People are not Bees

GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES – the role of landscape architecture

12–14 March 2014 Uppsala, Sweden

PARTICIPATING UNIVERSITIES

✶ UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

✶ UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH, CANADA

✶ TOKYO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN

✶ UNIVERSITY PUTRA, MALAYSIA

✶ LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, NEW ZEALAND

✶ UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA, NICARAGUA

✶ ST PETERSBURG STATE FOREST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, RUSSIA

✶ SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, SLU, SWEDEN

✶ CHULALONGKORN UNIVERISTY, THAILAND

✶ MAKERERE UNIVERSITY, UGANDA

✶ CORNELL UNIVERSITY, USA

Hosted by: SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

4th International W

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4th International Global Challenges University Alliance Workshop

Green and sustainable cities– the role of landscape architecture

Year of publication: 2014Editor: Sara Brännström, SLULayout: Mikaela Tobar, SLU ReproIllustartions: Fredrik Saarkoppel, Kobolt Media AB

Print: SLU Repro, Ultuna

Green and sustainable cities – the role of landscape architecture

4th International Global Challenges University Alliance Workshop

12–14 Mars, 2014

Content3 The Global Challenges University Alliance (CGUA)

4 Program

Abstract 8 Blue-Green infrastructure – The role of Landscape Architecture

10 The usual, the unusual and the overlooked: Public space strategies for ambiguous times

12 Cross-cultural issues in adoption of urban green initiatives

14 To what extent do green infrastructure designs protect ecosystem services from environmental change following development?

16 Performance design testing for solutions for ‘green and sustainable’ using mathematical concepts of inverse problems and noise

18 Planning for energy efficient design of tropical green infrastructure

20 A framework for water resilient green cities in Africa and Asia

22 Can green roofs support urban biodiversity conservation goals?

24 Blue-Green Infrastructure – The agricultural fringe of Bangkok, Thailand: Diminishing Landscape Porosity and Ecological Services

26 People are not bees

28 Site-specific design approaches

30 St. Petersburg Green Infrastructure: Past, present and future

32 Planning for sustainable healty environment in malaysian cities

34 Nature-based traditional public space observed in Japanese “shrine”

36 Floristic composition, silvicultural and phytosanitary conditions and technical considerations for the management of the Piedrecitas and Japanese parks in Managua

38 Processes of chanage

40 Engaging the private sector in urban greenery

42 Designing healthy cities for people and for nature

44 Resilient Citylands – Green-blue-built interactions in different scales

46 Enhancing Community Flood Resilience in the Face of Climate Change

48 Social values of urban greeneries and green infrastructure practises

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The Global Challenges University Alliance (CGUA)By 2050 the world’s population will ex-ceed nine billion, requiring agricultural, forest andfisheries systems to produce food, animal feed, fib-res, energy and materials for another two billion people. The crucial issue is how to achieve this with very little new land to use, without causing unsustainable ecological consequences and during an on-going climate change. Meeting these glo-bal challenges can only be done through obtaining greater scientific knowledge about the fundamen-tal conditions for life – translating knowledge into relevant action – and through dedicated interna-tional co-operation. The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) has recently initiated a project to form a Global Challenges University Al-liance, and is planning to involve 25 of the world’s top ”bio-economy” universities at all continents. The partner universities should be strong in agri-cultural sciences (including food, veterinary, lands-cape architecture and forest sciences), environme-ntal sciences and/or the life sciences.

The Alliance build-up will take place th-rough thematic Global Challenges University Work-shops, each with 4-10 participating universities, and by organising corresponding thematic Global Challenges Summer Schools for MSc/PhD students. Both the research and education components will train the young “bioeconomy” leaders of the futu-re and provide them with an active global network very early in their careers.

The first GCUA workshop on Biofuels and Biorefineries was held in September 26-28,2012 at SLU, Uppsala.

The second GCUA workshop The Future of Food – Security, Quality and Safety was held at SLU, Uppsala, 22-24 May, 2013.

The third workshop Environmental monitoring ad detection of invasive species – current challenges will be at SLU, Uppsala, 4-6 September 2013.During 2013 the first GCUA Summer School, on Biofuels and Biorefineries, was given in Uppsala

with students from several Universities. The course included both lectures and fieldtrips and was high-ly appreciated by the students. They were provided with a new international network as well as a good introduction to the global perspective on biofuels and the important challenges connected to this to-pic. In September 2014 the second GCUA Sum-mer School, on Future of Food, will be given in Uppsala.During 2011-2013about 150 researchers and stu-dents have participated in GCUA activities. The following Universities have participated in one or more activities within the GCUA initiative: University of Queensland (Australia)University of Sao Paolo (Brazil)University of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)University of British Columbia (Canada)China Agricultural University (China)Addis Ababa University (Ethiopia) Bogor Agricultural University (Indonesia)University of Tokyo (Japan)Wageningen University (Netherlands)National University of Agriculture (Nicaragua)National University of Singapore (Singapore)University of Pretoria (South Africa)Chulalongkorn University (Thailand)Makerere University (Uganda)Cornell University (USA) andSLU (Sweden).

This forth workshop Green and Sustainable Cities – the Role of Landscape Architecture will be held at SLU, Uppsala, 12-14 March 2014. Participating universities include, University of Melbourne (Australia), University of Queensland (Australia), University of Tokyo (Japan), University Putra (Malaysia), Lincoln University (New Zealand), Universidad Nacional Agraria (Nicaragua), St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University (Russia), Chulalongkorn University (Thailand), Makerere University (Uganda), Cornell University (USA) and SLU (Sweden).

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PROGRAM11 march

18.30 Welcome reception and registration

at Clarion hotel Gillet, Uppsala

12 march

Venue: Loftet

9.00 Welcome and introduction to GCUA

Johan Schnürer, pro Vice-Chancellor of external collaboration, SLU

9.30 Introductory lecture Blue-Green

infrastructure – the role of landscape

architecture Maria Ignatieva and Ingrid Sarlöv-Herlin, SLU, Sweden

10.15 Coffee

10.45 Introductory lecture Quality in public

space Gini Lee, University of Melbourne, Australia

11.30 Introductory lecture Processes of

changes

Mustafa Kamal, University Putra Malaysia

12.15 Lunch

13.00 Research presentations Theme

Blue-Green infrastructure

13.00 To what extent do green infrastructure

designs protect ecosystem services

from environmental change following

development? Wendy McWilliam, Lincoln University,

New Zealand

13.20 Performance design testing for

solutions for ‘green and sustainable’

using mathematical concepts of

inverse problems and noise

Margaret Grose, University of Melbourne, Australia

13.40 Planning for energy-efficient design

of tropical green infrastructure

Mohd Fairuz Shahidan, University of Putra, Malaysia

14.00 A framework for water resilient

green cities in Africa and Asia Ole Fryd, University of Melbourne,

Australia

14.20 Can green roofs support urban

biodiversity conservation goals? Nicholas S.G. Williams, University of Melbourne, Australia

14.40 Coffee

15.10 Blue-Green Infrastructure

– The agricultural fringe of Bangkok,

Thailand: Diminishing Landscape

Porosity and Ecological Services

Danai Taitaku, Chulalongkorn Univeristy, Thailand

Research presentations Theme Quality of

public space

15.30 People are not bees

Stephen Mukiibi, Makerere University, Uganda

15.50 Site-specific design approaches

Lisa Diedrich, SLU, Sweden

16.10 Green Infrastructure: past, present

and future

Andrei Selikhovkin, St. Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Russia

16.30 Short brake

16.45 Planning for sustainable healthy

environment in Malaysian cities

Shureen Faris Abdul Shukor, Univeristy of Putra, Malaysia

17.05 Nature-based traditional public

space observed in Japanese “shrine”

Ryohei Ono, University of Tokyo, Japan

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17.25 Floristic composition, silvicultural

and phytosanitary conditions and

technical considerations for the

management of the Piedrecitas and

Japanese parks in Managua

Alberto Sediles, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Nicaragua

17.45 Working dinner

Stora salen

19.00 Workshop startup

Parallell Workshops

Venue: Faculty club, Stora salen 20.30 Sum up of discussions

21.00 End of Day 1

13 march

Venue: Loftet

9.00 Research presentations Theme

Processes of change

9.00 Processes of change through urban

agriculture

Karen Landman, University of Guelph, Canada

9.20 Engaging the private sector in urban

greenery Ole Fryd, University of Melborne, Australia

9.40 Designing healthy cities for people

and for nature

Richard Fuller, University of Queensland, Australia

10.00 Resilient citylands

Per Berg, SLU, Sweden

10.20 Introduction to field trip

10.30 Coffee

11.00–18.00 Field trip

18.30 Dinner

Hyllan, Loftet

After-dinner presentation

Green Cities – what did we learn from Stockholm and Uppsala today? Cecil K. van den Bosch, SLU, Sweden

21.00 End of day 2

14 march

Venue: BioC A281

9.00 Enhancing Community Flood Resi-

lience in the Face of Climate Change

Shorna Allred, Cornell University, USA

9.20 Social values of urban greeneries

and green infrastructure practices

Suhardi Maulan, University of Putra, Malaysia

9.40 Constructing alternative spatialities

in Kampala city: Two cases

Lilian Namuganyi, Makerere University, Uganda

10.00 Coffee

10.30 Workshop activity

Venue: BioC A281, A241, C211D

12.00 Lunch

13.00 Workshop activity

14.00 Summary of workshop activities and

Closing remarks

15.00 End of workshop

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FIELD TRIP PROGRAM13 march

Excursion to Stockholm and UppsalaThe Excursion Program comprises three components: A brief pre-tour presentation of its context, meaning and sites; A summary tour memo for participants distributed in the bus; the excursion tour itself

10.15 Presentation of the excursion

Per G Berg, Loftet

10.40 Departure to Stockholm with Bus

with preparatory guiding about

Stockholm Clas Florgård and Lars Johansson

on green-blue structure and parks

11.50 Arrival at Fjällgatan: Main blue-green-

built corridor through central

Stockholm

Per G Berg and Clas Florgård

12.10 Conference lunch buffet

Fjällgatan

13.00 Departure to Old Town

Excursion Bus

13.15 Stortorget in Old Town: The history

of the location of Stockholm

Clas Florgård

13.30 Walk from Stortorget over bridges

by main water Strömmen to

Kungsträdgården

13.45 History and significance of Kungs-

trädgården

– The Central Public Park “Kings garden”

Clas Florgård

14.20 Departure to Norra Djurgårdsstaden

Excursion Bus

14.40 Norra Djurgårdsstaden NGS, The

New Eco-city District in Stockholm

NGS information centre and short walk

15.40 Departure to Hagaparken

Excursion Bus

15.50 History and current use of Hagaparken Gunnar Björkman at Copper tents

16.30 Departure to Uppsala with guiding

about the Uppsala city park and the

river walk

Lars Johansson and Per G Berg In the Bus

17.30 Arrival at Uppsala

17.30 City park and optional walk along

the river room. Participants will be

picked up by the bus at 1815 in

St Eriks torg (Akademigatan)

Lars Johansson and Per G Berg Walking Guides along Uppsalas Central Green-blue Network Pathing2

18.30 Conference dinner

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Abstracts

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4th International Global Challenges University Alliance workshop


Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden, 12-14 March, 2014

Blue-Green infrastructure– The role of Landscape ArchitectureMaria Ignatieva and Ingrid Sarlöv-Herlin

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

Mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Some of the major challenges of our century are embedded in landscape: climate change, ener-gy needs, health and safety, food security, urbani-zation and migration (ESF- COST Science Policy Briefing, 2010). The urban landscape is the setting for more than the half of the world’s population, but also vulnerable against stress factors related to these challenges. An approach that fully uses the potentials of urban green and blue infrastruc-ture can contribute to an increased quality of life and more resilient cities, through a healthier and more restorative environment, increased oppor-tunities for recreation, play and social interaction, improved biodiversity conditions, mitigation to climate change impacts and better performance of additional ecosystems services. The objective of this joint presentation is to raise the awareness of how landscape architecture as a field of professio-nal activity and an academic subject can make a difference when addressing these tasks. The subject area of landscape architecture is concerned with the conscious shaping of the outdoor space at different scales. It is situated at the meeting point between natural sciences, social sciences, technology and humanities and involves planning, design and management of the

landscape to create, maintain, protect and enhance places to be functional, beautiful and sustainable and appropriate to diverse human and ecological needs. The field is of unusual breadth, integrating different approaches for assessment and ameliora-tion of environmental impacts and for treatment of issues associated with sustainability in its wide sense, including social and cultural aspects and the need to respond to stakeholders. More recent development in landscape architecture embodies the aims of the European Landscape Convention (ELC) about the necessity of dynamic, forward looking, human-oriented, action-oriented, inte-grated, inter- and transdisciplinary approaches to landscape. The subject area also reflects the scope of the ELC; from urban and suburban landscapes to rural, and from everyday and derelict landsca-pes to outstanding. We illustrate approaches to research on green-blue and green infrastructure by examples from own research as well as by examples derived from the long lasting research in the field, at the landscape architecture depart-ments at SLU in Uppsala and Alnarp; where concepts of green sustainable cities and design implementations have been developed and put into practice in different European cities.

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Notes

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The usual, the unusual and the overlooked:

Public space strategies forambiguous times Gini Lee

University of Melbourne, Australia

Mail: [email protected]

The ‘natural’ home for landscape architec-ture dwells in the conception and delivery of pro-jects for public space sustained by diverse practices and territories. Across the globe the provision of the constructed public - squares, articulated roads, communication networks and nodes, intersti-tial or liminal space and all manner of pop-up or temporary urban environments - is keeping landscape and its makers busy in the name of amusement for legible place-making. Increa-singly, public space interventions seek the event; the spectacle resulting often in an overwrought materiality and in-your-face messaging. The range of tactics that cities employ to identify either their cultural approach to the modern city, or ways in which access and control are played out in public infrastructure, confront and challenge public design. Increasingly the ‘green’ agenda is regarded as a worthy proponent towards achieving resilient

public space. Yet, is green (or blue) always good or necessary for sustainable public environments, particularly for a warming and drying climate where the lack of blue will ultimately turn the green to gold and ultimately brown?The usual, the unusual and the overlooked exami-nes planning strategies and/or urban spaces visited on recent travels where site specificity simultan-eously contests and encourages diversity in design for public space. Here, the common ground lies also in the social and political agendas that frame dialogues between the public and their lived spaces – with and beyond the green. These usual, unusual and sometimes overlooked places utilise dissimilarity and provocation for the designed landscape through practices of association across the intersections of art, science, cartography, eco-logy and hopeful sociability.

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Cross-cultural issues in adoptionof urban green initiativesMustafa Kamal Mohd Shariff

Universiti Putra Malaysia


Economic background, social class, edu-cational level, and previous experiences with environmental conditions influences the adoption of novel ideas regarding environmental initiatives. In a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society dif-ferences of perceptions and opinion are colored by the diverse background of people. These then play important roles in determining the adoption of the new ideas. Existing research has clearly in-dicated that the successful adoption of these ideas will depend, at least initially, on the perception people have about the idea and later the deeper meaning they have for such ideas. In the case of Malaysia and many other societies with people of

diverse cultural background and belief system, the adoption of green initiatives such as sustainable landscapes, green buildings, or energy efficient products, will very much depend on the percep-tion and deeper meaning people have for such initiatives. However, there is insufficient research carried out to investigate issues regarding cross-cultural perceptions and meanings that influence people’s decision in the adoption of those initia-tives. Knowledge from these investigations would enable planners and other decision makers to understand issues related to diversity in their po-pulation and thereby increase society’s acceptance and adoption of their programs and products.

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To what extent do green infrastructure designs protect ecosystem servicesfrom environmental changefollowing development?Wendy McWilliam

Lincoln University, New Zealand


The protection of green infrastructure (GI) ecosystem services for the long term is of high importance within North America (e.g. Wickham et al., 2010) and within the EU (e.g. Tzoulas et al., 2007). Land use planning is recognized inter-nationally as an important tool in defining and protecting GI and its ecosystem services for the long term (e.g. Glicksman, 2009; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). Scholars increasingly recog-nize the necessity of having policies, and green infrastructure designs, that anticipate and adapt to changes that follow initial development (e.g. Hostetler et al., 2011; Pettersson and Keskitalo, 2013). Yet, studies indicate many planning policy

approaches only protect GI to the point of deve-lopment (McWilliam et al., 2012; Pettersson and Keskitalo, 2013), and often results in small, narrow and fragmented components unable to withstand anticipated and unanticipated changes that ar-rive following adjacent housing development. This results in a significant loss or degradation in its ecosystem services (McWilliam et al., 2009; 2010; 2011). This presentation reviews negative residential encroachment impacts resulting from popular green infrastructure planning policies, and outlines design principles for protecting essential ecosystem services of green infrastructure for the long term.

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Performance design testing forsolutions for ‘green and sustainable’ using mathematical concepts ofinverse problems and noiseMargaret Grose



Global challenges in the implementation of solutions for ecologically sound design often lie in the general problems of incomplete data, which can result in research being stuck in the problem description stage, or can lead to global generalisations of scale which are difficult to place into grounded, site-specific solutions. These are theoretical conundrums and apply to green-blue infrastructure, public space, and change mana-gement. Within landscape architecture, research based on performative design can inform and overcome the problems of incomplete ecological or social-cultural data, by iterative performative testing using digital technologies as part of the planning and design processes. Such performative testing can readily lead to multiple design possibi-lities. The mathematical theoretical concept of in-verse problems is concerned with problems with

non-unique solutions, such as in design. Within design there are many small changes creating ‘noi-se’, which can shift the designed solution and thus understanding the noise is of prime importance to sustainable design. These two concepts of inverse problems and noise from mathematical theory can assist designers to consider large and incom-plete data sets, and to deal with unknown impacts on designed spaces, to enable the better realiza-tion of solutions to problems in designed spaces. Working in this way will also assist collaborations between the disciplines of mathematically-based engineering and design. This paper will discuss how the concepts of inverse problems and noise, in conjunction with performative design, will assist green-blue infrastructure, public spaces, and processes of change.

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Planning for energy efficientdesign of tropical greeninfrastructureMohd Fairuz Shahidan



Current phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI), which originates from improper planning, increased urbanization, and deterioration in urban ecosystem, is one of the major contributors of global warming. The drastic rise in concrete buil-dings and the replacement of impervious surfaces have displaced urban vegetation. One sustainable solution to mitigate the impact is by understanding and applying energy efficient design approaches on green infrastructure. The energy efficient design is being carried out by concentrating on the in-crease of vegetation and improved material cooling performances. In tropical climate, research in manipulating both entities has proven to diminish the effect of heat pollution in urban environment. In countries such as Malaysia and Singapore, the issue has been much researched from many aspects. These include horizontal and vertical landscaping,

intensive and extensive rooftop gardens, as well as use of cool materials on building walls and ground surfaces. The impacts were quantified through dif-ferent results on the moderation of urban climate and ecosystem, building energy performance and human thermal comfort. An example is a study by the author on finding a right combination of Malaysian native trees with selected cool materials. The aim was to investigate tree and cool material potentials on optimum cooling performances. The research found that trees with high canopy density when combine with higher quantity and light-coloured cool materials were found to mitigate the impact of UHI in tropical climate. This shows that energy efficient design has the potential to improve urban ecosystems, building energy performances, and human thermal comfort efficiency.

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A framework for water resilient green cities in Africa and AsiaOle Fryd



By 2030, the urban population in developing countries will increase by 48% whereas the urban surface area is expected to double. Increased im-perviousness affects the water cycle, increases the flood and drought risk, exacerbates the urban heat island effect and negatively impacts the ecological condition in receiving water bodies. This paper presents a framework for water resilient green cities that 1) aims to mitigate the negative ecolo-gical and hydrological impacts of urbanisation in developing countries and 2) aims to improve the quality of green spaces in these emerging cities.The framework comprises three aspects: 1) water sensitive urban design measures upstream in urban water catchments; 2) multifunctional land use typologies in flood prone areas that connect eco-

nomy and ecology; 3) blue and green corridors as spatially structuring elements that can resist the pressure of formal and informal settlements. A major issue is the transferability of water sensitive urban design principles developed in the socio-economic and climatic contexts of the American Northwest, Northern Europe and Southeast Aus-tralia to that of emerging cities in Africa and Asia. Another issue is the exploitation of hydrology as generator of sustainable urban form in cities where comprehensive land use planning seems ineffective as a tool to address the social, econo-mic and political logics of urbanisation. The paper draws on the author’s ongoing research in Addis Ababa and Dar es Salaam (www.watergreenafrica.dk) and in Kunshan, Lilongwe and Melbourne.

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Can green roofs support urban biodiversity conservation goals?Nicholas S.G. Williams



Greens roofs are a new form of green in-frastructure often promoted as novel habitats that can be used to increase the biodiversity of cities, particularly in dense urban cores. Many regulatory standards, policies and certification programs for buildings now incorporate green roofs for their biodiversity value. However, the success of green roofs designed for biodiversity has rarely been evaluated and the claims of positive biodiversity outcomes could sometimes be criticised as a ‘green wash’ applied by building developers and architects. Using the scientific literature, books detailing green roof projects and published con-ference proceedings, we reviewed and quantified the ecological motivations cited by green roof projects that aim to increase biodiversity. This allo-wed the development of six hypotheses regarding the purported biodiversity conservation benefits

of green roofs. The evidence supporting these was then evaluated Evidence suggests that green roofs largely support generalist species particularly insects, but their utility for rare taxa, and other taxonomic groups especially vertebrates, is poorly documented. Further, their ability to replicate biotic commu-nities as habitat compensation or for restoration is largely untested, as is their potential to connect ground level habitats. Given the available evi-dence green roof proponents should use restraint in claiming conservation benefits and green roof designers need to work with ecologists to evaluate green roof biodiversity and design green roofs based on ecological principles. Green roofs can be used to increase urban biodiversity but to do so current green roof industry practices and designs must change.

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Blue-Green Infrastructure – The agricultural fringe

of Bangkok, Thailand:

Diminishing Landscape Porosity and Ecological ServicesDanai Taitaku

Chulalongkorn University, Thailand


The lower part of the Chao Phraya River and Bangkok, the geomorphologically younger part of the delta, is “the center of the geographical living space” of Thailand. This view recognizes the capability of the landscape to provide for human inhabitation and exploitation, such as the capacity to produce foods and resources, the capacity to build human habitat and places. This human ecology created a self-regulated environment, based on the resilience of the landscape’s ecosystem and the capability to link with aesthetic, scientific, cultural and other interest of human. Dictated by the tropical monsoonal climatic conditions and coastal tidal dynamics, the low-lying fl at terrain of Bangkok’s modern land-based urbanism is now under the threat of flood during the height of the rainy season. The combination of the excessive flow generated by the accumulation of rainfall in the upland watershed of the Chao Phraya River and the substantial monsoon rainfall that annually inundates Bangkok, often puts many parts of the city under wa-ter. Compounded with the high tide that slows down the flow of the river, the draining of excessive runoff is impossible without the help of modern technology

such as floodwalls, tunnels and pumping stations. The waterscape of the area is greatly dominated by these three hydro-ecological characteristics which given the symbolic name of Bangkok as “the city of three waters”. The plight of climate change compounds an already complex ecosystem with many conflicts between delta and the city dynamics. The delta hy-drology and modern land based urbanization present threats to each other due to a lack of recognition of both natural hydrological processes and the indige-nous and traditional knowledge of living in concert with natural cycles of wet and dry seasons. Modern urban planning in Bangkok has failed to recognize the dynamic space-time relationship between humans and nature and the importance of the hydro-ecology of the city. Evidence of the natural processes that reflect the relationship between humans living with water is vanishing within the Bangkok metropolitan area. This is reflected in the recent transformation of agricultural fields to built-up areas on the urban fringe of the metropolitan area. As a consequence, the roles and functions of natural processes and the lands-cape are perceived differently. These different values

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play a major role in dictating changes in the land and waterscape and land and water use. The encroachment of agricultural land by development is increasing at an alarming rate. Consequently, “landscape porosity,” a critical landscape structure and functions of the deltaic landscape (paddy rice fields, mixed-fruit orchards and water matrix of canal networks and orchards), perceived as “ecological services” have been severely diminishing. Thai cities were structured and sustai-ned by a pre—modern, locally controlled, human ecosystem watershed model for centuries. Contem-porary Bangkok might look to the historical context of Thai waterscape urbanism and liquid perception for solutions to the pressing problems of vanishing

agricultural land and climate change. River and water flows readjusted to pass around and through cities rather than be flushed under them are critical in order to create new dynamic design models of urban eco-systems. The understanding of historical resilience and adaptability to living with water evident in indigenous and traditional processes would be crucial for dealing with future uncertainty. This is not just a historical model, but contemporary urban ecosystem designs around the world are looking for ways to retain water in cities. Contemporary urban ecosystem science and Thai urbanism both point to the creation of cities as water retention systems for socio-cultural as well as environmental reasons.

Notes

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People are not beesStephen Mukiibi, Lilian Namuganyi, Assumpta Nnaggenda-Musana,

Jennifer Nalubwama Machyo and Amanda Aziidah Ngabirano

Makerere University, Uganda


When Kampala City Council Authority(KCCA) conceives open public space they conjure up images of tall glimmering crystal boxes set in expanses of well-kempt gardens with candy-coloured flowers, geometric trees, and perfectly manicured lawns sliced by paths that lead to nowhere. These gardens are intended to attract people as flowers would bees. Drawing on research that focuses on: the meaning and practice public space, and its quality and use, this presenta-tion explores the extent to which this utopia is sustainable. The open public spaces appear empty and surreal. Like in a factory the roads become conveyor belts of accelerated movement. In this plastic city people walk straight ahead in oblivion to the candy-coloured gardens. The city can be

likened to the miniature models generated by design professionals. The reality is that people are not bees; the quality of space is not determined only on the basis of its visual aesthetics but also on usage and the resulting quality of life. Outdoor open space is meant to create continuity of the built fabric where buildings enable users to per-ceive a sense of territoriality. The premise is that households should be able to privatise outdoor space. However the open outdoor spaces linked to the case areas seem not to function in a wider context. The spaces are empty and under-utilised. Given the dynamic needs of this African city, are these candy-coloured gardens sustainable? How can Kampala therefore be envisaged?

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Site-specificdesign approaches Lisa Diedrich



In these early years of the 21st century, we welfare-state accustomed Western Europeans experience a lot of turbulence: unstable economy, demographic decline, shrinking resources, chang-ing climate. Most of us live in cities, or better: in metropolitan areas. These urban areas have to face major changes in their transition to a sustaina-ble way of life. Some researchers speak of three urban revolutions, the creation of cities at all, the development of the industrial city, and, thirdly, the shift to the European city of the globalised world. Based on modernistic principles like growth and universality, our inherited urban planning methods fail today. Here, landscape architecture can help improve our understanding and handling of urban sites. As a design discipline, it combines descriptive and proscriptive protocols, and it con-

siders nature processes on an equal footing with human practices. Things that “work” together are studied and shaped together site-specifically: from the large scale of the Dutch delta and its new negotiation with states of water and green-blue infrastructure, to the middle scale of the har-bour transformation district Ile de Nantes in the French city of Nantes where a new evolutionary city planning method is supporting processes of change, to the small scale of the Dyke Park at Hamburg’s Elbe Island where flood protection is handled as a co-creative process to build up public space. Design research helps raise the tacit know-ledge of designers to share it cross-disciplinary and contribute to ways for adapting our urban life worlds to current global challenges.

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St. Petersburg Green Infrastructure: Past, present and futureAndrei Selikhovkin, Irina Melnichuk, Maria Ignatieva

St Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Russia


In many cities of Russia the system of green space is a random combination of gardens and parks, parkways and street trees and it does not focus on the formation of favorable urban envi-ronmental conditions. Among other Russian cities St. Petersburg has a special place since a huge historical centre is under the UNESCO Heritage protection. Venice of the North is famous for its unique system of green areas and surrounding extended green belt which were preserved and included in city’s green infrastructure. In this paper we discuss the historical development of St. Petersburg green areas and analyse the current situation in the era of market economy and glo-balisation. We also identify the directions for deve-lopment of sustainable green infrastructure such as: coordination to specific natural and economic conditions of the city, which should be reflected in planning and design principles; organisation of larger units of green infrastructure through the creation of new park areas, including existing

residential areas of St. Petersburg and the newly built-up areas; strengthening the links within the green infrastructure through the develop¬ment of linear green areas along the main city roads and embankments; rational organization of inter-housing estates green areas (small scale areas in residential areas) as the primary units of green in-frastructure of St. Petersburg; reorganisation of the historic center and increasing the green areas by the introduction of new technologies (vertical and container gardening, ”green roofs” and ”green walls”); increasing the level of green areas of St. Petersburg by1.5 times (compare to the present status) by moving some companies and busines-ses from the historic center to suburbs and using these vacant lands; development of the coastal areas of the Neva River and the Gulf of Finland by the creation of new parks and gardens on the reclaimed lands, taking into consider¬ation the specifics of the development of such areas.

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Planning for sustainable healtyenvironment in malaysian citiesShureen Faris Abdul Shukor



Malaysia face similar challenges to human health and wellbeing as Western countries. A rapidly increasing urban populace operating on highly competitive labour markets is facing, for example, higher levels of work-related stress and are increasingly indoor oriented. With awareness of the need for sustainability growing around the world, Malaysia is gaining momentum in em-bracing healthy initiatives as a catalyst for urban development. Inspired by studies in Denmark, investigations were carried out at selected green urban spaces and hospitals’ outdoor environments located at Kuala Lumpur city centres. The first study investigated the relation between urban green spaces and human health of those living in city centers in order to understand if there are differences in self- reported health between

people in accordance to frequency of park use. Evidences on the positive impacts of green spaces were found among frequent park users. The second is an on-going study investigating on the use of green outdoor environments at Malaysian hospitals. It explore whether these are perceived as having restorative, relaxing, and rejuvenating qua-lities. As Malaysia consists of many ethnic groups, more studies are needed on the use pattern of dif-ferent groups as this factor has turned out to have an important influence on the recreational use of urban green spaces. The results from these studies may provide further evidences on the positive impacts of using green spaces on urban dwellers’ health and may be used as a guide for the plan-ning of green spaces in Malaysian cities.

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Nature-based traditionalpublic space observedin Japanese “shrine”Ono Ryohei

University of Tokyo


“Shrine” of Japan, which can be easily seen in both rural and urban areas, is a type of public space as well as religious place. As its es-sential and typical component is pristine grove or forest, shrines are perceived to be important green public spaces in urban environments or ecosystems. In addition, in March 2011, when the devastating tsunami attacked the east region of Japan, people realized that lots of coastal shrines were not damaged owing to their location with safe elevations or distances from the sea, and that reminded us the greatness of traditional knowled-ge. Based on the lessons, the value and meaning of shrine as public space were re-evaluated from a viewpoint of urban/rural landscape. Through some analyses of visual relationship on tsunami

attacked city or village, it was revealed that the survived shrines are located not only at safe places, but also at special places with the highest visibility from their surrounding areas. Besides coastal are as, landscape settings of shrines in basin or plain areas were also examined. The results suggest that many traditional shrines, which have their own landscape features representing sound relationships between nature and human livelihood, are given strong meanings as nature-based local community centers in various scales. Beyond the regional or cultural particularity, these ways of making relationships with nature observed in shrine are believed to be helpful for upgrading the quality of public spaces in the age of sustainability.

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Floristic composition, silvicultural and phytosanitary conditions and technical considerations for the management of the Piedrecitas and Japanese parks in ManaguaMeyboll Varela, Teresa Morales, Claudio Calero and Alberto Sediles

Universidad Nacional Agraria, Nicaragua


With the aim of providing skills for the management of the public urban tree resource, the present study was conducted in two parks of Managua ”Las Piedrecitas” and ”Japonés”, in order to know the opinions of the users about the current status of the trees, park conditions and users preferences a questionnaire was applied. To describe the status of the trees an inventory of vegetation and tree parameters were taken. Ob-taining as results 466 trees, grouped in 24 families and 50 tree species, of which 82% are considered as regular, small trees, with little development of the crown, inclined shafts, many with presence of mechanical damage, breakdowns of branches and

wounds in the shaft. Based on these silvicultural and phytosanitary conditions, some proposed techniques for management of trees in the parks were formulated, which could bring some en-vironmental benefits like: reducing air and noise pollution, microclimate modification and enhan-cement of the landscape with positive impacts on the human psyche, as well as social benefits to visitors of the area, by making a more pleasant environment; at the same time could also be some economic benefit by creating sources of employ-ment, as well as it will allow the development of a greener city, reducing negative impacts to the urban environment.

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Processes of chanageKaren Landman

University of Guelph, Canada


Landscape architects in the Global North are increasingly involved in the advancement of the urban agriculture movement. Alternative spaces are being created for citizen engagement in the shaping of our cities, particularly in the use of and access to public lands. Within Canadian municipalities, there has been an exponential growth of alternative agri-food initiatives recently which are grounded in local politics and place-based solutions, but that are also networked from city-to-city across the country contributing to structural changes at the municipal level through communities of practice. This movement also

embodies the contradiction, some argue of aiding in the reduction the social safety net, ironically supporting a neoliberal agenda but also that we need to embrace the contradiction in order to make use of urban agriculture as a means for community development rather than an end unto itself. This paper will present examples of urban agriculture work being pursued at the University of Guelph that offers students opportunities to understand the challenges of urban agriculture in creating sustainable neighbourhoods, food justice and social change.

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Engaging the private sectorin urban greeneryDominique Hes, Ole Fryd, Nicholas Williams, Boon Lay Ong, Lu Aye and Tuan Ngo


The University of Melbourne collaborated with the City of Melbourne to investigate con-cerns about the uptake of urban greenery by the private sector. The project involved two work-shops, the production of a video and brochure for public consumption and a report to the council with recommendations. This presentation will summarise the key outcomes of the workshops, research and recommendations. It was found that central to facilitating a greater uptake of greenery in private development is a metric for being able to both require and account for the greenery within a project. A review was carried out of the

main tools for doing this with the recommenda-tion that something like the Green Plot Ratio be used as a planning tool. Secondarily the industry wanted a clear business case to the inclusion of greenery as such the report draws together many of the benefits, from reducing the urban heat island, biophilic and profitability research. Lastly the industry wanted leadership and partnership with the city as many of the green spaces would bleed into public spaces and so the ability to liaise for the effective development and maintenance of these was critical for the private sector.

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Designing healthy cities forpeople and for natureRichard Fuller

University of Queensland, Australia


There is mounting concern for the health of urban populations as cities around the world expand at an unprecedented rate. Urban green spaces provide a remarkable range of physical and mental health benefits, and pioneering health policy has begun to recognise the role of nature as a cost effective urban planning solution for future healthy cities. Despite this, a limited understan-ding of how specific elements of nature deliver health outcomes restricts the use of nature as a tool for enhancing population health. I will talk about three areas of applied science we are cur-rently doing at UQ that could be useful to those

planning a healthy future for the world’s cities. First, how should we manage the city growth in a way that minimises biodiversity loss while main-taining experiences of nature? Second, which ele-ments of nature benefit human health and how? Third, how can we design urban landscapes that deliver effective nature therapy as a cost-effecti-vely as possible? We see an urgent need for a bold new research agenda founded on testing causality that transcends disciplinary boundaries between ecology and health. This will lead to cost-effective public health policy solutions that can be tailored to fit the needs of different communities.

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Resilient Citylands– green-blue-built interactions in different scalesPer G Berg



Over the past half Century human settle-ments have been increasingly detached from its rural hinterlands and urban areas built structures have been successively impoverished while losing green areas and blue ribbons. Growing evi-dence suggests that future green cities may again integrate urban with rural functions and built with green-blue areas and stretches. The modern version of such urban-rural co-evolution will rely on new communication- and transport techniques and on accumulating evidence about the signifi-cance of green areas for human health and well-being. Resilient cityland is not a hardscape without green areas – nor a rural community disconnected from all city life. It combines the functionally dense, mixed-use, vibrant intersensory urban areas with cutting-edge, lean and resource efficient rural functions. The urban culture’s production of excel-lence in knowledge, art, ceremonies and adventu-res, may in the future be present in large cities as well as in small countryside communities con-nected with modern IT and intelligent transport

systems. And the experience of nature, wilderness, food-, fodder- and fiber production could be ex-pected to characterize rural areas as well as well-designed green suburbs and city centres. In our search for future green cities we will have to rely on new general sustainable life-support systems i.a. featuring renewable energy and a transport modal shift in walkable cities. Even more we need to develop contextual processes for designing unique human settlements. Landscape architecture departments across the globe also share a need to describe better what we mean with “green cities”. It may be both cities with greenery and cities that are sustainable. We will probably also need to find definitions and procedures to deal with resilience in cities. This presentation elaborates on these con-cepts and in particular on resilient citylands – repre-senting a modern strategy to combine aspirations for green cities in several connotations and hard facts about new eco-techniques and the signifi-cance of integrated built-green-blue structures for human well-being.

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Enhancing Community Flood Resilience in the Face of Climate ChangeShorna B. Allred

Cornell University, USA


Climate change is expected to cause in-creases in extreme weather events, changes in pre-cipitation patterns, and sea level rise, which likely will increase local flooding in many communities. Municipalities are first responders to local floods, have immediate access to local resources for flood response, and often can best judge local vulnerabi-lity. Yet, the barriers that local governments face in planning for floods, collaborating with stakehol-ders, and implementing adaptation and mitigation actions can hinder progress towards community resiliency. This study was designed to aid in the understanding of the actions, responsibilities, bar-riers, decision-making, and needs of municipal government officials as related to extreme weather events and flooding. A quantitative survey and a series of semi-structured interviews were con-

ducted to collect behavioral indicator data about decision-making in the face of local flooding and extreme weather events. Data come from studies conducted in the United States (New York State) and in Thailand (Nakhon Pathom Province). A theory-based framework is used to describe the factors related to municipal decision-making. Results reveal how urban and rural municipalities are responding to extreme flooding, what the barriers are, and how resiliency to climate change can be fostered. Results provide insights on how to communicate flooding information and engage decision-makers effectively and enhance inter-municipal cooperation. An understanding of local government decision-making behavior and barriers to action can help shape programs that address flooding within urban watersheds..

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Social values of urban greeneries and green infrastructure practisesSuhardi Maulan

University Putra Malaysia


Urban greeneries have very important functions and values for both society and the environment. However, stiff competition for housing, industrial, commercial and, infrastruc-ture lands have reduce the quantity of urban greeneries. The situation is critical in many developing cities in Malaysia. Among the ideas to reduce the competitions is the use of com-pact city and green infrastructure concepts in urban development. Green infrastructure such as bioswales and greenroof promote greenery and ecosystem services hence improving air quality, storm water management system and, water quality. Green infrastructure initiatives are fast becoming popular for sustainable city, tools for marketing and, political rhetoric. However, can we sustain these initiatives? Many researches on green infrastructures have shown the engineering

and ecological advantageous of green infrastruc-ture. However, research on human adaptation to green infrastructure has been neglected. This includes the study on people’s acceptance, visual preferences, usability, and aesthetic inclination for these infrastructures. Few green infrastructures projects in Malaysia have been neglected over time due to raising maintenance cost, low usa-bility as well as acceptance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study human-green infrastructure relationships. This study area is crucial in order to avoid the issue being viewed at with less priority and urgency, which may lead to the whole idea being treated as just another trend rather than real concern. Good landscape architectural design together with environmental education informed by evident is needed to ensure sustainability of green infrastructure in urban areas.

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ParticipantsAllred Shorna, Cornell University, USA, [email protected]

Aziidah Ngabirano Amanda, Makerere University, Uganda, [email protected]

Berg Per, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Brännström Sara, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Diedrich Lisa, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Fairuz Mohd, University Putra, Malaysia, [email protected]

Faris Shureen, University Putra, Malaysia, [email protected]

Florgård Clas, SLU, Sweden, clas.florgå[email protected]

Fryd Ole, University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

Fuller Richard, University of Queensland, Australia, [email protected]

Grose Margaret, University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

Johansson Lars, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Ignatieva Maria, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Kamal Mustafa, University Putra, Malaysia, [email protected]

Konijnendijk Cecil, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Landman Karen, University of Guelph, Canada, [email protected]

Lee Gini, University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

Maulan Suhardi, University Putra, Malaysia, [email protected]

McWilliam Wendy, Lincoln University, New Zealand, [email protected]

Mukiibi Stephen, Makerere University, Uganda, [email protected]

Nalubwama Machyo Jennifer, Makerere University, Uganda, [email protected]

Namuganyi Lilian, Makerere University, Uganda, [email protected]

Nnaggenda-Musana Assumpta, Makerere University, Uganda, [email protected]

Ryohei Ono, Tokyo University, Japan, [email protected]

Sarlöv-Herlin Ingrid, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Schnürer Johan, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Selides Alberto, Universidad Nacional Agraria, Nicaragua, [email protected]

Selikhovkin Andrei, St Petersburg State Forest Technical University, Russia, [email protected]

Sriskandarajah Nadarajah, SLU, Sweden, [email protected]

Taitaku Danai, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, [email protected]

Vadhanasindhu Pongsak, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, [email protected]

Williams Nicholas, University of Melbourne, Australia, [email protected]

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Chulalongkorn University

Danai TaitakuPongsak Vadhanasindhu

Cornell University

Shorna Allred

Lincoln University

Wendy McWilliam

Makerere University

Amanda Aziidah NgabiranoStephen Mukiibi

Jennifer Nalubwama Machyo Lilian Namuganyi

Assumpta Nnaggenda-Musana

St Petersburg State Forest

Technical University

Andrei Selikhovkin

Tokyo University

Ono Ryohei

Universidad Nacional Agraria

Alberto Selides

University of Guelph

Karen Landman

University of Melbourne

Ole Fryd Margaret Grose

Gini LeeNicholas Williams

University of Queensland

Richard Fuller

University Putra

Mohd FairuzShureen FarisMustafa KamalSuhardi Maulan

Swedish University of

Agricultural Sciences

Per BergSara Brännström

Lisa Diedrich Clas Florgård

Lars JohanssonMaria Ignatieva

Cecil KonijnendijkIngrid Sarlöv-Herlin

Johan SchnürerNadarajah Sriskandarajah

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Practical informationAll lectures and workshop activities on the 12th and 14th will be held at Loftet (marked with a blue dot on the map). On the 14th the venue is BioCentrum Room BioC A281(marked with a yellow dot on the map) By bus: busstop Centrala Ultuna then follow the signs for the workshop.By taxi: the address is Almas allé 7 and then follow the signs for the workshop.

Wireless network at Loftet: User name: guestlkPassword: Alma200B

Lunch will be served at Hyllan in the same building as Loftet on the 12th and 14th of March. During the field trip lunch will be served at one of the stops.

Dinner will be served at Ultuna Campus during the workshop activities on the 12th of March and after the field trip on the 13th.

Taxi: : Taxi Kurir can be reached at +46 18-12 34 56. The price from the hotel to Campus is ap-proximately 200 SEK.

Bus: You have received a 3-day bus-ticketcard in your bag. Bus no 110, 115 leaves from B3 and bus no 20 from A1 at Uppsala station across the street from hotel Svava (see map).

Timetable: Departure Uppsala Station Arrival Centrala Ultuna

Bus no 20 (A1) 08.07 08.27

Bus no 110 (B3) 07.55 08.16 08.25 08.46

Bus no 115 (B3) 08.13 08.34

Departure Centrala Ultuna Arrival Uppsala

Station

Bus no 20 20.25 20.44 20.55 21.14 21.25 21.44 21.55 22.14

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Map over SLU, Ultuna Campus with Loftet, Biocentrum and bus stop marked with arrows.

��

Loftet

Bus stop

Map over the city centre of Uppsala with Hotel Svava and bus stop marked with arrows.

Go

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agasin

et

Gam

la station

shu

set

Nya stationshuset

Gatu

kök

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akattenÖ

stra station

Ku

ng

sgatan

Central- garaget

Storg

atan

Centralpassagen

Station

sgatan

Stadsh

usg

atan

Bangårdsgatan

Bäverns gränd

Spår 1

Spår 2

Spår 3

Spår 4

Spår 7N

Spår 8

N

Spår 5

Taxi

Taxi

HissHissHiss

Spår 6

Spår 7S

Spår 8

S

A1 B1

B2

B3

E1

E2

B5

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

B4

A2

A3

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Resp

lanH

ämta och läm

na med bil

Kommunhus

Hotell

UL Center

Hotel Svava

Bus stop

Bus stop

Organizing committée

Chair:

Professor Johan SchnürerPro Vice-Chancellor of external [email protected]

Scientific contents:

Professor Maria [email protected]

Professor Ingrid Sarlöv-Herlin [email protected]

Professor Cecil K. van den [email protected]

Professor Rolf [email protected]

Registration and practical arrangements:

Dr Sara Brännströ[email protected]

Further informationwww.slu.se/gcua

People are not Bees

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