Petrographic chatacterisation of an opus sectile found in the roman town of Pollentia (Alcudia,...

Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone

Proceedings of the IX ASMOSIA Conference (Tarragona 2009)

Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone Proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marbles

and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference(Tarragona 2009)

Edited by Anna Gutiérrez Garcia-M.Pilar Lapuente Mercadal

Isabel Rodà de Llanza

INSTITUT CATALÀ D’ARQUEOLOGIA CLÀSSICA

Tarragona, 2012

23

Comitè editorialJuan Manuel Abascal (Universitat d’Alacant), José María Álvarez Martínez (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida), Carmen Aranegui (Universitat de València), Achim Arbeiter (Universitat Georg-August de Göttingen, Alemanya), Jean-Charles Balty (Universitat de París-Sorbona [París IV], França), Francesco D’Andria (Universitat del Salento, Itàlia), Pierre Gros (Universitat de Provença, França), Ella Hermon (Université Laval, Quebec, Canadà), Rosa Plana-Mallart (Universitat Paul-Valéry Montpeller 3, França), Lucrezia Ungaro (Sovraintendenza Capitolina, Direzione Musei, Itàlia) i Susan Walker (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Regne Unit).

© d’aquesta edició, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC) Plaça d’en Rovellat, s/n, 43003 Tarragona Telèfon 977 249 133 – Fax 977 224 401 [email protected] – www.icac.net

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A partir del desè mes de publicació, aquest llibre està disponible en format PDF a la web de l’ICAC i s’autoritza el públic en general a reproduir, distribuir i comunicar l’obra sempre que se’n reconegui l’autoria i les entitats que la publiquen i no se’n faci un ús comercial, ni lucratiu, ni cap obra derivada.

© d’aquesta edició, les editores; i dels articles, els autors© de la fotografi a de la coberta: ICAC

Primera edició: maig del 2012Coordinació: Publicacions de l’ICACDisseny de la col·lecció: DièdricCoberta: Gerard Juan GiliFotografi a de la coberta: Placa de broccatello de la vil·la romana dels Munts, a Altafulla (Tarragona).

Maquetació i impressió: Indústries Gràfi ques Gabriel GibertDipòsit Legal: T-336-2012 ISBN: 978-84-939033-8-1

Biblioteca de Catalunya - Dades CIP

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones used in Antiquity. International Symposium (9è : 2009 : Tarragona, Catalunya)

Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone : proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference (Tarragona 2009). – (Documenta ; 23)Bibliografi aISBN 9788493903381I. Gutiérrez Garcia-Moreno, Anna, ed. II. Lapuente Mercadal, Pilar, ed. III. Rodà, Isabel, 1948- ed. IV. Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica V. Títol VI. Col·lecció: Documenta (Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica) ; 231. Escultura en marbre – Roma – Congressos 2. Construccions de marbre – Roma – Congressos 3. Marbre – Roma – Anàlisi – Congressos 4. Pedres de construcció – Roma – Anàlisi – Congressos 5. Pedreres – Roma – Història – Congressos904-03(37):552.46(061.3)

Aquesta obra recull les aportacions (comunicacions orals i pòsters) que es van presentar durant el IX Congrés Internacional de l’Association for the Study of Marbles and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA), organitzat per l’ICAC en el marc del programa de recerca HAR2008-04600/HIST, amb el suport del programa d’Ajuts ARCS 2008 (referència expedient IR036826) de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació (Accions Complementàries HAR2008-03181-E/HIST), i celebrat a Tarragona entre el 8 i el 13 de juny del 2009.

Aquesta publicació ha estat possible gràcies a l’ajut del programa d’Ajuts ARCS 2008 (referència expedient IR036826) de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació (Accions Complementaries HAR2008-03181-E/HIST), i també als projectes de recerca HAR2008-04600/HIST (“Explotación, uso e intercambio de materias primas inor-gánicas entre el norte de Hispania, el sur de la Galia y los puertos de Roma”) i HAR2011-25011 (“La explotación y comercio de los recursos naturales en el N. de la Hispania romana: lapis, metalla, aqua”) del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació.

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Abbe, M. B., Lamar Dodd School of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA)

[email protected] Abramitis, D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New

York (USA) [email protected] Albiach, R., Servei d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Museu de

Prehistòria de València, València (Spain) [email protected] Àlvarez, A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut

Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected] Andreu, J., Departamento de Historia Antigua, Univer-

sidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid (Spain)

[email protected] Antolinos, J. A., Universidad de Murcia, Murcia (Spain) [email protected] Antonelli, F., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali An-

tichi (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia (Italy)

[email protected] Apostolaki, C., Department of Mineral Resources En-

gineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania (Greece)

[email protected] Arana, R. † Passed away in June 2011; Departamento de

Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología, Universi-dad de Murcia, Murcia (Spain)

Arana, S., Escuela Ofi cial de Idiomas de Lorca, Exten-sión Mazarrón, Mazarrón (Spain)

[email protected] Arola, R., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Attanasio, D., Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Con-

siglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Roma (Italy)

[email protected] Aulinas, M., Departament de Geoquímica, Petrologia i

Prospecció Geològica, Universitat de Barcelona, Bar-celona (Spain)

[email protected] Aylward, W., Department of Classics, University of Wis-

consin, Madison, WI (USA) [email protected] Barker, S. J., University of Oxford, Hertford College,

Oxford (UK) [email protected] Beltrán, J., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Blanc, A., Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments

Historiques, Champs-sur-Marne (France)

Blanc, Ph., Laboratoire de Biominéralisations et Paléoen-vironnements, Université Pierre & Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris (France)

[email protected] Blume, C., Courant Forschungszentrum Bildung und

Religion, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göt-tingen (Germany)

[email protected], G. E., Museum of Art, Rhode Island School

of Design, Providence, RI (USA) [email protected] Brilli, M., Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingeg-

neria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGAG-CNR), Roma (Italy)

[email protected] Bromblet, Ph., Centre Interrégional de Conservation et

de Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP), Marseille (France)

[email protected] Bruno, M., Roma (Italy) [email protected] Bugini, R., Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione

Beni Culturali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICVBC-CNR), Milano (Italy)

[email protected] Burrell, B., Department of Classics, Brock University, St.

Catharines, Ontario (Canada) [email protected] Buzov, M., Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb (Croatia) [email protected] Cancelliere, S., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali An-

tichi (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia (Italy)

[email protected] Carlson, D., Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas

A&M University, College Station, TX (USA) [email protected] Cau, M. A., Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis

Avançats (ICREA) / Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètrica de la Universitat de Barcelona (ER-AAUB), Departament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Cavari, F., Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle

Arti, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected] Cebrián, R., Parque Arqueológico de Segóbriga, Saelices

(Spain) [email protected] Černiková, A., Institute of Applied Mathematics and

Information Technologies, Charles University in Prague, Praha (Czech Republic)

[email protected]

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

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INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES ON ANCIENT STONE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IX ASMOSIA CONFERENCE (TARRAGONA 2009)

Chávez, M. E., Departamento de Prehistoria, Arque-ología, Antropología e Historia Antigua, Universidad de La Laguna, Islas Canarias (Spain)

[email protected] Cipriani, M., Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paes-

tum, Capaccio Scalo (Italy) [email protected] Corremans, M., Sagalassos Archaeological Research

Project, Department of Archaeology, Catholic Uni-versity of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium)

[email protected] Cox, J., University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected] Cuchí, J. A., Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad

de Zaragoza, Huesca (Spain) [email protected] Davidović, J., Museum of Srem, Sremska Mitrovica (Ser-

bia) [email protected] De Dapper, M., Department of Geography, Ghent Uni-

versity, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] Degryse, P., Centre for Archaeological Sciences, Division

of Geology, Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee (Belgium)

[email protected] Del Pietro, L., Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche,

University of Pisa, Pisa (Italy) [email protected] De Paepe, P., Department of Geology and Soil Science,

Ghent University, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] Dessandier, D., BRGM (French Geological Survey),

Marseille (France) [email protected] Djurić, B., Department of Archaeology, University of

Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] Dobruna-Salihu, E., Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës,

Prishtinë (Kosovo) [email protected] Domènech, A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut

Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / Deptartament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Domingo, J. Á., Università di Roma “La Sapienza”,

Roma (Italy) [email protected] Donelli, I., Arts Academy, University of Split, Split

(Croatia) [email protected] Dotsika, E., Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of

Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Par-askevi (Greece)

[email protected] Droghini, F., Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G.

Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected]

Džin, K., Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb / Centre for Archaeological Research, International Research Centre for Archaeology, Brijuni-Medulin, Pula (Croatia)

[email protected] Eguíluz, L., Departamento de Geodinámica, Universidad

del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Vitoria/Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected]çi, H., Dokuz Eylül University, Torbali Vocational

School, Torbali-İzmir (Turkey) [email protected] Fachard, S., École Suisse d’Archéologie en Grèce,

Lausanne / Athína (Greece) [email protected] Fant, J. C., Department of Classical Studies, Anthropol-

ogy and Archaeology, University of Akron, Akron, OH (USA)

[email protected] Folli, L., Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione Beni

Culturali (ICVBC-CNR), Milano (Italy) [email protected] Friedland, E. A., Department of Classical and Near East-

ern Languages and Civilizations, The George Wash-ington University, Washington, DC (USA)

[email protected] Gaggadis-Robin, V., Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS,

Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence (France) [email protected] Gaied, M. E., Faculté des sciences de Sfax, Sfax (Tunisia) [email protected] Galán, E., Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y

Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Gallala, W., Faculté des sciences de Gabès, Gabès (Tu-

nisia) [email protected] Gallego, A., Valencia (Spain) [email protected] Garcés, C., Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses (IEA),

Huesca (Spain) [email protected] García-Prósper, E., Valencia (Spain) [email protected] Garcia-Valles, M., Departament de Cristal·lografi a, Mi-

neralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barce-lona, Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Gasull, N., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Gazda, E., Department of the History of Art and Kel-

sey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (USA)

[email protected] Genera, M., Departament de Cultura, Generalitat de

Catalunya, Barcelona / SEDPGYM, Madrid (Spain) [email protected] Giamello, M., Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G.

Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected]

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Girardi Jurkic, V., Department of Latin Studies, Univer-sity of Zagreb, Zagreb (Croatia)

[email protected] Grillo, S. M., Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tec-

nologie Ambientali, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari (Italy)

[email protected] Gromet, L. P., Brown University, Providence, RI (USA) [email protected] Gutiérrez Deza, M. I., Convenio Ayuntamiento de

Córdoba - Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba (Spain)

[email protected] Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics,

Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tar-ragona / Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected], M., University M’Bougara of Boumerdès,

Bourmedes (Algeria) [email protected] Herrmann, J. J. Jr., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA

(USA) [email protected] Hipol, S., University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected] Jovanović, D., Geological Institute of Serbia, Beograd

(Serbia) [email protected] Khalfallah, C., National Archaeological Museum, Setif

(Algeria) [email protected] Kidd, B., Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of

Missouri, Columbia, MISS (USA) [email protected] Kozelj, T., École Française d’Athènes, Thassos (Greece) [email protected] Lapuente, P., Área de Petrología y Geoquímica, Depar-

tamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza (Spain)

[email protected] Laroche, D., École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture

de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (France) [email protected] Lazzarini, L., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali Antichi

(LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venenzia (Italy) [email protected] Leka, E., Direction of Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui-

ties, Ministry of Culture, Athína (Greece) [email protected] León, P., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected], L., Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments

Historiques (LRMH), Champs-sur-Marne (France) [email protected] López Aldana, P., Sevilla (Spain) [email protected]

López Melción, J. B., Grup d’Investigació Prehistòri-ca, Departament d’Història, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida (Spain)

[email protected] López Vilar, J., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica

(ICAC), Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Loza Azuaga, M. L., Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio

Histórico (IAPH), Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Uriarte, M., Iterbide S.C., Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected] Macias, J. M., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica

(ICAC), Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Maniatis, Y., Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of

Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Par-askevi (Greece)

[email protected] Mañas, I., Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales

(CCHS-CSIC) / Departamento de Historia Anti-gua, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid (Spain)

[email protected], R., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Marcopoulos, T., Department of Mineral Resources Engi-

neering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, (Greece) [email protected] Mariottini, M., Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione

ed il Restauro, Roma (Italy) [email protected] Martínez-Torres, L. M., Departamento de Geodinámi-

ca, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain)

[email protected] Mas, C., Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètri-

ca de la Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB), Depar-tament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Mascione, C., Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle

Arti, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected] Matijaca, M., Croatian Conservation Institute, Split

(Croatia) [email protected] Matsas, D., Archaeological Museum, Komotini (Greece) [email protected] Maver, A., Department of Archaeology, University of

Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] Menchon, J. J., Museu d’Història de Tarragona, Ajunta-

ment de Tarragona, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Miras, A., Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía

y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain)

[email protected]


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Miró, C., ICUB- Servei d’Arqueologia, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] Molist, N., Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Olèrdo-

la, Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] Moretti, J. C., IRAA du CNRS, MOM, Université de

Lyon 2, Lyon (France) [email protected] Moya, A., Grup d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Departa-

ment d’Història, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida (Spain)

[email protected] Muñoz, A., Museu Bíblic Tarraconense, Tarragona

(Spain) [email protected] Niso, J., Iterbide S.C., Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected] Nogales, T., Museo Nacional de Arte Romano de Mérida

(MNAR) / Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected], J. M., Área de Arqueología, Universidad de

Murcia, Murcia (Spain) [email protected] Ontiveros, E., Laboratorio de Geología, Instituto Anda-

luz del Patrimonio Histórico (IAPH), Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Orfi la, M., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain) orfi [email protected] Otiña, P., Salou (Spain) [email protected] Ovadiah, A., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (Israel) [email protected] Paduan, I., Croatian Conservation Institute, Split

(Croatia) [email protected] Pensabene, P., Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità,

Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy) [email protected] Pérez, C., Unidad de Arqueología, IE University, Segovia

(Spain) [email protected] Perna, S., Department of Classics Royal Holloway, Uni-

versity of London, London (UK) [email protected]; [email protected], S., Department of Earth and Environmental Sci-

ence, Willamette University, Salem, OR (USA) [email protected] Pitarch, A., Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications

(LARX), Institut de Ciències de la Terra “Jaume Alm-era” (ICTJA-CSIC), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected]; [email protected], D., Department of Geology and Paleontology,

Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava (Slovakia)

[email protected] Pojani, I., University of Tirana, Tirana (Albania) [email protected]

Polikreti, K., University of Tirana, Tirana (Albania) [email protected] Pollini, J., Department of Art History, University of

Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (USA) [email protected] Preite-Martinez, M., Dipartimento di Scienze della Ter-

ra, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy) [email protected] Přikryl, R., Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and

Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Praha (Czech Republic)

[email protected] Prochaska, W., Department of Applied Geological Sci-

ences and Geophysics, University of Leoben, Leoben (Austria)

[email protected] Rébé, I., Centre Archéologique de Ruscino, Perpignan

(France) [email protected] Revilla, E., Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA),

Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] Reyes, O., Unidad de Arqueología, IE University, Sego-

via (Spain) [email protected] Riache, C., National Archaeological Museum of Setif,

Setif (Algeria) [email protected] Riera Rullan, M., Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears (Spain) [email protected] Rižnar, I., Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] Rodà, I., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC),

Tarragona / Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain)

[email protected] Rodríguez, O., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arque-

ología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Romano, I.B., American School of Classical Studies at

Athens, Princeton, NJ (USA) [email protected], M., Servicio de Arqueología, Ayuntamiento de

Antequera, Málaga (Spain)Royo, H., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut Cat-

alà d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / De-partamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza (Spain)

[email protected] Russell, B., Classics Department, King’s College Lon-

don, London (UK) [email protected] Salán, M., Madrid (Spain) [email protected] Scardozzi, G., Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monu-

mentali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBAM-CNR), Lecce (Italy)

[email protected]

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Soler, B., Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (IAM-CSIC), Mérida (Spain)

[email protected]Šťastná, A., Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and

Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, Praha (Czech Republic)

[email protected] Storage, W., Offi ce for History of Science and Technol-

ogy, University of California, Berkeley (USA) [email protected]; [email protected], T., Department of Archaeology, Sofi a Univer-

sity “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofi a (Bulgaria) [email protected] Stoyanova, D., Department of Archaeology, Sofi a Uni-

versity “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofi a (Bulgaria) [email protected] Sturgeon, M., Department of Art, University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (USA) [email protected] Taelman, D., Department of Archaeology, Ghent Uni-

versity, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] Tambakopoulos, D., Laboratory of Archaeometry, In-

stitute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi (Greece)

[email protected] Taylor, R., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología,

Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] Teixell, I., Museu d’Història de Tarragona, Ajuntament

de Tarragona, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] Toma, N., Institut für Klassische Archäologie, Christian-

Albrechts-Universität, Kiel (Germany) [email protected] Tykot, R. H., Department of Anthropology, University

of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL (USA) [email protected] Ungaro, L., Sovraintendenza Beni Culturali, Comune di

Roma, Roma (Italy) [email protected] van den Hoek, A., Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge,

MA (USA) [email protected] Van Keuren, F., Lamar Dodd School of Art, University of

Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected]

Varti-Matarangas, M., Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME), Athína (Greece)

[email protected] Vázquez, M. A., Departamento de Cristalografía, Min-

eralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain)

[email protected] Vermeulen, F., Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Cultu-

ras e Sociedades (CIDEHUS), Universidade de Évora, Évora (Portugal)

[email protected] Villa, I., Isotopengeologie, Mineralogisch-Petrographi-

sches Institut, Universität Bern, Bern (Switzerland) [email protected] Visona, D., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Univer-

sità di Padova, Padova (Italy) [email protected] Vitti, M., Sovraintendenza Beni Culturali, Comune di

Roma, Roma (Italy) [email protected], M., Sagalassos Archaeological Research

Project, Department of Archaeology, Catholic Uni-versity of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium)

[email protected] Wescoat, B. D., Art History Department, Emory Uni-

versity, Atlanta, GA (USA) [email protected] Wielgosz, D., Institute of Archaeology, University of

Warsaw, Warszawa (Poland) [email protected] Wurch-Kozelj, M., École Française d’Athènes, Thassos

(Greece) [email protected] Yavuz, A. B., Geological Engineering Department,

D.E.Ü. Engineering Faculty, İzmir (Turkey) [email protected] Younès, A., Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de

Tunis, Tunis (Tunisia) [email protected] Zachos, G. A., Research Centre for Antiquity, Academy

of Athens, Athína (Greece) [email protected]


Nota bene

The quality of the texts and images relies on the quality of the originals provided by the authors.

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Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

In Memoriam Rafael Arana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

1. APPLICATIONS TO SPECIFIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS. USE OF MARBLE

Roman marble salvaging, S. J. Barker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Computer technology and three-dimensional models in determining the recuttingof Roman portraits: the Getty Augustus, J. Pollini and W. Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

The import and the use of white marble and coloured stone for wall and fl oorrevetment at Sagalassos, M. Corremans, P. Degryse, D. Wielgosz and M. Waelkens . . . . . 38

Quarry origins, commission, and import of the marble sculptures from the Roman Theater in Philadelphia/Amman, Jordan, E. A. Friedland and R. H. Tykot . . . . . . . . 52

The “peopled” scroll motif in the Land of Israel in the Roman period: the case of themarble friezes in the Roman theatre at Beth Shean/Scythopolis, A. Ovadiah . . . . . . . 61

An introductory study to the ornamental and building stones of the Djemila (Algeria) archaeological site, D. Dessandier, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini, M. Varti-Matarangas,L. Leroux, M. Hamiane, C. Riache and C. Khalfallah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Unfi nished kouros in the Mytilene Archaeological Museum: marble sculpture in Lesbosin the Archaic period, E. Leka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Ancient sculptures of imported marble in the central part of Dardania (present dayKosovo), E. Dobruna-Salihu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Two incomplete sculptures from Cavae Romanae quarries (Istria, Croatia), K. Džin . . . 89

Late Roman sarcophagi in central Italy made from scavenged blocks, J. J. Herrmann Jr. . 93

Archaeometric analyses of white marbles from Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli, Italy) and theuse of Pentelic and Dokymaean marbles in the statuary of the so-called Canopus, P. Pensabene, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Ancient coloured marbles and their surrogates in the Milan cathedral (late 16th century), R. Bugini and L. Folli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

The marmora from the Forum of Ruscino (Château-Roussillon, France), P. Pensabene, I. Rébé and I. Rodà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

The stones of Ammaia (Portugal): use and provenance, D. Taelman, F. Vermeulen, M. De Dapper and P. De Paepe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

The opus sectile of the curia of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, Seville). Considerations on the use of stone in public architecture from Roman Baetica, O. Rodríguez, I. Mañas and E. Ontiveros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Suitability criteria for the selection of marble to be used for restoration: application tothe Alhambra Palace (Granada, Spain), A. Miras, M. A. Vázquez, E. Galán, C. Apostolaki and T. Marcopoulos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Almándoz marble from Navarra in the Arcaya Roman thermae in Álava (Northern Spain), L. M. Martínez-Torres, L. Eguíluz, M. Loza Uriarte and J. Niso . . . . . . . . . . 142

Espejón marmor and its use in Roman Hispania, M. Salán. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Use of marmora in the ornamental program of Las Pizarras Roman site (ancient Cauca, Segovia, Spain), C. Pérez, O. Reyes, I. Rodà, A. Àlvarez, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and H. Royo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Funding of public buildings and calculation of the costs of the stone materials. The case of the Forum of Segobriga (Cuenca, Spain). P. Pensabene, R. Mar and R. Cebrián. . 161

The marble repertoire of the Roman villa of Cornelius (Valencia, Spain), R. Albiach,E. García-Prósper and A. Gallego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

CONTENTS

12


Petrographic study of the tumular cist with carved steles of Reguers de Seró (Artesa de Segre, Lleida, Catalonia), M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J. B. López Melción and A. Moya 183

The imported marmora from the Jaume I School: an assemblage from the Provincial Forum of Tarraco, R. Arola, J. Á. Domingo and N. Gasull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

The marmora used in the imperial cult area of Tarraco (Hispania Citerior), A. Àlvarez, J. M. Macias, A. Muñoz, À. Pitarch, I. Teixell and J. J. Menchon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196

Marmora at the Tarraco of the Antonines: the assemblage of Sant Pau and Santa TeclaHospital (Tarragona, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. and J. López Vilar . . . . . . . . . 204

Columns and rotae in Tarraco made with granite from the Troad, I. Rodà, P. Pensabene and J. Á. Domingo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

2. PROVENANCES AND IDENTIFICATION I. MARBLES

Tracing the origin of marbles by inclusion fl uid chemistry, W. Prochaska and D. Attanasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

Determining white marble provenance of Greek and Roman sculpture in the Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri, B. Kidd, D. Attanasio and R. H. Tykot . 238

On the Ephesian origin of greco scritto marble, D. Attanasio, A. B. Yavuz, M. Bruno, J. J. Herrmann Jr., R. H. Tykot and A. van den Hoek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

A new source of bigio antico marble: the ancient quarries of Iznik (Turkey), A. B. Yavuz,M. Bruno and D. Attanasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

The Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace, Greece: an extended marble provenance study, Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos, E. Dotsika, B. D. Wescoat and D. Matsas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Provenance investigation of two marble artefacts from ancient Stymphalos, Greece, Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos and M. Sturgeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

The search for the Prehistoric marble sources in the Cyclades, D. Tambakopoulos and Y. Maniatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Characterization and distribution of marble from Cap de Garde and Mt. Filfi la, Algeria, J. J. Herrmann Jr., D. Attanasio, R. H. Tykot and A. van den Hoek . . . . . . . . 300

Provenance investigation of marble sculptures from Butrint, Albania, V. Gaggadis-Robin, I. Pojani, K. Polikreti and Y. Maniatis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Provenance study of Czech marbles based on a comparison of mineralogical-petrographic, cathodoluminescence, plus C and O isotopic characteristics, A. Šťastná, R. Přikryl and A. Černíková. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Rome: white marbles in the Fora of Caesar, Augustus, and Trajan, D. Attanasio,M. Brilli, M. Bruno, L. Ungaro and M. Vitti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Three fragments of a Marsyas sarcophagus: multimethod marble analyses, F. VanKeuren, D. Attanasio, J. J. Herrmann Jr., S. Hipol, J. Cox, L. P. Gromet and D. Abramitis . 344

Investigations on the white marbles of architectural elements in Salento (Southern Italy), L. Del Pietro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

White sculptural materials from Villa Adriana: study of provenance, P. Lapuente, P. León, T. Nogales, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez and Ph. Blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Black sculptural materials from Villa Adriana: study of provenance, P. Lapuente, T. Nogales, P. León, H. Royo and M. Preite-Martinez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376

The importation of white marble into Paestum during the Republic and at the beginning of the Empire, M. Cipriani, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere . . . . . . . . . . 384

The white marble quarries of Campiglia Marittima (Livorno, Italy) and the provenance of marble artefacts from Populonia, F. Cavari, F. Droghini, M. Giamello, L. Lazzarini and C. Mascione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

White marbles provenance study of Caesar’s head and other major sculptures found in the Rhône River at Arles (France), Ph. Blanc, Ph. Bromblet and L. Leroux . . . . . . . 401

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Petrography and elemental geochemistry of the Roman quarries of Los Castillejos and Los Covachos (Almadén de la Plata, Seville, Spain). Outcrops and semi-elaborated products, E. Ontiveros, J. Beltrán, R. Taylor, O. Rodriguez and P. López Aldana . . . . . . 407

Study of provenance of the Roman sarcophagus known today as the tomb of King Ramiro II of Aragon, P. Lapuente, J. A. Cuchí, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez, Ph. Blancand C. Garcés. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Provenance of some ancient marbles from El Pla de Ses Figueres (Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain), A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, M. Riera Rullan, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and H. Royo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

3. PROVENANCES AND IDENTIFICATION II. OTHER STONES

Archaeometric characterisation of one Tunisian and two Italian calcareous alabasters used in antiquity, L. Lazzarini, D. Visonà, M. Giamello and I. Villa . . . . . . . . . . . 436

A fi rst study of some lumachelle (fossiliferous stones) used in Roman antiquity, L. Lazzarini and M. Mariottini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Stone blocks used for the building of the Thysdrus and Thapsus amphitheatres in Tunisia, A. Younes, M. E. Gaied and W. Gallala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452

Alabastro a pecorella, Aïn Tekbalet, and Bou Hanifi a, Algeria: a preliminary report, J. J. Herrmann Jr., A. van den Hoek and R. H. Tykot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Sirmium’s main limestone quarry at Dardagani (Bosnia and Herzegovina), B. DjuriΕ, A. Maver, I. Rižnar, D. JovanoviΕ and J. DavidoviΕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

Miocene limestone as dressed stone for Carnuntum Roman town and surrounding settlements in Upper Pannonia (Austria, Slovakia, Hungary), D. Pivko. . . . . . . . . . 480

Ancient uses of the Roman breccia (brèche des Romains) in Gaul, A. Blanc and Ph. Blanc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

Notes on local stone use in Colonia Patricia Corduba (Córdoba, Spain), M. I. GutiérrezDeza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Roman use, petrography and elemental geochemistry of the Surco Intrabético limestones (western region of Málaga province, Spain), J. Beltrán, E. Ontiveros Ortega, M. L. Loza Azuaga and M. Romero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Local stone used on the Roman bridge of Martorell (Barcelona, Spain), A. Àlvarez and À. Pitarch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

Petrographic characterisation of an opus sectile found in the Roman town of Pollentia (Alcudia, Majorca, Spain), M. E. Chávez, C. Mas, M. Orfi la, A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and M. Á. Cau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

4. TRANSPORT AND TRADE OF STONE

Contracts and costs for shipping marble in the Roman Empire, J. C. Fant . . . . . . . . 528

Shipwrecks and stone cargoes: some observations, B. Russell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

The Temple of Apollo at Claros and the Kizilburun shipwreck: preliminary analysis of isotopic data, W. Aylward, D. Carlson, D. Laroche, J. C. Moretti and S. Pike . . . . . . 540

Marble trade in Moesia Inferior. The case of Tomis and Odessos. Its origin and its characteristics, N. Toma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

5. QUARRIES

Unknown ancient marble quarries of Western Asia Minor, M. Bruno, H. Elçi, A. B. Yavuz and D. Attanasio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

Ancient marble and alabaster quarries near Hierapolis in Phrygia (Turkey): new data from archaeological surveys, G. Scardozzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

The marble quarries of the metropolis of Ephesos and some examples of the use for marbles in Ephesian architecture and sculpturing, W. Prochaska and S. M. Grillo. . . . . 584

The ancient quarry at Pagani-Alyfanta, Lesbos, Greece, G. A. Zachos and E. Leka . . . . 592

CONTENTS

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Cipollino marble quarries south of Karystos at Aghii (Euboea, Greece), M. Bruno and M. Vitti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604

New work on quarrying in the territory of Eretria, Euboea, B. Russell and S. Fachard . . 612

Grey limestone quarries of Byllis (Albania), T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj. . . . . . . . 619

The ancient quarries in Croatia. The technology of extracting stone, M. Buzov . . . . . 628

Ancient quarries on the Eastern Adriatic Coast with specifi c reference to the island of Brač (Croatia), I. Donelli, M. Matijaca and I. Paduan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636

The Cavae Romanae quarry. Properties and use of the stone for the amphitheatre in Pula (Croatia), V. Girardi JurkiΕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

The quarries of Almadén de la Plata (Seville, Spain): new data from the recent archaeological interventions, O. Rodríguez, J. Beltán, P. López Aldana, E. Ontiveros and R. Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645

The Roman quarries of the town and territory of Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M, H. Royo and J. Andreu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Quarrying, use and scope of Cabezo Gordo and Rambla de Trujillo marbles (Murcia, Spain) in the Roman era, R. Arana †, J. A. Antolinos, J. M. Noguera, B. Soler and S. Arana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Roman quarries in the northeast of Hispania (modern Catalonia, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

The Roman quarry at Montjuïc (Barcelona, Spain), C. Miró and E. Revilla . . . . . . . 680

The Roman Republican and medieval quarry of Sant Miquel d’Olèrdola (Olèrdola, Barcelona), N. Molist and P. Otiña . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

Stone quarrying on the fi nal stretch of the Ebro (Spain), M. Genera and A. Àlvarez . . . 696

6. QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, ORGANIZATION AND STONE MANUFACTURING

Quarry blocks in marmor Iassense from the Balik Pazari at Iasos (Turkey), M. Bruno . . . 706

Use of a saw in Roman and proto-Byzantine period on the island of Thassos, T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

Stone-cutting workshops at the Getic capital Helis (NE Bulgaria) – tools and techniques, T. Stoyanov and D. Stoyanova. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723

The quarries at Luni in the 1st century AD: fi nal considerations on some aspects of production, diffusion and costs, P. Pensabene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731

The red travertine of Mula (Murcia, Spain): management and administration of quarries in the Roman period, B. Soler, J. M. Noguera, R. Arana † and J. A. Antolinos . . 744

7. PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE

The role of the stone in the polychrome treatment of Hellenistic sculptures, C. Blume. . 754

A Hellenistic greek marble statue with ancient polychromy reported to be from Knidos, M. B. Abbe, G. E. Borromeo and S. Pike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763

8. SYMBOLISM OF STONES. LOCAL AND IMPORTED MATERIALS

The use and symbolism of Pentelic marble in Domitianic Rome, I. B. Romano, S. Pike and E. Gazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

Phrygian for Phrygians: semiotics of “exotic” local marble, B. Burrell . . . . . . . . . . 780

The colours of death. Roman cinerary urns in coloured stone, S. Perna . . . . . . . . . 787

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AbstractThis paper presents the preliminary results of the petro-graphic characterisation of the stones used in an opus sec-tile pavement discovered at Pollentia (Alcudia, Majorca, Spain). The importance of this element basically lies on its relation with a large building in the area of the Forum and the fact that it is the first one of its kind to be found in recent excavations at this Roman town. The materi-als are white limestones and black/grey lutites. In order to identify the provenance of these materials, the same island of Majorca and the nearby island of Minorca were the first to be considered. Indeed, white limestones are abundant at Majorca, while the nearby Minorca presents a higher number of Paleozoic outcrops that could be considered as potential sources for the black/grey mate-rials. Thus, the first step consisted on the analysis and comparison of the Paleozoic stones used at the opus sectile and those from Minorca’s outcrops. Some samples from a Roman site at Minorca were also included on this analy-sis due to their potential similarity to the samples from Pollentia. On the other side, the provenance of the white limestones is still on its earlier stages and in progress. Nevertheless, the bibliographic references on the Major-ca geology and the first characterization (macroscopical and microscopical) of the white limestone strongly point at a local origin; thus providing the basis for the next step (survey, location and sampling of the outcrops) of the further research that we will undertake.

KeywordsPetrographic characterization, local stones, phyllites, lutites, white limestone, opus sectile, Pollentia, Majorca, Minorca.

Introduction

The maritime town of Pollentia (Alcudia, Majorca, Spain) (Fig. 1), with the legal status of colony according to Mela (Chorographia, II,124-125), was the largest of the Balearic cities in the Roman and Late Roman periods (Arribas et al. 1973, 1978; Doenges 2005).

Archaeological excavations developed since the be-ginning of the 20thcentury have brought to light part of the Forum with several temples and an insula of taber-nae, a residential neighbourhood with three domus in the northern part of the town, a theatre in the South, several

PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISATION OF AN OPUS SECTILE FOUND IN THE ROMAN TOWN OF POLLENTIA (ALCUDIA, MAJORCA, SPAIN)

M. E. Chávez, C. Mas, M. Orfila, A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and M.Á. Cau*

necropolises, at least two portions of two town walls, among other remains.

Recent work in the Forum has provided a complete stratigraphical sequence of its occupation and a better un-derstanding of the urban organisation of the town. The construction of the Forum began in the decades 70-60 BC, functioning as such until the end of the 3rd century AD, when it was destroyed by a large fire. Nevertheless the area was restructured and occupied in Late Antiquity and the medieval period (Orfila 2000; Orfila et al., 1999, 2005, 2006). Since 2002 archaeological excavations have focused on the eastern part of the Forum aiming at discov-ering the end of the forum square and its structure on its eastern side. In this area, a black and white opus sectile asso-ciated with the remains of a large building was discovered.

As seen in past excavations, the construction of structures and pavements in Pollentia was normally undertaken using local materials. Since the mosaic was formed by hexagonal fragments of black/grey stone and equilateral triangles of white limestone that are not nor-mally used in the town it was necessary to characterise

Fig. 1. Location of the Roman town of Pollentia in the island of Majorca.

* Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) / Equip de Recerca Arqueològia i Arqueomètrica, Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB).

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them and locate potential source areas. For the second type of pieces (triangular, white) the idea was first to check if they were homogeneous indicating a same ori-gin, and secondly, to identify its provenance. This brief contribution presents the results of the petrographic characterisation of these materials.

The finding of the mosaic of opus sectile

In the eastern part of the Forum1 (Fig. 2) and under an extensive Late Antique and/or medieval necropolis, we have documented the structural remains of a build-ing whose dimensions indicate that it must have been of great importance. This building is only partially known on its north and west sides and it seems that it contin-ues to extend to the east and south under the aforemen-tioned necropolis sediment. Related to this building, an area paved with a mosaic of opus sectile was documented.

Indeed, during the 2005 campaign part of this opus sectile was already seen while excavating the so called “Necropolis to the East of the temple II”. In this sector there was a wide plunder trench2 which crossed the area from North to South affecting numerous contexts and structures and cutting in the pavement and its prepara-tion (Mas et al. 2005, 175 and 178).

Subsequently, in the 2006 campaign, the entire pave-ment3 was excavated. The opus sectile (Fig. 3) covers a small space, as a threshold or corridor, oriented cross-wise to the axis of the building. It is about 4.50 m long (east-west direction) and nearly 3 m wide (north-south direction). About its limits, it is enclosed by a wall on the north4 and by a canvas wall on the South5, but its closure at the eastern and western sides could not be established (Mas et al. 2006, 89).

As already mentioned, it is composed of a black and white tiles combined in a simple geometric scheme formed by hexagons (black/dark grey stone) and equilat-eral triangles (white stone) that draw six-pointed stars. The composition is achieved by repeating a scheme based on the alternation of a hexagon and two triangles fac-ing one of its vertices at nine parallel lines6. A chromatic contrast that draws a sequence of six pointed white stars (made by six white triangles) with the centre formed by the dark slate hexagon is thus achieved (Fig. 3).

At the northern side of the opus sectile, some traces of a narrow stripe of opus tessellatum, also in black and white, has been found in situ and attached to SU 6460, which seems to be part of the building. However, towards the

south, larger white limestone plates (of approximately two Roman feet long), which could constitute the end of the pavement or a change in design, were documented (Mas et al. 2006, 89-90).

To date, the function of the building is unknown since it is still in the process of excavation. However, there is enough structural information to define this construction as a building of a certain scale located on

Fig. 2. Plan of the building under study with the opus sectile.

Fig. 3. Photograph from the opus sectile pavement.

1. In particular in the E-7, E-8, F-7 and F-8 sectors.2. Stratigraphic Unit (SU) 6391.3. SU 6439.4. SU 6460.5. SU 6226 6227, 6648 and 6500.6. The examples of this opera sectilia with this pattern are abundant both in Late Republican-Augustan times (as the examples of Cam-

pania and other parts of Italy demonstrate) and again in the Late Roman period (especially widespread in the Milan area and the north of Italy) (Guidobaldi 2009, 361-396). The model of the Pollentia pavement matches that of Guidobaldi’s Tavola I, A (Guidobaldi 2009, 415). Moreover, remains and negative traces of pavements following this pattern at Empúries and Cartagena (Pérez Olmedo 1996, 116-118, foot-note 69-71, plates XX-XXI and 144, footnote 97, pl. XXXIIa).

M. E. CHÁVEZ, C. MAS, M. ORFILA, A. ÀLVAREZ, I. RODÀ, A. GUTIÉRREZ GARCIA-M, A. DOMÈNECH AND M.Á. CAU

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the east side of the Forum. The opus sectile is the first example of this type of pavement documented in mod-ern excavations and with modern methodology; this certainly gives the building a character of some impor-tance.

As regards the chronology of this pavement, excava-tion has provided very few relevant data. The material uncovered in the preparation is very scarce and only a fragment of Italic amphora and a fragment of Italic Terra Sigillata (or Samian Ware) can suggest an Augustean or 1st century AD terminus post quem. It is also noteworthy that the building was refurbished in the 4th century AD. Also, there is no a clear stratum covering the pavement prior to this reform and over the remains of the opus sec-tile there was only a level that has been interpreted as the final abandonment of the sector before the construction of the late antique necropolis. In fact, in the western part of this sector, one of the tombs of this extensive necropo-lis cut this level of abandonment and the opus sectile as well. Thus, so far, it is possible to propose for the mosaic an Augustean or later chronology yet always previous to the 4th century AD (Mas et al. 2006, 91). Furthermore, as already mentioned, the model that follows this pave-ment can also be of Late Republican-Augustan times and of Late Roman date7.

Paleoroic materials at the Balearic Islands

Even though some authors (Darder 1925; Hollister 1973) had identified the presence of Paleozoic age peb-bles as part of Burdigalian conglomerates of the center of Majorca, the existence of Paleozoic outcrops at this island was unknown until the last decade of the 20th century (cf. García Navarro 1965). These materials were identified in the coast cliffs located between Es Port d’Es Canonge and Es Port de Valldemossa, in the northern coast, yet they are very small and are formed by detritic rocks very similar to those of the Minorcan Paleozoic (Ayala et al. 1994)8.

At Minorca, Paleozoic materials belong to the West-ern Series, formed by siliciclastic turbidites originated in deltaic platforms (Rosell et al. 1969). Dark grey micritic limestones crop out at some points around the Favàritx Cape. They belong to the Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous periods. The stratigraphic series, from bottom to top, is composed by Devonian turbiditic de-posits, olistostromes from the transition to the Carbon-iferous, azoic and monotonous turbidites (Pomar 1979). The Carboniferous turbidites belong to the Tournaisian - Visean (Rosell and Arribas 1989).

The assemblage

The macroscopic observation of the stones used at the opus sectile seemed to suggest a great uniformity on the Paleozoic materials. Thus, these were the first to be approached.

On the other hand, given that Paleozoic materials are present both in Majorca and Minorca at this first stage, the field survey focused on the most large and easy to ac-cess ones, which are found at this second island9. Moreo-ver, the existence of a Late Antique site at Illa del Rei, on the harbour of Maó (Minorca) where geometric pieces elaborated with grey/black stone very alike to the Pollen-tia opus sectile one were found also supported a possible origin in Minorca. Therefore, the field survey and sam-pling to locate potential geological sources centred on the north sector of Menorca (Fig. 4).

Eleven samples were petrographically analysed: five from the opus sectile of Pollentia, (three Paleozoic stones and two limestones), four from various outcrops of Mi-norca (three Paleozoic stones and 1 turbidite) and 2 Pale-ozoic stone fragments from Illa del Rei archaeological site (Table 1).

Methodology

The analysis consisted in the macroscopic characteri-sation with a stereoscopic binocular and the petrographic characterisation by optical microscopy by thin-section analysis using a Nikon Eclipse polarised light micro-scope 50iPOL. The microphotographs were taken with a Nikon Coolpix 5400 camera attached to the microscope using a Nikon Coolpix MDC Lens adapter.

In order to achieve the objectives the following steps were followed:

- Sampling and petrographic characterisation of the materials used to form the opus sectile.

- Geological field survey, sampling and petrographic characterisation of Minorcan paleozoic materials com-pared with the ones used for the sectile.

- Comparison of the samples from the opus sectile with reference samples. The Paleozoic materials were compared with geological like samples collected in Mi-norca in order to confirm or dismiss a possible Minorcan provenance for the archaeological samples.

Additionally, the white limestones from the opus sec-tile were also petrographically analysed as a first step of their study. It consisted in trying to identify the lime-stones that crop out at the Balearic Islands (especially Majorca), which have been widely described at the geo-logic literature, that could be their potential source area.

7. See previous footnote. 8. Gelabert (1998) notes the existence of one single outcrop. It is mainly formed by dark pelites alternated with sand levels, greywackes

and microconglomerates. In the sand levels, there is occasional parallel lamination. These materials are affected by subparallel to stratifica-tion schistosity, although the degree of visible metamorphism is very low or almost inexistent (Rodríguez-Perea and Ramos 1984; Fornós and Gelabert 1995).

9. Indeed, the Paleozoic outcrops at Mallorca are significantly smaller and on areas of very difficult access (seashore high cliffs).


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Fig. 4. Geological map of Majorca (below) and Minorca (above).

Table 1. Sampling of the materials from the opus sectile from Pollentia (Majorca), from several outcrops in Favàritx Cape (Minorca) and from the Late Antique site of Illa del Rei.

Sample Type of stone Locus of finding or sampling Observations

POL-0458 Lutite Pollentia, SU 6379, Majorca Archaeological sample (floor tile, opus sectile)

POL-0459 Lutite Pollentia, SU 6379, Majorca Archaeological sample (floor tile, opus sectile)

POL-0460 Limestone Pollentia, SU 6379, Majorca Archaeological sample (floor tile, opus sectile)



MAO-0463 Phyllite Illa del Rei, Maó, Minorca Archaeological sample

MAO-0464 Phyllite Illa del Rei, Maó, Minorca Archaeological sample

MAO-10291 Phyllite Illa del Rei, Maó, Minorca Geological outcrop sample

CFV-10278 Phyllite Favàritx Cape, Minorca Geological outcrop sample




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Results

The analysis of black material (lutites) from the pave-ment of opus sectile (POL-0458 and POL-0459) (Fig. 5), reveals that the materials used are relatively homo-geneous. From a macroscopic point of view, they can be described as a dark grey lutites with foliated texture. The thin-section shows a rectilinear and clear foliation. Quartz is arranged parallel to the foliation and it is present in small crystals and infilling veins. There are also occasional small muscovite-chlorite and biotite flakes parallel to the foliation. There are fracture planes infilled by secondary calcite, which evidences a diagenetic proc-ess. Sample POL-0459 shows sedimentary parallel bed-ding and some diagenetic silification with the formation of calcite and dolomite crystals (Fig. 6).

MAO-0463, MAO- 0464 and MAO-10291 samples, from the excavations of the Late Roman complex of Illa del Rei, show different traits. Sample MAO-0463 is a fine-grained phyllite with shiny mica flakes (muscovite) (Fig. 7, A) while the degree of metamorphism of sample MAO-464 locates it in an intermediate point between slate and a phyllite (Fig. 7, B). On the other hand, sample MAO-10291 presents features that belong to a phyllite-schist as it shows a slightly coarser grain size as well as larger and clearer mica flakes than the previous samples (Fig. 7, C).

Reference samples collected in Paleozoic outcrops from Favàritx Cape (CFV-10278, CFV-10279, CFV-10283) show significant differences compared to the ar-chaeological material from Pollentia. Although they are not very homogenous, these are from more undulating

and less penetrative foliation materials where, micro-scopically, a remobilization of the material that would indicate a hectic deposition of high-energy typical of tur-biditic zones can be observed (sample CFV-10283) (Fig. 8). They all belong to the phyllite group.

Eventually, the petrographic features of the archaeo-logical samples of Pollentia and their comparison with the reference materials of geological outcrops led to reject a provenance on the island of Minorca for the material used in our opus sectile.

On the other hand, the white tiles of the opus sectile were made of limestones with a very alike macroscopic appearance, despite the surface crust: a common, homo-geneous beige colour. Sample POL-0460 (Fig. 9) is a fine and compact biomicritic limestone, according to Folk (1959, 1962) classification, and a wackstone accord-ing to Dunham (1962). The bioclastic content is com-posed by very thin plactonic bivalve shells (ostracods), which are common on the Mesozoic pelagic limestones. The matrix shows small rounded sparite areas (radiolar-ians mouldings). Similar materials have been described in Majorca by Alvaro et al. (1990) and were assigned to Jurassic. Sample POL-0461 (Fig. 10) is a fine-medium, heterogranular and compact microsparitic limestone. According to Dunham’s (1962) classification, it is a grainstone and an intrasparite according to Folk (1959,

Fig. 5. Sample POL-0458: the opus sectile piece (A) and of its laminar texture (B).

Fig. 6. Microphotograph of sample POL-0458 (A) and of sample POL-0459 (B); plain light.


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Fig. 7. Microphotograph of sample MAO-0463 (A), sample MAO-0646 (B) and sample MAO-10291 (C); plain light.

Fig. 8. Microphotograph of sample CFV-10278 (A), sample CFV-10279 (B) and sample CVF-10283 (C); crossed polars.

1962). It presents medium size dolomite crystals, well distributed throughout the matrix, and recrystallised bio-clasts. The presence of nummulites enables to identify it as an Eocene limestone. These materials have been de-scribed by Ramos-Guerrero et al. (1990) as limestones from Galdent (Llucmajor, in southern Majorca). These limestones have a low amount of detritic minerals but abundant miliolids, echinoderms, algae as well as some nummulites. They belong to the Upper Priabonian.

In contrast, sample POL-0462 (Fig. 11) is a pelitic biosparite according to Folk (1959, 1962), and a grain-

stone according to Dunham’s (1962) classification. The matrix is basically sparry with low porosity. The skeletal fraction consists primarily in pellets and abundant clasts of fossils, including simple miliolids, bryozoans, cry-noids, algae and other remains of foraminifera. There are also some poorly rounded detrital quartz grains. The bioclastic fraction suggests that this material originated in an area of calm sea with low energy and movement. It belongs to the Cretaceous. In the Low Cretaceous ma-terials of Majorca, there are similar stones (Valanginian-


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Barremian of the Artà region, about 30 km east from Pol-lentia) (Folch 1986, 364-365).

The limestones used in this type of pavements have been commonly named by some scholars as palombino (Gnoli 1988; Borghini 1989; Guidobaldi and Guidobal-di 1983; Guidobaldi 1985, 2009; Price 2008). However, this name does not apply according to the composition and texture of the rock, but only to its external appear-ance.

Preliminary considerations

The analysis of black/grey samples from the opus sec-tile of Pollentia –and also from the Late Roma site of Illa del Rei (Minorca)– reveals that they are a set of different materials.

The samples collected in various points of the largest and most representative Paleozoic outcrop at the island of Minorca (Favàritx Cape) correspond to phyllites and therefore are significantly different from our opus sectile samples, that can be classified as lutites. Therefore, we must reject a Minorcan provenance for them and turn to the island of Majorca, where Paleozoic materials have been recently described, to check a possible provenance for the stones used at Pollentia. On the other hand, we must stress that the Paleozoic materials used at the Late Roman site of Illa del Rei (Minorca) and the geological

samples from Favàritx Cape, also in Minorca, are very alike (phyllites).

Then again, the comparison of the white limestone triangular pieces used at the pavement of Pollentia and Majorca limestones, as described in the scientific litera-ture, suggests that a local provenance is very plausible. Indeed, Ramos-Guerrero et al. (1990) describe Puig Galdent limestones as belonging to the Eocene (Upper Priabonian) and having traits that strongly resemble the overall features of sample POL-0461. Likewise, Álvaro et al.’s work (1990) enables us to match sample POL-0460 with the Jurassic materials of Mallorca. And last but not least, sample POL-0462 seems to belong to the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian-Barremian) outcrops that exist at Mallorca (Folch 1986, 364-365, fig. 332).

Nevertheless, further research is needed to identify the source of these materials. Further analysis may help explain the processes and factors involved in their man-ufacture being one of them whether the raw material used to elaborate this opus sectile, that follows a widely-spread pattern, came (together with the pavement pat-tern) from distant territories or it was reproduced with local stones. Furthermore, if this pavement is of early Roman date, the possibility of these materials being of foreign origin is higher than if it is indeed a Late Roman pavement, when the distribution of marmora

Fig. 9. Sample POL-0460: the opus sectile piece (A) and microphotograph in plain light (B).

Fig. 10. Sample POL-0461: the opus sectile piece (A) and microphotograph in crossed polars (B).


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throughout the Empire was less fluid. Thus, it is im-portant to re-evaluate the dating of many of the similar pavements of Hispania take into consideration and to take into account whether their pieces are in a primary position or were reused in the Late Roman horizon10.

Acknowledgements

This contribution is part of the project La utiliza-ción de pizarras de Menorca en la Antigüedad. El caso del opus sectile de Pollentia (Alcudia, Mallorca), funded by the Institut Menorquí d’Estudis (IME) and directed by M.E. Chavez (Universidad de La Laguna). The petro-graphic analyses were carried out at the Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC, Tarragona) thanks to the collaboration agreement signed between ICAC and IME.

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