3

R.S. Pappu and Sushlna G. Deo

\/61, j ,

'-- '

1- j / ~,­

~ Palaeolithic Cultures of the Ghataprabha Basin

t:V .

T he Ghataprabha basin (Latitudes 15' 39'N and 16' 30'N and the Longitudes 74' E and. ,.76' 61'E) covers an area ofabol.1t 7231.25 sq kID spreading over parts of Kolhapur district, of Maharashtra and Belgaum and Bijapur districts of Karnataka (Fig. 1).

Previous investigations here carried out by Pappu1 have revealed a continuous cultural ­succession from the Lower Palaeolithic to the Mesolithic times. Numerous sites were reportedboth primary and many secondary stratified sites, surface sites and also factory site:;. Theseinvestigations have clearly indicated the enormous archaeological potential of, this region.

A brief account of the Palaeolithic cultures of the Ghataprabha basin is embodied in thispaper. The paper discusses the nature of Palaeolithic sites, their distribution and description,geomorphic setting including stratigra.l2hy with a brief description of main tool types,

Site Distribution

Ghataprabha and its tributaries Hiranyakesi, Markandeya and Tamraparni were explored in thefield seasons of J.985, 1986 and 1987. About one hundred and nineteen sites yielding artefacts

"-of Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic were located in different parts of the basin (Fig. 2).Out of these site~, siX are 011 the river Hiranyakesi, five on the Markandeya, three on the Krishnaand the rest one hundred and five on the river Ghataprabha itself (Table 1).

Table 1

Site Distribution in Different Reaches or'the Ghataprabha Basin'

• Many of the sites have preserved multi-cultural eVidence.

Lower Palaeolithic.Middle PalaeolithicUpper Palaeolithic

Upper reaches1115

Lo'wer reaches

297324

Lower Palaeolithic tools are found in forty-nine sites, Middle Palaeolit!lic in hundred andthirteen and in forty-four sites Upper Palaeolithic tools. It is significant t9 note that many sites

Spectrum ofindian Culture 27

have preserved multi-cultural evidence thereby indicating the continuous occupation of thesame localities during different phases of Palaeolithic times.

.Geomorphic Setting

The study of site-distribution in the Ghataprabha basin has revealed that sites are situated in a\variety of ecological contexts. On the basis of location and the deposits in which artifacts arelound associated, the Palaeolithic sites of the Ghataprabha basin are classified into two groupsviz., 1. Alluvial sites and 2. Surface sites/pediment occupation sites.~,_ The alluvial sites are divided into high level gravel sites, alluvial or channel gravel sites.~urface category of sites are divided into pediment surface sites, factory sites and river qed sites(Table 2).

Table 2

·'5. No. Site1. Ajra

))2. Sulgaon

3. Madilge

4. Nidgunde5. Ainapur6. Nesari

7. Harli8. Hadalge9. Daddi

10. Honge

11. Sutkatti12. Kakti

13. Vantmuri14. Ingli15. Kundargi

16. Pachhapur

17. Mavanur18. Kolvi19. Arbhavi20. Benchinmardi21. Maldinni22. Hadginhal23. Hire-nandi

24. Mamdapur25. Kemankal26. Betgiri

Geomorphic Setting of Palaeolithic Sites

Nature of SiteLP MP PSS RESl.P MP PSS RES

LP MP PSSMPRESMPRES

LP MP RES

MP PSS

l.P MP PSSMP PSS

l.P MP PSS

l.P PSS RESl.P MP PSS RESLP RES

LP MP RESLP MP HLG PSS RES

MP HLG PSS RES

MP HLG PSS RESLP MP PSS RESLP MP PSSLP MP PSS RESMPRESMP UP RESLP MP PSS RESLP MP PSS RESLP MP RBS

LP MP PSS RBS

28

S. No.

27.28.

29.30.31.32.

33.34.35.36.

37.38.39.40.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.

51.52.53.54.55.

56.57.58.59.60.61.62.63.64.65.66.67.68.

Site'SattigiriKaujalgiDhavaleshwar

YergudriMahalingpur

Asangi

HuJkund

ChandargiBelagali

Shidnal

Chippalkatti ,KunnalYadwadVantlgodBijkuppiGodchi

SaleliUtturBannur

PanchgaonHoskotiKamkeri

Halki

MetgudVenkatpur

Salapur

Dadanhatti '----.. _Petlur

Chinchkhandi

Timmapur

MuddapurIngalgi

BatkurgiVarachgal

LokapurLaksanhattiChaudapurHebbalBudni

Bidri]amgiYedhalli-l

Spectrum ofIndian Culture

Nature of SiteMP UP FSMP UP FS

MPRBSMP UP FSMP RBS '

LP RBS

MP UP FS

MPFSMPRBS

MPFS '

MP UP FSMP UP FSMP UP FSMP UP RBSMP UPFSMPUP FS

MP UPFSMPUP RBSMPUP FS

MPUPFSMP UP FS

MPFS

MPUP FS RBS

MP UP FSMPFS

MP UP FS

MP UP FSMP UP PSS FS

MP UP CGS PSS RBS

MPFS

MP UP PSSLP MP RBSMPFS

MP UP FS RBSMP UP FS RBS

MP UP FSMP UP FS

LP MP RBSMP UP RBS

MP UP RBSLP MP PSS RBSMP CGS RBS

71.

73.74.75.76.77.78.79.80.

81.

82.

83.84.85.86.87.SS.

89.90.91.

92.93.94.95..96.97.98.99.

100.

101.

102.

103.104..

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

SiteChildmr

Vajramatti

Machaknur

Kad~akop

Nandihai

Bhantnur

Algundi

Khajjidoni

Udgatti

Ankalgi

Katarki

Kaladgi

Arkeri

Sirguppi-l

Shellikeri

Devna!

Kundargi

Janmatti

Saknadgi

Bavalatti

Kovalli

Chebbi

Gaddenkeri

YedhaUi-2

Anagwadi

Sunag

HonihalliMurnal

Sorkop

Tummarmatti

Sindgi

Virapur

Tolmatti

Mannikeri

BagalkotKadampufSalgundi

Herekal

Rwlli

BevinmattiMalapurMugalalli

SjJectrum ofIndian Culture

Nature of SiteMP UP FS RBS

MP UP PSS

MPUP CGS RES

- ~:P UP FS

MP UP FS

MP UP PSS RES

MPRES

MPRES

MP PSS RBS

MP PSS RES

LP MP RES

MPRBS

MP UP FS

MP RES -, - ".

MP PSS RBS

LP MP FSRBS

LP MP PSS RBS

MP UP FS

LP MP BLG PSS RBS

MP HLG PSS RES

LP MP UP FS

LP MP RBS

LP MP PSS

1\1P PSS

LP'1\1P CGS PSS RES

MP UP FS

LP CGS RBS

LP MP HLG RBS

LP MP HLG PSS

MP UP FS

LP MP FS

LP HLG PSS

MP UP FS

MP UP FS

LP MP RBS

LP PSS RBS

LP MP CGS PSS RES

MPRES

LP MP RES

LP MP UP PSS FS RES

LP MP CGS PSS RES

MP PSS RES

29

30

S. No.

Ill.

112.

113.

114.

115.116.

117.

118.

SiteBennur

Sirguppi-2

Honihal

Taligihal

Hodalur

Birkhabbi

Sangam

Chimmalgi

Spectrum ofIndian Culture

Nature of SiteMPRBS

LP MP RBS

LP MP RBS

MPRBS

MPRBS

LP MP CGS RBS

LP MP CGS RBS

LP MP RBS

LP == Lower PalaeolithicMP =Middle PalaeolithicUP =Upper PalaeolithicHLG == High level gravel site

CGS =ChanI1;el gravel sitePSS =Pediment surface siteFS = Factory siteRBS == River bed site

High Level Gravel Sites

r-~. The hi~h level gravels have restricted distribution and are found occurring at a few places inthe middle and lower reaches of the Ghataprabha: There are nine sites associated with thegravels. They are-Kuiidargi, Pachhapur, Mavanur, on the river Hiranyakesi; and on the riverGhataprabha-Saknadgi, Bavaltti, Murnal, Sorkop, Virapur and Upparahatti. Lower, ~ddle andUpper Palaeolithic tools are found in abundance on the eroded surfaces of these gl;ave1s.

Alluvial Sites

A number of sites located in the alluvial or channel gravel bed have also been reported: Acheuliantools have been found in the grayel horizon of Older Alluvium. But these tools are often rolled, ..thereby indicating their transport over considerable distance from the original place of manufac­ture. Even though these sites~nnot be rightly designated as primary Acheulian sites, theirgeological and geomorphic conteXts"are helpful in many ways. Firstly, they provide a definiteclue to the existence of a primary site in the vicinity. Secondly, the geomorphic history of ariver can be reconstructed on the basis of the sequence,of alluvial deposits marking the phasesof aggradation and down-cutting) Thirdly, a local stratigraphy can be established which may befurther integrated into wider areal studies. Sutkatti, Chinchkhandi, Machaknur, YedhaIIi, Katarki,

r\.nagwadi, HonihaIIi, Salgundi, -Malapur, Birkhabbi and Sangam yield evidence towards this end.These sites of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic cultures are confmed to riverine environment.

They are located about 3 to 7 m above the bed levels of the river where the Lower and MiddlePalaeolithic artifacts have beenfound embedded in the gravel 'deposits. These can be designatedas channel occupation sites in a semi-primary context. Th~~ artifacts recovered from these sitesare not much abraded, thereby suggesting relatively less transport from the original spot.

Pediment Suiface Sites

In these sites the archaeological material is found in deposits formed by mass wasting processesdue to gravitational action. A large number of unstratified surface sites were located on the

31Spectrum ofIndian Culture

Factory Sites

sites are essentially surface ones where cultllfal material is fOLLl1Q Qn the surfaces. Thesercl.ttivelv in undisturbed positions devoid of direct geological cont~xt. These open air

',~>(;ctlpatiorl-el:tmt-fact()rysites are situated close to the raw materials. A few finished tools and aprclPclrtion of flakes and cores were recovered from here.

number of sites occurring on the present river beds and terraces have been reported.tools are often in semi-rolled conditions thereby indicating their secondary nature.

surfac:e sites are not of much value for chronological and environmental purposes. There­it is appropriate to designate these surface sites, as 'find spots' rather than as archaeological

fl:{itl~UysIopirlgpediment surfaces situated at the foot of the Kaladgi hills. These sites are situatedto 3 km) from the present stream channels.

deposit is characterized by angular rock material. This colluvial rubble deposithorizon for the Palaeolithic sites. This rubble was derived from nearby slopes by

pf()ce:ss(~s similar to that of the 'debris flow' commonly observed in semi-arid climatesSOllrce of raw material for stone tools.

arc about forty-two sites which occur on the slope of pediment surfaces in the?GiMnlpr.lbhla basin which have yielded tools of all the three cultures i.e., the Lower, Middle and

Pal:aeollitllic. A large number of both finished and unfinished tools are found. Theselich;f:"lJilieOlithic sites therefore, are essentially in situ occurring in relatively undisturbed context~ilG!repr<::sej1topen air occupation-cum-factory sites.

Stratigrapbic Sequence of Selected Sites

The Quaternary deposits in the Ghataprabha basin are mostly of alluvial origin and are conf'medto the present day river channels. As mentioned earlier, the Ghataprabha river and its majortributaries were surveyed to know the Quaternary sedimentary stratigraphy and Cliltural se­quence. For this purpose the stratigraphy in relation to valley morphology wa~ noted at a numberof places throughout the basin. However, in the following paragraphs the observations madeon the alluvial deposits at a few important representative sites located in the up-per, middle andlower reaches of the valleys are given.

Ajra-Nesari

Atthese sites, situated in the source-region of the rivers, the bouldery/pebbly gravel having athickness of 2 to 3 m is found directly resting on the bedrock, quartzite. This in turn is overlyinga non-calcareous reddish brown silt of 6 to 7 m thickness. The components of the gravel clastsare rounded thereby suggesting their transport by alluvial agency (Fig. 3),

Sutkatti

Thediff section exposed is located in the middle reaches of the river, and is made up of two

32 Spectrum ofIndian Culture

deposits each consisting of pebbly gravel of 2 m thick and overlain by reddish brown non­kankary silt of 2 to 3 m thick again is overlain by second set of cross-bedded sandy pebblygravel of 1 m thick and non-kankary dark brown silt having a thickness of 2 to 3 m (Fig. 3).

Machaknur-Katarki

These sites are located in the middle reaches of the river. Pebbly gravel with a thickness ofabout 2 m is found resting on the bedrock quartzite and is overlain by kankary yelloWish brownsilt of 6 to 7 m thick (Fig. 4).

Yedhalli-Chebbi~Sangam

The cliff sections at these places in the lower reaches of the river exhibit two types of silts. Theolder silt has attained a thickness of 9 to 10 m and is kankary yelloWish brown in colour. Theyounger silt which is non-kankary, dark brown in colour has attained a thickness of 5 to 7 m.The younger silt is found resting against the older silt (Fig. 4).

Palaeolithic Cultures

The Ghataprabha basin is rich in cultural remains of palaeolithic stone artifacts of the threephases viz., Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and a resume is given below.

Lower Palaeolithic

The earliest evidence of human occupation in the basin belongs to the Lower Palaeolithic,evidence obtained from forty-nine sites.

These sites are found right from the upper reaches (source region) to the confluence ofriver Ghataprabha with the Krishna. However, it is observed that the distribution of these "'H'''. "are uneven, eleven in the upper, and nine in the middle reaches while the majority numbt.'lingtwenty-nine are in the I~Fer rcaches of the river.

....-......... '-'-.•.-- ..

Tool Types

The Lower Palaeolithic industry of the region includes choppers, scrapers, handaxes, cle:avlers.discoids, flakes and cores. Among these, handaxes and cleavers ofa variety ofshapes pr1edlJll1lin,tte.'j(Fig. 5).

Handaxes are made both on nodules and flakes. Those made on'flakes are present in gre:aternumber. They are bifacial tools, characterized by numerous shallow flake scars indicatinguse of cylinder hammer technique. Handaxes, made Jrom flakes are characterized by aworkmanship and display standard shapes with regular and symmetrical outlines. Handaxesof almond, pear, oval and triangular shapes. Elongated -and pointed varieties of pear ands1?-aped ones are present in significant number. There are also a few specimens whichclear evidence of hafting and the presence of notches along the lateral sides.

The majority of cleavers are made on flakes and among them, those on end-struckpredominate. There are many with 'U'-shaped butt ends. Cleavers are well made and extubitbetter workmanship like the handaxes.

33Spectrum ofIndian Culture

1. Block-on-block technique for getting l:lrge thick flakes,Heavy stone hammer technique for m~king rough outlines of tools,light stone hammer technique for obtaining desired shape, andCylinder hammer technique for final finishing, dressing and trimming.

3.4.

the categories of tool-types are mainly bifacially worked irrespective of whether they areon flakes or cores.

/

Ma:jority of the tools show superior worltmanship. The flake scars present on both theSlJ.rtace~S of tool are' shallow and small. This Suggests the use of cylinder hammer technique.

have symmetrical cross-sections, regular outlines and almost straigh~or slightly wavy lineofc.we:s, Most of the flakes are detached from the cores by the Clactonian technique2

. '.

Techniques

'i~'po-te(:hrlOllogi:calstudies of the different tool types suggest, that all the important techniquesbeen employed in the Lower Palaeolithic: industry.

are: --~~,

Raw Material

maltelrial of these tools is quartzite. There are good outcrops of quartzites ofthe Kaladgitbe middle and lower reaches of the river. These old gravel beds are rich in quartzite

'h,;Lt1.cbhiles. The implements are mainly made orl the waterworn pebbles and on flakes detached><:"::'<frnm these pebbles. The pebbles are fine-grained in texture and ocCur in various shades of gray,

and green.

State ofPreservation

Artifacts obtained are in mint condition and the edges of these are extremely sharp. The flakesc;us on the body of tools have not been effaced and are quite distinct. This suggests that toolshave not undergone much transport and have been derived from a nearby source. Many of thetoOls in the nata beds show brown encrustation offerruginous sandy material (cementing matrixof pebbly gravel) indicating that these tools wetc originally embedded in the pebbly gravel bedan(] have been loosened in recent times.

Middle Palaeolithic

TM evidence for the succeeding Middle Pala~oIithic culture is obtained from hundred andseventeen sites situated in different parts of the basin. There are fifteen sites located in the upperreaches of the Ghataprabha v~n~y, ~!l.i!~ t~!~~ty-nineand seventy-three are found in the middleand lower reaches respectively. The site distribution map (Fig. 1) clearly points out that thereis a concentration of the Middle Palaeolithic sites in the middle and lower reaches of the river.

The main tool-types (Fig. 6) of this culture are scrapers of various types, points, borers, andscraper-eum-borers and borer-cum-points. The scraper is the predominant tool. A variety ofscrapers such as side-, end- and concave- scrapers are noticed.

The primary undersurface is left almost unworked except for retouching along the margins.These tools are not artistically fashioned and they lack symmetry and fineness which were the

34 Spectrum ofIndian Culture

. distinguishing characteristics of the Lower Palaeolithic tools. The shape of the tool is usuallythe same as the original form of the flake. They were probably use'd for scraping and cuttingthe himted animals just as the hollow scrape."s were used as ~poke-shaves.

Raw Material

The important characteristic feature of this culture is the change in the use of raw materials.The material chosen by the Middle Palaeolithic man was chert. It is a cryptocrystalline varietyof silica assocjated with limestones and has a tendency to break with a pronounced conchoidalfracture and thus possesses better flaking qualities than quartzite. A variety of shades of the twobasic colours, brown and yellow chert are used for tool making. Many sites are located in thevicinity of chert outcrop where large number of tools were found on the surface.

Techniques

The majority of the tools are fashioned on flakes of varying sizes. Probably, the anvil or heavystone hammer technique was used to obtain large flakes, while the soft hammer technique wasemployed to produce medium and small flakes. The flakes have plain wide platform andprominent. bulb of percussion.

Few flakes, however, are characterized by centrally directed flake scars on their uppersurface, thereby suggesting that they were detached from prepared cores. This indicates thatthe prepared core technique was known to the Middle Palaeolithic man, but its use was ratherrestricted.

Flakes detached from cores are further retouched on theiredges to convert them into regulartools. Generally, retouching is found on the upper surfaces.

State ofPreservation

Artifacts collected from these sites are almost in mint condition. The edges of these ar« extremelysharp and have 'not,~cquireda shining lustre as ihey have not come much in contact with runningwater. There are a few tools which show a thin white patina.

Upper PalaeolithicThe evidence of the Upper Palaeolithic comes from forty-one sites and are situated mostlythe middle and lower reaches (Fig. 1) forming a cluster of sites in the area. There are seventeensites located in the middle and twenty-four in the lower reaches. Most of the sites are reportedfrom the riverine secondary context and also from pediment surfaces.

Tool Types

The tool kit of Upper Palaeolithic is made up of follOWing types (Fig. 7):

Scrapers of various types on flake-blades arid blades; points on blades and flake-blades;on blades aDd flake-blades; knives on blades and flake-blades; burins; backed blades; choppers;blades-retouched and simple and flake blades.

Murry3 in an appraisal of the indian Upper Palaeolithic· classified the same into follov!int'three broad typo-technological groups. Flake-blade industries, Blade-tool industries andand burin industties.

Spectrum ofIndian Culture

Flake-blade industries

35

'I1v:se are characterized by relatively broad blades suggesting a crude stage of blade tool-tech-Scrapers, points and borers made on flakes and flake-blades are common types, but

scr:tpers form the predominant element. Blades, knives and burins are also found though in lowproportions..The too~ assemblages from Yadwad and Kovalli are akin to this group in whichi1ake-blade element is dominant.

Blade-tool industries

'nlcse consist of large. to small· sized blades, backed blade tools, scrapers, points and burins onflakes, flake-blades and blades and is chara~terized by the regularization of blade tool technology.

occurrence of backed blades and burins is low.

Blade and Burin industries

These comprise mainly blade, backed blades while the burin elemeht'is-<;lominani.

Raw Material

The raw material in the Upper Palaeolithic is again chert, as in the Middle Palaeolithic. However,occasionally other siliceous family minerals like jasper, chalcedony, agate and· fine. grainedquartzites were also used.

Techniques

The predominant characteristic feature element of this industry consists of blades and tooJsmade on blades. Tools made on flakes and flake-blades also form a 'sizable part of the industry,Blades were detached from prismatic cores by punch technique. They are long and thick withparallel sides and with one or more longitudinal ridges on the dorsal surfaces.

State ofPreservation

The tools are both fresh and semi-rolled and were collected from the factory sites. They arewell-preserved witp. extremely sharp edge. The artefacts from alluvial sites are in a semi-rolledcondition indicating their transport over a considerable distance.

The foregoing reveals that the Palaeolithic cultures in the Ghataprabha basin has continuouscultural succession from the Lower PalaeolithiC to the Upper Palaeolithic in different parts ofthe basin. About one hundred and nineteen sites yielding artifacts of Lower, Middle and UpperPalaeolithic tools have been recognized..

These ~ites of different phases occur in varied ecological situations such as alluvial or channelgravel sites, high level gravel sites, pediment surface sites, factory sites and river bed sites.Majority of there are situated on the riverine environment and are concentrated in the lowerreaches of the basin. The Lower Palaeolithic sites like Anagwadi and Katarki have preserved

36 Spectrum ofIndian Culture

.evidence in a relatively primary context. The sites are also situated in the area where requiredraw material is found in abundance.

Notes and Refere••ces

1. Pappu, R.5., Pleistocene Studies in tbe Upper Krisbna Basin, Poona, 1974, 'Geomorphology and Prehis­toric Environment in the Ghataprabha-Malaprabha Valleys, Karnataka' in 5.S. Mehr (cd.), Proceedings ofSymposium on Quaternary EJJisodes in Western India, M.S. University, Baroda, 1984, Pl'. 229-39: and'Geomorphic Setting of Acheulian Sites in Peninsular India' in V.N. 'Misra and P. Belwood (eels), RecentAdvances in Indo-Pacific Prebist01y, New Delhi, 1985, pp. 9-12. .

2. Pappu, 1974, op. cit.

3. Murty, M.L.K., 'Recent Research on the Upper Palaeolithic Phase in India' ,journal ofFieldArcbaeology,6, 1979, pp. 302-20. .

~~~

~~

~~~$:::l0;::s

Q~...~

le

Ina'S"

Hn

I

GHATAPRABHA BASINLOCATION OF STUDY AREA

7{'"

H

7 '·30'

):I~::~~::····~>._.~.". ~ ~......_, .

~' \~:"":~"'"

:~""""/·.l.;.........0.'-

\j 6

2 ~ 1~ K.M.

7 ...•

-l>JGJ0T r.o,s'1Vo

Fig. 1 Ghataprabha Basin (Location of Study Area)V.l--..j

VJ00

1(,-)0' In',

11-) 10"

'.f

, IJ'~ J rv-< ,i·]o

o 5 10-1<104 : I ..;::~

'"

t(t,

(<"'\

n. elS ~/\. ...

-10 _ ...·'0 .""

:::l....u, .g,

,'l,s" / _~~ R~-~

,1>'0"'- ) 0), SOe U·!i ......it. ;::s

02, • a.~...

-11 J8. .7_ l::l• ;::s

027 OJ1 .J? 071·20 0<1 . Cl

-15 . ,..." ........ os, ......

~. °Ll..,.;:

028 J'. -,. °LS~(t,..,

100

GAHATAPRABHA BASIN~.

~ f; PALAEOLITHIC SITES~

~.

,,,~

/7.10. (REFER TO TABLE 2), 11'

.17S )O~__ -'._- ,z..'

Fig. 2 Gbat~prabha Basin (Palaeolithic Sites)

Spectrum ofIndian Culture 39

CLIFF SECTIONS

M9 Legend

xx

I:: ::1 Kankary yellowishbrown silt

1;','"1:1 Kankary reddish browns i It

~ Modern black soil

I-:.:-~I Non kankary dark braWl,sit t

I 1 , , I, ,I t I \ \,' t \ I \ \ I' I , I I_._- .--'-'--'---'

~. '_'_' ~ ~'. _1_'_' ~ '..!.-' I

~'.i~l. '-!...\.'_'_,\.'_I_I"~

G ~"_\_'~'_I_'.t" ,\tt\

t I It' , , , t I I .\ , I I

I, f t I, , \, , \ \ t \ " 'J.-'-.-._-.

4

VENGRUL - AJRA - NESARI!':::;.;} Non kankary reddish

brown silt

M1a n---c-r...,-.-...,...,..._

6

2

~ Cross bedded sandypebb Iy 9r a'v eI

kPo'Vl Colluvial deposit

hf.\~4 Pebbly gravel

E8J Bouldery gravel

~ Bed rock

SUTKATTI

Fig. 3 Cliff Sections (Vengrul-Ajm-Nesari, Sutkattt)

Spectrum ofIndian Culture

CLIFF SECTIONS

-- -- - - - -----------

---- ---- --;:----

6

.1.. -:- - -'- - - - - - - - --

--:---------- - -----

MACHAKNLJR -KATARKI

- -.----.:...-....:.._-------:._-----.- --------- - ----------.- -- ------------

- - - -- - - --I -- -:=-.'~.'='.----------_._- ..--- ---.---------..,-----

----------------o '-- ~-=_..::__.__==_=__=:...:.....==..:.....=:2:::::::".

YEDHALLI- CHESSI ... SANGAM

Fig. 4 Cliff Sections (Machaknur-Katar.ki, Yedhalli-Chebbi-Sangam)

42 Spect1'um ojIndian Cultun:

MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC ARTEFACTS

1---------

~IZ

D,;"'" 'f[J;!cc'::: \;;.-0. .- ",",/

:' "', .. --:~:4~

e~ --=.<...... ,

: '.. -" .. _.' ,

I : I

~

, --r--"-

~3

.~II

~' a'~ I, .' j," .- '., ," "."

",' "I /A.::::::::: " .

~'7"-"-AG":-=-', .

i,4 . ~ -" ~~/ .

'. ~~~..' ~

I· "_

~: -~~.-_.· ..

1'1 (f- "

: '"t: : ': ;::'· - - -- -:'-, - -".

~ -- E ~"-fi-'"~~: • I

~I "

t4-~'OI,, ..,/~" ",\'.

~ fJ: ~:- ..;:~~

, , :. : 17-' ""'" '~".\'.\\"', '- , ~ \ ., . . \\\"

• '{f ;.'I, '.

~'1'6'"

b~\ I',j

':: ,I I\I!';\"'"

,', .,~)~.,/

, . : _""," __~~r:~:20, ' ,. .

'. ,.

'~'",-Ij;q.. :\': ;1 'f,

~ :.~.. _.. '

~14

~'(jJ'". I' I:t, '. '1m;, '\ •, - . '~.' :

· . . ....: : iii

~

C0 ".I," .

... '.,. ~-\\'.

:' , ... 1.. I

~IJ

Fig. 6 Middle Palaeolithic Artifacts(1-12 - Scrapers; 13-15 - Points; 16-18 - borers; 19-20 - Cores)

Spectrum ofIndian Culture 41

LOWER PALAEOLITHIC ARTEFACTS

4,

Fig. 5 Lower Palaeolithic Artifacts (1 - Chopper; ':2 - Scraper; 3-5 - Handaxes; 6-8 - Cleavers)

Spectrum of Indian Culture

UPPEr1 PALAEOLITHIG ABTEFACTS

Fig. 7' LIjJjJer Palaeolitbic Artifacts (1-10 - blades; 11 - Core; 12, 16 - Flal:ce blades;13, 15 - Scrapers; 14, 17 - Points; 18-22 - borers; 23-25 Burins)