PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR

(1899-1902 )

Mariano Santos - Veteran of the revolution

Colonial motives: 1. Economic2. Religious3. Politico-military

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION

Before the signing of “Treaty of Paris” (agreement bet. America and Spain)

Pres. Mckinley - president of America (during those said times)

- fell down on his knees for god to enlighten him on what to do with the Philippines

Pressure groups1. American businessmen2. Military and naval pressure group3. Religious pressure group

 (They’ve worked hard to make the Philippines an American colony)

After the signing of “Treaty of Paris”

Mckinley issued the so-called “Benevolent Assimilation” proclamation and announced the American Policy regarding the Phils.

Gen. Elwell Otis - just succeeded his Gen. Merritt- did not publish the full text of

Mckinley’s proclamation for fear of arousing the anger of Filipinos. So, he changed some words to soften the language.

FILIPINO REACTION TO THE PROCLAMATION

Gen. Marcus P. Miller - Who’s in Iloilo, published the original full text of the proclamation. And, the copies fell into the hands of the Filipinos.

Antonio Luna - Editor of La Independencia

- said that it was just a trick to make the Filipinos quiet- added that the Americans would put into practice what Spaniards had done

Jan. 5, 1899- Aguinaldo issued a strongly worded proclamation:

“my government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan island.”

(Otis strengthened the American lines when he realized what Aguinaldo meant.)

ATTEMPTS TO RELAX THE TENSION

Aguinaldo – tried to relax the tension by suggesting to Otis that their representatives should meet to discuss ways and means of avoiding the conflict.

Six representatives met for almost 1 month of January but nothing came out.

(Americans keep stalling the meeting which makes the Filipino think that they’re only fooling them and they’re not interested in easing the tension.)

THE SHOT THAT STARTED THE WAR Feb. 1, 1899 – group of American engineers were arrested by Filipino troops.

(Otis protested but Aguinaldo said that they were not arrested but just detained because they were found within the Filipino lines)

Feb. 2, 1899 – Gen. Arthur MacArthur protested the presence of some Filipino soldiers within the American lines.

(So, Filipino soldiers withdrew and Otis was satisfied.)

Feb. 4, 1899 Private Willie W. Grayson – shot a Filipino soldier on the corner of Sociego and Silencio Streets in Sta. Mesa, Manila.

(This began the war. Filipinos answered with rifle fire and Americans mobilized their units all throughout Manila and so on.)

THE INCIDENT INVESTIGATEDFeb. 4, 1899 -

Captain Fernando Grey – sent a telegram to Malolos saying that the Americans had commenced hostilities.

Aguinaldo made an investigation to determined the truth and knew that:

Feb. 2 and 3 – Filipino employees in the service of American ships had been dismissed

Feb. 4 – between 200 and 300 American soldiers boarded 2 Cascos for Cavite

In contrast, Otis did not make any investigation but ordered an all-out attack against the Filipino troops everywhere.

AMERICAN DRIVE TO THE NORTHBattle of L Loma – in the North of Manila, the Americans won victories, near the Chinese Cemetery, where Major Torres Bugallon died in combat.

MacArthur – with LaLoma in his hands, he proceeded to Caloocan where he was met by Gen. Antonio Luna’s force – but Luna was defeated.

Later, Luna planned to recapture Manila. March 22 – he led the attack on the city 2 days later – he reached Azcaraga Street(realizing the significance of Luna’s victory in this sector, Americans fought hard and succeeded in forcing Luna to retreat to Pulo, Bulacan )

Feb. & Mar. – American reinforcement arrived

Otis - (took the offensive to the) NORTH;Gen. Henry Lawton – SOUTH

(Few days) Pulo fell to the Americans and byMarch 30 – Americans were at the gate of Malolos

March 25 – the Filipino troops repulsed Gen. Lloyd Wheaton in the Battle of Pulo and killed an American Colonel

In QUINGUA (now Plaridel)– Major Bell of the American cavalry was

killed in combat with the troops lead by the “boy” general, Gregorio Del Pilar.

April 23 – Colonel Stotsenberg – was killed in the battle

Dec. 18– Gen. Licerio Geronimo’s group defeated the Americans under Gen. Lawton in the Battle of San Mateo– Gen. Lawton was killed in the battle

THE BATTLE OF BAGBAG

The capture of Malolos by MacArthur lad Gen. Luna to retreat farther north of Luzon

Calumpit – the town immediately north of Malolos where Luna established his headquarters and prepared his defenses against Americans.

Gen. Tomas Mascardo in Guagua– who’s under Luna’s jurisdiction but refused when Luna sent a telegram and asked him for reinforcement.

(This angered Luna and ordered his officers to punish Mascardo)

Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar – commanded the sector of Bagbag, a barrio of Calumpit, when Luna’s not around.– but as defeated by Americans

(And when Luna returned to Calumpit, Americans had already captured large portion of town, so, he retreated farther to North and prepare for another battle.)

THE FALL OF THE MABINI CABINETAPOLINARIO MABINI– was the next most powerful in the country, after Aguinaldo– Pres. of the cabinet; Prime Minister– Secretary of Foreign Affairs– Aguinaldo depended on him because he was honest, hardworking and incorruptible. And never used his high position.– He was poor when entered the government service and He was poor when he died.

(when the Americans promised the Filipinos “Freedom and Autonomy”, Mabini said it was only a trick of the enemy.)

– He was for independence of the Philippines and won’t accept anything less than independence.

Pedro A. Paterno

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

Felipe Buencamino

And others who belonged to the wealthy and powerful

– opposed to Mabini (they believed that autonomy would be good for the Filipinos)

– accepted the American’s offer of Autonomy

– they persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini from office

May 7 – Aguinaldo informed Mabini that Paterno’s forming a new cabinet

(Mabini knew what it meant, so, he sent a resignation of the entire Cabinet he was holding. And then spent his entire last year in his armchair writing articles against the Americans, and memoirs of the Philippine struggle for independence.

THE ASSASINATION OF LUNA

Gen. Antonio Luna– was the most brilliant among the Filipino officers – from an educated and wealthy family of Ilocos Norte– born in Manila, in the district now known as San Nicolas– He studied pharmacy (in Manila and Spain)– recognized himself as propagandist; a good writer in Spanish– (He had 1 defect) He was Short-tempered– in 1898, he passed by Hong Kong

(And asked Felipe Agoncillo, a family friend, to give him a letter of recommendation to Aguinaldo and so He did.)

– Aguinaldo recognized his brilliance and appointed him to a high position in the army.– He saw that the army had no discipline, so, he instill discipline in the army but the common soldiers particularly the Kawit regiment did not like him for it and refuse to take orders from him.– he was Chief of the Military Zone when the Philippine-American started

(He made many enemies because of his short-temper)– He slapped Felipe Buencamino, Aguinaldo’s Secretary of Foreign Affairs when Felipe disagreed with his strong opposition to any negotiation or compromise with the Americans– He used to slap soldiers due to their inefficiency or if they failed to meet his standard

* While he was in Bayambang, Pangasinan inspecting the defenses against the advancing American, he received a telegram from Cabanatuan saying that he was wanted there.

So, he went there with his aide, Colonel Francisco Roman, and some soldiers.

June 5, 1899 – he reached Aguinaldo’s headquarters in Cabanatuan and did not find the President there, so, he got angry.

(Then he heard a rifle shot, rushed downstairs, cursed the soldiers, and slapped one of them.)

Pedrong Kastila– a captain from Cavite; hacked Luna with a bolo

(The other soldiers, seeing that he was wounded, started hacking him and even fired gunshots at him.)* Luna drew his revolver but he fell outside the convent and died saying, “Cowards! Assassins!”

– Luna died with more than 40 wounds in his body and head.

THE CONQUEST OF THE VISAYASMeanwhile,Otis instructed Miller to invade Iloilo.To Miler’s demand that the filipino troops surrender,the Visayan patriots under the leadership of General Martin Delgado decided to fight instead.To prevent the enemy from capturing the city,Delgado ordered his men to burn it.The americans landed with full force.

February 20,1899 : Jaro fell, Followed by Santa Barbara,Oton<and Mandurriao.

Guerrilla warfare : under the command of General Arcadio Maxilom and Leandro Fullon.

Meanwhile in Negros,many wealthy Negrenses sypathized with americans.When the came ,they raised the American Flag.A committee composed of prominent Negenses was sent to manila to ask General Otis to allow them to arm a battalion to maintain peace and order Otis approved the petition, for it was an unusual act of collaboration with the Americans.

March 1 – Otis issued an order providing for the creation of a military district to include Panay,Negros,and Cebu. This was known as the Visayan Military District.

Negrenses – were allowed to meet in a convention to fame a constitution.

THE KIRAM-BATES TREATY

Upon learning that Spaniards failed to completely subjugate the Muslims, the American dealt with them in a diplomatic way in order to neutralize their offensive.

General John C. Bates– tried to win the friendship of the Muslims by negotiating with them and treating them equals.

Datu Kiram – a sultan of Jolo who insisted that Americans must not be allowed to occupy any other part of Sulu except the town proper of Jolo.

August 20,1899 – an agreement was signed by General bates, Representing the United States, and the Sultan of Jolo and his datus, representing a sultanate.

Bates treaty– it provided that the “Sovereignty of United states over the whole archipelago of Sulu and its dependencies is declared acknoledged”and that the rights and dignities of his highness , sultan and his Datus shall be fully respected”.

AGUINALDO RETREATS TO PALANAN

With the death General Luna, many Filipino field commanders were demoralized. A number of Aguinaldo’s generals surrendered to the enemy. This development led Otis make plans to entrap Aguinaldo, the recognized leader of the Filipino people and his army. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo, together with some selected men, his, son, wife, mother, and sister, fled to Pangasinan. The American followed him and tried to catch him. Aguinaldo and a handful of faith followers walked to Tierra Virgen, Cagayan.

September 6,1900 – he and his men reached in Palanan, Isabela where he established his headquarters.

THE BATTLE OF PASONG TIRAD

While fleeing the Americans, Aguinaldo reached the mountain Province. He ordered his trusted general, Gregorio Del Pilar ,to remain behind as they continued to advance. Del Pilar was to intercept the Americans who where tracking them.

Del Pilar –chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, a narrow pass of 4,500 feet high where he had a good view of surrounding country, after the departure of Aguinaldo

The American troops – under Major Peyton March and Aguinaldo.

December 2,1899 – they marched and his well-armed men proceeded toward Del Pilar’s position. The Filipino troops guarding the narrow pass fired at the Americans who had no recourse but to retreat.

A fierce battle ensued and Del Pilar was killed by a bullet that passed though his neck. The American soldiers rushed to the dead body of young general and looted his personal belongings for souvenirs. The Americans left the body there and for two days it remain unburied. On the third day ,the Igorots buried his remains in shallow grave.

THE STAGE OF GUERRILLA WARFARE

Aguinaldo – was no longer an effective leader at this war. Instead, local military leaders sustained the war.

Samar – the Americans also resorted to massacre to avenge the death of their comrades who were killed by the Filipino guerrillas the command of General Vicente Lukban .

The Americans also burned down the whole town of Balangiga and killed all men and even boys over ten years old. Many surrendered because they could not take any more of these brutalities.

THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO

Lazaro Segovia – who joined the Filipino forces against Americans

Colonel Frederick Fuston – planned the capture of Aguinaldo

April 1,1901 – Aguinaldo was brought to manila .He took the oath of allegiance to the government of the United States.

April 19 – Aguinaldo appealed to the Filipino people to accept the “sovereignty of the United States.”

THE END OF GUERRILLA WARFAREFilipino generals who refused to give up fight like :

Simeon Ola – in Bicol

Roman Manalan – in Pangasinan and Zambales

Manuel Tomines – in Isabela

General Miguel Malvar – of batangas took place over the leadership of the Filipino Government and fought the enemy in running battles.

February 27,1902 – they captured General Vicente Lukban in Samar.

---

April 16 – General Malvar surrendered in order to save his people from the brutality of the enemy and from hunger.

MA. ALICE J . PATANGANII – AB. POLITICAL SCIENCE

SHAINA TEVESI - BEED

REPORTERS