Phylogenetic relationships of Mexican minnows of the genus Notropis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae):...

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

2003

80

323ndash337 With 4 figures

copy 2003 The Linnean Society of London


2003

80

323ndash337

323

Blackwell Science LtdOxford UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4066The Linnean Society of London 2003 2003802323337Original Article

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF

NOTROPIS

IN MEXICOS SCHOumlNHUTH and I DOADRIO

Corresponding author E-mail mcns137mncncsices

Phylogenetic relationships of Mexican minnows of the genus

Notropis

(Actinopterygii Cyprinidae)

SUSANA SCHOumlNHUTH and IGNACIO DOADRIO

Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Dpto Biodiversidad y Biologiacutea Evolutiva Joseacute Gutieacuterrez Abascal 2 Madrid 28006 Spain

Received 27 August 2002 accepted for publication 2 April 2003

We conducted phylogenetic analyses based on complete mitochondrial cytochrome

b

gene sequences among southernand central Mexican cyprinid species included in the genera

Notropis

and

Hybopsis

In addition 15 northern speciesof the genera

Notropis

and

Hybopsis

were included in the analyses in order to place the Mexican species into a largerphylogenetic framework The phylogenetic relationships supported the existence of five major clades (1) includingspecies of the subgenus

Alburnops

of the genus

Notropis

plus

N shumardi

(2) species of the subgenus

Notropis

(3)species of the genus

Hybopsis

(4) species of the

N texanus

+

N volucellus

species group of the genus

Notropis

(5)Mexican endemic species of the genus

Notropis

plus the genus

Yuriria

Previous phylogenetic inferences based onmorphological characters resolved the Mexican minnows analysed as

N sallaei

N calientis N boucardi

and

Y alta

non-monophyletic According to our cytochrome

b

evidence all Mexican minnows of the genera

Notropis

and

Yuriria

formed a monophyletic group with respect to the northern species of the genera

Notropis

and

Hybopsis

Within theMexican clade three well-supported clades were identified the first included the closely related species

N moralesi

and

N boucardi

which occur in three independent drainages of south Mexico the second consisted of two differentlineages

N imeldae

and an undescribed species of

Notropis

inhabiting two independent drainages of south Mexicothe third comprised two central Mexican

Notropis

species (

N calientis

and

N sallaei

) and the

Y alta

populationsBased on this study and pending a more extensive taxonomic revision of the genus

Notropis

we adopt the conser-vative criterion of considering all

Notropis

species from southern and central Mexico examined including

Y alta

asbelonging to the genus

Notropis



2003

80

323ndash337

ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS

Bayesian inference ndash cyprinids ndash cytochrome

b

ndash Mexico ndash mitochondrial DNA

ndash trans-Mexican volcanic belt

INTRODUCTION

With close to 100 species the genus

Notropis sl

isamong the most species-rich genera of Nearctic fresh-water fishes It occurs in rivers from Canada andAlaska to southern Mexico The taxonomy and phylo-genetic relationships of the genus in the United Statesand Canada have been the subject of extensiveresearch (Buth 1979 Stein Rogers amp Cashner 1985Dimmick 1987 Mayden 1989 1991 Coburn amp Cav-ender 1992 Warren Burr amp Grady 1994 Simons ampMayden 1999 Bielawski amp Gold 2001 Raley amp Wood2001) Unfortunately few studies have focused onMexican species south of the Riacuteo Bravo

Notropis

is currently represented in Mexico by atleast 20 species (Burr amp Mayden 1981 EspinosaGaspar amp Fuentes 1993) but only the following fiverecognized species are distributed across centraland southern Mexico

N boucardi

(Guumlnther 1868)

N sallaei

(Guumlnther 1868)

N calientis

Jordan amp Sny-der 1900

N moralesi

De-Buen 1955 and

N imeldae

Corteacutes 1966 Taxonomy of these species has been con-troversial For example

N sallaei

was included ineight different genera and 16 nominal species Cher-noff amp Miller (1981) considered it as a highly variabletaxon lsquoprovisionallyrsquo assigned to

Notropis

which wasfollowed by different authors (Chernoff amp Miller1986 Espinosa

et al

1993) or it was considered asseveral subspecies (Vallejo de Aquino 1988) whilesome authors consider it to be the only member of the

324

S SCHOumlNHUTH and I DOADRIO



2003

80

323ndash337

genus

Aztecula

(Mayden 1991 Coburn amp Cavender1992) The remaining Mexican species analysed

N boucardi

N moralesi

N imeldae

and

N calientis

have been assigned to the genus

Notropis

(Chernoff ampMiller 1986 Vallejo 1988 Espinosa

et al

1993) or tothe genus

Hybopsis

(Mayden 1991)

N calientis

shows a high degree of population structure and hasbeen recognized as a species complex (Chernoff ampMiller 1986) On the other hand

Yuriria

was consid-ered as a subgenus of the genus

Hybopsis

(Bailey1951) until Mayden (1989) elevated

Yuriria

to genericstatus

Based on morphology two principal phylogenetichypotheses placed the species analysed in differentphylogenetic clades Coburn amp Cavenderrsquos (1992)hypothesis considers the genus

Notropis

(

sl

includ-ing genus

Hybopsis

) as a member of the Shiner cladeand the genus

Yuriria

as a member of the Westernclade Maydenrsquos (1989) hypothesis places the Mexicanspecies analysed in different clades

N boucardi

and

N calientis

as members of the genus

Hybopsis

andthe genus

Yuriria

in a different clade both of themincluded in the open posterior miodome (OPM) cladewhile

N sallaei

was excluded from this principalclade Mayden (1989) considers the genus

Notropis

tobe polyphyletic (comprising different subgenus andspecies groups)

Mitochondrial DNA sequences provide an objectiveframework for the analysis of population processesand evolutionary patterns (Bermingham amp Martin1998) and have been useful in studies of phylogeneticrelationships of several groups of North American cyp-rinids (Dowling amp Naylor 1997 Simons amp Mayden1997 1998 1999) In particular cytochrome

b

hasbeen shown to be an appropriate gene for inferringphylogenetic relationships in several phylogeneticstudies on freshwater fishes (Martin amp Bermingham1998 Zardoya amp Doadrio 1999 Bielawski amp Gold2001 Machordom amp Doadrio 2001) Our study is thefirst to address relationships among Mexican

Notropis

using mtDNA sequences and to provide a phylogeneticframework with the northern species of the genera

Notropis

and

Hybopsis

The purpose of this work was thus to use the com-

plete sequence of the cytochrome

b

gene to infer phy-logenetic affinities of Mexican endemic species of thegenus

Notropis

with species that represent differentsubgenera or species groups of the genus

Notropis

from the USA and Canada and the genus

Hybopsis

and to test previous hypotheses of paraphyletic lin-eages within Mexican endemic species In particularwe used molecular sequence data from 30 geographi-cally distinct populations of seven Mexican endemicspecies of

Notropis

to test evolutionary hypothesesregarding their patterns of diversification in centraland southern Mexico

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The taxa sequenced in this study were previouslyassigned to four different genera (Mayden 1991) ndash

Hybopsis

Aztecula

Notropis

and

Yuriria

ndash and rep-resent the different clades proposed by Mayden (1989)and Coburn amp Cavender (1992) Due to the controver-sial taxonomy of the Mexican species analysed wehave followed the classification of Eschmeyer (httpwwwfishbaseorg) We sequenced 34 specimens of 30populations representing seven Mexican endemic spe-cies of minnows (

N moralesi

N boucardi

N imeldae

N sallaei

N calientis Y alta

and one undescribedspecies of the genus

Notropis

referred to here as

N

sp 1) distributed over central and southern Mexicoplus three species of the genus

Notropis

from Canada(

N rubellus

N anogenus

and

N heterodon

obtainedfrom the Royal Ontario Museum) Seventeen cyprinidsequences were obtained from GenBank and includedin the phylogenetic analyses

N atherinoides

(AF352272)

N volucellus

(AF352268)

N boops

(AF352261)

N suttkusi

(AF352287)

N jemezanus

(AF352277)

N amabilis

(AF352269)

N stilbius(AF352286) N shumardi (AF117200) N potteri(AF117192) N blennius (AF117171) Hybopsisamblops (AF117153) Hybopsis winchelli (AF117165)Cyprinella spiloptera (L07753) Pteronotropissignipinnis (AF261230) Moapa coriacea (AF452075)Barbus sclateri (AF334083) and Tinca tinca (Y10451)The last three taxa were used as outgroups

DNA SOURCES

Fish samples were collected by electrofishing in thesouthern and central region of Mexico from Sierrade Miahuatlaacuten in Oaxaca at about 16degN latitude tothe Lerma drainage in Guanajuato State some21degN These collections (Table 1) cover the Atlanticand the Pacific slopes and represent five riverbasins Papaloapan Balsas Atoyac Lerma andPaacutenuco (Fig 1) The specimens analysed correspondto populations inhabiting the entire distributionarea known for N moralesi N boucardi N imeldaeand N sp 1 We obtained N sallaei specimens fromthe Paacutenuco and Lerma drainages N calientis andY alta were fished from Lerma river drainage andadjacent lakes

DNA EXTRACTION

Total DNA was extracted from muscle tissue Frozenpieces of tissue were ground in liquid N2 and homog-enized in 600 microL extraction buffer (NaCl 014 M mag-nesium acetate 15 mM KCl 5 mM 1 SDS) Theresulting homogenate was extracted using standardproteinase Kphenolndashchloroform protocols (Sambrook

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF NOTROPIS IN MEXICO 325

copy 2003 The Linnean Society of London Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2003 80 323ndash337

Tab

le 1

S

peci

men

s u

sed

in t

his

stu

dy a

nd

loca

lity

in

form

atio

n

Pop

ula

tion

de

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atio

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CN

ID

Dra

inag

eR

iver

Loc

alit

yS

tate

Gen

Ban

k R

ef

1 F

ran

cisc

oN

otro

pis

imel

dae

353

Ato

yac

San

Fra

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sco

San

Pab

lo C

oatl

an O

axac

aA

F46

9131

2 G

ruta

sN

im

eld

ae 1

095

Ato

yac

De

las

Gru

tas

rive

r (S

prin

g)S

ola

de V

ega

Oax

aca

AF

4691

323

Sab

ino

N i

mel

dae

113

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toya

cA

gua

del

Sab

ino

Sol

a de

Veg

a O

axac

aA

F46

9130

4 V

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oral

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AF

4691

535

Bra

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F46

9152

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gual

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5059

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erre

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F46

9151

7 C

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1086

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AF

4691

458

Ch

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133

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(Spr

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Tla

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F46

9150

9 S

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F46

9156

10 I

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ta Isa

bel

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ilap

a G

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AF

4691

4811

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5048

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AF

4691

4912

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Tla

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F46

9144

13 T

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n G

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AF

4691

4714

Hon

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i 91

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ondo

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Vis

ta O

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F46

9157

15 G

ran

de

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esi

150

154

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pan

Gra

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F46

9154

ndash55

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4691

4617

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3487

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9158

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9159

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9135

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4691

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Spr

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F46

9133

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AF

4691

3723

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663

717

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lag

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AF

4691

41ndash4

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9143

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3813

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9138

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Mig

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831

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(S

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9139

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333

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a de

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vo Q

uer

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F46

9161

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4691

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Min

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3809

Cu

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ta M

ich

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F46

9160

31 C

anad

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1703

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ran

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On

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F46

9164

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anad

aN

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7033

1E

ire

Lak

eR

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au P

rovi

nci

al P

ark

On

tari

o C

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0697

33 C

anad

aN

an

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us

1703

36S

t C

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Lak

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ell

Bay

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

Y14

0698

Nu

mbe

rs a

ssig

ned

to

popu

lati

ons

corr

espo

nd

to t

hos

e of

th

e m

ap (

see

Fig

1)

MN

CN

ID

nu

mbe

rs

nu

mbe

rs o

f vo

uch

er s

peci

men

s de

posi

ted

in t

he

ich

thyo

logy

coll

ecti

on o

f th

e M

use

o N

acio

nal

de

Cie

nci

as N

atu

rale

s (S

pain

) G

enB

ank

Ref

acc

essi

on n

um

ber

for

nu

cleo

tide

seq

uen

ces

depo

site

d in

Gen

Ban

kT

opot

ypes

or

spec

imen

s fo

un

d cl

ose

to t

hei

r te

rra

typi

ca

326 S SCHOumlNHUTH and I DOADRIO


Fritsch amp Maniatis 1989) The DNA was resuspendedin ultrapure water and used for amplification by PCR

AMPLIFICATION AND CLONING

Combinations of two sets of versatile primers (Zardoyaamp Doadrio 1998) were used in PCR amplifications toisolate two contiguous and overlapping fragments (of660 and 521 bp) that covered the entire cytochrome bgene The PCR reactions were conducted in 25 microl vol-umes (67 mM Tris-HCl pH 83 15 mM MgCl2 04 mM

each primer 1 microl DNA extraction and 1 unit Taq DNApolymerase (Promega)) After an initial denaturationstep at 94degC for 2 min 35 cycles were performed as fol-lows denaturation at 94degC (1 min) annealing at 48degC(1 min) and extension at 72degC (145 min) with a finalextension of 7 min at 72degC

After PCR amplification the DNA was precipitatedcloned into p-GEMT vectors and transformed intocompetent E coli (JM109) Positive clones weresequenced using the FS-Taq Dye Deoxy terminatorcycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems Inc) usingan automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems3700) following the manufacturerrsquos instructions TheDNA sequences of both strands were obtained using

M13 universal (forward and reverse) sequencing prim-ers The sequences determined here have been depos-ited in GenBank under accession numbers AF469130ndashAF469164 AY140697 and AY140698

CYTOCHROME b SEQUENCE ANALYSES

Forty-nine complete minnow cytochrome b genesequences (1141 bp) were aligned manually withsequences of N atherinoides H amblops Cyprinellaspiloptera Tinca tinca and Barbus sclateri No ambig-uous alignments or gaps were found All codon posi-tions were included in the phylogenetic analyses

All Mexican specimens representing 30 populationsof seven minnow species were used to determine theirpopulation structure (Table 1) The intrapopulationaldivergence levels were corrected for ancestral poly-morphisms to avoid the effect of inflating divergencebetween phylogroups or species We applied the netsequence divergence correction described by Nei(1987) and the index of nucleotide diversity (π) (Nei ampLi 1979) using DnaSP ver 350 (Rozas amp Rozas 1999)Higher level relationships were inferred using 22 spe-cies of Mexican USA and Canadian NotropisHybop-sis and two species of the phylogenetically related

Figure 1 Localities from which specimens of the genera Notropis and Yuriria were sampled Numbers indicate collectionsample (see Table 1) Drainages are indicated by letters A Atoyac B Balsas C Lerma D Paacutenuco E PapaloapanDistribution range of each species is presented in different grey patterns

115degW

30degN

25deg

20deg

15deg

110deg 105deg 100deg 95deg 0 200 km



genera Cyprinella and Pteronotropis included in theNotropin clade (Phoxinini lineage Shiner clade)(Coburn amp Cavender 1992) The genus Moapa fromthe Western clade Phoxinini was selected as a taxo-nomic related outgroup whereas Tinca was chosen asa more distant outgroup

Phylogenetic trees were recovered using maximumparsimony (MP) neighbour joining (NJ) maximumlikelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) We usedfour different methods for inferring phylogenies to testthe congruence among methods and compare for thebest approximation for our data There has recentlybeen controversy about the overcredibility of molecu-lar phylogenies obtained with Bayesian inference(Suzuki Glazco amp Nei 2002) while others have sug-gested posterior probability as a better indicator ofstatistical confidence than bootstrap probability (Wil-cox et al 2002) Both bootstrap and posterior proba-bility were included It is well known that MP givesgood results in the Felsenstein inverse zone and MLin both zones when more than 1000 nucleotides areanalysed However accuracy decreases when theinternal nodes are short (Swofford et al 2001) Theanalysis of 1141 nucleotides resulted in short internalnodes within trees so we decided to include the fourmethods of analysis to infer the phylogeny

The MP analysis was performed through heuristicsearches with ten random stepwise additions of taxaMULTREE option and TBR branch swapping For theMP analyses equal weight of transversions (Tv) andtransitions (Ts) or Tv five times the weight of Ts basedon empirical evidence were used For ML BI and NJanalyses we used the hierarchical likelihood ratio test(LRT) implemented in Modeltest V304 (Posada ampCrandall 1998) to find the evolutionary model thatbest fit our data The HKY + I + G model (base fre-quencies A 03294 C 02805 G 01433 T 02469Nst 2 TsTv ratio 56889 Γ 09381 proportion ofinvariable sites 04383) was selected when Mexicanminnow populations were taken into account and theGTR + I + G model (base frequencies A 02853 C03302 G 01125 T 02720 Nst 6 Γ 07619 propor-tion of invariable sites 04915) was selected when onespecimen per species was analysed

All phylogenetic analyses were performed usingPAUP version 40b8 (Swofford 2001) and MR BAYES(Huelsenbeck amp Ronquist 2001) Robustness of theinferred trees was tested by bootstrapping (Felsen-stein 1985) with 100 pseudoreplications for MP and1000 for NJ with 1000 quartet puzzling steps forML and 500 000 generations for Bayesian posteriorprobability

Our two alternative phylogenetic hypotheses forN imeldae-N sp 1 clade were tested using the Shimo-dairandashHasegawa test (Shimodaira amp Hasegawa 1999)as implemented in PAUP

The genetic divergences widely discussed throughthe text were based on the uncorrected p-distances Toavoid confusion between derived divergences based onthe different evolutionary models selected (HKY +I + G and GTR + I + G) we considered more appropri-ate the uncorrected p genetic distances which allowscomparisons among our two data sets and could permita broad comparison with other related taxa thatshowed a different model of evolution

RESULTS

The complete cytochrome b gene was successfullyamplified and sequenced in 37 specimens of the generaNotropis and Yuriria Of the 1141 bp aligned for alltaxa 488 sites were variable and 373 were parsimonyinformative when only Mexican minnow populationswere taken into account Informative characters roseto 387 when one specimen per species for all NorthAmerican minnows analysed was considered

The nucleotide composition in the cytochrome bgene indicates a bias against guanine (see Modeltestparameters in methods) which is particularly strongin third codon positions (9) Most of the variabilityamong cytochrome b sequences was detected at thirdcodon positions No saturation was detected at anycodon position (Fig 2) However separate plots of AndashG

Figure 2 Relationships between uncorrected meansequence divergence (p-distance) and number of transi-tions () and transversions () at all codon positions (A)and at third codon positions (B) in the cytochrome b genefor all pairwise comparisons for Mexican populationsamples

020406080

100120140160180

005 01 015 02p

Cha

nges

020406080

100120140160

005 01 015 02

p

Cha

nges

0

0

A

B



and CndashT transitional divergences at third codon posi-tions suggested that AndashG transitions changed fasterthan CndashT ones (data not shown)

Pairwise sequence divergence (uncorrected p-distance) among northern species of the genus Notro-pis analysed ranged from 39 (between N blenniusand N potteri) to 155 (N potteri and N volucellus)Among Mexican species net sequence divergenceranged from 39 (between specimens of N moralesiand N boucardi) to 115 (between specimens ofN sallaei and N boucardi) (Table 2) Within Mexicanspecies the mean divergence among specimensrepresenting different populations was lt1 (amongN imeldae specimens and among specimens of geo-graphically close populations of N moralesi) to 3(among specimens of regionally separated populationsof N moralesi) Nucleotide diversity (π) within mostMexican species ranged from 0005 to 0015 Howeverfour specimens from two different sample sites ofN calientis fell outside this range showing over 7sequence divergence and nucleotide diversity up to0046 (Table 2)

Cytochrome b sequences were analysed using fourcommon methods of phylogenetic inference (MP NJML BI) and recovered congruent topologies (Figs 3and 4) Topologies recovered from unweighted andweighted most parsimonious trees were similar butthe weighted analyses yielded a more highly resolvedtopology congruent to the remaining recovered analy-ses When one specimen per species was taken intoaccount in order to place the Mexican species into alarger phylogenetic framework all cyprinids of thegenera Notropis and Hybopsis were grouped togetherwith Pteronotropis and Cyprinella in a basal positionAccording to MP ML NJ and BI all Mexican speciesof the genera Notropis and Yuriria formed a well-supported clade with respect to the remaining speciesof the genus Notropis from the USA and Canada North-ern species of the genus Notropis formed three differ-ent well-supported clades while basal relationshipsamong clades remained unresolved The phylogeneticposition of the genus Hybopsis remained unresolved(Fig 3) Interestingly the genus Yuriria groupedtogether with all Mexican Notropis in all analysesThe robustness of these results was confirmed by highbootstrap values and Bayesian posterior probability

When populations were taken into account all Mex-ican Notropis plus Yuriria clustered together withrespect to the northern Notropis Hybopsis and Cyp-rinella forming a well-supported clade with bootstrapvalues (MP 94 ML 72 NJ 86) and BI (100)(Fig 4) Within this clade four well-supported lin-eages could be distinguished (Fig 4) (A) grouped allspecimens representing populations of N boucardiand N moralesi (B) grouped N imeldae and N sp 1(C) was formed by all specimens of N sallaei and

N calientis (D) included the Y alta group The genusYuriria was grouped with N calientis-N sallaei as sis-ter species using NJ (85) and ML (74) (Figs 3 4)The relative position of the clade N imeldae-N sp 1was different depending on the phylogenetic analysisaccording to MP (79) ML (58) and BI (100) it wasconsidered a sister group of the N moralesi-N boucardi clade whereas it appeared as a sistergroup of the clade (Yuriria (N calientis N sallaei)) inthe NJ analysis (66) (Fig 4) In order to test the twoalternative hypotheses we performed a ShimodairandashHasegawa test no statistically significant differenceswere observed between the two hypotheses

SOUTHERN MEXICAN NOTROPIS

The populations analysed which have been tradition-ally assigned to N boucardi and N moralesi formedtwo well-supported clades (mean sequence divergenceamong them was 507 ranging from 43 to 60 andnet sequence divergence (dA) was 395) One cladecontained 14 specimens belonging to 13 populations ofN moralesi which inhabit three different drainages(Atoyac Balsas and Papaloapan) and include speci-mens sampled in the type locality of the species Meansequence divergence among specimens of N moralesi(137) ranged from 02 to 30 (nucleotide diversity(π) was 0013) This clade was the sister group of spec-imens of N boucardi (Cuernavaca Balsas drainage)(π 0008) (Fig 4)

The remaining members of the southern MexicanNotropis formed another well-supported clade whichincluded all specimens of N imeldae from differentrivers of the Atoyac drainage and a population of Not-ropis sp 1 from an isolated spring of the Balsas drain-age (Oaxaca State) N sp 1 was identified astaxonomically distinct on the basis of isozyme data(Schoumlnhuth et al 2001) and awaits a formal descrip-tion (Schoumlnhuth 2002) Mean sequence divergencebetween N imeldae and N sp 1 was 7 (dA 67) Netsequence divergence between both species and othersouth Mexican Notropis ranged from 99 to 118 Netsequence divergence between the N imeldae-N sp 1clade and central Mexican cyprinids ranged from 80to 96 (Table 2)

CENTRAL MEXICAN CYPRINIDS

N calientis N sallaei and Y alta are distributed overthe trans-Mexican volcanic belt in central Mexicoinhabiting the Riacuteo Lerma drainage the lagoons of theMesa Central and the Riacuteo Paacutenuco headwaters A cladecomposed of these species was well-supported in theML (74) and NJ (85) analyses Mean sequencedivergence between N sallaei and N calientis (921)ranged from 85 to 101 (dA 608) and mean



Tab

le 2

R

ange

an

d m

ean

(S

D)

of p

erce

nta

ge g

enet

ic d

iver

gen

ce f

or t

he

intr

aspe

cifi

c (d

iago

nal

) an

d in

ters

peci

fic

(abo

ve d

iago

nal

) co

mpa

riso

ns

amon

g sp

ecim

ens

anal

ysed

for

cyt

och

rom

e b

base

d on

un

corr

ecte

d p-

dist

ance

s L

ast

row

in

dia

gon

al (

bold

) sh

ows

nu

cleo

tide

div

ersi

ty (

π) w

ith

in s

peci

es

Net

seq

uen

ce d

iver

gen

ce(d

A)

is b

elow

th

e di

agon

al

Mex

ican

min

now

sM

inn

ows

from

US

A

and

Can

ada

N b

ouca

rdi

N m

oral

esi

N i

mel

dae

N s

p 1

N c

alie

nti

sN

sal

laei

Y a

lta

Not

ropi

sH

ybop

sis

N b

ouca

rdi

08

43ndash

60

111

ndash11

412

1ndash1

23

128

ndash13

712

5ndash1

29

121

ndash12

813

8ndash1

63

142

ndash15

10

875

07 (

04)

112

7 (0

1)

122

7 (0

1)

133

7 (0

3)

127

5 (0

1)

125

2 (0

1)

152

3 (0

6)

147

8 (0

4)

000

8N

mor

ales

i3

950

2ndash3

010

2ndash1

18

113

ndash11

913

1ndash1

52

122

ndash13

511

9ndash1

36

129

ndash16

413

9ndash1

48

137

(0

6)10

95

(03

)11

65

(02

)14

26

(04

)12

86

(03

)12

61

(03

)14

96

(07

)14

30

(03

)0

013

N i

mel

dae

105

59

980

1ndash0

80

58 (

03)

000

5

70ndash

71

706

(0

1)10

8ndash1

17

114

0 (0

2)

99ndash

104

100

9 (0

2)

94ndash

100

984

(0

2)11

7ndash1

46

134

5 (0

9)

123

ndash12

912

65

(02

)

N s

p 1

118

410

97

677

010

3ndash1

11

106

9 (0

3)

95ndash

98

968

(0

1)10

6ndash1

12

109

8 (0

2)

122

ndash15

013

79

(08

)13

7ndash1

39

138

5 (0

1)

N c

alie

nti

s10

59

112

38

068

351

4ndash7

04

69 (

22)

004

6

85ndash

101

921

(0

4)10

4ndash1

23

110

8 (0

5)

121

ndash16

014

04

(09

)12

7ndash1

40

133

8 (0

4)

N s

alla

ei11

53

113

99

69

296

081

51

570

015

90ndash

94

927

(0

1)12

0ndash1

43

128

7 (0

6)

126

13

312

98

(02

)

Y a

lta

113

511

19

859

923

87

750

9ndash1

91

47 (

03)

001

4

113

ndash15

113

25

(09

)13

5ndash1

43

139

6 (0

2)

Not

ropi

s3

9ndash15

512

25

(24

)12

2ndash1

53

137

8 (0

8)

Hyb

opsi

s7

47

45



Figure 3 Phylogenetic relationships of all North American minnows analysed based on cytochrome b sequence dataMaximum likelihood tree (ML using the GTR + I + G model) with Bayesian posterior probability and neighbour joiningbootstrap values above nodes ML and maximum parsimony (transitiontransversion ratio 5 1) support below nodes Boldblack branches correspond to Mexican samples The bars correspond to morphological classifications the first bar (I) toMaydenrsquos (1991) taxonomy of the different taxa examined (genus subgenus and species group) and the next bar (II) toCoburn amp Cavenderrsquos (1992) clades of the phoxinini clade

N volucellus group

N texanus group

Cyprinella spiloptera

005 substitutionssite

Notropis imeldae (1138)

Notropis sp1 (417)

Notropis boucardi (3487)

Notropis moralesi (150)

Notropis sallaei (3125)

Notropis calientis (3831)



Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi

Notropis atherinoides

Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius

Pteronotropis signipinnis

Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group

Mexican minnowsclade

5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II

I Yuriria Pteronotropis Cyprinella Moapa

II Shiner clade Western cladeHybopsis Notropsis Aztecula



Figure 4 Phylogenetic relationships of Mexican populations based on cytochrome b sequence data Maximum likelihoodtree (ML using HKY + I + G model) with Bayesian posterior probability and ML support above branches maximumparsimony (weighted 5 1 transitiontransversion) and neighbour joining (NJ) bootstrap values below branches Nodeswith bootstrap values below 50 were collapsed The black circle indicates this node is not supported by NJ and node Bis related with the central Mexican clade (66) Bold type species of the genus specimens from the terra typica of thespecies For the Mexican minnows bold black branches correspond to samples from central Mexico and grey branchesindicate samples from southern Mexico

Mixteco1 106 (Balsas)

Bravo 106 7 (Atoyac)

Chichito 133 (Balsas)

Coicoyan 1086 (Balsas)

Salado 990 (Balsas)

Hondo 914 (Papaloapan)

Igualites 5059 (Balsas)

Mixteco 5048 (Balsas)

Verde 97 (Atoyac )

Grande 150 (Papaloapan )

Grande2 154 (Papaloapan)

Amacuyac 3467 (Balsas)

Isabel 1999 (Balsas)

Teloloapan 2009 (Balsas)

Pollo 3487 (Balsas)

Huellapan 3474 (Balsas)

Francisco 353 (Atoyac)

Grutas 109 5 (Atoyac )

Sabino 1138 (Atoyac)

Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)

Minzita 3813 (Cuitzeo)

Charco 3918 (Lerma )

Pirules 3 326 (Lerma )

Miguel 3831 (Lerma)

Miguel2 3829 (Lerma )

Zacapu 366 6 (Zacapu)


Taxingu 3125 (Paacutenuco)

Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )

Zacapu 344 9 (Lerma )

Lajas 3370 (Lerma )

N rubellus (Grand River)

N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896

Southern Mexicanclade

Central Mexicanclade

A

B

D

C



sequence divergence between these and Y alta rangedfrom 90 to 123 (dA 78) N sallaei from the RiacuteoPaacutenuco showed a genetic divergence of 15 fromN sallaei from the Riacuteo Lerma (π 0015) Populationsof N calientis showed the highest intraspecific geneticdivergences ranging from 14 to 70 (π 0046)N calientis specimens were sampled in the Lermadrainage in the Cuitzeo lagoon and in the Zacapulagoon Most related populations were those fromLerma drainage (Pirules and Charco) and the Cuitzeolagoon (from Minzita) and the most divergent werethose from an isolate spring of the Lerma drainage(San Miguel) and from the Zacapu lagoon

Specimens of Y alta formed a well-supported cladeThese specimens inhabit the same areas asN calientis in the Cuitzeo lagoon and the Lermadrainage except in Zacapu where the distributionrange of Yuriria only reaches the outlet of the lagoonand no specimens were collected from this lagoon norfrom the San Miguel spring Intraspecific sequencedivergences ranged from 09 to 19 (π 0014) Min-imum sequence divergence were found between thisgenus and N sallaei or with N imeldae while maxi-mum distances were found between this species andN boucardi or N moralesi (Table 2)

DISCUSSION

Mean sequence divergence between species of Mexi-can minnows for the entire cytochrome b was 934rising to 1314 if northern species of the genus Not-ropis were included This divergence is similar to thatfound in 16 species of the subgenus Notropis from theUSA (11 plusmn 2) based on the same gene and 13 plusmn 2among subgenera of the genus Notropis (Bielawski ampGold 2001) Mean divergence among Mexican andNorthern Notropis was 138 (128ndash152) This issimilar to that found in both clades separately Thepresent findings indicate high genetic divergenceamong most of the Mexican Notropis species Meangenetic divergence between N calientis and theN moralesi-N boucardi clade (138 net sequencedivergence 109) was similar to divergences betweenthe type species of Notropis (N atherinoides) andHybopsis (H amblops) (124)

Phylogenetic analyses including one specimen perspecies in order to place the Mexican species into alarger phylogenetic framework showed strong sup-port for 5 clades (Fig 3) one clade include N potteriand N blennius sister group of N shumardi a secondclade include specimens of the subgenus Notropis(N rubellus-N suttkusi) (N stilbius (N atherinoides(N jemezanus-N amabilis))) a third clade includingboth species of the genus Hybopsis (H amblops andH winchelli) a fourth clade including 4 species of theN texanus + N volucellus species group (N anogenus

(N heterodon (N volucellus-N boops))) and a fifthclade including all Mexican species analysed(N imeldae-N sp 1) (N boucardi-N moralesi) (Y alta(N sallaei-N calientis))

Our results agree with previous analyses (Snelson1968) indicating that N shumardi is more closelyrelated to members of the subgenus Alburnops(N potteri and N blennius) than to the subgenus Not-ropis A later molecular studies proposed the removalof N shumardi from the subgenus Notropis (Bielawskiamp Gold 2001) Relationships among species analysedof the subgenus Notropis are in agreement with thislater study while the fourth clade is conformed by spe-cies of the N texanus species group which includeN volucellus from the N volucellus species group(Mayden 1991) (Fig 3)

Highest divergences among northern species of thegenus Notropis were found among N volucellus(N volucellus species group) and N potteri (subgenusAlburnops) N amabilis or N jemezanus (subgenusNotropis) (155 154 and 153 respectively) Thesedivergences were similar to those found among speciesfrom the genus Hybopsis with the genus Notropis(Table 2) or to those found among some Canadianand USA species of Notropis with the Mexican ones(117ndash163)

Mexican minnows clade show high genetic diver-gence among species which is also associated with ahigh degree of morphological differentiation For thisreason different authors have assigned these speciesto several genera (Aztecula Notropis Hybopsis andYuriria Chernoff amp Miller 1986 Mayden 1991Coburn amp Cavender 1992 Espinosa et al 1993)However the use of non-congruent criteria by theseauthors has led to the current controversial taxonomySeveral authors have considered the species examinedhere as members of distinct phylogenetic groups May-den (1989) ascribed N sallaei in a different clade withrespect to the other Mexican Notropis based on themorphology of the posterior myodome and considerN boucardi and N calientis (included in the genusHybopsis) in a different clade than the genus YuririaCoburn amp Cavender (1992) also based on morpholog-ical characters placed the genus Notropis (sl includ-ing genus Hybopsis) in the Shiner clade and the genusYuriria in the Western clade In contradiction withthese works our genetic analyses yielded topologies inwhich all Notropis species of central and southernMexico studied plus Yuriria form a monophyleticclade regardless of method of analyses with respectto the northern species of the genus Notropis and thegenus Hybopsis (including the type species of bothgenera N atherinoides and H amblops)

This strongly supported clade for the Mexican spe-cies containing different putative genera was unex-pected and suggest the need for a taxonomic revision



of this group taking into account their monophyleticorigin and high genetic divergences

Based on this study and pending a more extensivetaxonomic revision of the genus Notropis we adopt theconservative criterion of considering all Notropis spe-cies from southern and central Mexico examinedincluding Y alta being part of the genus Notropis(Table 3) Hence based on the phylogenetic relation-ships of the genus Yuriria which is included in allanalyses into the Mexican Notropis clade we proposeto change the taxonomic name Y alta to N altus(Jordan 1880) comb nov

SOUTHERN MEXICAN NOTROPIS CLADE

Four species of Notropis restricted to southern Mexi-can rivers represent the southern-most limits for Cyp-rinidae in the western hemisphere These speciesN boucardi N moralesi N imeldae and N sp 1 aredistributed across the Balsas Papaloapan and Atoyacdrainages Some authors (Miller amp Smith 1986 May-den 1989 1991 Espinosa et al 1993) included someor all the species of this clade in the genus HybopsisHowever Mayden (1989) cautioned that this groupingmay be the result of convergent evolution of morpho-logical characteristics arising from a similar benthiclifestyle Our genetic results agree with Maydenrsquoswarning on morphological convergence of N boucardiand N calientis with the genus Hybopsis since thefour southern Mexican species of Notropis(N moralesi N boucardi N imeldae and N sp 1)were resolved in the same clade as Yuriria N calientisand N sallaei suggesting a common ancestry Thisclade was equally distant to the type species of thegenus Hybopsis (H amblops) than it was to the typespecies of the genus Notropis (N atherinoides) How-ever our results disagree with Maydenrsquos (1989) con-clusion which placed these Mexican species indifferent clades

Analysis showed the populations of N moralesi and

N boucardi to be sister taxa (node A) N moralesi hasbeen considered restricted to the upper Papaloapanbasin and N boucardi was considered to have a widegeographical range including the Armeria Atoyac andBalsas basins (De Buen 1955 Espinosa et al 1993Schoumlnhuth et al 2001) However our results show ahigh level of differentiation (43ndash60) for the two pop-ulations from the high Balsas basin in Cuernavacathe type locality of N boucardi This divergence wasbigger than that found among N blennius andN potteri (39) and similar to that found amongN atherinoides with N jemezanus (63) or withN stilbius (62) Our study supports restriction ofN boucardi to upper balsas basing in the Cuernavacaarea whereas populations inhabiting the remainingBalsas Atoyac and upper Papaloapan drainages wereassignable to N moralesi

Notropis moralesi has a broad distribution thatspans three river drainages (Balsas Atoyac and Papal-oapan) but there was low sequence divergence amongpopulations Interestingly the most closely relatedpopulations of N moralesi inhabit the headwaters ofthese three different drainages of the Mixteca RegionThis species shows an intraspecific phylogeographicalpattern (Avise amp Walker 1999) rather than a drainagepattern where the specimens more closely related arethose which inhabit the Mixteca region independentlyof the river drainage in agreement with previous alloz-yme analyses (Schoumlnhuth et al 2001) that suggesteddispersal across drainages through headwater capturein the Mixteca region of Mexico

The N imeldae and N sp 1 clade (node B) showedmore similar genetic divergences with the centralMexican clade than they did with the remaining southMexican Notropis This clade (B) appeared as a mono-phyletic group with the N boucardi-N moralesi cladein MP ML and Bayesian analyses but seemed to bemore related to the central Mexican clade according toNJ analysis (Fig 4) However these two alternativetopologies were not statistically significantly different

Table 3 Traditional and recommended classification of Mexican species analysed

Original description Traditional classificationRecommended based oncyt b analyses

Notropis moralesi (De Buen 1955) Notropis moralesi1 or Hybopsis moralesi2 Notropis moralesiLeuciscus boucardi (Guumlnther 1868) Hybopsis boucardi12 N boucardiN imeldae (Corteacutes 1966) N imeldae1 or Hybopsis imeldae2 N imeldaeCeratichthys sallaei (Guumlnther 1868) N sallei1 or Aztecula sallei2 N sallaeiN calientis (Jordan amp Snyder 1900) N calientis1 or Hybopsis calientis2 N calientisHudsonius altus (Jordan 1880) Hybopsis altus3 or Yuriria alta12 N altus

1Espinosa et al (1993)2Mayden (1991)3Bailey (1951)



from each other We consider the first hypotheses to bemore plausible taking into account that N imeldaeN boucardi and N moralesi have been traditionallyconsidered to be morphologically closely related(Corteacutes 1966) Furthermore previous allozyme dataalso support N imeldae and N sp 1 to be more closelyrelated to N boucardi-N moralesi than to N sallaei(Schoumlnhuth et al 2001)

CENTRAL MEXICAN MINNOW CLADE

This clade was formed by N sallaei N calientis andY alta all three species inhabiting rivers of centralMexico over the trans-Mexican volcanic belt In ourstudy all the analyses showed N sallaei andN calientis to be sister species This finding contrastswith Maydenrsquos (1989) phylogenetic study of NorthAmerican minnows In this work based on osteologi-cal variation of a large proportion of cyprinidsN sallaei was excluded from a large monophyleticgroup that shared the open posterior myodome (OPM)as a derived character However Mayden includedother Mexican cyprinids (N boucardi N calientis andY alta) in the OPM group but in different clades In arecent mitochondrial DNA study some taxa which donot exhibit the OPM and previously were not includedin the OPM clade defined by Mayden (1989) wereincluded (Simons amp Mayden 1999) These authorssuggest that the OPM may have evolved from a com-mon ancestor of the OPM clade being subsequentlylost in certain taxa Our results resolving N sallaei inthis clade also provide evidence for the presence of ahigh level of homoplasy in this character and thereforeits limited use for phylogenetic analyses

Our results resolving N calientis and N sallaei assister species (node C) contradict previous taxonomichypotheses that assigned N calientis to the genusHybopsis and N sallaei to the monotypic genus Aztec-ula (Mayden 1989 and 1991 Coburn amp Cavender1992)

Notropis sallaei did not show high genetic diver-gence among populations from the Paacutenuco and Lermadrainages These populations were previously consid-ered as distinct species (Aztecula mexicana (Meek1902) and N lermae (Everman amp Goldsborough1902) respectively) until Chernoff amp Miller (1981) rec-ognized N sallaei as a single highly variable taxonOur genetic analyses agree with this morphologicalwork The little sequence divergence among popula-tions from this species in the Paacutenuco (Atlantic coast)and Lerma (Pacific coast) drainages suggest possibleheadwater stream captures among both headwaterdrainages previously hypothesized for other fish dis-tributions (Barbour 1973 Miller amp Smith 1986Weeb 1998 Mateos Sanjur amp Vrijenhoek 2002)

Within the N calientis clade we identified three

genetically distinct lineages The most related speci-mens were those from the Lerma drainage andCuitzeo lagoon populations and the most divergentpopulations of the clade corresponded to those fromthe Zacapu lagoon and the San Miguel spring Inter-estingly sequence divergence between these three lin-eages (56ndash70) was similar to that between otherspecies of genus Notropis examined here (N boucardi-N moralesi 43ndash60 (dA 39) N imeldae-N sp 171 (dA 67) N atherinoides-N amabilis 73) Dif-ferentiation between N calientis populations wasrecognized by Chernoff amp Miller (1986) who describedthem as a complex containing three speciesN calientis (Paacutenuco headwaters and Lerma-Santiagodrainage) N aulidion (Tunal-Mesquital headwater)and N amecae (Ameca drainage) These last two spe-cies are currently though to be extinct (MillerWilliams amp Williams 1989 Mayden 1991) All popu-lations analysed here corresponded to the distributionrange of the species N calientis of the complex asdefined by Chernoff amp Miller (1986) not showing diag-nostic morphological characters of N aulidion orN amecae and being biogeographically distant fromtheir distribution area

Despite the fact that 90 of the putative sister spe-cies of vertebrates show mtDNA sequence divergencesgreater than 2 in the cytochrome b gene (Johns ampAvise 1998) 56 of the species could be subdividedinto at least two major intraspecific phylogroups(Avise amp Walker 1999) These phylogroups are envis-aged as independent evolving historical lineagesequivalent to taxonomic species except for the magni-tude of divergence In our case the specimens of thethree lineages of N calientis analysed occur in geo-graphically proximate areas Hendry et al (2000) indi-cated that there is no clear separation for mtDNAdivergence that distinguishes species from phylo-groups and that phylogroups identified in genetic sur-veys are often later interpreted as cryptic species Thehigh genetic divergence found among N calientis lin-eages may reflect the long isolation of the Zacapulagoon and San Miguel spring or a high rate of evo-lution (Schoumlnhuth 2002) In both places N calientis iscurrently the only cyprinid that could have evolved invicariance as distinct genetic types Our analyses sug-gest that the three lineages analysed of N calientisinhabiting Riacuteo Lerma Zacapu Lagoon and San MiguelSpring (all from the Lerma drainage) may form threedifferent species Chernoff amp Miller (1986) alsodetected small meristic and morphological differencesamong populations of N calientis from the Lerma-Santiago drainage but they suggest intraspecificvariation due to geographical differentiation To clar-ify this point further studies are required

In all analyses N altus (Y alta) was resolved in theMexican Notropis clade Net sequence divergence



between N altus and the remainder of the MexicanNotropis examined (dA 775ndash1135) was within thenet sequence divergence range observed among theMexican Notropis species studied (dA 395ndash1184)and within the sequence divergence observed amongthe northern species of the genus Notropis (39ndash155) Coburn amp Cavender (1992) hypothesized thegenus Yuriria in a large polytomy at the base of thelsquowesternrsquo clade of North American cyprinids comprisedof another 20 genera being plesiomorphic for mostskeletal and scale characters to other cyprinids of theMexican Mesa Central whereas the genus Notropissl was included in a different clade (lsquoShinerrsquo) Thephylogenetic position of N altus (Y alta) with respectto the remaining taxa analysed placing it within theMexican Notropis clade and suggesting close relation-ships to Notropis of central Mexico has interestingimplications with regard to taxonomy and contrastswith previous proposed relationships (Mayden 1989Coburn amp Cavender 1992) Phylogenetic relationshipswith other Mexican cyprinids such as the genusAlgansea or species of the genus Cyprinella and espe-cially the genus Dionda must be tested since previouswork suggests a close relationship of the Paacutenucodrainage species of the genus Dionda with the Mexi-can species of the genus Notropis (Mayden 1989Coburn amp Cavender 1992) However our preliminaryresults (S Schoumlnhuth amp I Doadrio unpubl data)seem to indicate that the genus Dionda is not closelyrelated with these Mexican species of the genus Not-ropis Our results suggest that the NotropisHybopsisclade is more closely related to Pteronotropis than it isto Cyprinella as has been previously supported bymorphological studies in which NotropisHybopsisplus Pteronotropis and Cyprinella are included in twodifferent large lineages in the Notropin clade of theShiner clade (Coburn amp Cavender 1992)

We hypothesize that ancestors of the genera Notro-pis and Hybopsis probably underwent rapid speciationin North America resulting in several species groupsand subgenera with high divergences among them Arapid diversification in the evolution of the NotropisHybopsis clade is suggested by the weak support forthe deep branches of the five clades The lack of basalresolution in the NotropisHybopsis phylogeny sug-gests this rapid speciation event in the past or as afunction of sampling The basal polytomy reflects alack of resolution among major groups of the genusNotropis but indicates well-supported clade groupingendemic Mexican species previously placed in distinctclades The Mexican Notropis analysed constitute thesouthern limit of the entire family Cyprinidae in thewestern hemisphere with all relatives living to thenorth (Schoumlnhuth 2002) Our finding of a monophyl-etic clade grouping central and southern Mexican Not-ropis with respect to northern species suggests a

single colonization event with southward dispersaland posterior processes of speciation Furthermoreour results indicate the existence of more species thanpreviously recognized in central and southern Mexico

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Adolfo De-Sostoa Emilio Martiacutenez RaulPineda Humberto Mojica Topiltzin Contreras andPaloma Garzoacuten for their help with the sampling ofspecies Specimens from Canada and N calientis fromGuanajuato (Mexico) were kindly provided by ErlingHolm curator of The Royal Ontario Museum (Can-ada) and Omar Dominguez from the Universidad deMorelia (Mexico) respectively We also thank AnnieMachordom Anabel Perdices Mario Garciacutea-ParisLukas Ruumlber Soraya Villalva and Rafael Zardoya forinsightful comments on the manuscript We especiallyacknowledge Rafael Zardoya for his help with the lab-oratory work Lourdes Alcaraacutez and Antonia Montillaprovided laboratory assistance This study was fundedby the project REN 2001ndash0662GLO

REFERENCES

Avise JC Walker D 1999 Species realities and numbers insexual vertebrates Perspectives from an asexual transmit-ted genome Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-ences USA 96 992ndash995

Bailey RM 1951 A check list of the fishes of Iowa with keysfor identification In Harlan JR Speaker EB eds Iowa fishand fishing 4th edn Iowa Iowa Conservation Commission1969 327ndash377

Barbour CD 1973 A biogeographical history of Chirostoma(Pisces Atherinidae) a species flock from the Mexican Pla-teau Copeia 3 533ndash556

Bermingham E Martin AP 1998 Comparative mtDNAphylogeography of neotropical freshwater fishes testingshared history to infer the evolutionary landscape of lowerCentral America Molecular Ecology 7 499ndash457

Bielawski JP Gold JR 2001 Phylogenetic relationships ofcyprinid fishes in subgenus Notropis inferred from nucle-otide sequences of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome bgene Copeia 3 656ndash667

Burr BM Mayden RL 1981 Systematic distribution andlife history notes on Notropis chihuahua (Pisces Cyprin-idae) Copeia 2 255ndash265

Buth DG 1979 Biochemical systematic of the cyprinid genusNotropis-I The subgenus Luxilus Biochemical Systematicsand Ecology 7 69ndash79

Chernoff B Miller RR 1981 Systematics and variation ofthe Aztec shiner Notropis sallei a cyprinid fish from CentralMexico Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington94 18ndash36

Chernoff B Miller RR 1986 Fishes of the Notropis calientiscomplex with a key to the Southern Shiners of MexicoCopeia 1 170ndash183



Coburn MM Cavender TM 1992 Interrelationships ofNorth American cyprinid fishes In Mayden RL ed Sys-tematics historical ecology and North American freshwa-ter fishes Stanford CA Stanford University Press 328ndash373

Corteacutes MT 1966 Consideraciones sobre el geacutenero Notropis ydescripcioacuten de una especie nueva procedente del riacuteo Atoyacen Juchatengo Oaxaca Meacutexico [Considerations of the genusNotropis and description of a new species from the Atoyacriver in Juchatengo Oaxaca Mexico] Anales de la EscuelaNacional de cencias Biologicas 15 185ndash192 (In Spanish)

De Buen F 1955 El primer representante (Notropismoralesi nov sp) de la familia Cyprinidae en la fauna neo-tropical [First record (Notropis moralesi nov sp) of theCyprinidae family in the neotropical fauna] Annales delInstituto de Biologia Mexico XXVI 527ndash541 (In Spanish)

Dimmick WW 1987 Phylogenetic relationships of Notropishubbsi N welaka and N emiliae (Cypriniformes Cyprin-idae) Copeia 2 316ndash325

Dowling TE Naylor GJP 1997 Evolutionary relationshipsof minnows in the genus Luxilus (Teleostei Cyprinidae) asdetermined from cytochrome b sequences Copeia 1997 758ndash765

Espinosa H Gaspar MT Fuentes P 1993 Listados fauniacutes-ticos de Meacutexico III Los peces dulceacuiacutecolas mexicanos[Catalogue of fauna from Mexico III Mexican freshwaterfishes] Argumedo RL ed Mexico Instituto de Biologiacutea Uni-versidad Nacional Autoacutenoma de Meacutexico (In Spanish)

Felsenstein J 1985 Confidence limits on phylogenies Anapproach using the bootstrap Evolution 39 783ndash791

Hendry PA Vamosi SM Latham SJ Heilbuth JC Day T2000 Questioning species realities Conservation Genetics 167ndash76

Huelsenbeck JP Ronquist FR 2001 MR BAYES Bayesianinference of phylogeny Bioinformatics 17 754ndash755

Johns GC Avise JC 1998 A comparative summary ofgenetic distances in the vertebrates from the mitochondrialcytochrome b gene Molecular Biology and Evolution 151481ndash1490

Machordom A Doadrio I 2001 Evidence of a CenozoicBetic-Kabilian connection based on freshwater fish phylo-geography (Luciobarbus Cyprinidae) Molecular Phylogenet-ics and Evolution 18 252ndash263

Martin AP Bermingham E 1998 Systematics and evolu-tion of lower Central American cichlids inferred fromanalysis of cytochrome b gene sequences Molecular Phylo-genetics and Evolution 9 192ndash203

Mateos M Sanjur OI Vrijenhoek RC 2002 Historical bio-geography of the livebearing fish genus Poeciliopsis (Poecil-iidae Cyprinodontiformes) Evolution 56 972ndash984

Mayden RL 1989 Phylogenetics studies of North Americanminnows with emphasis on the genus Cyprinella (TeleosteiCypriniformes) In Mengel RM Johnston RF eds KansasThe University of Kansas Publications Museum of NaturalHistory Miscellaneous publication 80 1ndash189

Mayden RL 1991 Cyprinids of the new world In Winfield IJNelson JS eds Cyprinid fishes systematics biology andexploitation London Chapman amp Hall 240ndash263

Miller RS Smith ML 1986 Origin and geography of thefishes of central Mexico In Hocutt CH Wiley EO eds Thezoogeography of North American freshwater fishes NewYork Wiley-Interscience Publications 487ndash519

Miller RR Williams DJ Williams JE 1989 Extinctions ofNorth American fishes during the past century Fisheries 1422ndash37

Nei M 1987 DNA polymorphism within and between popula-tions In Molecular evolutionary genetics NY ColumbiaUniversity Press 254ndash286

Nei M Li W-H 1979 Mathematical model for studying geneticvariation in terms of restriction endonucleases Proceedingsof the National Academy of Sciences USA 76 5269ndash5273

Posada D Crandall KA 1998 Modeltest Testing the modelsof DNA substitution Bioinformatics 14 817ndash818

Raley ME Wood RM 2001 Molecular systematics of mem-bers of the Notropis dorsalis species group (ActinopterygiiCyprinidae) Copeia 3 683ndash645

Rozas J Rozas R 1999 DnaSP Vers 3 an integrated pro-gram for molecular population genetics and molecular evo-lution analysis Bioinformatics 15 174ndash175

Sambrook J Fritsch EF Maniatis T 1989 Molecular clon-ing a laboratory manual 2nd edn Cold Spring Harbor NYCold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press

Schoumlnhuth S 2002 Sistemaacutetica filogenia e implicacionesbiogeograacuteficas de las poblaciones del geacutenero NotropisRafinesque 1817 (Actinopterygii Cyprinidae) en el centro ysur de Meacutexico [Systematics phylogenetic relationships andbiogeographical implications of the Mexican minnowrsquos popu-lations of the genus Notropis Rafinesque 1817 (Actinoptery-gii Cyprinidae) in central and south Mexico] PhD ThesisUniversidad Complutense de Madrid Spain (In Spanish)

Schoumlnhuth S De-Sostoa A Martiacutenez E Doadrio I 2001Southern Mexican minnows of the genus Notropis (Actinop-terygii Cyprinidae) Genetic variation phylogenetic rela-tionships and biogeographical implications BiochemicalSystematics and Ecology 29 359ndash377

Shimodaira AM Hasegawa M 1999 CONSEL For assess-ing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection Bioinfor-matics 17 1246ndash1247

Simons AM Mayden RL 1997 Phylogenetic relationships ofthe creek chubs and the spine-fins an enigmatic group ofNorth American Cyprinid fishes (Actinopterygii Cyprin-idae) Cladistics 13 187ndash205

Simons AM Mayden RL 1998 Phylogenetic relationships ofthe western North American Phoxinins (Actinopterygii Cyp-rinidae) as inferred from mitochondrial 12S and 16S riboso-mal RNA sequences Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution9 308ndash329

Simons AM Mayden RL 1999 Phylogenetic relationships ofNorth American Cyprinids and assessment of homology ofthe Open Posterior Myodome Copeia 1 13ndash21

Snelson FF 1968 Systematics of the cyprinid fish Notropisamoenus with comments on the subgenus Notropis Ibid1968 440ndash442

Stein DW Rogers JS Cashner C 1985 Biochemical sys-tematics of the Notropis roseinipis Complex (Cyprinidaesubgenus Lythrurus) Copeia 1 154ndash163



Suzuki Y Glazco G Nei M 2002 Overcredibility of molec-ular phylogenies obtained by Bayesian phylogenetics Pro-ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 9916138ndash16143

Swofford DL 2001 PAUP phylogenetic analysis using par-simony (and other methods) Version 4 0b8 SunderlandMA Sinauer Associates

Swofford DL Waddell PJ Huesenbeck JP Foster PGLewis PO Rogers JS 2001 Bias in phylogenetic estima-tion and its relevance to choice between parsimony and like-lihood methods Systematic Biology 50 525ndash539

Vallejo de Aquino P 1988 Anaacutelisis inmuno-taxonoacutemico deN sallaei y N lermae (Pisces Cyprinidae) [Immunotaxo-nomical analyses of Notropis sallaei and N lermae (PiscesCyprinidae)] Thesis Instituto Politeacutecnico Nacional MeacutexicoDF (In Spanish)

Warren ML Burr BM Grady JM 1994 Notropis albizona-

tus a new cyprinid fish endemic to the Tennessee and Clu-berland river drainages with a phylogeny of the Notropisprocne species group Copeia 4 868ndash886

Weeb SA 1998 A phylogenetic analysis of the Goodeidae(Teleostei Cyprinodontiformes) Unpublished PhD ThesisUniversity of Michigan Ann Arbor

Wilcox TP Zwickl DJ Heath TA Hillis DM 2002Phylogenetic relationships of the boas and a comparison ofBayesian and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic supportMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25 361ndash371

Zardoya R Doadrio I 1998 Phylogenetic relationships ofIberian cyprinids systematic and biogeographical implica-tions Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 265 1365ndash1372

Zardoya R Doadrio I 1999 Molecular evidence on the evo-lutionary and biogeographical patterns of European cyprin-ids Journal of Molecular Evolution 49 227ndash237

324

S SCHOumlNHUTH and I DOADRIO



2003

80

323ndash337

genus

Aztecula

(Mayden 1991 Coburn amp Cavender1992) The remaining Mexican species analysed

N boucardi

N moralesi

N imeldae

and

N calientis

have been assigned to the genus

Notropis

(Chernoff ampMiller 1986 Vallejo 1988 Espinosa

et al

1993) or tothe genus

Hybopsis

(Mayden 1991)

N calientis

shows a high degree of population structure and hasbeen recognized as a species complex (Chernoff ampMiller 1986) On the other hand

Yuriria

was consid-ered as a subgenus of the genus

Hybopsis

(Bailey1951) until Mayden (1989) elevated

Yuriria

to genericstatus

Based on morphology two principal phylogenetichypotheses placed the species analysed in differentphylogenetic clades Coburn amp Cavenderrsquos (1992)hypothesis considers the genus

Notropis

(

sl

includ-ing genus

Hybopsis

) as a member of the Shiner cladeand the genus

Yuriria

as a member of the Westernclade Maydenrsquos (1989) hypothesis places the Mexicanspecies analysed in different clades

N boucardi

and

N calientis

as members of the genus

Hybopsis

andthe genus

Yuriria

in a different clade both of themincluded in the open posterior miodome (OPM) cladewhile

N sallaei

was excluded from this principalclade Mayden (1989) considers the genus

Notropis

tobe polyphyletic (comprising different subgenus andspecies groups)

Mitochondrial DNA sequences provide an objectiveframework for the analysis of population processesand evolutionary patterns (Bermingham amp Martin1998) and have been useful in studies of phylogeneticrelationships of several groups of North American cyp-rinids (Dowling amp Naylor 1997 Simons amp Mayden1997 1998 1999) In particular cytochrome

b

hasbeen shown to be an appropriate gene for inferringphylogenetic relationships in several phylogeneticstudies on freshwater fishes (Martin amp Bermingham1998 Zardoya amp Doadrio 1999 Bielawski amp Gold2001 Machordom amp Doadrio 2001) Our study is thefirst to address relationships among Mexican

Notropis

using mtDNA sequences and to provide a phylogeneticframework with the northern species of the genera

Notropis

and

Hybopsis

The purpose of this work was thus to use the com-

plete sequence of the cytochrome

b

gene to infer phy-logenetic affinities of Mexican endemic species of thegenus

Notropis

with species that represent differentsubgenera or species groups of the genus

Notropis

from the USA and Canada and the genus

Hybopsis

and to test previous hypotheses of paraphyletic lin-eages within Mexican endemic species In particularwe used molecular sequence data from 30 geographi-cally distinct populations of seven Mexican endemicspecies of

Notropis

to test evolutionary hypothesesregarding their patterns of diversification in centraland southern Mexico

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The taxa sequenced in this study were previouslyassigned to four different genera (Mayden 1991) ndash

Hybopsis

Aztecula

Notropis

and

Yuriria

ndash and rep-resent the different clades proposed by Mayden (1989)and Coburn amp Cavender (1992) Due to the controver-sial taxonomy of the Mexican species analysed wehave followed the classification of Eschmeyer (httpwwwfishbaseorg) We sequenced 34 specimens of 30populations representing seven Mexican endemic spe-cies of minnows (

N moralesi

N boucardi

N imeldae

N sallaei

N calientis Y alta

and one undescribedspecies of the genus

Notropis

referred to here as

N

sp 1) distributed over central and southern Mexicoplus three species of the genus

Notropis

from Canada(

N rubellus

N anogenus

and

N heterodon

obtainedfrom the Royal Ontario Museum) Seventeen cyprinidsequences were obtained from GenBank and includedin the phylogenetic analyses

N atherinoides

(AF352272)

N volucellus

(AF352268)

N boops

(AF352261)

N suttkusi

(AF352287)

N jemezanus

(AF352277)

N amabilis

(AF352269)

N stilbius(AF352286) N shumardi (AF117200) N potteri(AF117192) N blennius (AF117171) Hybopsisamblops (AF117153) Hybopsis winchelli (AF117165)Cyprinella spiloptera (L07753) Pteronotropissignipinnis (AF261230) Moapa coriacea (AF452075)Barbus sclateri (AF334083) and Tinca tinca (Y10451)The last three taxa were used as outgroups

DNA SOURCES

Fish samples were collected by electrofishing in thesouthern and central region of Mexico from Sierrade Miahuatlaacuten in Oaxaca at about 16degN latitude tothe Lerma drainage in Guanajuato State some21degN These collections (Table 1) cover the Atlanticand the Pacific slopes and represent five riverbasins Papaloapan Balsas Atoyac Lerma andPaacutenuco (Fig 1) The specimens analysed correspondto populations inhabiting the entire distributionarea known for N moralesi N boucardi N imeldaeand N sp 1 We obtained N sallaei specimens fromthe Paacutenuco and Lerma drainages N calientis andY alta were fished from Lerma river drainage andadjacent lakes

DNA EXTRACTION

Total DNA was extracted from muscle tissue Frozenpieces of tissue were ground in liquid N2 and homog-enized in 600 microL extraction buffer (NaCl 014 M mag-nesium acetate 15 mM KCl 5 mM 1 SDS) Theresulting homogenate was extracted using standardproteinase Kphenolndashchloroform protocols (Sambrook



Tab

le 1

S

peci

men

s u

sed

in t

his

stu

dy a

nd

loca

lity

in

form

atio

n

Pop

ula

tion

de

sign

atio

nS

peci

es

MN

CN

ID

Dra

inag

eR

iver

Loc

alit

yS

tate

Gen

Ban

k R

ef

1 F

ran

cisc

oN

otro

pis

imel

dae

353

Ato

yac

San

Fra

nci

sco

San

Pab

lo C

oatl

an O

axac

aA

F46

9131

2 G

ruta

sN

im

eld

ae 1

095

Ato

yac

De

las

Gru

tas

rive

r (S

prin

g)S

ola

de V

ega

Oax

aca

AF

4691

323

Sab

ino

N i

mel

dae

113

8A

toya

cA

gua

del

Sab

ino

Sol

a de

Veg

a O

axac

aA

F46

9130

4 V

erde

N m

oral

esi

97A

toya

cG

ran

de-V

erde

Noc

hix

tlan

Oax

aca

AF

4691

535

Bra

voN

mor

ales

i 10

67A

toya

cB

ravo

San

Ju

an T

eita

Tla

xiac

o O

axac

aA

F46

9152

6 I

gual

ites

N m

oral

esi

5059

Bal

sas

Igu

alit

esT

lapa

Gu

erre

roA

F46

9151

7 C

oico

yan

N m

oral

esi

1086

Bal

sas

Coi

coya

n d

e la

s F

lore

sC

oico

yan

Ju

xtla

hu

aca

Oax

aca

AF

4691

458

Ch

iqu

ito

N m

oral

esi

133

Bal

sas

Ch

iqu

ito

(Spr

ing)

Tla

xiac

o O

axac

aA

F46

9150

9 S

alad

oN

mor

ales

i 99

0B

alsa

sS

alad

oH

uaj

uap

an O

axac

aA

F46

9156

10 I

sabe

lN

mor

ales

i 19

99B

alsa

sS

ta Isa

bel

Ch

ilap

a G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4811

Mix

teco

N m

oral

esi

5048

Bal

sas

Tec

oloy

anX

och

ihu

ehu

etla

n G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4912

Mix

teco

-1N

mor

ales

i 10

6B

alsa

sM

ixte

coA

sun

cioacuten

Tla

xiac

o O

axac

aA

F46

9144

13 T

elol

oapa

nN

mor

ales

i 20

09B

alsa

sT

elol

oapa

nT

elol

oapa

n G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4714

Hon

doN

mor

ales

i 91

4P

apal

oapa

nH

ondo

Con

cepc

ioacuten

Bu

ena

Vis

ta O

axac

aA

F46

9157

15 G

ran

de

N m

oral

esi

150

154

Pap

aloa

pan

Gra

nde

Tep

eln

eme

de M

orel

os O

axac

aA

F46

9154

ndash55

16 A

mac

uya

cN

mor

ales

i 34

67B

alsa

sA

mac

uya

cG

ruta

s de

Cac

ahoa

mil

pa G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4617

Pol

lo

N b

ouca

rdi

3487

Bal

sas

del

Pol

lo C

ol L

agu

nil

la

Cu

ern

avac

a M

orel

osA

F46

9158

18 H

uel

lapa

nN

bou

card

i 34

74B

alsa

sH

uel

lapa

n l

agoo

nE

l T

exal

Cu

ern

avac

a M

orel

osA

F46

9159

19 T

axin

gu

N s

alla

ei 3

125

Paacuten

uco

Tax

ingu

Dam

Acu

lco

Meacutex

ico

DF

A

F46

9135

20 A

lmoy

aN

sal

laei

351

7L

erm

aA

lmoy

a de

l R

iacuteo l

agoo

nA

lmoy

a de

l R

iacuteo M

eacutexic

o D

F

AF

4691

3621

SM

Cu

evas

N s

p 4

17 4

19B

alsa

sS

an M

igu

el C

uev

as (

Spr

ing)

Juxt

lah

uac

a O

axac

aA

F46

9133

ndash34

22 P

iru

les

N c

alie

nti

s 33

26L

erm

aP

iru

les

Dam

San

Ju

an R

ayas

Qu

eret

aro

AF

4691

3723

Zac

apu

N c

alie

nti

s 36

663

717

Zac

apu

Zac

apu

lag

oon

Zac

apu

Mic

hoa

caacuten

AF

4691

41ndash4

224

Ch

arco

N c

alie

nti

s 39

18L

erm

aC

har

co d

el I

nge

nio

San

Mig

uel

All

ende

Gu

anaj

uat

oA

F46

9143

25 M

inzi

taN

cal

ien

tis

3813

Cu

itze

oL

a M

inzi

ta D

amL

a M

inzi

ta M

ich

oacaacute

nA

F46

9138

26 S

Mig

uel

N c

alie

nti

s 38

29 3

831

Ler

ma

San

Mig

uel

(S

prin

g)S

an M

igu

el 2

033

m M

ich

oacaacute

nA

F46

9139

ndash40

27 C

eja

Yuri

ria

alta

333

4L

erm

aC

eja

de B

ravo

Dam

La

Cej

a de

Bra

vo Q

uer

etar

oA

F46

9161

28 Z

acap

uY

alt

a 34

49L

erm

aZ

acap

u l

agoo

n o

utl

edP

anin

dicu

aro

Mic

hoa

caacuten

AF

4691

6329

Laj

asY

alt

a 33

70L

erm

aL

ajas

tri

buta

ryS

an M

igu

el A

llen

de G

uan

aju

ato

AF

4691

6230

Min

zita

Y a

lta

3809

Cu

itze

oL

a M

inzi

ta D

amL

a M

inzi

ta M

ich

oacaacute

nA

F46

9160

31 C

anad

aN

ru

bell

us

1703

32G

ran

d R

iver

Bra

ntf

ord

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

F46

9164

32 C

anad

aN

het

erod

on 1

7033

1E

ire

Lak

eR

onde

au P

rovi

nci

al P

ark

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

Y14

0697

33 C

anad

aN

an

ogen

us

1703

36S

t C

lair

Lak

eM

itch

ell

Bay

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

Y14

0698

Nu

mbe

rs a

ssig

ned

to

popu

lati

ons

corr

espo

nd

to t

hos

e of

th

e m

ap (

see

Fig

1)

MN

CN

ID

nu

mbe

rs

nu

mbe

rs o

f vo

uch

er s

peci

men

s de

posi

ted

in t

he

ich

thyo

logy

coll

ecti

on o

f th

e M

use

o N

acio

nal

de

Cie

nci

as N

atu

rale

s (S

pain

) G

enB

ank

Ref

acc

essi

on n

um

ber

for

nu

cleo

tide

seq

uen

ces

depo

site

d in

Gen

Ban

kT

opot

ypes

or

spec

imen

s fo

un

d cl

ose

to t

hei

r te

rra

typi

ca













115degW

30degN

25deg

20deg

15deg










RESULTS




020406080

100120140160180

005 01 015 02p

Cha

nges

020406080

100120140160

005 01 015 02

p

Cha

nges

0

0

A

B















Tab

le 2

R

ange

an

d m

ean

(S

D)

of p

erce

nta

ge g

enet

ic d

iver

gen

ce f

or t

he

intr

aspe

cifi

c (d

iago

nal

) an

d in

ters

peci

fic

(abo

ve d

iago

nal

) co

mpa

riso

ns

amon

g sp

ecim

ens

anal

ysed

for

cyt

och

rom

e b

base

d on

un

corr

ecte

d p-

dist

ance

s L

ast

row

in

dia

gon

al (

bold

) sh

ows

nu

cleo

tide

div

ersi

ty (

π) w

ith

in s

peci

es

Net

seq

uen

ce d

iver

gen

ce(d

A)

is b

elow

th

e di

agon

al

Mex

ican

min

now

sM

inn

ows

from

US

A

and

Can

ada

N b

ouca

rdi

N m

oral

esi

N i

mel

dae

N s

p 1

N c

alie

nti

sN

sal

laei

Y a

lta

Not

ropi

sH

ybop

sis

N b

ouca

rdi

08

43ndash

60

111

ndash11

412

1ndash1

23

128

ndash13

712

5ndash1

29

121

ndash12

813

8ndash1

63

142

ndash15

10

875

07 (

04)

112

7 (0

1)

122

7 (0

1)

133

7 (0

3)

127

5 (0

1)

125

2 (0

1)

152

3 (0

6)

147

8 (0

4)

000

8N

mor

ales

i3

950

2ndash3

010

2ndash1

18

113

ndash11

913

1ndash1

52

122

ndash13

511

9ndash1

36

129

ndash16

413

9ndash1

48

137

(0

6)10

95

(03

)11

65

(02

)14

26

(04

)12

86

(03

)12

61

(03

)14

96

(07

)14

30

(03

)0

013

N i

mel

dae

105

59

980

1ndash0

80

58 (

03)

000

5

70ndash

71

706

(0

1)10

8ndash1

17

114

0 (0

2)

99ndash

104

100

9 (0

2)

94ndash

100

984

(0

2)11

7ndash1

46

134

5 (0

9)

123

ndash12

912

65

(02

)

N s

p 1

118

410

97

677

010

3ndash1

11

106

9 (0

3)

95ndash

98

968

(0

1)10

6ndash1

12

109

8 (0

2)

122

ndash15

013

79

(08

)13

7ndash1

39

138

5 (0

1)

N c

alie

nti

s10

59

112

38

068

351

4ndash7

04

69 (

22)

004

6

85ndash

101

921

(0

4)10

4ndash1

23

110

8 (0

5)

121

ndash16

014

04

(09

)12

7ndash1

40

133

8 (0

4)

N s

alla

ei11

53

113

99

69

296

081

51

570

015

90ndash

94

927

(0

1)12

0ndash1

43

128

7 (0

6)

126

13

312

98

(02

)

Y a

lta

113

511

19

859

923

87

750

9ndash1

91

47 (

03)

001

4

113

ndash15

113

25

(09

)13

5ndash1

43

139

6 (0

2)

Not

ropi

s3

9ndash15

512

25

(24

)12

2ndash1

53

137

8 (0

8)

Hyb

opsi

s7

47

45




N volucellus group

N texanus group




Notropis sp1 (417)







Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi


Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius


Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group


5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II










Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES

























































Tab

le 1

S

peci

men

s u

sed

in t

his

stu

dy a

nd

loca

lity

in

form

atio

n

Pop

ula

tion

de

sign

atio

nS

peci

es

MN

CN

ID

Dra

inag

eR

iver

Loc

alit

yS

tate

Gen

Ban

k R

ef

1 F

ran

cisc

oN

otro

pis

imel

dae

353

Ato

yac

San

Fra

nci

sco

San

Pab

lo C

oatl

an O

axac

aA

F46

9131

2 G

ruta

sN

im

eld

ae 1

095

Ato

yac

De

las

Gru

tas

rive

r (S

prin

g)S

ola

de V

ega

Oax

aca

AF

4691

323

Sab

ino

N i

mel

dae

113

8A

toya

cA

gua

del

Sab

ino

Sol

a de

Veg

a O

axac

aA

F46

9130

4 V

erde

N m

oral

esi

97A

toya

cG

ran

de-V

erde

Noc

hix

tlan

Oax

aca

AF

4691

535

Bra

voN

mor

ales

i 10

67A

toya

cB

ravo

San

Ju

an T

eita

Tla

xiac

o O

axac

aA

F46

9152

6 I

gual

ites

N m

oral

esi

5059

Bal

sas

Igu

alit

esT

lapa

Gu

erre

roA

F46

9151

7 C

oico

yan

N m

oral

esi

1086

Bal

sas

Coi

coya

n d

e la

s F

lore

sC

oico

yan

Ju

xtla

hu

aca

Oax

aca

AF

4691

458

Ch

iqu

ito

N m

oral

esi

133

Bal

sas

Ch

iqu

ito

(Spr

ing)

Tla

xiac

o O

axac

aA

F46

9150

9 S

alad

oN

mor

ales

i 99

0B

alsa

sS

alad

oH

uaj

uap

an O

axac

aA

F46

9156

10 I

sabe

lN

mor

ales

i 19

99B

alsa

sS

ta Isa

bel

Ch

ilap

a G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4811

Mix

teco

N m

oral

esi

5048

Bal

sas

Tec

oloy

anX

och

ihu

ehu

etla

n G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4912

Mix

teco

-1N

mor

ales

i 10

6B

alsa

sM

ixte

coA

sun

cioacuten

Tla

xiac

o O

axac

aA

F46

9144

13 T

elol

oapa

nN

mor

ales

i 20

09B

alsa

sT

elol

oapa

nT

elol

oapa

n G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4714

Hon

doN

mor

ales

i 91

4P

apal

oapa

nH

ondo

Con

cepc

ioacuten

Bu

ena

Vis

ta O

axac

aA

F46

9157

15 G

ran

de

N m

oral

esi

150

154

Pap

aloa

pan

Gra

nde

Tep

eln

eme

de M

orel

os O

axac

aA

F46

9154

ndash55

16 A

mac

uya

cN

mor

ales

i 34

67B

alsa

sA

mac

uya

cG

ruta

s de

Cac

ahoa

mil

pa G

uer

rero

AF

4691

4617

Pol

lo

N b

ouca

rdi

3487

Bal

sas

del

Pol

lo C

ol L

agu

nil

la

Cu

ern

avac

a M

orel

osA

F46

9158

18 H

uel

lapa

nN

bou

card

i 34

74B

alsa

sH

uel

lapa

n l

agoo

nE

l T

exal

Cu

ern

avac

a M

orel

osA

F46

9159

19 T

axin

gu

N s

alla

ei 3

125

Paacuten

uco

Tax

ingu

Dam

Acu

lco

Meacutex

ico

DF

A

F46

9135

20 A

lmoy

aN

sal

laei

351

7L

erm

aA

lmoy

a de

l R

iacuteo l

agoo

nA

lmoy

a de

l R

iacuteo M

eacutexic

o D

F

AF

4691

3621

SM

Cu

evas

N s

p 4

17 4

19B

alsa

sS

an M

igu

el C

uev

as (

Spr

ing)

Juxt

lah

uac

a O

axac

aA

F46

9133

ndash34

22 P

iru

les

N c

alie

nti

s 33

26L

erm

aP

iru

les

Dam

San

Ju

an R

ayas

Qu

eret

aro

AF

4691

3723

Zac

apu

N c

alie

nti

s 36

663

717

Zac

apu

Zac

apu

lag

oon

Zac

apu

Mic

hoa

caacuten

AF

4691

41ndash4

224

Ch

arco

N c

alie

nti

s 39

18L

erm

aC

har

co d

el I

nge

nio

San

Mig

uel

All

ende

Gu

anaj

uat

oA

F46

9143

25 M

inzi

taN

cal

ien

tis

3813

Cu

itze

oL

a M

inzi

ta D

amL

a M

inzi

ta M

ich

oacaacute

nA

F46

9138

26 S

Mig

uel

N c

alie

nti

s 38

29 3

831

Ler

ma

San

Mig

uel

(S

prin

g)S

an M

igu

el 2

033

m M

ich

oacaacute

nA

F46

9139

ndash40

27 C

eja

Yuri

ria

alta

333

4L

erm

aC

eja

de B

ravo

Dam

La

Cej

a de

Bra

vo Q

uer

etar

oA

F46

9161

28 Z

acap

uY

alt

a 34

49L

erm

aZ

acap

u l

agoo

n o

utl

edP

anin

dicu

aro

Mic

hoa

caacuten

AF

4691

6329

Laj

asY

alt

a 33

70L

erm

aL

ajas

tri

buta

ryS

an M

igu

el A

llen

de G

uan

aju

ato

AF

4691

6230

Min

zita

Y a

lta

3809

Cu

itze

oL

a M

inzi

ta D

amL

a M

inzi

ta M

ich

oacaacute

nA

F46

9160

31 C

anad

aN

ru

bell

us

1703

32G

ran

d R

iver

Bra

ntf

ord

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

F46

9164

32 C

anad

aN

het

erod

on 1

7033

1E

ire

Lak

eR

onde

au P

rovi

nci

al P

ark

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

Y14

0697

33 C

anad

aN

an

ogen

us

1703

36S

t C

lair

Lak

eM

itch

ell

Bay

On

tari

o C

anad

aA

Y14

0698

Nu

mbe

rs a

ssig

ned

to

popu

lati

ons

corr

espo

nd

to t

hos

e of

th

e m

ap (

see

Fig

1)

MN

CN

ID

nu

mbe

rs

nu

mbe

rs o

f vo

uch

er s

peci

men

s de

posi

ted

in t

he

ich

thyo

logy

coll

ecti

on o

f th

e M

use

o N

acio

nal

de

Cie

nci

as N

atu

rale

s (S

pain

) G

enB

ank

Ref

acc

essi

on n

um

ber

for

nu

cleo

tide

seq

uen

ces

depo

site

d in

Gen

Ban

kT

opot

ypes

or

spec

imen

s fo

un

d cl

ose

to t

hei

r te

rra

typi

ca













115degW

30degN

25deg

20deg

15deg










RESULTS




020406080

100120140160180

005 01 015 02p

Cha

nges

020406080

100120140160

005 01 015 02

p

Cha

nges

0

0

A

B















Tab

le 2

R

ange

an

d m

ean

(S

D)

of p

erce

nta

ge g

enet

ic d

iver

gen

ce f

or t

he

intr

aspe

cifi

c (d

iago

nal

) an

d in

ters

peci

fic

(abo

ve d

iago

nal

) co

mpa

riso

ns

amon

g sp

ecim

ens

anal

ysed

for

cyt

och

rom

e b

base

d on

un

corr

ecte

d p-

dist

ance

s L

ast

row

in

dia

gon

al (

bold

) sh

ows

nu

cleo

tide

div

ersi

ty (

π) w

ith

in s

peci

es

Net

seq

uen

ce d

iver

gen

ce(d

A)

is b

elow

th

e di

agon

al

Mex

ican

min

now

sM

inn

ows

from

US

A

and

Can

ada

N b

ouca

rdi

N m

oral

esi

N i

mel

dae

N s

p 1

N c

alie

nti

sN

sal

laei

Y a

lta

Not

ropi

sH

ybop

sis

N b

ouca

rdi

08

43ndash

60

111

ndash11

412

1ndash1

23

128

ndash13

712

5ndash1

29

121

ndash12

813

8ndash1

63

142

ndash15

10

875

07 (

04)

112

7 (0

1)

122

7 (0

1)

133

7 (0

3)

127

5 (0

1)

125

2 (0

1)

152

3 (0

6)

147

8 (0

4)

000

8N

mor

ales

i3

950

2ndash3

010

2ndash1

18

113

ndash11

913

1ndash1

52

122

ndash13

511

9ndash1

36

129

ndash16

413

9ndash1

48

137

(0

6)10

95

(03

)11

65

(02

)14

26

(04

)12

86

(03

)12

61

(03

)14

96

(07

)14

30

(03

)0

013

N i

mel

dae

105

59

980

1ndash0

80

58 (

03)

000

5

70ndash

71

706

(0

1)10

8ndash1

17

114

0 (0

2)

99ndash

104

100

9 (0

2)

94ndash

100

984

(0

2)11

7ndash1

46

134

5 (0

9)

123

ndash12

912

65

(02

)

N s

p 1

118

410

97

677

010

3ndash1

11

106

9 (0

3)

95ndash

98

968

(0

1)10

6ndash1

12

109

8 (0

2)

122

ndash15

013

79

(08

)13

7ndash1

39

138

5 (0

1)

N c

alie

nti

s10

59

112

38

068

351

4ndash7

04

69 (

22)

004

6

85ndash

101

921

(0

4)10

4ndash1

23

110

8 (0

5)

121

ndash16

014

04

(09

)12

7ndash1

40

133

8 (0

4)

N s

alla

ei11

53

113

99

69

296

081

51

570

015

90ndash

94

927

(0

1)12

0ndash1

43

128

7 (0

6)

126

13

312

98

(02

)

Y a

lta

113

511

19

859

923

87

750

9ndash1

91

47 (

03)

001

4

113

ndash15

113

25

(09

)13

5ndash1

43

139

6 (0

2)

Not

ropi

s3

9ndash15

512

25

(24

)12

2ndash1

53

137

8 (0

8)

Hyb

opsi

s7

47

45




N volucellus group

N texanus group




Notropis sp1 (417)







Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi


Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius


Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group


5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II










Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES



































































115degW

30degN

25deg

20deg

15deg










RESULTS




020406080

100120140160180

005 01 015 02p

Cha

nges

020406080

100120140160

005 01 015 02

p

Cha

nges

0

0

A

B















Tab

le 2

R

ange

an

d m

ean

(S

D)

of p

erce

nta

ge g

enet

ic d

iver

gen

ce f

or t

he

intr

aspe

cifi

c (d

iago

nal

) an

d in

ters

peci

fic

(abo

ve d

iago

nal

) co

mpa

riso

ns

amon

g sp

ecim

ens

anal

ysed

for

cyt

och

rom

e b

base

d on

un

corr

ecte

d p-

dist

ance

s L

ast

row

in

dia

gon

al (

bold

) sh

ows

nu

cleo

tide

div

ersi

ty (

π) w

ith

in s

peci

es

Net

seq

uen

ce d

iver

gen

ce(d

A)

is b

elow

th

e di

agon

al

Mex

ican

min

now

sM

inn

ows

from

US

A

and

Can

ada

N b

ouca

rdi

N m

oral

esi

N i

mel

dae

N s

p 1

N c

alie

nti

sN

sal

laei

Y a

lta

Not

ropi

sH

ybop

sis

N b

ouca

rdi

08

43ndash

60

111

ndash11

412

1ndash1

23

128

ndash13

712

5ndash1

29

121

ndash12

813

8ndash1

63

142

ndash15

10

875

07 (

04)

112

7 (0

1)

122

7 (0

1)

133

7 (0

3)

127

5 (0

1)

125

2 (0

1)

152

3 (0

6)

147

8 (0

4)

000

8N

mor

ales

i3

950

2ndash3

010

2ndash1

18

113

ndash11

913

1ndash1

52

122

ndash13

511

9ndash1

36

129

ndash16

413

9ndash1

48

137

(0

6)10

95

(03

)11

65

(02

)14

26

(04

)12

86

(03

)12

61

(03

)14

96

(07

)14

30

(03

)0

013

N i

mel

dae

105

59

980

1ndash0

80

58 (

03)

000

5

70ndash

71

706

(0

1)10

8ndash1

17

114

0 (0

2)

99ndash

104

100

9 (0

2)

94ndash

100

984

(0

2)11

7ndash1

46

134

5 (0

9)

123

ndash12

912

65

(02

)

N s

p 1

118

410

97

677

010

3ndash1

11

106

9 (0

3)

95ndash

98

968

(0

1)10

6ndash1

12

109

8 (0

2)

122

ndash15

013

79

(08

)13

7ndash1

39

138

5 (0

1)

N c

alie

nti

s10

59

112

38

068

351

4ndash7

04

69 (

22)

004

6

85ndash

101

921

(0

4)10

4ndash1

23

110

8 (0

5)

121

ndash16

014

04

(09

)12

7ndash1

40

133

8 (0

4)

N s

alla

ei11

53

113

99

69

296

081

51

570

015

90ndash

94

927

(0

1)12

0ndash1

43

128

7 (0

6)

126

13

312

98

(02

)

Y a

lta

113

511

19

859

923

87

750

9ndash1

91

47 (

03)

001

4

113

ndash15

113

25

(09

)13

5ndash1

43

139

6 (0

2)

Not

ropi

s3

9ndash15

512

25

(24

)12

2ndash1

53

137

8 (0

8)

Hyb

opsi

s7

47

45




N volucellus group

N texanus group




Notropis sp1 (417)







Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi


Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius


Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group


5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II










Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES































































RESULTS




020406080

100120140160180

005 01 015 02p

Cha

nges

020406080

100120140160

005 01 015 02

p

Cha

nges

0

0

A

B















Tab

le 2

R

ange

an

d m

ean

(S

D)

of p

erce

nta

ge g

enet

ic d

iver

gen

ce f

or t

he

intr

aspe

cifi

c (d

iago

nal

) an

d in

ters

peci

fic

(abo

ve d

iago

nal

) co

mpa

riso

ns

amon

g sp

ecim

ens

anal

ysed

for

cyt

och

rom

e b

base

d on

un

corr

ecte

d p-

dist

ance

s L

ast

row

in

dia

gon

al (

bold

) sh

ows

nu

cleo

tide

div

ersi

ty (

π) w

ith

in s

peci

es

Net

seq

uen

ce d

iver

gen

ce(d

A)

is b

elow

th

e di

agon

al

Mex

ican

min

now

sM

inn

ows

from

US

A

and

Can

ada

N b

ouca

rdi

N m

oral

esi

N i

mel

dae

N s

p 1

N c

alie

nti

sN

sal

laei

Y a

lta

Not

ropi

sH

ybop

sis

N b

ouca

rdi

08

43ndash

60

111

ndash11

412

1ndash1

23

128

ndash13

712

5ndash1

29

121

ndash12

813

8ndash1

63

142

ndash15

10

875

07 (

04)

112

7 (0

1)

122

7 (0

1)

133

7 (0

3)

127

5 (0

1)

125

2 (0

1)

152

3 (0

6)

147

8 (0

4)

000

8N

mor

ales

i3

950

2ndash3

010

2ndash1

18

113

ndash11

913

1ndash1

52

122

ndash13

511

9ndash1

36

129

ndash16

413

9ndash1

48

137

(0

6)10

95

(03

)11

65

(02

)14

26

(04

)12

86

(03

)12

61

(03

)14

96

(07

)14

30

(03

)0

013

N i

mel

dae

105

59

980

1ndash0

80

58 (

03)

000

5

70ndash

71

706

(0

1)10

8ndash1

17

114

0 (0

2)

99ndash

104

100

9 (0

2)

94ndash

100

984

(0

2)11

7ndash1

46

134

5 (0

9)

123

ndash12

912

65

(02

)

N s

p 1

118

410

97

677

010

3ndash1

11

106

9 (0

3)

95ndash

98

968

(0

1)10

6ndash1

12

109

8 (0

2)

122

ndash15

013

79

(08

)13

7ndash1

39

138

5 (0

1)

N c

alie

nti

s10

59

112

38

068

351

4ndash7

04

69 (

22)

004

6

85ndash

101

921

(0

4)10

4ndash1

23

110

8 (0

5)

121

ndash16

014

04

(09

)12

7ndash1

40

133

8 (0

4)

N s

alla

ei11

53

113

99

69

296

081

51

570

015

90ndash

94

927

(0

1)12

0ndash1

43

128

7 (0

6)

126

13

312

98

(02

)

Y a

lta

113

511

19

859

923

87

750

9ndash1

91

47 (

03)

001

4

113

ndash15

113

25

(09

)13

5ndash1

43

139

6 (0

2)

Not

ropi

s3

9ndash15

512

25

(24

)12

2ndash1

53

137

8 (0

8)

Hyb

opsi

s7

47

45




N volucellus group

N texanus group




Notropis sp1 (417)







Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi


Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius


Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group


5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II










Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES





































































Tab

le 2

R

ange

an

d m

ean

(S

D)

of p

erce

nta

ge g

enet

ic d

iver

gen

ce f

or t

he

intr

aspe

cifi

c (d

iago

nal

) an

d in

ters

peci

fic

(abo

ve d

iago

nal

) co

mpa

riso

ns

amon

g sp

ecim

ens

anal

ysed

for

cyt

och

rom

e b

base

d on

un

corr

ecte

d p-

dist

ance

s L

ast

row

in

dia

gon

al (

bold

) sh

ows

nu

cleo

tide

div

ersi

ty (

π) w

ith

in s

peci

es

Net

seq

uen

ce d

iver

gen

ce(d

A)

is b

elow

th

e di

agon

al

Mex

ican

min

now

sM

inn

ows

from

US

A

and

Can

ada

N b

ouca

rdi

N m

oral

esi

N i

mel

dae

N s

p 1

N c

alie

nti

sN

sal

laei

Y a

lta

Not

ropi

sH

ybop

sis

N b

ouca

rdi

08

43ndash

60

111

ndash11

412

1ndash1

23

128

ndash13

712

5ndash1

29

121

ndash12

813

8ndash1

63

142

ndash15

10

875

07 (

04)

112

7 (0

1)

122

7 (0

1)

133

7 (0

3)

127

5 (0

1)

125

2 (0

1)

152

3 (0

6)

147

8 (0

4)

000

8N

mor

ales

i3

950

2ndash3

010

2ndash1

18

113

ndash11

913

1ndash1

52

122

ndash13

511

9ndash1

36

129

ndash16

413

9ndash1

48

137

(0

6)10

95

(03

)11

65

(02

)14

26

(04

)12

86

(03

)12

61

(03

)14

96

(07

)14

30

(03

)0

013

N i

mel

dae

105

59

980

1ndash0

80

58 (

03)

000

5

70ndash

71

706

(0

1)10

8ndash1

17

114

0 (0

2)

99ndash

104

100

9 (0

2)

94ndash

100

984

(0

2)11

7ndash1

46

134

5 (0

9)

123

ndash12

912

65

(02

)

N s

p 1

118

410

97

677

010

3ndash1

11

106

9 (0

3)

95ndash

98

968

(0

1)10

6ndash1

12

109

8 (0

2)

122

ndash15

013

79

(08

)13

7ndash1

39

138

5 (0

1)

N c

alie

nti

s10

59

112

38

068

351

4ndash7

04

69 (

22)

004

6

85ndash

101

921

(0

4)10

4ndash1

23

110

8 (0

5)

121

ndash16

014

04

(09

)12

7ndash1

40

133

8 (0

4)

N s

alla

ei11

53

113

99

69

296

081

51

570

015

90ndash

94

927

(0

1)12

0ndash1

43

128

7 (0

6)

126

13

312

98

(02

)

Y a

lta

113

511

19

859

923

87

750

9ndash1

91

47 (

03)

001

4

113

ndash15

113

25

(09

)13

5ndash1

43

139

6 (0

2)

Not

ropi

s3

9ndash15

512

25

(24

)12

2ndash1

53

137

8 (0

8)

Hyb

opsi

s7

47

45




N volucellus group

N texanus group




Notropis sp1 (417)







Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi


Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius


Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group


5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II










Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES


























































N volucellus group

N texanus group




Notropis sp1 (417)







Yuriria alta (3449)

Notropis heterodon

Notropis volucellus

Notropis boops

Notropis anogenus

Hybopsis amblops

Hybopsis winchelli

Notropis rubellus

Notropis suttkusi


Notropis jemezanus

Notropis amabilis

Notropis stilbius

Notropis shumardi

Notropis potteri

Notropis blennius


Moapa coriacea

Tinca tinca

Subgenus Alburnops

Subgenus Notropis

N texanus group


5

4

3

2

1

10094

7496

10063

100100

-92

-54

100100

54 100

7251

5165--

--

100100

96100

61847875

10093

-8310090-

88

9962

5073

100100

86100

10096

63 81

100100

76100

10063

-69 56 54

--6892-67

100-

-78 100100

51100

6074

5065

10098

65100

I II










Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES






























































Salado 990 (Balsas)




Verde 97 (Atoyac )






Pollo 3487 (Balsas)





Cuevas 417 (Balsas)

Cuevas 419 (Balsas)




Miguel 3831 (Lerma)





Almoya 3517(Lerma)


Ceja 3334 (Lerma )


Lajas 3370 (Lerma )


N atherinoides

Hybopsis amblops


Tinca tinca

Barbus sclateri


N moralesi

N imeldae

N boucardi

N sp1

N calientis

N sallaei

Y alta

10071

100100

9664

9652

-50--

10078

100100

10086

9472

-74-85

9683

5081

10097

100100

10097

100100

10096

100100

100100

100100

100100

100100

78957492100100

10099

10058

79

10099

100100

100100

100100

100100

10092

100100

10078

96898451

999992100

100728599

99996798

10070 -89

87 - 6382

9991

5896



A

B

D

C





DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES



























































DISCUSSION






































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES





















































































ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


REFERENCES























































Phylogenetic relationships of Mexican minnows of the genus Notropis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae):...

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Transcript of Phylogenetic relationships of Mexican minnows of the genus Notropis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae):...