bank (Banco Nacional de Habitação--BNH)

was established to finance public housing using funds from savings

accounts and from the official employment guarantee system, known

as the Severance Pay Fund (Fundo de Garantia do Tempo de

Serviço--FGTS).

• Many thousands of basic houses (casas populares) were built,

usually in projects at the edges or outside of cities. Because of the

financial constraints of working with a low-income clientele, the

federal Housing Finance System (Sistema Financeiro de Habitação--

SFH) has been used primarily to provide low-cost mortgages for

houses and apartments for the middle class.

Source:http://www.photius.com/countries/brazil/society/brazil_society_h

ousing.html



• Many poor people, without access to financing, find it necessary to

build their own houses. The favelas on the hills of Rio de Janeiro are

one well-known type. In other parts of Brazil, shantytowns on stilts

are built over water (alagados ), or in marshy areas (baixadas ). In

1991 there were 3,221 medium- to large-size favelas (each with

more than fifty-one households), which contained 2.9 percent of the

country's households. The largest favelas, such as Rocinha in Rio de

Janeiro, are home to hundreds of thousands.

Source:http://www.photius.com/countries/brazil/society/brazil_society_h

ousing.html



House for Canishua People

Source:

http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/cashinah

ua/people

Raft House in Amazon River, Brazil

Source:

http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/amazon/

2008/10/taking_shelter_in_the_brazilia.html



Amazon Indian House

Source:

http://www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/loc

ations-and-travel/6983322-traditional-

amazon-indian-house.php?id=6983322

House developed by Health, Environment, and

Economic Development (HEED) program

Source:

http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2004/112-

3/niehsnews.html


LOW INCOME HOUSING: SAO SEBASTIO EXPERIENCE

• In many Brazilian cities, regulating land tenure together with

upgrading existing irregular settlements are fundamental goals in

housing policies, particularly in dealing with “favelas” (squatter

settlements).

• Clientelism was a factor in the formal structures promoting housing

during the current government in Brazil, a country where frequent

institutional changes have provided the opportunity for new client—

patron chains to penetrate the government apparatus.

• In the city of São Paulo for instance, the local government has put

a great amount of effort and money into land acquisition for low-

income housing projects.

Source:

http://eau.sagepub.com/content/19/2/391.abstract

http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&co

ntext=focus



• It terms of the planning and design of low-income housing by São

Sebastião, three major aspects are to be considered.

• Firstly, in Brazil local governments have no tradition of providing for

housing, except in larger cities such as São Paulo where it is still

very recent. Lack of public resources and financial means have

always marked Brazilian small cities; even if the National Housing

Bank was inefficient, its extinction created a much larger void in

the production of low-income housing.

• Housing as a local planning issue has not yet been prioritized by

the city in terms of data collection, analysis, and proposals to be

considered within the planning process.

Source:

http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&

context=focus



• Secondly, participatory planning processes are almost unheard of

in local government planning practices, again a situation not unlike

the vast majority of Brazilian cities.

• Despite the fact the Local Plan of 1998 set up a participatory

system as a condition for local planning in São Sebastião, there

were almost no such initiatives since then. The absence of

community participation has amplified social exclusion, particularly

in terms of access to land and in the production of low cost

housing.

Source:


context=focus



• The final aspect to be considered is the lack of design quality. On

one hand, even the small number of housing units provided by the

local government were extremely poorly designed in every possible

sense: aesthetics, quality of the construction, mix of housing types,

quality of the architecture and the urban design, etc.

Source:


context=focus


AFFORDABLE HOUSING: A CURRITIBA EXPERIENCE

• Curitiba does not neglect the needs of its poorest citizens. In 1976,

the city adopted a Slum Relocation Plan to assist low-income

families.

• The Public Housing Company of Curitiba built low-income

housing near the centre of the city instead of far away from the

centre, which is typical of US cities as well as major cities around

the world.

• The incorporation of public housing with the rest of the city has

created socially integrated neighbourhoods that provide public

health, education, day care centres, and recreational services.

• By meeting the needs of the poorest, the city has also saved

money and energy because low-income neighbourhoods, with all

the necessary amenities, reduce the need for travel.

Source:

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Curitiba,_Brazil



Affordable Housing - With the city's support, citizens buy their homes

and develop them according to their needs. They are designed to

accommodate small business on the ground and living space on the

upper floors.

Source: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Curitiba,_Brazil

Affordable Housing for Curitiba



Neighbourhood Home Shop - At the end of a working day, residents

of this public house development have to walk just a few steps to do

their daily shopping.


Photo: Affordable Housing for Curitiba



Public Housing Village - Here citizens enjoy the sunset walking up

and down the street of their affordable housing with the feeling they are

part of the city.





Repetition Housing - This is an example of construction the creators

wanted to avoid. Residents are placed in identical buildings isolated

from the rest of the city




CONCLUSION


REFERENCE

www.eoearth.org/article/Curitiba,_Brazil

digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=focus

eau.sagepub.com/content/19/2/391.abstract

www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-HOUSING.html#ixzz1E3QPFOjY

www.photius.com/countries/brazil/society/brazil_society_housing.html

www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/cashinahua/people

http://www.wildernessclassroom.com/amazon/2008/10/taking_shelter_in_the_b

razilia.html

www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/locations-and-travel/6983322-traditional-amazon-

indian-house.php?id=6983322

ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2004/112-3/niehsnews.html

Planning for Housing Development in Brazil: Planning, Policy and Implementation

Documents

Transcript of Planning for Housing Development in Brazil: Planning, Policy and Implementation