Permanency: Situating formalization of informal settlements in ...

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settlements, unplanned settlements, urban villages, informal housing, shantytowns, shack-lands, squatter camps, favelas, slums

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!#!This is a massive pipe that runs through the settlement. The pipe is operated by Randwater, a provincial water body authority,

that supplies water to various areas in the eastern side of Tshwane. Informal dwellers built their homes on top of this pipe. 4 https://www.news24.com/News24/100s-evacuated-after-pipe-bursts-20120820 5 Jeffsville is built on dolomitic soil, which is prone to sinkhole formations [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/pretoria-

news/20130725/281659662656220]. 6 https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/45-families-evacuate-homes-after-sinkhole-scare. 7 The relocated were faced with fatal racial tensions in Bremmer, hence they were moved to Mashollaville. I visited their new

area during my fieldwork. https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/National/race-clash-over-shacks-20170129 8 Formalization aims at insitu upgrades, relocations are a last resort (NUSP). National Upgrading Support Programme (NUSP)

is a government programme setting guidelines for formalization http://thehda.co.za/index.php/home/nusp 9 Other sinkholes occurred around the settlements following the one of January 2017. In 2019, a car was swallowed by a sinkhole

[https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/car-drops-into-hole-20191230]

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The term environmental justice came to being as a tool for mobilization against racial

discrimination. Benjamin Chavis jr was instrumental in the development of environmental

justice through his coining the idea of environmental racism. In that context, environmental

racism was described as “any deliberate targeting Africa American communities, for sitting

of toxic waste facilities, through policy institutions and their enforcement” (Holifield, 2001;

Schlosberg & Carruthers, 2010). The growth of the environmental justice movement in the

1990s, instigated shifts to make the concept more versatile and inclusive. (Schweitzer &

Stephenson, 2007), for instance, maintains that the term environmental justice incorporates

environmental racism and environmental classism. Hence environmental justice avails itself

as for mobilizing both with government and activism structures (Agyeman & Evans, 2004).

Thus, in this study, I will focus on environmental justice as both a theoretical and a policy

concept. Because I seek to understand how environmental justice as a policy idea, directed

at governance interventions in environmentally unjust spaces of the South- is theorized in

urban studies.

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Chaired by Gro Harlem Brundtland, the former prime minister of Norway. Cities became an important application of sustainable

development. The focus of the report on the integration of economic, social and environmental concerns, together with global

and local issues, made cities a key arena in which the concept of sustainable development could be applied (Bulkeley & Betsill,

2005). 18 See page 3 above 19 Neoliberal urbanism has been marked by the proliferation of various forms of state-mediated market rule, by privatized and

contractualized governance, and by widespread subordination to competitive logics!

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sociology for its failure to grasp the historical specificity of the urban form under capitalism (Brenner, 2002: 363).

22 These include “Terms like captive cities manipulated cities, postmodern cities, insurgent cities, consumer cities, cities as

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!26 Place branding is concerned with building a spatial imaginary that creates a competitive urge, resulting more tourists, more

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!27 BRICS is an acronym representing a group of coined to associate five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India,

China, and South Africa.

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international agreements including Agenda 21, and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.

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causality. In South Africa, the apartheid regime applied this spatial logic to create segregated spaces.

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The New Urban Agenda (NUA), a policy programme of the United Nations for

Habitat adopted by various counties in 2016, in Quito, Ecuador. South Africa,

through the national Department of Housing, is also signatory to this international

consensus for environmental management.

NUA is a new global framework for managing urbanization. Thus, its consensus is

centred around inclusive urbanization . In this unprecedented era of increasing

urbanization, and in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,

the Paris Agreement, and other global development agreements and frameworks,

we have reached a critical point in understanding that cities can be the source of

solutions to, rather than the cause of, the challenges that our world is facing today.

If well-planned and well-managed, urbanization can be a powerful tool for

sustainable development for both developing and developed countries (UN-

Habitat, 2016).

Furthermore, NUA positions a policy objective of inclusive urban development,

seeking to do right with the “victims of urbanization” (Roy, 2005), considering,

that as highlighted by (Turok and Scheba, 2018) The ‘right to the city’ was one of

the main sticking points in negotiating the New Urban Agenda.

The sustainability objective is also at the core of the New Urban Agenda, as it

represents a shared vision for a better and more sustainable future – one in which

all people have equal rights and access to the benefits and opportunities that cities

can offer, and in which the international community reconsiders the urban

systems and physical form of our urban spaces to achieve this (UN-Habitat, 2016).

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!32 Subaltern is a Gramscian concept, from where he considers that one is subaltern when one is in a position of subordination

to hegemonic power. The framing of the subaltern politics of emerged from this understanding. 33 Subaltern spaces and subaltern classes are umbrella terms to speak about urban informality [see Roy, 2011].!

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!34 For Chatterjee (2004) a political society is a castor of the community that resorts to violation of the law to secure habitation

and livehood.

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!36 The ‘Slum-free Cities’ policy draws from the internationally conceived and promoted idea of ‘cities without slums’, a form of

slum upgrading programme initiatively launched by Cities Alliance36 (Andavarapu & Edelman, 2013). The central idea of ‘cities

without slums’ is on promoting a national growth agenda centred on sustainable, inclusive cities (Andavarapu & Edelman, 2013).

Like the ‘cities without slums’, Slum-free Cities endeavour is that it gives centrality to the slum in the making of urban futures

(Roy, 2014). Particularly because, as highlighted by Roy, Slum-free Cities marks a shift in city-making projects, it also marks a

break with previous frames of world-class city making, which relied on the crude techniques of slum evictions and demolitions.

Here, informality is perceived as a transgression to formality commanding corrective and appropriate interventions (Cresswell,

1996). These crude techniques were influenced by varying discourses. For instance, Huchzermeyer (2010) associates these

violent evictions and rhetoric with political intervention. 37 Roy cites a provocative essay by Gidwani and Reddy (2011: 1652–53) who argue that ‘India’s urban present is a post-

development formation’, one in which the urban poor is ‘superfluous to a regime of capitalist value and where ‘neither the

apparatuses of the state, nor the urban bourgeoisie seek this social engagement’ with ‘surplus humanity’.!

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!#'!Roy found that inclusive growth, as articulated in various discourses and agendas in India, is a vision of market-oriented

inclusive growth. It is premised on the argument that the benefits of economic growth can be extended to ‘currently excluded

sections’, often through reforms in ‘governance and accountability’ (Deloitte, 2011: 3 in Roy, 2014).!

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!39 “Under a postpolitical condition: ‘Everything is politicized, can be discussed, but only in a non-committal way and as a non-

conflict. Absolute and irreversible choices are kept away; politics becomes something one can do without making decisions that

divide and separate” (Swyngedouw, 2009: 609)

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!41 The concept of environmental justice is not be conflated with environmental sustainability. The distinction of environmental

justice rests on its interpretation of the ‘environment’, as elaborated above. 42 Foremost, Agyeman (2002), brings to our attention the two different, yet correlated, dimensions of environmental justice.

These dimensions situate environmental justice as both a tool of local mobilization for justice and national policy principle for

justice. In relation to its application Walker (2009), for instance, points out how the concept The first conjunction of the two

words to provide a label for specific forms of political activism is universally attributed to campaigners in the USA, working to

resist the imposition of toxic and polluting facilities in minority and poor communities. In the context of this study, I engage

with environmental justice as (word). The conundrum on the definition of environmental justice is, I argue, can be explained by

the fluid interpretations of justice in environmental justice discourses, which can arguably be attributed to its meaning drawn

from diverse interpretations.!

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!43 My argument here does not sympathize with those that seek to undermine race and racism in environmental justice (EJ)

discourses. Because the concept of racism remains important in locating injustice for in post-apartheid South Africa and for my

study. Apartheid, I argue, was an environmental injustice against the Black people. Hence, we cannot leave race out of EJ debates

in South Africa. As will show in chapter 4, the apartheid system’s land dispossesion from the Black communities left a legacy of

unequal distribution of environmental bads and goods (Patel, 2014). 44 Walker (2009, p. 361) lists no fewer than 37 countries in which the environmental justice frame has been applied.!

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The Environmental Justice Networking Forum (EJNF) was the face of the rise of

environmental justice in post-apartheid South Africa (Myers, 2008). However, the

EJNF environmental justice battles lacked synergy with the socio-environmental issues

Inherited form the apartheid governance.

The interpretation of environmental problem in northern context as the ‘unequal

distribution of waste pollutants and siting of toxic waste facilities’ (Holifield, 2001), is

evident is South African environmental debates. For instance, there is focus on how

government racially motivated policies ensured that African communities are located

close to heavy industrial facilities. Citing the case of the Durban refinery, one of the few

examples given prominence in South African environmental justice debates, Lawhon

(2020) raises concerns on how this case has overshadowed other more egregious

examples of environmental injustices.

Without undermining the importance of the Durban refinery, this account maintains an

understanding of the environmental problem within its northern framing. As a result,

informal settlement related environmental issues remain subdued. As I will

demonstrate through the case of Tshwane, waste management in informal settlements

remains a serious exemplar of environmental injustice in the global South, yet its

framing as an environmental injustice is limited in current literatures.

Box 2.3: The rise of EJ movement in South Africa

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!47 My conception of the neoliberalization of nature draws from Rattu & Veron (2016) who understand neoliberalization of nature

to “imply dispossessing people from natural resources through the practices of privatization and commoditization of parts of

the environment” (154). Furthermore, I also concur that Neoliberalization here does not imply the rolling back of the state, but

the rolling out of the state as a facilitator of environmental management, including as a creator and guarantor of environmental

markets (Rattu & Veron, 2016). At that stage, the apartheid regime was more about dispossessing Black South Africans of land.

However, as my case of formalization in the City of Tshwane will show, in a democratic South Africa, the neoliberalization of

nature in relation to informal spaces points towards a rolling back of the state. 48 Here Patel (2009: 94) specifically “examines the role of environmental assessment procedures, specifically Environmental

Impact Assessments [EIA’s], in shaping outcomes at the local level to understand how injustices are perpetuated and

maintained”. 49 Poverty capital is not only financial capital, but also another kind of advantage and distinction. It sheds light on how powerful

institutions control capital, or circuits of profit and investment, as well as truth, or authoritative knowledge about poverty.

Instead, Roy (2010) wants us to understand poverty capital as the currency of poverty experts, those who are authorized to

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! !

!produce authoritative knowledge about poverty and its alleviation. This is not simply knowledge; this is the “truth”—the forms

of knowledge that come to be understood as certain, legitimate, and undeniably correct [Roy]. According to Roy, the distribution

of such capital exerts a structural effect, conferring power over a system of social relations. 50 The new EIA was released in 2006. This is a technocratic environmental management process. It places focus on discourses

of distributive justice. I argue it does not address the real politics of environmental justice.!

! )'!

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!51 “Cities produce 80% of the world’s greenhouse gases, express often the most pervasive forms of socio-environmental

injustices and are central to producing more sustainable environmental futures” (Swyngedouw 2009:602).

52 In contradiction to environmental injustice, which reverses the gains of sustainable development, for example, Agyeman

(2008) argues that environmental injustice is a factor with negative implications on sustainability impacting everyday

functioning and wellbeing of communities. For Agyeman, environmental despoliation and degradation does not happen without

triggering issues of social justice, equity, rights and people’s quality of life in its widest. 53 “The ‘Just Sustainability Paradigm’ is an emerging discursive frame and paradigm. It is not, however, rigid, single and

universal, thereby avoiding the charge of essentialism. It links to both the green/New Environmental Paradigm and the

brown/Environmental Justice Paradigm. In this sense, it can be seen as being both flexible and contingent, composed of

overlapping discourses that come from recognition of the validity of a variety of issues, problems and framings” (Agyeman,

2008: 753).!

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consensus.!

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!KL! The wholesale implementation of the EIA has been brought to question. Oelofse’s (2005: 447) deconstruction of

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marginalized.

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the environment can -for instance by introducing a policy regulating plastic bags through retail. Nhamo concludes that, while

this policy shift has had positive gains for the environment, thousands of retrenched workers have subsequently lost their

livelihoods.!

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!62 Rattu & Véron’s draws on Foucault’s of analysis governmentality to interpret ‘neoliberal environmental

governmentality’, or “environmentality,” which they interpret as a space of technologies of self and power and

creation of new subjects concerned about the environment.

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!63 Dean (1994) usefully distinguishes three ways in which governmentality can be understood: “as ‘political

subjectification’; as ‘governmental self-formation’; and as ‘ethical self-formation’. ‘Political subjectification’

involves practices and discourses that see individuals as political subjects of various kinds, but particularly under

regimes of liberal rule” (p:154–158).

“Governmental self-formation’ relates to the ways in which assorted agencies, authorities,

organizations and groups seek to shape and incite the self-formation of the comportments, habits,

capacities and desires of particular categories of individuals towards particular ends. And ‘ethical self-

formation’ concerns the government of the self by the self ‘by means of which individuals seek to know,

decipher, and act on themselves” (p: 156).

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!()!Although both strategies were aligned with the vision statement of the NDP (the National Development Plans)- “Now in

2030 we will live in a country which we have made”.!

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!*$!Phomolong and Jeffsville.!*!!Qualitative researchers often combines one or more of these methods. Different qualitative methods may be combined to take

advantage of different opportunities for data collection and to enrich understanding of social processes (2019). While this

approached is also termed mixed methods, it differs from the mixed method resulting from combining qualitative with

quantitative methods (Schutt, 2019)!*"!When I started out, I had planned to first conduct interviews. The aim was to enter the field without preconceived ideas.

Nonetheless, research ethics approval played a role in how the process unfolded.!

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&#.&Y!“In African cities, informality is on a tremendous rise, meaning slums are a permanent feature in these cities.

Hence, slum dwellers are vital stakeholders in city planning and governance. As such, we argue that inclusive

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municipal governance is fundamental in the success of slum upgrading initiatives. This is through mayors,

councillors and city managers incorporating the aspirations and imaginations of slum dwellers in the planning

and management of cities” [p:66].

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!*#!The context of the target population here draws from (Schneider & Ingram, 1993) conception of the people to whom those

policies are directed.!

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!78 Corburn’s conception of structural racism is influenced by the Aspen Institute 2004 understanding of structural racism as

bias across institutions and society and the cumulative and compounded effects of an array of factors that systematically

privilege white people and disadvantage the people of color. 79 The permission letter was granted by the City’s Research and Innovation Division, as part of the conditions set by the Research

Ethics Committee at the University of Pretoria. No fieldwork, both within the City council and the informal settlements, was to

commence prior to being granted permission by the City.

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!84 Nvivo is computer-based data analysis programme. My data analysis processes started around the time of my stay in

Grenoble. The university offers intense training and licences for PhD students interested in using the Nvivo software. Thus, it

was more logical for me to utilise this software. Besides these conveniences, the software is lauded as one of the most efficient

qualitative data analysis tools by scholars. The software supports qualitative researchers to organize, analyse and find insights

in unstructured or qualitative data like interviews, open-ended survey responses, journal articles, social media and web content,

where deep levels of analysis on small or large volumes of data are required. "

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!85 Haynes (2012) points out that there are multiple levels of reflexivity. Meaning that reflexivity occurs on a number of levels

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!87 Although my PhD was a dual degree between Pretoria and Grenoble, I was guided by the research ethics of Pretoria given that

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!88 These letters of informed consent and interview schedules were customized to fit each target respondent group.

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!89 Nonetheless, the mistaken identity, in way, provided an opportunity to initiate conversation.

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!90 Electioneering in South Africa, in areas experiencing poor service delivery, particularly the informal spaces where mainly the

black populations reside, where the DA and the ANC are pointing fingers at each other. The DA claims service delivery backlogs

are as a result of its corrupt predecessor, and the ANC using the issue of race and status as for poor delivery by the DA

91 ANC……..….party colours are green, black and gold 92 DA…………..party colours are dominantly blue with elements of the South African flag 93 EFF…………..party colours are dominantly red!"

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!94 During the apartheid period there were incidents where individuals suspected of being police informants were murdered in

mob justice attacks in the townships.

In Jeffsville, for example, a subtle incident of political clash played out. On

the first day of my fieldwork, I was taken on walk-about around the

settlement by the ward Councillor (who happens to be an ANC

representative). We had a chance encounter with ward representative of

another major political party in the community. They questioned why I was

at the office I explained that I saw the office as a community office ran by

the city. They wanted to take me on walk around the settlement. We set an

appointment which she did not honour. I am told by the local youth I was

ghosted [meaning stood up]. I concluded that they were merely trying to

stamp their political authority !

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I harbor same view as Allen & Wiles (2016) that allocating pseudonyms to confer

anonymity should not be approached merely as a technical exercise. Allen & Wiles

argues that choosing pseudonyms should be an interactive process involving

participants in choosing their names. [this was in a psychology study]

On the other hand, I argue that the intended use/purpose of the pseudonym in a study

has influence on how the naming process unfolds. In my study, for instance, the

pseudonyms were for the purpose of anonymity in the thesis report. Meaning,

although the research participants were aware that their identity will be protected,

they were nonetheless oblivious to the pseudonym conferred to them.

The naming technique in my study was rather unorthodox. It was mainly influence by

wanting to create a memorable link between the data and the respondent. To affect

that, I relied on that influenced by the surroundings and other memorable activities

linked to the research participants. Take for example the Pseudonym Manicehair*that

I linked to one of the female respondents. This was attached to her beautiful and

healthy hair, and neatly kept afro-an envy to most African women including myself.

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!95 There is a basis for this, since parts of Pretoria East have evidence of early Sotho-Tswana settlements in the form of stone

structures [see Pikirayi reference] 96 The Voortrekkers or The Great Trek was a movement of Dutch-speaking colonists up into the interior of Southern Africa in

search of land where they could establish their own homeland, independent of British rule. 97 Zuid-Afrikaansche Republic (ZAR) is a Dutch translation for the Republic of South Africa.

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!98 The land rights sourced under colonial conquest enabled the British to acquire land in eastern and southern Africa for

settlement by white farmers. However, land claims based on conquest are subject to contest when political circumstances

change (Camilla Toulmin, 2008). 99 Setswana is one of the 11 official languages in South Africa 100 Cleansing aims at discarding the toponymic imprint inherited from a culture, a language, and/or a previous political order.

Cleansing an existing toponymic landscape can be done by erasing place names, renaming, or translating them, and removing

them from all official language and legal documents (Giraut & Houssay-Holzschuch, 2016: 9).!

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1652: Dutch Colonisation

The Dutch colonised South Africa

1806: British Colonisation

The country became a colony of Great Britain following the defeat of the Dutch. These

colonial settlers altered the land tenure structures in the country.

1910: The Union, the Start of the Afrikaner Rule

The South Africa Act was passed in Britain granting dominion to the White minority over

Native. This Act brought the colonies and republics - Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal and

Orange Free State - together as the Union of South Africa. Though the Union of South Africa

would remain a British territory, it had home-rule for Afrikaners.

The Union of is the historic predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa

The establishment of the Union was to facilitate further segregation (Christopher, 1988).

The City of Pretoria was located in Transvaal, where land tenure rights were available only

to White persons (Christopher,1988)

In 1910, the Union of South Africa was created out of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Free

State. It was to be essentially a white union. Black opposition was inevitable, and the African

National Congress (ANC) was founded in 1912 to protest the exclusion of black people from

power. In 1921, the South African Communist Party was established at a time of heightened

militancy.

1948: The Rise of Apartheid

In 1948, the pro-Afrikaner National Party (NP) came to power with the ideology of

apartheid, an even more rigorous and authoritarian approach than the previous

segregationist policies. While white South Africa was cementing its power, black opposition

politics were evolving. In 1943, a younger, more determined political grouping came to the

fore with the launch of the ANC Youth League, a development, which was to foster the

leadership of people such as Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu.

1994: Democracy

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!101 In apartheid South Africa, suburbs were classified as whites-only areas.

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!106 Soweto is a populous black township in the southern parts of Johannesburg. 107 Africa Check is a non-profit organisation, headquartered in South Africa as a!non-profit trust. Founded in London in 2012 as

a Community Interest Company, control of the organisation passed to the South Africa-registered trust at the start of 2019.

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!108 Coloured is the apartheid era racial classification to define racially mixed persons 109 Racial classifications in South Africa: (Statistics South Africa, 2020)

Blacks: African: 80,8%, Indian: 2,6%, Coloured: 8,8%

White: 7, 8% 110 Nunnally (2018) uses the concept of Black Body to depict how racial ideas in historical discourses, public policies, and vast

contexts, over time, influence the experiences of black people.

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113 Surveyor General (SG) Plan: can be understood as a plan which, represents the relative positions and dimensions of two or

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"The illegal occupation of land or any settlement or occupation of people on land without the

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any other right in law to settle on or occupy such land"""f@1-!G;:5E!12!6271895:63;^!BD'g""

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state's incapacity to satisfy the basic needs of the impoverished masses""L.I"(FM)!"#*%4!&#)%'!%''?$-7!&'-*6'!

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"Our people are desperate, so when they see a piece of land, they occupy itN" fR23/8>6/ED!

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!114 The City of Tshwane regions. The regions are used for both administrative (Vision 2055), but also political purposes .

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!115 Afrikaans is one of the languages spoken in South Africa. The language is associated with oppressive system of apartheid.

Thus, post-apartheid there is controversy with Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in some South African institutions of

learning. I am not arguing that the Afrikaans language should not have space of expression.

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"Some rent out their own spaces to generate income. Hence their stands are full. When the

people arrived here from Marikana, they were packed [sic allocated stands], but they are the

ones who started renting out their spaces hence this problem"""fR23/8>6/E!S5`5DI<:;!%*#,g"!

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!116 Bomastandi is a Zulu informal phrase used to reference the landlords. They have been offering alternative accommodation to

many including migrant workers and those seeking affordable accommodation.

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Central slums

Central city slums tend to have been formed by the classic process where central,

prosperous residential areas of cities undergo deterioration as their original owners move

out to newer,

more salubrious and more fashionable residential areas.

Initially, the housing vacated by the better-off, which generally has reasonable

infrastructure and services, is ideal for those willing to trade off less space and shared

amenities in exchange for access to employment opportunities.

Island slums

Scattered throughout cities are ‘islands of slums’, surrounded by formal housing and other

officially sanctioned land uses. These islands may have been intended as open or green

spaces, as the land was thought to be unsuitable for future housing, or locations that are

physically or

environmentally unsafe.

Slum islands that are closer to the centre share many of the advantages and attributes of

the central slums.

Peripheral slums

Peripheral slums can be quite large settlements since they are rarely constrained by

competing development. !

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overcrowded conditions in existing formal housing"""aXJC^!#$$(5^!B"!'"#"'b"!!!

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"It is also a fact that land closer to the inner city is generally more expensive than land on the

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is also limited"""L+2/K"&4"J#,9-8$E">P(G%E".)"OPM!

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the pipe started leaking. But we could not move, we wanted to be owners. But also, one did not really

have other options. If you move others would occupy your stand. So, we stayed and trusted in God even

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"The total eradication of informal settlements remains an important goal of our work during the current term of office. Our citizens deserve places of residence that are fully serviced with title deeds."

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!117 Re-Aga Tshwane meaning we are building Tshwane, was adopted following the Mayoral Committee Lekgotla, held 19 to 21

April 2013.

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"The rate of formalization of informal settlements is not in pace with the rate of informalization, and the City needs to approach this in a different way. The understanding of the new formalization model and the impact on the rate of formalization need to be unpacked. This has a negative impact on the fiscus and the ability to provide universal access to services" (City of Tshwane, 2019, p. 42)

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Re-Aga Tshwane: 2013

“We are going to eliminate informal settlements and give people serviced stands,”

Ramokgopa said. (SA News, Wednesday, January 21, 2015)

Through this programme, we will issue title deeds and provide a basket of essential services,

including prepaid electricity, water, onsite sanitation, refuse removal and road infrastructure

Project Tirane: 2017

Meeting the demand for housing remains one of the City’s biggest challenges as can be

evidenced by the existence of informal settlements. Under the leadership of this DA-led multi-

party administration we have committed ourselves to speeding up the eradication of informal

settlements (Project Tirane) and to promoting security of tenure through the provision of

proper housing opportunities.

•! A total of 7 informal settlements will be formalized under Project Tirane

•! These informal settlements include Mahube Valley x15, Mabopane x 12, Jeffsville and

Hammanskral West

https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/National/msimangas-big-plan-for-tshwane-20170518

Letsema Project: 2019

•! The City of Tshwane has bold plans in the pipeline to turn informal settlements into

townships by 2021.

•! To provide better basic services such as water, sewerage, electricity, roads and storm

water drainage system to informal settlements.

•! He was optimistic that the upgrading of informal settlements would improve the

quality of life of thousands of residents.

•! Upon completion the project would consist of developing 1 185 units comprising 481

serviced stands and 704 affordable rental units.

•! It was envisaged that the project would be completed by March 19, 2021.

•! upgrades would also be implemented in other informal settlements in Mabopane,

Atteridgeville, Mamelodi and Olievenhoutbosch.

https://www.iol.co.za/pretoria-news/bold-plan-to-turn-tshwane-informal-settlements-into-

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!118 The UISP approaches tenure upgrading in four phases. The provision of housing is the last phase.

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"Well-managed entities where economic growth and social development are in balance with

the carrying capacity of the natural systems on which they depend for their existence and

result in sustainable development, wealth creation, poverty alleviation and equity. The present

and future inhabitants of sustainable human settlements, located both in urban and rural

areas, live in safe and secure environments and have adequate access to economic

opportunities, a mix of safe and secure housing and tenure types, reliable and affordable basic

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criticise the mentality of the formalization strategy that seemingly speaks only to the physical improvements as

a sustainable contribution.

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"At the rate that we are going at and the strategies we are using, we are not winning and we

are not going to win any time soon at the rate we are going, we aware of it that is the truth……,

highly likely it’s a policy issue, for instance planning work for this can about 6 to 7 years. You

don’t understand why, but if you drill deep there is an application that need to be submitted,

there are those studies that needs to be done”"fR23/8>6/E!@63;!1776065:!'^!C<A<43!%*#,g"!"

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"I also asked her [sic the ward Councillor] how long we are going to stay here, she said in 3

months you would be having water and other things. There is this girl from the municipality

when I asked her and she said ‘I am telling you in June you will have everything even a title

deed in your hand’ I have been here for almost year and a couple of months ‘ke sa kakela mo”""

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“We need more relief land to move people so that we can continue rearranging the sites”"fR23/8>6/ED!

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"I used to work in the department [sic head office] before and used to be responsible for all the

seven regions. What transpired is that when they introduced what they call regionalisation

they decided that people should go to the actual regions to service the regions. They deployed

us to the seven regions, so our relationship is that the housing department they are

responsible for strategy and policy, and I am responsible for implementation. So, there is no

duplication""fR23/8>6/E!063;!1776065:!#n^!C<A<43!%*#,g"!

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!121 Housing Provision and Resource Management Division “Is mandated to manage the provision of rental accommodation for

low income earners in Tshwane” (CoT Website) 122 The Housing Administration Division “Is mandated to add significant value to sustainable living in Tshwane through the

provision of sustainable housing” (CoT website). The division “manages and eradicates housing backlogs and curb land

invasions by educating communities on the problems caused by these invasions”. Additionally, the division “provides layout

plans for informal settlements and identify land that can be developed for the relocation of informal settlements” (CoT Website)

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"So normally they would bring rubbish bins in such a case. Even though she [the official

responsible for waste] is waiting for me to finish, I must finish and after that I will be able to

give her a complete list and not a bit by bit. Even (the) electricity (division) is waiting for a

complete list so that when their section is budgeting it knows the numbers “"fR23/8>6/E!@63;!

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(proclaimed areas). Provide access to basic (communal skip) or higher-level waste removal services in informal areas

(unproclaimed areas). Maintain waste sites and depots” (CoT Website)

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to us, we will be fully responsible for relocating in the whole process”"fR23/8>6/E!@63;!1776065:!

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"When they come to us, there is going to be another whole section of informal settlement

management or something like that, and they are going to be responsible for relocations. We

will still do the planning, but they will take care of informal settlements""fR23/8>6/E!063;!1776065:!

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-Settlements viable for in situ upgrading:

Those which, realistically, can be replaced with formal townships within no more than five

years, either in that same location or elsewhere, using the resources available to the

municipality and to the satisfaction of the residents. Interim or basic services should be

provided to those settlements located on sites which are viable and appropriate for long-term

full or partial in situ upgrading, where this is not going to happen in the short-term. The

intention with this category of settlement is eventual formalization.

-Deferred relocation settlements:

Those settlements which are likely to stay where they are for many years. The majority of your

settlements may fall into this category. These settlements need to be relocated, but it is not

urgent. The provision of interim services to this type of settlement should focus on health and

safety including provision of water, sanitation and refuse removal, addressing particular risks

faced by the residents and emergency access for fire engines or alternate fire-fighting

arrangements.

Efforts to minimise wasteful expenditure must be balanced against plans to relocate the

settlement.

-Settlements requiring immediate relocation:

Any settlements that must be urgently relocated because they are seriously dangerous or

hazardous. These settlements are located on land that is unsuitable for human settlement. Any

interim services will result in all service investments having to be abandoned. The plan to

provide interim services should take into account how long it is expected to plan an alternate

settlement. .

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!124 RDP- Reconstruction and Development Programme: 125 IDP-Integrated Development Planning: An instrumental in setting the tone for strategic planning in local government in

South Africa. “The IDP is the principal strategic planning instrument which guides and informs all planning, budgeting,

management and decision-making processes in a municipality” (IDP). IDP is rooted in the 1998 White Paper on Local

Government125, and a directive of the Municipal System Act of 2001(MSA125). The MSA states that each municipal council must,

within a prescribed period after the start of its elected term, adopt, a single, inclusive and strategic plan for the development of

the municipality.

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!126 Spatial justice is about “reversing the historic policy of confining particular groups to limited space, as in ghettoization and

segregation, an unfair allocation of public resources between areas, to ensure the needs of the poor are addressed first rather

that last” (National Development Plan, 2030). 127 Spatial sustainability is about “promoting living environments whose patterns of consumption and production do not damage

the natural environment” (National Development Plan, 2030). The concept of spatial sustainability focused on the geometric

and configurational ordering of space in the city (Bill Hillier, 2009)

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“The City of Tshwane experiences a high-level of potable water loss (25.7% loss, amounting to 87.9

million m3/ annum in 201516) due mainly to degraded water infrastructure, i.e. leaks. Illegal water

connections as well as metering and data errors make up approximately 20% of water losses.”""a@63;!17!

-4.E52/^!%*#+5^!B"!%#b"

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!128 The city is a phenomenon of structured complexity (Montgomery, 2007). One of the complexities rise from the fact that the

city is people, all whom have different agendas and discussions. Powerful actors such as the urban mayors (Gotham, 2001: 291),

are some of the key people in the City. While the City officials are also important, they nonetheless, play a subservient role as

policy facilitators (Gotham: 291). Different groups of actors have different motivations and views environmental challenges.

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D.9)6=!!

"Noise pollution has always been a problem for many residents in Pretoria. This situation has worsened over time due to a number of businesses, factories and warehouses. After listening to residents' complaints Tshwane mayor, Solly Msimanga, has come up with steps to help

people report the problem" f-./!XQYUXP^!%,!J/B3/9=/8!%*#+g"!

"

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!129 Website accessed: June 2020

130 “Some authorities also believe continued exposure to noise can produce anxiety, nervous tension and mental health problems.

Noise levels are clearly higher in urban rather than rural areas, and as the world's population becomes more urban in the future,

noise pollution will become a steadily more significant concern” (Harnapp & Noble, 1987: 220).

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"Air pollution continues to pose a challenge due to the apartheid spatial form which encouraged reliance

on private vehicles and the burning of fossil fuels such as coal for space heating and cooking, especially

in low-income areas" "a@63;!17!-4.E52/^!%*#'5^!B"!#''b"

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"Poor waste management practices can have an adverse impact on the environment in and beyond the

municipal boundaries” ("/#&*+$!%*#&D!#b"

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"I think the city has not moved forward in terms of realizing that people can now afford to buy more

people consume more, and when weekends come no one wants to be having rubbish in their yard, then

the next street corner that's where they will dump""f!R23/8>6/E^!063;!1776065:!(n^!C<A<43!%*#,g!

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"Population growth and its resultant increases in a refuse generation has necessitated the demand for

an improved level of waste management service which, more often than not, is inadequately provided by

city authorities""fBD'$g"

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"Informal settlements were left dirty without regular refuse removal or area cleaning. The City is

committed to addressing these challenges over time in order to redress our hurtful past and provide

people with dignified living spaces""f-4.E52/^!%*#+D''g"!

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!131 SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation) is the public broadcaster.

! &*.!

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"Watershed scale changes such as urbanization change the natural rainfall-runoff regime in such a way

that large floods begin to occur more frequently""fp1<2A![!L1=8/^!62!%*##D)+g""

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"We are definitely facing a tough one as the city. The number in total in the whole city stands

at 1260 according to the last count of the EMS. The bigger bulk obviously Eerste Fabriek which is where we need most of the assistance we can get or the people that need the most assistance" [Power Breakfast, 11 December 2019].

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!132 A sinkhole is a feature that occurs suddenly and manifest itself as a hole in the ground, sometimes with catastrophic

consequences” (Council of Geoscience, 2011:6)] According to the Council of Geoscience report of 2011 “certain part of the

ground surface of South Africa are prone to sudden, catastrophic collapse which may lead to death, injury or structural damage

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!133 Jean Avenue is busy street in the CBD of Centurion. The road was closed off for 6 months. The sinkhole required R25 million

[1.3 million euros] to be repaired.

134 Route 55 is a provincial road. The sinkhole was rehabilitated at the cost of R12million [0.6 million euros] $

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"The condition of the environment is one of the most fundamental concerns of cities worldwide,

especially when high levels of pollution and environmental destruction exert an immense impact on

people's quality of life"!fBD#+g"!!!

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"By the year 2055 Tshwane is a city that is liveable, resilient and inclusive whose citizens enjoy a high

quality of life, have access to social, economic and enhanced political freedoms and where citizens are

partners in the development of the African Capital City of excellence" a-4.E52/!l64612!%*))D#*&b"

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!135 The first post-apartheid local government elections were first held in 2001. IDP is set every 5 years and reviewed annual, the

City’s first IDP was adopted in 2006 to date, the City has delivered 4 IDPs.

136 Financial sustainability is defined as whether or not the City of Tshwane will have the financial capacity to continue to

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poverty, protecting the planet and ensuring prosperity for all. 138 Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG11): Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 139 ACCSF : African Capital Cities Forum

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!140 Last accessed on the date 2020

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!141 Earth Hour: Started by the WWF and partners as a symbolic lights-out event in Sydney in 2007, Earth Hour is now one of

the world's largest grassroots movements for the environment. Held every year on the last Saturday of March, Earth Hour

engages millions of people in more than 180 countries and territories, switching off their lights to show support for our

planet(WWW.earthhour.org) .!

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!142 See:www.sustainabilityweek.co.za

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!143 The zero-waste model: Is a comprehensive ‘Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan’ with the goal of optimizing MSW

management by maximizing efficiency and minimizing associated environmental impacts and financial costs. The zero waste

model furthermore proposes a process of integrating MSW management services into a system that includes MSW

minimization, collection, transfer and treatment with the ultimate objective of preventing landfill disposal of untreated MSW

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"I have seen how competing mandates for South African Municipalities make it difficult for city

administrators to directly prioritize sustainability initiatives, but that is the wrong way of looking at it

because sustainability needs to be integrated into the fabric of decision making through a series of bold

and measurable goals" fM8//2W/01219;!`1<825:^!%*#,g"!

"

!144 Political will—in this context broadly understood as the will of leaders to initiate and sustain reform (Persson and Martin

Sjöstedt, 2012).

! (-.!

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"Departmental reps were encouraged to discuss whatever sustainability-related matters from the departments." [Interview: City Official 4*, August 2018]

!

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"We have city officials who were saying no you can't enforce it, because it is not legally mandated, us

from the building perspective or building regulations we are mandated by these acts, so people don't

want to integrate those new type of things who are they to come and say I must force people to build

green and yet….. so, people start seeing it as 'aaagh it is Dora she is pushing her agenda” fR23/8>6/E!

S/80/?/4n^!C<A<43!%*#,g!

!

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"Task team of representatives from key departments has been established within the Unit to align the

different green economy programmes of the city by enabling inter-departmental communication and

! (-%!

collaboration on cross-cutting projects and streamline energy efficiency throughout the city initiatives""

f@(*!@636/4!E/=463/g"!

"

"#$%!16'%'-&.&$)-!%''8%!.0%&6.5&!.-,!+.5?%!.-!$-&'6%'5&$)-!($&#!&#'!B*-5&$)-%!)B!&#'!,'1.6&8'-&%=!"#'!

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"We even had themes like- internal, soul, if you have a soul, you are tree hugger, so how can you

give us your information. There was also something to do community projects. So, we had those

legs, so within the internal space…here, the focus was on how the operations, soul and city are

integrated. So, we had that Forum which had city reps, but the ideal was it must be decision

makers”"fR23/8>6/E^!S/80/?/4n^!C<A<43!%*#,g"

!

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"We even tried to entice them by taking them [sic – officials from other departments] to conferences. There was a conference in Cape Town a representative of the Department of

Housing attended" [Interview, Mercedes*, August 2018]

!

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!

"There is a Forum that exist called the integrated environmental Forum, but then in those meetings what

gets discussed is that we have lodged an application with the provincial government so please help us

to fast track it. Let me tell you what they do; I am sitting with about three of their directives from the

! (-)!

province. So, what they will do is to well we have identified this land EIA process initiated. Before they

could even have an environmental approval, they have already moved in without an environmental

authorization, without even looking at those environmental considerations I was talking about. Because

if you identify land and there is a wetland you are supposed to be doing a wetland study and,,,,,,,(15) with

that wetland. But that never happens. So, they just go into an area and just come with engineering

solutions. But the environment always retaliates if the water passes there once it will still pass again, and

it will find its way.""fR23/8>6/ED!063;!U776065:!(n^!C<A<43!%*#,g!

"

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,'1.6&8'-&.+!)BB$5$.+Y!!

!

"But what is missing there is the silo mentality [sic -not taken into consideration] and how we operate as

a city. Because as housing they will go and say this is an open land no one is occupying it, it’s city's land.

This is where we are going to put people, without taking any environmental considerations into account,

like the sensitivity of that environment, the water table of that environment, and the ecological value of

the environment of that area where they are going to put people. and it's a challenge, a challenge for us

environmental management because they will be telling you that they have political pressures to move

people and therefore they have to act, and that will probably be the only alternative at a point in time,

and that is how decision making is happening in the City, so everything goes wrong from planning""

fR23/8>6/ED!063;!U776065:!(!n^!C<A<43!%*#,g!

!

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!

"They don't really dwell on the issues like we have an order here to take the people to this land how can

you help us fast track it, but they don't really dwell into the details of it as well as the extent of the

magnitude of the problem, some they feel they 'you know what let's just act and we will ask for

forgiveness later and pay the fine', and now the environmental legislation has been amended that an

organ of state can take another to court, so that is coming for the city" fR23/8>6/ED!063;!U776065:!(n^!C<A<43^!

%*#,g"

!

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!

"I think we started last year we just wanted to put people there, the minute we cleared, to clear without

authorization from the environmental authorization body….., it is a contravention of the law . They are

fining us R5million, it's just here I would have shown you, for just clearing to put people, where is the

R5million going to come from now ""fR23/8>6/E!063;!1776065:!'n^!C<A<43!%*#,g"

"

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!>MS!“These rules relate to the provision of grants to a municipality to enable it to upgrade informal settlements in its jurisdiction

in a structured way and on the basis of a phased development approach. The grant funding so provided will enable the

municipality to fast track the provision of security of tenure, the provision of basic municipal engineering services, the provision

of social amenities and the empowerment of informal settlement inhabitants to take charge of their own housing development”

(UISP, 2004:3; UISP, 2009:9)

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“In South Africa, many people have been waiting for 20 years or more for a subsidy, without any

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“Focusing policy and practical attention on getting everyone into a registered title, which would take

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“One of the challenges facing informal settlements is the insecurity of tenure. Without tenure security, it

is difficult, if not impossible, for people in informal settlements to get access to basic services, small scale

finance and public investment in infrastructure like water services.”!fLTJH^!4/03612!+D!##g"!!

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!149 The Global Land Tool (GLTN) is an initiative of the United Nations Habitat.

It is an alliance of international partners contributing to poverty alleviation through increased access to land and tenure security

for all. The GLTN develops, disseminates and implement pro-poor. gender-responsive land tools that contribute to land reform,

good land governance, inclusive land administration, sustainable land management, and functional land sector coordination (

https://gltn.net/access-to-land-and-tenure-security/#)

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B6''!)B!&#'!6$%?!)B!0'$-7!'/$5&',!B6)8!&#'!+.-,!RRAMFE.0$&.&!.-,!2V"M4!b\[bS=!2'-'6.++94!&#'!&$&+'!,'',!

$%!&#'!%)*65'!)B!&#$%!#$7#F+'/'+!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9=!"#'!&$&+'!,'',!5)-B'6%!+'7.+!&'-*6'!6'5)7-$&$)-4!(#$5#!

$%!8.$-+9!6'7.6,',!.%!.!8)6'!%'5*6'!B)68!)B!&'-*6'!I'$$!,)*81$!S@!N!.+3!(.E5$!S@>J=!s#$+'!&#'!A>L:!%''8%!&)!

/$'(!&#'!&$&+'!,'',!.%!.!%)*65'!)B!1.%%$/'!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&94!MA>L:!.+%)!%''8%!&)!%*77'%&!&#.&!1.%%$/'!

&'-*6'!$%!6))&',!$-!+)5.+!.66.-7'8'-&%4!'%1'5$.++9!&#'!1'65'$/',!&'-*6'Y!!

!

“In South Africa, we have laws and a Constitution which offer protection against eviction. There are

procedural requirements in law, and if these are not followed, an eviction would be illegal. Recent

Constitutional Court judgements also show that municipalities must engage meaningfully with people

under threat of eviction and that attention must be given to the provision of alternative accommodation.

All of these provide passive tenure security. Municipalities should be aware of the tenure security that

the Constitution and the case law confer on informal settlement residents. Current residents in informal

settlements, regardless of the lawfulness of their occupation and irrespective of how they are assessed

and categorized, possess a range of substantive and procedural protections that impose obligations on

municipalities, private landowners and the occupiers themselves”"fLTJH^%*#)!4/03612!+D'g"!

!

"#$%!,)(-1+.9$-7!)B!&#'!6)+'!)B!&#'!&$&+'!,'',!.%!.!%)*65'!)B!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9!6'B)5*%'%!.&&'-&$)-!&)(.6,%!

.5&$/'!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9=!Q)6!&#'!A>L:!.5&$/'!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9!6.$%'%!&#'!56$&$5.+!$%%*'!)B!(#9!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9!

$%!$81)6&.-&!R%'5&$)-!e=[\S=!"#'!2V"!,'B$-'%!.5&$/'!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9!.%!&#'!.0$+$&9!&)!1'6B)68!'5)-)8$5!

! (((!

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)B!$-5+*%$)-!&)!&#'!5.1$&.+$%&!8.6?'&=!

!

"#*%!B.64!&#'!A>L:3%!,'B$-$&$)-!)B!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9!#.%!B.$+',!&)!6'B+'5&!&#'!6)+'!)B!+)5.+!.66.-7'8'-&%!

k%''!&.0+'!t=[l4!1.6&$5*+.6+9!&#'!1'65'1&$)-!)B!&'-*6'=!>-%&'.,4!)-+9!&#'!1.%%$/'!&'-*6'!.-,!.5&$/'!&'-*6'!

.6'!%#)(-!$-!&#'!,'B$-$&$)-=!"#$%!)/'6%$7#&4!"!>8L@3!B386X32!Y81?!AF3!A>L:3%!5)-&6.%&$-7!/$'(%!)-!&#'!

$81+$5.&$)-%!)B!1'65'$/',!&'-*6'=!I-!)-'!'-,4!&#'!A>L:!6'5)7-$G'%!&#'!5)-&6$0*&$)-!)B!&#'!1')1+'3%!

6'+.&$)-%#$1!&)!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9Y!!!

“Tenure is the set of relationships with respect to housing and land, established through statutory law or

customary, informal or hybrid arrangements. Tenure is not simply about the law, or about legal forms of

holding land or housing. It is about the relationships that people have to land or property”!fLTJH!%*#)^!

4/03612!+D!'g!

!

I-! &#'!)&#'64! &#$%!1'65'1&$)-!)B! &'-*6'! $%!-)&! .,8$%%$0+'! .%! .! %&.0+'! %)*65'!)B! &'-*6'! %'5*6$&9=!C%!

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.%!'/$5&$)-%!.6'!%&$++!'8$-'-&!'/'-!(#'-!1'65'1&$)-%!.6'!#$7#'6="

!

"#$%!,$%5)*-&$-7!)B!&#'!1'65'1&$)-!)B!&'-*6'!.%!.!%)*65'!)B!%'5*6$&9!6'%)-.&'%!($&#!,'!L)&)3%!%'-&$8'-&!

(#$5#!,$%8$%%'%!$-B)68.+!&'-*6'!%)*65'%4!%*5#!.%!1'65'$/',!&'-*6'4!.%!.!89&#=!>-!,'!L)&)3%!/$'(4!)-+9!

B)68.+$G',! &'-*6'! %'5*6$&9!8.&&'6%! a?/! J131^! %*#*b"!E)('/'64! ,$%8$%%$-7! 1'65'1&$)-! .%! .! %)*65'! )B!

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6'5)7-$&$)-!16)5',*6'%!)B!&#'!B)68.+$G.&$)-!16)5'%%=!:'65'$/',!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&94!)-!&#'!)&#'6!#.-,4!$%!

5)-%&6*5&',! B6)8! &#'! +$/',! '@1'6$'-5'%! )B! $-B)68.+! ,('++'6%=! "#'! 8.<)6$&94! $B! -)&! .++4! $-B)68.+!

%'&&+'8'-&%!.6'! B)*-,',!.-,!%*%&.$-',!)-!1'65'1&$)-%!)B! &'-*6'!%'5*6$&94!'8'67'-&!.%! &#'!1')1+'!

B)67'! 6'+.&$)-%#$1%!($&#! &#'! +.-,4!0.%',!)-!/.6$)*%!1'6%)-.+!.-,!%&6*5&*6.+! 6'.%)-%=!:.+8'6! R[ggcS!

#$7#+$7#&%!.!/.6$'&9!)B!%)*65'%!)B!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&94!$-5+*,$-7!1)+$&9!0.%',!)-!&#'!%&6'-7&#!)B!-*80'6%4!

(#$5#!5.-!#./'!$81+$5.&$)-%!)-!&#'!1'65'1&$)-!)B!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9Y!!

!

“When settlements achieve a critical mass, governments are forced to concede their permanence”"

fH5:9/8^!#$$,D!,)g"!!

!

"#'!+.67'!%&6*5&*6'!)B!&#'!%'&&+'8'-&%!%&6'-7&#'-%!1'65'$/',!&'-*6'!%'5*6$&9!.%!$&!,$8$-$%#'%!&#'!6$%?!

)B!'/$5&$)-!09!7)/'6-8'-&%=!"#'!MAL:!#$7#+$7#&%!&#'!$81+$5.&$)-!)B!#$7#!1)1*+.&$)-!-*80'6%!)-!&#'!

1'65'$/',!&'-*6'Y!!

“For some communities, the location and the size of their settlement gives a heightened sense of

perceived tenure security”""fLTJH^!%*#)g"!!

!

!

K'BB%/$++'!$-B)68.+!%'&&+'8'-&4!B)6!)-'4!(.%!B)*-,',!.-,!%*%&.$-',!)-!1'65'$/',!&'-*6'!,'6$/$-7!B6)8!

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! ((.!

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,'16$/',!+)-7F&'68!0.5?9.6,!,('++'6%!%*!)B!C&&'6$,7/$++'4!%1'.6#'.,',!&#'!+.-,!$-/.%$)-!&#.&!6'%*+&',!

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$-B)68.+!%&6*5&*6'%!RN$&9!)B!"%#(.-'4!b\[h0S=!!

!

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N)*-5$+! 6'+)5.&',! .0)*&! bc\! #)*%'#)+,%! B6)8! D.6.0.%&.,!%"! &)! OPQ! hr\r[! $-! D.8'+),$! O.%&4! .!

&)(-%#$1!$-!&#'!'.%&!)B!"%#(.-'=!"#'!+.-,!,'8.65.&',!B)6!&#)%'!6'+)5.&',!B6)8!D.6.0.%&.,!$%!)(-',!

09!&#'!N$&9!)B!"%#(.-'=!C!N$&9!)BB$5$.+!5+)%'!&)!&#'!16)5'%%!5)88'-&',!&#.&Y!

!

! “I was there, I actually relocated the people of Marabastad”!IR23/8>6/ED!063;!1776065:!#^!I<:;!%*#,ng"!!

!

>&!$%!.++'7',!&#.&!%)8'!)B!&#'!)6$7$-.+!1')1+'!('-&!0.5?!&)!D.6.0.%&.,!.-,!%)8'!%)+,!&#'$6!%&.-,%!C%!

-)&',!09!)-'!)B!&#'!D.6.0.%&.,!$-,$/$,*.+%!%#Y!

!

“Most of the people that are here I don’t know, they did not come with usX!!fR23/8>6/E!S5?/><^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

M)-'&#'+'%%4!:#)8)+)-7!#.%!0'5)8'!)-'!)B!&#'!8)%&!1)1*+)*%!$-B)68.+!%'&&+'8'-&%!$-!&#'!N$&9=!"#'!

%'&&+'8'-&! #.%! %$-5'! '@1.-,',! &)! b! ttt! $-B)68.+! %&6*5&*6'%! RN$&9! )B! "%#(.-'4! b\[h0S=! "#'! (.6,!

5)*-5$++)6!.+%)!.++*,',!&)!&#'%'!+.67'!-*80'6%Y!

!

“During the last shack marking process, we accounted for 12 000 informal structures”!fR23/8>6/ED!]58?!

@1<206::18^!I<:;!%*#,g"+

!

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!

!150 Back Yard dwellers are individuals who inhabit shelters are built in the back yards of homes, mostly in urban areas, and rented

out to tenants for an income. 151 Denel is the arms producing entity of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) 152 Marabastad is one of the oldest formal settlements in the city center of Tshwane. During the apartheid era the black

population was forcefully relocated from the settlement [see chapter 4]. 153 Marabastad people in this context refers to a group of people relocated by the City from Marabastad. They were the first

inhabitants of Phomolong. 154 Transnet is a large rail, port and pipeline parastatal company in South African.

! ((%!

“One day when we came back from work, we were told that the red-ants were there during the day: Do

you remember Mafifa*? The red-ants155 demolished some shacks. Then the men had to stay up and guard

the shacks so that red-ants don’t demolish them”"fR23/8>6/ED!S50./N/84n^!C<A<43!%*#,g"!!

!

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%1.5'%=!!

!

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!

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! !

!155 The Red-Ants are subcontractors used by local government to facilitate forced evictions. They are named after the red

coloured overalls they wear.!!

! (()!

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into a formal (legal and officially approved) settlement”!!aLTJH^!%*#)^!B"!%'b"!

!

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!156 I should mention that, in this context, the word upgrading is used interchangeably with formalization (NUSP, 2015).

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“We don’t have a formalisation policy basically,…eeeerh, we don’t have. All of these I learned day by day as I learn to understand informal settlements. It is basically experienced from when

you go to those people who are working in the region,” [Interview: City official 2*, July

2018].

“It is actual us who knows what going on the ground. So, for the planners to be able to plan properly…., actually when she was appointed, she had to bring here so that I can induct her”

[Interview city Official 1*, August 2018]

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!157 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an international organisation that works to build

better policies for!better lives. Our goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity and well-being for all

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Once the City has identified an informal settlement as a project for formalization,

numerous planning and operational activities come into effect.

Planning related activities in formalization may entail the selection of land and the

establishment of the township layout plan1. These activities fall under the mandate of the

housing officials at the head office of the City of Tshwane. A city official elaborates: “If there is an informal settlement to formalize, we appoint a service provider to submit an application. We then manage that process up until that application is approved. Once approved then, together with the regions, we move people in then the services will come later. We do the services together with the implementation section. After that, we do the proclamation of the

township, after proclamation it gets registered we then people of the title deeds, simple” *;+<$(=1$&!

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Operational activities, on the other hand, take place on the ground, in the informal

settlements. Some of the operational activities in the formalization process may include

enumeration, re-blocking, relocations and rollover upgrading [see box 6. 1]. The housing

officials at the regional level are mandated to undertake the operational activities. As

mentioned elsewhere (in Chapter 4), the CoT is geographically arranged into seven

regions. Each region has its implementing team for formalization. The City appoints

various external contractors to support the implementation team. One of the key

activities of the contractors is to assist with the relocations in instances of roller

upgrading [see box 6. 1]. For example, the contractors help informal dwellers that are

relocated to dismantle their shacks, transport them to new sites and assist with the

reassembly. The City’s contractors also assist with the physical demarcation of stands,

an essential activity in the re-blocking process. The ward Councilor of the formalizing

settlement also forms part of the implementation team. In particular, the Councilor is

tasked as a liaison between the City (officials) and the people. In this role, the Councilor

mainly communicates the formalization process to the community (the recipients of

formalization). !

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Enumeration: is a process of surveying the community. It usually includes shack

counting and numbering, administration of a questionnaire to capture all the relevant

information about each household and mapping of the settlement to identify assets and

risks. It is best practice to involve community members in gathering the information and

capturing the data. Community-driven enumeration exercises constitute a resourceful

and empowering process of data collection and profiling informal settlement

demographics and assets.

Re-blocking: This is an initial interim intervention to better organise the informal

settlement layout so that emergency vehicles can enter and basic services can be

introduced. In dense and poorly laid out informal settlements, reblocking can enable later

in situ upgrading.

Rollover upgrading: This approach involves moving households off the land into a

temporary relocation area (TRA) nearby, dismantling the shacks, then developing the

site with formal sites and services (and sometimes houses) and allowing the same

households to move back. Rollover upgrading is required where land has to be

rehabilitated, for instance through major earthworks.

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“Our people are desperate for land, so when they see a piece of vacant land, they invade”!fR23/8>6/ED!

@199<263;!5036>643^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

"#$%! &'-*6'!,'%1'6.&$)-!8$%+'.,%! &#'! +.-,!%'+'5&$)-!%&6.&'7$'%!)B! &#'!16)%1'5&$/'! $-B)68.+!,('++'64!

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$-!)-'!$-B)68.+!%'&&+'8'-&!.+%)!.++*,',!&)!&#$%Y!!

“At that point, we don’t even think about the soil condition” fR23/8>6/ED!@199<263;!5036>643n^!

I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

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“So, in our relocation programme, we have it that Jeffsville must be relocated. Unfortunately, for us to remove those people, we need a big chunk of land. And the western side of the City,

unfortunately, we do not have too much land available.” fR23/8>6/ED!063;!1776065:!#n^!C<A<43!

%*#,g"

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“We had to move other people to [Ward] 22158…. 310 households were moved to Ward 22. The ones formalized here are 466. What is happening now is that we need more space. You see when standing here, you can see that the stands are there and the streets are there”

[Interview: ward Councillor, July 2018]

!

E)('/'64! &#$%! ,'/'+)18'-&!(.%!8$-*%5*+'=!D)6'! )*&F6'+)5.&$)-%!('6'! %&$++! -'',',! 7$/'-! &#.&4! .%!

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“You see now we need relief land to move some of the people and thereafter we can clean up and properly

start packing new stands, can you see we have already done up to here, so where will we take these ones

if we remove them”!fR23/8>6/ED!]58?!@1<206::18^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

!

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+$?'!D.8&-�4!('6'!($++$-7!.-,!(.$&$-7!&)!6'+)5.&'!&)!L1))?1.6?=!!

“We don’t know what is going on the side of the municipality. Because they initially gave us stickers

showing that we are going to relocate, but that never materialized. They promised us that before the end

of July we would have moved. We don’t know what brings about the delay. Stickers were given some

time ago- I think around February this year. When they gave us the stickers, they told us we were moving

that same week. It has been seven months now. We are ready to move; we want to move”!!f!R23/8>6/E!

S5932n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

!

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!158 Spook is about 4km from Phomolong.

159 Spookpark meaning Ghost Park, because of its proximity to a nearby graveyard.!

! (.%!

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“In the beginning,!people were resisting relocation!because they were worried about the relocation areas.

Because!others were feeding them wrong information about the relocation areas. They!did not know the

aim of councils.!It’s because maybe they thought it not be a comfortable place. But now that they started

to realize that it is habitable spaces. For example, those we moved to [Ward] 22 are starting to get water

and installed, and electric poles are being installed, which shows that they are starting to have hope that

if we move from here our lives will improve”"fR23/8>6/ED!]58?!@1<206::18^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

"#'!N$&9!6'5)7-$G'%!&#'!1)%%$0$+$&$'%!)B!%*5#!.!1')1+'F+.-,!6'+.&$)-%#$1Y!!!Y&=$"7&==582/2$#",-3$"@23$6"28"-"#.$72427"-0$-"4&0"#&"@&8A"/,-/"/,$K"6&8B/"$3$8"9-8/"/&"7&8#26$0"-@/$08-/23$#)X"

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“Some resisted relocation...there were a lot — especially those who were being moved to Spookpark.

Spookpark is ok, but it’s far, I have seen the place. Now imagine being used to staying close to the main

road. Spookpark is far, especially when you have school children”!fR23/8>6/E!S52/53ng"!

!

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6'+)5.&$)-!&)!XL1))?1.6?3Y!!

“I also would not agree to go to Spookpark or a place far from hospitals because I go for spinal cord

treatment”!fR23/8>6/ED!S5N595ng"!!

!

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“We would like to move, but Spookpark it is far …… I have not been, I don’t want to go shem. There

everything is far, no transport, no clinic, no school. It is also a dumpsite and the other side is a graveyard.

It is not comfortable there”!fR23/8>6/ED!G5=;919ng!"

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“I was the first person to agree to relocated from Marabastad to Phomolong. You can go search for the newspaper clipping where I was interviewed. I was also the first person to be relocated

from Phomolong to Spookpark”. [Interview: SisZ*, July 2018].

!

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!

“They brought me here…my house is just down there. Here it was huge vegetation they were busy

clearing. I put my things outside, I made fire outside, I slept outside…. because they gave me hope that

in three months, I will have a stand with everything. Others say there are snakes here and there are

scorpions. When the other two [children] come back from school I must monitor them-where they play,

what time, where they go”"fR23/8>6/ED!J64on^!I<:;!%*#,g""

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“And all people need to do is to come with their shack and put them up on their stands. As time goes on,

they can build their own houses when they have money. This way they won’t have to wait forever for an

RDP house” said Ramokgopa”"f!X/N18?!L/E4B5B/8^!U031=/8!%*#';=!!

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“To date, 2 391 permanent residential stands were allocated to families from Mahube Valley Ext 15 and

Mamelodi Ext 11.”!f-E633/8D!qYA146/234.1vX^!%*#)!J/B3/9=/8!%%g!

!

L$8$+.6+94! )&#'6! +)5.+! .5&)6%! $-! "%#(.-'4! 0)&#! 1)+$&$5.+! .-,! &'5#-$5.+4! %&.6&',! &)! 6'7*+.6+9! *%'! &#'!

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“We made a commitment that people cannot stay there for the rest of their lives. We decided to give the

permanent stands so that they can have electricity and water”"fH8/31865!L/E4^!%*#+!C<A<43g!

!

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!

!160 MMC (Member of the Mayoral Committee) is a political appointment made by the Mayor. The role of the MMCs is to assist

and advise the executive mayor. !

! (.,!

“We will through this intervention restore the dignity of over 100 000 people, who are currently

living in informal settlements without access to most basic infrastructure”!!a@63;!17!-4.E52/^!

%*#)b!

!

"#'%'!%'-&$8'-&%!('6'!+.&'6!6''81#.%$G',!$-!&#'!N$&93%!-'(%!0*++'&$-Y!!!

“The City of Tshwane continues to make sure that its people’s dignity is restored. This was done through

the “Re Aga Tshwane” programme where more than 2 800 permanent stands in Pienaarspoort were

allocated to former residents of Mamelodi Ext 11 and Stoffel Park squatter camps. The Re Aga Tshwane

programme aims to relocate families in informal settlements to permanent serviced stands”!f-4.E52/!

@<88/23!L/E4^!%*#)!J/B3/9=/8g"!

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“Through this intervention, we will restore the dignity of Tshwane people who live in informal

settlements, without access to the most basic infrastructure,”!fH8/31865!X/N18?^!%*#+!CB86:l=!!

"()!9'.6%! +.&'64! &#'! $-5*80'-&!;C!8.9)6!L&'/'-%!D)?7.+.1.! +.*-5#',!V'&%'8.!:6)<'5&!09!%&.&$-7!

&#.&Y!!

“This provision of services means that the dignity of some of our most indigent communities is restored

through homeownership. Having a place to call home is essential in undoing some of the injustices of the

past”!fH8/31865!L/E^!%*#$!C<A<43g!

!

"#$%!8'%%.7'!(.%!.+%)!5)88*-$5.&',!&#6)*7#!&#'!N$&93%!('0%$&'Y!!

“As part of accelerated service delivery, the City of Tshwane took a decision to restore the dignity of

Tshwane residents through the Letsema project, by providing them with basic services”" f-4.E52/!

E/=463/^!%)!J/B3/9=/8!%*#$g!

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!161 Rudimentary meaning in this context - means the minimum levels of services

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“I arrived when that child was a few months old, and they were born in 2002. She is 17 years now”!!

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and get married while you are still living here”!!fR23/8>6/E!S5932n^!July 2018g"!!

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“It’s now your house, your coffin when you are dead will come out of here, it will not leave from the

squatter camp. Before, when it was it was a squatter camp, if you die, they would go and bury you at your

parents’ home. Now it is a permanent you know that if I made a bedroom my coffin will be placed here

and it will leave from here. So, I must make some improvements to the property, because we must also

‘re tshabe matlho a batho162’”"k>-&'6/$'(Y!D.?.8.�4!K*+9!b\[cl=!

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“When given permanents each household will have privacy”">-&'6/$'(Y!D.8&-�4!K*+9!b\[cl=!

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growing. So in a permanent, it means I don’t move again”!k>-&'6/$'(Y!D.-'.&�4!K*+9!b\[cl=!!

“A permanent is important because we can no longer disturb each other with ‘hey suthela kwa,

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“Well, excluding the pipe thing it is a good site. Not necessarily because it is bigger, well… what can I say

…well properly the position. You know mos with the informal settlement they placed us too close to each

other. But now it’s a bit open. We could not fit our car in our yard at that time. We had to ask neighbours

to park our car”!fR23/8>6/E!H8/33;^!I<:;!%*#,ng"+!

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“We are expecting a toilet, water and a house…and electricity cause paraffin and candles burn houses, as

you can see this thing is a shack there is only one window. Bedrooms are that side, and it is dark there,

when a child comes back from school, they will use a candle to see” fR23/8>6/E!G5=;919^!I<:;!%*#,ng"!

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“It was only the surveyor who was present to allocate a site to you. But when you are not satisfied with

the stand, you have the right to raise your concern”"fR23/8>6/E!S52/53n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

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“The people who were allocating the stands had empathy if you tell them that this does not suit, they

would understand they did not pressurize people, they would say ‘we are not able to pressurize people,

we must give people their wishes”"fR23/8>6/ED!95Y595n^!I<:;!%*#,g!

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“We raised our concerns about proximity to the pipe with the City officials who were demarcating the

stands, particularly since we were here when that fatal pipe incident happened [referring to the 2015

burst pipe that claimed some lives and injured many others]”!fR23/8>6/ED!p1<2AWS52n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

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"#'!9)*-7!8.-!5+.6$B$',!(#9!&#'6'!(.%!-)!6'%$%&.-5'!B6)8!&#'!1')1+'Y!!

“At the end of the day, one’s is at their mercy. So, you suck it up and take the stand, or risk being omitted”!!

fR23/8>6/ED!p1<2AW952n^!I<:;!%*#,g!

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“I want to lift this place…(you will put some cement there!)…even if I don’t put cement but at least if it can

go up and the water flows outside, even now I am worried I am not sure what I will do, maybe get some

bricks and build the place up, put soil around the whole place. That will mean dismantling the place and

starting it all over again”!fR23/8>6/E!S5?/><n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

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!164 Rand Water is a South African utility that supplies potable water to the Gauteng province and other areas of the country and

is the largest water utility in Africa.

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“I am told that in one of the houses up there maggots were coming underneath the house. Those people

were moved around January, then it started raining, and I hear maggots came out. They placed that

person right on top of the toilet. But that was not our agreement with the municipality. We were told that

they are going to put some chemical in the toilets. But no, they are not doing things the way they

promised. I am lucky cause at least I have some idea about this area. Now when they place you in areas

unfamiliar, like some guy there”!fR23/8>6/ED!S52/53n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

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One of the images in Figure 6. 7 shows contractors working on a water pipeline in Phomolong, in July 2018.

While construction was still ongoing, the pipe burst in one point. This incident happened at the beginning of

my fieldwork in Phomolong. I was in the middle of a walkabout interview with the ward councilor when she

received a call informing her of a pipe burst that occurred the previous night. Together, we quickly rushed to

part the settlement where the incident took place. According to those affected, this is the same pipe that

caused the fatal flooding in 2012. The only difference is that it had burst at a different point.

Some of those affected recounted their experiences of this environmental injustice under permanency. They

stated that pipe burst occurred in the middle of the night. The two siblings, Bassie* and Sister*, and their

neighbor Lebo* explained that they heard vibrations and suddenly there was water everywhere.

A community-activist*, who is also a Community Liaison Officer for the project, explains that the permanent

stands were supposed to be placed 50m away from the pipe. But this was not the case, instead, shacks were

placed less than 10m from the pipe. He also regards the City negligent: “People must therefore hold council

accountable” comments the Activist*.

An interesting observation is that a City official involved with planning in Phomolong is nonchalant about this

situation. In my conversation with him, concerning this matter, he brushes it off as insignificant:

“I would not agree. These are the normal pipes that you will have in the township. These are not big

pipes; they connect from these pipes. The pipes that give us water they are like this, even in your

house in front of the house, next to the road”

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in social life. The relevance of a specific ideal-type derives from the value-ideas believed to exist in a certain culture (Weber

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struggled, won and lost.

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the vulnerable subject is an active actor in devising adaptation strategies. They constantly to cope with risk in

their living environments, as they deliberately adapt to the shifting regimes of vulnerability”!k1Y![rl="

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&)!5)1'!($&#!&#'!+$/$-7!5)-,$&$)-%!$-!%1.5'%!)B!/*+-'6.0$+$&9=!>-!.!(.61',!(.94!&#'!%&.&'!'@1'5&%!&#$%!

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!

“Increasingly, the government is unresponsive to those who are disadvantaged, blaming individuals for

their situation and ignoring the inequities woven into the systems in which we all are mired” RQ$-'8.-4!

b\[\Y![bS=!!

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!168“The liberal subject, constructed in terms of individual autonomy, self-sufficiency, and personal responsibility, does not

distinguish among vulnerabilities, suggesting that individuals bear primary responsibility for their situation and circumstances,

regardless of their nature or cause. ………(Fineman)

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“Yes, they were here. What was supposed to happen was that we were supposed to put up a fence.

Unfortunately, I still have a quotation that I got, and the city indicated to me that they do not have the

money. But we told them about the dangers of leaving that place empty and it seems that they are not

taking it seriously and that’s why it will end up being occupied. But the Councilor together with

communities we tell them reoccupation of the area is on your own risk. If the popo hits the fan then you

are going to be held responsible, because you can’t go and stay in an area where you know some people

have died. It is like signing your death certificate”. fR23/8>6/ED!063;!1776065:!#n^!C<A<43!%*#,g!!

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!A liveable place should be suitable, safe for kids and for yourself as well, and then it has to have water,

sanitation”!fR23/8>6/ED!3./!?5<A.3/8n^!C<A<43!%*#,g"!

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!169 Capabilities in this context are mainly in relation to limited material resources and knowledge.

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&#.&!&#'%'!%'&&+'8'-&%!16)/$,'!.!0.%$%!B6)8!(#$5#!&)!%.&$%B9!'5)-)8$5!.-,!%)5$.+!-'',%!(.%!6'.%)-!

'-)*7#!B)6!8.-9!&)!5#))%'!&#'8!.%!1+.5'%!B)6!(.$&$-7=!Q)6!$-%&.-5'4!:)+�!q!D.8)�4!('6'!6'+)5.&',!

B6)8!K'BB%/$++'!B)++)($-7!&#'!%$-?#)+'!$-5$,'-&4!6'8$-$%5'!.0)*&!&#'!#.0$&.0$+$&9!)B!K'BB%/$++'Y!

“Ja, it [Jeffsville] was fine but we would access things easily, we did not struggle with transport….Mamo*

adds: We were not starving……Pol*: school were close for children, now it’s a distance”!fM81<B!R23/8>6/ED!H1:n^!S591n^!C<A<43^!%*#,g"!

!

:6'&&9FV.,94!.!1'68.-'-&!,('++'6! $-!:#)8)+)-74!.+%)!'+.0)6.&'%!)-!#)(!&#'!%'&&+'8'-&!.,,6'%%',!

&#'$6!'5)-)8$5!-'',%Y!

“We moved here with our mom after my parents divorced because we could not afford to pay rent”!fR23/8>6/ED!H8/33;W:5?;n^!I<:;^!%*#,g"!

!

"#'%'!'5)-)8$5!B.5&)6%!('6'!.+%)!6.$%',!09!;*5?�4!.!9)*-74!,$%1+.5',!,('++'6!)B!K'BB%/$++'Y!

“ My parents could no longer afford to pay rental and our school fees at the same. So it made sense for

us to move to the settlement”!fR23/8>6/ED!P<0Nn^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

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Q)6!%)8'4!+$?'!N#6$�!.-,!M&)�4!&#'!%'&&+'8'-&%!16)/$,',!.-!)11)6&*-$&9!&)!%*%&.$-!&#'$6!%)5$.+!-'',%=!

N)-%$,'6$-7!&#'9!('6'!.0+'!&)!8.$-&.$-!&#'!B.8$+9!*-$&9!($&#$-!&#'!/*+-'6.0$+$&$'%!)B!&#'!%'&&+'8'-&%Y!

“I wanted to be my own man. I had a family so I needed to build my own place. I did not even

think about the soil conditions”!fR23/8>6/E!n@199<263;!5036>643n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

L'-&$8'-&%!.0)*&!B.8$+9!('6'!.+%)!%#.6',!09!M&)�Y!!

“I came from another province to join my husbandX"fR23/8>6/E!L31n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

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C+&#)*7#!%1.5'%!)B!/*+-'6.0$+$&9!)BB'6!&#'!)11)6&*-$&9!&)!.,,6'%%!0.%$5!-'',%!F!'5)-)8$5!.-,!%)5$.+!F!

&)!%*6/$/'!$-B)68.+$&9!.%!#.0$&.0$+$&9!,'8.-,%!76'.&!.,.1&$)-=!!"#'!(.6,!5)*-5$++)6!$-!K'BB%/$++'!6'+.&'%!

#)(!&#'!%'&&+'8'-&!%*11)6&',!#$%!.80$&$)-%!.%!.!9)*-7!%&*,'-&Y!

“I came to the settlement as young student. It was not easy though, especially if one is new to such an

environment. “ I remember rats eating my nice new winter jacket; eating my bread from within. But with

time I became smart and started wrapping the bread”. ”"fR23/8>6/E!E58?!@1<206::18^!I<:;!%*#,g!"

Q)6!&#)%'!(.$&$-7!B)6!1'68.-'-594! +$/'.0$+$&9! $-! $-B)68.+$&9! $%!.0)*&!%*6/$/.+=!E'-5'4! $-!&#'!'-,!&#'!

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!170 Jeffsville: Situated in Atteridgeville, accessible 0,5 km off the Maunde road, the main road in Atteridgeville. The settlement

starts within the borders Atteridgeville township. [also see appendix 9].

Phomolong : Situated in Mamelodi East , along the Solomon Mahlangu Drive. Like Jeffsville, Phomolong borders the Mamelodi

east township. The settlement was established by the City in 2002, with about 240 structures relocated from Marabastad (see

chapter 6). !

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B$@',!%5#',*+'!B)6!&#)%'!$-!(.$&$-7f!“Waste collection services to the informal settlements is a ‘by the way’ type of thing. These finance guys

are ruthless, they cannot extend a service where there is no payment”!fR23/8>6/ED!@63;!1776065:^!C<A<43!%*#,g!!

!

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!172 Additional land to relocate the people to.

! ('*!

N$&93%! $-5)-%$%&'-&! 5)++'5&$)-! %9%&'8!'#=! E'-5'4! %)8'! )B! &#)%'! $-! (.$&$-74! +$?'! D)6*&$g! >=B! F62!

=36LFK1829!E1=A6=@3!A1!@23!$-B)68.+!%)+$,!(.%&'!,$%112>7!8'.-%f!!“We throw the rubbish behind the wall”!fR23/8>6/ED!S18<36nI<:;!%*#,g"!

!

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“There are rats, flies and the children play with the dump”!fR23/8>6/ED!=5=;919n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

"#$%!)0%'6/.&$)-!(.%!.+%)!#$7#+$7#&',!09!&#'!(.6,!N)*-5$++)6Y!!

“The young and the aged are most vulnerable to waste related vulnerabilities. They are eaten

by rats”"fR23/8>6/ED!E58?!@1<206::18^!I<:;!%*#,g"

!

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! “Our toilet is full so now we have to go to the station”!fR23/8>6/ED!S5N.6ng"!

!

I&#'63%!+$?'!D.8&-�!6'+9!)-!&#'$6!-'$7#0)6+9!6'+.&$)-%!B)6!.55'%%$-7!%.-$&.&$)-!!

" “ I share a toilet with my neighbours” fR23/8>6/ED!S5932n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

!173 Although the city has a weekly waste schedule, it nonetheless fails to abide by its set collection programme

174 Section 27 - https://section27.org.za has comprehensive on Michael Komape case.

175 A City official associates this phenomenon to the geology of the settlement. According to the official the water table in

Phomolong is very low.

!

! (',!

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“My mom does not like us sharing a toilet, so we lock our toilet. Otherwise, while you are sitting here you

will see ashy ankles that you don’t know through the bottom of the toilet door”!fR23/8>6/ED!=5=;S19n^!

I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

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“Water used to easily flow in these furrows, but people started throwing rubbish in them because they

are quite deep actually” fR23/8>6/ED!=5=;S19n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

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“You will find children play with drain water. Immediately after that they move to touching their food

with those dirty hands”!fR23/8>6/ED!]58?!01<206::18W!I/774>6::/^!C<A<43!%*#,g!!

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“You have to wake up early if you want to get water. Otherwise the water pressure would go down once

many people are on the network”!fR23/8>6/ED!@.//4/N1Bn^!I<:;^!%*#,g"!!

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Because without this clear distinction individuals bear responsibility regardless of the manifestation of their

vulnerability!k1Y!btel=!!

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“You see because we have no space when someone dies, we have to take them back home to be

buried”!fR23/8>6/ED!H1:n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

E)('/'64!&#)%'!($&#!1'68.-'-&!%1.5'%!.6'!.0+'!&)!1'6B)68!&#'!6$&*.+!16.5&$5'%Y!!

“It is now your house, when you are dead your coffin will come out of here. It will not leave from the

squatter camp. Akere it was a squatter camp before and when you are dead they would go and bury you

at your parents’ home. Now it is permanent you know that if I made a bedroom, my coffin will be placed

here and it will leave from here. So, I must make improvements, cause we must also ‘re tshabe matlho a

batho’ meaning “I will be buried in dignity, my coffin can now leave from here”!fR23/8>6/ED!S5N595n^!

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“Is by providing: those ‘legitimised’ by the system as beneficiaries of permanency, with some

rudimentary services, whilst the City awaits the final approval of the site development plan for the

formalizing settlement “kR23/8>6/ED!063;!1776065:!'n^!C<A<43^!%*#,g"!!

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they said it’s a yeast infection. But I did not seat on the toilet I was surprised even in my own toilet I

cannot sit. They said the cause be because of sharing a public toilet.”!fR23/8>6/ED!H8/33;W:5?;n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

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truck is unable to access the informal parts due its narrow, or non-existing, streets.!178 I put illegal in brackets because I question the framing of illegal access when state processes are failing

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!180 Miraftab & Wills (2005) speaks of ‘invited’ space being created by government and its internal partners and their tolerance

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Bourdieu understood the social world as being divided up into a variety of distinct arenas

or ‘fields of practice, each with their unique set of rule, knowledges, and forms of capital.

Field refers to the configuration of institutions that guide the efficacy of different capitals,

as well as the capacities of different actors involved in meeting or achieving certain aims

such as water provision or capital accumulation through the informal housing market

(Bourdieu) In this setting, each field has structured, which is a “set of positions and

practices, as well as its struggles for the position as people mobilize their capital to stake

their claims within a particular social domain”.

Thus, the concept of the habitus offers an insightful way to understanding social

interactions. First, it clarifies why things are happening, and the way they are observed.

To do so, Bourdieu ties various elements that informs the Habitus:

o! Actors’ behaviours will be related to their position In the field (in legal

terms , in terms of the sense of their place and those of other actors)

o! Their behaviours will also be related to resources available to them,

and their view of the field, including their ideological viewpoint and

their perception of which issues are worth fighting for, this last being

constructed from their position in the field. P:23].

Bourdieu urges us to consider differences between Habitus- meaning one’s practical

orientation, and habits or tacit ways of knowing a automatically what is expected and

what to do in different institutional settings. Habituses are not fixed habits. They are open

to change depending on the amounts and types of capital individuals acquire as they

move through social space (Bourdieu, 19833!

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!181 Social conflict theory (Engels & Marx, 1848). The higher class will try to maintain their privileges, power, status and social

position - and therefore try to influence politics, education, and other institutions to protect and limit access to their forms of

capital and resources. Whereas the lower class - in contradiction to the higher class - has very different interests. They do not

have specific forms of capital that they need to protect. All they are interested in is in gaining access to the resources and capital

of the higher class. !

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!

“But issues of rubbish they are on the street not inside your home, you pass them on the street, even though you are concerned but once you get to your house, they no longer affect you as an individual. No one wants to live with waste in their houses. ‘So as long as it is out of my yard’”[Interview : ward Councillor, July 2018]

!

!

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“Maybe that is how the people are showing the City of their frustrations with the limited service”……our

government is irresponsible, because as you are saying the people have organised the waste, some

people buy their own bags, still the government does not come to collect them……….Even through those

dumps it shows the people are trying, so why does is the city not responding?”!fR23/8>6/ED!=85JCn^!I<:;!

%*#,g!

!

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!

“There are minor things that you cannot miss work because of like rubbish, its not that valuable. A house is

something is more important to a person, even electricity, if you come home and there is no electricity for 2

days in a row your life starts to become affected. You may have bought meat for a month now its starts to

spoil, so you see that it affects you directly”!fR23/8>6/ED!I/774>6::/!E58?!@1<206::18^!I<:;!%*#,g"!!

!

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!

!182 This news article, tilted Fed-up Phomolong in Service Ultimatum: https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/pretoria-

news/20140730/281526519190794, exemplifies the service protest in Phomolong

!

! (*'!

“They throw pampers, dead dogs and place in front of the door. They also throw sanitary pads then they

fly and enter our homes. That thing there is not healthy even its smell, for the children and for us”!fR23/8>6/ED!G5446/n^!I<:;!%*#,g"!

!

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“I put the blame on both the communities and the City itself. Communities in the sense that

when you throw the rubbish in front of your house without doing the necessary, putting it in

nice plastics and making sure its disposed, when we come to collect that rubbish, will never

go away. Then when the other person next door come and put the additional that is going to

become a rubbish dump. So, our people are not considered when it comes to health-related

issues. The City they are just giving the world an impression that things are hunky dory, even

in informal settlements we are doing very less to sort make people’s lives easy”."fR23/8>6/ED!

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“The budget for informal settlement will never be the same as that of other areas. Actually, the

service of informal settlements is a ‘by the way’. It’s an additional…... Bureaucrats are very

cruel, more especially the finance guys they want to direct the money where there is spin-offs.

So, they are not going to throw money into a whole and not get something in return”"

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“They [sic…..other community members] say there is going to be a meeting and many people are saying

we are going to talk about this dumping, if we speak about it in the meeting maybe they will send people

to remove this filth”!fR23/8>6/ED!L5Ln^!I<:;!%*#,g!

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she will go there full force and do an operation, we go there as collective, to kill the illegal dump, after 2

weeks they come back and throw they rubbish at the very same place you have just cleaned, so how do

you rehabilitate such people.”!f!R23/8>6/ED!063;!1776065:!#n^!C<A<43!%*#,g!!

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!183 Tracing/observing the environmental politics in the Tshwane through permanent dwellers exposed the dumping of the

environmental responsibility on the citizens. As my analysis of permanency in Phomolong and Jeffsville have shown, those with

permanency are equally responsible for their environmental health as those in waiting.

184 Institutions here referring to rules!!

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!185 Councillor Randall Williams was appointed in 2020 following the untimely dismissal of the Stevens Mokgalapa as the City’s

DA elected mayor. Pointing to these political challenges clarifies the politicized nature of formalization in the City.""

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CONSENT FORM TO PARTICIPATE IN A RESEARCH STUDY

Tittle of Research Project: Space, Informality and Inequality: Towards ‘just’ sustainability and

governance for informal urban settlements in the city of Tshwane, Pretoria.

Name of Researcher: Sheilla BENDILE Student Number: 10115006

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Introduction

• You are being requested to participate in a research study investigating spatial inequalities and

environmental injustices prevailing in informal settlements in the city of Tshwane.

• The purpose of the study is to understand: What beliefs and assumptions inform the city of Tshwane’s housing

department, post-1994, to relocate informal settlements, due to ‘uninhabitable’ land environments following sinkholes or

flooding, yet they respond less to solid waste on habitable land environments?

• You were selected as a potential participant because as a community member in the informal

settlement and a beneficiary of the resettlement process you have first hand knowledge that can

make a significant contribution to the subject matter.

• Ultimately, the results of this study will be made available as a doctoral thesis, published in a scientific

journal and also presented as a conference paper. The study may also be used to further academic

research.

• You are asked to carefully study the contents of this form and asked any questions before agreeing to

participate in this study.

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Study procedures

• Should you agree to participate in this study, you will be asked to partake in an audio-recorded

interview.

Risks of being in this study

• Although all studies have some degree of risk, the potential in this study is quite minimal, as the

interview will only seek your account on the resettlement process as it unfolded.

• You will not incur any costs as a result of your participation in this study.

Confidentiality and anonymity

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Charte anti-plagiat

Art 1 : Définition du plagiat

Le plagiat consiste à reproduire un texte, une partie d’un texte, une illustration ou des idées originales d’un auteur, sans lui en reconnaître la paternité par un référencement bibliographique ou iconographique adéquat (Cf. art. 3).

Art 2 : Objet des travaux universitaires

Sont considérés comme travaux universitaires tous les documents réalisés par les étudiants et les enseignants, les chercheurs et les enseignants-chercheurs dans le cadre des activités de formation et de recherche. Ces travaux universitaires doivent toujours avoir pour ambition de produire un savoir inédit et d'offrir une lecture critique, nouvelle et personnelle du sujet.

Art 3 : Méthodologie de référencement bibliographique

La méthodologie d'un travail universitaire implique que les emprunts (par exemple par copier/coller) soient clairement identifiés et que le nom de l’auteur et la source de l’extrait soient mentionnés.

Les citations textuelles y compris dans une traduction personnelle, doivent obligatoirement être placées entre guillemets et être accompagnées d'une référence bibliographique à la suite de la citation, ou en note de bas de page.

Les emprunts non textuels (tableaux, graphiques, photos, formules scientifiques, etc.) doivent également être accompagnés d'une référence bibliographique à leur suite ou en note de bas de page.

En complément, toutes les références des documents cités, empruntés ou adaptés, doivent figurer en bibliographie.

Art 4 : Détection du plagiat

L'Université Grenoble Alpes est dotée d'un outil permettant de contrôler systématiquement les travaux universitaires et de détecter les similitudes, dans le but de rechercher le plagiat.

Art 5 : Sanctions disciplinaires pour plagiat

Les auteurs présumés de plagiat seront traduits devant la section disciplinaire compétente qui pourra prendre des sanctions pouvant aller jusqu'à l'exclusion définitive de tout établissement d'enseignement supérieur. La procédure disciplinaire n'exclut pas d'éventuelles poursuites judiciaires.

Art. 6 : Engagement

Les étudiants et les personnels s'engagent à ne pas commettre de plagiat dans leurs travaux universitaires. À cette fin, ils reconnaissent avoir pris connaissance des obligations décrites dans les articles 2 et 3 de la présente charte et s’engagent à s'y conformer.

Je certifie, ............................................................................................................................(indiquer nom prénom) !"#$%&'%$(&)#**!$((!*)+&,+&-!&).!%/+&!*/$0'-!1$!/&+/&2&-!&%+('+)/+%3&

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