personality psychological strategy in the management of productivity

International Journal of Research in Management ISSN 2249-5908

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijrm/ijrm_index.htm Issue 3, Vol. 2 (March 2013)

6

Personality psychological strategy in the management of productivity

Narges Alizadeh1, Hamed Afshar2 Fateme Sohrabi3 Maryam Safaran4 Tirdad Ahmadi5

1Faculty member of Molana University, Abyek, Qazvin, Iran.( Corresponding author)

Phone Number: +989124257644.

2 Graduated student of azad university ( Branch Center –Management Depratment)

3 Faculty member of Molana University, Abyek, Qazvin, Iran

4 Faculty member of Molana University, Abyek, Qazvin, Iran

5 student of P.H.D (Tehran university)

__________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract:

The present study is the result of a scientific research in which the relationship between two important

variables, namely blood group and group participation, are determined in the research framework.

Based on some collected data from manufacturing firms which are accepted firms in Tehran Stock

Exchange, and through cluster sampling a sample was selected. 380 questionnaires were distributed to

the personnel of production line, of the firms then the reliability and validity of the questionnaires

through independence test and average ratio comparison of the two population were examined, and

through Pearson's chi-square formula, the relationship between blood group (independent variable) and

group participation (dependent variable) were tested, then through schuprow coefficient, the

prioritization of blood groups over group participation was identified and the following results were

obtained: people group participation is affected by their personality features which is derived from their

temperament, mood, and characteristics. The study also showed that people blood groups has an effect

on their group cooperation, and among blood groups, blood group A has the greatest tendency to group

participation and then blood group O, AB, B are prioritized respectively.

Article type: Regular

Key words: Blood features, Blood groups, Group participation.

Abbreviations: Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory (NEO I), NEO Personality Inventory (NEO

PI), Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 16PF (16 Personality Factor),

__________________________________________________________________________________



Page 17

INTRODUCTION

This paper studied the effect of blood groups on the amount of Organizational participation.

Numerous research studies are performed with relation to the recognition of the personality based on

the blood type of people (Jogawar (1983)A great number of researches have been conducted regarding

the effect of blood groups on people's temperament. In his first research Frovave (1927), regarding blood

group and personality, concluded that human blood group is one of the most important determinants of

people is temperament. He stated that O and B blood groups are active (aggressive, advancing, positive)

while A and AB groups are inactive (conservative, defensive, negative), Thompson (1936) found no

relationship between blood type and intelligence, emotions, idiosyncrasies, or personality. In the 1960s

and 1970s, researchers developed more sophisticated instruments to assess personality traits, such as

the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964), and the Sixteen Personality Factors

Inventory (Cattell, Eber and Tatsuoka, 1970). Since then, psychologists have studied Neuroticism and

Extraversion extensively in relation to blood types. Angst and Maurer-Groeli (1974) found higher

Neuroticism scores among persons with Type B. Jogawar (1983) found that people with Type B blood

were less emotionally stable, more apprehensive, and less self-sufficient. Gupta (1990) observed that

Neuroticism scores were significantly higher for participants with Type B blood. Similarly, Marutham and

Prakash (1990) reported that Type B scored significantly higher on Neuroticism than other groups did.

Three studies have reported associations between neuroticism and blood type. Rinieris,

Christodoulous, and Stefanis (1980) found that irrespective of blood type, females had a higher mean

neuroticism score than males did. Their results suggested that gender may be an intervening variable in

the relationship between blood type and personality. Jogawar (1984) found those with Type B blood

to be more neurotic than individuals of other blood types. Marutham and Indira (1990) initially found

no difference between blood groups and extraversion, neuroticism and “Type A” behavior, but after

dividing the groups on the basis of EPI norms, found that blood Type Bs had higher scores on

neuroticism than did any other group. The main question in this paper which we would like to achieve

is: does the blood group of people can affect their participation in the organization?

So far, no research has been done in this case and this is the first paper which has considered the

psychological impact of the personality on the organizational participation. Homburg & jensen2007,

Lorge 1999 , strahle&spire& Acito1996 show that group participation and group cooperation are

influenced by management style.

Anderson, Dubinsky&Mehta1999, Olson, cravens &Slater2001 considered the reasons of the group

participation and cooperation as goal setting determination by employees thus by determining blood

group we can, to some extent, identify people is temperament characteristics adequately by matching

employees at work we can enhance employees participation and thus enhancing productivity in

organization (Marutham and Indira (1990)). Managers have utilized different methods to enhance

employees' group participation (Cattell, Eber and Tatsuoka, 1970).kotler et al 2006, Rouzies et all 2005in

their researches concluded that group participation is resulted from reward and management style.

Therefore, the aim of this research is the cognition of the employee’s behavior based on their personality

traits in group participation in the manufacturing companies. Moreover, the researcher is going to

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9F-4D2FH97-2&_user=5405204&_coverDate=03%2F01%2F2005&_alid=837554711&_rdoc=13&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5897&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=242&_acct=C000012478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5405204&md5=f4e77c3a078f350bdf3683337d4c54dd#bib27

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9F-46JYKJX-3&_user=5405204&_coverDate=05%2F31%2F2003&_alid=837572818&_rdoc=3&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5897&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=27746&_acct=C000012478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5405204&md5=d5f21ad56d524c92aa48ef2f704cb998#bib45


















Page 18

challenge a new theory in current situation which can have a significant effect on the organization

success and propose a scientific strategy to the managers in order to increase the efficiency and

effectiveness of the organization, also this study will be done to answer this question: Does the blood

type of people can be manifested by the personality characteristics? As well as is there any models for

the participation of the people in the organizations to proposeBut various factors affect group

participation. One of the most important factors is people's temperament characteristics which are, to a

large extent, affected by their blood groups Thus, this study intends to show a frame that could identify

characteristics of persons in the job environment and also impress the new alternatives to managers

regarding the personnel arrangement to improve productivity in organizations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Literature review

Two recent studies (Cramer and Imaike, 2002; Rogers and Glendon, 2003) used inventories based on the

widely accepted five-factor model and found no significant relationship between blood type and

personality. The present study is the third published paper to examine this relationship using the five-

factor model. Researchers of this study analyzed 2681 Taiwanese high school students who completed

the Chinese version of NEO-PI-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992a) and reported their blood type. Personality

traits are usually considered to be lifelong (Costa and McCrae, 1997; Rabin, 1977). Studies have shown

that approximately 40% of the variation in personality can be explained by genes (Costa and McCrae,

1992b; Jang, Livesley, and Vernon, 1996). The Ancient Greek physician Galen proposed a temperament

theory based on imbalances in bodily fluids. Several more recent personality theories still advocate

biological antecedents to individual differences, including Sheldon's constitutional theory (Sheldon and

Stevens, 1942), Eysenck's (1987) cortical arousal theory, Wilson's (1975) socio-biological theory, and

Plomin's theory of behavioral genetics ( PlominandCaspi, 1999).Popular books (e.g. Constantine, 1997;

D'Adamo and Whitney, 2001; Nomi and Besher, 1983) have been supplemented by scientific studies on a

possible connection between blood type and personality in normal populations. Medical science has

investigated the relationship between blood group and different diseases, while clinical studies have

identified associations between blood type and psychological disorders. This study considers a non-

clinical population. In his first study of blood type and personality Furukawa (1927) concluded that

human blood types are one of the most important determinants of temperament. He maintained that

types O and B were active (aggressive, progressive and positive) while types A and AB were passive

(conservative, defensive, negative). Furukawa (1930) found that a majority of blood Type O individuals

chose temperamental characteristics such as being optimistic, sociable and strong-willed (phlegmatic).

Blood Type As he found to be melancholic—shy, docile, diffident, worrying, reserved and impressionable.

Blood Type Bs was sanguine—frank, light-hearted, cheerful, sociable, quick and attentive. Blood Type AB

persons had contradictory temperaments and could not be easily judged. Arguing that Furukawa's

studies were methodologically and statistically unsound, Thompson (1936) found no relationship

between blood type and intelligence, emotions, idiosyncrasies, or personality. In the 1960s and 1970s,

researchers developed more sophisticated instruments to assess personality traits, such as the Eysenck

Personality Inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964), and the Sixteen Personality Factors Inventory (Cattell,

Eberand Tatsuoka, 1970). Since then, psychologists have studied Neuroticism and Extraversion




http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9F-4D99R93-1&_user=5405204&_coverDate=03%2F01%2F2005&_alid=837554711&_rdoc=83&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5897&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=242&_acct=C000012478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5405204&md5=ec23b42f3c16f84a864f4ac3312e5527#bib4




http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9F-44RNMPW-6&_user=5405204&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2002&_alid=837572818&_rdoc=10&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=5897&_sort=r&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=27746&_acct=C000012478&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=5405204&md5=e500b23247b69f2ba914e2594d0f11ed#bib24

















Page 19

extensively in relation to blood types. Angst and Maurer-Groeli (1974) found higher Neuroticism scores

among persons with Type B. Jogawar (1983) found that people with Type B blood were less emotionally

stable, more apprehensive, and less self-sufficient. Gupta (1990) observed that Neuroticism scores were

significantly higher for participants with Type B blood. Similarly, Marutham and Prakash (1990) reported

that Type B scored significantly higher on Neuroticism than other groups did. Three studies have

reported associations between neuroticism and blood type. Rinieris, Christodoulous, and Stefanis

(1980) found that irrespective of blood type, females had a higher mean neuroticism score than males

did. Their results suggested that gender may be an intervening variable in the relationship between

blood type and personality. Jogawar (1984) found those with Type B blood to be more neurotic than

individuals of other blood types. Marutham and Indira (1990) initially found no difference between

blood groupsand extraversion, neuroticism and “Type A” behavior, but after dividing the groups on the

basis of EPI norms, found that blood Type Bs had higher scores on neuroticism than did any other

group.

Summarizing findings from blood type and personality studies reveals some conflicting results.

Findings are fairly consistent for blood Type As who have been found to be passive, shy, docile, tender-

minded, introverted and emotionally vulnerable. However, de Mikusinski and Omar de Urteager (1983)

found blood Type A males to be extraverted. While Rinieris et al. (1980) found no relationship between

blood type and neuroticism, four other studies revealed blood Type B to be related to neuroticism.

Furukawa (1927) found blood Type Bs to be active, while Furukawa (1930) found blood Type Bs to

be cheerful, sociable, frank, light-hearted, attentive and quick. Lester and Gatto (1987) found blood

Type Bs to be introverted. Findings for blood Type Os were fairly consistent, suggesting that they are

active, optimistic, sociable and extraverted. However, de Mikusinski and Omar de Urteager (1983)

maintained that only blood Type O females were extraverted while blood Type O males were

introverted. Findings for blood Type ABs were inconsistent. One study revealed them to be passive; two

studies revealed them to be introverted; while another considered them aggressive, open and

extraverted. Furukawa (1930) reported blood Type ABs as showing contradictory traits. Two studies

reported significant gender differences. de Mikusinski and Omar de Urteager (1983) found that blood

Type A males and bloodType O females were extraverted and blood Type O males to be introverted.

Three studies have reported an association between extraversion and blood type. Lester and Gatto

(1987) found that those with blood types O and AB had significantly higher extraversion scores, while

blood type A and B individuals had significantly higher introversion scores. Angst and Maurer-Groeli

(1974) found that blood Type Bs were higher on neuroticism and that blood Type ABs were introverted.

Maurer-Groeli (1974) found that blood Type as were more emotionally vulnerable and that blood Type

ABs were more aggressive, open and extraverted than were individuals with other blood types. Findings

for blood Type AB contradicted Angst and Maurer-Groeli's results. De Mikusinski and Omar de Urteaga's

(1983) first study found blood Type O females to be higher than blood Type A females on extraversion.

Their second study found that blood Type A males were more extraverted and blood Type O males more

introverted, while blood Type O females were more extraverted. Citing results from a self-selected

sample of 20,635 respondents to the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) but presenting no quantitative

data, D'Adamo and Whitney (2001)summarized the blood types as: O extraverted, A introverted, B





























Page 20

independent, AB intuitive. Furthermore, Mao, Xu, Mu, and He (1991) assessed blood types among

Chinese respondents, but could not predict relative levels of the Type Abehavior pattern. However, blood

type is genetically predetermined and can be easily identified, so it has been used as a biological marker

to assess the influence of genetic factors on personality in Australia (Rogers and Glendon, 2003), Canada

(Cramer and Imaike, 2002), Greece (Rinieris, Christodoulou, andStefanis, 1980), India (Gupta, 1990;

Jogawar, 1983; MaruthamandPrakash, 1990), Italy (Cattell, Boutourline, andHundleby, 1964), Japan

(Furukawa, 1930), and the United States (Lester & Gatto, 1987).

Alternatively, even among those studies that report a significant relation, findings remain equivocal

(Iwaki, 1997). For instance,Lester and Gatto (1987) compared blood types with respondents' scores from

both the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and Minnesota MultiphasicPersonality Inventory

(MMPI) Depression Scale. Results showed that Type O and AB respondents were significantly more

extraverted than Type A and B respondents. Similar results were reported by de Mikusinski and Omar de

Urteaga (1983), whose sample was overrepresented by extraverted Type Os. In addition, Eysenck (1982)

reported higher extraversion scores among Type ABs; whereas Angst and Maurier-Groeli (1974, cited in

Lester and Gatto, 1987) reported higher neuroticism scores among Type Bs, and higher psychoticism

scores among both Type Bs and Type ABs. Almost 600 Indian undergraduates indicated their blood type

and completed the 16 Personality Form ( Jogawar, 1983). Results showed that Type Bs were more

emotionally unstable than both Type As and Os. Moreover, Neuman, Shoaf, Harvill, and Jones (1992)

compared the profiles of 15 patients with duodenal ulcers (9 Type As, 6 Type Os) to 10 controls (6 Type

As, 4 Type Os). Results showed that Type As felt more depression, trait anger, and trait anxiety than Type

Os. An earlier study found higher Type A behavior scale scores among Type Os compared with both Type

As and Bs based on the Jenkins Activity Survey ( Neuman, Chi, Arbogast, Kostrzewa, andHarvill, 1991).

Finally, 137 postgraduate students completed both the EPQ and Type A behavior self-rating inventory (

MaruthamandPrakash, 1990). Although the authors found no evidence to link Type Abehavior to blood

type, they did find significantly higher Neuroticism scores among Type B respondents.

Two chief issues warrant mention. First, most investigations into the relation between blood type and

personality were conducted without prior hypotheses, so virtually any significant difference was taken as

meaningful. Second, studies to date have assessed the relation using a variety of personality measures,

both specific (e.g. MMPI Depression) and general (e.g. EPQ, 16PF). Although more general personality

inventories can test a broader and more comprehensive coverage of the relevant domains of personality,

no study to date has evaluated these hypotheses using measures based on the Five-Factor Model

(McCrae and Costa, 1999). Many researchers and theoreticians currently advocate the presence of five

independent underlying personality dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness,

Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. To address these two issues, the present study evaluated a

series of a priori hypotheses, each predicting a unique relation between blood type and personality, as

measured by the NEO-PI ( McCrae and Costa, 1987). The following seven hypotheses were evaluated:

1. There will be (a) higher extraversion scores among both Type ABs and Os, and (b) lower extraversion

scores among both Type As and Bs (Lester and Gatto, 1987).

2. There will be higher extraversion scores among Type ABs (Cattell and Eysenck,1964).





























Page 21

3. There will be higher extraversion scores among Type Os (de Mikusinski and Omar de Urteaga,1983).

4. There will be lower extraversion scores among Type ABs (Angst and Maurer-Groili, 1974; cited in

Lester and Gatto, 1987).

5. There will be higher neuroticism scores among Type Bs (Angst and Maurer-Groili, 1974, cited in Lester;

Cattell; Jogawar and Marutham).

6. There will be (a) higher neuroticism scores among Type As, and (b) lower neuroticism scores among

Type Os (Neuman et al., 1992).

7. There will be lower Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (or a lack of Psychoticism,

EysenckandEysenck, 1976) scores among Type Bs and ABs (Angst and Maurer-Groili, 1974, cited in Lester

and Gatto, 1987).

2.2. Research Hypothesis

According to the research background and the past studies in blood group and organizational

participation, the hypotheses of the research are offered as follows:

Blood group A affect group participation.

Blood group B affect group participation.

Blood group O affect group participation.

Blood group AB affect group participation.

Figure 1.Conceptual model of study

2.3. Research Methodology

This study was conducted during time period of 2007-2009 and through questionnaires, the data related

to the type of blood groups and the extent of people participation was examined. Due to the nature of

the subject matter, research statistical population includes firms that have been accepted in Tehran stock














Page 22

Exchange. The research was conducted by using cluster sampling method. First through formula 1

(determining limited sample volume) some firms were selected and then through formula 2 (determining

unlimited sample volume), some production line personnel from the selected, firms were selected and

finally 380 questionnaires were distributed to the production line personnel. In this research,

questionnaires with five-option variance scale and nine questions were utilized. The respondent had to

choose only one option. The reliability of the questionnaire is assessed by comparing the rate of the two

population means and the validity of the questionnaire was tested by the test of independence. After

that, the hypotheses of the research are tested by Chi-square statistics

(1)

pqZN

pqNZ

n

21

22

21

2

2)

2

21

2

pqZ

n

96.1

21

2

Z

,

2

= 0/05 ( limited error ) P= 0/5

q= 0/5

N=400

The questionnaire's reliability and validity were examined using independence test and average ratio

comparison of the two populations and through Pearson formula was tested. The research variables in

this study were as follow:

Group participation (dependent variable)

Blood groups (independent variable)

2.5. Questionnaire's reliability and validity results

2.5.1. Reliability

In order to examine the reliability of the questionnaires, two groups of 50 samples (sample from the

aggregate population) were selected and through comparison of ratios, the reliability was examined.



Page 23

Table of Experimental frequencies

group Very low low middle high Very high جمع∑

1 20 33 70 1m 240 120 1n 483

2 15 38 65 2m 255 110 2n 483

210 : PPH

211 : PPH

m1= high level in sample 1 and m2= high level in sample 2 and n1= total in sample 1 and n2= total

sample 2

Because the test function sample is not in the critical area and keeping hypothesis 0H, the

questionnaire's reliability is confirmed.

Table 1.Table of test result

Calculated U UTable Test Result

0.4149 1.96 Hypothesis H0 is not rejected

2.5.2. Validity

To examine the questionnaire's validity, Pearson test in the probable error level α= 0.05 was used.

0H: Questions are independent.

1H : Questions are dependent.

)11

)(1)((2121

21

21

21

2

2

1

1

mmnn

mm

nn

mm

n

m

n

m

U



Page 24

2

)1)(1(1

2

ts

ij

ijn

m

m

mij2= Experimental Frequencies mij

'=Thotherial Frequencies

s=The number of line in final table t= The number of column in final table

1-α=%95

Table 2.Validity test result for nine questions of the questionnaire

2 Calculated 2 Table

)( 2

8,95.0 Test Result

37.69 16.9 Hypothesis 0H is rejected

The function of test samples are in the critical area hypothesis 0H is rejected so validity of the

questionnaire is confirmed.(appendix 1)

2.5.3. Test results of the hypotheses

2.5.3.1. Hypothesis #1

Blood group A does not affect group participation: 0H

Blood group A has an effect on group participation: 1H

Pearson's chi-square test at probable level of error α =0.05 was used to examine the hypothesis.

2

)1)(1(1

2)(

ts

ij

ijij

m

mm



Page 25

Table 3.The test result of hypothesis #1

2 Calculated

2

)1)(1(1 ts )( 2

8,95.0 Test Result


With the function of test sample being in the critical area and rejecting hypothesis 0H, 1H is

confirmed(appendix 2)


Blood group B does not have an effect on group participation: 0H

Blood group B has an effect on group participation: 1H

Pearson's chi-square test at probable level of error α=0.05 was used to examine the hypothesis.

2

)1)(1(1

2)(

ts

ij

ijij

m

mm

Table 4.Test result of hypothesis # 2

2 Calculated

2

)1)(1(1 ts 2

1,7,95.0 Test Result


With the function of test sample being in the critical area and rejecting hypothesis 0H, 1H is

confirmed.(appendix3)


Blood group O does not have an effect on group participation: 0H

Blood group O has an effect on group participation: 1H



Page 26


2

)1)(1(1

2)(

ts

ij

ijij

m

mm


2 Calculated

2

)1)(1(1 ts 2



With the function of test sample being in the critical area and rejecting 0H, 1H is confirmed.


Blood group AB does not have an effect on group participation: 0H

Blood group AB has an effect on group participation: 1H


2

)1)(1(1

22 )(

ts

ij

ijij

ij

ij

m

mmn

m

mK


2 Calculated

2

)1)(1(1 ts 2



With the function of test sample being in the critical area and rejecting 0H, 1H is confirmed.

(appendix4)



Page 27

Also possible to prioritize based on calculated2 .

Table 7.Test results of the hypotheses

Priority Calculated2 Hypotheses

1 3988.68 Hypothesis # 1




2.5.4. Degree of correlation

In order to giving preference to blood types in the group participation, the Tschuprow's coefficient is used

Schuprow coefficient could be used for measurement of degree of correlation.

87640)1)(1(

2

tsn

R

Related to hypothesis # 1

09410)1)(1(

2

tsn

R


18170)1)(1(

2

tsn

R


21170)1)(1(

2

tsn

R


S=The number of line in final table

N=The number of observation

t= The number of column in final table

Calculated by each table of hypothesis=2א



Page 28

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Implementation of group tasks are the expectations that lead individual role including one's expected

behavior patterns people consider different roles that may be in conflict with each other or may be

performed quite vividly,. Thus, managers must be aware of people personality and mentalities when they

are forming group or performing some group tasks. This enables them to match people suitably and

achieve maximum productivity for the organization. A large number of researches have been conducted

about the impact of people blood groups on their personality features, In his first research Frovave

(1927), regarding blood group and personality, concluded that human blood group is one of the most

important determinants of people is temperament. He stated that O and B blood groups are active

(aggressive, advancing, positive) while A and AB groups are inactive (conservative, defensive, negative),

Thompson (1936) found no relationship between blood type and intelligence, emotions, idiosyncrasies, or

personality. In the 1960s and 1970s, researchers developed more sophisticated instruments to assess

personality traits, such as the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1964), and the Sixteen

Personality Factors Inventory (Cattell, Eber and Tatsuoka, 1970)Anderson, Dubinsky&Mehta1999, Olson,

cravens &Slater2001 considered the reasons of the group participation and cooperation as goal setting

determination by employees thus by determining blood group we can, to some extent, identify people is

temperament characteristics adequately by matching employees at work we can enhance employees

participation and thus enhancing productivity in organization (Marutham and Indira (1990)). Managers

have utilized different methods to enhance employees' group participation (Cattell, Eber and Tatsuoka,

1970). which we presented in theoretical framework of this article. But in this scientific research the

effective factors on group participation were identified and also their prioritization in the extent of group

participation was performed based on Schuprow coefficient.

Thus in this study important alternativesregarding the determination of production line arrangement

with the highest productivity are suggested, concerning the results of the research that showed . there is

significant and positive relationship between blood groups and group participation, also the result show

that blood group A has the highest participation in a group and blood groups o has the second highest

rank in group participation blood group AB is ranked third in group participation and group B has the

least tendency in group cooperation and in most cases has the tendency to work individually (singly) so

the research results can be used as a scientific alternative to improve productivity in organizations.

Table 8.Result of examination of the relationship of blood groups and group participation

Priority Calculated2 Hypotheses














Page 29

figure 2. Result of examination of the relationship of blood groups and group participation

REFERENCES

Angst And Maurer-Grocli. 1974 J. Angst and Y. Maurcr-Groeli, Blood groups and personality, Archive fur

Psychiatric and NeTYenkra11kbeiJen 218 ( 1974), pp.291-300.

Anderson .R.E , Dubinsky ,A.j , 8 Mehta , R.(1999). Sales Managers: marketing is best example of

the peter principle Business Horizons , 42(1) , 9-26

Bakcrand Salas, 1 994 Baker, D.P., &Salas, E. (1994). The importance of teamwork: In the eye father

beholder? Paper presented at the Ninth Annual Conference of the Society for industrial and

Organizational Psychology, Nashville,TN

Balthazarder al., 2004 P. Balthazrd, R.E. Potter and J. Warren, Expertise, extraversion und group

interaction styles as performance indicators in virtual teams, Datuhuse for Advance. in information

Systems 35 (2004) (I), pp. 41-64.

Brrick and Mount, 2003 M.R. Barrick and M.K. Mount, impact of meta-analysis methods on

understanding personality -performance relations. I n: K.R. Murphy, Editor, Validity generalization A

crilictJI review, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah,:NJ {2003). pp.197-222.



Page 30

Barrickct a!., 1998 M.R. llarrick, CU. Stewart, M.J. Neubert and M.K . Mount, Relating member ability and

personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness, Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998)

(3).pp.377-391.

Barry and Stewart. 1 997 B. Barry·and G.L. Stewart, Composition, process, and performance in· self-

managed groups: The role of personality, journal 'Applied Psychology 82 {1997) ( l ), pp62-7K.

Bound and Ng, 2004 M .H. Bond and I.W.-C. Ng, The depth of a group's personality resources': Impacts

on group process group performance, Asian Journal of Sac/a/ Psychology 7 (2004) (3}, pp. 285-300.

Bnuchard. 1969.T.J. Bouchard, Jr. , Personality, problem solving procedure, and. performance(loce in

small groups. Journal of Applied Psychology Monograph 53 (1969), pp. 1- 29.

Cattle und Stice. 1 954, R.B.Cattell and G.F.Stice , Four formulae for selecting leaders on the. basis of

personality. Human Relations 7 (1954), pp. 493-507.

Cattell et at.. 1964 R.BCattell, H,Y. Boutourline and J.D. Hundleby, Blood groups and personality traits,

American Journal of Human Genetics 16 (1964), pp. 397-402.

cattell., 1970 R.B.Cartell, H.W. Eberand.M.Tatsuoka, Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor

Questionnaire, Institute of Personal Ability Testing, Champaign, all (1 970).

Costa , P.T. andmccrae, R.R., 1992. Four ways five factors arc basic. Personality and Individual

Differences 13, pp.653-665

Costa and mccrace.1992 P.T. Costaand R .R.McCrae, Revised NEO .personality Inventory (NEO-Pl-R) and

the NEO five-Factor Inventory (NEO-Ff1) professional manual, Psychological Assessment Resources.

Odessa, FL (1 992).

Crutchfield. 1955. R.S. Crutchfield ,Conformity and character. American psychology is 10{1955), pp. 191-

198.

Dadamo,P.J.andWhitney,C., 2001. Live right for your type. , Viking. Ringwood, Australia.

·de Mijkusioski, E.B. und Omar de Urteaga, A.G., 1983. The blood group as a genetic determinate of

personality types. Interdisciplinary 4 2, pp. 153- 166.

Driskell et at.. 1987. Driskell, J.E., Salas, E., Hogan, R., 1987.Taxonomy for composing effective naval

teams. Technical Report no. TR87002. Naval Training Systems Center, Orlando, f L.

Driskell et al., 1988 J.E. Driskell, R. Hogan and E. Salas, Personality and group performance ,Review and

Personality and Social psychology14 (1988), pp. 91-11 2.

Evsenck and Evsenck, 1976H.J. Eysenck and S.B.G. Eysenck ,Psychotics as a dimension of pcrsoou1ity.,

Ctallc, Russak, New York (1976).



Page 31

Eyscnck. 1982 H.J. Eysenck, The biological basis of cross-cultural difference in personal ity: Blood group

antigens, psychological report 51 (1982). pp. 531-540.

Eysenck, H.J., 1990.Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: the three major

dimensions of personality journal of Personality 51i, pp. 245-261.

Furukaw, T., 1927. A study of temperament by means of human blood groups Japanese Journal of

psychology 2, pp.612-634.

Hackman, I 986 J.R. Hackman, The psychology of self management in organizations. In: M.S. Pallakanc;l

R. Pcrloff, Editors, Psychology and work, American Psychological l Association, Washington, DC ( I 986).

pp. 89-136.

Homburg .C , 8 jensen . o , (2007) The thought worlds of marketing and sales : which differences

make difference? Journal of marketing . 71(3) . 124 – 142

Hackman. 1990. Hackman, J.R., 1990.Conclusion: creating more effective workgroups in organizations.

In: Hackman, J.R. (Ed.), Groups that Work and Those that Don' t.Jossey-Bass, San-Francisco.

HalfhillctaJ., 2005 T. Halfhill, T.M. Nielsen, E. Sundstrom and A. Weilbaechcr, Group personality

composition and performance in military service teams, Military psychology ! 7 (2005) (I), pp.41- 54.

Haythorn.1953.W. Haythom , The influence of individual members on the characteristics of small groups.

Journal of Alumna and Social P., ychology 48 (1953), pp. 276 284.

Hlouj h. 1992. L.M.!Iough, Tile big five personality variables--<:obstruct confusion :description versus

prediction. /Iuman Predominance 5 ( I 992), pp. I 3155.

Guzzo and Watery. 1982. R.A. Guzzo and J.A. Wau:rs , The expression of affect and the performance of

decision-making groups. journal of Applied Psychology 61 (I 982), pp. 67- 74.

Jang ct al 1996 K.L. Jang, W.J. Livesley and P.A. revnon, Hcritatbility of the big five personality dimensions

and their facets: A twin study, .Journal of personality 64 (1996), pp. 557-

591.

Jogawar.1983 .Jogawar, Personality correlate.<; of human blood groups./personality and individual

Differences 4 (1983), pp. 215-216.

Gircgr. !955. Greer, f.L., 1955. Small group effectiveness, institute Report no. 6. Institute for Rcs¢archon

Human Relations, Philadelphia.

Gupta.1990 S. Gupta. Blood groups and personality chamcteristics, personality and individual

Gibb. 1969. Gibb, C.A., 1969. Leadership. In: Lindzey, G., Aronson, (Eds.), Handbook of

Social psychology, Vol.4. Addison- Wesley, New York.



Page 32

Differences 3(1990), pp. 31 7-318.

Gurnee, 1937.H.Gurnee, Mazie learning in the collective situation. Journal of psychology 3 (1937).pp.437-

443.

Guzzo and shca.1992 R .A. Guzzo and G.P. Shea, Group performance and intergroup relations

in organizations. In: M.D. Dunnette and L.M.Hough, Editors, Handbook of industrial and

kiwi, T., 1930. A study of temperament and blood groups .Journal of Social Psychology1. pp.494-509.

Kickul and Neuman, 2000 kickul and G. Neuman, Emergent leadership behaviors: The (unction of

personality and eognilivc ability in determining teamwork performance and KSAs, Journal of Business

and Psychology 15 (2000) (I), 11p. 27-51.

Kich.uk and Wiesner, 1997 S.L. Kichuk and W.H.Wiesner, The Big Five personality factors and team

performance: Implications for selecting successful product design teams, .Journal ol Engineering and

Technology Manag (mumt 14 (1997) (3,4), pp. 1.95-221.

Kichuk and Wiesner, 1998 S.L. Kichuk and W.H.Wiesner, Work teams: Selecting members for optimal

performance, Canadian Psychology 39 (1998) (1/2), pp. 23- 32.

Kotler, P. Rackham , N, 8 krishnaswamy , S. (2006) . Ending the between sales 8 marketing . Harvard

Business Review , 84(7/8), 68 – 78

Lester. D. and Gatto, J., 1987. Personality and blood group. Personality and IndividualDf'erences 8, p.

267.

McCrae and Costa. 19&9.R.R.McCrae and P.T. Costa,, Jr., The structure of interpersonal treaty: Wiggin’s

circumflex and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1989), pp. 586-

590.

Marutham and Prakash.1990P.Marutham and I.j. Prakash, A study of the possible relationship of blood

types to certain personality variables. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology 17 (1990), pp. 79-81.

Maurer-Groeli, Y., 1974.Blutgruppen, Personlichkeit und SchulabschluB: RineUntersuchungmittelsFPL. (

Blood-group, personality and level of education: an investigation by means of The FPl).

Sehwei=earacheZeitschrifiFuserPsychologies 33, pp. 407-410

Mohammad and Angell, 2003 S. Mohammed and L.C. Angell, Personality heterogeneity in teams: Which

differences make a difference for team performance, Small Group Research 34 (2003) (6), pp. 651-677.

Mohammad et al., 2002 S. Mohammad,.I.E. Mathieu and A.L Bartlett. Technical-administrative task

performance, leadership task performance, and contextual performance: Considering the influence of

team- and task-related composition variables, Journal of Organizational Behavior23 (2002)(7), pp. 795-

814.



Page 33

Margeson et al., 2005 F.P.Morgcson, M.H. Reider and M.A. Campion, Selecting individuals in team

settings: The importance of social skills, personality characteristics, and team work knowledge, Personnel

P. virology 58 (2005) (3), pp. 583-611.

Neumanet 1992J.K. Neuman, F.B. Shoaf; L.M.Harvill and E. Jones, Personality traits and blood type in

duodenal ulcer patients and healthy controls: some preliminary results. Medical Psychotherapy 5 (1992),

pp. 83-88.

Neuman et al., 1999 G.A. Neuma.n, S.H. Wagner and N.D. Christiansen, The relationship between work-

team personality composition and the job performance of teams, (group and organization Management

24 (1999) (I), pp. 28.--45.

Neuman and Wright, 1999 G.A. Neuman and J. Wright, Team effectiveness: Beyond skills and cognitive

ability, Journal of Applied Psychology 84 (1999) (3), pp. 376-389.

Olson , E. M ,Gravens, D.W . 8 slaters , s . F. (2001) competiveness and sales management:

A marriage of strategies . Business Horizon, 42(2) 25 – 30

Plornin, R. and Caspi, A., 1999. Behavioral genetics and personality. In: Pervin, L.A. and John, O.P.,

Editors, 1999. Handbook of personality: theory and research (2nd cd.),Guilford, New York, pp.251-276

Peters, 1988 T.J. Peters, Thriving on chaos, Knopf, New York (1988).Rinierisect al..1980 P.M. Rinieris, G.N.

Christodoulou and C.l\. Stefani's, Neuroticism and ABO blood types, Acted Psychiatrics Scandinavian 61

(1980), pp. 473-476.

Peters, 1988 T.J. Peters, Thriving on chaos, Knopf, New York (1988).

Rinierisect al..1980 P.M. Rinieris, G.N. Christodoulou and C.l\.Stefani's, Neuroticism and ABO blood types,

Acted Psychiatrics Scandinavian 61 (1980), pp. 473-476.

Rouzies, D . Andersan, E , kohli , A , K Michales , R , E weitz B.A , 8 zoltners , A . A (2005) .sales and

marketing integration: A Proposed Framework . journal of personal selling and sales Management .

15(2) . 113 - 122

Stcwanct al., 2005 G.L. Stewart, I.S. Fulmer and M.R. Barrick, An exploration of member roles as a

multilevel linking mechanism for individual traits and team outcomes, personal

Psychology 58 (2005) (2), pp.343-365.


multilevel linking mechanism for individual traits and team outcomes, personal

Psychology 58 (2005) (2), pp.343-365.



Page 34


multilevel linking mechanism for individual traits and team outcomes, personal Psychology 58 (2005) (2),

pp.343-365.

Taggarct al., 1999 S. Taggar, R. Hackett and S. Saha, Leadership emergence in autonomous work teams:

Antecedents and outcomes, Personnel Psychology 52 (1999) (4), pp. 899-926.

Thompson, G.N., 1936. Blood type as related to intelligence, emotions, and personality. Journal of

Applied psychology&"Y 20, pp. 785-789.

Tomatsky, 1986 L.G.Tomatsky, Technological change and the structure of work.In:M.S. Pollack and R.

Perl off,

Weick and Penner.1969.K.E. Weick and D.O. Penner, Discrepant membership as an occasion for effective

cooperation. society 32 (1969), pp. 413-424.



Page 35

Appendix 1-Table of questionnaire Experimental frequencies

∑ Very high high middle Low Very low question

371 95 119 110 23 24 1

371 111 139 92 20 9 2

371 105 138 90 21 17 3

371 80 148 119 19 5 4

371 58 142 113 41 17 5

371 83 152 109 19 8 6

371 98 130 103 24 16 7

371 67 100 136 47 21 8

371 41 79 81 115 55 9

371 66 95 468 8 58 10

371 20 67 112 84 88 11

371 24 53 139 109 46 12

371 26 125 172 32 16 13

371 62 116 135 40 18 14

371 24 114 195 25 13 15

371 20 35 87 120 109 16

371 235 95 27 9 5 17

371 77 142 106 26 20 18

6678 1292 1989 1994 445 545 ∑



Page 36

2-Table of Hypothesis 1 Experimental frequencies


118 26 40 35 5 82 1

118 30 53 24 8 3 2

118 28 42 33 8 7 3

118 21 42 49 6 0 4

118 14 46 34 14 10 5

118 19 49 38 10 2 6

118 21 47 30 12 8 7

118 21 34 44 9 10 8

118 8 14 34 33 29 11

118 5 26 77 6 4 15

118 73 29 11 4 1 17

1298 266 422 409 115 86 ∑



Page 37



70 12 30 20 2 6 1

70 15 30 18 5 2 2

70 18 28 19 2 3 3

70 9 33 24 3 1 4

70 5 27 31 7 0 5

70 9 27 31 3 0 6

70 15 22 28 3 2 7

70 9 20 26 13 2 8

70 2 14 25 15 14 11

70 5 21 36 5 3 15

70 44 18 5 1 2 17

770 143 270 263 59 35 ∑



Page 38



145 51 33 44 13 4 1

145 56 45 36 7 1 2

145 49 55 28 8 5 3

145 44 61 30 7 3 4

145 32 56 33 17 7 5

145 43 65 28 4 5 6

145 51 46 36 6 6 7

145 32 35 52 17 9 8

145 7 32 41 27 38 11

145 10 58 60 13 4 15

145 97 37 6 3 2 17

1595 472 523 394 122 84 ∑



Page 39



38 6 16 11 3 2 1

38 10 11 14 0 3 2

38 10 13 10 3 2 3

38 6 12 16 3 1 4

38 7 13 15 3 0 5

38 12 11 12 2 1 6

38 11 15 9 3 0 7

38 5 11 14 8 0 8

38 3 7 12 9 7 11

38 4 9 22 1 2 15

38 21 11 5 1 0 17

418 95 125 140 36 18 ∑



Page 40

Questionnaire Blood Group: ………

Row Questions Very low low middle High Very high

1 Doing task jointly in a group

has more desirability for me?

2 Doing the tasks for which I

have responsibility, gives me

satisfaction.

3 In my opinion the tasks that

are done jointly in a group are

more successful that those

done individually.

4 My role in the success of the

group in which I participate is

very considerable.

5 I prefer to implement my

ideas and plans jointly in a

group.

6 To what extent do your

coordinate the activities of

group members?

7 How much of the information,

you have obtained with

difficultly, would you give out

to your group?

8 Being the manager of a group

is more desirable to me than

being a member of the group.

9 In your opinion, to what

extent could people

assigned take advantage of

group task?



Page 41

10 In your opinion, to what

extent could inactive people

take advantage of group

task?

11 I prefer employing friends and

relatives for doing group task

rather than other people?

12 Often, my failures in the

group are caused by other

group member’s mistakes.

13 In assigning tasks to others, to

what extent would you trust

them?

14 When one of the group

members is absent, to what

extent are you willing to take

his or her task?

15 To what extent are your

opinions given

importance over others?

16 To what extent would you

cooperate with non-

participative (inactive) people

in a group?

17 To what extent would you

consider friendship and unity

important?

18 To what extend would you

inform your co-worker for

beneficial of teamwork

personality psychological strategy in the management of productivity

Documents

Transcript of personality psychological strategy in the management of productivity