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WORLD HEALTH ORGANTZATION

ORGANTSATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE

ONCHOCERC IASIS CONTROL PROGRAT'{ME

PROPOSALS FOR A SIESTERN E}IIENSION OF

THE PROGRA},IME IN },IALI, GUINEA, GUIMA.BISSAUSENEGAL AIID SIERRA LEOiIE

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ORIGINAL: ENGLISH-)

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SIJMI,IARY

Chapter III. RESPONSIBILITIES

CONIENIS

PART IIMRODUCTION TO ONCHOCERCIASIS IN THE PROPOSED

OCP WESTERN EXTENSION AREA AND THE BASICPRINCIPLES FOR ITS CONTROL:

PART IIPI.AN OF OPERATIONS FOR THE FIRST SIX YEARSOF ONCHOCERCIASIS COT\MROL IN THE T.IESTERN

EXTENSION AREA:

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10

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20

2020

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252626

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29,o30

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Chapter I. IIITRODUCTION

Background . .New approaches and developmentsThe proposed Western Extension area

LimitsPhysical geography

MaliSenegalGuinea .

3.3 Social and economic geography3.4 Logistical aspects of the area

The need for onchocerciasis controlHealth considerations .Socioeconomic considerations

chapter II. THE PRINCIPLES OF ONCHOCERCIASIS CONIROL

1. Introduction .2. Vector control . .

Vector species in need of control .VecEor control techniques . .

2.2.1 Environmental methods2.2.2 Chemical control techniques

Adulr icidingLarviciding .

2.3 The evaluation of vector cont,rol operaEions

Entomological evaluationsEpidemiological evaluationsEnvironmental moniEoring .

REFERENCES CITED IN PART I

1

2

3

3.13.2

4.t4.2

2,L2.2

3.2.t3.2 .23.2.3

4

2.2.2.L2,2.2.2

2,3.L2.3.22.3.3

t2

3

Introduction.Responsibilities of che OCP

National responsibilit ies

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I

Chapter IV. PHASING OF EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

ocPf82.3page 3

Page

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I.2.3.

Introduction.SpaEial phasingTimeEable for phasing of activities

In Ehe northern subregionIn the southern subregion

3I3233

33

34

Chapcer V. PREPARATORY ACTMTIES

1. Introduction . .2. OCP acEivities .

3.13.2

2.L2.22.3

3.r.3.2

5.15.2

45

l.lt.21.3t.4

2.L2.22.32.4

3.13.23.3

2.12.22.32.4

35

3535

353636

36

3637

37

In the Phase I zoneIn the Phase II zoneIn the Phase III zone

3. National activiciesIn the Phase I and II zonesIn the Phase III zone .

AcEivities conducEed jointly by the OCP and naEional authorities .

OCP requirements for additional hydrological staEions and roads in thePhase I and II zones . .

Requirements for hydrological stationsRequirements for addicional roads

37

3739

406.

Chapter VI.

1.

Other consideraEions

VECTOR COMROL OPERATIONS IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

OperaEional bases

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4L

Primary operaEional baseSecondary operational basesOCP helipadsLogisEic supporE

2. Aerial operations logistics and cosEs

AircrafE requirements .

Deployment of aircraft. .

Basic aircrafE costsFlight hour requirements and costs

3. Insecticide requirements

Temephos requirement.s for the Phase I zoneTemephos requiremenEs for the Phase II zoneToEal temephos requirements and costs . .

Managerial staffApplied research

Chapter VII. ENTOMOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

IntroducEion .

Entomological evaluation sub-unit

SecEors and subsectorsStaffing of sectors and subsectorsResponsibilities of sector and subsector chiefsTimetable of secEor activities

4l4l4L42

42

42424242

434343

43

44

42

45

4545

45

1

2

<, 45464748

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Sector requirements for vehiclesSecEor requiremenEs for equipmentRequirements for radio stations

Cytotaxonomy sub-unitDuration of pre-control evaluations

ChAPtET VIII. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVAIUATIONS IN IHE P1IASE I AI.ID II ZONES

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2.52.62.7

4.14.2

5.15.25.3

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484849

4949

50

51

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5354

5454

55

5555

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3

4

3

4

1

2

3

InEroducEionSelection of indicacor villages .Population covered by evaluationsEvaluation Eeams

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN TIIE PHASE

Int roduc t ionIntercountry moniEoring team

2.L Staff requiremenEs .

2.2 Equipnent requirement.s .

Monit.oring procedures . .

3.1 Merhods3.2 Recording and analysis of data .

oPERATIOIIAL BASE, BAMAKO

Incroduct ionScaff . .

in indicator villages

5050

5151

For parasitological evaLuationsFor ophthalmological evaluations

5. Capabilities of national health auEhorit.ies

Simple evaluations .

Detailed evaluations .Options for ophthalmological evaluations

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525252

53

58

585858

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Chapter rx.1.2.

3.

I AND II ZONES

Chapter X.

Chapter XI. BUDGET

Tables I-9

Maps 1-7

VecEor Control UnitEpidemiological EvaluationAdministration Unit

56 (1

25656

2.L2.22.3

3.r3.2

Unit.5657

57

Vehicle requirementsRequirement.s for equipmenE and supplies

57

57

5960

Introduct ionNational contribuEionsInternational conEribut ions

Guidelines for t.he preparation of the budgetBudget . .

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SUMMARY

When proposals for a Senegambia Onchocerciasis Control Project were reviewed by the Joincprogranune Conunittee in December 1981 it was acknowledged Ehat, Ehere was a serious onchocerciasisproblem in the region to the wesE of the onchocerciasis conErol Programne in the Volta RiverBasin area and chat for both hea}Eh and socioeconomic reasons there was justificaEion for a ['lHO

control activity. In addition iE was agreed Ehat any such control activiEy in thaE regionshould be implemenEed as an exEension of the OCP and not as a separaEe and multi-disease project

Accordingly Ehe OCP was charged with appraising and studying Ehe original feasibilityreporE, with collecting additional information from the region, and wiEh the preparaEion ofa revised plan of oPeraEions..

Investigarions conducted during 1982 both in the existing OCP area and in the proposed

WesEern Ext,ension area brought Co lighE informaEion which qras eiEher not available at the time

of the original feasibility survey or was noE fully aPParent at that time, buE which is now

considered of such importance Ehat a completely different approach to onchocerciasis concrolin the Western Extension area has to be adopEed. This new information relates primarily toan incomplece picEure of vector distribution, to the insecticide resistance problem in theIvory CoasE, to infrastructural and logistic constrainEs in the extension zone, and Eo

topographical and climatic constraints in the souEhern part of the exEension zone.

AlEhough Ehe vecEor species of the Western Extension area are Ehe same as those in che

OCp, precise information is not yet available on the disEribution of all the species.Similar1y Ehe vecEorial capacity of at leasE some species has not yeE been fully assessed.

However, what is known with some cerEainEy is that S. soubrense is widely distributed in the

upper basin of the River Nlger and that Ehe zone of distribuEion is contiguous with infestationsin Ehe OCP which are noy double resisEant to the larvicides temephos and chlorphoxim. Thus

until such Eime Ehat the present resistance problem is satisfactorily resolved, an extensionof vector control operations into the upper Niger basin would involve unjustifiable risks and

could have serious rePercussions.

With regard to infrastructural and logistic constraint.s Ehe main problems relate to the

inadequacy of road negworks in many technically critical Parts of the extension area' and,

to the generally poor condition of many existing roads. Because of the higher rainfall inthe southern parE of the area (annual means of 15OO-280O nm compared to 7OO-15OO nrm in the

north) road condiEions are generally poorer in the souEhern subregion than in the northernsubregion, especially during the wet season. The implicaEion of these sicuations is Ehat

even if vecEor control was technically jusEified in the souEhern subregion there wouLd be

many logisEic probleme and iE would not be possible to conduct entomological evaluations on a

sufficienEly large scale to meet OCP requirements.

The remaining constraints Eo an early extension of operations in Ehe souEhern subregionare imposed by copographical, vegeEational and clinatic factors. More specifically the

constraining factors are combinations of mountainous Eerrain, very lush riverine fringingforests (which conceal many of the rivers when viewed from the air), and much low cloud which

would make low-level flying by larviciding aircraft impossible in some localities and

extremely dangerous in others.

These consEraints require much more detailed sEudy in order to identify the aPProPriate

measures to be Eaken Eo remove, reduce or circumnavigate Ehem. In the meantime iE has been

necessary Eo make a decision on Ehose parts of the exEension area which could receive earlyonchocerciasis conErol action, and those which, contrary\irise, cannot be considered until such

time EhaE consEraints to effective control have been diminished Eo accePEable levels.Accordingly it has been assessed that an early exEension of oCP acEiviEies is feasible in the

northern subregion, which is a generatly low-lying, dry savanna area containing only the

tru1ysavannavecEorsofonchocerciasis,E.ji@.and@s.s.Converse1y,forthe t,ime being an early extension cannot be envisaged for the souEhern subregion which conEains

much humid savanna, rain forest, and rugged upland t.errain, and which provides habitacs for a

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Sreater number of vector species. The northern subregion includes hrestern Ma1i, much ofeastern Senegal and a narro$, frontier zone of Guinea, while the sout,hern subregion includesmost of Guinea, a small part. of east.ern Senegal, all of Guinea-Bissau and the affected areasof Sierra Leone.

The strategy ProPosed for the implement.at,ion of the extenslon is to subdivide the northernsubregion into Er"ro phase zones designated I (Ehe R. Senegal basin, mainly involving sresternMali) and II (Ehe R. Gambia basin, mainly involving eastern Senegal), and to consider for thecime being, the souEhern subregion as the phase III zone.

Depending on when Ehe st,arting date is set for the conEnencement of oCp activities in thePhase I zone, activities will cortrnence in the Phase II zone one year later. In both phasezones veccor conErol oPerations will normally noE conrnence until a two-year preparatoryacEivities period has been completed. Dtrring these preparatory periods logistic problemswill be resolved as far as possible and the necessary evaluation units will be created inorder Eo ensure at least one fu1l year of pre-control data are available before vector controlstarts.

During boEh the PreParaEory activiEies period logistic and technical investigations willbe intensified in the Phase III zone with a view to defining an appropriate conErol stracegy(ies)and a tentative starting date for vector conErol in thaE zone.

It is envisaged that in all phase zones aerial spraying operations for vector control willbe implemented Ehrough an appropriate extension of the present OCP aerial operations contract.

With regard to the responsibilities for and the stafflng of the various activities necessaryfor an effective exEension, these will be shared between the OCP and participating governmenEs.The oCP will have overall directoriaL and managerial responsibility, will conducE all vectorcontrol oPerations, and will also be responsible for entomological evaluations. Epidemiologicalevaluations and environmental monitoring acEivities will be conducted by participaEingSovernments, eiEher individually or collecEively. t'ltrichever is Ehe case, these two nationalaccivities will be supervised and coordinated by the oCP. FurEhermore the oCp will assisEin the creation of the epidemiological and environmental teams/services, by providing basicequipment and by training the personnel required. As none of che participating countrieshas an environmental monitoring service the establishmenE of the appropriaEe national teamswill be quite an undertaking. IE is Eherefore proposed that the OCP will be responsible foran initiaL two-year monitoring contract with a specialized Institute, during the implemenEaEionof which sEaff will be trained and the teams created.

In view of the distance of the Western ExEension area from OCp headquarters inouagadougou, it is proposed Ehat extension acEivities will be conducted from a primaryoperaEional base locat.ed in Bamako, Mali.

If Ehe Ecological Group endorses the strategy proposaLs contained in this report and ifthe JPC aPProves the early implementation of Ehe extension, preparatory activities couldcommence in the Phase I zone in 1983, wiEh vector control operations comnencing approximatelytwo years later in February 1985.

The anEiciPaEed cosE of the international contribut.ion to t.he Western Extension has beencalculaEed in some deEail for the first three years of operations, and a more generalizedprediction made of cosEs for the next three-year period. The resultant six-year budget canbe sunrnarized as follows:

Year L

us$(ooos)

3 018 5 407

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giving a Eotal of US$ 38 751 OOO.

7 t49 7 909 8 391 6 876

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PART I

II{TRODUCTION TO ONCTIOCERCIASIS IN fi18 PR.OPOSED

OCP WESTERN EXTENSION AREA AND TTIE BASIC

PR.INCIPLES FOR ITS CO}IIts.OL

CHAPTER I

INIB.ODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND

During the Second Session of the OCP JoinE Programe Comittee, held in Geneva inDecetnber 1981, the OCP was requested to prepare a PLan of Operations for a Prograume extensioninto Mali, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and Sierra Leone. To facilltate the early executionof rhis task the JPC approved a budget for 1982 of US$ 442 OOO, and accePted the followingTerms of Reference:

1. To scudy the report of the feasibility study of an onchocerciasis control campaignin the Senegal River Basin area and annexes and have decalled discussions with those who

prepared Ehe reporc and collect all the relevant information available (cf. documentJPC 2.8).

2. To visiC the counEries concerned and determine r^that personnel is available Eo EounE

vector conErol.

3. To draw up a Plan of Action for the imPlenentation of Phase I. This urlll include:

transporE, radio-(a) establishmenE of seaff and logistic neEwork - buildi.ngs,corurunication, eEc;

(b) collecEion of base-Iine entomological and hydrobiological data;

(c) preparaEion of insectide application circuits, assessment of insecEiciderequired and the number and Eype of aircraft;(d) drawing up of timetable of evenEs for launching control oPerations.

4. Collaborate with Ehe Office of the Legal Counsel, IIQ-UIHO co review Ehe legaIimplicaEions for extending into SenegaEbia counEries.

5 To project the requireqenEs for Phases II and III with a timetable for implementation.

6. To prepare Ehe Budget for Ehe WesEern Extension Prograrmne.

7. To ensure, in associat,ion $rit,h the Regional Office for Africa chaE Ehe sEructuresare available within Ehe counEries to pursue the epideoiological moniEoring acEiviEies.

8. To prepare a comprehensive report for present,ation to Ehe third session of the JPC.

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Since January, L982, a ConsultanE Coordinator has worked in close associat,ion with scaffof che OCP and of ttre Project *X/tCt/WO/OOt to assist in data collection and to prepare thisreport in accordance with clause 8 of the above terms of reference.

The report is presenEed in Erro parts. Part I is an inEroduct,ion to onchocerciasis in t,heproposed W.estern Extension area and to the basic principles for its conErol, while ParE IIpresenEs the Plan of Operations and Budget.

ocP/82.3Page 8

2. NEI.I APPROACHES AND DEVEIOPMENTS

In collecting daca and in considering various scenarios, due attent.ion has been given tovarious oPtions for new approaches to onchocerciasis control and evaluation in Ehe [,lesternExt,ension, to recent socioeconomic developments in some of the involved countries, and to newEechnical developments in the existing OCp.

Noting the need for a conservati.ve approach to the Western Extension, and, taking a broadvieqr of national resources and capabilities on the one hand, and the t,echnlcal know-how andresources of the oCP on the other hand, much consideration has been given to various optionsfor striking a balance beEween national and international participation. The option ,t i"thas mosE to comnend ic is that the oCP be responsible for overall adminisEration, for vectorconErol oPerations, for enEomological evaluations and for the overseeing of epidemiological,hydrobiological and economic development monitoring. Conversely, national authorities of theParticiPating Countries, either individually or collectively, should be responslble for:

(i) the provision of basic infrastructural facilities and servicesl(ii) the provision of nacional parasicological and ophthalmological teams for thethe collection of data necessary for accuraEe long-term epidemiological evaluation (theseteams could be part of a mulcidisease surveillance service depending upon the particularrequirements of the countries concerned);

(iii) uraking available comprehensive networks of hydrological and of mereroLogicals tations ;

(iv) ensuring adequate lines of cotrmunicatlon;

(v) surveillance of the possible effecEs of repeated long-term use of pesticides onaquatic eco-sys t,erns.

These are ideal objectives, and some naEional auEhorities oay havedifficultyin attainingthem. Consequently, a very ftexible approach must be traintained t,o the apporEionment andfunding of the various responsibiliEies.

In attemPt.ing to define the most, appropriace sEraEegy for extending OCp vector conEroloperations westward, much attention has been given to studylng the uBjor technical problemswhich currently plague the OCP: insecticide resistance and reinvasion. Of part.icularimportance is the critical insecticide resist,ance problem which affects many of the valleys ofthe Ivory Coast. The situation is very seri.ous in che present context by virtue of the factthat resistant blackfly populations extend to t,he frontier between Guinea and Ivory Coast.Consequencly, it is logical t,o assume that these resistant populations of blackflies havealready spread into eastern Grinea, or, are tikely to appear there in the near future. AtPresenE the resistance problem prioaril-y revolves around Simglium soubrense, a species largelyconfinedtotherainforestandhumidsavannabelts.Th@significanceofthesetemephos-resistant populations of S. soubrense is at present unclear. Experience has shownEhat once insecticide resisEance appears iEs spread to other river systems can be very rapid.This is amply il-Iustrated by the following list of dares on which r,emephos resistance wasdetected in S. soubr ense Ehroughout the Ivory Coast.

Date River

Lower BandanaMarahou6N'zi and t(anMiddle SassandraLerabaWhite Bandama and Upper SassandraMiddle and lower Como6

(

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l[ay 1980August I98ONovember 198O

January 1981February 1981March 1981May

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A subsequent serious complication of this resistance $ras the developenE by temephos-resisEanE S. soubrense of double-resistance Eo chlorphoxim; the alt,ernative compound firstinEroduced in an at.tempt to cont,rol temephos-resisEance.

At the present time every effort is being made Eo bring the double-resistance probleounder control by the aerial applicacion of a larvicide containing the biological control agent,Eacillus Ehuringien , sero type H-14 (p.._!. H-14). Unfortunately, the B.t. H-14 formulaEionavailable t.o Ehe OCP is not ideally suited to conventional OCP aerial spraying equipment andt,echniques. Because of its special formulation characEerisEics iE has Eo be applied:

(i) after dilution with waterl

(ii) as a conventional spray, oEherwise, because of its high specific graviEy iErapidly sinks to Ehe bott.om of the rivers to which it is applied;

(iii) at volumeEric dosage rates three Eo ten times those of temephos, depending uponIocal hydrological conditions.

Consequently, ic has been, and continues to be necessary to develop and install into OCP

aircraft differenc and more complex Eypes of spraying equipment Ehan have hitherto beennecessary for ilrapid-releasett applications of temephos. Furtherrnore, in situaEions whereriver discharge raEes have been high, the quantity of B.t. H-14 required to be applied totreat a single S. soubrense breeding site, has exceeded the insecticide reservoir capacity ofthe aircraft. This situation has creaEed new operational and logistic probleos which havenoE been insurmountable under dry season conditions when river discharge raEes have generallybeen low. However, under $ret season conditions the discharge rat,es of some Ivory CoasErivers, e.g. Coood and Bandama, have been sufficiently high to make BJ. H-14 aerial appli-cations impractical, resulEing in a temporary suspension of vector conErolmeasures using thisinsecticide in some areas.

Ihis emphasizes the need to accelerate the search for and the evaluaEion of alternaEivelarvicides.

The problems of insecticide resisEance and of applying B.t. H-14 in Ehe Ivory CoasEconfirm the dangers of exEending vector conErol operations into Ehose parts of the humidsavanna and forest zones of the Western Extension area where S. soubrense is known orsuspecEed to occur, until such time as alEernative, back-up larvicides are available. Thisexpression of the situation is in accordance with the constraints introduced into Ehe OCP byEhe Ecological Group.

3. fiIE PR.OPOSED WESTERN E}ilENSION AREA

The region proposed for Ehe Western ExEension, which has a human populaEion of aE least5.3 million persons, is depicEed cartographically in ttap 1.

3. I Linits

Bearing in mind that fhere are still many gaps in our knowledge of the distribucion ofthe various $!gg!!g species and of onchocerciasis in che high rain-fall parts of che region,there may eventually be justification for modifying the souEhern and souEh-wesEern boundaries.ReLocaEion of rhese boundaries may be deemed necessary to include areas ouEside the currentproposed limits; the endemic onchocerciasis area of Liberia is a case in poinE.

In addiEion, iE Er.rst, be noted that the GovernmenE of Guinea would wish that theRiver Konkour6 basin be included in any Western Extension proposal, in view of current plansto const.ruct cwo dams (at Souapiti and Arnaria) on the R. Konkour6.

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The western limit of the l,lest,ern Extension area would seem Eo be valid, although theSimulium and onchocerciasis situations in the Cambia are by no means clear. The impor.anceof clarifying this siEuation as soon as possible has recently been stressed at ministeriallevel (Anon, 1981).

Although the available evidence suggest,s EhaE t,he R. @mbia (withln the nationalboundary of the C,ambia) is unsuitable for S. damnosum s.I. breeding and that the occasionalcases of onchocerciasis detecced are not, ."Effii;;, det.ailed enEomological surveys of theR. Ganbiashould be conducted before plans are formulated for vector control operations alongt,he upstream reaches of this river in south-eastern Senegal.

3.2 Physical geography

In Eerms of topography the region is dominaEed by a crescenE-sheped highland range(mountainous in some areas) which extends westqrards from che Guineaftvory coast frontier,northwards through west-central Guinea and then nort,h-eastwards inEo erestern tlali. The maincomponents of this highland range are:

- Ehe Guinea Highlands and Monc Nimba i.n south-east,ern Guinea;

- the Guinea Highlands, with their lrlara llara, Loma and Iingi Mountains in Sierra Leone;

- the Fouta Djalon Plat,eau in wesc-cenEral Guinea;

- the I'lont.s Manding in the extreme t^rest of t'lali and the Malinke Plateau more centrallypositioned in wesEern Mati.

Of particular interest is Ehe dramnEic influence of this crescent-shaped highland rangeon the drainage system of the region. The crescenc cradles the sources of the R. Nigerwhich ramify through Ehe so-called Upper Niger Plains (see l4ap 1). It also forms the hrater-shed which seParates che Niger Basln from other savanna river basins (the Gambia and theSenegal) and from a coast complex of drainage syscems (Corubal, Konkour6, LiEtIe Scarcles,Moa, Loffa, Cavally, etc.). Altogether, the Western Extension area is unrch more complexthan the existing OCP both with regard to the patEerns and characterlstics of the drainagesyst,em and to their fauna and flora.

The bioclimatic zones of the regi.on, based on the work of Aubreville er aI. (1959) areillustrated in Map 2. llean annual rainfall patterns of the region are shoqm in l4ap 3.

More specific geographical details of the three count.ries which const.itute Ehe greaterpart of the l,lestern ExEension area, Mali, Senegal and Guinea, are presenEed below.

3.2.L MaIi

The part of !,lali included in the Western ExEension has an area of ca l5o Ooo km2 and apopulation of g I 15O OOO per6ons. IE includes a small part of rhe R-niger valley buE isotherwise coincident, with Ehe upper basin of the R. Senegal. tlithin this region Ehree sub-regions can be dtstinguished, as follows:

t.'

A re-examination of the spacial area of the l'lesEern Extension zone, according co iEsoriginal lisrits shows that the area under consideration is about 365 ooo tm2 llZo ooo km2according to Oraln, 1981; 361 7oO lo2 according to chis reporc). The extension of theconcrol oPerations into the Konkour6 basin (Guinea) would increase the size of the area byca L2 oOO km2. If, to Ehe east of Freetown (Sierra Leone) t,he southern limit is extendedsouthwards t.o occuPy a posit,ion ca 90 km fron the coasE and paralle1 to it., the area would befurther increased by

"".6?,9O9 knrz., Including all these possible expansion zones, the final

control zone could reach 44O OOO kur4.

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ocP/82.3Page 11

(a) The upper basin which is dominaEed by the northern flanks of che Fouca Djalonrange. lhese uplands look down on the l,Iandingo plac,eau which stretches as far as the lineformed by the Senegal, Bakoye and Baoul6 rivers. The average height of che plateau is 5OO m

but it reaches an alEitude of 70O-8OO m and more in its souEhern parts where che Bakoye andBaoul6 rivers rise. The average altitude ls 5O0 m but. it increases to 7OO-8OO o (and more)in souEhern parts where the Bakoye and Baoul6 rise. DespiEe its name, the l{andingo plateauis not a vast and uniform plain but is made up of a series of plateau of unequal heightsfalling in steps not only from souch to north but also to$rards the courses of the rivers that,divide it up inEo sections.

Along its lcesEern border, the plateau becomes more massive and ends abruptly in a cliffthaE rises 2OO m above che flat low-lying land along Ehe Bambouk and Fal6me rivers. As ageneral rule the plateau runs out in gentle slopes. The rivers of che region are permrnentwaEercourses and in their middle and upper reaches often run through gorges and are puncEuacedby waterfalls and rapids. The valleys open ouE only in their Lower reaches, generally wherethey join oEher rivers.

(b) The Kaarta (or Sarako[16) range is bounded on Ehe south by che combined valleys ofthe Senegal and Bakoye rivers and then by the valley of the River Baou16 as far as Ehe

exEreme point. of its ttloop". On the rresE, it is bounded by Ehe Ko1imbin6 river, and on t,henorth by the Hodh depression. In the east, the plateau gradually sinks under a sandy desertof great. anciquicy. Depending on altitude, relief and soil type, four sectors or naturalmicroregions Eray be distinguished:

(i) The south-western sector is the highest part of the massif with an alEitude of over5OO m and includes Ehe KaarEa's highest poinc which lies co the north of Bafoulab6.The valleys of the Bakoye and Kolimbin6 rlvers are dominated by a 3OO m cliff forming awall that runa on towards the North wich slightly lower peaks and heighEs.

Inbetweenthe hiIIs, valleys rich in clayey soil run far inEo the massif.

(ii) The south-eastern zone, known as the t€arta-Bagu6 because it is near t,he Bakoyeriver (Bagu6 in tlallnk6), is made up of broad valleys and boctom-lands with a gentlegradient that keeps it,s moisEure well into Ehe dry season.

(iii) The cenEral zone is the t,rue Kaarta. It is a region of varied topography and theplains and bow-shaped depressions it contains are filled with deep, black, very ferEilesoi 1.

(iv) The secEor Eo the north and north-east, is low in alt,iEude with a fairly shallowrelief. There is some bottom-land with heavy soil, but oEherwise the soils are light.The valleys that the Kolimbind and its tributaries have cuE across Ehe KaarEa collectEhe run-off water and degradaEion products from schist, LioesEone and dolerite. Thesedegradation products account for the high fertility of the soil in Ehe valleys,depressions and plains within this area and make Ehe Kaarta the rrmilleE basket" of theupper Senegal basin.

(c) The higher ground on the plaEeau of the upper basin which varies in detail andchanges from one region Eo another, is cut up by river valteys of varying width depending onthe nature of the underlying rock and pierced by enclosed plains that have formed aE Eheconfluence of rivers.

The rivers in the northern part of erestern t'lali flow through relatively wide, shallowvalleys. Most of them are temporary qraEercourses, flowing only in Ehe $ret season and dryingup for the rest of che year. Only the Kolimbin€ and the l(arakoro have wat,er all rhe yearround in Cheir lower reaches, but, it is stagnant during the dry season.

)

ocP/82.3

PaSe 12

In the South, and unlike the Sahelian regions to the North, lraEer j.s not a problem, orat' reasc is noE the same kind of problem. ArEhough Ehe watercourses flow all the year round,t,wo facEors cancel ouE Ehe advantages of having a permanent, suppty of waEer in the valleys.one is that most valleys have a V-shaped cross-sect.ion and st,eep sloping side unlikely toretain considerable deposiEs of alluvium, and the other is that, the humidity resultirri f.o.the heavy rainfall (8oo-l5oo m during five to seven monEhs) is favourable to many insectvectors of disease, including onchocerciasis.

3 .2.2 Senegal

The lrlestern Ex99n1ion_ area coincides with Easeern Senegal, rhe largest region of Senegal,rdiEh an area of ca 56 ooo km'and a human populaEion of g, 3oo ooo persons.

EasEern Senegal is composed of the administrative departments of Bakel, K6dougou andTambacounda, and is bounded by:

- the Fleuve Region to the norEh,

- the frontier with Guinea to the south,

the frontier with MaIi to Ehe east,- Che regions of Casanance and Sin6-Saloum, and Ehe frontier with Che Gambia.

The pre-Cambrian basement complex outcrops in the sout.h-east of the Region in the formof folded metamorphic series (quartzites, arkoses, schists, micaceous schisEs, gneiss) andsynkinematic (Saraya and south-east of Kidira) or post-Eectonic Birrloian granitic massifs(north of K6dougou). Ttre socle is cross-bedded by primary straca forming a north-south bandbetween Kidira and @mbia, and comprising:

- Lower Cambrian sandstones and quartzites making up Ehe northern edge of the Fouta-Dja lon;

- Cambrian, rnade up of a volcanic complex and conglornerates overlaid with sedimentarystrata ending in red clayey sandstones of the upper cambrian;

- ordovician: white sandstones cross-bedded with the cambrian;- Schistose Silurian outcropping r^resE of the north-souEh band of Canbrian and Ordovician

series.

Post-Devonian doleriEe intrusions appear to the north and west of Kddougou. The norEhernhalf of the region is a vast peneplain, less than IOO m above sea level, gradually rising to2OO m (the hills of the Bassari counEry). The only real uplands (4OO-5OO m) are to ghe sourh(frontier of Guinea and the loop of Ehe River Gambia) and correspond either Eo the edge of theGuinean Plateau or t.o outcroppings of dolerites forming series of t,erraces along the rivers.

0n the uplands Ehere is Combretum or Andropogon savanna, which may be tree-studded, woodedorshrubby.Thevegetationi"Ehehyd.o*6ffi1areasref1ect,stheconditionsofhydro-morphism. Mention may also be made of two speciat plant formaEions - the rrBowel (where thelaterit.e slab appears bare) and bamboo thickets.

The river basins of ioportance for the area are Ehe following:

q

I

(i) The River Senegal basinr with rhe R. Fa16me, whose catchment area is 28 9OO km2 ar theKidira Station. Oisctrarges range from over 3OOO d/s Ur the highesr, fLoods EopracCically zero at lo!, srater.

(ii) The River Ganbia basin.catchment arei ii-755o-LnzJrmain tributaries are the Koumb

The river has its source in the FouEa Djalon and ttsK6dougou and 10 45O km2 at Mako. In che K6dougou area its,outourou, che Tiokoye, the Dln Kha and the Niokoto-Koba.

rt

ocP/82.3Page 13

At Wassadou Ehe River Gambla has a cat.chment of 20 9OO km2. Its low-waEer bed is well-marked (width l2O m) and its vert.ical banks 1O m high. At Ehe height of the flood thereare extensive innundat,ed areas.

In Ehis area the River Gaobia receives the Nieri-Ko, which Crains a caEchment. areaof ll 946 km2. IE then receives the Koulountou and just before C,ouloumbou Ehe Niaoul6,which has a small catchmenE area of 1584 kn2. AE Gouloumbou iEs cat.chment area is41 4OO kn2, its beci ls wider and in the shape of a vasE trapeziuul. Afcer crossing Ehe

GuenoEo plain it enEers Gambia, where it receives the Sandougou, which has a catchmentarea of 996O kmz. The Sandougou flows sometimes downstream when Ehe runoff from iEscaEchmenE area is preponderant, and sometimes upstrean (reflux arising from che @mbiaflood which arrives earlier and is larger than thaE of the Sandougou).

(i ii) The Rivers Kayanga and Anambe basins. The Kayanga rises to the south of cheSenegal-Guinea frontier and enters Senegal sout,h of Patim-Kouta. It joins the Anambenear Niapo, where its catchment area is abouE 1755 km2.

The Anambe basin is a vasc depression, separaEed from the River C'ambia caEchmentarea to the north, that of Ehe Casamance to Ehe Lrest, and that of the Kayanga to the southand west.. Its area is about llOO km2.

3.2.3 Guinea

Guinea is one of the coastal SEates of West Africa. IE Iies between 7'and 12"lacitudenorth and 8"and 15'longitudinal $rest; it is 246 OOO km2 in area, and situated in the humidcropical zone of West Africa. The States bordering iE are Guinea-Bissau, Senegal and l'lalito the north, the Ivory Coasc to the east, and Liberia and Sierra Leone to che sout.h; and ichas a coastline some 3OO km long, which gives iE an excepEional geopolicical posiEion.

The urajor factors of relief, climate and vegetation combine Eo form four naLural regions,which make possible che producEion of a very wide range of differenE Eypes of agriculturalproduce. These regions are as follows:

(i) t'laritime Guinea is a low lying coastal region; it has a cropical humid climat.e ofE.he sout,h Guinean Eype, and annual rainfall is everywhere over 2OO cm, the dry season lasEsfive months (December to Aprit). It is a region of mangrove shlamps, rainfed rice-growingfields and orchards; iE is also Ehe site of substantial mining operations (bauxite).

(ii) Middle Guinea corres ponds to the Fouta-Djalon massif, with an alritude ranging from60O ro 15OO m (t'lount Loura); Ehe dry season lascs five co six monEhs (November Eo April) and

mean annualrainfallisabouE l8OO mn. Themainriversofthe region rise in Ehe Fouta-Djalon;formerly foresE-clad, che uassif now has a degraded vegeEaEion anderosionhasassumedalarmingproporEions. The region is used for agriculture and sEock-raising and has one of che highestpopulacion denslties in the country (over 40 people per km2). It is also, of course, an area ofhigh emigration to Ehe Eowns and to adjoining count.ries, ParEicularly Senegal.

(iii) Upper Guinea covers the north and east part.s of the counEry and has an area of some

97 OOO km2. The climate is of the souch-Sudan type and Ehe mean rainfall is 15OO nrn buc thedry season may lasc eight months and variations are extreme, causing wide fluctuaEions in thelevel of agriculEural production. This is a zone of savanna, where acEivity is centred on

the river valleys, particularly the Niger valley, and the population is disEribuEed unevenly,mainly along Ehe rivers.

(iv) ForesE Grinea, in the souch of the country, has a clirnate of the equatorial type, witha wet season frequenEly lasting more than 10 months and a mean annual rainfall of over 2OOO mm.

BasicalLy it rs the zone of deep forest, and it has a dense population; it also contains an ironore deposit of first-cLass imporEance (Mount Nimba).

)..

lr.

ocP/82.3Page 14

Area and population esEimrtes of chese regions are a6 follows:

MaritioeGuinea

MiddleGuinea

UpperGuinea

Fores E

C,uinea

erea (lcn2)

Population (f978)

45 000

I 300 000

55 000

I 550 000

97 000

I 140 000

49 000

I 160 000

3.3 Social and economic geography

Historically and culturally, despite the frontiers inherited from the colonial period,che populations of the region display very strong affinit,ies. The great. majority of thembelong to one of two mrin ethno-linguiscic groups, the Fulani (Peul) and the Bambara-l,Ia1ink6,who have shared pre-euinence in the region's history in recent centuries: the Mandingo Empireof Soundjata in the fourt.eenth century; Eheheydayof theFulaniof.KoliTenguelainche6ixteenthcenEury; thekingdomsof @bou, Boundou, KaartaandS6gou; t.heFulaniregimesof Lab6andTimbofroulthe seventeenth to Ehe nineteenth century; the jihad of El Hadj Ooar which, starting fromDinguiraye in the l85Os, subjected the whole of lrlestern t'trali before fading out in the tlacina;finally, there was the emergence of the Samori Empire aE the end of the nineEeenth cenEuryfrom Upper Guinea and ics extension over a large part of central West Africa. Alongsidethese rnajor populaEion Sroups there are small eEhnic groups, linguisticalty and cult.urallydifferent., which aE some point in their history were driven back either inEo the mountainousareas (Bassari, Coniagi, Diakhand6) or Eo the edge of the forest (Kissi, Toma, Guerz€, etc.)at the border becween Liberia and the Ivory Coast.

The peasants of the region oainly grow cereals (sorghum, millet,, maize, rice) and alsocoerPeas, groundnut6 and sooeEiEes cott,on. In Ehe southern part of the area fruit crops(mangoes, citrus) are cornparaEively plenEiful, as are t,uber crops, especially cassava. Ihereis a great deal of livesEock raising: not only cattle (mainly in the form of Erypano-colerantvariet.ies such as Ndamr which appears to originaEe from Guinea) but, also small ruoinanEs,sheep and goats. IEinerant cultivation of burned land with fairly long fallow periods reuninsEhe predominant syst,em, despite Ehe introduction of more intensive practices (animal Eraction,use of fercilizers, bot,t,ooland crops) at sone places in the area.

a,

(

,1

From a demographic viewpoint Ehe region can be regarded as underpopulated (about 10irftabitants Per kma on average) but there are some more populated areas and even one area whichcan be regarded as overpopulaced. The oajority of the region has population densiEies between5 and 20 inhabicants per kma: alroosE all the First Region of t'tali, Upper Guinea, Forest Guineaand the Gabu region in Carinea-Bissau. One area is distinct,ly underpopulated: EasEern Senegalwith less than five intrabitants per km2. One area can be regarded as overpopulat.ed: checent.ral part of the Fout,a Djalon massif (over 4O inhabicants per km21: on the ot.her hand,some areas can be defined as averagely populated (25-4O inhabitants per h2): the Khassonk6country in Mali, forested subareas of Macenta and Nz6r6kor6 in Gulnea. Senegal is an exampleof inequality in che geographical distribucion of population: while the mean national densityis about 25 inhabitants per km2, the population densit,y exceeds l2O per kn2 in some rural areasof the Groundnut, Basin and drops below four in some parts of Eastern Senegal (K6dougou area).The reasons for this uneven population distribuEion are extremely complex and are linked tot,he naEure of che soil, the environoenE, the prevailing health conditions in the area, andfinally to history.

From a socioeconomic viewpoint the region can also be regarded as a fairly homogenouswhole; excePt in certain subareas of Guinea, either with diamond deposits (K6rouan6) or atthe fringe of the tropical forest (Nz6r6kor6, Macenca) where some shrub crops are grown (coffee,

ocP/82.3PaSe 15

bananas), incomes are extremely low; the region is among Ehe poorest in the world and annualincomes in the rural areas are generally between US$ 50 and lO0; and of course there are allche diseases, hardships and sufferings which usually accompany such income levels. TttissituaEion is found particularly in the northern parE of the area (between isohyets 7OO and

lOO0 run) ar. Ehe edge of the Sahel where rainfall is low and displays wide variations from yearEo year. The decade I97O-198O saw a series of drought years which jeopardized che enEirefood balance of Ehe area and produced genuine famines. As a result of this, and the prevalenceof many endemic diseases (particularly malaria) and a very low level of infrastrucEure and ofsocial and health resources, the mortaliEy raEes for children under five are among Ehe highesEin che world. Fina11y, a characterisEic corrElon to almost all parcs of the region musE be

sgressed: chis is the isolation which hampers the movement of people and goods and inparticular substant,ially restricts the opporLunities for uarkeEing croPs. Because of thelack of any real road neEwork, four-fifths of the region are coEally impenetrable during Ehe

rainy season and Ehree-fifths are very difficult Eo reach even during the dry season.

3.4 Logistical asp ts of the area

As a resulE of various combinations of topographic, climatic, vegetational and socialfactors, a number of criticat logistical problems have been idenEified. Mention has alreadybeen made briefly to Ehe deficiencies of the road networks of the WesEern ExEension area whichmake about four-fifths of the area impeneErable during the wet season, and three-fifths verydifficult to reach during the dry season. These situations are largely due Eo a combinaEionof rugged mountain Eerrain, heavy rainfall and dense vegetation in many of the upland areas,and to sandy soils in the drier more norEherly parcs of che area.

In order to obtain up-Eo-date first-hand information on Ehese siEuations road journeys$rere nade through wesEern MaIi in March 1982 and Ehrough eastern Guinea in April 1982. Inboth count,ries all towns Eenta.t,ively earmarked as secEor or sub-secEor headquarters forentomological evaluations and/or aerial operaEtons, were visired. the findings of the Ewo

missions are sumrrized separately below:

Wes tern l,Iali

The limiEed road netqrork in hrestern l{,ali 1s noE in good condition. In che Monts l4andingand t,he I'lalink6 Plateau the roads are rocky and traverse a great, oany small ravines which areoften difficult to negotiate. Along the norEh (right) bank of the Senegal and Baoul6 rivers,sandy roads are an ever present, problem. In the region of che ttBoucle de la Baoul6rr sandyroads so quickly become impassable Ehat they are frequently abandoned and realigned. ThissiEuaEion makes road travel very frusErating and Eime-consuming for the newcomer, but, mightnot be Eoo much of a problem for regular Eravellersr e.B. an entomological evaluat.ion team.

A reassuring factor is that work to improve the condicion of oany of Ehe roads in cheSenegal-Baoul6 valley, is in progress. FurEhermore, what can only be described as a highway,between Bafoulab6 and I'lanantaIi, is nearing completlon.

AnoEher factor of appreciable logistic importance is Ehe facE that a very frequent andregular rail service connects most, of the t.oqrrrs desEined to be sector or sub-secEor headquart,ers,with Bamako (the overall centre of operations for Ehe lrlesEern Extension). Consequently, atleast some of the consErainEs imposed by inadequate roads could be diminished by resorEing Eorail transport.

EasEern Guinea

This area, which involves part of the upper and of the forest, regions of Guinea, has t,womajor road comrunicaEion problems. The first is the lack of roads in the exEreme east of thearea, which prevenEs or restricEs accessibility to the headcraters of River Sankarani sub-sysEem, i.e. to Che rivers Dion, Lioou and Kourai; the second is the condition of che existing

,

ocP/82.3paSe 16

road netrrork, resulEing from nany broken bridges and generally poor road surfaces. Thegeneral impression gained during the road survey qras that the condition of almost all theroads $ras Progressively deteriorating, wiEh virtually no repair work in evidence. Most, ofche diversions around broken bridges were tuell worn, suggesting thaE they were of considerablea8e.

Kankan is at the end of the railway from points lresE but the rail services are neitherfrequent nor regular and so offer no real alcernative t.o road transport ln Ehis area.AccordinglY, anY OCP extension activities in the area will have to face the reality of aninadequate road conuurnication system. Also, with the general absence of electriciEy,running water, vehicle fuels and lubricating oils, equipmenE and supplies, food, etc. ineastern Guinea, Ehe region currently lacks the minimal infrastructural and logistic supportfacilities for the introduction of a conventional onchocerciasis control operat,ion.

Clinatically there is anoEher potential major problem. In the region of the GuineaHighlands (in eastern Guinea) low cloud which enshrouds the tops of the mrny mountains andwhich descends far down into many of the valleys, will pose serious EhreaEs to the efftcient.execution of aerial spraying operaEions and surveys, and, Eo the security of aircraft.

AlEhough the region around Beyla (in the Guinea Highlands of easEern Guinea) isclassified as being covered by'rmoist, savanna woodlandsrr the vegeEaEion is much more luxuriantthan one normally associates with this type of woodland. On many of the mountainsides thereare Patches of climax foresE. tlany of the rivers run through very sEeeply-sided valleys andunder the Prot.ecEion of dense riverine forest canopies. Ihus, apart. from the basic problemsof operaEing low-flying aircraft in these conditions, specialized aeronauEical problems witl beencountered. In many places it will be impossible to conduct aerial surveys of Simuliumbreeding sites, and there will be other places where it will be impossible ro dischargeinsect.icide at Ehe required points, because Ehe rivers are concealed by vegetation. WalsheE aI. (198I) working in Ehis type of situat.ion in the Man region of the lvory Coast reported,rtAmong t.hese heavily forested ravines aerial concrol is difficult to achieve withouE risk tothe aircrews. Accordingly, larviclding $ras curtailed where this risk was judged to beexcess ive.

Alt.hough no road survey has yet been conducted in eastern Senegal, it is evident. frominformation available that the road network is not very extensive, especially with regard toaccess Eo the River Faleme valley.

4. THE NEED FOR ONCTTOCERCIASIS COIITROL

4.L Health considerations

The prevalence and severlty of onchocerciasis in the West,ern Extension area have longbeen recogttized, and the exEent of the problem can be judged frm the statisEics presenEedin che following table.

ENDB{IC ONCHOCERCIASIS: SITTJATION IN 1980*

Population of areas where Ehe disease is endemicNon-exposed populationPopulation directly exposed

- aE the hyperendeoic level- at, the mesoendemic level- at the hypoendenic level

Number of blind persons

5 3902 L9L3 L99

428904

r 86533

oooooooooooo500500700

a\

*Data from Sierra Leone is noE included.

)

l,l.ore specificare given below.

IocP/82.3page 17

information on onchocerciasis in the Participating Countries of Ehe region

Guinea

Upper Guinea is a hyperendeoic zone where onchocerciasis has very serious consequences inthe form of high percentages of blindness and the abandonment by the populaEion of vast valleyareas even Ehough t,hey are reputed to be very fertile.

I'liddle Guinea is generally mesoendeoic but sriLh serious hyperendemic foci on ehe Bafing,Bantala-Kqrba, Coliba and KoulounEou rivers resulCing in high percentages of blindness.However, Ehe disease is hypoendemic in che administrative regions of Lab6 and Pita, siEuatedon Ehe high ground of the Fouta-Djalon. In Forest Guinea, onchocerciasis is hypoendemic Eo

mesoendemic, wiEh one hyperendemic focus in the Beyla region. The generally low rate ofblindness, however, means Ehat the disease is less serious in this zone.

Finally, in Lower Guinea onchocerciasis does not appear to be endemic and prevalence andrat.es of blindness are low.

On the basis of existing data it appears Ehat in Guinea it is Upper Guinea and MiddleGuinea (with the exception of the Fouta-Djalon highlands) where the serlous form of oncho-cerciasis is rife and which should be included in an onchocerciasis control campaign as amat,ter of priority.

It. can therefore be concluded that onchocerciasis is present Eo varying degrees in mosE

of Guinea. Some regions are particularly seriously affected, mainly in Upper Guinea (Kankan,Faranah and Dinguiraye), but in the oEher regions numerous arrondissements are also sEricken.In Middle Gtrinea Ehe endemicity level seems low in the central parc of the Fouta-Djalonmassif, where populat.ion density is relatively high (over 4O inhabicantr/t^z). In Ehe areassurrounding the Fouta-Djalon, on the oEher hand, u'here population is sparse, the level ofendemicit.y is higher. Onchocerciasis does exist in ForesE Guinea (Yomou, N'Z6r6kor6 andLoIa) but is not as serious as Ehe savanna form.

The area proposed for inclusion in the WesEern Extension covers approxinrately 22O OOO km2,with a population of g 3 557 OOO. The population directly exposed to onchocerciasis isestimaced aE 2 O09 OOO persons, of whom 254 OOO live in hyperendemic, 545 OOO in mesoendemic,and I 2IO OOO in hypoendemic, areas. The number of people suffering from onchocerciasis isesEimaEed at 560 OOO and Ehe number of blind persons at 20 OOO, so EhaE of the population atrisk, 287" have Ehe disease and L% are blind.

In Guinea-Bissau, onchocerciasis is prevalenE only in the Ewo east,ern regions of checounE.ry, Gabu and Bafata, with an area of t3 9OO km2, a population of 2O4 0OO and a populationdensiEy of 15 km2. The whole Gabu region is affected, while in the Bafata region only theCont,uboel secEor is affected. The populaEion direccly exposed t.o onchocerciasis numbers132 OOO individuals, 13 OOO of whom are living in hyperendemic zones, 59 OOO in mesoendemiczones, and 59 OOO in hypoendemic zones. The total number of onchocerciasis sufferers isesEimaEed co be 30 OOO, wiEh I4OO case6 of blindness.

Ma li

Iwo administrative regions of MaIi are affected by endemic onchocerciasis: the firscRegion (Kayes) and Ehe SecondExEension area covers 138 94O

ion (Koulikoro or t,he former Bamako Region). The WesEern

, r{ith a population of t 214 0OO inhabitants and an averageR"Fkmz

Guinea- Bissau

ocP/82.3Page 18

PoPulaEion density of 8.7 inhabitancs per km2. In Ehe Firsc Region (Kayes), y61iman6, Nioro,Di6ma and Kayes Cercles are only slightly affected, while Kita, Bafoulab6 and Kdni6ba Cerclesare areas of medium to high endeoicity. In the second Region only three cercles are affected:those of Kangaba and l(ati in the case of the arrondissement.s on the left bank of the Niger andthat of Kolankani in the west.ern part of the Region.

In 1980 it was esEiunted that 86O OOO persons srere directly exposed to onchocerciasis(73% ot t.he population of the area), 138 OOO of them living in hyperendemic, 27O ooo in meso-endemic and 455 OOO in hypoendemic areas. The number of people wlth onchocerciasis in thearea is estimaEed ar 28O OOO and the number of blind at lO 5OO.

Senega I

In Senegal the endemic onchocerciasis area covers the southern part of easEern Senegaland in the north does not, extend beyond an ioaginary line joining Ehe eastern frontier of theRepublic of Gambia to Kidira. To the wesE the focus also covers Velingara DeparEment inUpper Casamance, wit.hout, however, extending beyond BaconEo arrondissenent. The totalpopulatlon of Ehe endemic area is 418 OOO, wtrile Ehe population direcEly exposed ro rhe riskof onchocerciasis is estimated to number 198 OOO; 23 Ooo of them in hyperendemic, 40 ooO inmesoendemic and t35 OOO in hypoendemic areas. It, is esEimated that Ehere are 44 OOO peoplewich onchocerciasis and l5OO blind persons ouE of t98 OOO exposed to endemic disease, i.e.22% vLth onchocerciasis and 17" blind.

Sierra Leone

Existing encomological data suggesc thaE savanna onchocerciasis can exist in the NorthernProvince of Sierra Leone, although few surveys have been conducted.

The limited epidemiological 6urvey6 undertaken have shown that. ocular onchocerciasis ispresenE; in tqro localities blindness raEe6 of. O.7-8% and of 4.75-8% have been recorded.

Further detailed parasitological and ophthalmological ourveys are required in theNorthern Province in order co demarcat.e the focus of savanna onchocerciasis.

The daca presented count,ry by counEry above are collectively surrnrarized in the followingtable:

In conclusion, onchocerciasis control in the proposed lrlestern ExEension would benefit acleasc 3.2 nillion persons; approximacely 1.2 nillion in t.he nort,hern dry savanna parE. of cheregion, and approxioately Ewo million in Ehe souEhern humid savanna and foresE parEs of cheregion.

{

I

d

Endemicity level Tota Ipopulationexposed

Popu Iacionnot.

exposed

Guinea- Bissau

Guinea

Ma liSenegal

Region as a whole(except SierraLeone)

13 000

254 000

138 000

23 000

428 000

49 500

545 000

270 000

40 000

904 500

69 500

I 2to ooo

452 000

135 000

132 000

2 009 000

860 000

198 000

I 866 500 3 199 000

72 000

I 548 000

351 000

220 000

2 191 000

Hyperendemic Mesoendemic Hypoendemic

>.

I

t,

ocP/82.3PaSe 19

4.2 Socioeconomic considerations

In addition co the health benefits which would derive from onchocerciasis conErol in theWest.ern Extension area chere would also be imporEant socioeconomic benefits, particularly withregard Eo:

(i) increased incomes resulting from increases in the quanEity and quality of labourand land resources'

(ii) distribut,ional benefiEs reLating to the facE that the beneficiaries are amongsrEhe pooresE in Ehe world.

BeEween 1978 and 1981, when feastbility surveys were conducEed in the lrlestern ExEensionarea, much attention was given to socioeconomic studies in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, MaIi andSenegal, and approprlaEe reports were prepared and annexed to the final feasibility report,.

Those country sEudies identified 22 developmenE projects in progress, representing acapital investment. of US$ 539 oillion, and 2O potential development projects the cosE of whichoas esEimrEed at US$ 685 million. These projects, to a EoEal value of US$ 1224 nillion arebenefiting, or cou[d benefic 3.6 million people.

An imporEant recent socioeconomic developmenE in the proposed ['lescern Extension area erasthe awarding by the Organization pour la Mise en Va1eur du F1euve Senegal (OMVS), in March1982, of a contract, for the const,ruction of a Large dam near che village of tlanantali on theRiver Bafing in wesEern Mali. Const,ruction costs are escioated at US$ 8OO million. Whencompleted, this dam will modify Ehe River Senegal valley Eo the excent, that sone 35O OOO

hecEares of good agricultural land could be opened up for culEivation.

)

ocPf82.3PaBe 20

CHAP1ER II

THE PRINCIPLES OF ONCHOCERCIASIS COMROL

I. INTRODUCTION

As in the existing OCP, the objective of the proposed Wesr.ern Excension is to reduce Cheimpact of clinical onchocerciasis to a Level where iE no longer represents eiEher a publichealth problem, an obsEacle Eo socioeconomi.c development, or a hindrance to the reclamaEionof good agricultural land Ehat is currently unoccupied.

Similarly, the principles and strat.egies of control proposed for the Western ExtensionwiII, as far as possible, be the same as E.hose currently employed by the OCP.

DespiEe encouraging indications in the field of chemotherapy research, Ehe absence of aspecific drug thac can be easily and safely used for mass treatment dicEates that oncho-cerciasis conErol must aE present be achieved by reducing or interrupting Eransmission throughvecEor conErol.

In general vecEor control operations are directed against. SimuLium larvae, using insecti-cides which do not cause unacceptable hazards t.o the aquatic environment. However, it mustbe noced that the OCP is intensifying its applied research prograrme on adulticiding todetermine whether this might offer an al-ternative and efficient technique (or Eechniques) forreducing the local impact of the reinvasion problem. It ls possible Eherefore EhaE. adult.i-ciding activities could play a role in parts of the WesEern Extension area where Eheconsequences of reinvasion may be serious.

It is generally acknowledged that the migratory (dispersal) potential of adult Simuliummakes it necessary to undertake simultaneous control acEion over large areas so as tG.hr""-che risk of reinvasion of Ehe treated areas. Ttris is an ideal objective which it has beenpossible to aEtain in the exlsting OCP (although reinvasion remalns a serious problem on the$rescern and easEern flanks). As far as the dry savanna regions of the WesEern ExEension areaare concerned (western Mali, eastern Senegal and the northern fringe of Guinea), this is alsoa valid objective, but there may be some const.rainEs to implemenEing it cotally in the humidsavanna and forested uplands of Guinea and Sierra Leone. Because of the combined problemsof dlfficult terrain, heary vegetation, bad weather conditions, inadequate logistic facilitiesand the dangers of the development of insecticide resistance, an alternative modified stracegyinvolving mrch more spacially restricted aEtacks on the vector might be necessary.

The extended life-span of the parasite (both adult qrorms and microfilariae) dictat.esEhat control activities must be conducted continuously for several years. Ttre latest OCPparasitological findings suggest Ehat Ehe period could be less than the 20 years originallyestimated as being necessary but it is premat,ure Eo identify how many years less.

If current research should lead to the development of an appropriate drug or of any oEheronchocerci.asis control technique which meets the requirements of the OCP (see the Final Reportof the Independent Conunission), the strategy of conErol, both within Ehe existing OCP area andthe Western Extension, wouLd have to be revised to incorporace such an important developmenE.However, no such alternaEive influence will have a major impact on the Progranrne during chesix-year period for which the present reporE has been prepared, but it may be reflecEed insubsequent operations.

2. T'ECTOR CONTROL

In general, Ehe vector control t.echniques and strategies which will be appropriate forthe lrlestern Extension area are Ehose which are currently employed by the OCP, i.e. aeriallarviciding of Simulium breeding sites employing biodegradabl-e compounds. It is anticipaEedthaE, alEogeEher, at least 22 OOO km of hratercourse in the West.ern Extension will need to betreated in t.his way. Ttrls compares with the 18 OOO km under control in the present OCP area.

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2.1 Vector s ies in need of control

CurrenE knowledge of the disEribution of the species of the S. damnosum complex in Ehe

WesEern Extension area is sununarized in Map 4. l'Ihen consulting ](ap 4 ic rmrst be borne inmind chat t.here is no relationship between the numbers of species symbols and the abundanceof che various species. The greater number of records shown in the southern half of theregion is due co Ehe fact that:

- anxiety abouE the possible spread of temephos resistance from the existing OCP intothe adjacenc souEhern part of the [rlestern Extension area has inspired much moreintensive sampling,

- there are many more species in the southern half of che region (at least five knownvectors) Ehan in che northern half (only two known vectors).

After careful consideraEion of the geographical distribution of Ehe various species, ofcheir bioecological characteristics, and of their vectorial capacity, cerEain conclusions canbe drawn concerning Ehe areas which require to be treated.

IE is essential that regions occupied by S. damnosum s.s. and S. sirbanum be treaEed.Ihese two species transmit. the savanna strain of Onchocerca thac is most PaEhogenic to man.

Their range coincides wit.h hyperendemic foci of onchocerciasis. In addition both speciesare highly mobile and capable of covering distances of 3OO-4OO km under appropriate reinvasionrnreaE.her conditions.

S. soubrense, a species of forest origin, is capable of esEablishing itself in theguineansavannaand remaining Ehere throughout the year, al though iE is noE renowned for longdistance travel. Studies of transmission under naEural and experimental conditions havegiven confliccing resulEs which at present make ic difficult co judge whether this speciesshould be regarded as a target or a non-target species. Further research is thereforerequired.

S. sanctipauli, a species confined to humid zones, has practically no vecEorial capacicyunder natural condiEions, having regard to its shorr life span and co the facc that it islargey zoophilic. It is not usually a mobile species. There is therefore no point inEreating zones populated by Ehis species.

S. yahense and S. fquemS$m are species that are excellent foresE vecEors, but theOnchocerca scrain which they transmit is not especially pathogenic Eo man (absence o f ocularlesions). Furthermore, they are poor vectors of the savanna strain. While S. squamosum isknown Eo move for distances up to lOO km, L_-g[9EE is a much more sedentary sPecies. Thereseems, therefore, to be no point in treating the breeding places of these species.

To sununarize, only the ranges of !!ry..".,should be included in the treatment zone.

S. sirbanum and possibly S. soubrense

It follows, Eherefore, from the data presented above that S. damnosum s.s. and S. sirbanumare the species of greatest epidemiological importance with regard to the reinvasion problem.However, Ehe local importance of "arrivalrr flies is not geographically uniform. In fact,there appears Eo be a relaEionship between vectorial capacity and mean annual rainfall(Dr J. B. Davies, personal conumrnlcation).

In the 125O-15OO mm mean annual rainfall belE of the OCP area, reinvading flies areusually so numerous that transmission leveLs are unchanged by larviciding oPeraEions.(Situation 1. )

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In Ehe looo-125o flrn mean annual ralnfall belt of the OCp area, reinvading flies areusually in sufficient numbers to maintain transmission. (situation 2.)

In the 75o-1ooo run mean annual rainfall belt of the OCp area, reinvading flies are notnormally in sufficlent numbers to pose a threat. However, if local breeding is able to takeplace, a dangerous, but localized disease situacion, can develop. (Situation 3.)

By projecting these relationships to the Western Extension area it is possibl-e toobtain some foresight of t.he severtty of reinvasi.on problems which may develop. Ttrefollowing predict,ions rmrst however be read wiEh caution:

Situacion 1

- The conrrcn frontier region of Senegal and Guinea.

- The extreme southern part of western l.Ia1i.

- The northern part of Guinea (below Mali) affecting the valleys of rhe lower RiverBafing, of the middle and lower Rlver Tinkisso, andoftheheadwatersof the River Bakoye.

Situation 2:

- The valley of che River Ganbia in eastern Senegal.

- In wesEern t'Iali' most of the River Bafing system, the middle and louer River Bakoye andthe headwaEers of Ehe River Baoul€.

Situation 3:

- In eastern Senegal the valleys of the River Nieriko and t.he lower River Faleme.

- In western Mali, the Rlver Senegal and the middle and lower River Baou16.

2.2 Vector control techniques

Vector control may take various forms, such as environmenEal management, the applicationof insecticides to adult insects or larvae, or the use of blological

"!..,t". These differentforms of control may be apptied by various means. They can be employed separacely or incombinaEion.

2.2.L Environmental meEhods

Alchough environmental management, environmental modification and environmental manipu-lation might be effecEive in very special circumstances, these methods cannot be reconunendedfor large-area control.

2.2.2 Chemical cootrol Eechniques

Since environmental rnanagement l^rill never result in the elimlnation of all the vecEorpopulations, it has been necessary to resort to insecEicides, which seem sEiIL to be the bescqreapon available.

2.2.2.L Adutticidine

Efforts to control the onchocerciasis vector by killing the adult blackfly cannoc arpresent be considered a method of control, because of the great dispersal capacity of theseinsects, wtrich would make necessary Ehe application of t.reat."nt or". vast areas. Localizedprotection of certaln areas might be consldered, however, provided suitable insecticides areavailable and the restlng places of the females are accurat,ely knovn.

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Wtrile Ehere is no case for the routine use of adulticiding techniques on a large scale,Chere is an urgent need to develop appropriate adulticiding Eechniques Co assess their effectin conEroLling reinvasion problems under r^ret season conditions. Ihe endorsemenc of thisview has been presented in the Final Report of che Independent Conunission, and in the OCP

Progress Report for 1981 (OCPfPRfil.4).

Davies et aI. (in press) have reviewed Ehe various Eypes of adulciciding Eechniquesemployed in different parts of Africa, and togecher with Baldry ec aI. have described che

resulcs of trials that were conducted in Ehe OCP area in 1978. Very encouraging resulEswere obtained from the laEEer rrials. A single discriminative helicopt,er applicacion ofdelcamerhrin (OMS 1998) at a swath dosage of. L2.S gfna (swath width 30 m) to riverineforests varying in widEh from 3O-1OO m, was effective in conErolling S. damnosum for ca

12 days under lace dry season conditions. A similar application of endosulfan (OMS 57O)

at a shrath dosage of 1OO gfA" *^" effective for ca 9 days.

Subsequently, and as interest in adulticiding techniques has mounted, the OCP has awardeda research conEracE Eo IRTO, Bouak6, for the screening of insecticides which would be acEiveagainst Simulium. At the present t.ime Ehe OCP is actively stepping up its own researchprogramme towards the developmenc of some effective and economic adulticiding Eechniques.In this regard it is reassuring Eo note thaE it is now known that che majority of reinvadingSimulium setEIe very close to watercourses; their numbers decllne progressively over a

disrance of 3 km from a r,ratercourse. It may therefore be possibLe to develop adulEicidingEechniques which are far more discriminative than was earlier supposed possible.

2.2.2.2 Larviciding

Ihe vector reproducEion sices are disEribuEed irregularLy along rivers because Ehey

occur only where there is flowing $rater. Ttre larvae constiEute the most vulnerable linkin the development cycle of the bLackfly and their destruction seems at present to be Ehe

mosE appropriate method of concrolling Ehe vectors of onchocerciasis. The treaEmentperiodicity depends on che duraEion of the vector's larval stage, which averages seven daysin the climatic conditions of the West African savanna.

Ihe larvicidal formulaEions musE be of such a Eype as to permit easily repeated andeffective treatmencs on a weekly basis and must noE cause irreversible damage t.o the aquaEicenvironment. Ttre insecEicides used musE be of Low Eoxicity for man and manurals. The activesubstance should not, persisE in Ehe environment, since, oEherwise, an accumulacion in foodchains may result.

Ttre compounds currenrly in use in the OCP area are:

Organophospha ces

A 20% (active ingredient) emulsifiable concentrate of cemephos is the compound whichhas been used most extensively by che OCP, and at the present. time approximately 75% of.the OCP area is under successful temephos treatment.

In 198O, unfortunaEely, temephos resisEance appeared in the OCP area in S. soubrenseand S. sanctipauli and could not be overcome by increasing the quantities of insecticideused. It is worth not.ing, however, thaE no case of resistance has yet been reported inS. damnosum s.s. or S. sirbanum Ehe typical savanna vectors. In vies, of Ehe continuityof distribution of S. soubrense beEween Ehe souEh-qrestern part of the Ivory Coast, wherethe resisEance appeared, and south-eastern Guinea, it is likely Ehat this sector of cheWestern Extension area temephos resistance is either already present, or, will soondevelop (especially if it is directly exposed Eo cemephos treatmenEs).

Chlorphoxim as a special 2O7. emulsifiabLe concentrate $ras introduced into the OCP

area co control temephos-resistant populations of S. soubrense (at less than half theEemephos dosage). Ttris forrmrlation has the drawback of being more Eoxic Eo non-E.arBetaquaEic fauna than Eemephos. Its utilization in the OCP was short-Iived because temephosresist.anE populations of S. soubrense quickly developed double-resistance to chlorphoxim.

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Field trials are now conEinuing $rith Ehree other compounds,pirimiphos-methyl and bromophos.

chlorpyrifos-methy1,

Bacillus thuringiensis (biological control agenr);

Because of its harmlessness for manrnals and non-target aquatic fauna, Bacilltrsthuringiensis sero type H-14 rdas inrroduced inEo the OCp Eo conrrol pop,rt"ii6i-Fs. soubrense which were resist.ant to both temephos and chlorphoxim.

Unfortunately, B.E. H-14 is only effective when applied in high volumerric dosage(uP Eo 10 times that of temephos), and, as a spray (otherwise it rapidly sinks andbecomes ineffective). As chese are very largely incompatible parameters many cechnicaland logistic problems have been and continue to be, experienced by the OCp. During the1982 wet season these problems became unsurmountable with regard to Ehe control ofS. soubrense in parEs of the southern rvory coast, wich the resulE that the use ofB.t. H-14 has been discontinued in situat.ions where river discharge rates are high.

Evaluations are now being made of B.E. formulations which are two and Ehree timesmore concentrated than the one currentl[employed by the OCP. UnforEunately, neitherof these forrmrlations is at present being produced in large quancity.

the cosE.s Per licre of the compounds used by the OCP are: temephos US$ 7.8O,chlorphoxim US$ 7.4O, and B.c. H-14 US$ 5.2O.

Taking noce chaE, chlorphoxim is applied at approximately one third the dosage oftemephos and thaE B.t. H-14 is applied aE dosages of 3 to 10 rimes those of Eemephos (dependingon hydrological conditions), the comparative costs, using one litre of temephos as standard,are:

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When one E.akes into account the facts that B.t. H-14 has E,o be diluted with water, andthaE for applying ic in large quantities, the flffig cosEs are greatly increased, iE is veryclear that. t.his is a very expensive larvicide in its presenEly available formulation. Itshould be improved or replaced as soon as an alt.ernative compound becomes available.

Various methods can be used to apply larvicides

(i) Ground applications

Ground applications can be recormended for the treatmenE of a single breeding site (dam,ford, broken bridges, etc.) which is fully accessible at all times of the year, or a seriesof sices situated only a short. distance from a road. This method cannoE be used, however,for general and continuing treatment, of an ext,ensive area including many drainage basins.

(ii) Aerial applications

The mosE reliable and economic means of reaching all the larval sites in all seasons isEo use aircraft. this will be the method of choice for treatment of the breeding sites inEhe Western Extension. The type of aircraft will vary according to the Eype and dischargeof che river to be treat,ed. For the treatmenE of large watercourses or rivers, where largequantiEies of insecticide have to be used, preference w111 be given to fixed-wing aircraft.It should be noted that the same rivers mzry only require small quant.it.ies of insecticideduring the dry season, and helicopters may then be used. Generally speaking, however,helicopters wilL be used for treating smalL, winding rivers with a llmited discharge to takeadvantage of the greaEer manoeuvrabillty of Ehese aircraft., which in any case have a smallerinsecEicide capacity. Ttris is the control method used successfully by OCp and it wlll alsobe used in the l,lesE,ern Extension area.

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calculaEed on Ehe basislarvicide, which will bewill make the applicationcampaign, Eo have a

The quantities of insecticide used at each EreatmenE point areof river discharge. In order Eo avoid either an excessive dose ofharmful E.o Ehe non-target aquaEic fauna, or too small a dose, whichineffecEive, iE is necessary, for any onchocerciasis vector controlrelacively dense neEwork of gauging stations.

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2.3 The evaluation of vecEor control operations

2.3.L Entomological evaluaEions

Because of che cumulative nature of onchocerciasis and the l-ong life span of Ehe parasitein man, the effects of a vector conErol campaign aimed at eliminating transmission or reducingit co an acceptable level for human conrmunities will not become apparenE in the protecEedpopulations for several years.

In order Eo assess the efficacy of larvicide treatments as early as possible, Eo det.ecEand swifcly remedy any shortcomings, aod to adapc Ehe treatmenEs ad hoc to che excremelyfluccuacing environmenEal condiEions it is necessary to make provision for detailed enEomo-logical evaluaEions.

The objectives of Ehese evaluations, wtrich should be conEinuous ani have the SreaEestpossible geographical spread are as folLovs:

- to establish, prior to Ehe campaign, the blackfly populaEion densities and transmissionpotentials;

- to monit,or, during the campaign, the results of insecEicide applications, which shouldbe adjusted in rhe Iight of the data obtained (temporarily suspended, conEinuedaccording to plan, possibly intensified);

t.o determine Ehe levels of residual Eransmission;

co collect rhe hydrological data needed for the planning and implementacion ofinsecticide applicacions I

to moniEor continuously the susceptibilicy of che vecEors to inseccicides.

Ihe simplesE way of evaluating the effects of larvicide applications is to observe Ehe

disappearance first of the larvae and t.hen of the pupa e of S. damnosum s.1. from the breedingsltes concerned. In view of Ehe very large number of sites Eo be examined, the sheer sizeof some of them and the difficulties of access, Ehis purely qualitative method provides onlyan imperfect impression of the real effects of the Ereatment and can be used only as anoccasional supplementary measure.

The only reliable method for the quanEiEative measurement of che result.s of EreatmenEconsists of capturing female vectors seeking a blood meal. This is done by sE.aEioning human

insect collectors at specified places, generally adjacent Eo rivers or viLtages; Ehese

collectors caEch all the S. danrrosum s.1. females EhaE seEcle on Ehem before v bite Inview of che daily and seasonal variations in biting activicy coLlection takes place throughouLrhe insect,'s period of activity (7 a.m. co 6 p.m.); Ehe number of collection days per weekor fortnight is determined according Eo the imporEance of the collection PoinE, iEsaccessibility and che available manpower and transPorE.

By dissecting these females it is possible to determine the extenE to which they areinfecred wiEh O. volvulus and their physiological age. A young population indicates theappearance of an active breeding site close co the collection point, while an old population

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Since it is now possible to establish a relationship between the number of infectiveO. volvulus larvae received by the individuals in the conmrunity and the endemicity level(prevalence and incidence) observed in that comnunity, it is also essential to be able tomeasure the vectors' transmission potential before and during a control campaign. Ttre methodfor evaluating this transmission potenE.ial per unit of time is Eo take Ehe number of infectivelarvae obtained by regul-ar and periodic collection at a given point and extrapolate this Eoone monEh (monthly transmission potential: MTP) or one year (annual Eransmission poEential:ATP). It was concluded aE a meeting held ln Geneva Ln L977 that, in the savanna area, anATP of loo and an annual biting rate (ABR) of looo formed rhe upper threshold of tolerance,above which severe lesions were likely Eo appear in the long run.

2.3.2 Epidemiolo gical evaluations

As in the existing OCP, the objectives of epidemiologicat evaluations in the WesternExtension area will be the continuous collection of data in certain indicator villagesselected with a view co following the epldemiological situat.ion before and after gheintroduction of vector control operations. Ihe aim of the studies is to assess the impacrof vecEor control on the prevalence and incidence of onchocerciasis and to follow cheevolution of ocular lesions.

The epidemiological evaluation of onchocerciasis in the Western Extension area mu6t takeinEo account the Practical experience acquired by OCP in that field. The mode of operation,however, will require to be adapt.ed on the basis of the experience gained. After six years,interruption of transmission it has been found that the O-5 years age-group shows no furtherinfecEion by 0. volvulus or thaE such infection is exceptionaL. Moreover, prevalence hasbeen spectacularly reduced in the 5-9 years group. Furthermore the absence of superinfectionmeans that Ehe cumulative Process has been inEerrupted in adults. In chis way hyperendemiclevers are reduced to mesoendemic and then to hypoendemic levels.

Depending upon the different methods that can be employed, one can distinguish betweensimple and detailed evaluations. Ttrese are summarized below.

(a) Simple evaluations

A simple evaluation is designed to study the prevalence of the disease in the whotepopulation of an indicator viLlage. Ihese evaluations, repeaEed every Ehree to four years,enable the evaluation of the epidemiological situatioo to be followed. Itrey involve census-taking of the population of a village by family, clinical examinaEion (for nodules, cuEaneouslesions' etc.), parasitological examination (by skin snips), and a tesE for visual acuity.

(b) Detailed evaluarions

Detailed evaluations in a small proportlon (ca 1O%) of the indicator villages, involvein-depth clinical and epidemiological studles deslgned t.o provide detailed infomration on theevolution of the disease situaEion. These studies involve the taking of a census ofindividuals (noting parEicularly their migration scatus), brief clinical examinat.ion,parasitological examination and detailed ophthalmological examinaEion of both eyes.

2.3.3 Environmental monitoring

Evaluation of the impacE of insecticide applicaEions on the non-target aquatic fauna isa fundamental technique designed to preserve the quality of the environment to the highestdegree possible.

In 1981 Ehe OCP Ecological Gr'oup concluded that the use of remephos for conErollintthe formulations adopted by the prograrnme, does not

or hazard for che aquatic ecosystem. Specifically:S. damnosum , at Ehe doses and with

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- the inrmedlate effect of cemephos on the invertebrate fauna is ecologically accePtable

si-nce, although considerable acute mortaliEy may be recorded amon8 the inverCebraEes,

there is a proportion of survivors in almost. all taxonomic groups;

- temephos reduces che density of inverEebraEes in the larval breeding places Eo an

extent that. has never produced an imbalance under normal condiEions of insecticideapplication;

chere is no evidence of any sPecies disappearing;

- no morEality has been recorded among fish and no unstable change in fish populationshas been detecEed;

- accumulation in che food chain seems slight.

To rhe extenE Ehat the insecticide applications envisaged for the Wescern ExEension

vould be identical wich Ehose practised by OCP (temephos in the same formulation' at Ehe

same dosages and applied by Ehe same techniques), it might be considered advisable not co

repeaE, Eo ilo purpose, the monitoring of che environment carried ouE in the OCP area.However, in view of the fact that other larvicides mighc have to be employed, e.8. to overcome

a temephos resistance problem, environment.al monitoring activiEies musE be envisaged from theoutset.

Ihe environmentaL monitoring techniques which have been used very successfully forstudying both aquatic invertebrates and fish in Ehe OCP area, and which would also be used

in the Western Extension area, have had the following objectives:

- determinaEion of those componenEs of the fauna that are most affected by larviciding;

- che drawing up of qualitative and quancitat.ive comparaEive balance-sheeEs for the pre-larviciding period and for the periods following the beginning of treatments; and

- che forestalling of any deleterious effect Ehat is considered important for establishedbiological equilibria.

REFERENCES CITED IN PART I

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Anon. (1981) Rapport. de la 3Eme R6union Minist6rielle de Concertation des EtaEs du Bassin du

Fleuve S6n6ga1 (Dakar, Novembre l98l)

Aubreville, Duvigneaud, HoyIe, Ke.ay, Mandoga, Pichi-Sernolli (1959) Vegetation Map of Africa(South of che Sahara), CCTA/CSA Oxford University Press

7

Baldry, D. A. T., Everts, J., Romao, 8., Boon von Ochssee, G. A. & Laveissiere, C. (198I)Tro icaL Pest Mana t 27, 83-110

Claude, J. (1980) Donn6es hydrologiquea necessaires pour une camPagne de luEEe contre1'onchocercose dans la r6gion du bassin du fleuve S6n6gal, document OMS/ORSTOM, 25 PP.Eext, 6 annexes and 1 maP

Coleman, M. & Wtrite, P. T. (1979) Farmer health survey (Sierra Leone)

Colussa, B. (1981) SynthEse, p6r riviEre, des donn6es concernanE 1'onchocercoseR6publique Populaire R6volutionaire de Guin6e, au 30 mars 1981, I.IHO document(unpublished), 88 pP. text and 19 maps

dans larcPfwDfool

Connor, D. H., Cupp, E. W., Ganley, J. P., Gibson, D. W. & Schiller, E. L. (1979) Dr4& Iepq!!.Studies on onchocerciasis in northern Liberia, including topical treatment $riEh dieEhyl-carbamazine: pathology, ophthalmology, parasitology and entomologyl and reconmtendaEionsfor conrrol of the disease (26 November - 18 December f978). Published by the AmericanPublic Health Association, 115 pp.F

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Crosskey, R. W. & Post, R. J. (1981) A synopsis of presenE knowledge of rhe Simulium damnosum tcomplex in the Republic of S

discributlon and relation toand 4 maps)

ierra Leone, wiEh speclal emphasis on its geographicalonchocerciasis (unpublished report; 35 pp. texE, 4 tables

Davies, J. B., Gboho, c., Baldry, D. A. T., Bellec, c., sawadogo, R. & Tiao, p. c. (rn press)The effects of helicopt.er applied adulticides for riverine tset.6e control on Simuliumpopulations in a [.Iest African savanna habitat. I. Introduction, method" aifEf,feffect on biting adults and aquatic st.age of simulium darurosum s.r. , Tropical PestManagement

Garms, R. & Vajim6, C. G. (1975) Tropenmed. parasir., L, 375-3gO

orain, H. L. (1981) Projet d'Etude de Faisabitit6 d'une Campagne de lutre conEre l,onchocercosedans la R6glon du Fleuve s6n6ga1, document ots/rce/wo/oot, 12 pp. texr and 129 annexes

Qui116v6r6, D., GuilleE, p. andParasicol., L4 (4), 3O3-3O9

S6chan, Y. (198I) Cah. O R s.T.o.M. 66r. Ent. med et

Vajim6, C. G. & Dunbar, R. W. (1975) Tropenmed. parasir.., L, 111-13g

Walsh, J. F., Davies, J. B. & Garms, R. (1981) Tropenmed. paraslr., L, 269-273

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PART II

PLAII OF OPERATIONS FOR TITE FIRST SIX YEARS OF

ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL IN TTIE I,IESTERN EXTENSION AREA

CHAPTER III

RESPONSIBILITIES

1. INTRODUCTION

Brief mencion has already been made in this report Eo the respective responsibilicies ofthe OCP and of national governmenEs in the execution of an OCP Western Extenslon. Hor"rever,before proceeding to consider Ehe finer details of che planning, implementacion and evaluationof such an extension, it, is importanE to consider the apporEionment of responsibilities inmuch more detail.

2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF TIiE OCP

The responsibilitles of the OCP, which will be met from international funds, wilI, inbroad Eerms, be as follows:

(i) The overall administration of the Western Extension, in close liaison with NationalOnchocerciasis Cormnittees.

(ii) A11 vector controL acEivities and associated support acEivities. A11 aerialoperations, whether for vector control or for surveillance purposes require the mostperfect coordination and extremely good logistic support facilities. Consequent.ly, it isessential that all these activiEies are stricEly controlled and managed by the OCP.

(iii) The conducting of enEomological evaluations. The regular and efficient collectionof entomological data, parEicularLy in relation to the orientacion and evaluation ofvector cont.rol operations, makes it essential chat enEomological evaluations are Ehe

responsibility of the OCP.

(iv) Supervising national and,/or inEercountry epidemiological evaluation Eeans.

(v) Assistance in the establishment of naEional and,/or intercountry environmentaLmonitoring teams or servlces.

(vi) Assistance in the estabLishment of additional hydrological stations and in therefurbishing of existing stations.

(vii) ltre training of national staff required for the efficient implementation andevaluaEion of the extension.

(viii) Applied research

(ix) Reporting (through the established OCP reporting system).

At the logistic and operational levels the OCP will be responsible for

(x) The constructlon of an aircraft hangar wich supporting workshop and storage facilitiesfor aviation fuels and insecEicides, at the main operational base.

(xi) Ihe construcEion of helipads and storage depots for aviacion fuels and insecticidesat straEegically locaeed rural sites.

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(xii) The equlp.enr, and furnishings of premises used by the ocp.

(xiii) ltre purchase and operaEion of vehicles, and all other items of supplies.

(xlv) An ext,ension of the OCp radio netlrork.

(xv) The dlstrlbution of all equiprment, and supplies.

(xvi) ltre recruitment and costs of alL international staff.

3. NATIONAI, RESPONSIBILITIES

Activlties which w111 be the responsibillty of the governments of the countri.es partici-pating in the l.Iestern Extenslon will be as follows:

(i) Itre establishment of National Onchocerctasis Cotrmittees (Mali excluded).

(if) Ttre appointment of national liaison officers n*ro will work in close collaborationwlth the nat,ional and international bodles to ensure the smooth day-to-day execution ofall operations.

(iii) Ttre provision of all buildings and premises required to accogrnodate the mainoPerational base and the te€rms resPonsible for entomological, epidemiological and environ-mental monitoring aE their respective locations.

(iv) rhe employment of all staff required for epiderriological evaluaEions and for environ-mental monltoring acEivlties, and the creatlon of the services (wtrere appropriate) toaccounodate them- In connexion with Ehese activities, governments will be responsiblefor assessing training requireoents and for submttting candidates to the qCp for appro-priate training.

(v) The operation and maintenance of all existing hydrological statlons.

(vi) The construcEion, oPeration and maintenance of any additional hydrological srationsrequired by the oCP (in this respecE Ehe oCP will assisr in che purchase of essentialequipment) .

(vii) Ttre maintenance and repair of all roads needed by national and lngernational Eeamsco gain access to hydrological st.ations, helipads, indicator vi1lages, entomologicalevaluaEion points (catching st.aEions) and aquatic monit,oring sites.

(viii) The construcEion of new roads t,o al1ow access of the varlous evaluation ceams tootherwise inaccessible areas. (ftrese activicies could require very subsE.antial funding,which may be beyond the Eeans of the appropriate natlonal authorities. Governments maytherefore find it necessary to seek the required funds from external sources.)

(ix) Arrangernents with the appropriate civil aviation authorities for Ehe consEruction ofaviation suPPort facilities, for Ehe waiver of duty on aviaEion equipment, fue1s,lubricants, sPare Parts and Eools, for the waiver of aircraft fana-ini and parking fees aturban airfields, and for over-flight clearances.

(x) Comprehensive public relaEions campaigns which will ensure that all miniscries,national services, administraEors and armed forces, in addition to rural population", .."completely famlliar wlth and cooperate LriEh all national and international personnelinvolved in Ehe ['lestern Extension.

oCP requirements for additionaL hydrologicaL stations and roads (see clauses (vi) and(viii) above) are specified in later sections of this report rrhich deal spectfically with chesesubjects.

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CHAPTER IV

PHASING OF EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

1. INIRODUCTION

The original proposals for Ehe spatial phasing of operations were as follows

PhasePhasePhase

I:II:III

The River Niger Basin, and some coastal rivers in Sierra Leone.The River Senegal Basin and some coastal rivers in Sierra Leone.A11 other river basins in Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and WesEern Guinea.

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Wit.h regard Eo temporal phasing it was proposed thaE once operaEions conrmenced in thePhase I zone, acEivities would foIlow in the Phase II and III zones one and two years laEer,respecEively. However, in the lighE of recent additional findings in the WesEern ExEensionarea and of recent developmenEs in the OCP iE is no longer considered feasible Eo adhere torhe original phasing proposals. The most important of these facEors are discussed separaEelybelow.

(i) DisEribuEion of blackflv soecies

The data on Simulium species disEribution, presented in Map 4, by no means gives a

complete picture of the distribution of all the species. Much of the informaEion collectedis restrictive both in space and time, especially wiEh regard to many of the upland and

foresEed areas. tlhile the norEhern half of the Western Extension area aPPears to be dominaEedby a very limited number of savanna species (mainly S. sirbanum, wiEh some L-1|31gg1!g1 s.s.),a converse, much more complex and less understood siEuation exisEs in the southern half of thearea. In this laEter area Ehere are five importanE species (six if the Konkoure form isconsidered to be separate from the oEhers), knowledge of whose distribution is aE PresenEscanty, if noE non-existent. In Ehis connexion it musE be pointed ouE t.haE, aE Ehe PresencEime, no informacion exisEs on the species of many long streEches of rivers which form what hasbeen referred Eo earlier as the coastal complex, e.B. Rio Geba, Rio Corubal, LictIe Scarciesand Moa. This situacion applies equally further north in the easEernmost hyperendemiconchocerciasis focus associated with the rivers Dion, Limou, Yeremou and Kourai.

(ii) Temephos-resistance and Ehe need for alcernative larvicides

In the Report of the 2nd Session of the JPC (which met in December, 1981) it was staEed:

'rAs wiEh the extensions into southern Benin, Ghana and Togo, considerable stresswas laid by participants on t.he imporEance of having back-up larvicides availablebefore embarking on vector conErol in the Senegarnbia area. AE least two andpreferably Ehree larvicides should be kept in reserve, and should all belong Eo

different, insecticide groups Eo avoid cross-resistance.rf

Alchough progress has been made in conErolling Eemephos-resistanE populations ofS. soubrense in Ehe Ivory Coast, the situaE.ion in some forest and humid savanna localiciesis such thaE, at t.he moment, the OCP does not have EoEal capabiliEy for conErol under wetseason condiEions. Every attempt is being made Eo improve Ehis situation by using largeraircraft, by spraying a more concentrated formulaEion of B.c. H-14, and by intensifyingE.he search for alEernaEive larvicides. However, until such time as additional larvicideshave become available and have regularized the resistance problem in the Ivory CoasE it wouldbe unwise to ext.end t.emephos and B.t. H-14 creatments into t.he humid savanna and forest, regionsof the Western Extension area.

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(iii) Infrastructural and logistig supporE facilicies

Recent field surveys in wesEern Mali and easEern Guinea have revealed Ehat there are manyParEs of the Western ExEension area which lack the fundamental infrastrucEural and logisticsupport facilities which are essent,ial for the introduction of large-scale onchocerciasiscontrol activities. This applies particularly to the poor condition of many roads, and cothe inadequacy of the road networks in many regions where all-season accessibility isessential for the effecEive execuEion of vecEor control and evaluat,ion operations buEpresent.ly not possible. The situation is part.icularty crltical in many of the humid savannaand forest.ed regions of che southern part of the West.ern Extension area.

As stated earlier in this reporE the OCP has already conducted some logistic surveys inthe Western ExEension area. These studies are continuing and will be continued into thepreparaEory act,ivities phases of the extension.

(iv) Toooeraohical and climatic facEors

The siEuation referred to in item (iii) above, is in many cases aggravated by extremelyrugged mountainous terrain and by high precipit.ation rates. These factors, both individuallyand collectively, impose serious constraint.s to the free movement of vehicles and the technicalpersonnel dependent upon them. Lengt,hy rret seasons (of up to seven months'duraEion, andtrith each month having a minimum of 5O-1OO nrm of precipitaElon) in combinaEion with ruggedterrain aE high altitude, result in much low cloud and ground mist which lmpose seriousconstrainE.s E,o the unresEricted and safe operation of low-flying aircraft.

Thus topographical and climatic factors impose two importanc constraints; a logisticone and a Eechnical one. As parE of the cont.inuing logistic surveys referred to insecEion (iii) above, more informaEion will be collecEed during the coming months. Withregard to Ehe technical problems of vector control in mountainous and densely vegetatedterrain, it seems unlikely appropriate solutions will be quickly identified. In allprobability the applied research service of the OCP will be required t.o expand its currentProgramme in order Eo provide the speciaLized attencion that Ehis problem requires.

If all these factors are read in combination wiEh the JPC reconunendaEion on the need foralternative, back-up larvicides t.he prospects for early implement.ation of a Western Extensionare noE encouraging, especially with regard to forested, humid savanna and upland areas.Hotrever, the fact that the JPC has conrmissioned the OCP to prepare a Planops for the WesternExt.ension infers thac Ehe JPC reconurendation on back-up larvicides was formulaEed as a guide-line for the OCP and not as a total embargo on all extension proposals. By accepting thisthesis we can proceed by considering what activities could be implemenEed in the WesternExtension area, cautiously, flexibIy, at the discretion of OCP experts and their professionaladvisers, and without undue delay. Furthermore, $re can define those areas and activitieswhich must for the foreseeable future be left in abeyance until such time as the manyconstraints, discussed above, have been satisfactorily removed, reduced or circumnavigaced.

2. SPATIAL PHASING

ln the northern half of the Western Extension area which is dominated by generally Lowaltitude dry savannas, only the savanna species of the S. danrnosum compl-ex occur, and thevecEor situation is, therefore, not unlike t.he northern parE of the existing OCP area wherevect.or control is feasible and has been very successful. Consequently, vector control inthis region, utilizing existing OCP spraying technology and the larvicide temephos, can beconsidered feasible, provided that such a concept meets $rith Ehe approval of the EcologicalGroup and che Expert Advisory Conurlttee.

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Conversely, and in view of the many consEraincs to effective onchocerciasis control andevaluat.ion in the humid savanna and forest regions of the Western Extension area, as discussedearlier in this chapEer, OCP operations in the souEhern parE of the region mrst be postponedfor theEimebeing. However, the OCP is continuing its studies in this part of the region,and chose st,udies will be considerably expanded when t.he West.ern Extension is implemented.

After very careful considerat,lon of che Eechnical and logisEical consequences of havingtwo parEs of the WesEern Extension area (norEhern and southern) with differenE timetablesfor Ehe conulencement of onchocerciasis conErol activities, it was found Ehat no one parametercould adequaEely consEitute the dividing line between the tqro subregions. ConsequenEly,many parameCers qrere considered in order Eo derive what can be called a realisticcompromise. As precipitation patt,erns consEituEe a very imporEant factor in distinguishingdry savanna regions from humid savanna and forest regions, much aEtention was given Eo

them (see Map 3). Similarly, much attenEion was given to the delineation of areas in whichonly the savanna species S. sirbanum and S. damnosum s.s. occur (see Map 4). Finally,consideration was also glven Eo drainage patterns, topography and accessibility of waEer-cour se s .

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In the final analysis of the different sets of data appraised, the conclusion was derivedche dividing line should be located betqreen the mean annual rainfall isohyets of l3OO

15OO nrm (see Map 3). t'laking allowances for the other criteria, it can be defined (see5) as a line which proceeds in a westerly direction:

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from Ehe existing OCP western limiE on the lower R. Niger, at the Mali-GuineafronEier;

- along the watershed'ehich separaEes Ehe Senegal River basin from the R. Tinkissosubsystem (of che R. Niger basin);

- across Ehe upper R. Bafing aE the Boureya hydrologlcal station;

- along Ehe eratershed which separates Ehe R. Faleme (Senegal River basin) from theupper R. Gambia;

across the upper R. Gambia at the Madina-Kouta hydrological sEat.ion;

along Ehe watershed which separates the R. Gambia from the R. Corubal and the R. Geba.

Thus the northern, dry savanna subregion of Ehe Western Extension area embraceswestern Mali, much of eastern Senegal and the northern frontier districts of Guinea.Conversely the southern, humid savanna and forest subregion embraces a sma1l part of easternSenegal (the R. Geba basin), the whole of Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone, and Ehe greaterpart of Guinea.

TU,IETABLE FOR PHASING OF ACTIVITIES

I In Ehe northern subregion

In formulaEing phasing proposals for this subregion careful consideration has been givenEo Ehe following factors:

the expediency of restricting one phase zone Eo a whole river basin;

che need to cake over responsibility for and expand any localized control operaEionswhich the O.M.V.S. may have inEroduced in che R. Baftng subsystem in order to protectthe Manantali Dam site;

- the need to give early protection to the expanding populations of the R. Falemehyperendemic focus.

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Thus it is proposed that phase I will be confined to thePhase II to the R. Gambia basin (see Map 5).

Senegal River basln and

The main operaEional base for OCP operations in both phase zones will be Bamako, Mali.

It is ProPosed that OCP operations will conunence in the Phase I zone, and will befollowed one year later in Ehe Phase II zone. Unless future developments in the subregionindicate otherwise, vector control operations in each phase zone will not commence until atto-year PreParatory activities period has been successfully concluded. Thus within thesix-year time frame of this Western Extension proposal, vector control operations will beconducted for four and three years in the Phase I and Phase II zones, respectively.

3.2 In Ehe southe rn subregion

UnEil such Eime as much more information is available on the distrlbution of Simuliumspecies, on logisEic factors and on appropriace strategies for vecEor control in.lGEGlr"and foresEed areas, it is impossibte to say whether the subregion can eventually be consideredas a single spatial phase zone or as a group of smaller phase zones.

For the time being and for the purposes of this report, the sout.hern subregion will bereferred Eo as Ehe Phase III zone.

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CHAPTER V

PREPATdTORY ACT IVIT IE S

1. INTRODUCTION

The training of staff, the collecEion of the additional data essential for planning, the

setting-up and calibration of additional hydrological stations, Ehe esEablishment of ehe

infrasErucEure for Ehe aerial applicaEions, the ordering of equipment and supplies, the

organization of conmrunicaEions wiEh Ehe oPerations centres, and the efficient organizaEionof the exEension will require a preliminary period of Ewo years, in most cases.

For each phase zone the first and second years of preparaEory acEivit.ies are hereafEerreferred to as exEension year 1 and exEension year 2, respectively. Similarly the years

during which vecgor conErol operaEions are in progress are referred to as exEension year 3 or 4

or 5 or 6.

In t.he case of che Phase I zone, exEension year 1 could be synonomous with calendaryear I983.

The various preparaEory acEivities which must be completed in a timely fashion are

considered separately beloqr according to Ehe ProPosed aPPorEionment of resPonsibilities.

2, OCP ACTIVITIES

2.1 In rhe Phase I zone

The mosE imporEant OCP activlties to be conducted during exEension year 1 (EYI) in thePhase I zone are:

(i) Ehe recruitmenE and installaEion of international Personnel at the Bamako main

operaEional base and in Ehe enEomological evaluation sectors and subsectors;

(ii) construction of an aircrafE hangar and support faciligy at Bamako;

(iii) equipment and furnishing of all bases for operations, and evaLuations, includingt.he purclase and distribution of vehicles, equipmenE and supplies;

(iv) extension of che OCP radio coflmunication network;

(v) conducting of aerial surveys of Simulium breeding siEes and collectlon of samplesfor cytotaxonomic study and for insecticide susceptibility tesEing;

(vi) awarding of a two-year conEract to an independent insEiEution for Ehe conducEingof environmental monitoring, acEivities, and for assistance in Ehe training of nationalstaff;

(vii) assisEing in the training of epidemiological evaluation staff;

(viii) cormencement of entomological evaLuaEions;

(ix) assisEing governments (Mali and Senegal) in the establishment of epidemiologicalevaluacion t.eams, and supervising the cofimencement of evaluations;

(x) coflmencement of applied research on adulticiding.

Needless Eo say some of these activiEies will continue inEo subsequenE exEension yearsIt is however essenEial Ehat they be cornmenced as early as possible in EYl.

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other activities, which can be conducted during Eyl and Ey2 are:

(xi) assessment of aircraft requirement.s and the making of arrangements for an expansionof the OCP aerial operations contract;

(xii) consErucEion of helipads and storage facilities for aviation fuel and insecticides;

(xiii) conducting logistic and technical surveys in Ehe Phase I and phase II zones;

(xiv) establishment of. a system of river codings approprlate to larvlciding operationsand Eo the recording/processing of entomological evaluation datal

(xv) reporting.

2' In the Phase II zone

The preparatory activiEies to be conducted in the Phase II zone are essentially the sameas L,hose listed in section 2.1 above for the Phase I zone. However, it will not be necessaryEO:

(i) install an operational base;

(ii) construct an aircraft hangar and support facility;

(iii) award a contract for environmental moniEoring (the contracE referred to insection 2.1 (vi) above will cover boEh phase zones);

(iv) conduct. adulciciding rrial-s.

2.3 In che Phase III zone

As stated earlier in this reporE those 6Eaff of the OCP who are direcEly concerned withthe planning of the Western Extension are continuing their investigations in Ehe proposedphase III zone, even if they are on a limited scaIe. However, with the cornmencement ofexEension operations in che Phase I zone and as soon as the initial settling process has beencomPleted extension staff will be in a position Eo conduct much more extensive invest.igationsin the Phase III zone. Thus during the period EYI to EY3 surveys in the phase III zone willconcentrate on logistic factors, but, eventually more at.tention will be given to technicalasPects of onchocerciasis conErol. In part.icular, studies will be made of Simulium speciesdistribution, and insecticide susceptibiliEy Eesting.

NATIONAL ACTIVITIES

1 In Ehe Phase and II zones

National activities which apply equally to the Phase I and II zones, but which are fittedto different time scales and which mainly concern Ehe governmenEs of Mali and Senegal, are asfol lows :

(i) establishment of National Onchocerciasis Conmittees in Senegal and Gulnea;

(ii) appointment by the NaEional Onchocerciasis Cornnittees of Mall, Senegal and Guineaof a liaison officer in each country who will work in close collaboraEion with nationaland internationaL bodles and who will assist them in day-to-day problem solving;

(iii) ensure that al1 hydrological stations are funcEioning properly, and that they arereadily accessible at all t.imes of the year;

(iv) construcEion of additional hydrological statlons in accordance wlth the requirementsexpressed later in Ehis chapter, ensuri.ng all-season accessibility;

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(v) improve and maintain the existing road network and consErucE and mainEain addieionalroads in accordance with t.he requirements expressed later in E.his chapter;

(vi) che making available of buildings Eo acconunodate the teans Ehat will be responsiblefor entomological, epidemiological and environmental monitoring activiE,ies;

(vii) che making of arrangements Lrith Ehe appropriat.e civilconstruction of an aircraft hangar at Bamako internaEionaLof helipads in rural areas (construction costs will be metdut,y on aviaEion equipment, fuels, lubricanEs, spare partsaircrafE landing and parking fees at, urban airfields, and,

aviaEion aut.horities for EheairporE, for Ehe constructionby the OCP), for Ehe waiver ofand Eools, for the waiver offor over-flight clearances ;

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(viii) the creation of epidemiological and environmental monitoring units, involving theearly identification of personnel who will have to be trained by the OCP;

(ix) the initiation of a comprehensive information campaign.

3.2 Phase III zone

Noting t.hat. Ehe National Onchocerciasis Conrmittee of Guinea will be created during EYlin relation to extension acEivities in Ehe Phase I and II zones, it is anEicipated thatsimilar conuniEtees for Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone will be escablished during EY2.

In view of the uncertaint,y abouE a possible starEing date for extension acEivities inthe Phase III zone, it is considered unnecessary Eo present here a detailed list of cheactiviEies Eo be conducted during the preparatory period(s); in any case they will, to allintents and purposes, be similar Eo those which have been described above for Ehe Phase Iand II zones.

4. ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY TTIE OCP AND NATIONAL ALNHORITIES

The most important of these acEivities can be sunmarized as follows:

(i) the selection of indicaEor villages for epidemiological evaluaEion purposes andEhe collection of baseline, pre-concrol data;

(ii) che selection of sites for hydrobiological sEudies.

5 OCP REQUIREMENIS FOR ADDITIOT.IAL HYDROLOGICAL STATIONS AND ROADS IN THE PHASE I AND IIZONES

5.1 Requirements for hydrological stations

A detailed hydrological survey was made of the l,lestern Extension area in L979f8O and fromthe resultant reporE it is possible to sunrmarize the situation in the Phase I and II zones andEo identify additional requirements for control operations. These are considered on anational basis below.

( i) Western Mali:

Twenty-nine hydrological stations q,ere in operation in 1980 and an additional fivestations were proposed for the following rivers: Baou16, Badin-Ko, Bale-2, Balinn andBale- 1 .

In March 1982, it was observed Ehat Ewo new stations, not included in the above list,had been installed Eo Ehe east of Kayes on the R. Korigon aE Segala and on the R. Gari aE

LambaEara. The extenE to which these staEions could be of use to the OCP has noE yet. beendetermined.

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Additional hydrological sracionsas follows:

and those existing sEations requiring recalibration are

Bafing subsystem

New sE.ations on the Bale-l, Bale-2 and Balinn.

Bakove subsystem

RecalibraEion of the Diangola sEation on the R. Bakoye

&roul6 subsysEem

New stations on Ehe R. Baou16 downstream from the Baou16 Loop, and on Ehe R. Badin-Ko.

Recalibration of the scaEions at the Baou16 Railway Sration (ToukoEo) and in the Baout6Park.

(ii) Senegal:

Twenty-six stations were in operation in 198O and an additional two were proposed for therivers Faleme and Niokolo-lbba.

AddiE.ional sEations are as follows:

Faleme subsygtem

New station at Sansande.

River Gambia system

New station on Ehe lower R. Niokolo-Koba, near Simenti.

(iii) Guinea

There were 53 stacions in Guinea in 198O and an additional- seven stations were proposedfor Ehe following rivers: Koul-ai, Bakoye, Lele, Niantan, Banie, Bouka and lbulountou. Amore recent survey indicates that at least 25 of the existing stations are no longer inoPeraE. ion.

For the imPlementation of vector conErol operations in the Phase I and II zones therewill be no dependence on hydrological staEions located in Guinea. PartIy for this reasonand partly in view of the facE that OCP requirements in Guinea have not yet been fu1lyassessed full details of the possible hydrological network Ehere cannoE be presented here.

It should be emphasized chat for OCP purposes:

- Ewo years' data are required from a new hydrologicaL staEion or from a recalibratedone before dosages can be calculated with optimum efficiency;

- $raEer level gauges should be ficted wich large figures and positioned in opensiEuaEions so Ehat. they can easily be read by an aircraft piIot.

The estlmated basic costs of Lmproving Ehe hydrological networks of Mali and Senegal Eomeet OCP requi-remencs are as follows:

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AcEiviEv

Construction/repair of five stations in MaliCalibraEion of eight stations in Mali

ConstrucEion of Ehro stations in SenegalCalibration of Ewo stations in Senegal

Sub-total:

US dollars

3 50011 200

14 700

1 4002 800

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ToEaI: 18 900

The provision of funds for these acEivities is the responsibility of the Mali and

Senegal governments. However, in order to ensure the timely completion of these activiEiesthe OCP may contribute to$rards the cosE of maEerials.

5.2 Requir ts for additional roads

Unt.il such time as OCP officials have had detailed discussions with road engineers of theappropriace national auEhorities Ehe lists of roads required by the OCP must be considered as

rengagive. Similarly, until the precise alignmenE of proposed new roads has been agreedupon by all parEies concerned, it is impossible to estimate the financial conrniEment that willbe required. However, it is safe to assume Ehat substanEial funds will be required Eo extendEhe neEwork in Mali and Senegal.

Addirional roads that will be required have been identified as follocrs:

In !.Iali:

(i) westwards from Kolokani to the juncEion of Ehe rivers Baou16 and Dia;

(ii) wesEwards from Kica to the R. Bakoye;

(iii) northeastwards from Kita to Ehe R. Baoul6, crossing the rivers Badinn-Ko and

Kenieba-Ko;

(iv) sourhwards from Manantali to Bafing Makana, aLong the riSht bank of the R. Bafing;

(v) southeastrrards from Koundia, Ehrough the R. Balinn valley, to Bafing Makana;

(vi) southeastwards from Kenieba to the rivers Kouloun-Ko and Dassabola;

(vii) wesEcrards from Dialafara to Ehe R. Faleme.

In Senegal:

(viii) northwards from the Kedougou-Kenieba road Eo Ehe R. Faleme;

(ix) souEheastwards from the Kedougou-Kenieba road to the rivers Koila-Kabe and

Badinn-Ko;

(x) norEhwards from Salemata to the R. Gambia;

(xi) eascwards from Ehe Tambacounda-Youkounkoun road Eo the R. Koulountou.

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6. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

It musE be mentioned here Ehat there are several mineral exploitation activities in theWesEern Extension area (and others are planned), which could have an influence on vectorconErol oPerations (see Map 6) . In the firsc place, effluent from certain types of miningactiviEy which is dlscharged into nearby rivers could reduce the efficiency of tarvicidingoPeracions. Secondly, oEher types of mining activity associated wit.h the extraction ofprecious st.ones, such as diamonds, have very scrictly enforced security regulations I some maybe totally 'rrescrictedt' areas. In such situations very complete and well-documentedclearances would have to be granted by che appropriate government authorlties before anyvector control and'for evaluation activicies could be planned and implemented. For obviousreasons, all che appropriate clearances will have to be secured during the preparatoryact.ivities phases.

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NPf82.3Page 41

CHAPTER VI

VECTOR COT{IROL OPERATIONS IN THE PHASE I AI{D II ZONES

1. OPERATIONAL BASES

1.1 Primary operationaL base

Since aerial larviciding operations will be under the sEricE control of the OCP, andanticipating Ehat aerial adulticiding operations may also be introduced, all aerial operationswill be centralized.

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The primary operaEional base will be/at Bamako, MaIi, where it will be necessary EoconsEruct an aircrafE hangar and workshop/office complex. It is foreseen Ehat. Bamako willnot inltially be responsibLe for major repairs and overhauling of aircraft (Ehis wilI contlnueto be done at Bobo-Dioulasso), but solely for routine and day-eo-day servicing activities.

L.2 Secondarv operaEional bases

As far as possible aircraft will make full use of existlng aeronautical facilities towhich the supply of fuel and insecEicide does not creaEe a big problem in MaIi and Senegal.The airfields identified as being suitable for both helicopcers and fixed-wing aircraft arelisted below:

In Mali (Phase I):

Kayes: can be supplied by rail from BamakoKenieba: can be supplied by road from KayesBafoulabe: can be supplied by rail from Bamako, through the rallway station at tlahinaManantali (Bingassa): can be supplied by road from BafoulabeKita: can be supplied by rail from BamakoIblokani: can be supplled by road from Bamako.

In Se4egal (Phase II):

Tambacounda: can be supplied by rail from DakarKedougou: can be supplled by road from Tambacounda.

1.3 OCP helipads

TentaEive l-ists of places where it will be necessary to construct OCp helipads are givenbe tow

It !,tali (Phase I):

Bafing Makana: can be supplied by road from Bafoulabe-Mahina, via ManantaliTorodo: can be supplied by road from BamakoToukoto: can be supplied by rail from Bamako, and possibly by road from Kita.

In Seneeal (Phase II):

Simenti: can be supplied by road from Tambacounda.

Helipads conscructed in remote andfor sandy areas shouLd be made reasonably durableeither by making a 5 m x 5 m concrete plinth surrounded by 4OO m2 of packed, coarse, gravel,by putting down che gravel wit.hout Ehe concrete ptinth.

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ocPf82.3PaBe 42

1.4 Logistic support

As far as possible heavy duty lift-trucks and railway services will be used to supplyinsecticide and aviation fuel to the secondary operaEional bases and helipads.

In the first instances, four trucks will be required in Mali (two at Bamako, one atBafoulabe and one aE Kayes) , and Ewo in Senegal (at Taurbacounda).

The safe-keeping of rural stocks of lnsectlcide and aviation fuels will be entrusted to1ocal1y-recruited watchmen.

AERIAL OPERATIONS IOGISTICS AITD COSTS

1 Aircraft requiremenEs

For conventional applications of temephos aircraft of che Eype currently employed by theOCP would be acceptable, i.e. a helicopter capable of carrying2OO litres of insecticide and afixed-wing aircraft capable of carrying 600 litres. From a logistic viewpoint, aircrafcr.rith greater load carrying capacities would be advantageous.

2.2 Deployurent of aircraft

A11 aircraft will normally be based at, and operated from, Bamako. However, in order tomake aerial spraying fllght circults as economical as possible, pilots will be required to makerest-over-night sEops at a limited number of secondary operational bases, e.g. Kayes andTambacounda.

2.3 Basic aircraft costs

The costs presented below are those which will be applicable to the OCP during the period1983-85 (boEh years inclusive):

HeLicopters us$

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Basic hourly hiring charge:lOO litres of fuel at $ O37flitre:

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Fixed-w:Lng airc!4fE

Total hourly cost

42237

4s9

(say US$ 460)

44055 .5

Basic hourly hlring charge:15O litres of fuel at $ O 37fti:.rez

ToEal hourly cost: 495.5

(say US$ 5oo)

2.4 Flieht hour requirements and costs

These data are presented in Table 1.

3. INSECTICIDE REQUIREMET{IS

A11 calculaEions for insecticide requirements have been based on the assumption that Ehe

2O7. emulsifiable concentrate of Eemephos which is rouEinely employed in the existing OCP area,or similar, will be used.

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ocPf82.3Page 43

3.1 Temephos requirements for Ehe Phase I zone

Requirements of t.emephos for 11 months of the first year of treatments have beenesEimaEed on a month-by-month basis and presented in Table 2. The total is 117 498 l-icres,but. no contingency provision has been included.

It t"rould therefore be advisable to allow for 13O 000 litres.

Estimated requiremenEs for three subsequenE treatment years are 135 OOO litres annually.

If construction work on the l{anant.ali Dam is completed during any one of the years andbreeding sites on part of che R. Bafing are flooded ouE by che newly creaEed lake, Eherewould be some savings in temephos. AE this stage, iE would be premaEure to try and calculateEhe magnitude of any such savings.

3.2 Iemeoho s requiremenEs for the II zone

Tentative estimates of temephos requirements and costs for the R. Gambia system are39 ooo litres for the first year and 41 ooo litres annually chereafter.

3. 3 ToEal Eemeohos re rements and costs

rn making the following calculations it has been assumed thaE Ehetemephos will be purchased in 1984.

first year's supply of

fhase, zone and Temephostreacment year US dollars(Iitres)

7

7Ph.I-Yr 1

Ph.I-Yr 2

Ph.I-Yr 3

Ph.I-Yr 4

(1e84)

Sub-tocals:

Ph.II-Yr 1 (1985)Ph.II-Yr 2

Ph.II-Yr 3

Sub-totals:

Totals:

MANAGERIAL STAFF

130 000135 000135 000135 000

1 170 000I 309 500L 4t4 260L 527 400

39 00041 00041 000

535 000 5 42t L60

378 300397 700426 400

I 202 400

6 623 560

12 1 000

656 000

4

)An Assiscant Chief of the Vect.or Control Unit (Bamako) will be appoinred wiEhresponsibility for the operations in the Western Extension area. His duties wil-[ befollows:

- permanent liaison with the chief, vcu on atl technical matters;

- coordination and supervision of aerial spraying operations and ent.omologicalevaluaEions, in direct consult.ation with subunit chiefs;

supervision of environmental monitoring in consultation wiEhcontractors and national teams;

as

liaison with the national epidemiological evaluation teams;

the OCP hydrobiological

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ocPfl2.3PaBe 44

- t,ransmission of results to the data recording and analysis service;

- supervision of progress reporEs of the uniEs;

- parE,icipaEion in the training of national personnel.

TheAssistantChief, VCU will visiE the sectors and subsectors as frequently as possiblein order to ensure the best cohesion and the maximum motivation among the teams. He will haveEo initiaEe meetings of the sector chiefs and periodic radio link-ups.

The Aerial Operations Sub-Unit at Bamako nrill be headed by an Aerial Operations Officerwho will r"rork direcEly under the AssiscanE Chief, VCU. Ihe Aerial Operations Officer will beresponsible for:

organizing and supervising aerial operaEions in close collaboraEion with E.he entomologiscin charge of the entomological evaluation work, who will also be based in Bamako;

arranging, in conjunction wiEh the OCP administrat.ion uniE, for che ordering, takingdelivery and distribuEion of insecticides and aircraft fuel;

assisting in working ouE the r.reekly flight plans, deciding on the amounts of insecticldeE.o be applied, and selecting the treatment points;

arranging with appropriate officials of the entomological evaluation unit. and of theresearch t.eam, for Ehe conducting of logistic operations, aeri-al entomologicalevaluaEions and research activiEies requiring the use of aircraft (insecticidesusceptibility tests, collection of saurples for cytoEaxonomic examination, evaluationtrials of adulticides, etc.);

- close liaison wich the OCP's overall Chief of Aerial Operations based in Ouagadougou,and wiEh the Aerial Operations Officer based in Bobo-Dioulasso.

The Aerial OperaEions Officer assigned to Bamako wiLl be assisted by two deputy aerialoperations officers. Initially they will boch be based at Bamako buE evenEually one may beoutposted. They will be responsible for applying the directives of the Aerial OperationsOfficer in the Phase I and II zones. They will liaise closely with Ehe Aerial OperationsOfficer located in Bobo-Dioulasso.

5. APPLIED RESEARCH

It is anEicipated Ehat Ehe Phase I and II zones will be exposed to a Simulium reinvasionphenomenon similar Eo, if not identical to, Ehat which occurs annually in che existing OCP

area.

It is therefore important for che Western Extension area, the same as for the existingOCP area, t.haE effective adulticiding techniques be developed as soon as possible, in order Eo

determine their effectiveness in countering reinvasion problems, which could have seriousepidemiological repercussions. Accordingly, and in support of the current OCP appl-iedresearch prograflrme, provision has been made in Table 1 for addicional helicopter fIight hoursfor adulciciding Eria1s.

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CHAPTER VII

ETNOMOLOG ICAL EVALUAT IONS

IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

1. INIRODUCTION

Plans for entomol-ogical evaluations in the l,lestern Extension area can be drawn uP on Ehe

basis of the meEhods described in Chapter II. As in che exiscing oCP area' Ehese plans are inLarge measure based on the deployment of teams in the field, so thaE caEching Points selectedby ehe entomologists, in consultation wiEh the national epidemiological evaluaEion teams, can

be regularly visiEed.

However, along many sEretches of river in Che Phase I and II zones, where iE is essentialEo conducE entomological evaluations, access roads are either in very bad condition, or,EotalIy non-existenE. D,r.rring the E$ro-year preparatory phase every attemPt wilL be made toimprove and extend the road net$rorks, buE iE is extremely unlikely EhaE toCalty satisfactoryprogress will be made before the cortrnencement of Phase I vector conErol oPerations. Againstthis background of consEraints ic is obvious Ehat conventional enEomological evaluationmethods cannot be effectively implemenEed in all areas. In order to overcome this problemconsiderable flexibilicy will have to be exercised boEh with regard to the tyPes of groundtransport Co be used, and t.o Ehe arrangemenC of vector sampling Procedures. In some extremecases, helicopcers may have to be called in to assist entomological personnel.

2 . ENTOI"IOLOGICAL EVALUATION SIIB.UNIT

All entomological evaluaEion actlviEies will be conducEed by an Entomological EvaluationSub-Unit (EESU) which, like the AerlaL OperaEions Sub-Unit, will be under the direction ofEhe AssistanE Chief, VCU.

The EESU, with headquarters in Bamako, will be headed by a senior enEomologist and anenEomologisE .

The Chief of the EESU will have dlrecE responsibility for the whole evaluation net.workr.riEh Ehe following duties:

selecEion of catching points in cooperation with the sector chiefs, Eheir assistantsand technicians, and with the responsible officlals of the epidemiologicaL evaLuaEionteams ;

coordination of evaLuation acEivities by constant liaison, Eaking che form of visitsand radio contacts with the sector chiefs;

reception of reports from the sector chiefs;

- globa1 weekly and monthly analysis of results on the basis of consolidaced daea sheetsfrom Ehe sector heads; correction of Ehese sheeEs, if required, on the basis of theoriginal data;

- participaEion in the supervision of environmencal monitoring activities;

- permanent technical liaison with the Aeria1 Operations Officer.

2.L Sectors and subsectors

Two sectors will beInformation pertinenE Eo

required for the Phase I zone, and one sector for Ehe Phase II zone.these secEors ls given below.

Responsible for the Baou16-Bakoye river subsysEem and the lowerR. Niger.

IBamako (Phase I zone)

ocPf82.3Page 46

Bamako city, with many facilities and amenities, is already the siEe of an OCp sectorheadquarters. For Ehe Purposes of Ehe Phase I zone it should be a relatively simple matterto expand Ehe Bamako sector by:

- enlarging Ehe present Basrako subsect,or so thatlower R. Niger and the upper R. Baou16;

iE has the capabiliEy of evaluating the

- creating a neq, subsector with headquarters at KiEa,R. Baoul6 and the R. Bakoye.

and responsible for the middle

AlEhough the town of Kita has no electricity and running uater supplies, it is neverthelesssuitable for a subsector headquarters because it is on the railway link and has a goodairfield.

Kayes (Phase I zone): Res ponsible for Ehe rivers Senegal, Faleme and Bafing.

The Eotm of Kayes, is on t.he railway line, ls supplied wiEh electricity and running water,has a good airfield, and always has stocks of vehicle fuel. It is thus more than adequateas a location for a sector headquarters.

Tambacounda (Phase II zone): Responsible for the rivers Faleme and Gambia.

Tambacounda is on the railway line, is supplied with electricity and running water, hasa good airfield and usually good stocks of vehlcle fueI. It is thus adequate for thelocation of a secEor headquarters.

The overall sector and subsector netsrork can be susunarized as follows:

Sector HQ Subsectors

Phase I zone:

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BamakoIGyeslGyesIGyesIGyes

TambacoundaTambacounda

KitaKayesBafoulab6 or MananEaliKeniebaKedougou, Senegal (a cemporary measurefor Phase I evaluations).

TambacoundaKedougou. I

The disEribution of the secEors and subsectors for the Phase I and II zones, togeEherwith predictions for the remaining part of the West,ern Extension area, are illustraced inMap 7.

2.2 Staffing of sectors and subsectors

In preparing the staff lists of the various sector and subsecEor units allowance has beenmade for the fact.s that :

some units will be required to use boats for surveilLance purposes;

some uniEs will require a small road repair Eeam;

laboratory technicians in 6ooe subsectors will have to accompany t,he veccorcollecEors to the field and dissect flies on the spot.

The numbers and categories of staff requlred for sectors and subsectors in the Phase Iand II zones are Presented in Table 3.

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ocPf 82.3Page 47

7

2 3 ResponsibiliEies of and subsecEor chiefs

Under Ehe technical supervision of the Entomological Evaluation Sub-Unit in Bamako,sector chiefs wilI:

- organize the catching nettork in their sector;

- give Ehe chief Eechnicians of Ehe subsectors the necessary instrucEions for the smoothrunning of catching operations and the survey of larval breeding places;

- mainEain permanent contact with their Eechnicians Ehrough visits and radio contact;

- receive infonration by radio on insect catches and dissection;

analyse Ehese results and pass Ehem on to Che Chief, EESU;

check the validity of the catches and dissect.ions recorded on the occasion of frequentvislts;

receive and verify hydrological data and pass them on to Ehe Aerial Operacions Officeror one of his assistants;

- supervise sector administrative acEiviEies.

In addiEion to the subsectors which Ehe sector chiefs will have Eo supervise, each willhave under his supervision:

an adminisEraEive nucleus ;

a Sarage for maintenance and repair of the vehicles of the sectors and subsectors;

- a smalI catching Eeam that will enable hirn, should the need arise, to come Eo theassistance of a subsector chief, or to make periodic checks of the results obtained bythe subsector tearns.

To carry out all these acEivities the secLor chiefs will have to be constanEly on themove, motivating activities and endeavouring to verify Ehe results. Sector assisE.antentomologists will assist sector chiefs in all their duEies. In part.icular, they willmaintain Permanent liaison wiEh t,he chief t.echnicians of the subsectors.

By virtue of their technical- leve1 and their deployment over the area, che chieftechnicians of the subsectors will- be the link between che teams engaged in data collecEionand the higher levels responsible for their analysis and use. Because of chis rhey willplay a major role in the campaign.

Under the direcE supervision of their secEor chief and his assistant, they wilI beresponsible for:

- organizing E.he catching itineraries in their subsector on Ehe bas-is of instructionsreceived from their superiors;

supervising the catches ;

- ensuring the preservati.on of che blackfliesdissection points;

caught, and Eheir rapid desparch Eo Ehe

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- dissecEing the blackflies caughr Eo determine their physiological agewith o. vorvulus; should the need arise, dissections will have to bepoint of capture I

and infecEionperformed at the

7

ocPf82.3Page 48

- enEering the results on record sheeEs and cormunicating Ehem Eo Ehe sector;

- prospecEing of larval breeding places;

- collecting of hydrological daEa and Eheir Eransmission to Ehe sector;

- ensuring that vehicles are in good running order and inmediately informing the sectorBarage mechanic in Ehe evenE of a breakdown;

- assisting the cre$rs of the treatmenE aircrafE as necessary.

Depending on the staff complement, between eight and 15 caEching days a qreek should be

worked at from 1O to 15 poinEs. This will provide good overall coverage of the area,i .e . l8O-2 7O caEching points .

2.4 TimeEable of se cEor act,iviEies

The enEomologists, assistant entomologist.s and technicians for the Phase I sectors and

subsectors should be selected, recruited and sent on a Eraining course (IRTO, Bouak€ and OCP)

so as to cake up their poscs as early as possibLe during the first year of PreParatoryacEiviEies.

For l{ali, one Erained entomologist is available (currently employed by Ehe OCCGE atBafoulabe). An assistant enEomologisE and six technicians (entomol-ogy) witl have to be

recruiEed and trained.

For Senegal, one cechnician (entomology) witl have to be recruited and trained

As soon as they are installed in Eheir respective bases the entomologists, assistantsand Eechnicians will select catching points jointly with the EESU in Bamako.

At Ehese catching points Ehey will train their staff in techniques for the catching and

preservaEion of blackflies and their transPorE Eo Ehe laboratory.

Once the staff have been trained, Ehe subsectors will conrmence regular catchingoperaEions in order Eo obtain Pre-sPray evaluation data (ATP and ABR).

The subsector teams will have to give assistance, in as far as possible, in setting up

and calibrating the hydrological sEations. They will have to learn how to read floodgauges and war.er-leveI recorder curves.

During Eheir field tours they will have Eo check the locaEion of knoqnr breeding placesand bring Ehe records uP Eo date in this connexion.

They will have Eo take parE in every specialized survey (insecticide susceptibility,cytotaxonomy) needed during Ehe preparation of the treaEment phase.

2.5 SecEor require s for vehicles

These are listed in Table 4.

2.6 SecEor requiremenEs for eouioment

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These are listed in Table 5

ocPf82 3

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2.7 R.egqlgements for radio stations

In anticipation of extending the existing OCP radio neEwork into the Western Extensionarea, some long disEance radio checks (on frequency 10.143) were made in January 1982. Theradio links cested, all of which gave sattsfactory resulEs, were:

Bamako-ParakouBamako-HohoeBamako-NiameyBouak6-Niamey

l3OO km

12OO km

1t2O km

1O2O kn

,,

l,

The OCP has requested an additional radio frequency (12.0OO) and if this is approved,very good Eransmissions should be possible EhroughouE the expanded OCP area.

However, anEicipaEing Ehat there may at times be transmlssion problems, iE has beenconsidered advisable to allow for a more poqrerful station to be insEalled in Bamako, toreplace Ehe present. station.

Requirements for radio sEations in the sectors and subsectors of the Phase I and IIzones have been presented in Table 5. The services of a consultant radio engineer will berequired t.o install the new sEations.

3. C'ISOTAXONOMY SIIB.UNIT

In view of the taxonomic complexity of the Western Extension area, and the need EomoniEor very carefully che seasonal movements of different [!q!!g species, it will benecessary to form a smalI cytocaxonomic sub-unit.

This sub-uniEwilloperaEe from a small laboratory in Bamako and will be staffed by

- a cycotaxonomist (a zoology graduate with postgraduaEe training and experience intaxonomic techniques) ;

- a laboratory assisrant (trained by OCP) ;

- a laboratory auxilliary;

- a driver.

The sub-unitwillbe equipped wiEh one four-wheel drive-vehicle, essential laboratoryequipment (ca US$ 6O0O) and will require an annual budget of ca US$ 10 OOO for supplies andoPerating cosEs.

4. DURATION OF PRE.CO}ITROL EVALUATIONS

It is repeatedly stated thac pre-control entomological evaluations should be conductedfor at least one year before the commencement of vector conErol operaEions. In principle,Ehis is an excellent procedure especially if new techniques are being evaluaEed, but iE maynot be altogether necessary in relaEion co che extension of a control technique of provenefficiency from one region Eo anoEher ident.ical region. The aeriaL spraying techniquecurrently used successfully over about 75% of the OCP is a proven technique for dry savannasituations. If the same cechnique (without any variation) is used slightly further r^rest, areduced Pre-control enEomological evaluation may be adequate. Post-treatment evaluat.ionsare very important because, on Ehe basis of the results obEeined, Ehe next Ereatment cycle canbe planned; Pre-treatmenE evaluation data do not influence such planning buE are necessarywhen a complete epidemiological evaluatlon of the control operaEion is required. In the longEerm, the only valid way of evaluaEing the conErol operat.ions is by medical means, notentomological.

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CHAPTER VIII

EPIDEMIOIOGICAL EVALUATIONSIN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

I. I}TTRODUCTION

It is proposed to make use of national teams and staff to carry out epidemiologicalevaluations. However, considerable OCP inputs will be required, for exanple:

(i) for the training of personnel I

(ii) for Ehe provision of equipment and supplies;

(i.ii) to supervise evaluations and to analyse Ehe data collected.

The parEicipation by national teams will conetituEe a direct contrlbucion by the fivecountries to Ehe Western Extension, supplementary to thelr other contributions (premises,acconmodation). However, naEional particlpation impllee certain consErainEs:

(a) CorrecE evaluatlon of the situation calls for a unifted basic meEhodology; thisapplies both to day-to-day and long-term evaluations. The evaluators of the fivecounEries will have Co agree to ablde by specific pro tocols which cannot be altered onany account. The only latitude they rrtll have is Eo add suppleuentary information t,heyconsider useful-.

(b) The intercountry evaluation actlvitles should be coordinated by the OCP Epidemio-logical Unit. This wilL bring together and analyse the data collected. It will seethat regular meeElngs of the teasr leaders are organlzed so that they can discuss che waysand means of implenentation, the difficulties encountered and the needs. These rneet,ingswill also provide an opportunity for refresher tralning and for brieflng by consultants.

(c) The willingness to participate should be reflected in the establishmenc of nationalconrmittees for onchocerciasis control which will organlze ad hoc Eechnical groups.Regular meetings should be organized at the national and inEercountry levels.

National Eeams responsible for the evaluation of endemic onchocerciasis should be set upas soon as Ehe preparaEory phase begins. Their trainlng should attempc to familiarize themwith the techniques developed by OCP for the standardized collecEion of cIlnical,parasitological and ophthalmological data. Data collection of this kind is essential forthe implementation of the extension.

2, SELECTION OF INDICATOR VILI.AGES

The selection of indicator vlllages in accordance lrith established OCP criEeria will be

made as soon as possible (as soon as national Eeams are up to sErength and appropriatelyinstalled) during the preparatory periods.

Initially, in both Mali and Senegal, national Eeams composed of a sociologist and a

stat.istician, wll1 be required to:

identify potential indicator villages ;

census Ehe populations I

- establish sociodemographic records of each vlllage.

Once the necessary infonraElon has been obtalned, national and OCP epidemiologists wll1jointly select the most representatlve indlcator villages which accord with OCP criteria.

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LocPf82.3Page 51

3. POPULATION COVERED BY EVALUATIONS IN INDICATOR VILLAGES

Table 6 gives the distribution of the population to be evaluated during Phases I and IImaking allowance for ineviEable absentees (2O%) who will be noted during successive visitsto t.he indicator villages.

4. EVALUATION TEA},TS

4.1 For parasitoLogical evaluations

Parasitological evaluations will be made aE both che simple and detailed levels

One parasitological team should be able to examine aE leasE 1OO personrfa^y.

The composition of a parasiEology team is:

- I clinician/epidemiologist (team leader),

- 1 census clerk,

- 1 nurse,

- 1 nurse for measuring visual acuity,

- 3 microscopisEs,

- 1 laboratory assistant,

- 3 drivers.

One team will be provided wirh che following vehicle fleet:

- 1 minibus camper (USg 10 OOO),

- I four-wheel-drive vehicle (US$ 13 23O) ,

- I cruck - Saviem Cabine (US$ i6 3OO),

and scientific/technical equipmenr E,o rhe value of USg 16 OOO.

4. 2 For ophrhalmoloeical eva luat ions

ophchalmological examinations will only be made aE rhe detailed evaluaEion leveI.

One Eeam should be able Eo examine approximately 60 peopte/aay.

The composition of an ophthalmological team is:

- 1 clinician/ophrhalmologisr (ream Leader) ,

- 1 nurse specialized in ophthalmology,

- 1 census clerk,

- 2 drivers.

One Eeam will be provided wiEh the following vehicle fleet:

- 1 minibus camper (US$ fO OOO),

- 1 Saviem mobile laboratory (US$ 54 OOO).

ocPf82.3Page 52

5. CAPABILITIES OF NATIOML HEALTH AUTHORITIES

5.1 Simple evaluaEions

Because highly specialized personnel are noE required for parasitological examinations,iE is quite likely that bot.h national health authoriEies will be able Eo provide Eeams forsimple evaluaEions.

Mali does not. have a Eeam aE presenE which could be charged wiEh epidemiologicalevaluations in Ehe West.ern Extension area. However t.he Malian authoriEies are in favour ofche formaEion of such a team, and consider that doing Ehis should not present any graveproblem.

The parasitological unit can probably be formed by staff already available in Bamako(one clinician, one census c1erkr..r,rt""/"nipper, two microscopists and one nurse for visualacuity tests).

Similarly, iE seems likely that the Senegal auEhorities will noc have Eoo muchdifficulcy in finding the necessary scaff.

5.2 DeEaiIed evaluaEions

A number of nurses have been Erained in ophthalmology aE the I.O.T.A., Bamako (seeTable 7) . In Mali, one ophEhalmologist, destined for Ehe operacion [LumiEre'r at Kayes,could be available and if necessary additional staff (mainly nurses) could be drawn fromI .O.T .A.

Wtrile it is fairly certain that the Malian health authorities will be able to providethe ophthalmological expertise required for detaiLed evaluations, iE may noE be so easy forthe Senegalese authorities to do so. This does noE necessarily mean Ehat qualified personneldo not exist, it is jusE that they may not be avaiLable for onchocerciasis investigations.

5.3 OpEions for ophEhalmological evaluaEions

In view of the difficulcies which the naEional health auEhorities may encounter increating efficienE ophthalmological evaluation teams, it is pertinent to consider some

possible alternatives to each government having its ot"rrl team.

The mosE obvious opEions that. can be considered are

(i) Creation of national ophthalmological t.eams which will devoEe only parE of theirEime and energy Eowards the evaluation of onchocerci.asis control operations. However,this might be difficult Eo achieve and, as equipment woutd have to be provided by che

OCP to enable Ehe Eeams to meec OCP requirements, and che same equipment would be used

for other purposes, the cost/benefiC ratio would noE be very favourable.

(ii) CreaEion of one inEercountry Eeam which would have the capability of making therequired evaluaEions in boEh Mali and Senegal. This sysEem would not only allownational participaEion buE would also enable equipment cosEs to be kePE Eo a minimum.

(iii) Creat.ion of a new OCP ophthalmological team r.rhich would conduct evaluations in each

of Che countries. This option would also enable costs to be maintained aE a low levelbut lacks appeal on the grounds that it does not allow any naEional involvemenE.

In conclusion, iE must be sEaEed that as che OCP epidemiological evaluaEion unit willhave the responsibility for supervising evaluacions in Che WesEern Extension area, and may

from time to time be able Eo give assistance in the field, opEion number (ii) above has most

to conunend iE, and is the one which has been used for budget calculations.

If Ehe concept of a single inEercountry Eeam is accepted it would be up to the Malian and

Senegalese authorit.ies Co suggest where iEs headquarEers should be located. LogisCically,Kayes could be a suitable location.

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CHAPTER IX

E NVI RONI,IE I{TAL MONITORING

IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

1. INTRODUCTION

Assessment of the impact of insecticide Ereatments on the non-Earget. aquaEic fauna isof fundament.al imporEance for mainEaining the environmenE at the highest Possible level ofqualiEy.

In this conEext, Ehe ecological surveillance of treated watercourses will take the form ofcontinuous assessmenE of che extent of the impact of the treatmenEs.

The study mechods used will be those developed in OCP and designed, as regards bothinvertebrates and fish:

- to deEermine the faunaL componenEs mosE affecced by the larviciding;

- Eo Eake qualiEative and quantiEative stock of che siEuation during Ehe pre-treatmenEperiod and aE regular inEervals once larviciding has counrenced I

- Eo prevent any adverse effecE considered important with regard to che exiscing biologicalbalances .

The resulcs obtained will have to take inEo consideraEion specific Eaxonomic groups butalso biological conununiEies taken as a represent,ative ecological entity.

IE is certain that the conducEing of hydrobiological surveillance by Malian and

Senegalese teams will entail onerous and costly infrastrucEures, and will require verycareful and detailed coordination. From the scienEific sEandpoi.nt such inEensiEy ofsurveillance is not entirely justified and it would obviously lead to duplicaEion in Ehe

collection of informaEion.

To avoid this situacion developing, it would be realistic to envisage a single int.ercounEryteam which would meeE the requirements of both Mali and Senegal. Such a team could be basedin Kayes and operate Ehrough a substatlon located at. Tambacounda. The monitoringresponsibilities of che t$ro sEations would be as follows:

From Kayes

the River Senegal downsEream from Bafoulabe,

Bafing from Bafing-Makana downstream to Ehe junction of the rivers Bafing andthe RiverBakoye,

the River Faleme from iEs junction with Ehe River Koba-Koye Eo its junction wiEh theRiver Senegal.

From Tambacounda

the River Gambia and it.s main tributaries, the rivers KoulounEou, Niokolo-Koba andTiokoye.

At this poinc iE musE be st.ressed EhaE neither Mali nor Senegal has a hydrobiologicalservice; nor do t.hey have suitably qualified and experienced personnel necessary Eo creaEe aservice or team.

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Initially, a t$ro-year contract should be awarded for hydrobiological surveillance to asuit,ably qualified independent institutlon. Such a contract would be executed under E.hesupervision of an OCP hydrobiologist.

During the first year of the contract national candidates for training would be identifiedand alrarded scholarships (six months for a graduate and three monEhs for a technician) toundergo training at one or more of the following institutions:

- Ehe ORSTOM Hydrobiology Laboratory (Bouak€, Ivory Coast);

- the Aquatic Biology InstituEe at AchimoEa (Ghana);

- the UniversiEy of Dakar (Senegal)

Successful t.rainees would then be assigned to the inE.ercountry team and receive additionalfield Eraining from the hydrobiological monitoring contractor's staff, and from the OCP

hydrobiologist.

Durlng the second year of the contract national hydroblologists would assume increasingresponsibilities in preparation for the tlure, on the expiry of the contract, when they wouldhave to assume ful1 responsibility.

IT{TERCOUMRY MONITORING TEAI,i

.l St.af f requirements

The minimal stafflng of the lntercountry monitoring team is as follows:

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- 2 ichthyologists ))

- 2 invertebraEe biologists )

Contracted expatrlates rrho would be replaced bynationals within two years.

- 5 technical assistants (national)

- 3 fishermen (natlonal)

- 1 clerk/typist (national)

- 3 drivers (national)

The salaries and assoclated allowances of all natlonal staff will be the responsibilityof their respective governmenEs.

2.2 EquipmenE requirements

The equipment. required to escablish the intercountry monitoring team is as follows:

- 2 four-wheel-drive vehicles,

- 2 Peugeot 4O4 pickups,

- 4 dissecting microscopes,

- I microscope Wild Mll or equivalent,

- 4 sets of fish nets (replaced annually),

- 2 light plastic boats,

1

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ocPf82.3Page 55

- 4 ouEboard engines (9.9 or 20 HP),

- 2 tents,

- 2 office calculators,

- 1 cypewriter,

- small items of laboratory and office equipment and supplies.

To ensure che timely commencement of hydrobiologicalmonitoringactiviEies, the OCP willbe responsible for the purchase of the equipment necessary to establish the intercountry E.eam.Thereafter, the governmenEs of Mali and Senegal wiIL be responsible for the replacement of allitems, other than Ehe standardized sampling equipment, if and when required.

3. MONITORING PROCEDURES

3.1 Methods

The hydrobiological monitoring methods to be employed will be the same as those whichhave been approved by the Ecological Group and adopted in the existing OCP area.

3.2 Recordine and lysis of data

Taking into account:

the existenceOCP;

ac WllO headquarters of a data processing and staEistical unit working for

- of the experience accumulated by OCP in the spheres of recording and analysis of resulcs I

the analysis of all hydrobiological dat.a colLected by che intercountry moniEoring team shouldbe conducEed by the OCP data processing team in collaborat.ion wlth national and OCp hydro-biologists. Should some of the data collected and processed in this rray be dlfficult tointerpret the OCP will arrange for Ehem to be appraised by an independent authority.

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CHAPTER X

OPERATIONAL BASE, BAMAKO

1. INIRODUCTION

As a branch of the OCP headquarters, the operat.ional base for the Western ExEension 1,7illbe housed in premises provided by the Government of Mati at Koulouba, Bamako. These premisesare currently occupied by sraff of che rcefWOfOOT projecr.

The operaEional base will be composed of a vector cont,rol unit., an epidemiologicalevaluation unit and an administraEive unit., each of them operating under che direction of, andin close liaison with, respective headquarters uni.ts in Ouagadougou.

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STAFF

Vector Control Unit

The professional staff of this uniE rrill include:

- 1 Assiscant. Chief VCU,

- I aerial operaEions officer,

- I senior enEomologist Lfc evaluations,

- I hydrobiologist,

- 1 entomologist,

- 1 cytotaxonomisE,

- 2 technical officers, Aerial OperaEions,

- I technical officer, Entomological EvaIuaEions,

The minimal requirements for generaL service staff are:

- I administraEive assisEanE,

- 1 secretary,

- 1 cIerk,

- t cl-erk/stenographer ,

- 1 draftsman,

- 4 laboratory assisEanEs (entomology, cytotaxonomy and hydrobiology),

- 9 vector collectors,

- 7 drivers,

- 1 messenger,

- 1 storeman.

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For technical purposes Ehe unit will be subdivided into an Aeria1 Operations Sub-Unit,an Entomological Evaluations Sub-UniE and a Cytotaxonomy Sub-UniE.

The Assistant Chief VCU will be che senior officer having overall resPonsibility for theoperaEional base.

2.2 Epidemiological Evaluation Uni!

This unit witl be composed of one epidemiologisE, one clerk/typist and one driver.

2.3 AdministraEion Unit.

This unit, which will provide Ehe logistic support essential for the implementation ofEhe Western Extension, will be responsible for finance, personnel, supplies, t.ransport andmai.ntenance.

The professional staff of this unit will include an adminisErat,ive officer and anassisEant adminisErative officer.

Minimal requirements for general service staff are:

; 4 administrative assisEants,

- 4 clerks,

- 4 typists,

- 1 scorekeeper,

- I senior mechanic,

- 2 mechanics,

- 1 messenger r

- 1O drivers,

- 3 securicy guards.

3. VEHICLE REQUIREMEMS

The vehicle fleet required for the Bamako operaElonal base will include:

- 8 four-wheel-drive staEion $ragons,

- 2 lifE-trucks for insecEicide and fuel,

- 2 standard Erucks for ordinary supplies,

- 2 vanettes/pickups,

- 5 saloon/estate cars.

It is possible thaE some of these vehicles could be provided from the ICP/MPOfOO1 Projecr.

4. REQUIREMEMS FOR EQUIP},IENT AND SUPPLIES

The premises in Bamako available for the operation base will require additional officefurniture, equipmenc and supplies.

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ocPf 82.3Page 58

CHAPTER XI

BT'DGET

1. INTRODUCTION

A budget has been prepared for a period of six years. For convenience, iE has beenfitted Eo the 1983-1988 calendar period, covering the last three years of the second oCpfunding cycle, and the first three years of the third ocp funding cycle.

Only the first three years of operations have been costed in any detail; the costingsfor the last three years are predictlons on1y.

2. I.IATIOT.IAL CONIR.IBUTIONS

Each of the particiPating governments will be required to contrtbute:

(i) the cost of salaries and related allowances for all national staff concerned withepideniology, hydrology and hydrobiology, according to national salary scales in force;

(ii) the cost of land and buildings required by the ocP as well as recurrent expenditurefor accomrodation, such as rental and cost of electricity, rilater, posEal services and.teleconmunications (where these exisE) ;

(ili) the cost of installing addlrional hydrologlcal srations;

(iv) the cost of building additional roads;

(v) the free use by the OCP of national services of aviation, meteorology, hydrologyand cartography;

(vi) an annual cash contribution, in convertible currency, the size of which will accordwith those currently received from particlpating states of the existing OCP.

While it would be useful to prepare a budget of national contributions, such an exerciseis at presenE impossible in vlew of the rnany unknown factors which currently exist and whicheven the governments themselves are not yet in a position to quantify.

3. INTERT{ATIONAL COIITRIBUTIONS

International- funds will cover the followlng items

(a) the cost of aerial operations including the provision of aircrafc, hangar facilities,helipads and insecEicides;

(b) the cost of radio comunication equlpnentl

(c) the cost of vehicles and relaced transport equipment;

(d) the cost of office and laboratory equipment and furniture, and other equipment,such as generators, garage tools, camping outfits;

(e) all operatlng costs;

(f) part of the costs of extending hydrological networks;

(S) the cost of salaries and related allowances for internatlonal staff andconsultanEs;

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ocPf82.3Page 59

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(i) the cost of training and retraining national personnel;

(j) the cost of any meerings that may be requiredl

(k) the cosE of data collection surveys in Ehe phase rrr zone.

3.1 Guidelines for the preparation of Ehe budAet (exctuding naEional componenE)

The document "t{1to/oce/At oce Plan of Action and Budger for 19g2,,, has been used as aguideline in the preparation of the budget for phase r and rr operations.

costs in US dollars have been calculated on the basis of figures seeming to beappropriate for 1983, as follows:

(i) professional sraff, $ 64 960 increasing annually by L27.;

(ii) general servlce sraff, $ 44gO increasing annually by L27";

(iii) consultants, $ 6272 (one man/month, incLuding travel, stipend and per diem)increasing annually by L2%;

(iv) temephos, g 8.4O per lirre increasing annually by g7";

(v) trainees:

- stipend, $ 9O7 p". .".r/ronth, increasing annually by l2%;- tuiEion, $ 491 increasing annually by gL;

- travel, $ 54o increasing annually by g%.

(vi) vehicles:

- ophthalmology mobile laboratories, $ 54 ooo increasing annualty by g7";

- large heavy duty four-wheel-drive vehicles , $ 27 527 increasing annually by g7";

- all other automobiles, $ 14 2gg increasing annually by g7.;

- boats with outboard engines, $ 34gO increasing annually by g%;

- mobylettes, $ gOO increasing annually by g%.

(vii) large erectric generarors (dieser), $ 7990 increasing annually by g%;

(viii) radio Eransceivers, $ 5O4O increasing annually by g%;

(ix) aircraft hangars, $ 40 ooo increasing annually by approximately g%.

rn making estimates for the six-year budgeting period the following requirements andfactors have been taken into consideration:

(a) only six months'operaEions have been allowed for during the firlt year;(b) radio staEions will be required for all sector and subsecEor headquarcers;

(c) larger four-wheel drive vehicles than currently employed by Ehe ocp will be requiredin all sectors and subsectors;

(d) inaccessible surveillance siEes will have to be reached by boat or mobyleEte;

(e) two professional level staff have been allocaced to each sector headquarters(eventually some of these could be replaced by generaI service staff);

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ocPf 82.3Page 60

(f) Provision has been made for a single intercountry ophthalmological Eeam, buttwo naEional parasitological evaluation teams ;

(g) provision has been made for a single intercountry hydrobiological team;

(h) the research provision covers only applied research on adul-ticiding Eechniquesl

(i) allowance has been made for the purchase of insecticide during the year before theone in which iE is needed;

(j) no insecElcide has been purchased during che sixth year.

3.2 Budgec

Estlmated cost6 for the first three years of the Western Extension in Ehe Phase I and IIzones, are presented in Table 8.

Predicted costs for Ehe flrst six years of the Western ExEension in the Phase I and IIzones are presenEed in Table 9.

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TABLE 4. SECTOR AND SUBSECTOR REQUIREMEX{TS FOR VEHICLESNECESSARY TO COMMENCE ENTOMOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS

IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

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'lTABLE 8. ESTIMATED COSTS FOR THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THEWESTERN EXTENSION IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES

(us DoLLARS, CALCULATED rN JUNE 1gg2)

1

Category Year I Year 2 Year 3 Total

1. Professional scaff

VCIJ (Bamako) ^/*$

^/^$

^/^$

EPI (Bamako)

ADMIN. (Bamako)

EESU sectors:

Phase I ^/^$

,"/^$

Phase II

60324 800

6

32 480

L2

64 960

t264 960

L20727 550

l272 755

24145 5tO

24145 5lO

L272 755

L20814 850

L281 485

24162 972

24L62 972

24L62 972

300L 867 200

30L86 720

60373 442

60373 442

36235 727

Sub - total ,r/^$

90487 200

t92r 164 080

204r 385 25r

4863 036 53r

2. General Service staffVCU (Bamako) ,r/*

$

,r/^$

^/^$

^/^$

,ry'^

$

EPI (Bamako)

ADMIN. (Bamako)

EESU sectors

Phase I

Phase II

L6260 480

I24 480

r8067 200

930347 200

324135 459

24lo o34

360150 5 10

I 608672 278

396165 56r

32415 t 713

24I1 238

408191 0l+6

I 608752 951

792370 854

810347 652

6025 752

948408 756

4 L46L 772 429

1 188536 4L5

Sub - to ta1 */^$

L 284479 360

2 712| 133 842

3 156L 477 802

7 L523 09r oo4

3. Consultants

Radio engineer ,d^$

,r/*$

Environmentalis t

3

18 8163

2L O726

39 888

Sub-cotal ,r/^$

3

18 8163

2L O726

39 888

,d^$

ComponenEI 377

985 3762 907

2 3L8 9943 360

2 863 0537 644

6 L67 423

t

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ocPf82.3Page 69

TABLE 8. ESTIMATED COSTS FOR THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THE

WES'TERN EXTENSION IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES (CONtiNuCd)

r

lr

l.'

p

I

r

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Category Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 To ta1

4. Professional trainingEntomology ,r/^

$

,r/*$

,r/^$

Epidemiology

Hydrobiology

6

6 400

66 400

L212 800

6

7 000

67 000

L214 000

L213 400

L213 400

2426 800

^/^$

Sub-total 2425 600

2428 000

4853 500

5. Technical trainingEncomology d^

$

,r/*$

^/^$

Ep idemio logy

Hydrobio logy

6

LT 664

5

9 720

47 776

3

6 402

5

ro 670

2

4 268

9

18 066

1020 390

6

L2 044

,ry'^

$Sub - to ta1 15

29 L6010

2L 34025

50 500

ComponenE ^/^$

3954 760

3449 340

73lo4 loo

6. Aerial operations

6. I Non-spraying: $

6.2 Spraying:

Phase I, helicopcers $

Phase I, aeroplanes $

27 600 46 000 46 000

828 000

350 000

rr9 600

828 000

350 000

Sub - to ta1 $ 27 600 46 000 L 224 000 L 297 600

7. Insecticides

7.1 Larvicides

Phase I: Litres$

Li cres$

$

Phase II:

7.2 Experimental

130 000I 170 000

5 000

135 000I 309 500

39 000378 300

7 200

2 479 500

378 300

12 200

Sub - co caI $ I 175 000 1 695 000 2 870 000

8. Hydrobiology contract $ 150 000 300 000 r50 000 600 000

ocPf8z.3PaSe 70

I

14. Vehicles

Large 4t'lD

Eye laboratory

Ochers (lorries,vannett.es eEc. )

Moby let tes

Spare parts

Eoars

Sub - cotal

l-5 . Equipmenc

Radio stations

Diesel generators

Petrol generators

[Jacer pumps

TABLE 8. ESTIMATED COSTS FOR THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THEWESTERN EXTENSION IN THE PHASE I AND It ZONES (concinued)

pickups,

No.$

No.$

No.$

No.$

$

No.$

7

36 000

33 L52

2 458

3 763

8 000

$

la

8

4

8

4

4

No

$

No

$

No

$

No

$

$

7

36 000

33 L52

2 458

3 763

16 000

I

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Category Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 To tal

$9. Applied research 10 000 5 000 15 000

Component $ L77 600 I 531 OOO 3 074 000 4 782 600

1O. Operational travel $ 195 000 346 000 385 000 926 000

11. Operations andmaintenance $ 295 000 482 000 570 000 1 347 000

Component $ 490 000 828 000 955 000 2 273 000

12. Buildings:

Aircraft hangar

Helipad facilitiesSeccors and subsecEors

$

$

$

20 000

3 000

35 000

26 000

4 000

40 000

2 000

13 000

46 000

9 000

88 000

Sub - to ta1 $ 58 000 70 000 15 000 143 000

$13. Furniture 9 000 17 000 6 000 32 000

154L2 905

54 000

57L 520

30

5 184

1

40

6

24 000

5 000

118 916

277 758

4

18

65 t84

10 000

32 LO7

16 665

1

1

2

1 866

15 000

563 928

54 000

59865 943

38

5 184

20

I

6

31 050

30 000

L O72 609 411 858 6s 638 1 550 105

llyci ro logical 4 000 4 000

'1

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ocPf82.3Page 7l

IABLE 8. ESTIMATED COSTS FOR THE FIRST THREE YEARS OF THE

WESTERN EISENSION IN THE PHASE I AND II ZONES (continued)

Total

47 00(.J

11 000

1 800

10 000

Category Year I Year 2 Year 3

Laboratory

Camping

Elec rrical fiEringsMisc. small items

$

$

$

$

25 000

6 000

1 000

5 000

10 000

3 000

500

3 000

12 000

2 000

300

2 000

Sub -totaI $ 110 152 30 72L 20 300 L6L L73

Component $ r 249 76L 529 579 106 938 L 886 27E

TOTAL $ 2 957 497 5 256 9L3 6 998 99L 15 213 40re

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