1922. OONGRESSIOr:r AL R.EOORD-SEN ATE. 2371 3!:1~. By 1\lr. 'VOODYARD: Petition of Palestine Council,

No. 33, Junior Order United American Mechanics, of Palestine, W. Ya., and Katherine Taylor, secretary State Council of West Virginia, Daughters of America, of Huntington, W. Ya., favor· ing passage of the Sterling-Towner bill; to the Committee on Education.

3931. By 1\Ir. YOUNG: Petition of Anton Struxness, of 'Vood­w·orth, .1.. T. Dak., and six others, urging the revival of the United State · Grain Corporation, together with the fixing of a guaran­teed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonal>le profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3952. Also, petition of C. P. Skramstad, of Nome, N. Dak., and 18 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Cor­poration together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production pltt'3 a reason­al>le profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3933. AI ·o, petition of Carl Skramstad, of Nome, K. Dak., and 19 others, urging the revival of the United State · Grain Cor­poration, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonal>le profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3934. Also, petition of E. 0. Craig, of Esmond, N. Dak., and 92 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Cor­poration, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wlleat sufficient to cover the cost of production plu · a reason­able profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3935. Also, petition of S. M. Schmid, of ·wishek, -. Da..k:., and 2 others, urging the revival of the United State=< Grain Cor­poration, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reason­able profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3936. Also, petition of John Hill, of Wing, N. Dak., anti 21 others. urging the revival of the United Stutes Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reu~onable profit: to the Committee on Agriculture.

3937. Also, petition of J. L. Pampos, of Bantry, .1.. -. Dak.., and 42 other , urging the revival of the United State · Grain Cor­poration, together with the· fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat . ufficient to cover the cost of production plus a rea on­able profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

393 . Also, petition of Dazey Farmers' Cooperative Elevator Co. nnd 55 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corpot·ation, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat ,·ufficient to cover t11e cost of production pilL~ a reason­able profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3P:i9. Also, petition of J. A. 1\Ioxness, of Bergen, N. Dak., and 81 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Cor­poration, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a rea .. on­::tble profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

.. 39UO .. Also, petition of Edward Fahey, of 1\lapes, N. Dak.. and 46 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Cor­poration, together with the fixing of a guarantero price for whf'nt sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reason­nblf' profit; to thl::' Committee on Agriculture.

SENATE.

FraoAY, February 10, 19~9!.

(J.ertislative day ot 1?-riday, Febnwry 3, 1922.)

'l'ltf' .'en at€' met.. at 11 o'clock a. m., on tlte expiration of the

MES AGE FROM THE HOUSE ..

A u•es. ·age from the House of Representative~. by Mr. Over-11m·, its enrolling clerk, announced that the House Jtatl passed a bill (H. R.. 10267) maldng appropriations for the legislative brnueh of the Government for the fiscal year ending .June 30, 19~:{. and for other purpose.·. in which it requested thl::' concm·­renc<' of the ~enate.

DISPOSITION OF t;SELESS PAPER •.

Tl•e PRESIDE~T pro tempore laid before the Senate a rom­monica tion from the Director of tile Uniteu • 'tate. Yeteran · Bureau transmitting a list of useless record· in that bureau having no historic Yalue and requesting action looking to their disposition, which was referred to a Joint· Select Committee on the Disposition of Useless Papers in the Executive Dl::'partmeltts. The President pro tempore appointed Mr. FRELI~GHUYSE.x and Mr. Joi\"'ES of New Mexico members of the committee on the part of the Senate and ordered that the Secretary notify the Housf' of . Rl::'pl'eSf'ntatiws thereof.

PETITIONS.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a tele­gram in the natul'e of a petition from the general secr·etary of the Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America favor­ing the passage of Senate joint resolution 160, authorizing the extension, for a period of not to exceed 2:> years, of the time for the payment of the principal and interest of the debt in­curred by Austria September 4, 1920, for the purchase of whe.at from the United States Grain Corporation, and for other pur­poses, which was referred to the Committee on Finance.

Mr. FLETCHER presented a petition of sundry citizen ~ , firm., and organizations of Lake 'Vorth, Fla., praying for immediat enactment of legislation to eliminate the war tax on telegrami-1, which was referred to the Committee on Finance.

l\fr. CAPPER presented two petitions of .. undry citizens oC Kinsley, Brooh-ville, and Falun, all in the tate of Kan. as, pray­ing for the enactment of legislation reviving the Government Grain Corporation so as to tabilize prices on certain farm products, which -w-ere referred to the Committee on . grienlture and Forestry.

Mr. LADD presented a resolution adopted l>y the Board or County Commissioners of Bottineau County, ... r. Duk., favorin~ the enactment of legislation appropriating 5,000,000 for the relief of farmers in drought-stricken regions, which waR referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry.

He also pre ented the petitions of J. D. St. Peter, of rarRhull; J. L. Severson and 3 others, of Robinson; Edwin K. Eckre arvl 9 others, of Walcott: E. 0. Nyhous and 27 others, of Ypsilauti and vicinity; W. J. l\Iaddock and 23 others, of Plaza: L. ~ 'olti­mier and 4"7 other , of Valley City; John Nathan and 30 others, of Goodrich; C. Bertel and 35 others, of Windsor and vicinih : Lawrence Mndland and 43 others, of McKenzie and vicinity, all in the State of North Dakota, praying for the enactmf'nt of Jegislation reviving the Government Grain Corporation, Ho a~ to stabilize prices on certain farm products, which were referre;l to the Committee on A.grici11ture and Forestry.

Mr. SW A.!."\" SON presented a joint resolution of the Legisla­ture of virginia, which was referred to the Committee on Inter­state Commerce, as follows : Joint resolution memorializing the Interstate Commerce Commission in

regard to a reduction in freight rates. Whereas the Interstate Commerce Commission is now holding in Wash­

ington a hearing on the question of reduction in freight rates and has invited shippers and other interested in the matter to give testimony;

Whereas carriers by railroad have been granted during the pa. t three years an increase in freight rates of approximately. 80 per cent;

Whereas commodities that constitute a large part of the tonnage han­dled by carriers are selling for about prewar prices, and many of these commodities can not be transported to market on the present freight rate without loss to producer;

Whereas markets where shippers formerly found ready ale for their products must be abandoned and business relations of long tand­ing discontinued as a result of the percentage increase in freight rates; ·

Whereas since water rates have been reduced to practically prewar basis many all-rail shippers must Jose their business or be rumed in competing with those shippers who enjoy water rates;

Whereas industrial plants are closed down or running part time, business is paralyzed, millions of men out of employmE'nt, tonnage handled by railroad carriers bas fallen oft', and nothing ill sight to indicate an improvement in business condition under present high freight rates;

Wht>reas a pyramiding of frE'lght rates is unavoidable in the natural course of commerce (a half dozen freight charges often being made on the same article between producer and con umer) ;

Whereas this multiplicity of freight charges, of approximately 80 per cent more than they were prior to 1917, prevents such a reduction in living cost and rental charges as the present price of a.gricultural products and building material at point of production would seem to warrant; t·ailroads say. wages must be reduced before rates can be cut: labor is t·eluctant to accept a reduction because it bas not seen a material reduction in the cost of living and rental charges; the producer of raw material must ell his product at pre­war price~. and after the product bas traveled the usual avenues of commerce and the multiplicity of freight charges are added to tbP. fit·st o t he must pay for it as a manufactured article at from 50 to 100 per cent more than prewar pdces;

Whereas we believe a sub tantial reduction in ft·eight rates is neces­sary and will materially aid in · bringing about normal business con­ditions: .that it will result in a revival of business and c-onsequent incr!'ased tonnage to the carriers, which increased tonnage will mol'e than oft'~et revenue fl'om rate reduction: ·ow, t herefore, be it Resol !'f'd by tlt e senate (the house of delegates concm:t·ing): First. That the Interstate Commerce Commission be, and berE'IJy is,

memorialized and urged to ot·der a substantial reduction in freight rate .

o.:econd . That our Senator, nnd Repre entatives in Washington be requested to favor the passage of ucb legislation us will enable t he carriers to ret.luce pxpe>n. es. so that employees may be warranted in accepting Iow{'r compen ation by reason of less co t of living ..

Third. That a certified copy of this preamble and these resolutions be tran mittl'd to the Interstate Commerce Commi 'sion and. to· the l\1embers of the .'enat!' and House of Representatives from Virginia.

greed to by thl' . s{'nate .Tanual'y 25, 1922. 0 .. V. ITANGER, Olet·k of Se·nate.

Agre(>(l to lty t be hou,;e of de]{'gate, January 2G, 1922. JNO. w. WII.LIAMS,

Clet·k of llouse of J)elrf}ates . an£l 1\ cctJel· o{ the R.olt.:s of Vir!Ji.nia.

2372 CONGR.ESSIO_r AL R.ECORD-SE_r TE. lPEBRU.ARY 10,

J\.11'. SWANSON presented a- joint resolution of the Legisla- island, creating the A iated F ree ,_tate- Of Porto Rico; to the tuye of Virginia, which was referred to the Committee on Committee on Territorie and Insula.r Pos~e sions. Interstate Commerce, as follows: Jaint resolution memorializing the Congress oi the United States tor

amendments to the act to regu]:lte comm~rce and to the transporta­tion act of 1920.

Whereas the Interstate Commerce Commis~ion has so construed the transportation act of 1920 (generally known. as the Esch-Cummins A.ct) as to cause it to make orders advancing freight rates and passenger tares o.pplicable to intrastate transpoxtation in disre<>a.rd of State laws and the orders of State commissions; and

Whereas such construction of said act is in· dir.ect contra.-vention of the understanding had at the pub-lic hearings on the Esclli-Cummins bill as repeatedly stated by its patron, Senator Cmnu -s, who has con'sistently. stated that the effect of said act was never intended to interfere with the jurisdiction of State commissions over intr:lState rates and fares, except to the extent already defined by the United States Supreme Court in the Shreveport cases; and

'Whereas in certain recent cases the Interstate Cammer~ Commi ion has asserted that under said transportation: act. oi 192.()- it has the same authority over electric railroaiis th-at it has asserted in steam railroad cases, thereby abridging the constitutional regulatory powers of the States; and

Whereas it has shown to be impxacticable for the Interstate Commerce Commission to attempt to su~ervise the distribution of car on an equitable basis as between ind1vidual shippers thxoughout the United States, and there should be some go>ernmimtal authority within reasonable reach to. whichr appeal can· be made to pro.-ide uch equitable distribution of cars; and ·

Wheceas by the said transportation act o.f. 1920 the Interstate Com­merce Commis ion is given exclusive authority to authorize the total abandonment of lines of railroad~ and has. exerct..qed thi authotity at long 1·ange with apparent ln.ck of complete information as to the local condition,~ : Therefore, be it Resol1;ed by the Sc1lat& of Virginia (the Hottsc of Delegates con­

curring) That we mge up1>n our Senators and Representati.e in 9 ol_l­'"ress to 'so amend the existing legislation as to· clearly define and limit the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission so that no intra­sta,te rate or fare may be changed or set aside without proof by com­petent evidence and upon findings of fact made, t hat the ame mjure · a person or persons or a locality or localities, ngaged ill: interstate commerce to such a'n extent as seriously to diminish the business of uch person or persons or sm·iou ly to retard growth and development

of such locality or localities; Resol1;ea ftt-rthe1·, That our Representatives in Conqr e. ' a~·e reque ted

to advocate the incorporation in such amendatory leg1 lation. t~rough the Capper or Nicholson bill or in om other way, a declaration or the purpose of Congre to recognize the rights of the everal States to exercise full and final jurisdiction over all rate for intrastat e trans­portation which do not injm·e persons or localities engaged in in terstate commerce in the manner aforesaid; and

Resolved (ut·ther, That said Repr~ entatives in Congre be r .e!!t­fully urged to advocate such legislation that · the regulatory authontl~s Qf the States may make rea.sono.ble orders andt re:;nlatums, not m conflict with the Federal. law or with lawful orders of !he Interstate Commerce Commission, requiring cars within the respective border of uch States to be equitably di tributed to shippers desirin" ._ame; and

Resolved furtllet·, That· our Representatives in Congre- be r.espect­fully Ul'"ed to advo.cate an a:mendment under the ltl.w G that certificates of conv:rnence ar..d necessity granted by the Inter tate Commerce Com­mis ion shall not purport to r lieve the ca!riers obtaining the sap1e from cvnforming to the laws of the States w1tb respect to construc~on and operation within the State for intrasta-te transportation, or with re T,Ject to· the abandonment of sueh tran portation; an<l

Resolved tm·tlter, That copie of the foregoing preambL and of these r ·olutions b forwarded by; the clerk to each ~.nator and M.e-mbe-r of 1hc Hou e of Representatives in Congre s from Virginia and to the ·hnirmen of the Senate and Hous ommitte('s on Inte-rstate an.d

Foreign Commerce. Agreed to by tll1! , ena.te January 25, 1922.

0. V. H.&..'WER, Ole1·T;; of Senate.

Agreed to by ili Hou & of Del gates Janua-ry 26:. 19:22. . JNO. W. WILLIAMS,

Cle1·1." of House of Delegates and Keeper of tll e Rolls. of Virgin'a.

M1-. NELSO.~: presented a resolution adopted by the board of directors of the Traverse County Farm Bureau, of Wheaton, Minn., favoring enactment of legislation reviving the Govern­ment GTain Corporation · so as to stabilize prices of certain farm pTodncts, which wa referred to the Committ on A"'riculture an~ l Fore. try.

BILI,S INTEODUCED.

Bill: · wer introduced, read the first time, and, by unanimou consent, he second time, and referred a follow :

By Mr. STAl~Y : A bill (S. 3131) granting a pension to Leona J. Johnson; A bill (S. 3132) granting a pen i on to Ma1,-y Ellen Weodward; A bill ( S. 3133) granting a pension to George Pr-ice ; A bill ( S. 3134) granting a pension to George T. Cooney ; and A bill {S. 3135) granting a pension te Charles C. Watson; to

tlle Committee on Pension . By Mr. CAPPER: A bill (S, 3136) to amend the act entitled "An act to fix and

r gulate the salaries of teacher , school officers, and other em­ployees of the Boa1:d of Education of the District of Columbia," · PlJl'O'fed June 20, 1906, and for other purpose ; to the Com­mittee on the District ef Columbia.

BJ1 Mr. KING: A bill ( S . 3137) to declare the purpose of the people of the

United State as to the political status of the people of Porto Rico, and to provide an uutonomou government for the said

AMENDMENT OF DEP'ARTME~ T OF .JU TI CE .U>P.ROPBIATION BILL.

1\Ir. NELSON submitted an a.mendment propo ing to appro· priate $5,000 for salary of the Chief Clerk of the Court of Claims, intended to be proposed by him to the Departments of State and Justice appropriation bill, which was referred tJ the Committee on the Judiciary and ordered to be printed.

l'R.OPOSED ST. LAWREr CE Itl"-'ER I MFRO\!E])IENT.

1\Ir. KING ubmitted the following resolution ( S. Re..., . 235), which was referred to the Committee on Commerce: Wherea the project for-the can~ization of the St. Lawrence River, and

the development of hydxaullc power in connection therewith b~ tween Lake Ontario and the head of tidewater in the St. Lawrence River below the city of Montreal, at the joint expense of the Gov­ernments of the United States and the Dominion of Canada, con­templates that the Government o:f the United States shall con­tribute one-half of the ~ost of the construction of the- necessary channels, dams, locks, and hydraulic works in that portion of the St. Lawrence River between the northern boundary of the State of New York and the mouth of the Rich.elieu River, whlch portion of the St. Lawrence River passes entirely thxough Canadian terri­tory, and upon which the United States has no riparian rights, or righ.1s with. respect to the water power, and has no contact with the bank~ , or with the prol!osed navigable ch.annels, canals, dam , locks or hydraulic works, for which the Government of th~ United States is expected to appropriate one-half of tile cost of construction: Now therefore, be it ' Resolved That it is the en e of the Senutc that, as. a condition

precedent to the Government o~ the United States joining with the Government of the Dominion of Canada in the construction of such works, the Domin!on of Canada cede to the United States the territory lying between th Richelieu River, Lake Champlain, and the northern boandary of the State of New York. including the bank and the bed of the St. Lawrence River tO' the center of the channel thereof, from the point of intersection with the northern boundary of New York to the mouth. ot the Richelieu River, in order that the United States may hecome joint owner with the Dominion, of Canada of the course of the St. Law1·ence River to the head of tidewater below the city of Mon­treal, and joint own-er with the Dominion, of Canada. in the proposed cauals, channels, dam , locks, and hydraulic works, and of all rights of na;igation and of water power a.ppm:tenant th.ereto.

HOUSE Bll.T. REl!ERBED.

The bill (H. R. 10267) making. appropriations for the leJ isla­tive branch of the -Government for the fiscal year- ending June 30, 1923 and for other purposes, was read twice by title and re­ferred to the Committee on Appropriations.

EXECUTITE AND ViDEPfl..~DE..~T OFFICES APPROPRIATIONS.

'.rhe en te, a in Committee of the W.hole, resumed the con-ide-ration of the bill (H. R. 9981) making appropriatioru for

the Executi•e and for sundry independent executive bur nus, boards. commissions, and offices for the fiscal year ending June 30; 1923, and for othe1· purposes.

The PRESIDB.t..~T pro tempore. The Secretar~ will proceed with the reading of the bill.

The reading clerk proceed£d to read the bill. 1\-Ir. BRL"N"DEGEE. l\lr. P esident, a parliamentary jnquiJ.·y.

Last evening when we- took a recess it wa agreed by. unanimous consE'Il:t that the Senato1· from AlalJama [Mr. HEFLIN] was to have the ftoor at the opening of the 8€. sion this morning to proceed with his remarks. . The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair observed that by

unanimous consent the enator from Alabama is entitled to the fioor, but the Senator from Alabama is not here.

l\fr. WARREN. The enator from Alabama notifie<l m~ through his secretary· that he would be unable to finish his speech this morning on account of extreme hoarseness, and I was to say that to the Senate. I was '\.vait:ing. until perhaps we might have a fuller attendance. I wish to say now thtlt the Senator from Alabama is entitled to the fioor, but has relinqui hed it and sent word accordingly. So we may proceed with the appropriation bill.

l\1r. BRANDEGEE. That being cleal'€'0. up . atisfactorily-­l\Ir. HEFLIN entered tlle Chamber. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Alabama

is now pre ent. The Senator from Alabama i entitled to the 1loor.

Mr. HEFLIN. Mr. ·Pre itlent, I informeu the Senator from 'Vyoming [Mr. WARREN] that I did not feel able to go on with my speech this morning and that h might proceed with the bill.

The PRE !DENT pro t mpore. Th S ·rf>tar will proceed with the reading of the bill.

The reading of the bill wa re ume<l. The first amendment of the Committ on Appropriations

wa , on pa.g 3, line 3. in the item for Qffi(' of the Pr . i<lent, to•increa the appropriatioR for printin" n.n<l bindi11g from .. 3,000 to 4,000. _

The amendment was agr eLl to~

1922. CONGRESSI01 ·.t\LI RECORD-SENATE. '2373 The next amendment was, on page 3, line 4, after th'e ward

"traveling," to insert "and official ent.ertainment," so· as ·to make the paragraph read:

Traveling expenses: For traven.ng and official entertainment• expenses ot the President ot the United States. to be expended' in hiS di cretioDI and accounted for on hi cet·tifieate solely, $25,000.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was. on page 3, line 13, to increase the

appropriation for fuel for the Executive Mansion and green-1 houses from • 8,000 to $12,000.

The amendment was ·agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 3, to stDike out lines 17

and 18 in the following words: " For reconstructing one green­house, Executive Mansion, $5,000," and to insert, · ~ For recon­structing greenhouses. Executive Mansion, $6,000.''

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 4, after line 17, to insert:·

ARLI:o;GTOX MEMORIAL BRIDGE CO!IIMISSIOX.

To enable the commission et·eated by section 23 of the public build­ings act approved March 4, 1913, to investigate and report to t Congress • a suitable design for a memorial bridge across the Potomac River from the city ot Washington to a point at or near th& Arlington estate, in the State of Virginia, together with such surveys and· estimates of cost as • they may deem advisable. to be expended under the direction of the commissio'D, and to remain available' until e:q>ended, $25, 000.

The amendment was agreed to•. The next amendment was, on page 5, line 11, to trike out

"$125,000" and insert " 150,000;" so a.· to read•: For carrying on the work of tho Bureau o:t Efficiency. a. a';lthoriz.ed

by- law, including sa1arie · and contingent expense~ ... ; ~upplie~ ; sta: tlonery; purchase and exchange of equlpttn~rrt-; printmg: and. bmdlng ,. traveling expenses; per diem iDt lieu of subsistence; not to .ex-ceed $100 for law bookS, books of r-ete1•ence. antl periodicals; and not to exceed $150 for street car fare; in all. $150.000. .

The amendment wu agreeEt to. 1\fr. WARREN. In the ite'D:i. · for the Bureatt: of Efficiem.:y, on"

page 5, line 14, where the word "one" appears the second time, I move to· amend by ·trtking out ' " one" and in: erting in lieu thereof · " three · ' an() the w<)l•fl "each' " after the numerals~­and in the · same line \'I'll re the wor>d' '· ix.'" occur , to trike out the · word "six" an<:T in. ert' the worn· " eight."

The PRESIDENT pro tempor.e. Tlie•proposed·a.mendrnent. Tlie READING CLEin . On page- 5 line 14, strike out the word

" one " and insert in lieu tllei~f the werd' " three ' ·and the· word " each " after the numeral. . and in: the &'Ullle line . trike out the word" six-" and in.:ert· iir lieu·tbereof the word· " eight," so as to read·:

Three at $4,25'0 each: eight at $4,000 each. The amendment rwa ~ agt·eed to. · The next amendment \vas unde.l!' the ubhe.aru ·'' Civil Servire

Cemmission," on page• 5, line~~ 191, be-f-ore- the 11 wOrd " each," to strike ·out " $5,000 •• and to inser-t '' $6;000;'' and on-llage 6, line 10, to increase the total from ", 305,4::!0" to "$308,420," so as to make the paragraph read·:

CIYLL SERVICF. CO~HUSSLO:o;,

Three commissioners, .at:' $6,000 eo.ch; chief exnminer1 $3,500 ; secre­tary. $2,500: Prot:ided, That the- secretary of the Civil Service Com­mis t: ion shall be deemed an ·employe-e for- thei purpo es of this act·; as· sistnnt chief examiner, $2.400; chief ' dfo llivision~l $2',400 (whOJ shwl act as assistant secretary), 2 a.t $:3.000 ~acb; certification clerk.t $2,000·; examiners-7 at $2,400 each, 3 at l?2,000 each, 6 at $1,8u0 each.; clerks-6 of class 4, 28 of class 3, 3!J of class· 2, 52 of ' class 1, 34 at $1,000 each, 22 at $900 each; messenger. $840'; assistant: rues enger, $720; skilled · laboPer, 720; 4 mes enge-r boys.. at $420- each. Cus­todian force: Engineer, 81:0; general mechanie. $8-!0·; telephone switch­board operator, $720; 2 firemen.' at $720· e:rcb: 2 watchmen, at' $720 eacll; 2 elevator conductors. at $720 .each: 3 laborers; at $660· each; 4 charwomen, at 240 each; in aU, $308-.4.20.

l\1r. CARAWAY. Mr. President, I wish to inquire, with ref­erence to thi amendment, the reason fou inc~:easing: the salaries o'f the Civil Service Commissioners?

Mr. WARREN~ I will state to the 'euator thnt the Budget calls for $7,500 each fot the Civil Se"Dvi.ce ·· Commissione~·s, as their duties are greatly incren.sed. We ha\"e on several occa­sions heretofore attempted to -raJ.se their salaries·, bnt we have not come together m both Hou es. I think without a doubt they are earning the $7,500 which the Budget estiirulte call.s1 for, eSpecially when we consicl~r tllat so many ·of tl:te newer com­missioners, like the Federal Trade Commis ioner~· and others; are paid $10,000, who, of course, hn:vt:- Jess per'hap tor do than• the Civil Service Commissioner .

I will say to the Senator from Arkansas thuu in the· bill the only salaries the committee has recommended to~ be increased are these three to be increased 1.,000 each. and' another one to be increased $400, which is the salary of a man in a verr im­portant office in charge of all of the man)· Go:vernment buitding . and who has a large retinue of men -under hiin~

1\Ir. CARAWAY. I sincerely hope the committee will recede from the propo ed increase of ·alarie of the Civil Service Com~

missioners. With a general cutting of pay of people all over the ~ country whose salaries are small, and with millions of men out of employment, I see no occasion for raising the salaries of commissioners who are receiving now $5,000. The present

1 commissioners are no better men than those who preceded them. ' One -of the greatest men of the Republic served on that com· mis ·ion at $5,000 a year and· raised: no · complaint. Others went thl:ough all the time of increase· of pay generally during the late war, and t11ere was no increase of their pay.

I am going to say now the only unkind thing I have ever said about a man since I have been a Member of ' either branch of Congress, where be was not present to reply. The present Civil Seniee Commissioners are· not entitled to an increase of pay. They are not entitled to it beeaus.e th'ey are not exercising. the fun-ctions of their office with a fair and impartial judicial tem­perament. I know whereof I speak when I say that the com­mission is lending itself to the most outrageous abuses of can­didates for offices in my own State. I speak of no other. They not only are refusing to grade -certain papers so they thereby make Qthers eligible but are refusing to permit anybody to see the papers. Certain papers which were graded and which showed the applicants were not entitled to ratings because · graded as low as 60 per cent were· seen by a politician from my State to haYe had tho e- grades · raised- to 70· or 75 per cent. 1\fen who are entitled to ratings can not get them. They will not pas. on them at an, and will not permit anybody to see the · papers. They are lending themselves to a positive fraud, and I am not going to permit any increase of their pay if I can help it. Of course, I may not be able to prevent it.

I say now irr ·apology that tbis is the only time I have ever said: anything unkind' about anybody, in office or out of office, wh<r· was not able to reply in the nme forum and at the same titne. I realize that it is bad taste, but their conduct is so shocking that it has to be stated. I hope the Senate will not increase the pay of these men who are prostituting their offices for e partisan purposes. I hope the Senator will withdraw the propo ed amendment asking- .fo't· an increase of pay:

:Mr WARREN. I wish to sa~ to..the Senator·from Arkansas that I. could' not· withdraw -'it, · because · it was aeted on by· the full Committee on .A.pprepriations. I think, if the Senator1 wishes, and no one object~ we might lay it aside rmtil we- have a more complete attendance of th-e Senat l

Mr. CARAWAY. I wa going· to suggest tbat. be done · until " others are present, because I do not care now to suggest the absence of a quorum, in order that others might vote upon it.,

l\Ir. W A.RREN: I ask that the amendment may be passed over for the present.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the amendment on page 5, line 19, will be passed over for the pres­ent, and al o the amendment in line 10, page 6, increasing the total.

l\fr. W .A.RREN. I ask that the clerks-at the desk be authorized to correct the totals, where necessary, when we finish the bill.

The PRESIDEl~T pro tempore. 'Vithout objection, it is so ordered.

The next amendment was,. on page G, llne -12 to strike out " $56;780 '' and insert " $1'00,000, ' so as to read :

Fol" additional t>mployec>s for the Civil Se-r icc Commission, $100,{)00; The amendment was · agreed· to. Mr. WARRE~. I desire to· offet· an .amendment at tbis point,.

in order to enable the commission to conduct another line of , investigation. We erred in inserting- that amount in a 'lump sum in this place. I send tO> the desk two amendments, desiring thnt the one which is written in pencil may be :first considered and tl1at which is in typewriting be considered next.

The PRESIDR..~T pro -tempore-. The· Secretary will tate the first amendment proposed by the Senator from Wyoming.

The READING CJ;.E<RK. on~ page 6, line 14, after the word "ex­cept/' it is. propo~ed to trike out " three " and insert in lieu thereof " five."

The PRESIDIDNT pro • tempore. Without objecti-on, the amendment is agreed to. The Secretary will now state the seeond· amendment proposed by the · Senator from Wyoming.

The READ-ING· CLERK'. On·· page 6, tina 14, aftN' the• Vi'ord "each " and· before the period at the ~nd of the line, it is pro- ·. posed to inseJ.~t n colon and the following proviso :

Pro·vided fm·ther, That $40,000 of this amount may be expended only 1

in. connection with all expenses incident to investigation and 1·esear<!h as to the character and training and experience of applicants for examination.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the ' amendment i agreed to.

The readiQg of the bill was resumed·. The next amendment of th<> f'ommittee on Appropriations wa ·, on page 9, line 17'., after the word " commis ion," to insert " by the officer in charge:;

2374 CONGR.ESSIONAL R-ECORD-SENATE. IfEBRu ARY 1 o·, of pu!Jlic buildings and grounds, who shall be the secretary and ~hall act as the executive officer of said commission"; and in lin;} 1!.>, to strike out ·· ~6,000" and to insert "$10,000,'' so as to rend:

Mr. FLETCHER. I desire to announc(> tltat my collen,.,.ue [l\1r. TRAMMELL] is unavoidably absent. I ask that thi::; ~n­nouncement may stand for the day.

Mr. JONES of Washington. I· was requestecl to announce that the Senator from North Dakota [lUr. l\fcCm.rnEn], the Sen­ator from Utah [Mr. SMooT], the Senator from Vermont [Mr. DILLINGHAM], the Senator from Connecticut [1\lr. McLEAN], the Senator from Kansas (l\Ir. CuRTis], and the Senator from In­diana [l\1r. WATSON) are detained from the Senate in attend­ance upon the Committee on Finance.

Fol' expc>nses made necessary by the act entitled ".An act establishing a Commi ion of Fine Arts," approved May 17, 1910, including the purchase of pel·iodicals, maps, and books of reference, to be disbursed on vouchers approved by the commission by the officer in charge of public buildJngs and grounds, who shall b.e the secretary and shall act as the executive officer of said commission, $10,000.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Without objection, the amendment is agreed to. • Mr. :\IcNARY. 1\lr. President, does that amendment con­template an increase in the salaries under the commission?

l\1r. 'VARREN. Oh, no; it is to. cover all expenses. Mr. McNARY. The amendment was stated so hurriedly that

I did not catch its full import. I see now it is as stated by the Senator from 'Vroming.

The reading of the bill was resumed. The next amendment of the Committee on Appropriations

was, under the subhead "Commission of Fine Arts," on page 9, line 19, after the figure~:! "$l0,000," to strike out the proviso in

·the following words : p,·o-r:iclcd, That no per on shall receive compensation hereunder at a

rate exceeding $1,800 per annum and only one person shall be employed at that rate: Provided further, 'l'hat no part of this sum shall be ex­pended foL' traveling expen~es other than those incurred by members of the commission for actual travel only in going to and returning from Washington to attend the lll'eetings of the commission.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was in the items for Employees' Com­

pensation Commission, on page 10, line 7, after the words "spe­cial agents," to insert "2 at $2,000 each"; in line 15, after the word" month," to strike out "$8,000" and to insert "$10,000"; and in the same line, to strike out "$122,940" and to insert "$128,940," o as to read :

EMPLOYEES' COMPEJ\SATIO~ COliiMISSION.

Salaries: Tllree commissioners, at $4,000 each; secretary, $3,000; attorney $41000; chief statistician, $3,500; chief of nccounts, $2,500; assistant chief of accounts, $1,600; accountant. $2,200; claim exam­iner. -chief $2,250, a, sistant $2,000, assistant 1,800, 5 assistants at $1 600 each ; special agents-2 at $2,000 each, 2 at $1,800 each, 2 at $1'600 each; clerks-7 of class 3, 12 of class 2, 27 of class 1, 3 at $l'ooo each; chief telephone operator, $1,000; messenger, $840; experts and temporary assistants in the District of 06lumbia and elsewhere to be paid at a rate not exceedin.,. $8 per day, and temporary clerks, stenographers, or typists in the District of ~olumbia, to be paid at a rate not exceeding . 100 per month, $10,000; m all, $128,940.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 10, line 23, to increase the

appropriation for contingent expenses Employees' Compensa­tion Commi sion from " '19,000" to "$20,000."

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 11, line 6, after the nu­

meral "11," to insert "and advancement of costs for the en­forcement of recoveries provided in section · 26 and 27 where necessary, and not exceeding $25 in any one case ; so as to make the paragraph read : · Employees' compen ation fund: For the paynrent of compensation provided by "An act to provide compensation for employees of the

nited tates sulfering injuries while in the performance of their dutie , and foi' other purpo _es," app!oved Septembe_r 7, Hll.G, including medlcal suraical and hospital services, and supphes provided by sec­tion 9 and {he t~ansportation and burial expenses provided by sections 9 and' 11 and advancement of costs for the enforcement of re<;overies provided in sections 26 and 2T where ~ecessary, and not ~cee?rng $25 in any one case, accruing dunng the fiscal year 1923 or m pnor fiscal years, $2,500,000.

Tile amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 12, line 2, to increase the

appropriation for authorized expenditures of the Federal Trade Commi sion from "$800,000" to "$900,000."

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The question is on the nmendment reported by the Committee on Appropriations.

Mr. 1\IcNAUY. l\Jr. President, it \Vas not tbought that this appropriation bill would come up so early this morning. It contains a nmnber of important items, and many Senators de­sire to be pre~ ent when they are considered. We have reached one . uch item now; and I think it is proper that I suggest the absence of a quorum, in order that absent Senators may be no­tified that we are working on a bill that is of very great im­portance. I therefore uggest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Secretary will call the roll.

The reading clerk called the roll, and the following Senators answered to their names : Branuegee Cameron Capper Caraway Cummins Fletcher Gerry

IT ale Harris Heflin Jones, Wash. Kendrick Keye. McNary

Moses Myers Nelson Norris Oudie Overman Page

Pepper Phipps Sheppard Wadsworth · Wan·en Williams

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Twenty-seven Senators have answered to their names. There is not a quorum present. The Secretary will call the names of the absent Senators.

'l'he r<>ading clerk called the names of the absent Senators and the following Senators answereu to their names whe~ called:

~i!\?o~1: Newberry Sutherland Watson, Ga. The following Senators enter~d the Chamber anu answ~red .

to their names: Ball Ernst Lodge Stanley Borah Fernald Ransdell Colt La Follette Stnnfield

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Forty-two Senator h:we answered to their names. There is not a quorum present.

:Mr. WARREN. I move that the Sergeant at Arms be directed to request the attendance of absent Senators.

The motion was agreed to. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Sergeant at Arms will

execute the order of the Senate. The following Senators entered the Chamber and answered

to their names : Bm·sum Harreld Jones, N.Mex. Rterling Culberson Kenyon Pittman Weller Frelinghuysen King Simmons

1\fr. CARAWAY. I desire to announce that the junior Sena­tor from South Carolina [Mr. DIAL] is detained by illness.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Fifty-three Senators lln.ve ans\'\'ered to their names. There is a quorum present. The :-3ec­retary will state the pending amendment.

The READING CLERK. On page 12, line 2, after the word " act," it is proposed to strike out " $800,000 " and insert " $900,000. '

The amendment was agreed to. The READI G CLERK. On page 12 the committee proposes to

strike out lines 4 to 24, both inclusive, and on page 13 lines 1 to 14, both inclusive, and in lieu thereof to insert :

· For ca1;rying out the provisions of the act of June 10, 1921, estab­lishing the General Accounting Office, i~cluqing salaries o~ officers . a!ld employees traveling expenses and per dtem ID lieu of subststence wh1le absent on 'official business outside the District of Columbia not to exceed $50,000, rent, purchase, and exchange of books, and contingent an!l mi -ccllaneous expenses, $2,496,101.

Mr. KING. Mr. President, before considering that item, I aive notice that I shall move-! shall not press the motion ~ow-to reconsider the vote by which, on page 5, the amount of $125,000 was increased to $150,000, and various other cb::mges of which I have not been advised were made.

I should like to inquire whether the item under the llea•l of "Civil Service Commission" has been disposed of?

The PRESIDENT p.ro tempore. The amendment on line 19, page 5, was passed over.

l\fr. WARREN. I will say to the Senator that the matter of salaries of the commissioners was passed over.

l\Ir. KING. I shall not press it at this time, but I give_ notice that before the bill is passed I shall submit that motiOn. I understand that it is necessary to give notice of a motion to reconsider within the calendar day.

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator move to reconsider or simply give notice that he will do so?

Mr. KING. I give notice that I will do so. . :Mr WARREN. The Senator, as I understand, g1ves notice

that ~t a later time he will move for reconsidera~ion. . Mr. KING. Yes~ I do not want to interfere wtth the 1tem

now being considered. Now, I should like to ask the Senator having. ~he bill in

charge to explain to the Senate the reason for . tr1kmg out ~ll of the matter found on page 12 and page 13 down to and m­cluding line 14, and substituting in lieu thereof tl1e general pro­vision for $2,496,101.

Mr. WARREN. Mr. President, I am ver! g_lad to re pou~l to that inquiry. In fact, I intended to explarn 1t anyway. 'Ihat is for the Comptroller General's office, which, as the • 'enat~r well knows, is a new office. When that office wa.· createu ~~ was a consolidation of all of the ac(.·ountiug of the G~Yern­ment-for instance all of the auditors nml others-and 1t ex­tended into a very iarge number of men. While it cnt down the

1922. CONGRESSIO~TAL RECORD-SENATE. 2375 total amount necessary, and ·was in the line of economy gen· erally. it wa the assembling of various interests and various kind.· of work, all pointing to the ·one matter of the general accounting of the Government.

Some of the officials -continued under . the. old salaries and some of them were suspended, and the. Oomptroller General has managed the offi.ce with less money than was required with the regular lines of employment heretofore obtaining. In other words, he has. saved money, and necessarily, when he started, there had to be a lump-sum ap:propriation. I think the Senator knows that the Committee on Appropriations and the Senate, and especially the chairman of the committee, are irrevocably opposed to lump-sum appropriations where they do not reduce expenses or where they are avoidable. In this matter the sub­committee of the House and the full committee passed the item exactly as we are undertaking to restore it, but when it got on the floor before the bill was passed it was stricken out, and this long line of statutory places was inserted instead. The Comptroller General said this would be a very delightful ar­rangement if his department were fully established and we coul<l afford those salaries, but at the present time and for the next year it would cost them considerably more to handle it until they could get a little more consolidation, to which I will refer in a moment. So, from his evidence, to which the Senator may refer if he wishes to do so, it was made very plain that by using men at lower salaries for certain work which could be done, filing, and so forth, he would have more help for the same -amount of money than he would have if we provided for this line of statutory salaries.

Furthermore, we are entering upon the consideration of a general reclassification, as the Senator knows, which would take in this department with all the others ; so it would seem as if, taking everything into consideration, we ought to respond to the Comptroller General's wish this one year and make the item as it was first provided for by the House committee, be­cause it looks to me as if by that course we would save a goou deal of money.

In tl1is connection I wish to say that at this time the em­ployees of this establishment are necessari1y housed in 17 or 19 different buildings, but they are assembling them as fast as they can. There is one building which has now been relinquished, a building which I think the Navy Department had, the Walker­Johnson Building. which has been rented for years to the United States and is under lease until July. The Comptroller General said he was anxious to go into that building and that he had arranged with the proper committee to go into it, but to move in now and to move out on the 1st of July would be a great inconV"enience, and he wished to make a new lease, which would cost anywhere from $25,000 to .$30;000; so we added $27,500 to the House appr-opriation. That is the -only difference between the appropriation we have recommended and the bill as it passed the House in regard to this one item.

In this connection I will state that one of the office of the Comptroller General has been in the new annex of the Treasury Department, and he states that when they turned over the auditing of the various establishments the upper story of that building was packed full of sackS of mail, including checks by the tens of thousands, and vatious paper · which were in mail sack. unopened and which had not yet been checked ·up and examined and filed. That occasioned the employment of many men at not high salaries, but that work will be cleaned up during the coming year. ·

Mr. KING. Mr. President, there may be sufficient reasons to justify this departure from accepted practice and rule. I have heard the Senator from Wyoming, as well as other Senators frequently declaim against the unwisdom of lump-sum appro~ priations.

1\fr. WARREN. The Senator is right about tlurt. In this case it is not a change; it is simply continuing for one year more, only the second year, this proposition of a lump sum.

1\fr. KING. During the last administration, when we were in ·tile war and immediately following the war, a policy was adopted with r-espect to some of the new executive agencies and administrative bodies of making appropriations in lump sums to meet the expenses of such agencies. Our Republican friends criticized very severely what they stated was a departure from accepted practice, and I sympathized entirely with their criti­cism ; indeed, supported them in their criticism. They declared that that policy would lead to waste and extravagance and to the employment of inefficient persons. Undoubtedly there was much truth· in this charge. I believe many inefficient persons were employed afid that there was extravagance in the ad­ministration of some of these bureaus and new Federal agencies. Large salaries were paid in many of the executive agencies which were created, much larger than in the established depart-

ment · _of the. Governmen~ and it was not unu ual to find in the same building an individual doing a giYen class of work at a salary of $1,500 or $2,()()() or $3,000 and another· person doing exactly the same character of work receiving double that com-

. pensation. · That ~vil ~rew out of the " lump-sum " appropriation plan, a

plan which unposes no proper restrictions or limitations upon those charged with their expenditure. And now the Senator from 'Vyoming, who is -doing most excellent work in keeping down approptiations, accepts that which he has condemned and characterized in the preceding administration as unwise arid indefensible; he is now perpetuating a policy which he declaimed against with so much vigor, and, as I believe with so much justice. His explanation seems plausible as o'ne iistens to it, and if one had ample time to examine it care:fuily and compare existing conditions with the reasons alleged, it might be found to be warranted; but I confess, Mr. President not­withstanding the explanation which he has made, that 'r am not converted to his view.

I am not able to understand why officials who are assigned certain work to do in this new agency or under this particular branch of the Go\ernment should be differentiated from em­ployees in other branches of the Government who are perform­ing like service.

It seems to me, l\fr. President, that this enormous appropria­tion, $2,496,000, for this one branch of the service is entirely too great. I understood from the Senator that the work was greater now, or might be greater, than in the past.

Mr. WARREN. No; Mr. President. Mr. KING. I may be in error in regard to that inference. Mr. WARREN. I think the Senator overlooks the fact that

there were six different large establishments of auditors alone which have been done away with by this combination, and the business of those different auditors has been taken cl1arge of by this new office. The Senator will remember that the law was passed only a short time ago, late last year, and the reorganization has been canied on with all the rapidity we could expect; but of course there is the checking up of the different departments, which we had held down pretty close in our appropiiations, and this will be only for the one year, as I said before.

I do not know what th~ House will do if this is agreed to. There still will be the conference committee to consider it ; but the House adopted this long amendment, and of course it wa. · against the wish of the House committee, and I was convinced, after looking into the facts and taking the evidence, that this was the best thing to do, so we have inserted it and will let it go to conference.

1\Ir. OVERl\fAl~. 1\Ir. Pre ident, it is well known that I haYe been fighting lump-sum appropriations for years, and we suc­ceeded before the war in abolishing practically all of them ; but from the testimony before the committee I am satisfied that for one year only it is necessary to have this lump-sum appro­priation. It is agreed this will go only through this year, until the matter can be arranged. It will save money to the Gov­ernment. As the Senator from Wyoming has said, they have 10 or 15 buildings in this city where work was being done under the old auditing system. We have abolished all those different offices and put them all under the one system, and are going to try to get them into one building if we can. There are thousands and thousands of checks which have been sent out which are in bags stored away, and there are also all kinds of documents which ought to be filed. If we have to employ people at large salaries to do that, as under this proposed system we would haYe to do, it would be wrong and cost a great deal of unnecessary expense, when you can hire men for eight or nine hundred dollars to attend to the filing of the checks.

The Comptroller General has said that this will be an ideal system of salaries when he gets his department organized, but while 'te are going: through this evolution, or period of reor­ganization, we can employ m.en at much lower salaries than are fixed here. The Comptroller General does not propose to in­crease one man's salary, but he proposes to employ a lot of men at smaller sa.laties than are indicated in the House pro­vision.

Under this new rstem, by which we abolished all the auditing offices, we left the comptroller' with 10 large buildings filled with records, and he is trying to get them under one sy tern, and he says he can employ men at lower' salaries than those fixed by the House. That is the reason why I am supporting this amendment.

1\fr. FLE'ftJHER. 1\fr. President, I g.:'l.tlter from what the Sen­ator from Wyoming said that we do not really ~ave anythin.g by it, because this lump.-sum appropriation of $2,496,101--

2376 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN.A.TE. FEBRUARY 10,

Mr. OVERMAN. '.rhe amount is the same, as far as that is concerned.

Mr. FLETCHER. No; I think the Senator is wrong. Mr. WARREN. I said there was $27,500 additional for the

rent of this new building, to be available after the 1st of July. · 1\Ir. FLETCHER. Then the lump sum of $2,496,101 is ~27,500

more than the item~ in the Hou e provision would aggregate? l\:lr. OVERMAN. Thi includes the rent of one building, and

the Comptroller General must have another building. .Mr. FLETCHER. It is really an increase over the House

e ·timate. Mr. OVERl\IAl'l. Not as to the system I have been talking

about. That is imply for the rent of a building. Mr. WARREN. Perhaps I did not explain that fully. The

Senator is correct as to the amount the Comptroller General ueeru ueces. ary to have expended, but he will .employ 20 or 30 or more men for the same money if he does not have to pay the lar·ge salaries which are included in the proposed statutory plan.

1\Ir. FLETCHER. What I was trying to get at was the tlif­ference between thi · . total amount, the lump sum.J and the amount of appropriation under the House provision.

1\Ir. 'YARHEN. The diffe:r:ence is $27,500; and that is to cover the rent of a building.

Mr. KING. If it is merely desired to employ a larger number of individuals to do what might be denominated temporary clerical ·ork and a less number of higher paid employees, that could f>asily be accomplished by eliminating from the House text a number of item , covering what are called higher grade men, who, I under·tan<l, are not desired, and then provide for the employment of 20 or 30 or 40 individuals, or whatever num­ber i. nece ary, at a compensation not to exceed a certain amount, the aggregate being within the total appropriation pro­vided in this bill.

::\lr. VEHl\L<\.N. Will the Senator let me read one para­graph just at thi point?

l\lr. KING. Let me ay that I have read all the testi­mony taken hefore the Hou e committee and. the Senate com­mittee.

1\fr. OVERMAN. Probably the Senate ought to hear it. The omptroller General said : To iJlustratr what I mean by negleCt, when we came into existence

on July 1 of last \'ear w discovered in the Veterans' Bureau alone about i1,000,000 f:hecks i 'ued by the old War Risk Bureau that were in mail sacks and never bad been sorted, and thousands of requests from oldier. , from ~!embers of the Senate and Members of the llouse, and ft·om relative of soldiers asking about payments that should have been made during the progre s of the war.

::.'Hr. -·.-utA WAY. Doe· the Senator mean that there are 11,000,000 cheC'ks or el!ec:k.· amounting to $11,000,000?

Mr. OVERlHA..~. J<JleYen million check . l\lr. WARREN. Ele>en million in number. Mr. OVERMAN. And they are stored there now in old .·acks

nnd bacr._ , and he ha · to get them and sort them out. He said further:

We could not an. wer those reque ·ts for information, because we ('OUld not find the checks. We u. ed all the cheap labor we had, and hired some other cheap labor. We pay $900 and $1.000 a year for tho;; • check orters; and we rushed that work, realizing that it was the right thing to do not to keep the ·soldiers out of information or money that was coming to them, with the result that now those checks at·c all • or ted, and we are in a position to give 15-minute service on anv inquiry coming to u · with reference to any pnyment due to a oidier from the beginning of the war up to the present moment.

l\Ir. KING. Let me say to the Senator that the evil of which JJe now complains, or rather the condition to which be refers, wa. brought about by this very policy. We appropriated large smns for the Bureau of War Risk Insurance when l\lr. Cbol­meley Jones and others were in charge; these sum amounted to hundred of million of dollars. It was intended tbat the di abled soldiers and theil: dependents should be amply pro­vided for, and that those entitled to irumrance benefits . hould be f11lly paid. I am afraid that in the administration of the law there were too many employees-high-priced men and low­priced men-too much machinery, too much red tape. Inefficiency manife ted it elf and waste resulted. These checks referred to by the Senator from North Carolina accumulated and many soldiers who were entitled to relief were denied for indefinite periods that which was clearly their due. There is still in­efficiency and waste, if I am to believe all the reports brought to my attention, in the administration of the laws dealing with the Veterans' Bureau and the hospitalization plan of the Govern­ment. It is now proposed to continue the lump-sum plan and permit the employment, practically without limit, of thou ands of employee to administer the law.

Mr. OVERMAN. Suppo e that to be true, it is no answer to the propo ition we haYe before u . Since the present official has boon in charge of .this system, with $10,000,000 anu 10

different combinations all put unue~ him and all this chaos turned. over to him, he must meet that situation. That has been done since the In t up propria tion. If the previous offi­cials were at fault, and perhaps they were, as the Senator says, the present official ought not to be held responsible for it.

:Mr. KING. The lump-sum appropriation is re ponsible for the chaos, and now the Senator thinks a lump-sum appropi·ia­tion will relieve us of chaos. · Mr. OVERl\IAN. I do not know whether it will or not.

Mr. KING. If a lump-sum appropriation prouuces chaos, 1 t us hope that a lump- urn appropriation will eliminate chao? on the theory that like cure.c; like. The Senator will remember the Latin maxim, similia . ·imilibus curantur.

I believe it is exceedingly unwise, and I register my prote t against the policy that looks to a continuation of the lump-sum plan. If the arguments in favor of it exist here, then the argu­ment will be much strongei· for the maintenance of such a pol­icy, anu this will be pointed to as a precedent to continue the policy of lump-sum appropriations when the bill to reorganize the departments and coordinate agencies is before us for con­sideration. · Mr. OVERMAN. It will never be continued, so far as that i concerned.

1\lr. KING. While it is not particularly pertinent to the pending amendment, it is pertinent to the bill as a whole, and I should like to inquire of the Senator having the bill in charge whether he can advise us as to the comparative cost of all U1e agencies, departments, bureaus, and instrumentalities proYicled for in the pending bill and the same agencies, bureaus, depart­ments, and instrumentalities for the present fiscal year an<l the preceding fiscal year. I am not making any criticism, bnt the Senator will see that under the report submitted it is impo' ~ iiJle to institute a comparison. between the various agencie · and departments for the coming year .and the agencies and depart­ment for the past year. Because of this consolidation and co­ordinating we can not say that the cost for any particular item was the same la t year a · this year, because that item may he merged with . orne other item, but in the aggrecrate covering the same governmental agencie , the arne go>ernmental aillnin 's­tration. Will the Senator advise us whether there haYe been any economies or whether the arne amount in the aggregate is found in this bill as in the bill for the present fiscal year?

~lr. WARREN. The amount appropriated by the pendinoo bill L larger than ever before, because of the immen. c addition for disabled soldiers; that is, compensation, >Ocational trainincr, and hospitalization. I think I have exactly the figures. The amount in the pending bill for the purposes I ha>e mentioned is ~406,038,843.45. Then there is an item for the Shipping Board and the Emergency Fleet Corporation of $100,459,000. 'l'IJo o

two amount together to over a half billion dollars, and yet the smaller amounts we are passing on here, small in compari. on, are all lower than or, if not lower, only equal to what '"e haye spent heretofore. The Senator naturally in his compari~ons must make allowance for the~e t"·o large sum.·.

:Mr. President, I wish to ay a word about the matter of the disabled soldiers. It may be unaYoidable, but in my opinion some of thi money should not be expended. It senes no go)J purpose. I believe that every disabled soldier should ha>e e\·ery possible care that is needed, but when it come. to having 3~.000 to 35,000 in the hospitals, where hunureds of them are adjudged by the physicians who care for them to be sufficiently recoYered to go out into the world, it seems that the various appropria­tions '"'e have made, as the result of one Sweet bill after anothet·, have gotten the pay so high that the compensation for a man with a family or even a single man, added to his allowance for vocational education, for hospitalization, and. general support, is more than be can earn in any other way, and so it snits some of them better to live in a hospital than elsewhere.

We never had an army, and probably never will have, but what there will be some "coffee coolers." There have been some men even in the volunteer service whom we have had to watch, and still more, perhaps, in a drafted service. They were the first ones after the Civil War, and all other wars, who called for help from the Government, because the young meu and the old men of vigor and honesty seek to support them­selves, if able, rathe1· than to rely upon the Government.

I wish it distinctly understood that not a word of what I am saying applies to those noble be1·oe who actually neeu and ought to have the support of the Govei:nment. I have no desire to stint or in any way to take from that which is necessary for them. But the latest maneuver, if I may be allowed to say it, is a proposition which I believe came over in the last so-called Sweet bill, which proposes to decentralize the Government Veterans' Bureau and place a lot of depots or district officP.s about the countrr. I ha11p neu to !mow of one of them in an-

1922. CONGRESSION.A.L }\ECORD-SENATE~ 2~77.

other State where there are between four and five hundred clerks, where they use three upper stories in a very large office building for the . clerks, p·aying rent amounting to more than $50,000 per annum. Salaries start with fi>e or s~ thou­sand dollars for the head, and go on down. When we multi­ply that by 14, and then calculate what good they have accom.: plished, ·we :fii:ul that the work all has to come back ·here to 'Vashin.gton after all. ·

Every soldier who feels that he bas been wronged or is not receiving compensation enough through his local agency writes to his Senator or his Representative in Congress, and that Sen­ator or Representative, without knowing what the situation is, turns the letter over to his clerk and tells him to write down to Col. Forbes and recommend that this man have whatever he asks for. I ·have said to Director Forbes, as others have said to him, that if every request of that kind that comes from my office should be turned down, if it was done upon examination and then turned down, I would be satisfied; but the report comes from that office that "Members of the House and Senate are our superiors, and they demand these things of us, and we are satisfying them as well as we can, but we will acknowledge that tllere are funds creeping out that should not perhaps be paid out."

I notice that the director and his assistants were outsppken in their opinion that decentralization is not a success, and calls for $19,000,000 or $20,000,000 a year more just to carry out the idea of having these institutions nearer, in a theoretical way, but not a practical way, to the men who are to receive the benefactions.

l\fr. KING. With the item of appropriations to care for disabled soldiers I am entirely in sympathy, but I have had many complaints from yarious parts of the United States of . the vast amount of machinery employed in the administration of the vocational rehabilitation act and in the distribution of funds to disabled soldiers. I believe that the cost is entirely too much; that the o>erhead expenses can not be defended. In my opinion millions are wasted in superfluous machinery and in paying the salaries of inefficient and incompetent officials, as well as thousands who are wholly unnecessary.

I received word quite recently of the fact that in one city, which I shall not name, the officials administering the law de­manded the most expensive office building in the city, though it resulted in turning out tenants who had been there for years. They demanded the building, said the Government must have jt, took three or four floors of this costly and expensive building, and placed a large number of employees ·therein. I was told by one of the leading Republicans of the city that 50 per cent of the persons so employed were not needed.

The Government is imposed upon, and thousands of persons are placed in executive positions when they are not needed.

There never was a situation which so called for economy and retrenchment as that which the Government finds itself in.

1\Ir. OVERlVlAN. One instance given the committee, as I recollect it, was that of a man who got a hundred dollars a month compensation and was drawing $5,000 a year · in outside employment.

Mr. KING. I was not commenting upon those who are re­ceiving funds from the Government because of injuries. I was criticizing the enormous amount paid for administration. The Senator will correct me if I am in error, but there are hundreds and, indeed, thousands of officials of the Government employed in distl'ibuting this money to the needy-to those who are en­titled to it. Thousands are employed where there should be but hundreds. ·

Mr. OVERMAN. There is where there is need of reform, and I wish the Senator would endeavor to bring it about. This decentralization has cost, as the Senator has stated, about $19,000,000 ; and I do not get half the service I did when the work was performed here in Washington. When I write for information to the bureau my letter is sent to Atlanta; an ex­amin·ation is made there, and then another examination is made here, and the correspondence goes from one place to another, and one never gets anywhere. I haYe seen similar criticisms in some of our newspapers of the bureau becau.se of the policy of decentralization and the consequent difficulty former soldiers have in getting examinations. There is so much red tape about it that it is almost impossible to get any relief at all for the men who need it.

:Mr. KING. · It seems to me that Congress ought to address itself to the question of reforming the administration of this great bureau. No one desires to restrict appropriations for the wounded and the disabled. They should be liberally compen­sated for the injuries which they received in the service of their country; but, I repeat, there is too much expense in connection

LXII--150

with the administration of the ·law; there is too much money wasted and there are too . many employees of the Government engaged in distributing the money to those who are entitled to it. ·

Mr. OVERMAN. The Senator from Utah is right about that. There is where the trouble lies. ,

Mr. FERNALD. Mr. President, while my friends are looking over the printed ·matter in connection with this subject, I desire .to make a few suggestions which, it seems to me, may be very pertinent at this time. I quite agree with the criticism which has been offered by the Senator from Utah [Mr. Kll.';-G] in reference to many of these questions. I am in full sym­pathy with cutting down the number of employees in the differ­ent departments of -the Government. .A.t one time we had something like 112,000 or 115,000 employees. That number, bow­ever, has now been reduced to between 77,000 and 80,000, as I re~a ·

Mr. KING. Why do we not reduce the number to about 40,000, the same·as it was before the World War?

Mr. FERNALD. I was about to make a suggestion along the line of the question of the Senator from Utah. There is no reason in the world why we should not reduce the number of Government employees to less than 50,000 in the next three months. However, I desire to say to my friend from Utah that I think these matters should be taken up before the committees, and that Senators should make their criticisms there rather than on the floor of the Senate. I do not take much time in the discussion of matters on the floor ; but, as my colleagues on , various committees will witness and recall, I do attend com­mittee meetings pretty faithfully. I wish to say to my friend

·from Utah-and I feel sul"e that he will heartily agree with what I have to say-that many economies may be effected by bringing these mat:ters to the attention of the proper committees, I am going to take a few moments to state exactly what has been done in that regard in the committee of which I happen to be chairman.

That committee-the Committee on Public Buildings an(l Grounds-in years gone by has spent many million dollars; but in the three :years during which I have been the chairman of that committee we have not spent a single dollar.

I desire to say that that committee has also had charge of the United States Housing Corporation, and it has been a troublesome business. That corporation operates the dormi­tories behveen here and the Union Station, which take care of more than 1,800 girls. In the operation of that business we turned over. to the Government last year $25,000, which was derived from a profit of 1 cent on each meal furnished to each girl. That, r think, is a most remarkable showing. As re­ported the bill which the Senate now has urider consideration cuts the appropriation of 1920 for the Housing Corporation from $250,0()0 to a little less than $70,000. I myself have been over every item of expense which is to be incurred for the officers and clerks and all those who are connected . with the Housing Corporation.

l\lr. KING. Will the Senator yield to me? Mr. FERNALD. Yes. . 1\Ir. KING. As I recall reading the pending ·bill on yesterday,

there is considerably more than $1,000,000 carried in the bill for the Housing Corporation.

Mr. FERNALD. Yes. Mr. KI~G. The Senator from Maine now says that there

has been a profit of $25,000 in its operation. Mr. FERNALD. Yes. Mr. KIKG. The Senator, of course, does not take into ac­

count the interest upon the capital which was invested, and the money which the Government spent, running into many millions of dollars, in the Housing Corporation.

Mr. FERNALD. No. That was before my chairmanship of the committee, and that expenditure seemed necessary during the war period. .

Mr. KING. Neither bas the Senator taken into account the item of deterioration.

Mr. FERNALD. Xo; but I want the Senator from Utah to wait for just a moment until I get through, for I am not ad>o­cating the Government going into that sort of business. I have always maintained when those buildings need to be repaired to any great extent it will be necessary for the Government to go out of that business, for, in my judgment, the Government can not conduct any kind of business successfully.

However, I merely wish to call the Senator's attention to the fact that in the case of all of the Government depart­ments, if everybody connected with them, and particularly the committees of Congress, should uhdertake to cut down the appropriations, that result may be accomplished. The appro-

·2378 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-'SENA1\E. FEBRUARY 10,

priation pr~vided for the Housing •Corporation is only ·$67,750, what naus.eated with ·the constant repetition of the theme by the sum ·of $70,000. having originally been asked "for. I went the apologists for the administration. The other day we were over tlie amount paid each individual involved and found that regaletl with a florid account of the meeting of several hundred the sum in the aggregate amounted to. $67;750; so I suggested Federal employees who were supposed to have had something to t1le1 chairman that ·that exact amount shoUld be appropriated. to do with the ~Budget 'Bureau. Tlle President a·ddressed the Therefore I hope that when we reach that ,partie~ ·· item gathering, and there was -much glorification over the reforms there will be no criticism of it. Fu-rthermore, ·something like which have 'been wrought. Gen. Dawes was there and a •num­$27,000,000 worth of property at this time is 1landled by the ber of brooms were exhibited. U.nited ·states Housing ~orporation. It was liaildled last year Let me add·that I have confidence in Gen. Dawes, and if he had for 0.63 per cent. I doubt if there is any commet·cial house the .power he would achieve real reforms. ·But he is hnmpe1·ed in the country that would handle a business of that size at so and restricted ;1as a ..result nothing substantial pas been done by low .a cost as that. the !Bureau of the 'Budget. We were told that there had been

·Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator more than $100,000,000 saved in a given J)eriod by the Budget wh~ther all that p1·operty is in the 'Distri~t of Columbia? organization. Of course, that ·statement is accurate. Some time

Mr. FERNALD. No; it is £cattered over 38 ·States. ago when a statement was made by ·the administration to the M-r. KING.. Why it is not sold? effect that many millions of dollars had been saveU-I have l\Ir. FERNALD. We are selling it just as fast as we can. forgotten the exact a:mpunt---'~ offered an innocent resolution

We have already sold about ' $40,600,~00 worth, and it is being directing the .A;ppropriations 'Committee to ascertain the amount adve·rtised and sold just as ·rapidly as possible. tlrat ·had 'been saved and recapture it and turn· it into the

1\Ir. FLETCHER. May I ask the ·Senator about what propor- Treasury. I was afraid the amount 'lllight take wings and fly tion of the property is in the DiStrict of Co1u:mbia? away, so I was eager to have it secure .in the TreaSUl'Y. The

1\ir. FERNALD. I am unable to ·state the exact proportion, resolution has not been heard of, and ·no money has been turned but a considerable :percentage of the :property is located 'here. into the Treasru·y. The Senate committee and the House com­We turned in ·last year '$3,451,000 proceeds derived from :sa:1es. mittee 'have been more economical than the Budget organiza­Much ·o'f this property is sold to tenants ·who are ·working in the tion or the executive officers, and, in my opinion, ·they always navy ·yards and otheT •Government establishments on the basis will be. of percentage payments each year; so that it will be necessary 1 w.ould rather .trust .the .Senate committee and the House com­foT a long time 'to contin-u~ business '!:elations with thos-e 'to mittee with respect to the appropriations than the executive wham the •pro1 erty ·ha-s been sold; ·but I am going to suggest at officials of the Government. If we want economy, the economies no late date that -this work be turned over -to -the Treasury must be effectuated by the Senators and .Representatives lllld DepaTtment so a 'to 'do away entirely with the Housing Cor- ·not by :executive departments or officials. Executive officer ~ poration. When, however, it is considered that we have cut the have always ,desired to extend their authority, their jurisdic­number of -employees of that corporation something over 1,000 tion, their ·power, to increase :their -emoluments, and to multiply in 1920 to 33 at the ·present time ·I think .it will be conceded that ·the .personnel under their jurisdiction or in the departments or we have ·made a pretty good advance ·along the line of economy. .agencies with which they were identified.

I speak of this one activity because the Senator from Utah !rhe burden .of working reforms in the administration of the and I have 'been quite '.in accord on these matters. He has and Gove.rnment .and in .effectuating .economies rests ultimately with I have time ·and ~o-ain in the Senate suggested that the different rCongress. I-t we .had ,m01·e .Semrtors such as the Senator from commissions •whlcl1 are constantly being -created ·and located all Maine there would be a ·-genuine movement to secure a reduc­over the country to ilo one thing and another are costing the •tion of the expenses of the Government. people millions and millions of •dollars. Every one of these mat- I make the .prediction, Mr . .President, that, with all the ters -should be treated as a business l)roposition, and, as I •take economies which have been .boasted of -by the ~pologists for the a little pride in the management of the Housing Co-rporation, admi1iistration and 1the 1boasted improvement .spoken ,of by ·the while the Senate find this matter under ·consideration and -the 'Budget ·organization and .others in the .executive depa1~tments Senator •from !Utah was -discussing it, I wanted merely ·to say ,of the G.overnment, tH.e app:rQpDiations .for ,the coming .year will that there ·are ome departments of the Government which -are be ,four _hundred million -or Jive hundred million dollars in -ex-handled in an economical and business way. cess of what they should be.

Nr. KING. Mr. 'President, it is gratifying to kllow that we Lhave looked in ·vain in the ·re<wmmenclations of •the :Budget have a 'business man in the -senate who is ·giving attention -to authorities for ~improvements and reforms ·so much needed. ,In these important matters. The State of 1\Iaine is -to be congratu- ·what 1 have .said I 1m:n making ··no criticism of Gen. Dawes. I lated upon :sending us .a. ·shrewd bu-siness Yankee who applies have said, .and !repeat, che can not :row 1against the bureaucratic business principles -to tne affairs of 'the ·Government. I wish tide. I have ;leoked .in -vain from ·this ·admin..istration •for that that every depa1·tment could make as fine a showing as ·the integration rof agencies, -tha-t com.·dination of administrative department which is controlled by the Senator'.s committee. bureaus, that will bring about the needed reforms dn the Gov-

But, Mr. President, let ·me ·say, not by way of criticism at :all ernment. with respect to the agency with which he -is now conneetetl, that The -senator from~ aine [.Mr . .FEBNAJ;,D:] ·has tated ·that here we e:x:pend~d several :hundred million dollars in the ·erection of 00 I 11 · k h · d the buildings controlled . by the Housing Corporation, ·which are in ·the District there are ·more rthan 70, 0- t Ul ~ e Sat now in a sense, so far as those which 'have .not '.been disposed lif ~80,(J£}()-:employees. .Before 'the .war there ·Were ftwm. 37;000 to are concerned, under his control. I presume if ·we should figm·e 40,000. •Where ·are -the cha-nges? Where are the ~eforms? I up all that was spent in the District of Columbia ·and vicinity repeat, .the ·reductions in expenses, ·Wherever occunlQ.g, .are due and at and near the -navy ·yards ·and in other places where llouses to rthe Rouse and 'the ..Senate. ti ·pause •here long enO\lgb to •ex-

th U ·t d st t 'th t · o1 ed ·press :my admh·ation •of tthe work being done by the chairmon were constructed by e me a es, e :amoun mvo v •Of the Appropriations Committee of the House, Mr. MADDEN. ·I would be found to aggregate hundreds of millions of dollars.

h th :finalli 'd t' f th t also corrgratulate •my .friend from Wyoming [Mr. WABREN] r~or It is quite likely that -w en e qm a Ion u ose en er- the fine work that"he is ·doing, but 'he has ·not cut •the a,ppropna-prises shall na e been consummated i:he Government will "be ti.ons .enough. The ATYT'\ropriations Committees .have not -cut out 75 to 90 per cent of the cost uf the ·buildings and grounds; ~1' •

in other words, the ·Government will lose 'hundreds ·of millions enough. ·we have yielded too :much to .the importunities .of of dollars ·in its housing schemes · and projects. I .hope ·the ·Sen- executive o:fficel"S, and we will continue •apprQpriating these ator from Maine will speedily _get rid of the vartous jmildings millions and billions, hundreds -of millions of .which ~ ought .not now in his charge and not needed by the Gove-rnment and cover to be appropTiatcd, until the people themselves, groaning rbe­into the Treasury of the United States the amounts ·reeeived neath 'th:e ~burdens, -:will, :with :irresistible ·demand, compel us ·.to therefrom. work the <economies and r.-efor.ms in 1the .administration which

l\fr. FERNALD. I am in entire accord with the Senator, and tare •imperatively needed. we m·e doing that just as rapidly as ·possible. 1\lr. 'President, it eems as if democratic governments .do .not

Mr. 'KING. l\11·. President. I wish to ·ask the Senator f.rom know what ·reforms -and ·economies are. It has 'been said by Wyomlng or the 'Senator ·from Washington-! think ·the latter tscholars .and -student-s anti prt.blicists that the most uneconomical can answer my question-if it is not a fact that appropriation and inefficient administrations in the world are :found in demo­bills as framed by theCJiouse and ·the 'Senate committees contain ' •cratic :governments. 1: ·am afraid it is Ltn1e. '·We :have inbro· less in the aggregate than the -recommendations of the 'Bureau •duced ·hel!'e .what we eai1 the •civil-service .principle. Can any-of the Budget? 'body -say ·that it has !improved the administration of the• Govern-

'Mr. JONES of Washington. I think that is true. ment? ·CeJ!tairily it th.as •not brought any 1-.e~orms, .and I have Mr. KING. We have heard so much about the ·Budget, Mr. ' .1oo1Ied -in vli.in •to ::find ,Improvements .. '11~e CIVil .s~v~ce has ~e~n

Presiuent, and about the great economies and ·saving tlurt have a sham ana a delusion •from the begmrung, .and m 1ts adnuru.s­been effectuated by the Budget system that one becomes some- tration to-clay it has not changed.

.

1922. OONGR.ESSION .A.L R.EOORD-SEN ATE. 2·379 Mr. President, as the Senator states, this bill contains in the

aggregate millions more than similar bills or previous appro­priation bills comprising the same subjects. When we get through meeting the deficiency bills, and when we make the ap­prop:i-iations for the coming fiscal year, I predict that for the year 1922 there will be no reforms, there will be no economies; the appropriations will be far greater than were stated; and for the fiscal year 1923 the appropriations will be hundreds of millions of dollars in excess of what they should be. We will see bow much economy is practiced when we reach the naval bill and the Army bill. We will see whether the administration is in good faith in its professions of retrenchment. 1 I offered a resolution to reduce the Navy to 50,000 and the Army to 75,000. It will soon become apparent whether there will be reforms in the Army and in the Navy. The appropriation bills that ba\e come before us, showing, through the efforts of the committees---:-not the efforts of the executive departments­some improvements and some reforms do not go far enough. I regret that the bill before us does not carry in the neighbor­hood of forty to fifty million dollars less than it does. Those cuts, of courRe, should not be made in the appropriations for the wounded soldiers and the disabled soldier;"; but there should be a large cut in the appropriations for the administration of that department, and there should be very large cuts in other administrative branches that are provided for in this bill.

Mr. W .ARREN. l\ir. President, may we proceed witll the bill? The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the committee

·amendment on page 12, beginning with line 4, which will be stated.

The READING CLERK. On page 12, under the subhead " General Accounting Office," it is proposed to strike out lines 4 to 24, both inclusive, and on page 13 to strike out lines 1 to· 14, both in­clusive, and in lieu thereof to insert:

For carrying out the provisions of the act of June 10, 1921, estab­lishing the General Accounting Office, including salaries of officers and employees, traveling expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence while absent on official business outside the District of Columbia not to exceed $50,000, rent, purchase. and exchange of books, and contingent and miscellaneous expenses, $2,496,101.

The amendment was agreed to. The reading of the bill was re urued. The next amendment of the Committee on Appropriations was,

on page 14, line 10, to strike out "$60,000" and to insert " $65,725," so as to read :

Salaries: For officers, clerks, and other employees in the District of Columbia necessary to collect and account for the receipts from the sale of properties and the receipts from the operation of unsold prop­erties of the United States Housing Corporation, the Bureau of Indus­trial Housing and Transportation, property commandeered by the United States through the Secretary of Labor, and to collect the amounts advanced to transportation facilities · and others, $6u, 725.

Mr. KING. Mr. President, I note there an increase in the amount over the appropriation carried by the House bill. Is there any explanation for that?

Mr. WARREN. That is a matter pertaining to the subject which the Senator from Maine [1\Ir. FERNALD] was just dis­cussing.

Mr. KING. That is the item to which the Senator from · Maine referred, is it?

Mr. W AllllEN. Yes. The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the

amendment. The amendment was agreed to. The reading of the bill was resumed and continued to line 1,

on page 16, the Jast clause read being as follow. : In all, $1,050,700.

Mr. WARREN. :Mr. President, to correct the total just read, I offer the amendment which I send to the. desk.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated. The AssiSTA -T SECRETARY. On page 16, line 1, it is proposeu

to strike out " $1,050,700 " and in lieu thereof to inset·t "$1,056,425." .

Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President, may I inquire of the Sena­tor how the receipts from the rents compare with this outlay­what they yield in comparison with what we are paying out?

Mr. W ARREJN. The boarding houses, if I may put it that way, are making a little money. I think they cleared about

· $30,000 last year. Of course, all that money goes into the Treasm·y, and we have to appropriate it again.

As to the real estate, the rentals and sales, the Senator from Maine [Mr. FERNALD], in discussing the matter a few moments ago, said that it was being disposed of at the rate of about $3,000,000 or $3,500,000 a year. The money comes in in partial payments and is turned in; but there is a · great deal more to follow in tl1e years to come.

Mr. FLETCHER. I did not Jmow but that the Senator might have the figures showing what the Government bad actually

received outside of the sale of vroperty-what we are actually receiving as rents from this property.

Mr. WARREN. I do not happen to have it at hand here. The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the

amendment. The amendment was agreed to. The reading of the bill was resumed, and the Secretary read

to line 8 on page 16, the last paragraph read being as follows: INTER.STATI!l COMMERCE COMMISSION.

For 11 commissioners, at $12,000 each; secretary, $7,500; in all, $139,500.

Mr. KING. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator, · with re­spect to the appropriations carried under this heading, whether there is any limitation upon any of the employees as to their compensation, except the commissioners themselves and the secretary?

:Mr. WARREN. There is not, to my knowledge. The appro­priation is some hundreds of thousands of dollars less than it has been heretofore--! should say between four and five hun­dred thousand dollars less. That is one place that has been exceptional in this Government in many ways~ They have estab­lished what may be called a high court, and we have placed them, of course, not above the Supreme Court of the United States but, we might say, nearly or quite next to them. The original law which initiated this commission of course provided the number of commissioners and their salaries. That has been changed to some extent, but as to the other amounts it is the one lump sum that has run ever since it was inaugurated.

1\lr. KING. May I inquire of the Senator whether schedules have b£>l!li submitted to the committees showing the compelisa­tion ot the various employees?

l\lr. 'V .ARREN. Yes; I will state to the Senator that last yea1· we obtained a list from, I think, every existing institution that was paying under a lump sum, so that we hb.ve among our files of last year all of those items, the salary of every em­ployee.

1\Ir. KING. How do they compare with the salaries paid in other uepartments of the Government for similar service?

1\Ir. WARREN. There are a number of high-class positions, quite. a number of attorneys, receiving quite large salaries. I should say, of the two, taking them all together, they are more liberal. I will not say taking the character or supposed char­acter of the men ; but they run higher, of course, than institu­tions of what might be called less importance.

l\Ir. KING. Does the Senator know how the salaries compare with those paid in the Shipping Board?

l\lr. WARREN. The salaries paid to employees of the Ship­ping Board, aside from three or four salaries, I think are less than these are for the attorneys, and so forth; but there are two or three persons in the employ of the Shipping Board who have been receiving $35,000 each.

l\Ir. KING. Does the Senator recall the maximum amount paid for salaries under the Interstate Commerce Commission­the highest salary paid to officials?

1\lr. WARREN. I do not recall it now, but it is probably something less than the salaries of the commissioners them-- · selves, unless it is for temporary employment. In that case it might be more.

l\Ir. KING. Does the Senator know whether or not the number of employees bas increased?

1\Ir. WARREN. I think it can not have increased, fl'om the fact that we are cutting down the appropriations for the Inter­state Commerce Commission.

Mr. KING. Is that reduction with respect to the employees, or is it found in the item which provides for the ascertainment of the physical value of the railroads of the United States? The Senator will recall that a great many millions have been spent there.

Mr. WARREN. I recall it, and it has gone over a number of years, and the roads have changed very materially, anu it will have to be gone over additional times after the first. 'l'here are some reductions in that, and there are reductions in the gen.eral line, and also in some lines an increase. For in­stance, legislation from time to time places additional duties on them. In the railroad line, outside of the physical valuation, as the Senator knows, in the last year or two we have made considerable increases in their duties.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will continue the reading of the bill.

The reading of the bill was resumed, and the Assistant Secre­tary read to line 7, page 19, the last paragraph read being as follows:

For printing and binding, $150,000, including not to exceed $10,000 to print and furnish to the States at cost report-form blanks· and including not to exceed $1,500 for printing orders of the Intei·stati! Commerce Commission, other than that done at the Government Printing Office.

2380 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEX \._TE. :FEBBUARY 10,

Mr. FLETCHER. Mr. President, I would like to ask the th~ men who work under the head of the public buildings and chairman of the committee if he would not accept an amend- grounds, are superintended by this particular man I am speak­ment on page 19, to strike out, on line 5, all after: the word ing of. It does not make any difference whether it is this man "blanks," so as to eliminate the words: · or some other man. I think the place is really worth :j)4,000.

And including not to exceed $1,500 for printing orders of the Inter- lVIr. KING. While the Senator has the floor, may I interro-state Commerce Commission, other than that done at the Government gate him just a moment in order to ayoid further observations Printing Office. later on? I notice in the bill provisions for a large number of

That is now entirely in the control of the Joint Committee employees in the ·State, War, and Navy Building-assistant on Printing as to every other department. superintendent, a large number of clerks and engineers, lieu-

Mr. WARREN. I wish to say that I consulted with the tenants, electricians, plumbers, and skilled laborers, chauffeurs, chairman of the Committee on Printing as to that, and while 14 firemen, 15 elevator conductors, 48 laborers, a gardener, 3 he proposed an amendment, he .said that it meant no possible attendants; then in the Walker Johnson Building a large num­difference in the amount of money, and as they had provided ber of employees; in the Potomac Park office building a very for it in that way, he did not object to it. If the Senator wishes, large number of employees, including clerks. I do not know I can offer the amendment at this time, on page 19, line 5, after why they need so many clew. There is provision for a large the word" blanks," to strike out the remainder of the paragraph. number of carpenters and general mechanics, a large number of

1\Ir. FLETCHER. That is what I suggested. guards, 23 lieutenants, 23 sergeants, 23 again, 140 laborers, just l\ir. WARREN. I offer the amendment. in the Potomac Park building, 21 additional employees; then The amendment was agreed to. in the Mall building a large number of clerks and employees; 1\lr. WARREN. 1\Ir . . President, we have an amendment to temporary building, Virginia Avenue, a great number of em-

offer which alludes to another matter, but the law requires it, ployees; temporary buildings, B and C Streets, Twentieth and and I send it to the desk to be read. Twenty-third Streets NW., a great number of employees-as­

The VICE PRESIDE~"T. The Secretary will state the sistant superintendents, clerks, principal clerks, clerks of classes amendment. 1, 2, and 3, messengers, a large number of firemen, and a great

The AssrsTAJ.~T SEORET.A.RY. On page 19, after line 7, insert number of laborers, so that in those buildings covered by the the following: items to which I have referred, though I have not tabulateQ. the

11\"TERS~'Til GOVERNMENTAL l!OUMIS!liON, ,COLORADO RIVER. number, I think there are probably a thousand employees prO-For ::U.axies and expenses as authoTiZ"ed in the act approved .:A:ugust vided for just to take care of a few buildings.

19 1921 entitled "An act t'O permit a eompact or agreement betw-een Mr. WARREN. The expression " a few buildings " does not the· States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Uta~, state the case fairly at all. It is a mile square or more of build­and Wyoming respecting the disposition and apportionment of the waters of the' Colorado River, and fo.r -other purposes," to be imme- ings, if they were in . shape to measure them. The number of d.lately available and to continue available during the fiscal year 1923, employees has been cut down largely. These are largely war $10,000. matters, matters which have hung over from the wa.r, until we

l\Ir. KING. ' l\Ir. President, und~r whose jurisdiction is that can get down to a different basis. The Secretary of War llas appropriation? been able to cut from sixty-odd thousand employees down to

1\Ir. WARREN. The commission is composed of one man fiv-e thousand and some, and I think that is about as fast as . the representing the Government of the United States and one mem- Senator could expect us >to cut. These are cut down until every ber, the governor or an appointee of the governor, from .each man is done away with who could be spared with safety. of the several States mentioned. The Government's appomtee l\fr. KING. Those sixty-odd thousand the Senator speaks of is the Secretary of Commerce, Mr~ Hoover, and, of course, he were not in Washington. They were in various camps and can­draws no salary for this work. This appropriation is to pay tonments, and places where Government storehouses are located. 'the expenses of meetings and traveling expenses. We have '1\fr. WARREN. They were in 'Vashington and hereabout, made no appropriation he-retofore, .and as they will ·have to not all of them in Washington, but they were all in the direct assemble very soon to continue the work, we have made the employ of the War Department. This matter of public build­appropriation immediately available. Jt simply carries out the ings we have cut down $179,440, while taking on some addi­law. tional work from other departments-that is, where they were

Mr·. KING. I know tll~y recently .met and the work was not doing their own janitor and watchmen work-so that the whole completed, and, as the Senator has said, perhaps many meetings redudion does not appear in this $179,000. win be required before a satisfactory adjustment of a very 1\Ir. KINO. The Sey1ator does not mean, of course, that the1.·e jm.portant matter shall have bee.u reached. 1 would like to ask was only $179,000 appropriated in all of the items to which 1 the Senator, before that amendment is passed upon, as I have to have referred?

. ·step out .a moment, to let the ne:rt item, for the National Ad- 1\.fr. W AnREN. No; I mean it is that mucll less than for the visorv ·Committee for A~ronautics, be passed over temporarily. present fiscal year. I wa~nt to confer with the :Senator from Washington, who is Mr. KING. If that is all the reduetion, . then it is wholly absent from the Chamber, with respect to that item. inadequate.

l\Ir. WARREN. Without objection, I will ask that that be Mr. WARREN. I have already said . that it was not all the passed over. reduction. I thought the Senator understood me.

The VICE PRESIDENT. It will be passed over temporarily. Mr. KING. I did not understand that. The question is on agreeing to the amendment offer~d by the Mr. WARREN. Some of the buildings which have been Senator from Wyoming on behalf of the committee. turned over later of course had their groups of employee , who

The amendment was agreed to. have been dispensed with, to some extent at least, becau e of The reading .of the bill was resumed, beginning with line 1, the taking over by this particular branch.

page 20. Mr. KING. The 'War Department, under the guise of caring Tlle next amendment of the committee was, Qll page 23, line for surplus material following the war, had a very large number

17, to strike out " $3,600" and to insert in li~n thereof "$4,000." of employees, thousands of them. As I recall, when the last 1\.lr. KING. I would like to ask the Senator from Wyoming Army bill was under consideration it was disclosed that there

the necessity of raising the amount given by the House. It were in these camps .substantially as many clerks and employees would lead to conflict between the two bodies. as there· were soldiers. We had in the department following the

Mr. WARREN. When the Senator says the two bodies, does war a large number, thousands, upon the theory that they were he mean the House and the Senate.? needed to dispose of the surplus proceeds following the war and

Mr. h..JNG. Yes. . t9 adjust the records and put them in shape. One officer of the l\lr. WARREN. Since the bill passed the House there ha.ve War Department insisted upon having a large number of men

been change in the responsibilities, and it will be necessary in order to .get the files and the records in proper shape, how­to keep an experienced man there. They have a most ex- ing the enlistmrots and discharges. I have forgotten the num­oolleut man, wllo had intended to take more lucrative employ- ber, but it went into the thousands, who were in that one ment, and his chief has asked for $4,500, so we have made it bureau or agency of the War Department. l think the War $4,000. Department has been grossly extravagant in the past, and I am

l\Ir. KING. Let .him go and let them get somebody else. not sure that the present bill reveals the fact that it is free Mr. WARREN. The Government would ha\e to pay . the from criticism now on account of its extravagance. ·

price, considering the responsibility this man has. He has to Th~ PRESIDING OFFICER (1\fr . .1\fcN.ARY in the chair). take charge, under the United States officer who is the head of T.he question is on agreeing to the amendment 'Qf the com­public buildings and grounds, of all of these Government build- mittee. ings, of wh.icll, as the Senator knows, there are a great number. The amendment was agreed to. Others have just been turned over, including, I understand, the [ The reading of the bill was continued to the end of line 9, big Interior Department Building; and those buildings, and all page 24. .

1922. CONGRESSIONAL R._lliCOR.D~SENATE.

'l'HE TR.UTH ABOUT THE WAGES OF RA,ILWAY EMPLOYEES.

l\Ir. LA-FOLLETTE. ~Ir. Presidentt I desire to av~ myself of the liberality of our ru1es to submit so~e o_t>servabons ~n the standard of wages paid to labor at this time. I am qrute conscious of the fact that whoever undertakes to speak a w?rd for labor at this time assumes something of a burden in view of the propaganda that has been made by the great industrial organizations of the country to reduce the wages of all lab?r. But througnout my public life I have never taken the eas~er way. I have tried as best I could from my point of. view to render a public service whenever it was needed. I believe that the time has come to say a word in opposition to the general and widespread movement in the country to " take it out " of labor in order to reduce the cost of living.

Everyone feels the burden of high prices. 'l'hey have not been. greatly reduced since the waT period. But there has been a general and ""ell-organized movement to re.turn to what are called normal conditions by way of reducmg the wages of labor to reduce the cost of meat and :flour and steel and tram;­porta'tion by "deflating" labor. I think that the con?iti?ns which confront the American people to-day are the culmmahon of a false and wicked economic system, which is encouraged, sustained and fostered by our National Government.

For mdre than a quarter of a century great business organi­zations have- been effecting combinations in practically e\el'y line of production, the purpose of which has been to suppress competition and build up a monopoly control of prices in every line, but in manufactured products especially. This has resulted in squeezing the farmer and in plunderin~ th~ consumer t? the Umit of the power of the-se great orgamzations and busrness combination·, in bullying and oppressing labor, in so- far as it has been possible, in every branch of industry.

To meet that situationt to meet the o1·ganization power of the enormous aggregations of capital engaged in what we may term big busines , the wage earners have, in the face of tile bit­terest opvosition, endeavored to organize to the end that they might cooperate and collectively bargain with their emplo:yers, the great combinations. In this they have been only partially sncces ful. Only a small mmority are organized.

I do not believe there is anyene on the floor of the Senate who will undertake to say that there is auy branch of what may be termed big business in the country that is not thoroughly and completely organized, giving them the power that enables them to dictate prices and to control everything that pertains to their business. .And yet, Mr. Presioent, there has been created in this country a sentiment against any organization on the part of labor to meet this condition in the imlustrial world.

Even a little group of Members of this body, representing U"Ticultural constituencies, realiz.ing that the farmer has been o~e of the victims of this complete organization of capital and po'\\er in the industrial world, bas been subjected to every ort of critieism and attack. It has not been confined to the repre­sentatives of the great, powerful industries.

The President of the United States, his Secretary of War, and other members of his official family, have engaged in mak­ing an attack upon those Senators who have sought relief in Yiew of the economic embarrassment that now affiiets agricul­ture as a result of the organization of big business into· com­binations and trusts to control everything the farmer buys and everything the farmer sells. This humble, this almost pitifully '"eak attempt to assemble together a few Senators in this bouy representing agricultural constituencies, to endeavor to relieve that situation, has made them the target of attack, not only through the publications that are specially supported by indus­trial combinations but from the administration, attacks by the President in person and by members of his official family.

So distressing is the situation of agriculture that even the administration has thought it necessary to assemble a confer­ence to consider that situation, and yet any movement on the part of representatives of agricultural constituencies looking to a direct benefit to agriculture through legislation, because !t impinges upon the system of organized monopoly, is made the subject of attack from official sources of the highest order. Emanating from the same sources are these attacks that Q.re made upon labor's attempt to resist the same encroachment.

Labor has been able to organize, as I said, to the limited ex­tent of about 25 per cent of the wage earners of the counti·y, DOt a very alarming situation. Of course, the farmers, widely ·scattered over the whole country, find it next to impossible to effect any sort of comprehensive movement that shall affortl tilem relief. They have been making some endeavors in that direction. They ha •e a tternpted defensive organizations, just as labor has attempted to effect and. has partially succeeded in effecting organizations for precisely the same purpose.

Mr. President~ the g.reilt business rombinations IWt only con· trol our markets but they are al1-powerful in .go<vernllli.">Ut. Tllere is not a Senator who wonld dare challenge thi! statement that they are very potential in the national conventi-ons-of eaeh of the political parties of the country; that they are very power­ful in legislation; and that they are very potential in the elec­tion of Fed-eral judges on the bench.

The individualt be be farmer, laborer, or COlli!Uiner, is· utterly helpless under existing eonditioitS. Re can not stand alone against organized business in combinations. The farmer, th~ laborer, and the consumer have a co-mmon inteL-est. They do not enjoy any Government privilege or any advantage derived from legislation. They ha\e alike been exploited by the pri"ri­·Ieged monopolies.

l\1r. President, I wish to say that tb.e farmers, I thii.:Lk, have a large and very direct interest in seeing that the '\vage en rners and the men and women throughout th.e Nat1on who are work­ing on salaries are constantly employed under th:e most fa\or­able conditi.ons. I believe that the fanners of the country ougfit to make their ca.use his cause, and, I think, for sound economic reasons. They constitute the great body of the farmer's market for all his staples.

When millions of workers are unemplQyed, wh.en the pu:r­chasing power of tens of millions of those who are emplexed is ~ unduly curtailed, it is inevitable that the market for everything the farmer produces suffers the greatest depr~n.

Now, M:r. President, I should like to invite the attention of Senators who do me the honor to listen to me to a very brief discussion of the relation of wages to th.e cost of living.

W ACES A:'<D THE COST OF LIVING.

When the war ended and the American people found tirue to look after affairs at home they demanded a reckoning witli those 1·esponsjble for the riot of plunder which ruled in Ameri-can business.

·while the war was on tile people blindly accepted the mounting costs of living as a part of the war burden. There was no time to investigate it. cause; no facts upon which to determine as to its justice.

But when tile war was over and prices continued to ·oar, when living cost 25 per cent more in 1919 than in 1918,. and in 1920 cost 17 per cent more than in 1919, the limit of forbear­ance had been reached. The storm broke. The American poople demanded that the robbers who wer.e plundering the public after -the war be called to account. And, sir. the robbers were ready to hunt down the enemy of society ; the robbers themselves ''"ere ready to raise the cry of " Stop thief " and to lead an indig­nant public off on a false . trail.

They raised a great hue and cry against labor. They claimed that the unions had forced enormous wage advances, and that this had lifted the general wage level and thus caused the un­precedented increase in prices.

l\Ir. President, there is not the slightest chance in the world that those really chargeable with the economic wrongs which the public suffers will ever- be justly punished, but at least the responsibility should be placed where it belongs.

r have undertaken as best I can that task. I will say now that you can not put it on lahor, and if Senators will give me their attention here this afternoon I will prove that assertion.

I lay down certain propoBitions here which are economically true and admit of no denial.

1. The- nominal increase in wages has been uniformly less than the increase in the cost of living each year since the war.

I hope Senators will let that sink into their minds, for that is the fil.·st proposition I start with. I repeat it. I say " the nominal increase in wages," because I am going to distinguish in what I have to say here to-day between real wage-s, actual wages as measured by their purchasing power, and nonrinal wages. "The nominal increase in wages," I repeat, has been uniformly less than the increase in the cost of living each rear since the war.

I 'want to amend that statement; I want to say not only since the war but during the war and since the war as well.

Mr. NORRIS. l\Ir. President--The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the- Senator from \\'is­

cousin yield to the Senator from Nebraska? Mr. L.A. FOLLETTE. I yield. Mr. NORRIS. I wlsh to ask the Senator if, for the purpose

of his comparison, when he uses the expre . ion " since the war" he means since the armistice?

1\Ir. LA FOLLETJ;'E. No . . 1\I:r. NORRIS. What doe-s the Senator rnenn? l\Ir. LA FOLLETTE. I want to withdraw the pllrase " ince

the war"; I want to amend my statement by saying the nomi­nal increase in wages has been uniforml;\? less than tl1e increase in the cost of living each year while the war was on anu . ·jnce

2382 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 10

the wa-r closed. I broaden the statement, I correct it, because I know that I can support my amended statement.

l\1r. NORRIS. Then the Senator from Wisconsin means, as I understand him-! want to understand the proposition cor­rectlv. if I can-that the nominal increase in wages of labor ha been less than the increase in the cost of living each year since the beginning of the war?

1\:lr. · LA FOLLETTE. At every stage. Mr. KING. And I might say, if the Senator will pardon me,

that in the District of Columbia one of the principal causes contributing to the distress of the people has been the enor­mou .. Jy high rents, which, instead of going down, have increased here nearly 100 per cent in the last year.

l\1r. NORRIS. Yes; and that has been despite the attempt of Congress to reduce rents. ,

Mr. LA FOLLETTE. Yes; the feeble attempt of Congress. Mt·. NORRIS. Yes; feeble and unsuccessful. 1\Ir. LA. FOLLETTE. I will state my propositions again in

order to have them appear in the RECORD in a connected way. I lay down certain propositions here which are economically true and admit of no denial :

1. TlJe nominal increase in wages has been uniformly less than the increase in the cost of living each year during the war and ewry year since the war.

2 The nominal increase in wages has followed and not pre­ceded the increase in the cost of living.

3. Whatever nominal increase there has been in wages since the outbreak of the European war in 1914 has been forced by the increased cost of living, unjustly impo ed upon the public by the war profiteers. Listen, sir , wage advances have been one of the effect · of high prices and not tl1e cause of high prices.

A .. table compiled by the United States Department of Labor conclusively e tablishes these propositions, and shows in the most graphic manner how far behind the cost of living the wages of union labor trailed even dm·ing and since the war period when " high " wages have prevailed.

The comparison of this table, which I wish to have printed in the RECORD, 1\Ir. President, in connection with my remarks, is made with 100 as the base in 1913. I wish to r~ad, very hurriedly and very briefly, the percentages in the table for the consideration of Sen a tors.

I start with 1913. Taking 100 as the base for·wages and 100 as the base for tlle

cost of living, in 1914 tlle union wage rate had advanced to 102. The cost of living had advanced to 103.

In 1915 the union wage rate still stood at 10~, but the cost of living bad advanced to 105.1.

In 1916 the union wage rate had advanced from 102 to 106, but the cost of living had advanced from 10!J to 118.3.

In 1917 the union wage rate had advanced to 112, but the cost of living that year had advanced to 142.4.

In 1918 the union wage rate had advanced to 130, but the cost of living had advanced that year to 174.4, as shown by the re­port of tbe Department of Labor.

Who is responsible for this increase in the co t of living? Wa: it due to the increased cost in wages? No, no.

In 1919 the union wage rate bad been advanced to 148 from 130 the year before, but the cost of living had gone up to 199.3. If the union wage rate and the general scale of wages had not advanced somewhat, you would have had starvation everywhere in the country.

In 1920 the union wage rate had advanced to 189, but the cost of living, for which there was some responsibility attaching to somebody besides labor, had advanced to 216.5. -The peak was reached in 1920 with the wages of union labor. showing an in­crease of 89 per cent and the cost of living an increase of 116 per cent over 1913. ·

I ask unanimous consent that the table to whieh I have re­fE-rred be in erted entire in the RECORD at this point.

The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, tlle table will be printed in the RECORD.

The table referred to is as follows: The comparison is matle tvith 100 as t1'e base in 191S.

Union Year. wage

rate.

1913. ................ ...... .. ...... . ....................... ... .... .100 1914 ............... ... . ........... ····· ............ ···•··•·•·· .... 102 1915.............. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 1()'2 191G.. ........ ... ...... .......................................... 106 1917 ..... · ····· ··· . . .... ....... ..... ······· ..... ................ . 112 1918.................................................. .. . . . . . . . . 130 1919.. ... . . .• • .. . .•. .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .• .. . . .. . .. .. 191 1920.. ............................. . ............. . ..... ...... . ... 189

Cost of living.

100 103 105.1 118.3 142.4 174.4 199.3 216.5

Mr. LA. FOLLETTE. Not once during the period from 1913 to 1920 did the wag~s received by organized labor .breast or reach the level of the steadily, mounting cost of li vin.g. Wage advances lagged behind, and far behind, price advance tllrough­out all this period of profiteering.

Mr. President, labor has struggled in the face of strongly opposing odds to maintain old standards of living, and it ha lost in . the struggle. Nominal wages rna~ be high, but I say here now what I have contended on this floor again and again for three years and more, that real wages are low ; and I am going to prove it this afternoon.

The total earnings of a laborer at the end of the week-listen to this statement-will buy less food and clothing and fuel to­day than they would buy before the war. In fact, sir, real wages have actually declined, not only, during the period of the European war, but real wages have actually declined in this country for a period of 20 years, when you measure the wages that the man earns by the purchasing power of his labor, and that is the way he has to measure it; and I am appealing to Senators here this afternoon to get a new point of view of this problem.

I am coming now to fix th re ponsibility for the increased cost of living which has been the can e of de pair to the Ameri­can people for a period of many year . The 1·espon ·ibility doe. not rest upon labor. I will tell you wllere the reMponsibility rest .

WHO I. RESPO:'."SlBIIE FOB. THil HIGH COST OF Lln~O!

In a critical tudy of the relation between wage · and til increased co t of living, Prof. William Jett Lauck, the econo­mist, made an analysis for the rears 1912 to 1918, inclusive, of the financial reports of all corporations having an annual in­come of $1,000,000 or more, in the line · of business in whicll the ordinary con urner is particularly interested, a. reported in Moody's and Poor's Financial Manual . Mr. President, I do not think wide public attention has ever been called to this great, this monumental service which Prof. Lauck rendered; but these fact will reach the public finally, and their considera­tion will help to ettle the question of the title to some seat. on thi · floor before another November pas. e ; and therefore I am going to put them into the RECORD. The e corporations were shown to have taken $800,000,000 more in annual profit on the average for the rears 1916, 1917, and 1918 than for th three-year period of 1912, 1913, and 1914; and the figm·es fot· pro~uction showed conclusively that the increased profits were not due to increased production. They were due to the fac that tlle corporation took a larger proportion of every dollar spent by the purcha er. The corporation took that.

These corporation , typical of the practices of all-now, just get this-nearly trebled their average net income on capital stock during the period covered by Prof. Lauck's tudies. That tlley have continued to fteece the public, the increased prire for 1919 anu 1920 and present price · conclusively prove.

These great profiteeiing organizations in every line of bu~·i­ness raiseu prices until the people could no longer meet their extortionate demands. They were confronted with the alterna- ~ tive of reducing their profits or cutting the wages of labor. Tbey turned upon labor. For more than a year they bave b en making war on labor unions, and charging labor with re. pon ·i­bility for high living co t .

This attack on labor in the end will fail. Titer will be grent hardship and offering, but in the end the truth will prevail. Labor will be "Vindicated, and will come out of th battle with a solidarity welded in the fire of common ~nfferiog, a great fighting force in the eternal str·uggle between the mnsse...; and privileged monopoly.

1\Ir. President, I addres myself e ·pecially to-day to a con­sideration of the wages of the railway employees of the country. I do thi at thi time because the railroad corporations appear to have effected a combination with certain leaders of one ot· more of the farm organizations to aid in the propaganda to create public entiment against the present wage cale of rail­way employees. I believe that all farme~· ·' organizations would better serve tbe interests of agriculture in ecuring a substan­tial reduction in transportation rate by repealing all provi­sions of theE ell-Cummins law upon which the Interstate Com­merce Commis ion fixed the value of railway propertY at th gros ly excessive sum of $19,000,000,000 as a basi for freight and passenger rates, and also by repealing such provision of tbe same law a have operated to impair and destroy the authority of State railway commissions over ·intrastate tran~portation.

I come now to speak what I believe to be the truth about the wage of railway employees.

THE W GE Oli' IL\.ILW · Y E 1I'LOYEES.

Mr. PresidE-nt, I n_sert as an economic fact that, under pre. ­ent condition , there can be no further reduction of the waae, of railway employee .. without national disa~ter. Railroad l bo1·

'

'1922. CONGRESSIO.L T _._-\_L R.ECORD-SENA'IE. 2383 is receiving at present tlle least it can receive without inking below the le-vel of efficiency necessary to maintain the railroads in uccessful operation. It is receiving substantially no more real wages in terms of commodity values for services rendered than it received 20 years ago.

It is receiving far less than necessary to maintain itself at a comfort and decency level of existence. It is receiving so little that its buying power is greatly diminished~ with con­sequent loss and hardship to other industries, particularly agriculture, which depends for one of its important markets upon the 10,000,000 people who derive their support from rail­road labor. It is receiving so little that it has failed utterly to share in its rightful proportion in the increased productivity of the Nation's industry which has been achieved during the last quarter century.

It is no longer a question merely of justice or injustice to a class of employees; inexorable economic laws bar the way to a further reduction of the wages of railway emplos~ees.

I know that all this is contrary to the popular belief on the subject. The railroad executives, by costly propaganda which has extended to every part of the country, have created and fostered the impression that exorbitant railroad rates are tlue largely to exorbitant wages claimed to be paid to labor and that railroad rates can only be reduced by reduci!}g the pay of railroad employees. There never was a more hameless, wanton, and vicious falsehood than this foisted upon the public. On another occasion I hope to deal with the cause of excessive railroad rates and the remedy. To-day I am deal­ing only with the single proposition that the wages of railroad employees can not be further reduced under present condi­tions without bringjng disaster to the industries of the country.

The railway executi>es have filled the newspapers of the country with the figures they recently gave at the hearings before the Interstate Commerce Commission and before the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce to show the gteat increase in the amotmt paid to labor during the last few years, and from this they seek to have the conclusion dra\\n that the compensation of the individual employee has been exorbitantly increased. They point out that the labor bill in 1916, before the enactment of the so-called Adamson law, was $1,468,576,000. In 1917, when the Adamson law ,,·as in effect, the compen­sation of employees was $1,739,482,000; that in 1918 it was ."2,613,813,000; in 1919, $2,843,128,000; in 1920 that it stood at $3,698,216,000. (Interstate Commerce hearings, 1921, Yol. 1, p. 14.) .

They then summariZ€ these totals and point out that the wage increase in 1917 was $2.70,905,000; 1918, $874,331,000; 1919, ~229,315,000; 1920, 855,087,000.

They neglected to tate that there were nearly 700,000 more employees in 1920 than in 1916 and that pay for extraordinary o>ertime in 1920 amounted to $275,000,000, or about 8 per cent of the total compensation paid to employees. (See testimony of Prof. Frank J. Warne before the Senate Committee on Inter­state Commerce, hearings, 1921, p.1187.) They neglected also to point out that included in compensation to employees are the salaries paid to officers during 1920, which amounted to nearly $100,000,000, showing a great increase over salaries paid under public operation. (Interstate Commerce hearings, 1921, p. 115G.) Then the railroad executives, by the simple device of dividing the total amount paid to employees by the number of employees at a given date arrive at what is called the average eamings of an employee. By confining this operation to a par­ticular class of employees, as engineers, the re"ult is set forth as the average earnings of an engineer. And by the same method the so-called average earning of the different clas es of railway employees is arrived at.

It must also be remembered that the attempt to deal statis­tically with the wages of railway employees must depend upon statistics published by the Interstate Commerce Commission, and these in turn are merely figures fumished by the railway companies themselves.

l\Ir. Warne in his testimony at the hearings above referred t()--page 1187-thus sums up the fallacies of the so-called wage statistics presented before the committee by the railway execu­ti>es who appeared as witnesses:

First. They include annual compensation to general and division officers exceeding in amount, in 1920, $92,000,000, which should be ex-cluded. -

Second. They include compensation paid employees engaged in riew construction work, which properly should be charged to capital ac­count and not ope1·ating expenses.

Third. They include compensation paid employees of affiliated and owned companies other than transportation.

Fourth. They include the additional compensation resulting from em­ployment of larger number of employees in consequence of increased volume of traffic. In 1920 this increase in number of employees over

1915 exceeded 694..<000 and represents an increase in total comp usation in excess of 3550,u00,000.

Jfifth. They )nc}ude payments for overtime and incr·ea e.s in oyertime, which econonncal.1Y represents not wage increase but the purchase of more man-hours, 'ft.sually at higher rates. On the basis of 1920.- a year of an extraordinary amount of «JVertime, as much as $275,000,000, or 8 per cent of the total compensation, was f'or overtime.

Sixth. They· include in total compensation of elass I roads for 1920 at least 98 road.s, representing a mileage in. excess of 6,500 miles. which were not included in earlier years. This shows an arithmetical ~crease ~n compensation of approximately $32,000,000 without a cent mcrease 1n wages.

Seventh. They include a larger number o.f mo1-e highly pahl em­ployees, such as engineers and conductors, in the later years of in­creased volume of traffic, compared with earlier years when traffic was not so heavy.

Eighth. They include in 1920, in total compensation, retroactive wage-increase awards by wage-adjustment boards, the amounts of which more properly belong to payments for preceding. years.

Ninth. They include in 1920 compensation to employees of the United States. RaU1·oad Administration in 1918 and 1919 who returned in 1920 to theu· former positions with the carriers. .

T':n.th. They. l!I-clude to~al coll!pensation to employees in traffic, ad­ver-qsmg, publi~ty, ~nd mdustrial bur-eaus and like activities whose ~~itlg~~ were dtscontinued under the United States Railroad A<lminis-

In a general way these "Various items total more than $1,-250,000,000 of the total compensation paid in 1920.

In view of this criticism of the railway executi"ves' figures it may well be asked whether any figures can be arrived at which will at all fairly represent the wages being paid to rail­road labor at the-p1·esent time and which have been paid to it during any considerable number of years in the past. All avail­able figures on the subject are furnished in the last analysis by the railroads themselves. _.o\.11 figures obtainable frorv. the Inter~ state Commerce Commission are only such as the raih'Oads fur­nish. The ingenuity of the railroads in devising schemes and combinations to mislead the public and misrepresent th~ wages of the employees seems to be exhaustless. Literally hundreds of pages of testimony were taken up by the representatives of the employees in the hearing I have mentioned in exposing the fraud of the railway officials in this matteJ.'.

I might pause to say that I remember that in the testimony of Prof. Warne he calls attention to the fact that the Inter­state Commerce Commission required the railroads to report these wages and the amounts paid to employees only once a year. Their attention was called to the fact that the railway companies were selecting times in the year which would show most favorably to the roads in the reports upon the average amounts paid to employees. So the Interstate Commerce Com­mis ion, their attention being called to the matter, made a cor­rection in their requirements, and asked the railroad companies to report twice a year. After further time, they still found errors and distortions in their reports to the Interstate Com­merce Commission after making an investigation of the sub­ject, and increased the reports required from the railroads to quarterly reports and finally to monthly reports, in an endeaT'or to correct the distortions and subterfuges resorted to by the railroads in making these reports favorable to themselves and unfavorable to labor. I cite that as. merely directing attention to the chr.u~acter of the tables upon which we must all make our computations with respect to the average pay of railway employees; but, l\lr. President, in so far as it impeache the character of the record, it must be readily see-n that the ad­vantage is all on the side of the railroads, because they contt·ol these reports, they make them themselves, and with the best possible checks which the Interstate Commerce Commission can make upon their work, they are still very· unreliable. So that any figures I submit here to-day ought to be considered, in so far as they are faulty at all, as having been made so by the railroads to their advantage and as against the interests of the employees. So true is this th~ t the employees prac­tically refuse to recognize the figures or to attach any im­portance to them.

I have, however, caused to be prepared from these railroad sources a series of tables in which the errors, whate\er they are, are necessarily all on the side of the railroad contentions and against those of the men. These tables, computed from railroad sources, show a rate of compensation to the men in excess of the actual compensation as claimed by the men. But even accepting these figures, they show in a startling manner the falsity of the railroad claims.

These figures, therefore, represent the average earnin()"s of the different classes of railway employees as much higher \han they actually were during the year 1921, for · the reasons which I have pointed out. It must be remembered also that prior to 1914 the railroads reported their number of employees to the Interstate Commerce Commission only once- a · year, and as the average wage is arrived at by dividing the aggregate amount received by the number of employees, it was al-ways within the power of the railroads to make a favorable showing as to ·the

2384 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.SENATE. FEBl~UARY 10;

avera~ earnings of employees. I llave, howe\er, tested out thi · t ble by all means available to me and believe it to be sub­stantially correct when certain allowances are made for the year 1922, to which I shall later refer.

The first -figures I present are contained in Table I and are intended to show the average actual earnings of railroad em­ployees in dollars from- and including 1900 to and including 1921, the years 1900, 190'7, and 1913 being taken as typical of the period covered · by those years, and 1917 is taken as the last pre­wae year in which the roads were operated by the private owner ·. . The year 1921 represents during its first half the wage conditions growing out of Federal control and adjustment by the Railroad Labor Board. In its last half it represents the eff cts of the beginning of the policy of wage reductions.

Th earnings of 1921 are presented from the best available source ·. The first set of figures shown under 1921 represents the amount which would haYe been earned during a full year at tl.J.e rate of wages paid during the first half of the year. The second set of figm·es under 1921 represents the amount which would have be€'n earned in a full year at the rate of wages paid during th.e second half of the year following the general wage cut ordered by the Railroad Labor Board, effective July 1, 1921. Thi wage cut averaged 12k per cent, ranging from 8 to 16 per cent for the ·various classes. This last set of figures represents the present rate of earnings, except that it fails to take into accoun t the reduction in earning power, amounting to approxi­mately $100,000,000, or about $62 per man, resulting from sub­sequent decisions of the board abolishing overtime pay and other valuable rights which shopmen and laborers have pre­viously enjoyed ancl from the practice of the railroads subcon­tracting n large part of their work at low wages:

'l'ABLE J.

PAtn• 1.-.Axt"rage earnings of 1·ai1roaa employees.

[C lcula ted from reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission.]

Tele· All em- Engi- Fire· Conduc· Train· Machin- Track- graph ptoyees. neers . men. tors. men. ists. men. opera-

tors.

1900 . ... S.'i67 $1,161 $662 $1 00! $604 $698 $311 $64.1 1907. - .. 641 1,340 753 1: 143 745 841 37().. 741 1!)13 .... 757 1,661 9.;.1 1,4.07 976 1,007 4.36 864. 1917 . •.. 1,000 2, 1H3 1,239 1 965 1,237 1,39-i 601 1,018 19211 ..• 1, 790 2,858 . 2,102 2;623 2,030 2,202 1,072 1,990 19:ll ! . ·- 1,575 2,629 1, 892 2, 391 1,807 1,995 903 1, 7!)1

1 Rep resents the average earnings of the first halt o! 1921 multiplied IJy 2.

2 R presents thl' average earnings o! the first half of 1921 multiplied by 2, the -product being reduced by the percentage ordered in the Labor Board decision of .Tune 1, effective July 1, varying from 8 to 16 per cent for the various classes. P T II OF TABLE I.-lllCrea.se in earnings compared with cost of liviri!J.

[Earning and cost of living in 1900 used as base o! 100.]

I <::o~t of :r:_ I Engi- Fire- I ~~~~ Train- M~chin-1 Track- ~ 'l'~~g-

--- llvmg. ployees.l necrs. men. ~ men. ~ men. phers.

1900 .. .. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1907 .... 119 113 115 115 1H 123 120 119 116 1913 .... 14.5 134 143 143 141 162 143 140 135 1917 .... 194 177 1i1 187 196 205 200 193 159 19211 .. 270 316 246 318 253 336 315 345 311 I~2l ~ . _ 264 27S ?:27 286 239 m.. 286 289 270

1 Represents t he actual earnings o! the first hal! of 1921 multi­plie(} uy 2.

!! Represents the actual ·earnings of the first halt of 1921 multiplied by 2. tbe product being reduced by the percentage ordered in the Labor Board deci ion of June 1, effective July 1, varying from 8 to 16 per cent for the various classes. _

Thl' increase. sllown in the first part of this table upon first sigllt appear 1urge. The advance from $567 average for all employees in 1900 to $1,575 in 1921 seems to be very substantial and .· ufficient to compensate for every change that has taken plac . But this impression is dissipated when \'i"e examine the second part of the table and see the enormous increase in the co 't of living that has taken place during the same period. One ulso feel a distinct shock when he discovers what miser­able wages the railway men were receiving in 1900 and the other gloriou., golden year of "normalcy." Think of it, Senators, the average earnings of all railway employees, high and low, in 1900 was only $567, or at the rate of less than $2 .a dny. That was the wage upon which a man was expected to raise and educate a family, care for them in sickness and health, and lay by a few dollars for the day when he would become

too old or too broken to perform the hazardous and str nuouf! work of the railroads and be thrown ·on the scrap lleap by tlae relentless demands for ever-increa ing efficiency, or put to tE'ud · ing crossings at a dollar a day.

Five hundred and sixty-seven dollars was the aYerage eam­ing of railway employees of the country in the year 1900. I do not believe it is possible to find even a railroad president or a banker to-day who will deny that snell wages were far below any decent American standard.

Keeping this fact in mind, tbat the railroad. workers were thus underpaid before the war, let us examine Part II of th table. This shows us that the railroad workers, a a whole, haYe barely kept pace with the increa. ed cost of living, and that the most-favored occupations haYe at the very mo t on1y ~ade up a. small part of the amount by which they were under­paid in prewar days. We find that the only group who e earn­ings have increased as fast as the increase in the cost of living are those who in 1900 were earning $2 a day or le . The earnings of the engineers and. conductors, whom the railroad. propagandists constantly denounce as men whose wages lla>e been · exorbitantly increased as a result of the war, have, as these figures clearly show, fallen far behind the increase in the cost of living, and they are actually worse off than they w r at the beginning of the century.

In preparing this table I have not taken into account th enormous losses in earning power resulting from recent ruling.· of the Railroad Labor Board depriving employees of compensa­tion for overtime and other valuable rights which they have enjoyed many years. Nor have I taken into consideration the reduction in earnings due to the illegal practice in which some of the railroads have engaged of subcontracting their shop work. their maintenance, and even some of their operating services, iu order to reduce the wages of the workers and destr.oy their or­ganizations. The losses in earning power as n result of thesE> rulings have been conservath'ely estimated at $100,000,000, or about $62 for each employee.

If these factors are taken into account and proper allowanc :-; made for them, it will be found that the wages of railroad em­ployees have lagged behind the increase in the cost of Ii>ing­and tllat they are therefore less well off than they were ia 1000, when they were earning an average of $567 a year.

In order to demonstrate clearly the effects of the constantly U.ecreasing purchasing power of wages, I have prepared a ·epa­rate table (Table II) which shows the buying power of the rail­way men's wages in terms of the value which the dollar po -sessed in 1900.

The number of dollars which a workman may receive for the services of a ·day, a month, or a year means very little. It is the purchasing power of that dollar which count . So, in or<leL' to gain any idea of the actual earnings of railroad labor at the present time and to compare it with its earnings in the past, it was necessary to translate both into purchasing power at some given time. That I have done in Table II in connection with the figures showing the change in living cost during the same period. I have taken the year 1900 as the base at whicll the purchasing power of the dollar represent 100 cents. During the 21 years which have followed the buying power of the ilollar ha declined until to-day it stands at only 38 cents. P1·ior to 1913 there were no figures available on living cost except the figures for food. Subsequent to that time all other items which go to make up the cost of living-clothing, fuel, -rent, and. mi cella­neous expenses-have entered into the calculation of the De­partment of Labor, !SO that we now have a well-balauced "'et of figures available.

But it is significant that food prices have corresponded sub­stantially with the prices of the other commoditie"" , so there is 1ittle doubt that the measurement of the dollar prior to 1913 by its purchasing power of food is substantially correct when ap­plied to the general cost of living.

THE BUYING POWER OF RAILWAY WAGiJS.

TABLE II.-Buying potoet·, i11. dol"ta1·s of ave,·age annual earnings of mil­road employee8 (l1asis of purchasing potoe1· of the dolla,· i1t 1900 ).

Tele-All em- Engi- Fire· Conduc- Train· Machin- Track- graph ployees. neers. men. tors. men. ists. men. opera-

tOl'S.

--- - --- ------ - -------1900 .... $567 $1,161 $662 $1,: $60! $693 $311 sou 1907 .... 538 1,126 637 626 706 311 622 1913.- •. 522 1, 146 658 971 673 695 301 500 1917 .... 520 ~J~~ 644 1,g~~ 643 725 313 529 19211 ••• 662 778 75l 815 397 736 19211 ••. 599 '999 719 909 687 758 342 681

1 First six: months. !! Second six months.

1922 .. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2385 The following figures represent the changes in the purchas­

ing power of $1 as used in making the above calculations : 1900- -----------------------------------------------~---- $1.00 1907---------- - --- - --- ----------------------------------- .84 191~------------------~----- ---- ----- - ---~------~-------- .69 1917--------------- - -------- -------- --------------------- .52 1921 (fir t s ix months) ----- ---- --------------------------- . 37 1921 (second s ix months) -------------- ------ - ------------- • 38

The figures fo r 1900 and 1907 represent the purchasing power of the dollar in terms of the cost of food only, but for the other years in terms of all items entering into the cost of living, as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

This table, to my mind, presents the actual situation of the railway employees accurately and impressively, No honest mind can examine these figures without being convinced that the wage · of the workers on the railroads can not be cut, under present conditions, without inflicting a grave injustice upon this splendid body of men of whom the Railroad Labor Board in its first decision said :

This long delay and succes ion of disappointments, coupled w1tll the pressure or the further rise in living cost s, produced deep and not un­reasonable dissatisfaction on the part of railr.oad employees who felt themselves called on to make sacrifices, as they believed. far beyond those ot any other class. Nevertheless, the great majority have con­tinued to serve and t o C()nduct the transportation of the country, await­ing with disciplined a nd patriotic patience the reduction of living costs, the decision of t he director gen~ral on their requests, the action of Congress, the con clusion of the conference, the appointment of this board, the presentation of evidence to it and its decision.

It is worth while to analyze these figures in some detail. We find that during i:he first 13 years of the century the advance in the average earnings of all employees fell so far short of the con­stant increase in the cost of living that at the beginning of the World War they had actually lost $45 a year in buying power. Now. this would not have been so serious a rna tter if these men had been well paid at the beginning of the century. But they were not. Those were the days of the "full dinner pail," but in spite of extravagant promises and fervid oratory the dinner pails of the railroad workers with their earnings of $567 a year could not have been filled with anything more substantial than hot air. So when they were robbed by the rapid inflation of prices of $45 a year, leaving them with an actual buying power of only $522 a year, this great group of Americans, in many respects the very backbone of the Nation, were actually in poverty.

And yet the cost of living had been rapidly ad vanclng from 1913 on through 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917, but these railroad workers had been held do\vn, subjected to conditions that redueed their buying power in 1917 below that of 1913. They remained at this miserable level until 1918, their buying power in 1917 l>eing achtally $2 less than in 1913. Then the United State.· went to war and the railroad employees ~arne to occupy a ·trategic position, more important perhaps than that of any other group, unless it be the American sailor. The movement of t roops, munitions. food , raw materials, and supplies of all kind.· depended upon tl1e railt·oad workers of the United States. Und rpaid and overworked during the great traffic jams of 1916 aud 1917 -who can forge t them ?-which brought the railway corpora tions the greatest profits in the history of those organi­zation ·- the ra il way men might have used their power to extort any wages and ,,·orking conditions they chose to demand. But they did not ; they s tuck to their posts through the terrible win ter of 1917- 18 until the privately managed railroads broke tlown and the Go>ernment was forced to assume control.

One of the fir ·t acts of the Railroad Administration was to do wha t the private owners had alway refused to do. They cre­a ted a cornmis:';ion. Do you remember about it? It was headed b,V" th late Franklin K. Lane, then Secretary of the Interior. It wus a comrnis.·ion to study and readju t the wages of all ra ilrond employees. The work of that commission was done imp rfec tly and with great conservatism, but it resulted in whnt avpearecl to be large increases, because the Lane commis­sion in this one readjustment had to make up all the deficit in buying power which the private owners had inflicted upon the worker during the preceding 18 years. The Lane commission . ubmitted a repor t. from which I want to put into the RECORD t wo or three paragraphs. I should like to burn them into the minu~ of Senators. Listen to what that commission said:

It ha.s been a somewhat popular impression tha t railroad employees wer :lm()ng t he most highly paid workers. But figures gat!lered from a ll the railroads dispose of this belief. Fift y-one per cent of all em­ployl'd du ring December, 1917, receiv~d $75 per month or less.

ThinK of it! In 1917 the cost of living had gone up 42 per cent over what it had been in 1913, and yet 51 per cent of the railway employees were trying to keep the breath of life in a family on $75 a month. They stuck to their posts and worked all through that terrible winter. The report continues-a nd 0 per cent rece ived $100 per month or less.

The cost of ljxing, however, as they got into 1918 bad in­creased 74 per cent; it had almost doubled before the Lane commission got to work. Talk about loyalty to this Govern­ment! Find me some other band of men who equaletl the loyalty of the railroad employees during that period.

What were those employees doing? What were the ship- . builders on Hog Island doing throughout this period ? All the business organizations of this country · were plundering the Government in its hour of need, and they are now making this crusade against the railway employees of the country to ~queeze out of them the small real increases that have been made-­and there have been very few actual increases made-in the earning power of their wages in 20 years.

1\Ir. President, it is difficult to find language in which to characterize the despicable, the diabolical character of this crusade that has been prosecuted and t o which the press has loaned itself. Business organizations have adopted resolutions, and the Farmers' Conference that was in session here the other day passed a resolution to the effect that the wages of railway employees must be reduced, becoming the mere tools of the owners of the railway properties and of the other big business combinations combined with them in order to make this raid on labor.

I quote further from the Lane commission report, a follow : The greatest number of employees on all the roads fall into the class

receiving between $50 and $6u per month, 181,693, while within the range of the next $10 in monthly salary there is a tot al of 312,761 per­sons.

Just think, Mr. President and Senators, of the heads of families trying to maintain a family, to clothe them, to heat the homes, to pay the doctors' bills, to keep the children in school in 1918 on $50 a month when the cost of living was 74 per cent higher than it was in 1913. Think of these employees, receiving no advances in their pay, trying to take care of a family on from !i)30 to $60 a month. The report continues:

In December, 1917, there were 111,477 clerks receiving annual pay of $000 or less. In 1917 the average pay of this class was but $56.77 per month. '.rhere were 270,855 section men, whose average pay as a class was $50.31 per month ; 121,000 other unskilled labDrers, whose average pay was $58.25 per month; 130,075 station-service ~m­ployees, whose average pay was $58.57 per month ; 75,325 road freight brakemen and flagmen, whose average pay was $100.17 per month ; a.nd 16,45:> road passenger brakemen and flagmen, whose average pay was $91.10 per month.

They say further : These. it is to be noted, are not prewar figures ; they represent condi­

tions after a year of war and two years of rising prices. And each dollar now represents in its power to purchase a place in which to live, food t o eat, and clothing to wear, but 71 cents, as against 100 cents on January 1, 1916.

That shows how rapidly the purchasing power of the dollar had declined.

The wage increase provided for by the Lane Commission was followed by other wage readjustments made necessary by the ever-mounting prices of the necessaries of life, until during the first half of 1921, after the return of the railroads to private operation, the earnings of railroad employees were raised by the Railroad Labor Board to their highest point.

THil RAILROAD CORPORATIO~ ' S PROPAGA NDA.

Then it was that the floods of railroad propaganda were turned loose, at a cost of millions of dollars, to damn the.-.~ workers in the eyes of their fellow men. Full-page advertise­ments pilloried them in every newspaper in the United States as the cause of every evil, real and imaginary, from which the Nation was suffering. And all this expense was added to the cost of transportation.

What was the giddy height of wealth and affluence to which these workers had been raised s.o that the profiteers were for­gotten while they were denounced? What were the princely incomes of this new class of war~made plutocrats? Ob, Mr. President and Senators, listen while I reveal the facts. They were actually earning-these 2,000,000 men who run the. Na­tion·s railroads-at the very peak of their affluence at an average rate which would have yielded them $1,790 a year, $10 less than Henry Ford pays the humblest and most unskilled worker in any of his plants or on his railroad. Mr. Ford pays a minimum wage of $6 a day and runs full time 300 working days a year.

But this $1,790 a year was in terms of the inflated dolla r;:; of 1921, which were worth only 38 cents in terms of the com­modity prices of 20 years before. In terms of the buying power of the dollars of 1900 this $1,790 was worth only $662. This is the wealth in which the railroad workers were rolling at the very height of their earning power-the equi~alent of just about $2 a day in terms of the days of normalcy and the full dinner pall.

2386 co IONAL RECORD-· E.r ATE. FEBRUAR ~ 10,

But this did not la.st long, for with the decision of the Rail­road Labor Board in June, 1921, the era of wage increases endoo and the peri{}d of wage cutting began. By this one deci­sion the wages of railroad employees were cut so their earning power was reduced to the level of a buying power of only $599 in the values of 1900. The e:tfect of this decision is shown in table 2, but it has not been possible to include in that table the etl'ects of subsequent decisions of the board and the growth of the practice of subcontracting, which ha\e reduced railway empl<>yees' earning power by an amount which can not be ex­actly calculated, but whi<!h IrulY be con.serYati\ely estimated at $100,000,000 a year.

Thus the incomes of railroad employees as a whole have now been reduced to the magnificent level of some $567 in purchas­ing power at which they were when the century began. They are back exactly where they started.

It is just like Alice in Wonde:Nand. Do you remember how in L< Through the Looking .Glass " Alice and the White Queen started to run an-d for a long time ran so hard that Alice was quite exhausted and looking round her in surprise said to tl1e White Queen :

"Why, I do believe we've beex under 1his tree the whole time! Everything's just as it was!"

"or course it is," said the Queen. "What w.oul1l you have it?" ·~Well, in our country," said Alice, still panting a little, '-'you'd

generally get to somewhere else i1 ynu ran very fast tor a long tim.e, as we've been doing."

."A slow sort .of a country ! " said the Queen. "Now, here. y<>-u see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place. If you want t.o get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that."

So in this plun<lerland the railroad employees, like little Alice, have been running for 20 years and are now ba.ck exactly where they started.

But while the railway men as a wh(}le have thus managed to maintain their buying power ome of them have actually suf­fered a considerable decrease. The engineers, who began the century with $1,161 a year, .now have a buying power in terms of the same values of only $999. Tlie c.onductors from a buying power of $1,004 have now declined to $909.

Thus it is tbat the decline of the dollar from a commodity value of 100 cents in 1900 to 69 eents in 1913 an"d then to 38 cents in 1m has wiped out all the apparent gains which the railway workers bave been able to secure either through the work of their organizations or as a result of the supposed gen­erosity of those who administered the railways during the period of Federal controL

Table I is the same as Table II, except that it shows in percentage what Table II how fn actual figur . Table III i as follows: TABLE III.-Buying power of average a.nm,aZ

employees (19Q0-1921). earni11gs of t·ailroad

Tcle-Year. All em- Engi- Fire- Con- Train- Machin- Tr.e.ck- graph

ployees. neers.. men. ductorn. men. i&ts. men. opera-tors.

------ ------------1900 .... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1907 .. -- 95 97 96 96 104 101 100 97 1913 .... 92 !)9 100 97 111 100 97 93 1917 •... 91 91 96 101 105 103 100 82 1921 (1) . 117' 91 ll8 97 125 117 128 115 1921 (2). 105 86 108 90 113· 108 110 106

1 First half~ 2 Second llnlf.

This table which assumes 1900 as the base of 100 per cent shows, using as an illustration the engineers, that the wages of the engineer in 1907 while higher than his wages in 1900 by the dilrerenee between $1,161 and $1?340, in reality had 97 per "cent .of the purchasing power in 1907 which his earnings had in 1900. In the same way it will be observed that the purchasing power of the earnings -of the engineer:s in 1921, as shown by the table, is but 86 per cent of tile purchasing power of his far smaller earnings in 1900.

The Harvard bureau of economic re eareh has made a care­ful study of the phys.ical volume of go.ods produced in the United States since 1899. Its results are published in the Review of Econo~ic Statistics issued by the bureau for the month of September, 1919, to J"anuary, 1920. They show that from 1900 to 1917, while population increased 34 per centt the phy ical pr<>duction of agriculture, mining, anu manufacture in the United States increased 83 per eent. In other w-ords, the physical production of goods per capita increa ed by Jll{)re than one-third from 1900 to 1917. We are certainly safe in assuming that the increase from 1900 to 1921 was therefore at least 30 peT cent. This means an increase of 30 per cent per capita in the output of our ~ndustri~ in actual physical goods. If labor,

therefore, is simply to hold its .o n and receiv the arne r Iu­tive proportion of the total product it received in 1000, it would be necessary f.or the bu:ying power of the rornings of labor to be increased by 30 per cent.

The proportion going to labor on any sound economic theory ought to be even larger than that shown on Table IV. Labor ought to demand and <>ught t-o receive not the ame proportion of the product that it received in 1900 but an increased propor­tion. To whom does this increased product go if no part of it goes to labor? The answer is plain. It mu t go to capital . It must go to swell the great fortunes. To deny to labor the :right to share in the increased product and wealth of tl1e country is to make it an outcast in its own home. It is to reduce it to a permanent static position ab-ove which it can llle\ r hope to lise.

I have ~ far purpo ely refrained from dealing ' ith standard of living. I do not believe that the wages of labor anywh re should be fixed merely by answering the question how little labor can reeei \e and till function emct.ently. I believe that labor should share in the ever-increasing wealth of the country.

President Harding will not be charged certainly with any un-due bias in favor of labor, not by anyone who know him, and knows his reco-rd when he was a Member of this body. In an address in New Yor~ City on May 23 last, as reported in the press of the country on May 24, he laid <lo"'-n the principle I assume he proposes that hi adniinistration hull apply in fixing the compensation of labor wherever that oecomes a 'ov­ernment function . A.s reported in the pres ~f the .cOuntry ·on May 24, he .... aid :

In our effort at cstablishJng indu tr-ial justice e must see tiJ.at lhe wage -earner is pla.eed in an conomically .ound pru;ition. His loWl!st wage m'llst be enough for comfort, enough to make hts hou.se a llotm>, enough to insure that the struggle for exist'Ellee hal not cro d out tpe things truly .worth living for . There must be. nrov11>1.on for duca­tion, for . recreatiOn, and a margin for savings. "'Th ro must b uch tre.edom of action as will insure full play to the individual'-s ability.

This, you will e, i what the Pr idem promises the minimum. It is that to which the lowest paid worker · en­titled and which he hould receh1e where er the fixing of his wage becomes a function of the Federal Go ernment, if the declaratiOJl of the President is made go.o<l.

Now, let us g·o one step further an.d . e whether the 'Wages which railroad labor is receiving to-day are enough "to n1..1.lre his hou e a home." Is it enough to as ur~ him thGse "things truly worth living for "? Is it enough to insure '-'education for his children"? Is it .enough to provide for himself and his family eYen the humMest " recreation "? W:hat i the mar­gin for savings" which is left railro d labor on the ba~is at which it is being paid at present?

These are questions which can be ea ily unsw red. Th ti ld. of living costs is one that has been rather completely covered during the last few years. During the years 1906 to 1914 four studies of living costs were made, and ince 1917 no les than 13 other in ·estigations of the ·arne character have been com­pleted. The method of making these tudie has been to li t the articles necessary to m inta.in a workingman' family, an<l then to find out the market price of ach of these article . These studies lla-ve taken as a base a husband, wife, and three children of dependent age , on the assumption that th.e living wage must consider the family a the unit., if the race is to be perpetuated. The best of these studies probably was that made by the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics auring 1.919 and 19.20. The present cost of the decency an.d comfort budget for the ordinary inuustrial worker published by that bureau in 1920 is at least $2,200, and the average cost of seven decency and comfort budgets worked out by various public and private organizations stood. at $1,970 in May, 1921, when food pric.es were substantially below their present level. Bear in mind that these decency and comfort bu-dgets are not ::ts liberal as that demanded by President Harding in the peech from which I have just quoted. Thus the Bureau of Labor Statistics says of its budget of $2,200 pe.r year for the laborer and his family :

It needs to be emphasized that the bud~et Ie>cl adopted In the pres~nt study i in no way intended as an 1deal b'lldget. It wu in­tended to establish a bottom level of health and decency below which

.a family can not go without danger of physical and moral detel'ioration. ~his budget does not include many comforts which should be included in a Droper "Am~riean stand.a.r.d of living." Thus. no provision ls directly made for sa¥i.ngs otber than insurance, n.oE for vacations, nor for books :rnd other educational purpo es.

Now, turn to your table of railroad wage" and take eveu the exaggerated fi.gur for 1921, and you fi.ncl that the only two clas es of railroad labor which even appi'Oach the health and decency level are the conductors and the engineers.

All others are far below it. And mind yo11, this is not the level that President Har.ding has promised. It is a level far below that. The telegraphers, a highly skilled body of men,

1922. CO:NGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE . ..

upou whose accuracy and faithfulness and sh.'ill and alertness the operation and the movement of the trains must depend, are short by over $400 annually of the decency and comfort level of HYing. The trackmen, upon whose labor th~ maintenance of the entire railroad system of the country is dependent now r~ cei'e only $900 a year. They are thus $1,300 below th~ amount which has been fL'\:ed as the minimum level upon which a family can be maintained in health and decency. I wish to call your attention to the fact that it was to this class of labor that Presiden t Harding referred specifically when he stated on l\Iay 24:

We must see that the wage earner is placed in an economically sound P?Sition. His lowest wage m~tst be enough for comfort, enough to make his bouse a home, enough to msure that the struggle for existence ball not crowd out the things truly worth living for.

This clear-cut enunciation by the President has been entirely ignored by the Hailroad Labor Board in fixing the wages of railroad employees. Refusing to recognize that the track laborers, like almost every other class of railroad employee~, were already below the level at which a decent living could he maintaineu, tl:.•is board or arbitrators. in fixinf; the new wage scale to take effect as of July 1, 1921, ordered a drastic cut averaging 12! per cent, in the wages of all employees. Not only did they ignore the maxim of the President by reducin"' the general level of railroad wages, but they went still further~ an1l imposed the Ilea Yiest cuts upon those classes of employees who were already lowest paid and who '"ere, therefore, least able to bear the burdens. They reduced the wages of the more high!y paid employees 8 per cent, but they cut the wages of the track­m~n. and other low-paid laborers 16 per cent. This is, in my opmwn, one of the most cruel and indefensible acts ever pe!·­petrated by a go>ernmental institution. So far as I can dis­cover these low-paid laborers were selected for laughtCL' J.>y the Railroad Labor Board because it was belieYed that in the existing condition of unemployment these men were least able to offer effecti>e resistance.

Think of it, Senators! Here we have the largest single class of railroad employees, numbering more than 300 000 men who in rain and snow, under the broiling sun of mids~mmer aud i~ the icy blasts of winter, perform heavy and disagreeab{e labor. By the decision of a Go\ernment board these men have had their wages reduced to a point where they are now able to earn only $900 a year. This is equal to only $3 a da~·. or $18 a week. In terms of the purchasing power of money in 1900, the $900 a year which these men now ha\e an opportunity to earn is equal to only $341. In other words, in terms of the actual buying power of money, these men are reduced to the le-vel of $1 a day. E\ery mature man knpws that it bas not been possible at least in the Northern and Western States, to hire men fo{· $1 a day since the famine period of the nineties.

But this is only a foretaste of what the railroads hope to do to labor, if they are able to bend the Railroad Lauor Board to their will, or, failing that, to e\ade the proyisions of the trans­portation act by turning over their maintenance work and a large part of their operation to subcontractors. If they are able to do either of these things, they hope and expect to reduce tile wages of trackmen to an actual rate of $1.50 for a 10-hour day. which will be equivalent, in the purchasing power of 1900. to only 59 cents.

This may ·eem to be a sensational charge, but let me read you from the Wall Street Journal of January 12, 1922:

The carriers have announced their intention, tmbject to conferences with tlwir employees and the rulings of the Railroad Labor Board to reduce the wages of men in the train service 10 per cent ·from · 'the pre 'ell t scale and wages of all other employees to the levels paid for similar labor in the various markets for such labor.

A few of the carriers are already effecting some of these savinrzs nnd it i~:> interesting to consider what one of them-the St. Louis-s'an Francisco-is ac<;omplishing in this way by letting maintenance and even some operating work on contract. _

In a ft·ee labor mar~et labor, if employed at all, will be employed at the market, and pnvate contractors, were the carriers thus per­mi.tt ~d to hire labor at the market, would have no advantage over the rat l road~ . • • • The St. Louis-San Francisco was engaged in 1921 in. l'';' - l ~ yil!g with heavier steel a good deal of light rail in Alabama, MISSI , SlPPI , Oklahoma, and Texas. If the company had undertaken the work on ~ts own a ccount, it would have had to pay the track laborers the l>oal'(l s scale of 38 cents an hour. At these wages it is estimated tha t tile labor co t of ~he steel laying would have been ~550~ a mile. '.fhe con t ract cost of thts work was a ctually $350 a mile, a saving of $200. or about 3G per cent.

nu t this is only part of t he case against the Labor Board. The con­ti·actors have to make a profit. The track worke1·s employed by them recei n d '1.50 a day for 10 hours, or 15 cents an hour. • • *

What Frisco achieved could have been accomplished by other roads nnd wa s nccomplished by a few, as the result of contract work The difference between what was and what mi~ht have been is a deficit to the fixation of wages and working conditwns by Government.

Tile inevitable conclusion from this article is that the rail· roads hope and expect that they will be able, if they succeed in their purpo ·es, to force labor to accept employment at a dollar and a half for a 10-hour (1ay. In terms of actual buying power

this $1.50 would be worth only wb"at 83 cents woultl buy in 1913 and what 59 cents would buy in 1900. This would be less than Chinese coolies were paid in the days when the Pacific r·ailroads were permitted to import them freely and to exploit them unmercifullv.

I do not believe that the railroads can by any possibility succeed in forcing the wages of American labor down to any such level. But I take a much stronger position on this sub­ject than simply warning against drastic wage reductions. I assert that under existing conditions any further reductions. in railroad wages are unjustified, and if made will produce eco­nomic disaster.

WHA'l' HAS CAUSED THE DEPRESSIOX~

l\Ierchants and manufacturers are wondering to-day where their markets have gone. Farmers are in despair because they are unable to sell th~ir crops. Why is this? It is in large pa1t because the men who do the Nation's work in factories, on rail­roads, or in mines, either through wage cuts or through unem­ployment, have been deprived of the purchasing power with which to buy the food, clothing, and other necessaries of life in normal quantities.

.You may not realize it, gentlemen, but these despised imlus­tnal workers, whose toil and sweat drives the wheels of the railroad, the factory, and the mine, together with their families constitute more than h~lf the population of the country and consume an ever greater proportion of the Nation's staple prod­ucts-its corn, its wheat, and its cotton. They use little wool and less silk and consume little or none of the products of the luxury trades,.but they are the great market for the things the farmer produces.

All the millionaires in the Uniteu States could stop eating and cease to wear clothes and the markets for wheat corn and cotton, susceptible as they are to the slightest influe~ce ~ould not notice the difference. But let the fifty.five millio~s who make up the families of America's workers be forced by wage cuts or u~employment to curtail their purchases at the groce1.·y and clotlung stores, and the inevitable result is a depression if not a panic, in every market for staple products in th~ United States, and e\en the markets in Liverpool will feel the shock. . When tll.e worker are well paid and steadily employed, there 1s prosperity and a good market, not only for merchants but for farmers and manufacturers as well. When half the workus are on the street seeking employment, and the other half a~c being paid wages insufficient to maintain a decent standard of living, there is commercial and agricultural stagnation aX'd depression, which all the unemployment conferences and a&ri­cultural conferences in the world can not relieve or even appre­ciably alleviate.

Thi is the great economic truth which every statesman must realize. It is so self-evident that a child ·in grammar scl10ol can understand it. And yet it is ignored a!ld violated eyery day by those _ who are now in control of the desrinie or this Kation.

The master.· of. American finance and business devoted t he year 1920 to " deflating " the farmers, using as theit· agency the Feueral reserve system, the most powerful and ruthless financial instrument ever constructed by human in(J'enuitv. Through their machinations the producers of corn, cott~n m~d wheat haYe been ruined, and despair fills the countrvs ide in every agricultural district. ·

The year 1921 has been devoted by these same masters of business and credit to the infernal, but not less congenial, task of "deflating" labor and destroying their unions, which alone stand between them and serfdom. In this they have, thauk God, not yet fully succeeded. Labor, unlike the farmers, was not so vulnerable to the weapon of concentrated credit control by which the agricultural producers were forced to throw thei.r crops on the market at an enormous sacrifice. Labor has been crushed by the slower but not less formidable processe. · of i.lll­

employment and wage cutting. So to-day five or six millions of toilers in the United States are out of work and their families are htmgry, largely to the end that their spirit may be crushed and a new generation of serfs may be bred. The United States Supreme Court and the lower courts are depriving the workers of their weapons of defense one by one and seeking to bind them with chains, so that their masters may with impunitv scourge them into submission. ·

This alliance of the Federal courts and the vested inter­ests 'for the conquest of labor may succeed. I pra:r that it may ~ot,. but I sometimes fear that it may. :K o such powe-rf ul ~ombma~10n bas ev~r been arrayed together for an evil purpose m the htstory of thiS country. In comparison with it tlle ~Sla ve power, with u~ representatives sitting arrogant!~' 1n tlH' f'enat and· House and with its spoke~rnan a.· Chief J u!'ltie of t h

2388 c GREfiSIO_._ +.L RECORD--.-SEi~A'IE. FJ~BRUARY 10,

Supreme Court delivering tl:le Dreu co~t ued ion., pales into insignificance by tlle record that i · being mall by· tbe Federal court in our own time.

This e:tiort to cru h labor and redut:e- the free-born American workers to the condition of Rus~ian ~erf. may succee-d, although I still have such faith in the com·ao· nod the integrity of the Alnerican people that r believe they will finally achieve a glori­ous victory as over\vhelming as that which crushed the slave power in 1865. But, in any event, sucees can be achieved, by these siniste? forces only after a period of strif and chao w.hich is too horrible to conteiiLPlate, and tlleil• ;;:ucce:::- ·, howeve~ and whenever accomplished, will mark the don·nfall of tbe American Republic.

I thank Sen a tors ·for their ver'y patient a.ttt'ntion auu atteml­ance- during the delivery of this adili·e s.

EXECUTIVE AND INDEPJ!l.c~ DE~ :1' OFFiCE, APPROPP.fATIO;."".

The Senate, as in Committee of the Wllole, resumed, tile con­sideration of the bill (H. R 9981) making appropriation for the· Ex-ecutive and for sundry independent executiv bureaus, boards, commissions, and offices for tbe fiscal year endino· June 30, 1923, and for other purposes.

The VICE. PRESIDEJ\.""T. The ~ecretury will continue the reading of the bill.

The reacting was resumed at line JO, page 2-:t;. The next amendment wa. , on page 28, after Jiue 16, to in­

sert : The Public Building Commiss-ion (the commission in charge of the

State, War. and Nayy Departments Buildings, to wit, the Secretary ot State, the Secretary of War, and tile o.cecretary ot· the Ntlvy) is hereby authorized and directed to acquire by purchase, so far as they may be able to at Pl'ices deemed by tham to be rea.sonable and tair, otherwise by condemnation in accord.unce witb th provisions of the act of Con­gr s , approved August 30, 1890, pt•o,dding for a site foP the enlarge­m(>u.t of the Government Printing Office, the following squru.-es ot lanu for public purposes, to wit, the whole of quares known a numbers east of 87; ea t o:!' 88; 124 ~ 125; 145; HG; and. 147, in the city of ·washington, D. C., as officially recel'ded. in the office of the urveyor, District ot Columbia.. The commi sion i ful'ther u.ut.bo~izeu to reauce tb :uea to be acquired where by rea on at improvements construeted, or tmreason.able prices asked, or for other req. ons in their judgment the public interests may require: Providod, That if acquired by purchase, the cost of the squal•es, including xpensr · incident thereto, shall' not exceed the sum of $1,500,000, which sum is hereby authorized and the same i hereby appropriated: Pro-,;itte·a (lwther, That . the squares au­thorized to be acuired herein hall be under the contl'ol or the superln­tenuent of the State, War, an-d NaYy Depar.tmcntB· Building .

ll1•. WARREN. J1 move an amendment to the committee amendment. On page 28, line 17, r move to strike out the word "the Public Building Commission." and in~rt in lieu the woi'd "the-."

The amendment to the amendment wa agreetl to. Mr. W ARRE:N. There is another amendment to the COllllllittee

am('udment on the ame page which I offer. On line 20 ))age 2 , I mo\e to strike out the parenthesi after the word ' Navv" and insert in lieu thereof a comma. ~

Tile amendment to the amendment wa agreed to. Th amendment a amended was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 29, line 25, to strike out

cc ~300,000 " and to ffisert '' $375,000," o as to read: Fot• alarie and expenses of the United States Tariff Commlssio.n,

including: pm:.chase- and exchange of labor-saving devices, the purchase of profe sional and seient:ilic books, law books. books of reference, and periodicals as may be necessary, as authorized under Title VII of the act entitled "An act to increase the revenue, and for other purposes," appro¥ed eptember 8, 1916, $315,000.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page 30, after line 19, in the

appropriation for the United States hipping Board, to shrike out the following parag1·aph: ·

No part of the moneys app-ropriated or made available by this act !!hall be used or expenued for the purcha..se acquirement, repair, Ol' reconditioning of any vessel, commodity, article, or thing which, at the time of the proposed purchase, acquirement, repair!.. or reconditioning, can be manufactured, produced, repaired, or recona:itioned in each or any of the Government navy yards or arsenals of the United States for a sum less than it can be purchased, acquired, repaired, or recon­ditioned otherwise ~ Provided, That this limitation shall only apply to · vessels while in the harbors of the United Stateg, and all expenditures in connection with s11ch work ru;e to be considered in estimating- tlle cot.

llr. WARREN. Tl1at amendment was laid aside the other day because several Senators ru•e interested in a particular item, so I ask that it may be passed over temporarily.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it will be passed over.

The· neJ..'t amendment was, under the subhead "Emru.-gency shipping fund," on page 32, line 1, after the_ word "ships" at the. end of the line, to insert: " and (d) 5.5,000,00Q- from moneys collected from mortgages, lea · , acco"tmts, and bills receivable other than those arising from current operations, ant'i from moneys collected from the sale of ships, plants, material, securities, and other assets, prior to July 1, 1923, lEe'S$ such por-

tioa of . ·aid $5.5,000,000 which shall have been collected dur~O' tlle· fiscal year 1922. under the :p1·o:vi,s~e.ns of a:n act entitled 'A~ act mflki.Qg appro~dation, for undl·y civil ~enses oi the Gov­ernment for, the fiseal ye_ar ending J11ne 30, 1922, and for other purpose ,' appra:ved: MaFch 4, 1921:,'' o as to make the proviso. to the emergency hipping_ appropriation fu.nCL read:

Pro1.'-idect. That n& part of this sum. shall be used for the payment of claima ot:her than those resulting from the current maintenance and operation of vessels; (c) the amount received during the fiscal year· 1923 from the operation o~ ships; and (d) $55,000,000 from moneys collected from mortgages, etc. .

The amendment was agreed to. The next amli'ndment was, on page 32, line 11, after the .fi'gures

"1921,'' to s trike out the proviso in the following words: Prol/irlPd, That no part of the · sums hereinbefore· appi'Opriated haU

be used to pay a greate.t sum than 5 per cent as c-ommissions for the placin O' of advertising matter conb·aeted for.

The awendruent was agreed to. The next ame:o<lment was, on page 32, line 23, after the word representati'n? ," to insert "or arising out of any legal obli-

gations on the part of !:!aid board or corporation," so as to make tbe paragraph read :

l?or the payment of claim ·, damage cha1·ges a~d misoellaneous ad­justments, authorJzed under tbe-; provisions ot the merchant- marine act, 1920, $50.QOO,OOO. of whlch $30,000,000 shaJi• be immediately available·: Pro uhlcd, 'l!bat no claim shall be paid. oub of the amount Ul)propriated herein unle ·s the 'hipping Board &hall find that such claim grew out of an agreement, express or implied. entered' into with United States ~hipping Boaru Ol" the Emergency. Fleet COI'poration: or· their legal t·eprp. entatiye-.' or arising ou.t of any legal obl~ations on. the pat•t of fmid board or corp om tion.

The ameudrueut was agreetl to. The u~~t amendment wa , on page- 33, line 5, befo.re tbe word

" newspapers,' ' to st:I:ike out " bulletins,' o a to make. the­pnragn.rpB.· read :

No nut of t he funds. u.ppropriated or made availal>le in this act fQl" tho United States Shipping Board or. the United. States Sblpping. Board Emergency Fleet Corporation shall' be- expended fot· the pJ:"epara tion, printing, publication, or distribution of any newspapers, ma-gaz-ines, jour•aals, or other l)eriodicals, or fa£· ser·vices in· co.nnecti<m. therewith. not including, however, the prenara.tion and. printin.g_ of· documents and reports authorized and required to be i. sued by law. ·

·The amendment was agreed tu. Tile next amendment was, on page 33, to strike QUt lines 16

to 20 in the following words : " Not more than six officer. or employees of the United states Shipping Board or the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Cm·poJ'ation: shall be paid au annual salary or com pen sa tio.n in e:s;cess of U ,OOO. .But no compen -·ation or salary shall exceed $25,000," and in lieu there.of to insert: "Not more than 13 officers or emplo ees, including 7 a.ttorneys, of the United States Shipping Board or, the United States Shipping_ Board Emergen.cy Fleet Cor­poration ~llall be paid an annual alary or compensation in excess of $11,000."

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on. page 34, line 3, after the word

"employee ," to insert "and all. auditing of every nature re­quiring the services of outside auditors shall be furni heu thraug}l the Bureau af Efficiency."

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, in the items for tile United States

Veterans' Bureau, on page 35, line 23, after the word" vehicles," to insert "including not e::s:ceeding 10 passenger-catTying ve­hicles at a gross cost not exceeding $7~500."

Ur. WARREN. I ask that the amendment be rejected, us ! have an aDl(IDdment tQ offer covering it.

The amendment was rejected. 1\tr. WARREN. I UQW sen(J to the desk. an amendment to

come in at this point,. which I ask muy be adopted, The- VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment will be stated. T;he READING Ct.mm:. On page 3.5, line 23, after the word

"investigation," insert the words "passenger ca1:rying and other,'' so as to read "pas enger cal'l'ying and other motor ve­hicles."

The amendment was agreed to .. Mr. WARREN. I send to the <le k another amendment to

come in at this point. The VICE PRESIDEl~T. The amendment will be state<!. The RE.t\.DING CLERK. On page- 36, line 1, after the word

" same," insert : and not to exceed 10 passenger-can•ying Tehicles at a total cost of not exceeding $7,500 may be purchased.

The amendment was agreed to. The next amendment was, on page- 36, line 4, to sb:ike out

" $25,815,942" and to insert " $3'4,970,974.65," so as to read: Fol," carrying out the pr-ovisions of an act entitled ''An act to estab­

lish- a Veterans' Bureau and to improve the facilities and service of such bureau and to further amend and modify the war risk insurance act appr<rreQ August 9, 1921," including sula1·ies and expenses of the

1~22. OONGl{ESSIO AL RECORD-SENATE. 2389 cenh·al office a.t Washington,· D. C., and regional offices and suboffices, No part of the 'moneys appropriated or made available by this act and including 1salaries, statio"Dery and minor office supplies, furniture, shall be 'USed or expended .tor the repair or reconditioning of any vessel equipment and supplies, printing and binding, rentals and alterations, ·~"med ·Or controlled by the Government of the United States if .the heat, light, and water, miscellaneous expenses, including tel~ph!Jnes, expense of such repair or reconditioning is in excess of -"$5,000. telegrams, freight, express, law books, books of reference, periodicals, Then it continues with the word " or." I take it that that a.mbulance service, towel service, la"llndry service, repairs to equipment, pal* of it is complete, alfhoueb tbat probably was not the m· ten-storage, ice, taxi service, car fare, stamps and box rent, traveling and ·" ~ ~ subsistence, salaries and expenses ·of employees enga.ged in field invest!· tion. It then reads: i gation, passenger-carrying and other motor vehicles, including pur- Or it the cost of said repair or ;reco~ditioning requires that estimates chase, maintenance, repairs, and operation of same, and not to exceed h ld b .. til t · .. b · t •· G 10 passenger-carrying vehicles at a toi:al cost of $7;500 may be pur- s ou e maue, un an oppor umty uas een giVen o tue overnment chased, salaries and operating expenses of the Arlington Building and navy yards to estimate upon the cost of such repair or reconditioning. annex, including repairs and mechanical equipment, fuel, electric cur- I think the phrase 11 until an opportunity bas been given " rent, ice, ash removal, and miscellaneous items, $34,970,974.65. does not relate to the :first l>art at all. •

The amendment was agreed to. Mr. LODGE. It was intended to do so. The next amendment was, under the subhead "United States Mr. JONES of Washington. I thought it was. The word

Veterans' Bm·ea.u," on page 36, line 16, to sh·ike out " '$160;000,- "and" instead of the word " or" -would probably cure that. 000" and to insert "$145,000,000 and not exceeding '$15,000,000 Mr. LODGE. l have no objection to that change. of any une:x:pended balance for this purpose," so as to read : Mr. JONES of W asbington. But this -requires, i'f the expense

Compensation : For military and naval compensation for death or dis- is $5,000 or more, that the matter shall be submitted to the ability, $145,000,000 and not exceeding $15,000,000 of any nnexpended navy yatds of the United 'States; in other words, every navy bala"nce for t1lis purpose. yard in the United Sta:tes wotild be called upon to submit esti-

The amendment was agreed to. mates ·upon the proposition. The expense of making those esti-The next amendment was, on 'page 38, line 21, 'to strike out mates in the various navy yards of the ·Government woul.d far

"$127,000,'000" and to insert "$146,409,188:80," so as to read: exceed 'the cost of l."epairs in 'm:my •instances, and it seems to Vocational rehabilitation : For carcyin~ out the provisions of the act me that all this should prevent the adoption of the -amendment.

PDtitled "An act to provide for the vocational rebabilitation and return 'Mr. !LODGE. _If the ~enator will allow me, I have no ObJ"ec-to civil em-ployment of disabled -persons diS<!harged from the llllilitarY .or naval forces of the United States, and for other purposes," approved tion to making the amount larger. I want to put in some limit, June 27, 1918, as amended, $146,409,188.80. so as •not to requh·e them to go to. tbe -yards for trivial reparrs.

The amendment was agree<l to. That is the reason why I added the phraseologJT about the esti-The next amendment was, on page 38, line 24, after the word mates. If the Senator thinks it more desirable to make the

"cantonment," to ·insert" acqui-red :for use a:s a ·training center, limitation larger, -as much as $50;000, l have no objection. except Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio," so as to make the l\Ir. JO~TES of Washington. [f there •is any amendment to 1l>e proT'i. 0 read: adopted, I think it should read that the nearest na-ry -ya-rd

Pnyvided, That 1no ,pa1-t of ilhe tfO'rego-ing t>um shall be ·used for the ·should be required to give an estimate, without requiring esti­estnblli!hment, Jllllintenance, .or operation of trai'lling schools at any mates from all the navy yards of the United States. Anny cam-p or cantonment ac(fuired for -use .as a ·truining center, except . Mr. LODGE. 'I agree to that. I think that is very well. Camp herman, Chillicofhe, .O'hio. Mr . . JONES of Washington. Of course, the Senator under-

'The amendment .was agreed i:o. stands I ·do not think we oug;bt to adopt a.ny limitation. 1.1he next amendment wa , at 'the top of page 39, to ~trike out lUr. ;r.oDGE. I understand tnat the Senator is arguing the

the additional proviso in the 'follo"i.ng -words: general question. Pt·ovided further, That no .Part of the foregoing a-pp1·opriation shall Mr. !101\TES ·of "Washington. I am snggesting this in ca-se

be expended for construction work except necessary minor repai:rs. the provision is adopted. The amendment was agreed to. l\Ir. LODGE. It is my intention, if the amendment is re-The VICE PRESID:ENT. The reading of the ·bill is com- , jected, to errdeavor to have an amendment maae \\hich will

pleted. The i:li.rst amendment ,passed .0 ver is on ,page 5. require all these items aboYe $100,000 to be submitted to Con-l\f.r. LODGE and 1\lr. CAR.A W .AY ;rese. gl'e.SS. Mr. WARREN. Does the Senator from ArkalJlsas [Mr. :J.\.lr. -J'ONES ·of WaShington. That, of course, would ibe very

CARAWAY] desire to speak on the -amendment upon page 5? un-wise. We can net carry on a business in competition wit1l Mr. OAR.A WAY. I was .going to suggest that it .be :passed private interests in that way at all. :r know tbe Senator does

over temporarily~ in ordeJ.• that we may consider the amend- not desire to hatnpeT the business in that way. These Govem­ment which, I understand, the Senator from J\.1as aohusetts ment vessels are -engaged 'in private ·business and ccommerctal wishes to present. business. That is all they are engaged .in.

1\lr. WARREN. Ve1:y well. Mr. DODGE. Yes; but--1\fr. LODGE. On ])age SO, where the •committee proposes tt) "M-r. IJONES o'f Waslri:zrgton. l do ·not yield to the Senator ~ust

strike out from line 20 -On that page to and including line 6, now. Government ships are entitely different. They a:re doing on page 31, in lieu of the words inserted by the House I move an entirely different kind .of work ; they are carrying on an to insert what I send to the rdesk. enti'rely ai.ft'erent sort of business; but these ships are being

The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment -will be stated. run -er attempted to be .run by the Shtpping 'Board of tb.e Gov-The AssiSTANT SECRETABY. Qn page -30, lines 20 to .25, and ern:ment of the United States in <wmrr,~rcia1 btlsiness in compe­

page 31, lines 1 to 6, m -lieu of the words .proposed by the com- tition With the ·world's ships. Now 'I yield to the 'Senator. mittee .to be stricken out inse11t: l\1r. LODGE. If it is not 'Government business, then the

No pat·t of the moneys appropriated o-r made available by 'this act sooner ·we cease ma;ki:ng appropria-tions to carry on the Shipping shall be used or ex,ended tor the rep9ir or reconditioning of any Board the better. We had better have that door opened. vessel owned or controlled by the Government, if tbe ex:pense of such l\Ir. JONES of Washingten. We aTe simply making the repair or reconditioning is in excess of $5,000, or if t'he cost of !laid necessary appil·opriations in 'order to enable us to get out of repair or rec€>nditioning requires that estimates should be made until an opportunity bas been given to the Government navy yards to esti-. this busines as soon as we can, with as much profit as pos ible. mate upon the cost of such repair or reconditioning if performed by Ml·. LODGE. I have sup-ported the 'Senator in that, a.s he said navy yards: Pt·ovided, That this limitation shall only apply to kn vessels while :in the harbors of the United States, and all ·expenditures ows. in connection with such worl{ 'llre to be considered in estimating the J.\.lr . .TONES of Washington. I know the Senator has. cost: And p1·ovtdcd. tm·ther, Thnt the Provisions of this clause shall Mr. 'DODGE. I have ndt fdoght it; but it is Government work. take effect upon the passage of the -act. paid for by the Government, of course, and it would not last 24

Mr. WA.RllEN. I have no objection to the amendment. hours i-f the Government was not behind it. Mr. JO~"ES of 1Vashington. Mr. President, I do not think Mr. JONES of Washington. Technically, of cotu:se, it 'is.

the amendment should be agreed to. In the first place, I do The ·ships are o'\-mecl by the Govel'llment until they are dis­not think there ought to be any limitation upon the matter of posed of. appropri~tion for the care of this shipping. It is really a pri- Mr. LODGE. Absolutely. vate business, a private concern carried on by an .agency of the l\Ir. JONES of Washington. But they are not ·engaged in Government. It will be carried on just as economically as Gove1·nment business 1ike a battleship is. possible, and it can not be carried on economically if Congress Mr. LODGE. That is quite true, but they are Government limits the di cretion of those whom we have placed in authority ships on Go'9'el'nment work. and in charge of the work. I do not think there should be l\1r . .JONES of Washington. Oh, certainlY; they are Govern-any limitation at all. ment ships and it is Government work.

However, taking the amendment as suggested, 1 doubt ·if it As I said, fbe navy yaTd is called upon to make an estimate. really carries out in language what the Senator intended, and The Senator knows that better than I do, ·bacause he is U})OB I wish to call the attention of the Senator from l\lassachusetts the Committee on Naval Affairs. NeYertlleless, we should not to the language of the amendment, whicb reads: lose sight of the fact that if an estimate is submitted and the

2390 CONGRESSION .A.L R.ECORD-SEN ATE. FEBRUARY 10,

work is given to a navy yard, then we start on the work, and if it costs twice as much as the estimate we ha\e to pay that money or else abandon the work. That is all there is to it. If an estimate is made of $500,000 and the actual cost is $1,000,000, we have to appropriate the other $500~000 or else lose the first $500,000 that has been expended. But if we allow the condi­tioning of these vessels to be made by contract with private parties we know when the co:qtract is let wliat the cost is going to be. U it is carried on in a businesslike way, ample secm·ity is required to insure compliance with the contract so the Gov­ernment knows eX"actly what the work is going to cost, knows the time within which it is to be done, and the time may be a very essential element in a contract of this kind.

The hearings disclose a letter from the Secretary of the Navy with reference to this proposition. It is found on page 36 of the Senate committee hearings. A telegram was sent from the edi­tor of the New York American to the Secretary of the Navy with reference to the matter which is really involved here, namely, the reconditioning of the Leviathan. The Secretary wrote this letter. It is dated No\ember 8, 1921, a couple of months ago, and reads: GE~TLEMEN: I have at hand your telegram of November u, 1921, in

which you make inquiry in regard to the reconditioning of the Levia­than by the Navy.

In .April, 1920, the Shipping Board first requested bids upon reconqi­tioning the Le-,;iathan. .At that time the status of the work in certam navy yards, notably in the Boston Navy Yard, was such that i~ appeare!l advantageous for the department to cause that yard to submit an esti­mate for doing this work.

The reconditioning of the Leviathalt was not undertaken as a result of the bids received at that time.

Recently the Shipping Board again decided to secure bids for recon­ditioning the Ln'iathan under modified specifications, with the idea of ascertaining whether the work can now be done at a cost which will be within the means available to the Shipping Board.

I ask the attention of Senators to this statement: A bid by a private firm i.· a guaranty of the performance of the work

at a. price named and within a time stipulated. A bid by a navy yard is the estimated cost of the work. If work is

awarded u navy yard after an estimate, the actual cost of the work is charged, whether same be greater than or less than the estimated cost. Estimates ordinarily run fairly close, say within about 10 per cent, but in a big reconditioning job, where the actual amount of work necessary can only be revealed after opening up work and uncovering all defects, it is difficult to make an estimate that will fall within 10 per cent of the actual cost.

The letter continues, on page 38 of the hearing, after certain interruptions:

Furthermore, the stipulated time for the performance of work for other departments of the Government must always be subject to the condition that urgent naval work shall take precedence, even If such precedence causes failure to perfot·m the other Government departments' work within tbe time atipula te<l

That is a Yery important element. I hope t11e Senate will give that consideration. Note what the Secretary says:

Furthermore, the tipulated time for the performance of work for other departments of the Government must always be subject to the condition that urgent naval work shall take precedence, even if such precedence causes failure to perform the other Government departments' work within the time stipulated.

In other worus, if a contract should be let at the Boston Navy Yarll for the reconditioning of the Leviathan, the reeondition­ing to be done within a certain period of time, and urgent naval work . hould come in, the work on the Levi.athan would be put aside· anll the' reconditioning possibly could not be canied on.

What is uesirell with reference to the Leviathan? On page 3, -

Mr. OVER~lAl~. Will t11e Senator from Washington yield to me.? I think there ought to be a quorum here, anll I sug­gest the absence of a quorum.

:Mr . .JONES of ·washington. I hope the Senator will not sug­gest the ab ·ence of a quorum.

Mr. OVERl\lA.:..~. I suggest the absence of a quorum. Of course, we will want a quorum present when the Presiuent ad­!.lre: es the Senate.

Mr. JONE of Washington. I realize that the Pre.-ident will shortly address the Senate.

l\lt·. OVERMAN. I understand the President vi'ill be here at half past 3 o'clock, and it is now nearly that hour. So I make tlie ugge lion there is no quorum present.

The VICE PRESIDE~T. The Secretary will call tlle roll. The reauing <:lerk called the roll, and tbe following Senators

answered to their names: Ball Cummine Borah· Curtis Brandegee Dillingham Broussard Ernst Bursum Fernald Cameron Fletcher Capper Frellnghuysen Caraway Gerry Colt Hale Culber on Harreld

Harris Hefiin I1itchcock .Tones, N.Mex. .Tones, Wash. Kellogg Kendrick Keyes King Ladd

Lenroot

h~~~·mick McCumber McLean McNary 1\Iyers Nelson Newberry Norris

Oddie Ransdell Stanley Overman "heppard Sterling ·Page Shortridge Sutherland Pepper Simmons Swanson Phipps Smoot Wadsworth Poindexter Spencer Walsh, Mont. Pomerene Stanfield Warren

Watson , Ga. Watson, Ind. Weller Willlams

Mr. HEFLIN. I desire to announce that my colleague [1\Ir. UNDERWOOD] is absent on account of illness.

Mr. CARA ·wAY. I wish to announce the absence of my col­league [Mr. RomNso~] on official business.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Sixty-five Senators have answered to their names. A quorum of the Senate is present.

EXECUTIVE SESSION-SUBMISSION OF TREATIES.

l\Ir. CURTIS. I move that the Senate proceed to the consid­eration of executive business in open executive ses ion.

The motion was agreed to ; and (at 3 o'clock and 30 minutes p. m.) the Senate proceeded to the consilleration of executive business in open exeeutive session.

_Mr. LODGE. I mo\e that the Vice Presiuent appoint a com­mittee of two Senators to escort the President of the United States into the Senate Chamber.

The motion was agreed to; and the Vice President appointed Mr. LoDGE and Mr. Sn.LMONS, who retired and immediately re­entered the Chamber, escorting the P1·e ·ident of the United States, who was accompanied by his secretary, 1\lr. George B. Christian, jr., and members of his Cabinet.

The President was greeted with prolonged applause, and standing at the Secretary's desk, he spoke as follows·: '

THE PRESIDE ~T'S ADDRESS TO THE SENATE.

l\In. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN OF THE SE_ ATE: I have come to make report to you of the conclusions of what has been termed the Washington Conference on the Limitation of Arma­ment, and to lay before you the series of treaties which the United States and the other powers participating in the confer­ence have negotiated and signed, and have announced to the world. Apart from the very great satisfaction in reporting to the Senate, it is a privilege as well as a duty to ask t11at advice and consent which the Constitution requires to make the. e oo-venants effective.

Accompanying t11e treaties I bring to you the complete min­utes of both plenary sessions and committee meeting , anll a copy of the official report made to me by the American delega­tion to the conference. Both the complete minutes and the official report of the American delegation are new accompani­ments to the executive report of a treaty or treaties, but they are fitting testimonials to that open and . impler diplomacy for which the world has asked, and the practice of which contributed largely to the success of the conference so recently adjourned. _ I trust they will facilitate that ample and helpful understanlling which is desirable in the Senate, anll reflect that unuerstandiug which was the keynote of the conference itself. The whole transaction is quite out of the ordinary. I am not thinking of the achievement, which I hope the Renate will come to app1·ai . e highly, as I do an<l as the world seem· to uo. [Applause.] I am not thinking o:t the commendable processes by \\"hich agree­ments were wrought, though this wa a conference wholly of free nations, exercising every national right and authority in which every agreement was tamped with unanimity. In<leeu, it was a conference of friends, proceeding in deliberation aml sympathy, appraising their frien<lly and peaceful r lations and resolved to maintain them, and give to the world new a~snr­ances Of peace anll actual relief from the lmn1ens of exce. ·. iYe and competitive armament~ But the out-of-the-ordinary phases which I have in mind are that the Senate--inueeu, the Con­gre s-has already advised in faYor of one, anu inferentially of two, of the treaties laid before you to-day, and the naval pact negotiated and signed is in accordance with your expre ed wish. It calls a halt in the competitive construction of capital ships in the great navies of the world, and affords the fir t actual relief from naval burdens which peoples have been able to acclaim since steam and steel combined to add to naYal strength in warfare.

But though the treaty recommended by the Congress marks the beginning of a naval holiday aml that limitation of na•al armament which accords with a world aspiration, the particular justification of this progressive and highly gratifying step was the settlement of the international problems of the Pacific, at­tenued by new understanuings in place of menacing disagree­ments, an!.l established sureties instead of uncertainties which easily might lead to conflict. 1\fuch as it was desirable to lift the burdens of naval armament and strike at the menace of com­petitive construction anll consequent expenditure, the Executive branch of .the Go,ernment, which must be watcltful for the Nation's safety, wa. unwilling to co,en::mt a reduc~on of arma-

\t!922. OOI G'R.E8Sl0 ·TEL 'RECORD-·SENATE.

'1lle11t ·until there could be plighted new guaranties of peace, until there-could be removed the probable menaces of conflict. There­fore, all ,the treaties ubmitted for ·your ·approval have such important relationship, one to another, that, though not inter­dependent, they are the covenants of harmony, of assurance, of connction, of conscience, and of unanimity. These we have ·believed to be essential to perfect the fulfillment Which the ·Congress ·had in mind.

As a simple matter of fact, all of the agreements, except those dealing directly with the limitation of armament, take ·the })lace of various multipower •treaties, ·arrangements, or understandings, formal or informal, expressed or imPlied, relat-. ing to -matters in tlle Pacific Ocean, in which all the powers ·signatory were essentially, if not equally, concerned. -rr'he new agreements -serve to put an end to ·contradictions, to remove ambiguities, and ·establish clear understandings. •

:Ko matter what mental reservations may have existed, or what doubts may have prevailed, because here was an experi­ment new in many phases, 'all of ·the ·powe1·s came to the con­ference knowing it was to deal with very practical ·situations affecting their internationa1 relations. There was mutual inter­est, quite apart from the greater achievement for world peace, and a way to common understanding was found to be practical and · peedily arranged. If it has developed a ·new world chool of · d~plomacy, let it be so called. It 'l"evealed the .ends aimed at ·in the very beginning, and pointed the way to their attain­ment. The powers in conference took ihe world of the Pacific as they found it in fact. crhey dealt 'vith actualities by •volun­tary and unanimous agreement, and have aaded to mankind!s assurances and hopefully •advancetl international .treace.

It is worth while saying ·that the powers in this conference sought no concert to dispossess any power of its rights ·or property. All the signatories have given up certain rights which they hau, as their contribution to concord anu peace, but at no sacrifice of national pride, wlth no regret or Tesent­rnerrt to later flame in c-onfiict. ·Some relinquished -certain ~·igllt · or prerogatives which they had assertetl, notably in tthe settlement of the Shantung controversy, dealt with in a covenant quite apart ·from the group herewith submitted. But every con­cession was a willing one, without pressure or constraint. The conference record is quite unparalleled, not alone because there was tlle maximum of good feeling and neighborliness throughout the session but common rejoicilJ_g in the results; and the eparations ·in departure were marked by genuine cordiality, good will, and new hopes.

It is not necessary to remind you tbat the conference work was not directed against any·-power or .group of powers. There were no J>Unishment to inflict, no rewards ·to bestow. ·Mutual consideration, and the common welfare, and the desire for world peace impelled. The conclusions reached and the cove­.nants written neither require nor contemplate compulsive measures again t any power in the world, signatory or non­signatory. The offerings are freewill; the con. cienee is that of world opinion; the observance is a •matter of national honor.

These treaties 'leave no -power despoiled. The delegates of every power participating adjourned with ·every right and every. authority with which they came, except that '\-Vhich was will­ingly and gladly given up to further the common -welfare. I can assure you the nine powers have been brought more closely together, they are stancher neighbors and -friends, they have clearer and better estimates of one another, fuey have seen suspicion Challenged and selfishness ruaue to ·reh·eat they have keener and more sympathetic understandings, and they are ·more so·ongly willed for right and justice in international Telations than ever before. 1- b-elieve, with all my heart, the powers in conference have combined to make the world ·Safer and better and more hopeful place in which to live. [Applause.]

'It \vas a helpful thing to ·have the conference reveal how common our human aspirations are and how easy it is, when the task is properly approached, to reconcile our national aspira­tions. There are mutual and essential interests affecting the "\Velfare and peace of all nations, and they ean not be promoted by force. They can be revealed and magnified in tllat under­standing which, it is now proven, the conference of peace pro­motes, and the same under tanding makes compulsion and dE'Spoilment hateful in the eyes of mankind.

The treaties submitted, seven in number, are--The covenant of limitation to naval armament between our

.Republic, the British Empire, France, Italy, and .Japan. The treaty between the same powers in relation to the use of

.. submarines and noxious gases in warfare. The treaty between the United States, the British Empire,

'France, and .Japan I'elating ·to tlleir ·insular possessions and 'their insular dominions in the Pacific~

A declaration accompanying the four-power treaty reserving :American rights in mandated territory.

An agreement supplementary to the four-power treaty defining the application of the term "insular posses ion and insular dominions " as relating to Japan.

A treaty between the nine powers in the conference relating· to J>l,'inciples and policies to be :followed in matters concerning China.

A treaty 'between •the nine powers relating to Chinese customs tal' iff.

I invite your prompt approval of all of them. It is quite impossible to readjllSt our naval program until the naval treaty has :your sanction, even though ·you urged its negotiation. It is not possible to make the readjustment in full confidence until the whole program has commended itself to your approval.

I am not unmindful, nor was the confet·ence, of the sentiment in this Chamber against Old World entanglements. Those who made the treaties have left no doubt about their true import. Every expression in the conference has emphasized the purpose to 'be served and the obligations assumed. Therefore, I can bring you evezy assurance that nothing in any of these treaties commits the ·United :states, or any other power, to any kind of an alliance, entanglement, or involvement. [Applause.] It does not require us or any power to surrender a worth-while tradition. It has ' been said, if this be true, these are mere mean­ingless treaties, and therefore valueless. Let us accept no such doctrine of despair as that. If -nations may not establish by mutual understanding the rules and principles which are to govern their relationship; if a sovereign and solemn plight of ·'faith by leading-nations of the earth is valueless; if nations may not trust one another, then, indeed, there is little on which to hang our faith in advancing civilization or the furtherance of peace . ..Either we must live and·aspire and achieve under a free and common understanding among peoples, with mutual trust, respect, and forbearance, and exercising full sovereignty, or .else brutal armed force will dominate, and the sorrows ·and burdens of war in this decade will be turned to the chaos and hopelessness of the next. We can no more do without inter­national negotiations and ag1·eements in these modern days than we could maintain orderly neighborliness at 'home without the-prescribed rules of conduct which are more the guaranties 'Of freedom than the restraint thereof.

The world has been hungering for a better relationship for centuries since it has attained its larger consciousness. The coneeption ·of the League o'f"Nations was a response to a mani­fest world hunger. '·Whatever its fate, whether it achieves the great thin.oas hoped for, or comes to supersedure, or to failure, the American unwillingness to be a part of it has been ex­pressed. fl'hat unwillingness has been kept in mind, and the treaties submitted to-day have no ·semblance or relationship save as the wish to promote peace has been the common inspiration .

The 'four-power treaty contains no war commitment. -u cove­nants the respect of each nation's rights -in relation to its in­sular pessessions. In case of controversy between the cove­nanting ·powers it is agreed to confer and seek adjustment, and if said rights are threatened 1bY 'the aggressive action of any outside power, these friendly powers, respecting one another, -are to communicate, perhaps confer, in order to understand what action may be taken, jointly or -separately, to meet a menacing situation. There is no commitment to armed force, no alliance, no written -or moral obligation to join in defense, no expressed o1· ·.fmplied commitment to arrive ·at any agreement except in accordance with our ·constittttional methotls. 1lt is easy to believe, however, that such a conference of the four powers is a moral warning that an aggressive nation, giving affront to the four -great powers ready to focus world opinion on a given controveTsy, would be embarking on a hazardous enterprise.

Frankly, Senators, if nations may not safely agree to respect each other's rights. and may not agree to confer if one to the compact tthreatens tl·espass, or may ·not agree to advise if one pa1'i:y ·to the pact is threatened by nn outside power, then all concerted efforts to tranquilize the world and stabilize peace must be 1lung to ·the winds. Either these treaties must have ·your cordial sanction, or every ·proclaimed desire to promote peace and prevent war becomes u •hollow mockery.

We have seen the eyes of the world •turned to the Pacific. With Europe prostrate and penitent, none feared the likelihood of early conflict there. But the Pacific had its menaces, and they deeply concerned us. Our territorial interests are larger there. Its wat~rs are not strange seas ·· to us, its farther shores

·not unknown to our citizen,s. -Our ~arlier triumphs of com­merce were there. We began treaty relationships with China full 80 years ago, in the youthful -vigor of our Republic, and

2392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUARY 10,

the sailings of our clipper ships were the romance of our mer-hunt marine, when it successfully challenged the competition

of the world. Seventy years ago Commodore Perry revealed J"apan to commerce, and there followed that surpassing de­velopment of the islanu empire with whom our 1mbroken peace found a most gratifying reflex in the conference just closed.

A century ago we began planting the seed.s of American friend hip in HU\Yaii, and 70 years ago Webster told the Senate that the United States could "never consent to see these islands taken possession of by either of the great commercial powers of Europe." Whether it was destiny, or the development of propinquity, or the influence of our colonists, or faith in our institutions, Hawaii came under the flag in 1898, and rejoices to-day as a part of our Republic.

The hu·e of the waters, or the march of empire, or the call of commerce, or inscrutable destiny led us on, and we went to the South 'eas and planted the flag in Samoa. Out of the War with Spain came our sponsorship in the Philippines and the pos es ·ion of Guam; and so we are deeply concerned in the mid­Pacific, the South Seas, and the -very center of the Far East. \Ye crave peace there as we do on the Continent, and we should be i·emi ~ · in performing a national duty if we did not covenant the relations whicb tend to guarantee it. For more than a half century we have had a part in influencing the affairs of the Pacific, and our present proposed commitments are not mate­rially · uifferent in character, nor materially greater in extent, thougli fraught with vastly less danger, than our undertakings in the past.

We haYe convinced the on-looking and interested poweJ.·s that we covet the pos e sions of no other power in the Far East, and "·e know for our elves that we crave no further or greater governmental or territorial re ponsibilities there. Contemplat­ing what is admittedly ours, and mindful of a long-time and reciprocal friendship with China, we do wish the opportunity to continue the development of our trade peacefully and on equality with other nations, to strengthen our ties of friend­ship, and to make sure the righteous and ju t relationships of peace.

Holding the possessions we do, entertaining these views, and confessing these ambitions, why should we not make reciprocal engagements to respect the territory of others and contract their respect of ours, and thus quiet apprehen ion and put an end to suspicion?

Tllere has been concern. There has been apprehension of territorial greed, a most fruitful cause of war. The conference has di ipated both, and your ratification of the covenants made will tabilize u peace for the breaking of which there is not a shadow of reason or real excuse. \Ve shall not have Jess than before. No one of us shall have less than before. There is no narrowed liberty, no hampered independence, no shattered sov­ereignty, no added obligation. We will have new a .. ·urances, new freedom from anxiety, and new manifestations of the sin­cerity of our own intentions; a new demonstration of that hon­esty which proclaims a righteous and powerful Republic.

I am ready to assume the sincerity and the dependability of the assurances of our neighbors of the Old World that they will respect our rights, just as I know we mean to respect theirs. I believe there is an inviolable national honor, and I bring to you this particular covenant in the confident belief that it is the outstanding compact of peace for the Pacific, which will ju.stify the limitation of armament and prove a new guarantee to peace and liberty, and maintained so-vereignty and free institutions.

No allusion has been made to the treaty restraining and limit­ing tl1e use of the submarine, and the prohibition of noxious gases in warfare. Since we are asking the world's adherence, it is easily assumed that none in America will hold aloof.

Nor need I dwell on the nine-power . treaty relating to prin­ciples and policies to be followed in the relationship of the sig­natory powers to China. Our traditional friendship for the ancient Empire, our continued friendship for the new Republic, our commitment of more than 20 years to the open door, and our avowed concern for Chinese integrity and unimpaired sovereignty make it easy to assume that the Senate will promptly and unanimously assent. China's own satisfaction in the restorations covenanted here has been officially expressed, quite apart from the testifying signatures.

Perhaps I may fittingly add a word which is suggested by my relationship as a former Member of the Senate. I had occasion to learn of your very proper jealousy of the Senate's part in contracting foreign relationships. Frankly, it was in my mind when I asked representatives of both the majority and mino1·ity to sene on the American delegation. It was designed to have you participate. And you were ably represented.

'l'he Senate's concern for freedom from entanglements, for preserved traditions, for maintained indepemdence, was never

once forgotten by the American ·delegates. If I did not believe these treaties brought us not only new guaranties of peace but greater assurances of freedom fi·om conflict, I would not ubmit them to your consideration.

Much depends on your decision. We have joined in giving to the world the spectacle of nations gathering about the confer­ence table, amid the convictions of peace, free from all passion, to face each other in the contacts of reason, to solve menacing problems, and end disputes and clear up misunderstandings. They have agreed to confer again when desirable, and turn the revealing light of world opinion on any menace to peace among them. Your Government encouraged and has signed the com­pacts which it had much to do in fashioning. If to these under­standings for peace, if to these advanced expressions of the conscience of leading powers, if to these concords to guard against ~onflict and lift the burdens of armament, if to all of these the Senate will not advise and con.sent, th~n it will be futile to try again. Here has been exercised every caution con­sistent with accomplishment. Here was a beginning on your advice, no matter when conceived, and the program wa en­larged only because- assurances of tranquillity were deemed the appropriate concomitants of the great experiment in arms lim­itation.

I alluded a moment ago to my knowledge of the viewpoint of the Senate, from personal experience. Since that experience I have come to know the viewpoint and inescapable respon ibility of the Executive. To the Executive come the closer view of world relation.ship and a more impressive realization of the menaces, the anxieties, and the apprehensions to be met.

We have no rivalries in our devotion to the things we call American, because that is a common consecration. None of us means to endanger, none of us would sacrifice, a cherished national inheritance. In mindfulness of this mutuality of interest, common devotion, and shared authotity, I submit to the Senate that if we can not join in making effective these covenants for peace, and stamp this conference with America's approval, we shall discredit the influence of the Republic, ren­der future efforts futile or unlikely, and write discouragement where to-day the world is ready to acclaim new hope. Because of this feeling, because I believe in the merits of the e engage­ments, I submit them to the Senate with every confidence that you will approve. [Prolonged applause.]

Mr. LODGE. l\1r. President, I ask that the me sage of the President, the report of the American delegation, and the min­utes of the conference and the committees of the conference be referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations and printed.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so oruered. Mr. LODGE. I ask that the treaties, which are included in

the appendix to the report of the American delegation, be nl ~o printed separately for the convenience and use of the enate.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Mr. LODGE. I ask that the injunction of secrecy may be

removed, which is simply disposing of an old rule. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is o ordered. Mr. HITCHCOCK. Mr. President, I would like to inquire

concerning the printing of the minutes of the conference. Mr. LODGE. I have asked that they be printed. Mr. HITCHCOCK. I did not understand that they \Yere in­

cluded in the Senator's request. 1\1r. LODGE. I -asked to have them referred to the Committee

on Foreign Relations and printe<"l. That was my request. Mr. HITCHCOCK. The minutes, a well as the treatieN? 1\.fr. LODGE. I asked to have the President's message, the

report of the American delegation, and the minutes of the con­ference and the committees of the conference--

Mr. BRANDEGEE. And the treaties. Mr. LODGE. The treaties are included in the report .of the

delegation, and I made a separate motion as to them. I asked to have the President·s me. age, the report of the American delegation, the mjnutes of the conference and the committees of the conference referred to the Committee on Foreign Rela­tions and printed. I then asked that the appendix to the report of the delegation, which contains the treaties alone, be printed separately as well as with the report of the delegation.

1\lr. SMOOT. Does the Senator a k that they be printed for the use of the committee or a a public document?

l\Ir. LODGE. I intended to a k that they be printed a a public document. of cour:se. I ask that order now.

The VICE PTIBSIDENT. Without objection, that order will be made.

Mr. LODGE. I suppose there will be a sufficient demancl later to make it necessary for the Committee on Printing or the Committee on Foreign Relations to a k for a large number to be printed. Already I have had requests from the House for that

1922. CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-SEN ATE. 2393 ' purpose, but I thought to-day it was sufficient to have the order entered to print them all as Senate documents. I ought to state tlla t the minutes of the plenary conference and the minutes of all the meetings of the committees of the conference will make a very large document.

Mr. SMOOT. May I sugge t to the Senator that he ask now tha t additional copies to the cost of $500 be printed, because they cau be printed so much more cheaply now than if we print the first 1.674 copies and tllen make a reprint. I am quite sure the ,_'enate \Yill need eYen more than $300 worth of them, but we

- can only order ~300 worth without a concurrent resolution, so I \vould like to haYe the Senator make the request now.

1\Ir. LODGE. Yery well· I make the request suggested by the Senator from Utah.

Tlte YICE PRESIDEXT. Without objection, it is so ordered. 1\Ir. CURTI '. I move that the Senate proceed to the con~

sideration of legislative business. Tile motion was agreed to. Tlte YICE PRESIDE.NT. ·The Senate resumes ib~ legislati\•e

session. EXECl'Tl\' E ANI> I~DEPE~DENT OFFICE APPROPRIATIONS.

The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­sideration of the bill (H. R. 9981) making appropriations for the ExecutiYe and for sundry independent executive bureaus, l>oards, commissions, .and offices, for the fiscal year ending June 30. 1923, and for other purposes.

Mr. JO~ES of Washington. Mr. Pre~ident. I was reading from a letter from the Secretary of the Nayy, especially where he states that in the performance of work given to a navy yard, any private work in the yard must be subordinate to the Govern­ment's work, and if any \York must be delayed in its execution it, of course, would be the private work. So that if, under the e~timates submitted by the Secretary of the Navy, tbe navy yard should undertake the work to be done in a specified time, and if Navy work carne in which would extend the priYate work o>er that time, that . would have to be done. In other words, there i · no assurance when a job is given to a navy yard that it \\jll be finished within the time stipulated, and this is Yery pertinent with reference to a matter that is now pending witli tlle Shipping Board. Mr. Lasker said :

For instance, the Leviatl,an, unless she is ready by March of 19~3, would lose the spring trade of 1923, which runs into enormous sum ..

In other words, if the Leviathan, is to be reconditioned, it ought to be done and ready for the spring business of 1923. If tbat is not done, the Government in the operation of that ship would lose a great deal more money than if the vessel were ready to take advantage of that trade. This is a. Yery lat·ge job, and if given to some navy yard the probabilities are that· the Government work would prevent the carrying on of t)lat work as expeditiously as it ought to be carried on.

I want to read further from the l-etter of the Secretary of the Navy. He says:

.A the total cost of reconditioning the Leviatl,an will probably run somewhere between $6,000,000 and $8,000,00o-

I hope Senators will give attention to this-it will l.Je seen that an estimate submitted by a navy yard would not gi-v the Shipp_ing Board the exact infor~ation which they desire as to cost and time of performance of thJs work. The necE>ssitv for economy is so great that the· authorities of the Shipping Board do not feel that they could take the chance of overrunning the estimated cost by possibly $500.000 or $600,000. · ThE'y must havE' a guaranteed total expE>nditure. _ . ·

1\Ir. President, that the navy yards can not give. The Secre~ tary continues:

In addition to the aboye uncE'rtainties which surround the submis­~<ion of estimates by a n~vy yard and their acCE>ptance by the Shipping noat·d, the department finds- .

This is, the Navy Department finds-the depart~en_t fi~ds th:;tt at the present time the status of work at navy yards IS such that 1t would not be advantageous to undertake the rE>conditioning of the Let.>iathan at a navy yard.

Mr. President, that letter comes from the Secretary of the Navy himself, who states that under the co.nditions . in the navy yards on the 8th of November, which is the date of the letter " it would not be advantageous to undertake the recondition~ ing of the Leviathan at a navy yard." . The letter. continues: ·

The above · facts are known to the Shipping Board as well -as to the Navy DE>partment. and have been developed after the most considerable consultation on the part of all concerned. _

I hope that the above information will gh·e you an insight into the· existing conditions. The relations between ·the Shipping . Board and the Navy Department are entirely harmonious, · and each . of these branclles of the Government ·is considering not only its own interests but is cooperating with the other, to tbe 't-nd that the best 'interests of the whole country · may be served in arriving at important decisions such as the one here discuSsed. · ·

LXII- -1G1

Mr. President, I want to call attention to the fact tllat bids have already been called for for the reconditioning of this · vessel. I hold in my hand the specifications for that work [exhibiting] embracing over a thousand pages. If we are going to require the submission of 'bids or estimates on the pnrt of the navy yards, they must go all through these specifica­tions and consider them item by item. It will take them-I was going to say months, but I do not know bow long it will take them to do it. It certainly will take them several week~ with a very large ·force, and it will be very expensive.

1\Ir. NORRIS. l\fay I interrupt the Senator? The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. 0DDIE in the chair). Does

the Senator from Washington yield to the Senator from Nebraska?

l\fr. JONES of Washington. I yield. 1\Ir. ~ORRIS. There was so much confusion in the Chamber

when the Senator began to speak that I was unable to..hear all he ~aid. I wish to ask him, first, whether what he has stated would not be true in the case of any private concern which desired to bid on this work? Would thev not have to examine these specifications just the arne? ·

l\Ir. JO:r-."'ES of 'Vashington. But that has already been done; the bids have already been submitted.

Mr. XORRIS. But estimates have not been ·ubrnitted by the navy yard~ .

1\Ir. JO~"'"ES of Washington. No; I think not on the last occasion \Yhen bid· were called for; but the navy yards ub­mitted estimates once before; they did that last year.

Mr. NORRIS. If those estimates were complete, then we ha Ye their bid or their estimate.

Mr. JO~'ES of Washington. Oh, no; not on these particular ·specifications.

1\Ir. NORRIS. I tmderstood the Sen~tor to sa:v thev had been submitted to the navy yards. • w

Mr. JO~"'ES of ·washington. They were in the first in tance submitted to the navy yards. ·

Mr. NORRIS. If they were not submitted to the navy yards~ . I do not quite understand why the Senator shoul~l blame · the navr yards. ·

1\Ir. JONES of Washington. I am not blaming the navy yat·ds. Mr. NORRIS. If I understand the Senator, he. is using that

as an argument whv the committee amendment should be adopted, to show that· it ought to be adopted, 'and that the navy · yards ought not now to be allowed to submit estimates because it would involYe delay. Is not that the ·senator's argument?

1\Ir. JO~""ES of Washington. This is · one reason. But I am not blaming the navy yards; they were not responsible, of course.

Mr. NORRIS. If it is not their fault, then I can not under­stand why the Senator should use that even as an argument for the striking out of this language.

Mr. JONES of Washington. I have just read to the Senate from the statement here in the testimony that if the Leviathan is to be reconditioned it ought to be accomplished by the spring of 1923, and· if these specifications, and all that sort of thing, must be gone pver by the navy yards the chances are thnt it will delay the work and it can not be accomplislled by that time. .

Furthermore, independent of that, if a contract of such mag­nitude is to be let to a navy yard the probabilities are very great that the work would not be completed within that time, even_if the navy yard agreed to do it, because if any Govern­ment business comes in the contract work must be subordinated to it and must be postponed. In other words, the probabilities are that it would not be accomplished by that time by a navy yard. -

1\lr. NORRIS. Of course, that is a risk which must be taken in the case of a private -bidder as well. It often ·happens that a ·piece of work is not completed in contract time bY· a private concern. I do not myself know why we should assume that ~ navy yard would be any less expert than would be a private institution. ·

Mr. JONES. of Washington. Let me suggest to the Senator that from a private contractor the Government requires a bon.l to guarantee the completion of the contract and to save the Government if it is not complied with. It is true that the

. private contractor may not fulfill his contract ; but if the offi~ cials of the Go\ernment will use tbeir business judgment, as I am satisfied they will, and employ practical business methods--

Mr. LODGE. Mr. President-- . · Mr. JONES of Washington. I will ask the Senator to wait

for a moment. if he please. Mr. LODGE. I beg the Senator's pardon. I shall not agaiJl

. interrupt him.

·2.394 CONGRESSIO AL REOORD-SE ATE. FEBRUARY 10,

_fr. JO:NE of Washington. I did not intend to be discour­teous, but I had not completed the sentence.

llr. LODGE. I thought the Senator paused. Mr. 'JOJ\TES of Washington. If they use business methods­

u" I assume t11ey will do-then they will take a bond from the contractors to insure that they will comply with their contract; but, of course, no bond is furnished by navy yards and we ha Ye to rely u-pon their ability to complete the work on time.

~Ir. NORRIS. But the Senator from Washington does not use that as an argument why we should not utilize om· own property in our own navy yards, does he?

Mr. JONES of Washington. I was only using that as :1n argument why, in view of what it is de ired to accomplish, we should not incur the delay of a month.

l\Ir. NORRIS. I may be mistaken in my comprehension of the matter, but it eems to me that what the Senator is saying amounts .to this, that in the case of the Leviathan we ought to strike out the provi ion granting authority for the recondition­ing of the veS'3el in n. navy yard, because-at least that is one reason-plans and specifications have been submitted to private corporations so that they may bid without delay.

:Ur. JONES of Washington. They have already bid on the work.

fr. NORRIS. Very well; but if we submit the proposal to a navy yard they will have to take the time in order to look it over; therefore we hould take away from the navy yards the op-portunity to do the work.

Mr. LODGE. Mr. President, I do not think the Senator from 'Va hington means to create any misunderstanding.

Ur. JONES of Washington. Certainly not. Ur_ LODGE. In ·1920 the Todd Shipbuilding Co. ubmitted a

bid for reconditioning -the Leviatha,n of $10,740,000, while the fWstan Navy Yard bid $8,938,000. That was for a complete re­conditioning, furnishing equipment, painting, and everything con­cerning the ship, outfitted for use. This year bids have been a ked from three priYate yards, but the Government has refused to allow the Boston Navy Yard to bid.

:.\fr. NORRIS. To my mind th-e Government can not be ex­cu. ell for taking such a course. EYen if it should result in orne oelay, a.s we have our n.av yards, if they are equipped to do thls work, .and can make a bid on it, and can do it cheaper or a cheaply-I would go even further th.an that; but that far I think I can safely go--if they can do it as cheaply as a private :yard could we ought, if for no other reason than to maintain our own yards, to give it to them.

~Ir. JONES of Washington. Let me suggest to the Senator that I think this is the reason why the bids we1·e not called for from the navy yards. I quoted a -:few moments ago fmm a letter from the Secretary of the Navy, dated November 8, in whicll he had this to say:

In addition to the above uncertainties which surround th{! ubmls­sion of estimates by a. navy yard and their aceeptan~ by the Shipping Board-

This statement is fTom the .Secretary of the .... :ravy, and not from the Shipping Board-the department finds that at the present time the status of work at navy yards is such that it would not be advantageous to undertake the reconditioning of the LeJ;iathan at a navy yard.

· I have no doubt that these questions were gone over with the Shipping Boat·d; in fact, the Secretary of the Navy says:

The abov~ facts are known to the Shipping Board as well as to the Navy Department, and bav{! been developed .after tbe most considerable consultation on the p::o:t of all concerned.

That is all that I know .about it. Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, will the Senator let me inter­

rupt him there? l\Ir. JONES of Washington. I yield to th~ Senator. Mr. NORRIS. If in this instance, or in any other, a navy

yard is not equipped to do the work and does not want to sub­mit bids, that is an entirely different proposition. It seems to me, howe-ver, that it ought to have the opportunity of doing so.

l\fr. JONES of Washington. Mr. President, I take it this is the reason why the navy yards were not given the opportunity to submit e timates under the last specifications, as they were given such opportunity under the first specifications. T take it from the statement of the Secretary that in consultation with the Shipping Board he told them it would not be ad-vantageous to have the navy yards submit bids.

l\Ir. LENROOT. "].lr. President, I -should like to ask th~ Sen­ator from Washington if it is not the position of the Shipping .:Board that all existing bids expire .on February 15, and the noard is satisfied that unless the bidders can be held to the bids they have already submitted it can not eYer again get bids so low as those it now has?

l\Ir .. JO~ES of Washington. Yes; I was just coming to that point. I ask the attention of Senators to this statement by Mr. Lasker. Senator OVERMA'!."i a ked:

How do you know what it is going to cost, or t1o you know? Mr. LASKER. Yes, sir; we do. The contract will be given F bru­

ary 15. Senator OVERMAN. To the lowe t bidder? Mr. LASKER. To the lowest bidder; and it will co ·t, all told

$8,200,000. '

I hold in my hand a letter from John ·wanamaker, of .... -ew York, furnishing contractors, addressed to .J. W. Powell, prei­dent of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, l\Iunitions Building, Washington, D. C. The letter explain itself, and I want to read it to the Senate: DKA~ SIR: We .beg leave to address you concerning our proposal for

supplymg the steward's equipment for the S. S. Let:iathan. Our prices are guaranteed according to the proposal until February 15, 1922.

I take it that that item is included in the bid of $8,200,000, and that this firm is what might be called a subcontractor , up­plying steward's equipment under the principal bid.

Mr. LENROOT. lllr. President, will the Senator yi ld? l\fr. JONES of Washington. Yes. l\fr. LENROOT. That bid amounts to over a half million

dollars, but. as a matter of fact, Wanamaker is not the lo·we t bidder. The amount inYolved, however, oYer 500,000, is under one specification.

Mr. JQNES of Washington. He is not the lowe t bidlle.r for that particular work, but I think his proposal is a part of t.he lowe. t bid for doing all of the work. Then the lettei' continues:

Our prices are guaranteed according to the term or the proposal until February 1"5, . 1922.

The market has taken an upward turn ince December 15 1921. Wool to-day is 35 per cent hi~her, linen 20 per cent. This, how~ver,

· does not affect our prices unbl February 15. We have obtained the necessary guaranties to protect us until the date mentioned, but tbe guaranty which we Qbtained will cease Qn February 15.

.As we are the lowest formal bidder, '"e are intensely interested to know as to when you expect to arrive at a decision to proceed with the work. We would like to know a few days previous to the loth instaut, so as to be able to cover ourselves in the market.

Anticipating an early reply, we are, Yours, \ery truly,

JoH.- WAXAMA.KEB, New Yorl,, By E. C. ::Uomus, Contract Bw'eau.

Mr. President, that show the urgency of the matter. I think we have the situation now fully before the Senate. From the letter of the Secretary of the Navy I infer that he con­ferred with the Shipping Board when it was contemplated t<> a k for new bids on the revised specifications; that the avy De­partment pointed out their views that it would not be ad­vantageous to haYe the Navy undertake this work, and, there­fore, bids were not called for from the navy yards. Bids ha\e been called for from private contractors; they have been re­ceived and the lowest bidder has been accepted, so far as ac­ceptance goes, and the contract is to be let by February 1:-. One of the subcontractors who was to furni h to the prin­cipal contractors certain supplies says that he can not guar­antee his bid after February 15, and unless action is taken by that time the chances are that all the bids will be off, and instead of a bid of $8,200,000 we will probably have a larg r bid if it is desired to carry on the work.

1\Ir. Pre ident, it seems to me that under the e condition we ought not to hamper the Shi_pping Board. Let me ay a word in the nature of a general statement. I am not going to take much more time.

~Ir. NORRIS. l\Iay I a:k the Senator another question there?

1\fr. JO:i\TES of Washington. Yes. :Mr. NORRIS. Assuming that all the, enator sass is correct­

and, <Of course, I am not doubting what he say at all-if it is necessary to make an exception of this particular case for the reason that the Senator has given, that the matter must not be delayed. beyond the 15th of February, we could Yery en.sily meet that by adding a provi o stating in effect that this particular

·provision shall not apply in a case where bids had already b n received.

Mr. JONES of Washington. Of conr e that ould be done; but I jUBt want to say, in a general tatement with reference to the situation, that while the e hips thn.t the Shipping Board has are Government·property they are being used inn. comm r­eial way. They are being u ed in competition with the ships of all the world. The busine ougbt to be nrried on just as ec<>nomically and just as efficiently as it is po ible to cany it on. It is absolutely necessary to do tl1at in or<let· to maint!Lin our standing ih competition with the nations of the world and the other shipping of the worl<l. It i: difficult enough foT our

· private shipowners to maintain theil' po ition. I think the great majority of' the . entirnent on thi. floor is that it i more

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2395 expensive to carry on Government operation; that Government Mr. NORRIS. I have wondered if the adoption of th operation is carried on with less efficiency than private opera- eighteenth amendment interfered with its activities at all. tion; and so this shipping being engaged in this commercial Mr. JONES of Washington. There are some people who business we should place just as few restrictions upon the contend so. I am not looking into that question, however. Government agency that is handling it as we feel that we can Mr. KING. Mr. President, I may say, if the Senator will possibly get along with. permit me, that what it did do it <.lid not do well, so that it did

Mr. President, we have given to the Shipping Board a tre- not do that well. mendous task. Without in any way criticizing the past admin- Mr. NORRIS. It had too much to do. You could not expect istration or wishing that what I shall say shall be taken in I it to do it well. that sense-because I try to make due allowance for the con- Mr. JONES of Washington. How could we expect an enter­ditions that confronted the administration when this great prise so vast as that, so far-reaching, to be carried on wHhout shipping fleet was developed and the primary purpose for which loss and without inefficiency and without disorganization, and it was developed-! want to say that the present Shipping so on, especially when it was largely done during the war? Board took over a chaotic mass of shipping, with a chaotic And let us not forget, l\1r. President, when we· are talking about condition with reference to accounts, information with refer- the Shipping Board, that the Congres · of the United States ence to its handling, and all that sort of thing, that is simply required it to do this. indescribable. They are doing their best to get it upon a busi- Mr. HITCHCOCK. 1\Ir. President, I think perhaps the Sen-ness basis. The Commerce Committee have had members of ator misunderstood me, or else I misundcr::;tood hiru. the Shipping Board before them several nights, and we have Mr. JONES of Washington. I am comin"" now to what I had them tell us what they are doing, · what the conditions were understood the Senator to ask. that faced them, and what they have been able to accomplish Mr. HITCHCOCK. I understood the Senator to speak in in tile time they have been in office. I want to say that I have great praise of the achievements of the Shipping Board since been amazed at the accomplishments that they present to us, its present constitution. considering the conditions that confronted them at the time Mr. JONES of Washington. Yes. they went in. In my judgment they are doing a great work, l\Ir. IDTCHCOCK. Thht is what I was inquiring about. and it is being done by the whole board and the Emergency Mr . .JONES of Washington. Yes; I knew that, and I am Fleet Corporation working together, trying to get business priu- coming right to that now, briefl-y. ciple · applied and business policies used in the endeavor to When the present Shipping Board came in. her0 i:-; one state-bring up the Ame1ican merchant marine and get this great ment that it makes : qu. ·ine of the Government in such shape that it can be got- Voyage accounting and auditing was a thorn in the ~>ide. All sort of ten into private hands in a way entirely con istent with the disputes arose between the managing agent and the Fleet Corporation.

·lf f th t th bel' · th t th t · 1 t C 1.'he fundamental cause of the accounting chaos was the failure to clean we are 0 e coun ry, ey Ievmg a a 1 w ta - ou- up matters. By June 30, 1921, the discrepancy betl"een the Fleet Cor-gre ·s desires. poration controlled accounts and the managing agent · accounts was

l\lr. HITCHCOCK. l\Ir. President-- $47,000,000. Mr . .JONES of 'Vashington. I yield to the Senator. They state that drastic measures have been appHed; . and l\[r. HITCHCOCK. ·would it interrupt the Senator if he while they do not contend that their accounts are as yet perfect

~hould give us, in a few moments, an outline of the accom- and complete, they do make the showing that they have these plishments of the Shipping Board during. the period to which operato1·s' accounts in practically correct form, practically com­he refers? plete shape; that they have them practically all adjusted in

:i\Ir. JONES of Washington. l\fr. President, that would take a that respect. long time. Four hundred pages of testimony, I tl}ink, w·ere Here i another 8tatement that Mr. Lasker make._. He ays taken before the llo1:se committee. I have here a ·ummary of tbat on August 15, 1921, he said to the Senate Committee on tbi. · work, prepared, I think, by the Shipping Board and sub- Approprjations: mitted to the Appropriations Committee. Here is a statement It by the lst of December we have not cut the employee· 30 per cent that is a very striking one to me as to the character of this or more I shall be disappointed. -business. I think, if the Senator would like to have it, that This i. what he says to the committee: it would be interesting to the Senator to read just a page here: The number of emploYees as or June 15, 1921, was 8,324. The pay

Thr activities of the United States Shipping Board and its agencies roll of December 31, 1921 .. shows a total of 5,035, after allowing for have been as wid·e in scope as the commerce of the whole world. It those to be separated after expiration o! accrued leaye and accomplish­contracted for the purchase of ships under various types of purchase ment of other changes already ordered. contracts. In the performance of these contracts it became a co- This is equivalent to a 39.5 per cent reduction, or 9.G per cent more worker in the building of ships. It undertook the duties and responsi· than the ratio mentioned by the chairman on August 15, lf)21, and a bilities of a banker and became a party to the financing of the ship- saving of $4,942,319 in annual salaries of 3,289 employees, who wel'e building program. It became a general contractor and assisted in dropped. providing greater shipbuilding facilities. It became a manufacturer Approximately one-half of the saving is in the comptroller's depart­and undertook to increase the output of ship equipment. It became a ment. June 15, 1921, the personnel there consisted of 3,086, with an­lumber merch.ant and acquired timber forests. It became an insur- nual salaries of $5,787,033. On December 31. 1921, the number had ance company and sold protection against insurable losses. It entered been reduced to l,G35, with annual salaries o! $3,138,802, a reduction transportation fields and built and operated street railways. It built of $2,648,231. and operated hotels for housing workmen; it built homes for the fami- Here is a very strikin2: example of what thev have done, and lies of workmen, and in so doing created townships with paving, water, ~ J

gas, sewers, moving-picture theaters, hospitals, and all the necessaries I invite the attention of the Senate to it. We have, of course, an~h~q~~fat~~e~f 0ih~ug!I~~~;if~oard to the maritime n~>eds of the a great many of our ships laid up. There is no busine::.'S for country led naturally into wider activitie . It constructed and oper- them. They can not be run economically. A good many ships nted fuel-oil stations the world over. It organized shipping agencies were laid up when the present board took charge, and of course in the larger ports of the world. It became associated in the creation they had to be watched and looked after. Here is one concrete of an American shipping survey and registry. It contracted with foreign nations for cargo space. It organized a recruiting service to example of what they have done: man the ships and instruct American manhood in the art of seaman- In July, 1921, there were 719 steel vessels laid up with 4,577 em­ship. It mamtai_ned warehouses, and provided the ships with necessary ployees, with an average annual cost per vessel for wages and incidental stores and supplies. It controlled the dry docks and ship-repair ·vards expeuse of $12,233.16. of the country, lt established an organization for the repair and up-keep of ships, and later it had the duty of holding and preserving the That is per vessel. 1\Iark you, that is what it was costing on laid-up or idle ships. an average in July, 1921, to maintain a laid-up vessel, to look

With the coming of the armistice-- after it and care for it. 1\Ir. President, this describes the acth·ities of the Shipping row, there are 1,020 vessels laid up, total emplo~·ecs reduced to 3-,421.

' Board before the armistice, while we were in war trying to average annual expense $5,013.12. build up this as a war machine- Instead of '12,233.

Based on the number of steel vessels laid up as of this date, this shows an annual reduction of approximately seven and one-half million dollar ·. The reduction in number of employees amounted to 25 per cent.

With the coming of the armistice new dutie: were thn1 ·t upon the Shipping Board. It became one of the uigge:t merc;hantf; in the his­tory of the country. It had available for disposal an immense amount of property, including ships, tugs, shipyards. land, buildingR, equipment, homes, hotels. street railways, electric transmission lines. timber forests, machinery, a warehouse full of marine engines, ship stores, Mr. KL ·a. Mr. Pre ident, will the Senator yield? and materials and supplies of almost eYer• conceivable character and 1\Ir . .JO:XES of W'ashington. I yield. description. · Ir. KIXG. I recall reading that testimony· but it occurred

There, to my mind, is a vivid description of the Yarious to me a: I read it that it was unfair in the deductions or impli-activities of this board. cations " ·hich the writer or witness intended should be drawn

thing that it did not do? the ship· thnt wC>re tied up-to use that expression-in July, Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, can the Seuntor think of. any-, from that statement. It must be borne in mind that some of

Mr . .JONES of Washin~ton. I do not l•uo.._,. of anything that 1921, had heen tied up but a short time, and they were being it did not do. brongllt into the do('l•s and tied up from . time to time, aJ?.d .no

2396 CONGR.ESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. FEBRUAR 10,

policy had been adopted then as to what should be done with them. That is to say, some of the Shipping Board expected an immediate i·eviYal in business, so that the ships would be again conditioned or put into commission for service; so they kept them in more or less of a condition so that they eould be speedily put on the water again. .

Mr. JONES of Washington. And they are being kept in tllat condition now.

Mr. KING. But it became apparent later, and is appnrent now, that they would probably be tied up for an _indefinite period, so a policy was adopted-and it could be adopted when it was known that they would be tied up for some time--of caring for a larger number in a more economical way, and those facts ought to be taken into account.

Mr. JONES of Washington. I am not saying they are not taken into account. I am just simply giving the evidence. I shall not take the time this afternoon to go fully into this ques­tion. We will discuss the whole shipping matter a little later, and I do not want to embark on that subject in connection with this bill.

As I said a while ago, I do not intend to criticize the pre­ceding board in any way, shape, or form, because I n.m looking to the future. I think we have to look to the future. I be­lieve, l\.fr. President, that you may point out wherein this board has had better advantages than the other, or that cer­tain conditions appeared to be different, and so on. Grant it all. I make no criticism, and I have no controversy about it; but I am convinced that the present Shipping Board is doing its utmost to do whatever is for the best interest of the Govern· ment and the best interests of the American shipping, and I am satisfied that the chairman of that board, Mr. Lasker, and the members of the bo~nd, and the members of the Emergency Fleet Corporation are exercising possibly not the best possible judgment, but as good judgment as would be exercised by any­body. They are doing their best in this great wo1·k. I have been actually amazed at the wonderful comprehension which Mr. Lasker has acqu:h·ed with reference to the details and intricacies of this great business within the last six months. 1 simply want Congress to give these men a chance, to ba ve confidence in them. If we have not confidence in them, let us get rid of them; but as long as we keep them, let us have con· fidence in their integrity, confidence in their ability, confidence in their patriotism, and confidence in their determination to make a success out of this if they can.

I am convinced of it myself, and I do not know of any man who could have been gotten for this tremendous job who would ha \e done in six months what Mr. Lasker has done as chairman of tile board, with the aid of the other members of the board.

1\lr. NORRIS. Mr. President, I hope the Sena:tor will not infer that any Senato1· who is opposed to the committee amend­ment is inclined for that reason to find fault with the Shipping Board. I do not understand that that has anything to do with the question.

Mr. JONES of ·washington. No; not at all; I am not arguing on the amendment at all.

~Ir. NORRIS. On the question tile Senator has raised, I iYould like to ask if th~e vessels which are tied up are fully equipped, ready to go to sea and carry passengers and freight? ·

Mr. JOI\~S of Washington. A great many of them are. They would need some reconditioning, of course, but they are trying to keep these ships in good condition.

:i.\Ir. NORRIS. Why are they spending eight or ten million doDars then to repair one ship if they ah·eady have ships which are in repair and :(eady to be used, but which are tied· up! ~r. JONES of Washington. They have no ship like the

Leviathan. · Mr. NORRIS. None so big? Mr. JONES of ·washington. Nothing like it. Mr. NORRIS. Which would do the same work? l\fr_ JONES of ·washington. Oh, no; I suppose it is the one

sbip, really, in its class. l\lr. NORRIS. They expect to be able to utilize that ship? 1\fr. JONES of Washington. Yes; they think they can utiliz.e

it to very great advantage in the North Atlantic, in crossing the Atlantic.

'i\Ir. RANSDELL. I would like to suggest, if the Senator will permit, that while we have a great many cargo ships, we are very short of combined cargo and passenger ships, which the Leviathan is. She is principally a passenger-canying ship, but she carries a good deal of cargo. We do need really for a well-balanced merchant marine, if I understand it correctly, qtiite a number of ships which will carry pasEengers and a cer­tain quantity of cargo.

Mr. LODGE. Mr. Pre ident if the Senator ,,.ill allow me a moment, I think it is perfectly well known to ,-errbocly who is at all familiar "Tith ocean traYel that the roo t unprofitable

ships are those ships of enormous tonnage, like the Vaterlan<l­now the Let.'iathan-the Olympic, the .Aquitania, and ships of that kind. They are extremely expensive to run, they are luxury ships, and they are not profitable freight caiTiers. They. are building an entirely different type of ship now. They are going back very largely to ships of lesser tonnage, because the others are so enormously expensive. I dare say that Mr. La ker thinks this will be a profitable ship, but that is not the general experience. Certainly for freight, no one would think of build­ing such a ship.

1\lr. JONES of Wa hington. That is true. 1\Ir. FLETCHER. Mr. President, I merely wish to say, in

this connection, that we often speak about how th British lla-ve built up their merch~nt marine, and how we have failed to ac­complish what we probably should have accomplished in tllat direction. The very best illustration of the reason why we have failed and why Great Britain has built up her merchant marine lies in these two great ships, the Tmperator, taken by the British, and the Levi-athan, taken by the United States. The Imperator was put ·in condition, and has been making money "hand over fist" for months, and the Leviathan is tied up at a dock at a dead expense to the Government of thou ands and thousands of dollars. That is just the difference between the British merchant marine enterprise and the .American. We take our ship and tie it up at a dock, and at great expense keep it there. The British put theirs into service, and earn money on her. There is no question but what the Leviathan can earn a tremendous profit. We need just such a ship to carry pa ·­sengers. The profits are made in the carrying of passengers.

Mr. NORRIS. Mr. President, as far as the pa enger traffic is concerned, the Americans, as I understand it, supply most of the money that is made in that service, and the difficulty has been that .Americans who go abroad are so inclined to travel in English ships that they do not pab.·onize ships flying be American flag.

Mr. FLETCHER. That is because '"e have never given them the service.

Mr. OVERMAN. lrlr. Lasker • ays that if we would fix tllis vessel up, they would get the traffic; that American. would take passage on her.

Mr. NORRIS. I understand they are going to do so but there are a good many American ships now on the ocean in the

. passenger-carrying business. I read an article last night, which I believe was an interview with some man connected with the Shipping Board, perhaps the chairman of it, in regard to an advertising plan he has in mind for the purpose of calling the attention of the American people to the fact that in going aero s the Atlantic, as they do by the thousands, they ought to patronize American ship , and that they have the ships. But he said that if all the Americans who went abroad, estimating the travel in the coming yea1· according to the travel in pa t years, would tra"Vel on American ships, they would nnt be able to carry all of the Americans who went abroad, and they could make money "hand over fist" if the people would only n·avel in American ships instead of foreign ships.

Mr. JONES of Washington. My information i that Ameri­cans are traveling more and more on American . hip .

Mr. NORRIS. I hope so. Mr. JONES of Washington. I hope so, too; and my inforrna~

tion is also that the George Washington is making money in the ·carrying of passengers.

Mr. LEN.dOOT. I would like also to call attention to the fact that the Leviathan is now costing us $700,000 a year merely to take care of her.

Mr. LODGE. That is an example of the excellent manage­ment of the Shipping Board. That ship has been lying there ever since the troops came back and nothing ha been tlone to her.

1\Ir. JONES of Washington. The Shipping Board, either this one or the one before the present board, is not entil'ely to blame. It was proposed that the Let~iathan be sold uncondi­tioned, and a bid was made for her, I think, of nearly 4,000,-000. Congress held that up by resolution.

Mr. NORRIS. That was a bid under which the ·hip might have gone out from under the American flag.

Mr. JONES of Washington. No; it had to go under the American flag. I take blame to my elf with reference to that. I am inclined to think we made a mistake. I joined in report· ing favorably the resolution to withhold action upon it, and I am inclined to think we made a mistake.

l\lr. NORRIS. I remember the occasion now, since the Sena­tor speaks of it, ancl I voted for the resolution, or if I did not, I was in favor of it, and I am still in favor of it. That wa a long time ago. Have they not llad sufficient time to equip the ship and get it going?

1922 .. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 2397 l\Ir. JONES of Washington. The present Shipping Board is I

trying to do it; but it has only been in office about six months. The other Shipping Board did not; it did not have the money.

~lr. NORRIS. How much time has elapsed since that reso­lution was passed?

1\lr. JONES of Washington. I think about two years. · l\Ir. NORRIS. It ought to haYe been equipped in two years-.

l\Ir. JONES of Washington. We would have had to provide the money.

l\Ir. FLETCHER. They did not have the money, and we did not haYe any Shlpping Board about half the time.

1\lr. NORRIS. They had money with which to work on the other ships, did they not?

1\ir. JONES of Washington. No; not extensively. They kept them somewhat in repair out of receipts from operation.

1\Ir. LENROOT. I would like to say to the Senator from Nebraska that what there was of the Shipping Board could neYer get the approval of the committee of either House. to go ahead with the reconditioning, owing largely to the way the financial operations of the Shipping Board were then being conducted.

:i'\lr. RANSDELL. I would like to add just this statement to the debate about the Leviathan: It was. a v.ery expensive ship in its original cost. I do not remember exactly, but it cost something like . 25,000,000 or $30,000,000. It is an asset on our hands.

l\lr. JONES of Washington. It did not cost that originally, but 1\ir. Ferguson, testifying before our committee when that matter wa being considered, said it would cost from $25,000.,000 to '30 000,000 to replace the Leviathan at this time.

l\lr. RANSDELL. Very well; put it that way. . l\Ir. JONES of Washington. That was two years ago. Mr. LODGE. It did• not cost anything like that sum when it

wa~ built. . :\Ir. JONES of Wu hington. No; it did not. l\Ir. RANSDELL. nnt itJ w:ould cost that to replace it. l\lr. LODGFJ. I think it probably would. l\lr. RAl~SDELL. It is a dead asset on our hands. The

Senator from \'Vi8consin [1\Ir. LENROOT] just stated that it is costing about $700,000 a yeru::. I do not remember that that is exactly correct.

::\Ir . .JONES of Washington . It i a liability in the shape in which it is now.

Ir. RANSDELL. It is - a ta::emendous liability right now. It can be repaired and made practioally a new ship, and a yery Yaluable a set, at a cost of $8,200,000. As I read the testi­mony of l\fr. Lasker and others, it will certainly pay a good diYiden<l on a 15,000,000 valuation, if we spend $8,200,000 on it. It will then become a paying proposition, something of which \re, as Americans, would be proud, something which would help us to build up that merchant marine we all talk so much about, something which would balance the merehant marine; orne­thing which we have not now, for we have not a . hip like that to come in competition with the great ships of England.

'\Vith a dead asset, costing us a tremendous amount to care for, would it not be good business to spend $8.,200,000 and make a profitable asset on a Yaluation of 15,000;000? It seem. to me there can be no question about that. We must either do that , Senators, or "·e ought to take this hulk out in the ocean and ink it. One or the other ought to be done.

l\Ir. LODGE. I am not opposing the reconditioning of the LePiathan, but I want it reconditioned at the lowest price.

Mr. RANSDELL. We will discuss that phase of it lat€r. l\Ir. LENROOT. I made the· statement that it was costing

$700,000 a year to care for the Let;iathan, and I wish to be entirely accurate about that. It is costing us $44,000 a month for care. The ship is using a pier for which we could receive $18,000 a month if the Leviathan were not there. Therefore it is costing us $62,000 a month, or a little over $700,000 a year.

Ir. JONES of Washington. I could cite other changes this board has made, but I shall not talre the time to do it, as I hope we will be able to get this bill through to-day. I know the Senator from Massachusetts wants this vessel reconditioned, and the only question in my mind is whether or not we should hamper the Shipping Board in using its best judgment as to bow it should be done. I have no doubt, as I said before, that it conferred with the Navy Department, and the Navy Department said it would not be advantageous to do this in the navy yard. Therefore they called for bids. The bids have been received. The contract can be let by the 15th of the month. If it is not let, tben the chances are it will cost more to do what every­body seems to think ought to be done.

Ir. President, I do not believe that we ought to put any restrictions upon the Shipping Board, especially in this respect.

1\Ir. KING. l\Ir. President, before the Senator resumes hi · seat may I ask him a question?

Mr. JONES of Washington. Certn.inly. Mr. KING. The Senator has been discussing the amendment

before us from one angle only, a& I have understood his state­ment. Will the Senator give us his views as to the wisdom of embarking upon a policy which will inevitably lead to the con­tinuation of Government plants, shipping plants, navy yards, that we do not need, merely for the purpose of coming into com­petition with private plants that are engaged in the construc­tion, reconditioning, and repair of ships'?

Mr. JONES of Washingtpn. I do not wish to go into thut question. I reported a bill to the Senate which was passed and is now a law, in which we declared it to be the policy to have an .American merchant marine ultimately, privately owned and privately operated. I am stronger now in my belief in that policy than I was even at that time. But we are confronted with a situation that we can not get away from. We have the ships and we can not sell them now. What the Shipping Board is trying to do is to create conditions "Lmder which these ships can be sold, and under which they can be sold at an advantage to the Government, and build up an. American merchant IDil­rine.

l\1r. KING. If the Senator will pardon me-l\1r. JONES of Washington. I am coming now to wha.t the

Senator asked. I would strain a point in the building of battle­ships probably, and real naval ships; I would favor their buil!l­ing or repair in navy yards, because I realize the importance of maintaining navy yards to some extent, although if we ratify the treaties probably not nearly to the extent we will need hereafter; but, generally, I am in favor of having the work done in private yards "·here it really is of a private char­acter .

While, as the· Senator from ·Massachusetts said, these are technically Government ships, yet they are ships we have to get into private· ownership, and when they are in private owner­ship we shall. want- to have private shipyards in the country. While I am ru>t making that as an argument in this case for having these vessels repaired in private yards, I would ratllE'r see it done on that account. But the main stand that I take here is that the less we int.erfe.re with the business discretion of the Shipping Board in the handling of the great property that they now have in their ·charge the more likely they are to succeed. That broad pr{)position ·governs my aJJtion in tills case.

Mr. LODGE. l\Ir. President, it is now after 5 o'elock and1 I have something- I desire- to. say about thiS-• question. I think I can bring it clearly before tbe Senate that my purpose, at least, is to do the work more economically than, the Shipping ·Board is even willing to try to do it. I shall want some little time to go over the facts. Therefore, preferring not to go on to-night, I am going to move that the Senate proceed to the consideration of executive business.

:Mr. WARREN. Will the Senator withhold that motion for a moment?

Mr. LODGE. Certainly. Mr. WARREN. There were two reservations made bv the

Senator from Utah [Mr. KINo], which be informs me he. does· not wish to bring up, one on the purchase of certain lands and another one on tl1e Bureau of Efficiency. So those may stand as agreed to.

l\Ir. KING. Let it be understood that the one with respect to the Bureau of Elfiaiency and. the other with reference to the purchase of certain lands may stand as agreed to.

Mr. WARREN. They were agreed to, and the Senator ·ga.ve notice that be might wish to move to reconsider.

Mr. KING. I withdraw tl1at notice. Mr. FLETCHER. There is an amendment proposing to in­

crease the salaries of the members of the Civil Service Com­mission, which was passed aver.

The VICE PRESIDENT. ·That was pas ed oyer. Mr. KING. I should like to have the item relating to the

Bureau of Aeronautics go over until to-morrow.

EXECUTIVE SESSION.

Mr. LODGE. I move that the Senate proceed to the con­sideration of executive business.

The motion was agreed to, and the Senate proceeded to the consideration of executive business. After five minutes spent in executive session the doors were reopened.

RECESS.

Mr. LODGE. I move that the Senate take a reces until to­morrow at 12 o'clock.

The motion ·was agreed to, and (at 5 o'clock and 10 minutes p. m.) the ~enate took a recess until to-morrow, Saturday, February 11, 1922, at 12 o'clock meridian.

/

2398 CONGRE iSIO:NAL RECORD-SEN_A __ TE. FEBRUARY 10,_

O~Flll?\IATIONS.

Execu.ti·cc nominations confirmed by t11e Senate Febt·ttary 1fJ ( legi. laHt:e day ot Febt·ttar1J 3), 19'22.

A.PPOI::\TMENTs IN THE DIPLOMATIC SERncE.

AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY A~J) PLENIPOTENTIARY.

Alan··on B. Houghton to be ambassador extraordinary and plenivotentiary to Germany.

ENVOYS EXTRAOBDI~ABY AND MINISTERS PLENIPOTE. TllRY.

Fred Morris Dearing to be envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Portugal.

Roy T. Davis to be envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo· tentiary to Costa Rica.

Albert Henry Washburn to be en\'OY extraordinary and min­ister plenipotentiary to Austria.

Theodore Brentano to be en\'Oy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to Hungary.

AOE.;. T .A.J\1> CONSUL GE~ERAL,

Joseph )1. Denning to be agent and consul general at Tangier, Morocco.

RECEIYER OF PUBLIC 2\lONEYS.

Harry B. Drum to be receiver of public moneys at Billings, 1\Iont.

PROMOTIONS IN THE ~AVY.

To be rear a(ln~iral. · Jehu V. Chase.

To be captains. Lyman .A. Cotten. .John J. Hyland. William P. Cronan.

To be commanders. Charles S. Joyce. EUmnnd S. Root. Rnrold G. Bowen. Arthur K. Atkins. Anthony J. James. \Vilhelm L. Friedell. Henry A. Orr. William H. Toaz. Turner F. Caldwell. Ferdinnnd L. Reichmuth. I aac C. Kidd. Charles C. Hartigab. Sllerwoode A. Taffinder.

Lesley B. Anderson. Ronan C. Grady. Hollis l\1. Cooley. Eth\'ard D. Washburn, jr. Harold Jones. Edwin A. Wolle"on. Isaac C. Boo-art. Harvey Delano. Robert A. White. Frank H. Roberts. Stephen Doherty. Albert C. Uead.

To be l-ieutenant commanders. An(lrew B. Denney. Thomas l\1oran. William B. Cothran. Spencer S. Le'"is. Theodore •. Wilkin on, jr. Walden L . Ainsworth. Frank T. Leio-hton. Edwards B. Gibson. Leo L. Lindley. Walter .A. Edwards. l\Ionroe Kelly. Bolivar V. l\Ieade. William C. \Vick.ham. GodfrE-y de Courcelles CheYa-Cha.rles H. )lorri on. lier. Hobert G. Coman. Hugh P. Le Clair. Josep-4 :\f. Deem. Fitzhugh Green. Deupree J. Friedell. Gram-me B. Hoey. George B. Keester. Wilbur J. Carver. Thalbert N. Alford. Lucius C. Dunn. Theodore H. Winters. Ewart G. Haas. Joseph A. )lnrphy.- Francis A. La Roche. Henry T. Settle. Roy C. Smith, jr. Hollaway H. Fro ·t. Jame G. Ware. James B. Will. Samll€1 W. King.

To be lieutenants. Ralph G. Ri~ley. Charlie P. McFeaters. Lloyd H. Lewis. Maxwell Case. Frederick D. Powers. Samuel B. Brewer. Kenneth Floyd-Jones. John H. For hew, jr. William H. Hartt, jr.

To be lieutenants Kenneth Floyd-Jones. John H. Forshew, jr. \Villiam H. Hartt, jr. Robert Poole. John W. Rogers. John K. Jayne.

Robert Poole. John W. Roger . .John K. Jayne. Elmer V. Iver on.

- Ernest A. Foote. William ~Jasek. Frank G. Kutz. Axel Lindblad. Miles R. Browning. (junior grade). Elmer V. l\erson. James :l'L Johnston. Stvart S. Murray. William J. Strachan. Axel Lindblad. Ralph B. Netting.

Claude W. Carr. To be gurgeon.

To be medical directors. \Vill ~f. Garton. William H. Bell. Holton C. Curl.

To be passell assistant surgeons. James E. Houghton. E.Jwood A. Sharp. Ammi L. Johnson.

To be dental surgeons. William L. Darnall. :\larson W. Mangold. Logan A. Willard. Edward E. Harris. John V. 1\fc.A.lpin.

'l'o be pa.ssed as istant dental surgeons. William R. Taylor. John A .. Walsh. Hubert F. Delmore. Harrison B. Duncan.

To .be pay inspectors. David C. Crowell. Walter D. Sharp. Graham M. Adee.

To be tJa !J di,.ectors. \V alter B. Izard. William A. :Merritt.

l\lajor C. Shirley. George S. Wood .

To be paymast~rs.

Harold C. Gwynne. To be pa-ssed assi..stant paymasters.

Earl Len. Bailey. Wallace Prior.

To be ci t'U 011gineers.

\V alter H. Allen. Frederick H. Cooke. Albert A. Baker.

Ralph Whitman. Ralph 1\f. Warfield.

POST IASTERS.

CALIFORNI.A,

Jo ~eph F. Carroll, Bell. William H. !\ichol on, Ben Lomond. Thomas J. Durfee, Bieber. Mnrion B. Cheever, Camp Meeker. 1\Inry T. l\lonsport, Capitola. Roswell l\f. Wilbur, Delano. Alice n. Scheeck, Eldridge. Theodore H. Zimmerman, Fillmore. Clari.:sa P. Mosher, Inglewood. Thomas H. Fans, Lindsay. P atrick P. O'Brien, Lo. Angeles. .Te. ::.:ie Hossack, Merced Falls. Loring N. Kirk, Upland. Arthur :!\1. Becker, Visalia. John P. Day, Woodlake.

COLORADO.

Henry A. Danielson, Boone. Clarence A. Smith, Delta. Edward P. Owen, Genoa. Richard G. D~lton, La Junta.

IOWA. Paul S. ::\liller, Corydon. ·william C. McCurdy, l\lassena.

KANSAS.

John W. Coleman, Sylvia. Jacob K. Lucler, " ' aldo.

J.IICHIGAN.

George B. )1cintyre, Fairgrove. Thomas H. McGee, Farmington. Charle. T . Lockwood, Portland. Edward A. Gast, St. Joseph.

NEBRASKA.

Clyde W. Norton, Kearney. Blanche Snyder, Oconto. Philip Stein, Plainview.

NEW JERSEY. Elbert Wilbert, Bayhead. Clark P. Kemp, Little Sil\'et'. William H. Cottrell , Princeton.

1922. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-ROUSE. -2399 NEW YORK.

Ella Babcock, Lake Huntington. -eRTH {;_\:ROLINA.

J· hn "\V. Chapin, Aurora. J'. F. Stawles, Pinetops. Abmrn L. Alexander, Plymouth.

OHIO.

Herman W. Davis, Bedford. Fra.uk 1\1. 1\IcCoy, Bloomingburg. Herbert S. Cannon, Canal Winchester. Charles E. Schindler, Coldwater. Enrl R. Burford, 1\liner>a. Wnrd B. P€tty, Sycamor-e.

OK!L.HIOMA.

Eugene J. Blossom, Atoka. George N. Dav-ina, Colocy. 11nlliam I. E'lsher, Cordell. 'Thomas E. Milier, Francis. Wnlke1· D. Guthrie, Granite. In-in '1'. Boldrey, Helena. Jason A. N. Horton, llnnter. Charles L. Betl, Lhldsay. W a Her S. FloTence, Madill. I.e{' R. Jollm;on, Olustee.

PE:'\NSi'LV A.Nll.

Jc:>:r(ln1€' G. She-lle~, llich'field. SODTH DAKO'.fA.

Frnnk L Nt-:ll, Au:rora. hnrles lL ITess, jr_, Blunt.

i:'-rederick .1\f. 'Yebb, Hitchcock. Ht>m'y ,V. Knutson, IA'ola..

TEXAS.

Imn L. Jeffrey, Bigwells. DaYi<1 E. Watson, Centerville. .To::::eph D. Err1.-iu, -Chilton. 'Yilliam J". {)tt, Cuero. Elum 0. W:rigllt, Estelline. R-obert Dempstei·, Hitchcock. Tl10mas L. Dar(le'll, Ieridian. St1m G. Re-i<l, Oglesby. C'lln rl{:'S E. Simpson, Refugio. J~epll B. Willi."'!, Roche1J..E>. F -rnnk L. Aten, R-ound Rock. WiHimn .l. Hall. -Tillln.. Th()mas .T. Rill, Yoakum.

UTAH.

C. Tll.omas ?llartin, 1\li.liord. TE:Rli[ONT.

AlhE>rt F.:. urrier, Danville. VJ.RGiL.l~T.A..

L{>(l H. Beu<:h, Camp Humphreys. Ch.a des A .. M<:Kinney, Cape Charles. J'nme>.s ·w. ~iltoJJ, Eagle Rock. Norman ' . Fitzwater, Elkton. Ernest A. de Bordenave., Franklin. .Tames E. Johnson, New Church. ~illi.a.m A. Wine, -Qui.cksburg. Fl.oyd E. Ellis, Roa.noke.. Elln M. Shifley, Rose Hill. George N. Kirk, -st. Charles. J~{:'e S. Wolfe, South Hoston. Ernest H. {kosh.aw, Stony Creek. John ,V. Layman, Ttroutville.

WASHINGTON.

Mark D. Kee-ney, Bothell. HarTY L. Bras, Centralia. Enge.ne J. Edson, Cotllee. Jerome E. Depew, Elk. Leonidas I. Wakefield, Elmn. Franz S. Drumm-and, Gig Harbor. Ralph L. Philbrick, J;Ioquium. William F. Ulrich, Index. Anna A. Chapman, Kirkland. Eugene l\I. Splawn, Lyle. H.o,-rard H. Lair, Marcus. Helen L. Hadenfeldt, Mukilteo. Winsl-ow 1\1. McCurdy, Port Townsend. Walt~r C. Sommers, Prosser.

Thomas Harries, Renton. Golda R: Moore, .Roy. Jnanit..'l. Morris, St John. Dav-id M. Donnelly, Sedro Wooley. Jelm 1\1a1oney, Skykomish. William I. Leech, Steilacaom. AnClrew ..T. Diedrich, 'Valley.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

F ·RIDA..Y'J FebruanJ 10_, 192~. The House met at 12 o'clock noon. The Chu..plain, .Rev. James Shera 1\fontgomery, D. D., ofiered

the following prayer:

Almighty God, again Thou hast opened for us the gates of day. Where our strength ends Thou dost -begin, and where our .hope fades Thou rdost come. Blessed be Thy holy -nu.me! We -are grateful ·that we still -have a place in the heart ·of God anu .a refuge in His house of defense. In all our ways lead us out and 0n and up. Amid the currents and the denials of life heln us always to put good things to noble uses and cast aside ail things else. As we lh-e with the arms of God about us, 0 ·may His moral law be within. We would have our work be full of wisdom for our country and have it bring every enlargement of life to our citizenship e-verywhere. Through Jesus Ol1rist our Lord. Amen.

The J"ournal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and approyed.

CALL OF THE H01..~E.

- 1\lr. DOWELL. Mr. Speaker, I make the point of orde-1· t11at 1:here is no quorum present.

'The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Iowa makes the point ·of arde.r that there is no -quorum present. Evidently there is no .quorum present.

1\lr. MONDELL. 1.\Ir. Spea-ker, I moYe a call of the House. A call of the !House was ordered. The Clerk called the ·roll, when the following Members failed

to answer to their names : Ansorge Fe-nu Kn.i_ght .A:tll:esGU Fess Kreider BB~dkle-y Fielcls Kunz

..... Focht Langley Bland, Ind. F'unk Lee, Ga. Bland, ·va. Gallivan Lee, N.Y. Brennan Gern.erd Lineberger Brinson Gould Luhring Britten Gra..ham, Pa. Mansfield B.l'f>WD, Tenn. G.reen, l()Wa Martin Butler Greene, :Vt. Mead Cantrill Hays Michaelson Carew Hill Mills Chandler, N.Y. .Hogan Montague Chandler, Okla. Houghton .Moore, 111. ·clark, Fla. Hukriede .Mott tCla-rke, N. Y. Husted Mudd cClasson Ireland Nelso.n, J. li. Cedd James O'Brien Cole, Ohio Jefferis, Nebr. Ogden Connell Johnson, Ky. Parker, N.J. Connolly. ra. ..To.h.ns.on, .S.Dak. Parker, N.Y. Crowther Kahn Parrish Curry Keller Pattei:Son, N.J. :E>nvis, 'Minn. Kelley, Mich. Perlman .Dempsey Kelly, J>a. Pou Denison Kennedy Rainey, Ala. Drewry Kiess Rainey, Ill. Driwr 'Kindred Reavis Dyer Kirkpatrick R.ebe1· ..Echols Kitchin Riordan

Robertson Robsion Rodenberg Rogers Rose .Ryan Sanders., Ind. Shaw Siegel Slemp Smith, Mich. Sproul -stedman ·Steene:rson Stiness Sullivan 'Ta-ylor, Colo. Thomll.B Tilson Tinkham Treadway Undel'bill Up~::LW Vare Vestal Volk Ward.N. ~­Winslow . Wood, Ind. \Yates

The SPE.\KEB. Th:ree Jlundred a.nd seTen 1\Iemhe:rs have an­swoced to their nrrmes. .A. •£IUOTUID is presen.t.

l\Ir. ORAM'l'ON. I -move to dispense witb. :fnr.tl1e:r pvocood­ings under the call.

T.he motion was agreed to. The SP:J!J.A..KER. The Door:keepe:r will open the doors.

I -TERIOR DEP.ABTMENT APPROP:lH.A.TIO.l'\8.

Mr. CRAl\fTGN. I move that the Hotl.Se resolve itself into the Committee af t11e Whole House on the state of the Union for the consideration of H. R. 10329, the InteTior Depa mne:nt appropriation bill. ·

Pending that motion, Mr. Speaker, I shonld like to come :to ;an agreement as te .the limit of <general debate. I will ask l1l1Y. ·colleague, the gentleman from Oklahoma [Mr. CAR~], how much time he thinks will be needed on llis side?

1\I·r. CARTER. I have demands for a little more than -two olwnrs on this ·side, l\ir. Epeaker.

2400 OONGR.ESSION AL RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 10,

l\Ir. CRA::UTOX Does the gentleman think that could be re­uuced to an hour and a half?

Mr. CARTER. I do not think we could get along with less than t\YO hours. At first I thought we could get along with an hour and a half but since then I have had additional requests for time, and I am sure it will take two hours.

Mr. CRAMTON. Then, 1\fr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­sent that the general uebate upon the bill be limited to four hours, two hours to be under the control of the gentleman from Oklahoma [1\lr. CARTER] and two hours under my controL

The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani­mous consent tllat the general debate be limited to four hours, half the time to be controlled by himself and half by the gen­tleman from Oklahoma. Is there objection?

There was no objection. The SPE.AKER. The question is on the motion of the gentle­

man from :\lichigan. The motion was agreed to. Accordingly the House resolved itself into the -Committee of

the Whole Hou. e on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill (H. R. 10329) making appropriations for the De­partment of the Interior for ._ the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, and for other purposes, with Mr. GRAHAM of Illinois in the chair. ·

1\lr. CRA.:..\ITO:N. Mr. Chail·man, I ask unanimous consent that the first reading of the bill be dispensed with.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani­mous consent that the first reading of the bill be dispensed with. Is there objection?

There was no objection. Mr. CRM1TON. I will ask the Chair to notify me when I

have used 30 minutes. Mr. Ohail·man and gentlemen of the House, the pending bill

makes appropriations for the Department of the Interior for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923. The matter carried in this bill has been carried in other bills heretofore. The pending bill includes all of the items that have heretofore been in the Indian appropriation bill, all of the items that have been in the pension appropriation bill, a number of important items from the sundry civil bill, and others from the legislati-ve, executive, and judicial appropriation bill. This bill carries the full pro­vision to be made by the Government for all the activities of the Depa1·tment of the Interior for the year 1923. Because of the range of these important activities the bill becomes one of very great importance and of chief interest to l\Iembers from the West, because it includes the Indian Service, the Reclamation Service, the national parks, and general questions relating to the public lands. The subcommittee, recognizing that fact, have endeavored to make Members interested in these problems of immediate western concern and also of great national impor­tance feel free to come in with the committee an<l assist in every way in the hearings.

We have been especially glad to have the cordial good wishes and cooperation of the gentleman from New York [Mr. S YDER], chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs; the gentleman from Oregon [Mr. SINNOTT], chairman of the Committee on the Public Lands; and the gentleman from Nebraska [Judge KIN­KAID], chairman of the Committee on Irrigation of Arid Lands.

For these purposes the appropriations for 1922 were $315,-195,149.67. •The estimates sent to Congress for the same purpose for 1923 were $299,377,032, the reduction between the current law and the estimates being chiefly due to the reduction of the appropriation for pensions, due to the continued death of Civil War vetexans and their widows; and the reduction in the items for reclamation fund work, due to the fact that that appropriation is drawn from the reclamation fund, and it is anticipated will contain less money than was anticipated a year ago. Your committee have reduced these estimates from $299,-377,032 to the extent of $3,754,920, leaving a bill of $295,622,112.

1\Ir. LONDON. Will the geqtleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. I am going to ask to be interrupted as little

as possible until I finish my statement, but, of course, I yield to the gentleman from New York.

Mr. LONDON. I do not want to interfere with the develop­ment of the gentleman's tatement, but I understood that a. large appropriation was to be made for the Reclamation Service, in view of the unemployed.

l\lr. CRAMTON. If the gentleman will permit and wait until I come to that subject-and in the meantime I am going to ask that I be permitted to go ahead with my statement an<l take up

- the uetai1s under the 5-minute rule. So I will defer answering the gentleman at present.

In making these reductions the committee would like the Hou P. to under!'<tancl that these 1·eductions are not made through a tl1eory that the department has been extravagant or unrea­sonable in requeRt.. Men like Secretary Fall and Assistant Sec-

retary -Finney, heads of the department; Dr. Bain, Bureau of Mines; Dr. George Otis Smith, of the Geological Survey; :llr. Burke, our own former colleague, of the Indian Service; l\lr. Mather, that enthusiast of the National Park Service ; Director Davis, of the Reclamation Service; Dr. Tigert, of the Bureau of Education; and the other men at the heads of the vatious bu­I'eaus and establishments impressed the committee highly by their zeal, intelligence, and efficient conduct of their bure11us. But your committee have recognized the need for economy that is now suprem~ and that the present time is not only a period for economy, of necessity for the fullest economy, but it must include wherever possible retrenchment as well. And Jmtny things that are a proper activity to be carried in ordinary time must now be suspended and defen-ed.

The Interior Department is the department that in ordinary times we hope to see expanded and developed.

I have in mind in this statement not to discuss generiilly the details of the bill, leaving them until we come under the 5-minute rule. Inasmuch as this is tile first time since the e tab­lishment of this department 70 years ago that it is all provided for in one bill, it seems fitting that I should discuss in a general way for the House the services and activities of this great ue­partment.

It is interesting to no-te that in the report of the Committee on Agriculture of this House, February 12, 1849, recommending the new "Home Department," it was stated: ~he general fact remains unaffected that war and preparations for

war have been practically regarded as the chief duty and end of this Government, while the arts of peace and production, whereby nations are subsisted. civilization advanced, and happiness secured, have be<:>n esteemed unworthy the attention, or foreign to the objects, of this Government. It seems to us that this should not always continue, but that we should, as a wise people, reorganize the Gilvernment so far as to fulfill these duties also, which are suggested by the nature, aspira­tions, and wants of our race as physical, moral, and intellectual beings; that it should do something toward protecting the people against those internal enemies, ignorance, destitution, and vice, as well as a~ainst those foreign foes who may invade or who it is apprehendell may assail us.

The department then was established and given supeni ··ion of the Land Office, the Patent Office, of Indian Affairs, anu of Pensions, as well as certain officers of the courts, the Cen ·u. ·, and the Commissioner of Public Buildings. From time to time other branches have been added, until it is now, perhaps, the greatest department in the Government so far as the develop­ment of our resources and the promotion of the welfilre of our people are concerned.

It is now housed primarily in a splendid department building that has 16 acres of floors, 25 miles of water and soil pipes, 10 miles of heating pipes, 100 miles of wire. It has here and in the field in all something like 22,000 employees. It is well to note that it is one department of the Government that <lid not become inflated during the war. Its number of employees is probably less to-day than before the war or <luring the war.

The Interior Department primarily administers a tremendous national estate, lands and forests, coal and oil, oil shale, phos­phate, potash, water power, and so forth, which Secretary Fall, in hi'3 annual report, in an interesting statement, estimates will bring eventually $12,000,000,000 to the Government. That is, he esti­mates that it will bring to the Treasury of the United States ultimately $12,000,000,000, although if the actual value of the mines, and so forth , from which the Government will ultimately secure only royalties, is considered, then the yalue of this great national estate would be $150,000,000,000.

Prominent in that is our great area, the public lands, 'vhich has been from time to time reduced, but which contained on June 30, 1921, 189,729,492 acres of land unappropriated and unreserved. In addition to that in Alaska there are 378,165,760 acres, making a total acreage of 567,895,252 acres.

The following statement of the area of public domain an<l public-land business for the year 1921 will be of intere t in this connection :

Jtmc so, 1921.

Area unappropriated and unreserved (exclusive of ~aska) ____________________________ __________ _

Reservations and withdmwals (public-land States

Acres. 189,729,492

0~~tional forests------------------------------ 154, 487, 792 National monuments _________________ :_________ 399, 942 National parks------------------------------- 5,463,4~4 Indian r eservations___ ________________________ 71, 244, 591 Carey Act withdrawais------------------------___ 1_,_4_7_1_, 3_4_1

1233, 067, 110 ====

422,796,602

1 Do not include reclamation withdrawals, no figures for which are available. Other withdrawals, such as coal (39i875,414 acres), ~hos­phate (2,724,340 acres), etc., aggre~ating 4!),291, 6 act·es, are omttted from the total reservations and withdrawals for 1921 for the reas.on that the greater part of such witht.:h·awal s have been covert>d by <'ntnes tor the surface title.

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 2401 Fiscal year 1921.

Acres. Area passed tc patenL--------------------------- 10, 117, 810

==== Receipts:

Public lands--------------------------------- $10,453,969.72 Indian lands--------- ------------------------ $903,371.93 Naval petroleum reserves---------------------- $3, 118, 511. 07

Expenditures-----------------------------·------- $3, 149, 024. 05 Number of employees in land service (General Land

Office and field)------------------------------- 1, 256 This great domain is immediately under the General Land

Office, first .established in 1812. As early as l\Iay 18, 1796, under an act of Congress of that date, these activities commenced. That act authorized a sun-eyor general and a survey of certain lands northwest of the Ohio River and above the mouth of the Kentucky River, and also provided for the sale of public lands at Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. The first land offices were estab­lished at Cincinnati, Chillicothe, 1.\farietta, and Steubenville. Ohio is now one of the few States other than the origina113-which retained all their own lands-which have no Federal public lands to-day. As the consideration of the bill progresses and the question arises with respect to the abolishment of some existing land offices, it will be well to remember that these offices from time to time have been created or abolished as the need bas been apparent.

The Indians, who are the "vards of the Nation, required attention from our Government in the very earliest days. The act of August 7, 1789 (1 Stat., 149), requil·ed the Secretary of War to-perform and execute such duties • • affairs.

in relation to Indian

And the act of July 9, 1832, authorized a Commissioner of Indian Affairs to-have the direction and management of all Indian affairs ·and of all matters arising out of Indian relations.

There are to-day in this country, it is stated, a total of 312,381 Indians, of whom about 165,000 are full bloods. Of those Indians not only is there the care of . the adults but there is the education of the children. There are 90,448 Indian children of school age, of whom 83,633 are eligible for schooi attendance, and of that total 62,761 are in school. The ca­pacity of the Indian schools is 64,016, but there remain about 20,000 Indian children not in schools, in 11art because of lack of school capacity, but in large degree also through lack of success in getting them into schools. Certain nomadic tribes in the Southwest as well as a few of the Seminoles in Florida and others greatly COIDillicate that problem.

The property ~ the Indians is estimated by the Indian Serv­ice as amounting to something over $1,000,000,000. The re­sponsibility for the administration of that estate is largely in the Indian Office.

Your committee would not do justice to Yery conscientious officials of the Government if I failed to say here that while all of the estimates from the Interior De11artment came before our committee on a very moderate and reasonable basis, with­out any inflation or extraYagance, still we must say that a former Member of this Honse, Hon. Charles H. Burke, who for a long time ,yas chairman of the Committee on Indian Affairs in this House and who· is now the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, came before the committee 'vith really the cleanest slate of any branch in the department. [Applause.]

This will be apparent to anyone who studies the estimates for that office and who realizes that in the recent past in the bills presented by the gentleman from Oklahoma [l\Ir. CARTER], when he '"as chairman of the Committee on Indian ~1\.ffairs and in charge of the Indian appropriation bill, and by the g·entleman from New York [Mr. SNYDER], when chairman of that com­mittee and in charge of the bill, as well as by the late Mr. Elston, of California, last year in charge of the bill, the totals have been greatly reduced to bedrock. Still Commissioner Burke took seriously the desire of the administrat:i.m1 for economy, and gentlemen will find that the Indian Bura..u esti­mates were well pared down before they ever got to the Budget office or to Congress, being well below the current appropria­tion. I feel that when an officer of the Government treats Con­gress fairly, meets us in good faith in a program that we are trying to carry out, he is entitled to the confidence and appre­ciation of the Congress. [Applause.]

The total appropriations in the bill for the Indian Bureau amount to $12,295,722. Of this amount $2,433,370 comes f!·om tribal appropriations, from the funds of the Indians, nnd $9,862,352 from the Federal Treasury, of which $1,730,707 is reimbursable--that is, suppo, ed to come back sometime to the Treasury.

The Bureau of Pensions carries on u great activity of the Government. It bas, of course, the larger portion of the money

carried in this bill, being for the payment of pensions, $252,-000,000. It is a long time since the Civil War, and the greater number of those cared for are Civil War veterans and their widows. It is interesting to note that last year-1921-the expenditures so long after the Civil War amounted to $258.- -715,842, which is apparently the peak to be paid for pensions. That is the most that has ever oeen paid, and it is the expecta­tion that in 1922 the amount will be less than in 1921, and in 1923 it will be still less.

The following table giving information concerning pensions will be found to be of interest :

Amount paid to pensioners, 1790 to 1921, inclusi~:e. War of the Revolution__________________________ $70, 000, 000. 00

~~Ia~f ~~~;=================================== ~8;8ii;g~f:¥~ \Var with ~exico_______________________________ 54,471,002.27 Civil War--------------------~---------------- 5, 749,030,455.07 War with Spain________________________________ 76,007,334.21 Regular Establishment_____________________ ____ _ 57, 302, 421. 04 World War------------------------~----------- 99, 404.40 Unclassified------------------------------------ 16,513, 4~5. 54

The pension roll.

Pensioners on the roll June 30: Civil War-

Soldiers ........................................... . Widows, etc .............. . ....................... .

War with Spain-Soldiers ...........•. ...... .......................•. Widows, etc .....................................•.

Regular Establishment-Soldiers ............ . ..... .••. .•.......... ·- ....... .

W or1i?*:;~ etc. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·- · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·- · • · Soldiers ................... . .. ..... ........• - -..... -'Vidows, etc ......................•.......•. ····-·.

Indian wars-Soldiers ...................................•........ 'Vidows, etc .......................... ····-· ...... .

War with Mexic()-Soldicrs ........................................... . 'Vidows, etc .. .................................... .

War of1812-Widows, etc .... ........ .......... ................ .

By classes-

6, 089,5:.16,537.71

1920 1921

243,520 290,209

23,144 7,288

14,477 4,55i

76 52

3, 745 2,483

148 2,423

71

218, 77.) 281, 3?:l

31,066 8,216

13,832 4,0-'H

63 32

3, 78! 2,569

109 2,133

I==== I=====

Soldiers ..... .. .................... ·--.............. 285,110 267,629 Widows........................................... 299,363 290,955 :Minors............................................. 2,373 2,163 Helpless children.................... .. ............ 913 919

g~~~~~~~~~~-~~ ·. ~:::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::: 4, ~ 4, ~~ 1--------1--------

Total of all classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . . . . . 592,190 566, 053

Deaths of Civil War pensioners: Soldiers .......... ... ........................ .......... . 'Vidows, etc .......................................... .

1====1:====

27,871 20,874

24, 775 19, ·151

Largest number of Civil War soldiers on the roll was in 1898_ 745, 822 Largest number of Civil War widows on the roll was in 1912_ 304, 373

These heroes of the great Civil War crisis are now but a qunr­ler of a million and passing in numbers of pathetic. magnitude. The cost of the administration of the Bureau of Pensions, I think, will compare quite favorably with other bureaus doing similar work. For 1921 the number of claims passed upon amounted to 91,515, and they were disposed of at an average cost of $17.25 per claim. The disbursements for pensions cost ten and a quarter cents per hundred dollars.

On June 30, 1921, there were 99,100 applications pending, 47,000 more than a year previously. This great -gain was due very largely to the two acts passed in 1920--tbe act of May 1 and the · act of June 5. The first provided a minimum of $50 for Civil War veterans, but an increase of $72 in the event that the veteran should be incapacitated to an extent requiring regu­lar care and attendance of another person. The minimum age of these Civil War veterans is about 73, and it is to be expected that great numbers of them are making applications to be given the $72 rate.

The second, the act of June 5, 1920, for Spanish-American War veterans, also bas brought in an immense flood of claims, about 2,500 a month.

Some progress has Been made under the present administra­tion. There were 99,000 claims pending the 1st of July, and on the 1st of December about 94,000, while to-day it is about 93,000. The normal condition, with the work current, would mean not over 35,000 to 50,000 cases pending. · Some time that bureau would catch up with its work with its present force. But so many of these applications for pensions are men or women of 7;5, 80, and 85, veterans of the Civil \Var or their widows, that delay manifestly means often 1leath gets to them before the pension which the GoYernment ought to giYe

2402 CON·GRESSION AL RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 10,

them. In addition the delay is dish·essing even among Spanish­American claims. Many of those claimants are more or less heJple s anu destitute arid in need, and at the present time a Spanish-American War cl:tim, filed last April, gets to-day its firs t consideration by the bureau, and that is only the beginning. The application is looked oyer and the needed evidence is called for, nnd then must ensue another wait of months, and then again. The bm-eau and Secretary Fall have appealed for a temporary fo rce to bring that work up current. Commissioner Gardne1· said in his annual report:

Ther e is, however, a limit to patience, and when several months elapse between the filing of claims and the first calls for the proof neces­sary t o establish title to pension, and several months more between the receipt of the J?roof called for and its consideration. patience gives place to dissa tisfaction. The bureau is dealing with claimants of ndvanced age, or who are suffering from service disabilities, or who are ofttimes in !]ire distress, especially widows and minor children. These claim­ant are in every section of our country and elicit general sympathy in their localities because of their claims upon the Government obligat ed, as the martyred Lincoln aptly expre.._~ed it, " to care for him who shall have borne tl1e battle nnd for his widow and his orphan."

When the public see cases of dire distress or physical helplessness unalleviatecl by reason of long delay in considering claims for pension, when they witness soldiers and widows, especially of the Civil War, !lying before being granted the relief provided for them by the laws of a generous Government, the bureau becomes the subject of severe criticism, which in turn reflects upon those charged with the adminis­tration of the affairs of the Government.

It would be a great relief to the bureau if the work of adjudicating claims was current. It would disarm criticism, eliminate dissatisfac­tion, obviate the hundreds of complaint letters coming to the bureau every week, to answer which consumes tinle that should be devoted to the work of adjudication of claims and adds to the cost of the pension system for services thus diverted from the regular work. In other words, to be in arrears in work increases the cost of and interferes with and retards the regular operations of the bureau. The work of the Pension Bureau should be made current, to do which will necessitate a temporary addition to our force. Once it is current our present per­manent force of employees can keep it current. Congress alone can remedy the conditions as they exist in the bureau at the present time.

Your committee have -very carefully investigated the question anu recommend $306,800 for a temporary clerical force for one year to bring the work up current.

Mr. HUDSPETH. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. CRAMTON. Very briefly, that I may not take time that

others should have. 1r. HUDSPETH. Does the gentleman think a year would be

sufficient to bring that work up? I want to state--Mr. CRAl\ITON. The gentleman will pardon me. I do not

want to take up too much time in discussion of this, but it has been the conviction of the committee, fortified by special inves­ti~ation, that it can be done in a year and that it should be done.

The retirement law is also administered by the bureau, and the following data will be of interest in that connection : Claims disposed of -------- -------- --------------- 33, 913 Cost of adjudication_______________________________ $51,023.52 Cost per claim oisposed of______ ____________________ $1. 505 Disbursed for annuities, etc----------------------- $2 , 913, 547. 34 Cost of payment of annuities, etC---------·----------- $17,440 Cost for each $100 c:'l,isbursed----- - - ----------------- $0. 598

Up to June 30, 1921, 7,367 original claims for annuity and 33,500 claims for refund had been filed. Of this number 338 claims for annuity and 6,779 claims for refund were pending on July 1, 1921.

The Treasury Department reports that for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1921, $12,513,636.69 had been transferred to the "Ci.-il ser vice retirement and disablllty fund," as provided in section 8 of the act, and that the fund had been increased through the receipt of interest and profits on that portion of the fund which was available for investment and from m.i.scellaneous sources by $72,752.68, making a total of $12,586,389.37.

1_'he total diRbursements for the fiscal year on accocmt of annuities, refunds, and allowances were $2,913,547.34, leaving a surplus in the fund for the year of $9,672,842.03.

The Bureau of Education hus a work \Yhich comes very close to the aspirations of a nation such as ours, where we base our hope of successful democracy upon real development of educa­tion among our people. That bureau; established in 1867, has grown and developed its activities and is worthy to-day of much further development. It is first a clearing house for informa­tion concerning e<lucation, educational agencies., and forms of education. It is, second, the administrative office for the Federal aid to the land-grant colleges. Since 1890, $53,602,000 have been

-disbursed in that work, including for 1922, $2,500,000. A third branch of its work, to which I specially call your

attention, because you may not be as familiar with it as with other activities of the bureau. That is the work of the bureau for natives of Alaska. The work is Qf' vast extent and is car­ried on under peculiar difficulties. If Alaska were superimposed on the United States its northernmost capes would be on the boundary between the United States and Canada, its southeast­ernmost extremity would touch the Atlantic coast at the State of Georgia, the Aleutian Islands would skirt the Mexican border_, nnd the westernmost of its islands would lie on California. The G7 villages in which the bureau's work is located would fall in 21 different States. The Territory has been divided into six school districts, each under the immediate supervision and direc-

tion of .a district superintendent ; one of these supervision dis­tricts contains fully 100,000 ·square miles. The work is carriecl on for the benefit of adults as well as for children. In the Alaskan native community the school is the center of all ac­tivity-social, industrial, and civic-says this Bulletin No. 35. Each schoolhouse is a social center for the accomplishment of practical ends. Many of the buildings contain, in addition to the recitp.tion room, an industrial room, kitchen, quarters for th~ teacher, and a laundry and baths for the use of the native community. There are cooperative enter.vrises, financed by native capital and conducted by the natives themselves. I call attention, for instance, to the Hydaburg colony, which, only a generati{)n removed from savagery, u,nder the guidance of the bureau, have turned the dense forest into a thriving, well laid out, electrically lighted, self-governing town, with several miles of planked streets, a modern dock and float landing, a sawmill, a c~ery building, church, cooperative store, shingle mill, and lmpber yard.

Again at Noorvik. On this tract, within the Arctic Circle, the colonists, under the leadership of the teachers, have built a ,village, with well laid out streefs, neat single family houses, gardens, a mercantile company, a sawmill, an electric-light plant, and a radio station, which keeps them in touch with the outside world. Remember this is within the Arctic Circle.

Now, as to the Re.clamation Service. As you are all aware, this it;; a comparatively_ re.ce.o.t development in our governmental activities. In the time we,have carried it on we have expendeu $131,038,387, derived from" the following sources : Total receipts, sales of public lands------------------- $103, 094, 467

.Bond loan-----------------~--------------------~- 20,000,000 Proceeds of oil:leasing act...:--- =---... ------------------ 4, 617, 66G Proceeds of potassium kyalties----------------------- 12, 725 Rio Grande ,Dam · appropriation-------------------- - -- 1, 000, 000 Judgments, Court of CJaims ____________ :_____________ 450, 118 Increase of compensation funds----------------------- 1, 863, u12

131, 038,387

Of that amount we have actually expended on construction work on reclamation projects $12-8,528,622. That is a revolving fund. It is added to from time to time by funds derived from the sale of public lands, from oil royalties, and so forth, from the public lands and it is used in building reclamation projects. Then the cost of those projects are in time to come to go back to the fund, repaid to the Government by the people who get tlle benefit of the project, and used again fo'r other projects. I tell you, the results must be seen to be fully appreciated. The peo­ple of the West appreciate it, and those in the East who come in contact with it can not help but appreciate it . It has been my privilege to visit some 20 of those projects. It is nothing short of miraculous. You go over a waste area decorated only by sagebrush and apparently of soil so barren that no matter how much water was put upon it it never could produce any­tiling, and find adjacent similar land .under irrigation, perhaps the water brought by immense engineering works from reser­voirs hun_dreds of miles away, and there you see the finest kjnd of agricultural development.

To go over such an area, to visit a city of 10,000 or 15,000 people, and know that within 10 or 15 years that site where tlle city now stands was only a desert waste, and to find in that city the very highest type of American civilization, with splendid school buildings and every other community activity, was very gratifying

I asked from the Reclamation Service some figures, and they have given facts which you will find in the hearings with refer­ence to the Minidoka project in Idaho ; figures that were pre­par-ed in January, 1920. In 1904, 16 years before, the land was an uninhabited sagebrush desert, with no to~-n. no farm, no railroads, no facilities of any kind, and all that it has to-day is the result of the construction of the irrigation work, at a cost of $5,800,000. Of this amount over $1,000,000 was repaid at the end of 1919, and more since.

Now, that one project, created at an expenditm·e of $5,800,000, which is to come back into the Treasury, has created value in the way of farm land and improvements to the extent of! $30,373,000. There i an assessed -valuation of that project of $14,570,000. The crops produced in 1919 amounted in value to $5,924,0{){)-more than the entire cost of the project. As to ship­ments, there were 6,900 carloads of shipments of hay, potatoes, beets, cattle, wheat, sugar, sheep, flour, and other products.

Now, as to the purchase of manufactures: During my tour I remember one evening, after a day spent in going over a proj­ect, I believe in the State of Oregon, and, being from the State of Michigan, as I went down the street of that town, a town built by reason of the development of an irrigation project, I was interested to note that along that street, on both sides of it, were hundreds of automobiles, that never would b.uve been

1922. CONGRESS! ON AL RECORD-. HOUSE. 2403 bought except for the project, and most of those automobiles came from the State of Michigan, -very properly ; and so I feel that the State of l\lichigan has au immediate selfish interest in the development of those splendid new home regions found in the West. •

On this Minidoka project in Idaho the wholesale purchase of manufactures in 1919 amounted to $7,139,000, as follows: Dry goods, clothing, shoes _____________________________ $1, 293, 000 Lumber-------- - ------------------------------------ 1,060,000 Automobiles, trncks, etc_______________________________ 1, 040, 000 Groceries____________________________________________ 814,000 Hardware------------------------------------------ 589, 000 Coal, feed, flour, and bags_____________________________ 486, 000 Farm impl>:!ments - - ---------- - ----------------------- 434, 000 Machinery and supplies------------------------------- 375, 000 Electrical supplies-- - --------------------------------- 279, 000 .Jewelry and mis cf'lluneous instruments__________________ 249, 000 Drugs and sundries----------------------------------- 172, 000 Cigars. etc_____ ____________ __________________________ 124, 000 Furniture------- --------------------------------- - -- 121,000 Other merchandise- - ---------------------------------- 103, 000

TotaL for one year_______________________________ 7, 139, 000

Then as to the war activities of this project. There were from it over 1,000 men in the Army and 4,100 Reel Cross mem­bers. In addition they took in Liberty loans, Red Cross sub­scriptions, and other subscriptions for war activities, $2,014,000 from that project. And let me remind you as to these projects that they provide for the maintenance of a borne and a family on a small area of land, 40 or 60 acres in many cases, and that nearly always the man who owns the land cultivates it, to my mind the ideal development for this America of ouro. [Ap­plause.] In audition to that development of the country it is estimated that these projects increased the population of towns adjacent, so that they may support not only their own population but in towns and cities adjacent there bas been an increase in population, as the table in the bearings (p. 613) will show, from 76,807 in 1000 to 310,844 in 1920 in certain cities and towns.

In the pending bill I should say that we have made a reduc­tion of $1,500,000 below the estimates this year submitted for reclamation work. The reason is this: r.rhose appropriations are taken from the money in the reclamation fund, and no more can be used than is in the fun<l, whether appropriated or not.

In the last year or two we have been overestimating the ~mount in the reclamation fund, and hence we have been appro­priating several million dollars more for the Reclamation Serv­ice than there would be available in the fund. That resulteu in expensive changes of plans in the Reclamation Service and turned rejoicing to grief in western communities when they had to go without those projects that were appropriated for ann which they thought would be built. So this year we asked Director Davis to submit a revised estimate on a conservativ~ basis of how much money would be in that fund, and by reason of his estimate, Fith a reduction of $1,500,000, our appropria­tions were cut iu the same way.

The Geological Survey is a great service, which has been remarkably well administered under Dr. George Otis Smith. It is a service which joins in an effective and very necessary way with every activity in connection with the national domain, and has other important work. For instance, recently from Dr. Smith, in response to an inquiry, I learned that they have d~veloped in connection with that service a potash field in Texas which is going to be of great value to this Nation.

Dr. Smith says concerning it: At four points in western Texas wells drilled in search for oil have

penetrated great thicknesses of ordinary salt which sh'()w potash at different horizons. In eaeh of these wells one or more beds from 5 to 15 feet thick have been traversed in which a potash content of 10 _ per cent is strongly indicated. Core drilling is, of course, necessary to prove the exact thickness and oomposition of these beds, but I feel that I am conservative in expressing my belief that over an area of at least 200 square miles there is spread a bed of potash salts thick enough for underground mining just as the salt beds of the same age are mined in Kansas.

To sum up, it is evident that these western Texas deposits, contain­mg as they do considerable amounts of water soluble potash salts suitable for direct use in agriculture, hold promise of supplying a lar~e demand in the near-by States, irrespective of the poss ible com­petition with imported potash salts in the Atlantic seaboard region and assure the United States of protection against a serious potash shortage in the event of war.

In the pending bill your committee has made some reductions in the estimates for the Geological Survey, not because of any lack of confidence in the survey or any lack of appreciation of their work but because we have felt that some of its activities which must be done sometime are some of the things that now can wait.

The Bureau of Mines, which is abls to show such a direct relation between the work it has been <'arrying on for the safety of the miners and the reduction in the loss of life, has

demonstrated in many lines its Yalue. The accompanying table shows this connection with coal mining :

Year.

1911 ..••.•. : ...... ··-· ....•......• 1912 ..••..•.. ····- .•••••••..•..... 1913 ...••..•••••••.••••••.•••••••• 1914 ••.•... ····-·················-1915 .•..... ····--················· 1916 .... ····· .•.........•••......• 1917 •..••..••.....••.••••.••.. •• : . 1918 .....••..•.... --·· .•••..•••••. 1919 ....•.... ··-· ••.•...•..•.•..•. 1920. ··················•··········

Number of major disasters at coal mines.

15 13 8

11 11 11 9 4 9 8

Number killed

b y major disasters.

413 254

. 464 316 262 154 262 54

201 61

Average _ number killed

by each major

disaster.

28 20 58 29 24 14 29 14 22 8

Percent­age of total

number killed by all causes.

15.5 10.5 16.7 12.9 11. 5 6.9 9.7 2.1 8. 7 2. 7

Many of their activities throughout the West have resulteu in great economies in the development of our oil wells and the conservation of the product. In many other lines important work is being done.

The CHAffiMAN. The time of the gentleman from Michigan has expired.

l\1r. CRAMTON. I will have to take five minutes more, Mr. Chairman.

The Patent Office has been much before Congress of late. Its work began in 1790. It is interesting to note that Thomas Jefferson was the first man in charge of it as Secretary nf State. In his time there were only three patents issued in the first year, and in three years only about 60. It has had various vicissitudes, but it has wonderfully developed and has had a great part in the development of this country. It probably, on basic inventions, has passed more patents than all the other countries put together. The basic patents issued by the Patent Office since 1836 include the telegraph, vulcanization of rubber, the sewing machine, the harvester, the telephone, the incan<les­cent electric light, the ·phonograph, the moving-picture devices,

· the typewriter, the airplane, high-speed steel, the linotype, the air brake, and the automatic car coupler. These give us some idea both of the great industrial development in a short period of time in this Nation and the problems of the Patent Office. It receives now 110,000 applications a year, issue8 40,000 patents, registers 12,000 trade-marks, and its accumulateu surplus to date of receipts over expenditures in the Treasury is $8,000,000. In the pending bill your committee have not granted the additional clerks and increased salaries asked for by reas-on of the fact that a separate bill for the relief of the Patent Office has passed the House and is now pending in the Senate.

Then there are our national parks. Their development has been under the leade1·ship of Mr. Stephen T. 1\Iather, an idea li s t and an enthusiast, who, in my judgment, has done as much as any man in the Government to inspire the men under him, the rangers in the parks and the men in th~ bureau here, to haYe zeal for their work. He has been accomplishing tremendous things in improving the parks, in increasing the facilities for your comfort when you visit them, and in interesting the people of the Nation in them. I think none of the cuts that were made in the pending bill hurt my feelings or strained my con­science more than those which were made in the appropriations for the Park Service; but we adopted the policy of providing for the continuance of the present activities, and in so far as we thought possible have postponed new d~velopments.

There are other activities- in the Department of the Interior. I will not take your time now to enumerate them. There is St. Elizabeths Hospital, with its population of 4,000 unfortu­nates, who are cared for there under the leadership of that great specialist, Dr. White.

There is Howard University, where we take care of tlwse who in a sense are also our wards, the colored race, in an edu­cational way.

There is the Freedmen's Hospital. There are the Terri­tories, particularly Alaska, with that great engineering enter­prise, the Alaska Railroad, now nearing completion.

These, my friends, are some of the activities of this great department of the Government. ·

It would not be fair to those who most deserve credit if, in concluding these remarks, I failed to express to you the indebt­edness which I personally feel to my associates on the subcom­mittee. I am in a sense an eastei·ner, a tenderfoot, trying to pass l}POn western problems; but I have been fortunate enough to ha>e with me men like the gentleman from Idaho [1\Ir.

2404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 10,

FRENCH] and the gentleman from . Oklahoma [1\Ir. CARTER], both of whom are experts and men of the finest judgment; also the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. BYRNEs], who prob­ably does not know any more than I do-and that is very little-about these problems, but who is so able and has had such a long experience in committee work that his cooperation is very valuable indeed. Then there was our colleague, Mr. Elston, one of the dea1·est fl~iends I have had in Congress since I have been a Member, whose tragic death, just as we were beginning the hearings, saddened the committee through­out its labors.

I thank you for your kind consideration. [Applause.] 1\IJ.·. BYR~TES of South Carolina. Mr. Chairman, in the ab­

sence of the gentleman from Oklahoma [Mr. CAnTER] I will control the time_ on this side, and I will ask to be recognized for 15 minutes.

The CHAIRl.\IA.l'T. The gentleman from South Carolina is recognized for 15 minutes.

Mr. BYRNES of South Carolina. Mr. Chau·man '3lld gentle­men of the committee, the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. CRAM­TON] was generous but was mistaken in saying that I know as much about the activities that are provided for in this bill as he does. I think by his statement he has demonstrated that he has a very clear conception of the problems which are met by the appropriations in this bill. I have seldom known a more faithful worker than the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. C:RAM­TON] has proved himself to be in the consideration of this bill, and he js to be congratulated upon the result of his efforts.

I run not going to refer to the details· of the bill. 'There ·are only two or three items as to which there is any difference be­tween members of the committee, and tho-se items will be dis­cussed when the bill is considered :under the 5-minute rule. I desire to speak of the financial situation that now confronts the Congress and the country.

The press tells u.s that the Ways -and l\Iea'ns Committee has about decided to levy addioonal taxes amounting to $350,000,000 a. :rear in order to pay the soldiers' bonus. I contend that it is the duty of the Congress, instead of levying additional taxes llpon the people, to pay the soldiers' bonus oot of tile sa\ings which have been effected by th-e Bqreau of Budget, aceording to the statement of the President. "-I"l1e peo-ple are asking for les taxation, not more taxation. Last week the President of th-e United States ann{)unced to the country that he was speaking with the authority of tbe Bnreau of the Budget in saying that in less than six month of this :fiseal year the admillistration had reduced the appropriations Cong:re made for the current year direetly by the sum of ·$32,000,000 and indirectly by the sum of $104,000,000. That makes a saving out of the funds that you appropriated for this :fiseal year of '136,000,000 in less than six months. We have no reason to b-elie\e that with the condition of the country as it is and the demand for economy as pressing a it is, the administration will be any less energetic during the next six months. Th-erefore it is evident tp_at by June 30 they will have saved out of the funds appropriated for this year an amount equal to the umount saved in the first six months, whieh wiD make a total sav-ing of $272,000,000.

Now, within the last 48 hours the Secretary of the Navy announces that he- has suspended work on all naval armam~t to be scrapped as a result of the conference. If the people are to be given the bene-fit of the action of the Arms Conference, the millions o-f dollru·s that will be sa\ed by the Na-vy between now and the end of the fiseal year on June '30 ought to be CI'ed­ited to the account of the taxpayers, and if you will only gi-ve them '78,000,000 in additi-on to the- $272,000,000 which Director Dawes and the President indicated they could save, then you will ha\e $3.50,000,000 on the 1st of July with which to pay the bonus to the soldie1s of the World War. And yet you do not inte-nd to pay the bonus until January 1, 1923. Why, you could take your avings effected by the President and Director Dawes, anu the savings you claim in the Navy Department, invest them at interest until January 1, 1923, when yon want to pay the first installment of the bonus, and you would have more than enough to pay the bonus to the soldiers. Instead of that you are working day after day planning to levy a tax on gasoline when all the State le-gislatures are engaged in doing the same thing, planning to levy a tax on bank c-hecks, planning to levy a tax on real estate transactions, and a stamp tax upon many docu­ments, when at the same time you are announcing in the daily press of the country tlutt you are saving millions of dollars, and the chairman of the Committee on Appt"'priations an­nounced in the Sunday papers that the saving was great. The headline in the Washington Post reads, "Sees surplus in 1923." If that be so, I ask you to defend your action in levying,a tax upon bank checks, gasolin€, and 'l'etll estate transactions in the

face of a declared surplus by the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations. The people of the colmtry are not in fa\or of paying more taxes to add to the surplus created by y-our economy.

There is another headline in the Washington Post, "MA.DDEN says Congress's policy will net $100,000,000." By executive order the President has created a chief coordinator. A chief CO>­ordinator is now in demand. I want him to coordinate the statement of the President, Budget Director Dawes, and the ehairman of the Committee on App-ropriations. I am unable to lea.rn just exactly how much is SaYed, and wish they would agree.

Every morning I take up the newspaper and my heart is gladdened and my appetite quickened by. the good news that millions are being saved. I rejoice at it, and I ask now that you let the taxpayer share th~ pleasure and have some benefit from the saving we are effecting in the newspapers instead of levying new taxes to pay the bonus to soldi.&s.

But let me again refer to the statement by the gentleman from Illinois, the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations. The headline in the Post says, "Three hundred .and fifty- even million dollars cut in Budget." That made me feel good. The soldi-ers' bonus only calls for the payment of $350,000.00() on January 1, 1923. If the- cut in the Budget is $357,000,000, your diffi.cnlties are at an end. You ha-,e a surplus of ~'7,000,000, and the $357,000,000 can lie idle in the Treasury until January 1, 1923, when you can pay it to the soldiers and a void this levying of taxes on gasoline, bank checks, and real-estate transactions.

Of course, my fear is that some day. or- other there will eome a rude awakening, and as a matter of fact there will be no sur­plus, but .instea.d.of a Slll'J)lus we will have to iillact a deficiency bill. I express this fear because I have to tell you that while we have created a surplus in the Washington Post and a saving of $136,000,000 down at the meeting of the department heads in the Pan American Building last week, at which the President presid-ed, the Appropriati{)ns Committee will this week begin hearings on n deficiency bill, for- which the estimates total $180,000,000, and you will be called upon in a few days to reconcile the alleged saving of $136,000,000 with an actual deficit of $180,000,000, requested by the President and Budget Director from the Appropriations Committee.

That is high finance, and it causes me to make some reference to tire Budget Bureau. I fav-ored the creation of the Bureau of the Budget, and I had great hopes for its success. I till hope, but my hopes have been somewhat shattered. I turn to page 9 of the report of the Bur--eau of the Budget, and I ask you to look at it, and· there you will find that this bureau, which daily saves milli-ons of dolla in the newspapers, sent to Con­gress for consideration at this session total -estimates of appro­priation of $3,801,65!l.53, and in the column next to it is .a statement of appropriations made for 1922, a"nd that amounts to only 3,771,900,514.01. So that this economical Bu.reau of the Budget for the year 1923~ four years a-fter the close of the war, asks you to ap.propriate $29,213,145 more than you ap­propriated last year. And then, not content with that they have submitted supplemental estimates since they filed their estimates in December amounting to $80,083,220, making a to-tal of $109,296.,365 that they have asked you to appropriate over and above what your al}propriations were for this fiscal re-ar. ·

If that is the way the Budget Bureau is to function, then the sooner it is dispensed with the m-ore benefit will come to the taxpayers. I rejoice that to date the Committee on Approprla­ti<>ns in the bills reported to this House has reduced by $64,-000,000 the estimates submitted by the Budget Bureau, which was to saYe money for the taxpayers and prevent a willfully extravagant Oong:ress from raiding the Treasury. An idea of h-ow this bureau has functioned would be secured if the gentle­man in charge of this bill would advise the House with refer~ ence to one little item in this bill. One official of the Govern­ment said that on two occasions he told a representative of the Bureau of the Budget that he could reduce a particular estimate, but notwithstanding that he acquiesced in ·the reduction and asked for it, the official of the Bureau of the Budget, in his generosity or carelessness, failed to reduce the estimate. The gentleman from Michigan [1\Ir. CRAMTON] is authority for the statement, and I know that it will not be questioned.

Mr. MAI\TN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? l\Ir. BYRNES of South Carolina. Yes. 1\-lr. MANN. Would the gentleman be willing to give tile

case? Mr. BYRl\'"ES of South Carolina. The gentleman from Id3.ho

[1\lr. FRENCH], a memb~r of the subcommittee, is as well ae~ quainted witll it as I am. I refer to Dr. Smith, of the Goo-

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-Ho-USE. 2405 logical Survey. He did not make the statement to me, but the gentleman from Micb.4,aan [Mr. C&ilrTON] so stated in the full meeting of the Committee on Appropriations the other day.

_fr. 1\IANN. I am merely; asking for information so that the Director of the Budget may have it and find out why.

Mr. BYRNES of South Carolina. I have given it to him as the gentleman from Michigan gave it to us. I will say to the gentleman from lllinois [Mr. MANN], who has been interested in this Budget Bureau, that my belief is that we have wasted six months in the development of the organization of the Bureau of the Budget. It was never intended that the principal func­tion of the Bureau of the Budget should be that which has engaged most of its attention during the last six months. There ne\Cl' was a time when the Chief Executive could not call in the various heads of departments and demand that they ke~p their expenditures within the appropriations and even reduce them and as the head of the department has the power to re­move' the chiefs of the various bureaus if they fail to comply, his insistence would be effective. The Bureau of the Budget apparently has directed its activity to restricting authorized expenditures. I have no doubt they have done some good work along that line, but that is not its · only function. I have yet to learn of any activity by the Comptroller General, from whicli officer the Congress expected so much. And in the preparation of the estimates no organization has been developed. Whoever heard of resorting to the policy that has been followed-for in­stance, calling in business men, excellent men in their respec­ti-.;-e businesses, but having no knowledge of government at all, to prepare these estimates and then return to their homes and 1·ender no aid to Congress. In one instance the president of an elevator company was called in--one of the best business men in the country, it is said. He was sent into one of the depart­ments and spent some days in investigations in order to pass upon the relative Yalue of the various activities of that depart­ment in preparing estimates to be submitted to Congress. How could he possibly go to the bottom of it? How could he know tpe relati\e value of the activities? It is not possible at all, and the only system that they could have pursued in order to secure any results would have been to take the appropriati.o~ made by the Congress, select s,ome man familiar with the work of a department, make him an emplQyee of the Budget Bureau, :md then send him into that department to study its activities, and after he prepares the estimate and submits it have him then go before the congressional committee and sit there and defend his estimates and help the congressional committee.

Yet up to this time in no one instance that I know of have we had the representative of the Bureau of the Budget to sit with the subcommittee to defend the estimates submitted by the Bu­reau of the Budget or to help them in framing them, and so far a • the practical work is concerned it has consisted in submitting the estimates, which ha\e been reduced $64,000,000. For in­stance, in this bill the gentleman from Michigan has had to delve into every item in this appropriation bill just as he would ha-.;-e had to do two years ago, before the creation of the Budget Bureau, and we never have seen the representative of the Bu­l'eau of the Budget since the first day we met.

My idea has been that if under the new direction of Gen. Lord the Budget Bureau will select a capable man and send him into a department to make a study of its activities; then have him prepare the estimate and come before Congress and sit daily with the Committee on Appropriations to defend the estimates of the bureau, something can be accomplished, but it .can not be done in the way in which it has been conducted for the past six months. This time has been thrown away, because tim gentle­men who made these estimates have in many instances gone back to their business, and now we will have to start all over with a new organization. By this time we should have had a permanent organization.

I ask unanimous consent to extend ancl l'evise my remarks in the RECORD.

The CHAIRMAN. Is there objec-tion? There was no objection. llr. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the

gentleman from Idaho [1\fr. FRENCH]. Mr. FRENCH. You all know how it feels when you ha\e had

a beautiful speech prepared and then two brilliant and able speakers have preceded you and cut into the subject that you had planned to discuss. At any rate, I congratulate my coi­leagues on the committee, ~1r. CRAMTON and Mr. BYRNES, upon their comprehensive statements. I do not mean to say that I would ha-ve made the same remarks made by my predecessor, my distinguished and delightful friend fram South Carolina [Mr. BYR~s], or that I would draw the conclusions that he has drawn. On the other lland, much that be said about the bill is wbat I had in mind.

Before proceeding with the bill itself, let me refer to just one or two things stated by my distinguished colleague [:.\I.r. BYR.t~] immediately before he took his seat. He condemned the Budget system in its operations during the first six months because in contrasting the estimates submitted to Congress by the Budget he finds they are approximately $110,000,000 aboYe the la.st appropriation bill covering the same items referred to by the Budget, passed in the last Congress. Did the distin­guished gentleman himself realize what an arraignment he thus makes of his own administration which submitted the last esti­mates to the Congre.ss before the estimate submitted by the Budget, the estimates one year ago, when the Congress scaled down the estimates $1,500,000,000 in round numbers b.elow the amounts asked for by the administration? [Applause on Re­publican side.] If what my friend has said is an arraignment of the Budget system, what must it be of the adminisb·ation oi his o~m party that was succeeded by the present adminis­tration under which the Budget system is functioning?

I am not going at length to defend the Budget system. I have not the slightest doubt that it will justify itself; indeed, that it has already justified itself. It has made it possible for the administration to coordinate as never before the different deputments of Government, to call attention to and to elimi­nate duplication of work, to estimate in a systematic way the expenditures for which the Government is willing to stand. It had about six months in which to do its first work.. It has already justified itself during those six months by submitting estimates for the next fiscal year lower by $1,500,000,000 than were submitted one year ago by the Democratic administration, and I have not the slightest doubt that it will continue to justify itself during the years that are to come.

Gentlemen, there is always something heroic in appearance, at least, when in I'eporting an appropriation bill one can point to a cut of $10,000,()()() in one item, 100,000,000 in another, and so on down the line. I remember last year, when we eonsidered the Navy bill, we had before us estimates of approximately $700,000,000 for the running of the Navy for the present fiscal year; We were able to come before the Congress and re-port a bill having scaled down the estimates in round nunibers approx­imately $300,000,000, or, in other words, more than the amount we are asking for in the present Interior Department measure. We can not do that in this bill. This bill pertains to what the distinguished chairman of the subeommittee has so aptly called the home department of the Government. It is, if you please, a sort of kitchen of the Government. You can economize in your family circle by abandoning one of your two automobiles, you can economize by not building an addition to your h"Ome or by omitting to make a tlip to Europe that you had hoped to make, but when it comes to the handling of the living expenses of the home you can not cut those expenses much below what the superintendent of the household tells you is absolutely neces­sary. We have then before us to-day the home department of the Government-the Department of the Interior. This depart­ment was established about 70 years ago, on Mru:ch 3, 1849. At the time it was established it was said on the floors of the Con­gress that up until then it had cost $700,000,000 for the admin­istration of the Government of the United States since Wash­ington was first inaugurated. We were told that up to that time it had cost about $1,000,000 of the $700,000,000 to provide for the agencies of G-overnment that had· distinctively to do with peace; the encouragement of arts and sciences, education, agriculture, facilitation of commerce, and just such things as this bill to-day pertains. We were told that at the time the Interior Department was created it was costing this Govern­ment approximately $12,000,000 to $14,000,000 annually to main­tain the War and the Navy Departments. From that beginning until now the Department of the Interior has continued to d.o a tremendous work, a most important work, and for a small amount of money.

Another thing that you must bear in mind is this: The bill carries $295,622,112, but of that amount the sum of $253,987,720 is for pensions of the veterans of the Civil, Spanish-American, and Indian Wars, and soldiers of the Regular Army; in other words, for war purposes or purposes resulting from war.

For purposes apart from war and its consequences the bill carries· a little more than $40,000,000.

I want to take this opportunity to congratulate the repre­sentatives of the Interior Department who appe-ared before our committee upon their evident frankness and sincerity in pre­senting their cases. Of course, with the estimate, th~y showed by arguments the importance of the particular wo.rk which they brought before the committee and sometimes emphasized matter beyond reason. But let me tell you that a man i. not worth his .. alt who does not exaggerate the work in which he is engageu and unconsciously magnify it more than the rest of

:

2406 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 10 '

the people on the outside think that it deserves. That is the $128,000,000, and this money is being expended for the purpose ca~·e of those who appeared before us as they urged the of reclaim.f.ng land under a system by which it will be paid back respecti\e agencies of their great department. But I want to. during a period of 20 years by those receiving the benefit of tell you that uniformly, they were frank. They laid their reclamation. Was there any other phase that the gentleman cards on the table and left us to determine whether the work from Louisiana wanted to inquire about? that they were carrying forward was a worthy work. . 1\Ir. LAZARO. I wanted t11e gentleman to discuss the coal and

Mr. LAZARO. Will the gentleman yield for a question for oil leasing act. information? Mr. FRENCH. My time is \ery limited, and I wonder wuether

1\:fr. FRENCH. Briefly. that subject would not be handled better when we get to the. Mr. LAZARO. There was an article in the press recently on items under the five-minute rule? We are receiving, I am glad

this home department .and the work of Secretary Fall. Will to say, quite handsome royalties under the gas, oil, and coal the gentleman tell us something relating to the public-lands leasing l>ill. money and that relating to these oil leases? In the short time I have left let me refer in a sort of rambling

Mr. FRENCH. I will in a moment. I will come to that in way to a few activities. There is the Bureau of l\Iines, one of u little bit if the gentleman will bear with me. I was just the newest Federal agencies, and I want to tell you of some of speaking a word of approval about the frankness and candor on it uctivitie . That bureau was created about 11 years ago. It the part of the representatives of the Interior Department. is a most fascinating study just to look at the page in the hear­As a Member of Congress I have bad membership on various ings that we had, to show, for instance, the saving of life that committees. We have had witnesses of all kinds urging claims, has been brought about largely through the activities of that one appropriations of one kind and another, and sometimes you particular bureau. The bureau was created chiefly for the pur­know just as well as I do that when a witness sits across the table po e of promoting afety among the mine workers of the conn­from you you feel that just before he came there he had kneeled try. It activities have the hearty support of the miners as well down in his home on his knees and had made a prayer some- as the support of the mine operators. The chairman called thing like this, ''Dear Lord, help me to say nothing to the your attention in brief to the great saving of life that has been committee this day that will hurt my case." That is what you made during the last 11 years. You will find that the percentage have to meet. You must use a corkscrew to pull evidence from of loss of life in the different ruining activities of the country such a witness. In shaping this bill the committee members begins like a thick wedge about 11 years ago and that it were face to face with men who were willing to lay their cards continues to draw down to a thin wedge last year-. on the table, willing to justify their case, willing to explain In 1911 there were 15 major mine disasters, and in 1920 there fully the work they were carrying forward. were 8; in 1911 there were 413 killed in these disasters~ and in

I am not going to refer here at length to our national assets. 1920 only 61 were killed. The total killed in 1911 was 3,539; I would like to do it. It is a very splendid story, but the chair- the total killed in 102.() was 2,809, or a saving of 730 human man has outlined the subject. Our public domain bas been lives. -Thus the wedge is growing thinner. We expended last given over to home building for the most part, and this great year approximately $1,400,000 upon this bureau. If you will work was accomplished through the Department of the Interior. apply your arithmetic, you will find that the cost of saving of Yet to-day we have public lands, exclusive of Alaska, that human life, if all the money spent for the bureau were for this aggregate 200,000,000 acres. Besides that we have 154,000,000 purpose, amounts to $2,000 per individual. What is a humau acres in forest reserves. The Interior Department has to do life worth? Surely, it is worth more than that, and if all the in whole or in part with all this acreage. money we are appropriating for tllat one lmreau could be uti-

The monetary value of this estate is estimated at $12,000,- lized exclusively for the purpose of promoting afety in the OOO,OOQ-land, mineral wealth, forests, water power-a vast mines of this country, there would be abundant justification fot· estate. the maintenance of the work.

Then there is Alaska, with her untold wealth. There are our But that is only one of the functions of the bureau. Iu carry• ·national parks, with their marvelous scenic beauty and natural ing it forward we educate the mlner.s and train them. Cars that

wonders. you are familiar with, operated by the bureau, go over the Within the _United States and Alaska are more than 340,000 country visiting the various mining sections, instructlng the

Indians, whose property aggregates more than $1,256,000,000, miners how to handle their '''ork in safety, how to avoid and and, in whole or in part, these Indians and their property must detect gases, how to restore men who have been overcome, and, have the attention of our Government. in other wo1:ds, bow in genera.! to conduct themselves so as to

The Interior Department has to do with all the. e matters, avoid tile accidents and the perils that necessarily are incident and handles them through such agencies as the General Land to the carrying forward of mining operations. Office, the Geological Survey, Reclamation Service, Bureau of Mines, Indian Bureau, National Park Service-all of them But important as that is, that is only one of the agencies of great and vital bureaus of the Government. Then, under · tbe the Bureau of Mines. · One of the most important agencie of Department of the Interior is that most important yet starved the Bureau of Mines is the carrying forward of scientific work Bureau of Education. There is the Patent Office, there is the of tremendous value to the country. Let me refer to just one Bureau of Pensions, and then there are other great agencies for or two illustrations that you may have in mind what I mean . .,ervice, such as St. Elizabeths Hospital, Freedman·s Hospital, A. few weeks ago you heard the address by my di ·tingui!:lhed Howard University, Columbia Institute for the Deaf. and prob- colleague from Texas [Mr. LANHA.M] upon helium. It was the ably I should also add certain matters connected with Hawaii day that u balloon carried by helium floated o\er the city of and with the building of the Govcrnme~t railroad in Alaska. Washington. Perhaps you are not aware of the fact that much

The gentleman from Louisiana bas suggested I refer to re- or most of the scientific work that was done to make possible ceipts of .public lands and how they are ·handled. In a general the u e of the gas helium, which is not an explosive, which is way most of the receipts of the· public lands to-day go into the not infialllmable, which means greater safety for aviation, was reclamation fund. We have certain receipts from forest lauds carried forward iu the Bureau of Mines. and forest reserves that will be considered in anotller bill. Let Let rue give you another illustration: About a dozen years me say that a precentage of such receipts go to the counties of ago. Ul'; you would tra,·el through mining ections of the West, the States where the forests are located to take the place of w11ere especial!;\· copper and lead ore were being produced, you taxes that would accrue to the States were the forest to pass to would see the smelter · with their tall chimneys from which private ownership. the smoke of a light color was goin'g quietly forth. Yon would

A.g·ain, under the coal, gus, and oil law, to which the gentle- look over the hills and the mountains and you would see what man from Louisiana referred, the law provides that 10 per cent looked like a region that you would expect would surround a of all money received from sales, l>onu e.s. royaltie , and penal- volcano. What wa · it? The \egetation was being killed by ties, excepting tho e from Alaska, hall go into the Treasury of o·a:es that were being emitted from the chimneys. the United States. The Jaw provided further that 70 per cent l\1ore than that. metals were being '\Yasted. The Bureau of of the receipts accrued when the act was passed and 52~ per l\linel'; began to cousidet· whether or not from the Yarious eco­cent of future receipts should be turned into the national recta- uomic standpoints '~Omething could be done. Whenever lead mation fund, and that the future 37~ per cent should !Je paid and eoppet· ores together were in uch quantities that the lend over to the State when collected for public roml and puulic representecl les~ than 25 per cent of the mass of lead and cop­school or other public educational purpose~. ' per. it was impos~iiJle to extract that lead from the lead and

Thus for the most part the income from the publi(' domain of copper maR::; aml to ~ave it. In other words, as you would melt the country goes into the reclamation ftmd, wltieh fund is a re- down tlle ore in the greut melter, the lead would become vapor. Yolvlng fund. Last year approximately $1-±,00U.OOO was re- It would volatilize ut a lower temperature than would the cop­ceived by the Federal Government and turned over for reclama- per. and it would paii: away in vapor with other ga~ e~ through tion use. The Reclamation Servic(' was ct·el'l.ted only hout · the gTeat dtittme.y. to work destruction upon the ve<Yetation of 20 years ago. Since thi time it has recein•d ~ft[H. ~dUtat ly I the sun·ouuding C"ouutry.

-l

,' ·

1922. CONGR.ESSION AL RECOR.D-HOUSE. 2407, ~~ow, Dr. Cottrell, within the Bureau of Mine~ went t-o W()l..'k lh·.ed in Georgia and Alabama, in Ohio and K entucky, in Michi­

on that problem and spent ·ome y-ean; in wrestli:D.g with it. ·gan and Tilinois, and other sections of the eastern United States He dev1sed a pt'<>eess by '\\hieh, thn~ugh -screens and certain w.ere moved west of the Mississippi .RiYer. As civilization and elec--trical appliances in th.e top of the chimney, the lead ,fumes settlement p.a:s ed ()n to the W-est, the .resen-ation system was wet·e condensed, olidified, and recm·ered, and there was s~n-ed I adopted, and the Indians were gathered together on tractE -of that which prior to 10 years ago was an absolute waste. land taken out of the public domain and set aside for their use.

I. it worth while, then, to carry on an. agen~y by which there I It w-ould be both v.ain and aseless to <COnsume time condemn­c-an be saved 500 pounds -out of e\ery 2;000 pounds of ores mined ing or praising our ancestors for what they did to or for the when it is found in mass with lead and copper? Indians. ·what they did, they did, and the results lie before us.

N<>w, that is merely <>ne of the activities of this great depart- One siO.e of the picture does not give us wru·rant to boast that ment. The chairman referred to th.e national parkE. I, too, justice and fair dealing have characterized the treatment that am favorably impressed with the national parks. Here is a the people who first inhabited this country have received from service that iB somewhat unique. Many of the services of this the American Go-vernment. Government take from the Treasury money with-out giving back The other ide of the picture is much brighter. It shows tens in dollars and cents to the Federal Treasury any return. Here of thousands of men, women, and cllildren of Indian blood is a service that. during the time especially that it has been who in every way are o much in advance of their own grand­presided over by Mr. Mather, has ~orne to be practically self- fathers that their progress can only be characterized _as sustaining, so far as the maintenance of the different parks ast{}unding. In the same community there will be found men may be concerned, and the addition that we are calling for in woo have fought, killed, and scalped their enemies dwelling this bill above the receipts of the various national parks for the 'vith their children and gi'andchild:ren, who live, act, and dress most pa1·t can be taken to m.ean an 'investment by the Federal as their white neighbors do. Old warriors who, with painted Government in the building of roads and other equipment to faces and the t actics of barbarians, fought the United States make the parks more accessible to lh-e public. soldiers can be ~en {laily -carrying their children's children to

In other words, here is a ervice that to-day is turning b.aek public schools in wagons. annually approximately 40 per {lellt of the expenditures in its I can remember .as _a Emall boy a tribe -of Indians living near behalf, tile other 60 per cent going into roads and other Gov- 1 where I was born who went about clad in little more than a ernment improvements; and with the increase of the facilities breechclout-naked, good-natured, friendly savages. To-day for the various parks throughout the country a s till greater most of the members of the Pima tribe can speak English, have , urn will be turned back to the Government. fairly comfortable homes, a numb&· of them own -automobiles,

A.s I told you, the Interior Department is an old department. and _practically all of them make as good use of the land that It has been ~ombed again and again fJ:om the sta.ndp.oint of they have and the water supplied to them for irrigation as their trying to save money. We . are ll<>t going to ·be able to s.cale white neighl)ors-a man""elous change within the last 40 yea.J.'S. down the appropriations here -as you eould scale them down, for Millions ,of acres which ·but a few years ago were prairieS instance, in the na-x-al bill of .a year .ago; but, an the other hand, ranged by buffalo hunters to-day are fertile farms cultivated by reason of the ag-e ()f t he department it has suffered sollle-- by the sons and grandsons of these same IndianB. Thousands thing of deterioration that ought not w have been. Take, for of Indian children are attending schools maintained for them instance, the Patent Office. That office to~day is housed in a by the Govei~nment. Indian medicine men have been displaced building that is not adequate for efficient, businesslike work. in most tribes by white doctors with hospitals to whkh Indian Yet you are calling upon the department there to render serv- patients are taken. Where once the:re wa.<:: '""·llT between the ice. We have had our attention called, for instance, to the red and white men, to-day th.ere is more than peace-there is filing system, the file cases f-or hundreds of thousands of dif- being succe sfully established the friendly .eolllmnnion <>f ferent patent devices. .Something like 60 young men are there neighborliness. constantly engaged in going to the files and bringing out cases Indians a;re bank presitlent , judges, public -officials, lawy-ers, in the carrying for\\Tard of a daily work that m..eans revenue to teachel'S., doctor , actors, storek~pers, manufactm'el's , clerks, the Government. Here a re inadequate files and an antiquated salesmen, trained nur.ses, artists, authors; in short, they .are filing system by reason of it, and with that system the office succes fully making th-eir way in all the commercial and pro:­i required to-day to u e 60 men to do the work that 30 men :f.e si{)nal branches. The I'eal blanket Indians are the old full­could do if we would provid-e up-to-date appliances. ·bloods, too set in their ways to change. In another generation

Th.ere are other departments which need all the encourage- or two they iWill have become but a memory if a proper policy of ment and serious attention of the legislative committees of education is pursued. this Congress. The march of progress has entirely "'Yiped out -of -existence a

l\lr. ARENTZ. Will the gentleman yield? number -of tribes, but has carried forward otber b.'ibes on the Mr. FRENCH. I yield to the gentleman from ~e>ad:L road of . civilization. The white m-en, fir t the -mnqoorors and lli. AREl~TZ. I know the gentleman does not care to make then guardians -of the Indians, took te them whisky and rum.

a. tatement that is not .cm·rect and I shpuld like to ay just the g1·eatest cnrses ever brought to ft primitive people. '!'hey a word on the Cottrell process to ctear it up. In .all smelting inb.X>duced diseases which carried away th<>usands of natives, operations ~ertain minerals .are volatilized-gold, silver, lead. but they have also giv-en to the Indians schoolhouses, hospitals, copper, bismuth, and oth€1· metals. The fumes that come from 'modern farm machinery, better -cattle, and many creature com­these smelting operations carry these volatilized metals. These forts of which the ,original A.meri~ans were totally ignorant. fumes are passed through high-tension electric currents and ·The balance is therefore not wholly .against the white man, .as th.e fumes a.J.'e dissipated. That, in a few words, is what tbe many would have us believe. gentleman, as I know, meant to .say. The American public, as a whole, knows but little of Indians

:Ur. FRE.J.~CH. I am very glad the gentleman, who is .a min- and its intere-st in them is less than its knowledge of them. ·.ro ing engineer, has said in splendid scientific l.anguage whftt I .most white men and women the American Indian falls into two tri.ed to say in the poor language of a layman. {AJ}plause.] classes; Indians who .are dissolute pau_pers and beggars, the

~1r. CARTER. Does the gentleman from 1\fichigan wi h me recipients of Government ratio.IlB and money ~vhich at once goes to yield some time now? for drink, and Indians who ar.e wealthy beyond dreams of

1\l.r. CRAMTON. Yes. , avarice through their possessi<>n of oil fields, cattle, or timber. l\1r. CARTER I yield 40 minutes to the gentleman fxom About all the average person knows of ln{liaoo is that they are

Arizona [Mr. HAYDEN]. something .or .other which the Government, in some way -or other, Mr. HAYDEN. 1\lr. Chairman and gentlemen, since this bill _is trying t.Q do something or other for.

carries the appropriations for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and [ should hesitate to risk asking the 1\Iembers of this House the Indian field service, I take this occasion to make some ob- the question, " What do you really know about th~ American In­servations in regard to the Indian probl-em. That problem, to dians?" I should not like to disclose their lack of knowledge my mind, is principally one of salvage-to make the best we about the Government's wards which can be sensed by anyone can -out of the lives of the lndiaJ.ls who remain in the United at all familiar -with Indians, .who reads the debates in the CoN­States to-day-and its ultimate solution, must be sought in GRESB.IONAL RECORD ~on b-ills affecting the red men of -our -ceuntry. developing among them an independent and self-sustaining This kind of i.gnor.anee is :responsible for much ·of the criticism, citizenship. · even abuse, which comes from many good people w.ho think

The -oldest and the easiest way t-o olve the In<iian problem Uncle Sam is mistreating, ensla.v.ing, d.ebasing, pauperizing~ and was to kill the Indian, a very simple and a very satisfactory otherwise wronging his Indian nephews and nieces. It also is solution, so far as the white people were concerned. That was. ·at the bottom <Of many -of the ,eomplaints fr.om well-meaning peo­the method adopted by my ~&tors in New England and. by ple wllo think th-e Government is d-oing .altogethe'r too much fill' yours in other parts of .America. Later the policy was changed the J:ndian.s. to one of -driving the Indians out of parts of the-country that The Government department s having to do with In~s pub­White .,ettler · desired. Thou ands of Indians wh-o or~ginall;y: li5h but little about them. The Bureau <>f Ethnology has ismed

2408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUAHY 10,

an excellent series -of bulletins, many of them beautifully illus­tl'atcd. IHil tl1ey are technical in their nature. The trouble with tlle etlmologit;t is that he wants to . ~eep the Indian in his old state; he is interested in eescribing the ancient tribal customs and is not concerned about modern conditions.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs iss-ues an annual report con­taining u ·mst amount of information about the Indians as they ~u:e to-day .and of the Go\ernment's relations with them and of its rictiYities in their behalf. But it i a Government report­concise, ~tatL tical, and formal.

l\lany writers ha\e published IJooks and articles about the Indian s, some of them intensely interesting and most valuable in an educational way. But nowhere can there be found a comprehensi\e presentation of the conditions, welfare, progress, and mouern life of the American Indians. No one bas brought together in a readable, easily understandable form all the data touching the present-day Indians and their affairs.

I l1aTe no intention of attempting such a task, but I have g·athered . orne information which may serve to shed a little light upou this question. I can presume to speak upon it after 10 year ·' senice on the Committee of Indian Affairs and aL-:o on nc ·ount of the personal contact that I haYe had with the Inct]ans of my State, where they comprise a material ele­ment in our population, there being more than 40,000 of them in Arizona. more full-blood Indians than in any other State in the Inion. - ·

THE I!I:DH:\' SERVICJ!l.

Living ·in communities or scattered over wide areas in 2-! f;tates are thousands of men, women, and children who are wards of the Government. They are AmeriCan Indians ·who by an act of Congress have been placed in charge of the Secretary of the Interior: By authority of law he delegates .the admin­h;tration of his gnardianship activities to a commissioner who is the executive beau of the Bureau of Indian A..ffairs. - This branch of Go""ernment service is divided into two coordinating departm.ents-the Indian Office in Washington and the Indian Field -Service, which is composed of about 130 units 1..-r1own as agencies, reservations, nonreservation schools, hospitals, sani­tariums· for tubercular patients, and warehouses. ·

In the Indian Office in Washington are divisions or sections which have to do with the education, health, agriculture, in­tlustries, ..finances, irrigation projects, welfare, probate matters, fore ts, lands, and live stock of the Indians and their legal and social relations with their white neighbors. There is scarcely an activity of human endeavor that does not come within the scope of everyday work and administration of the Indian Bureau. It is a unique department of the Government; there i · nothing else like it.

The Indian Service began under the ·war Department in 1789, and was later transfen-ecl to the Department of the Interior. Anv Commissioner of Indian Affairs has my sympathy. He has a most perplexing and unappreciated job. He stands in the relation of father to the biggest family in the world, for he has direct, almost personal, supervision over the affairs of more than 200,000 men, women, and children who are spread over 24 States, who are members of more than 100 different tribes, whose habi­tations range from the Everglades of Florida to the mountains of Montana, from the northern timber belt to the deserts in the Southwest, from the rich prairies of the Middle West to the highly developed irrigation areas of the Pacific coast. E-very reservation and every Indian on a reser-vation presents a problem.

Each day in the routine of his work the Commissioner of Indian Affairs must be something of an executh·e, au ad­ministt·ator, a business man, a school-teacher, a doctor, a lawyer, a banker, a farmer, a stock raiser, a forester, a miner, au oil man, an expert accountant, a missionary, a mentor, anti a friend of mali. The propei"ty of the Indians under his supervision has au aggregate value close to a billion dollars, and this property belongs to a people 'i'\'hich is emerging from a ·condition of primitive barbarism. The Indians to-day repre­sent every degree of civilization, ranging all the way from almost pagan sa-vagery to men and women of refinement and culture. · ·

To carry on the multitudinous activities of the Indian Service there are 5;50~ employees, with a total pay roll of $4,493,041, an average · salary of $817 a year. The Washington Indian Office has 256 employees, exclusive of the commissioner and assistant commissioner, with an annual pay roll of $340,750, or an aver­age salary of $1,331. The superintendents, principals, teachers, and other empl~yees in the school service number 2,443, with a pay roll of $1,742,498, -an average salary of $713. The total personnel of the reservation and agencies number 2,394, having a par roll of $1,796,203, making an average salary of $750 a ;rear. The balance of the employees, including the field and investigation sections, irrigation sN·vice, allotment service, pro·

bate lawyers, experts, and wareltOuse force number -::1:09, having a pay roll of $613,588, _an average salary of $1,500.

It will be noted that the average salary of the employees in the entire Indian Service is but $817 a year, and this doe · not include the salary of the commissioner and assistant commis­sioner, which are but $5,000 and $3,500, respectively. I am ·

·reliably informed that-the pay of the Indian Service employees averages lower than the pay of employees in any other Govern­ment department.

A proper salary reclassification bill, when finally enacted into law, should materially improve this situation, which admittedly needs impro-vement.

1\fr. ARENTZ. Mr. Chairman, I would suggest that the Lehl­bach reclassification bill does not contemplate taking care of those outside of the District of Columbia. The large t number of employees in the Indian Service are out of the District of Co­lt..mbia. Something should be done for the men and women in this service.

1\Ir. HA.YDEK That bill lays down the principle of equal pay for equal serYice.

-1\Ir. ARENTZ. If that hould be consummated, it would be a good thing.

1\Ir. ANDREWS of Nebraska. l\Ir. Chairman, will the gentle­man yield?

l\Ir. HAYDEN. With pleasure. Mr. ANDREWS of Nebraska. 'Vhat does the gentleman mean

by equal service, equal pay? How would you apply the prin-ciple? .

Mr. HA..YDEN. If one person be employed as a teacher under the Bureau of Education in Alaska, for example, doing a cer­tain grade of work, and another person were doing the arne work in the Indian Service in Arizona, I should sa~ that the ' same pay should be given for the same service.

Mr. ANDREWS of Nebraska. Take three concrete cases. Here is an appointment clerk receiving $4,500 a year for han­dling a roll of 19,000 people. Here is another appointment cleJ.·k handling a roll of 67,000 people and another one handling a roll of 1,500 people. Like service, like pay. How are you going to distribute the salaries?

Mr. HAYDEN. The very statement of the case which the gentleman from Nebraska has made indicates that one o{ those men is doing much more work than either of the others.

1\lr. ANDREWS of Nebraska. I should like to carry that on. in connection ·with the cu~toms service, where you have, for instance, 50 people employed as liquidating clerks, some of them younger, some of them older, some of them inexperienced, rela~ tively, some of them well trained. They are all liquidating clerks. Like service, like pay. Will you make the young~r, the inexperienced, equal in salary with the man wllo is oldet· and who has experience? · · '

Mr. HAYDEN. Certainly I should not. Mr. ANDREWS of Neb-raska. How would the gentleman

apply the rule? . Mr. HAYDEN. Mr. Ohairman, the gentleman again states a

case that answers itself. But to return to my subject. Com-· · plaint has been frequently made about not only the inefficiency but the narrowmindedness of Indian Service employees. But why should any broad-gauge, energetic, and efficient man or woman stay in a service where the pay is so poor and the opportunities for advancement so limited? The only reason that there are not more drones and incompetents i::; that a con­siderable number, after entering upon this work and realizing its importanee, have become imbued with · a sincere desire to be helpful to the Indians. The earnestness of some of them even makes them fanatical, so that they honestly believe that in every dispute the Indian is always right and the white man

.always wrong, regardless of the merits of the controver. y. It is only to this missionary spirit, however, 'that I can atttibute the continued presence in the Indian Serv~ce of men and women of my acquaintance who I am sure could -readily obtain a larger material reward for their time and efforts in other occupation ·.

THE INDIA!\ POPULATIOS.

The number of Indians in the United States i · not exactly known. The United States census for 1920 gives a total of 242,959 as the Indian population in the-United States, exclusive of Alaska; the 1910 census gave a population of 265,683, which would indicate a decrease of 22,724 Indians: But this· decrease, as explained by the Census Bureau,. is due to the fact that in the 1920 census the enumerators did not include as Indians a number of persons of Iildian blood who were so· much more white~ than Indian that· they ·.were enumerated as white ··people. · The 1921 annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Ai.- · -

fairs shows a total Indian population of the United States; ex- · elusive of Alaska, as · of J nne 30, 1921, of 3-!0,838. · This · total includes 2,582 white persons who married into the Five · Civi·

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. •

llzed Tril.H~s--the Cherokee·, Creeks, Seminoles, Cllickasaws, and Choct~1w -of Oklahoma and 23,405 freedmen who are the de· scendents of the Negro slaves brought ·into Indian Territory by the fiye tribes when they were removed from th~ir eastern and southern homes.

Eliminating the intermarried white and freedmen, tile report of the Indian Commissioner would indicate that there are 31~,s-o Indians in the United States. Of this .number, 23,735 are per··ons of Indian blood who are not under the supervision of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, leaving a total of 291,116 a· representing the men, women, and children of Indian blood who arc on tribal roll · or are under the supervision and care of the United States Indian Sen·ice.

An analysis of the statistics carried in the 1921 annual report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs shows that of the 291,116 Indians who are under the supervision, in var~·ing de­grees, of the Government 165,031 are full bloods, 46 181 are mixed bloods with a larger proportion of Indian blood in theit' veins, and 79,90-:1: are of one-half or les·· Indian blood.

There is an apparent difference of 48,157 between tllc 1920 United States census and the 1921 report of the Comrui._ ioner of Indian A·ffairs as respects Indian population in tbe rnited State·. The greater part of tllis difference come · in Oklahoma. The census population of the Oklahoma Indian i: giYen as 55,949. The Bureau of Indian Affairs figures are 93,49-±, show­ing a difference of 37,545. A large part of tlli~ difference i · accounted. for in the explanation given by the Censu:-: Bureau and the further fact that the population figure of the Five · Tribe~·, a.· shown in the commissioner' report. is not a census total but is the original net enrollment which must be main­tained a .. · a basis for determining land owner ·hip and heirship.

There is also a difference of 10,530 between tlle Indian Service and the c~nsus figure" in Arizona, which I tllink can be explained by the fact that the census enumerators were so poori~· paid in 1920 that tbey could not afford to traYel long distances over the reservationl'i and make an accurate enumel"l­tion, with the re~:mlt that a large number of Indian~ in my State were not counted.

Tho f<;>llo~ing table gh·e · tllC tignre~ of Indian population in the d.i~erent States:

I ];,'!',~~ ------------------------·--------------:

Sta!J!. Cnited ~rates

census.

Alabama ............................ .'. ......... .. ........ . ..... !0:1 40a

*~::as~:::::::::::::::::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: : ·l3·f52 32'~~ California ................... _ .............. _..... ............... · 12, 12J 17,360 Colorado .................. : ................ _...... ... . . ........ 71\:i 1, 3..~ Connecticut ............................. : ......... ·.......... . . 159 159 Delaware..... .... ....................... ... ................... 2 2 D4;trict of Columbia ............ ... .. ...... ... . . .. ..... .. _ . . . . . 37 Florida.... . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 518 Georgia.......................................... ...... ....... . 125

~giS·.·::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3,~ Indlana .... . ...................................... _..... ......... 125 Iowa ..... . ......................... . :.. . ........... .... ...... . 529 Kansas. . . . .. . .. • . . . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 2, 276

t~~\'~!L:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: :::::::::::: :: : :: ::: 1, ~~ Maine ...... . -·....... .. ............. ...... . ............... .. .. 839 Maryland................................. .. ..... .. ...... . .... . 32 Massachusetts ........ . ........... .. ...... ...... . .. .. .. ... - . . . . . 5.50 :Michigan ...... ... ............................ ... ... - . .. - . . . . . . 5, 613

§':~~~:::~::::::::::::::.:::::·:· :·::::·:: .. ::::•·::.·\ ~::ru Nebraska............................. ...... .. .... ... ... . ...... 2, ~ Kevada..................................... ..... ...... ....... 4, 007 NewHampshirc ..... .......................................... 44 New Jersey .... : ...... .......................................... ro NewMexico.......................... . .......... .... ...... ..... 19,512 New York.............. .. .. ......... .... .. ... ......... ... .... 5,5(}.1 North Carolina . ........ _ ..... _ ................. _: ............. 11, 2! NorthDakota.................... ....... . .. .. .... .. .... .. ... . . G,254 Ohio ................................. :...... .. ..... .. .... . . ... 152 Oklahoma ........... -...... _ .... ............... ........ .. _.... 55,9-19

~!~~i,:ania·.·_·:_·.·~ ~~:: :::::::::: ::·:::: ::::::::::::::::::::::: 4, g~ Rhode I sland .. _._ .... . ..... .... -............................. 106 South Carolina. ...... ......................................... 3W South Dakota ..... .. ... _ ....................... _ ............. _ 16,384 Tenncs~cc .. ...... ............... . . ........... .. .. .... . . ..... .. 56 Texas .......................... .. .............. :.... ..... ... .. 2, 110 Utah................. ..... ............... . ....... ... .......... 2, 711

&iiH:::::::\\:::: .. ·~·.:::.::·:::•:•:.: ..• :.::·:• ~~ '\'\'yoming ..................... : ........... . ... ....... ......... 1,764 1,343

Totat'. ....... . ...... . .. ....... : . .... ... · .............. .'. ..... 310,838 1 242, 959

L:XII--13~

In 22 States all of the Indian· are on resenations, or are attacbed to reservations, or are scattered Indians who are under the care of an agent. In 2 States part of the Indian. are under Federal supervision and part are not, and in 24 Stutes and · the District of Columbia there are no reservations or agencies. This general statement must be modified by another statement to the effect that in the 22 States referred to there are manv Indians who, having received patents• in fee to their allotments, are full citizens and no longer are under Federal supervision. Many of them, however, having an interest in undivided tribal property, or being heirs of deceased tribe men, are under the so-called supervision of the Indian Bureau, which in their cases is acting as trustee or administrator of fin estate.

At the close of each fiscal year the agents and superintendent· of the Indian field ser-vice report to the 'Vashington office the number of Indians who are on the rolls of agencie or reser­vation·; of Indians who live off reservations but are, in some degree. under the care an<l upenision of agents and of others who, in some respect, are related to the Government in its ad­ministration of Indian affairs.

The iruple fact that an Indian rnav be carried on a tribal roll does not necessarily imply that he or she is a Government wa rcl nnu under Federal ·u1)ervision. Thousands of Indians wh? llave become full citizens by receiving patents in fee to theu l)roperty and all their funds, Indians who are free as any 1\lember of this Congress, have their names on tribal rolls.

Tlli_s apparent anomaly i · easily explained by the fiduciary funchon. of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which, besides being an administrative bureau, is o. large probate institation with ten · of thousands of clients. It also is a big title and trust organization, acting as trustEc>e aud agent for tens of thousands of men. women . and children who happen to ha...-e Indian blood in their -veins. • ~

Tlle trilla l roll is the l.Ja ·is. the beginning. of title to Indian pror»erty; it i~ the official record to which heirs must go to prove lleir:hip; it i~ neces!:!ary to keep up the tribal rolLs for the determination of heirs, the dispo ition of probated property, an<l for the sale and lease of millions of acres of Indian-owned land. So lon.g .as there is tribal property in the form of land or mom·~·, or both, so long will tribal rolls be maintained, for every member of the tribe or the heir of a member has an in­tere t in tribal propert;r, e,·en though he or she i a full-fledged citizen nnd the unrestricted owner of an allotment with a pat­ent in fee for tlle allotted land.

IXDU~ nESEUYATIO.XS.

An Indian reseryation can be <le cril>ed as a tract of land set apart for the exclusive occupancy and use of Indian . This was the case in the beginning, but as white settlers mo•ed into the It:dian country reservation:.: were opened for settlement. That is, the ·nrplu. tribal lands were sold. tile proceed deposited to the credit of the tribe in the United States Treasury, and held for dLposition in the discretion of Congress. Such re er-vations are kno,...-n as diminished re~erYations.

'orne resenation. · were instituted througll treatie. ; otlters by agreement~ ratified by Congress which had .the effect of tren­tie .. ; others were formed by Executive order of the President; and ~till others by purchase authorized by Congre s. Prac­tically all the Indian reservations in Arizona were created bv ExecutiYe orders .·ettino- apart areas of the public domain fo.r the u. e of the Indian~· .

There are over 200 tract. of land. in the Unite(l States which fall within the reservation clas ·. Some are tiny California rancheria · of l>ut few acre each, for a dozen or les. · families· otllers coYer area::; of millions of acre ·, such as the Navajo Res~ enation in nortbea ·tern Arizona and nortllwestern New :t.lex­ico, with an area exceeding 8.000,000 acres. which i · larger than ·orne State.: in the 'Cnion . . , ·

Consiuerabl:,- les:-; than a hundl'ed reservation:;; ba,·e rel'!illt-nt supt-riutendents, wbose busine s is to look after the affairs of the Indians on their several reserves. The 31 mission reserva­tion . or rancherias, for example, are grouped into two jurisdie­tions, ea<:h with an agent. In New Mexico the 19 pueblos are divide<l into two groups, each witll its agent. None of the Xew York re:::;en·e · have a resident ·uperintendent, but are under the rather theoretical superYision of an agent. There are some re erYation. which are such in name only, such a. the Cherokee, Choctaw. Chicka ·a,v, Creek, and Seminole reserYes in Okla­homa, for they have been allotted, most of the allotments have been !:old, and it is impossible in passing through them to dis­tinguish Indian from white land.

A typical Indian reservation is in charge of a superintendent, who is a pocket edition of tl1e Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in that he is face to face with almo t all of the perplexing prob­lems which confront the commissioner. · His is a many-sided job.

.~

2410 CO.t GRESSIO AL RECOR.D-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 10,

In the first place, he is held sh·ictly accountable to the Govern­ment for all Go-vernment property, such as the agency ancl school plants, tools, implements, material, supplies, and ash. He also jg accountable for all Indian property and money held in trust b him for the Indians. He is responsible to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for~ the maintenance of law and order on the re ervation. He is a 'pecial disbursing officer, and under bond, the premium of which he has to pay out of his meager salary.

The superintendent of an Indian reservation rests en no bed of roses. On one ide of him is the Government, with its demand of 100 per cent accountability; on the other side are a score or more of employee living in an isolated community who e very isolation tends to develop petty jealousies and factional cliques; hundreds of Indians each with his problem, demand, complaint, and request. He is subjected to frequent inspections and check­up and at any time he is apt to have charges preferred against llim by disgruntled employees, dis atisfiecl Indians, or white .men who assert that they have not been treated fairly by him. The ·e charges, if of sufficient importance, are investigated by the Indian Office and action taken when necessary.

If there is a boa1·ding ehool on the re ervu tion the superin-"tendent has the task o-f feeding, clothing, doctoring, amusing, aml educating a hundred or more yolmg Indians fresh from the soil, many of whom, perhaps, can not speak English. He may ha1e a hospital to look after, a large agency farm and herd, a G~vernment sawmill, flour mill, machine .·hop, and other industriltl plants.

If his Indians are allotted he must attend to leasing their allotment , if they are not farmed by the allottees. He -·ells ihelr lands and must attend to the estates of deceased Indians. If the tribe own. timber lands whose timber is sold he must ·ee to it that the white lumberman pays for the timber he cuts. This requires a close inspection of logging operations to see that e ery log is measured,' that the trees are cut according to the contract and the regulations. If there are irrigable lanus onder ditch he must be an irrigation ·engineel' as well.

And with all these duties he is required to encourage the Indian to farm tl'leir lands, rai e live stock, cut hay, make gardens, prepare for the winter, to send their chilt:lreu to . chool, to imprro\e their living conditions, and, in short, to get ready to take their places as full-fledged citizens when the ti:me arrives for that consummation of the GoYernment's purpose. · :Mr. HUDSPETH. Will it disturb my friend if I ask him a ~estioo? ·

Mr. HAYDEN. Certainly not. Mr. HUDSPETH. In recent years they have been purchasing

(·attle for the Indians on these reser1ations ; has that been a success?

Mr. HAYDEN. It might be called a · fi.uancial success so far as the operation itself is concerned. The Indian Service has taken over from the p& ons who leased the grazing land on the reservations their grazing rights and supplied tribal herds. But no more meat lias been produced on the range than before. The herds are usually managed by some white man employed to supervise the business. The profits have been depo ited in the Treasury to the credit of the Indians. The tribe receives this profi't instead of the money formerly obtained by lea ing the grazing land.

Mr. HUDSPETH. Then the Indian does not handle the cattle, neither in building up the herd or in grading them.

l\lr. HAYDEN. Usually all the work has been done under the supervision of a white man. I can not ee that the Indian J1as been greatly benefited by that policy. At one time as much as $600,000 was annually appropriated to fmnish tribal herds to the Indians, but that amount was gradually reduced until now practically no money is expended for that PUI"POSe.

Of course it is better to spend money in buying live stock for the Indians, even if the cattle are not turned o\er to the individual Indians but remain the property of the tribe, than it. is to issue ration to them. In some cases the increase from the tribal herds have been issued in lieu of rations.

I might say with respect to the establishment of the ration ;·y tern that there was a good reason for it. President Grant

·dul'ing his administration sent out a commission· composed of a number of Army officers to make a study of the Indian problem. They. went over the various reservations, and on concluding their work figured up the cost of the maintenance of the l\filitary Establishment in the Indian country and di­vided that amount by the number of Indians killed. It was dis­covered that o\er a period of years it had cost more than a million dollars to kill an Indian. The commission· determined as a matter of business that it was better to feed the Indian than to kill l}i:rn. That was the reason for the establishment of the 1·ation :ystem. I realize that it has pauperized many. In­<lians and made them dependent on the Go\ernment, but its

• original adoption was a saving to the Go-vernment in dollars and cents.

Mr. LAZARO. Mr. Chairman will the gentleman yield? l\lr. HAYDEN. I yield to my friend from Louisiana. :Mr. LAZARO. Would the gentleman tell us something about

tl1e educational system under this bureau? I it practical? Ha it accomplished anything?

l\lr. HAYDEN. I am glad to an ·wer the (l'entteman's que -tions.

Perhaps there is no better illustration of the inescapable com­plexities and unavoidable difficulties constantly confronting the Go1ernmE.'nt in its efforts to help the Indian people along the road to self-sustaining citizenship than is furnished b:y the In­dian Service school system: The Indian day sehools, reservation boarding schools, and nonreservation boarding schools last year had a total enrollment of 23,847 pupils. A large propor­tion of these Indian scl1ool children could not speak English Whe.n they entered school. They came from homes wbE.'l'e the parents knew little, if any, English.

4 large number of these non-English-speaking pupils were young men and women 18 to 20 years old, who sat in cla es with little children under 9 years of age. Most o:f this class of older pupils were in the day schools, of which there are 167, but rnany of them, because of unavoidable circullli!tances, were taken into the reservation boarding schools where, it is sup­po. ed, only children who have gone through the day school can enter.

In the large nom·eservation schools the childr n of tribe which are traditional enemies to each other are brought o­gether. In these nonreservation schools the entire Indian prob­lem of the Government is localized. In one suc-l.I school, for instance, will be found children from 30 to 40 tribes differing widely in their racial characteristics, theh• home environments, their tribal customs, their prejudices and traditions, 'ih apti­tude and intelligence, and in their capacity for education.

The Indian day schools are scattered over reservations tak­ing the place, in their communities, of public schools. Some of them are so remote from any white center of population that practicaUy they are isolated for months of the year. The day­school teachers are not only teachers but they als() act as sub- • agent·, looking after the health and general welfare of the Indian families -in their neighborhood.

I hav-e always belie\ed that these little Indian day schools, outposts on the frontier of civilization, are the most potent agencies the Government has to help the Indians emerge from their condition of ignorance and superstition and give- them a tart on the road of progress. These underpaid, isolated,

and almost forgotten day-school teachers never have received the recognition by the Government which is their due. I am in­formed that the Indian Service has the utmost difficulty in securing men and women to fill these modest }?ut all-important positions.

1\Ir. JOHNSON of l\lississippi. Will the gentleman yield? l\lr. HAYDEN. I yield. ::\fr. JOHl~SON of Mississippi. I notice the committe·e has ap­

propriated or reported in this bill an appropriation of $44,000 for an Indian school in :Mis issippi and for a number- of thin"' in connection therewith. It provides the position of a doctor and a matron. · How are those employees selected?

3fr. HAYDEN. Through civil service. There is practically nobody in the Indian Service who does not have a civil service status, except the commissioner and the assistant commissioner.

Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Now, in selecting the matron, what qualifications· does he have to possess?

Mr. HAYDEN. I am not familiar with the regulations of the Ci"vil Service Commission governing such positions, but the.re are certain qualifications ~pecified in an examination which they must take.

Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Doe the ma-tron ha"Ve to take the civil service examination?

l\Ir. HAYDEN. Every such position is under civil serTice. 1\fr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. Tbe doctor also? l.Ir. HAYDEN. · Yes. Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi !lay I a - you do th~ e

people ha\e to reside on the reservation? ~lr. HAYDEN. They may take an ex:amination in any part

of the United States, and being appointed, are sent for service wherever the Indian Bureau directs.

1\lr. JOHNSON of Mississippi. They are requir·ed to remai,n on the reser-vation?

Mr. HAYDEN. And actually do. But I was speaking of the Indian day schools. The American people first lJecame edu­cated in the «little log schoolhouse" where the children at­tended, but liv-ed at home. 'Vhen they returned from school at night they told tl1eir fathers and mothers what they bad

II

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 2411 l.Jeen uoing, and the whole family became interested in educa­tion: In most cases I think that it is a mistake to take young Indian children away from the reservations to school. By a hothouse process great improvement is apparently made in the nonreserration Indian board:ing schools, but when the pupils return home they often go back to the blanket.

Mr. SMITH of Idaho. Will the gentleman yield? Mr. HAYDEN. Gladly. Mr. S~fiTH of Idaho. I am in thorough accord with the

attitude of the gentleman from Arizona in reference to boarding schools being on the resermtion. Will the gentleman kindly indicate what progress has been made- in the plan to abandon these institutions which are scattered all over the country-as, for instance, those at Hampton, Va., and Carlisle, Pa.-and cen­tralizing these activities in schools on the Indian reservations'?

Mr. HAYDEN. No money is now being appropriated for Hampton Institute, and about three years ago the Indian school at Carlisle, Pa., was abolished. Some of the other nonreser•a­tion boarding schools have been closed, one or two of the smaller ones.

I am sure that the gentleman will find that the Indian Bureau is now of the opinion that greater stress should be placed upon the Indian day schools wherever they can be established. Where additional boarding schools are necessary, they should be located on the resenations as near as possible to the fathers and mothers of the Indian children. It would be poor economy, however, to at this time abandon n number of the large non­reserYation boarding schools· which, although not properly located, nevertheless represent an investment of many hundreds of thousands of dollars, which can be utilized with some measure of success in educating the Indians.

Mr. \VALSH. Will the gentleman yield? 1\Ir. HAYDEN. Certainly. Mr. WALSH. Has the gentleman any statistics to show how

many of these Indians exercise the right of citizenship and vote?

l\Ir. HAYDEN. I haye no information as to that. None of them vote in Arizona, but in a great many of the States where their property has been given to them in severalty the Indian· exercise all the rights of citizenship.

Mr. WALSH. Then most of the competent Indian.· exercise the right of suffrage?

1\fr. HAYDEN. That is true. l\Ir. KELSON. Will the gentleman Rtatc in reference to the

grades, how high they go in the grades? 1\:Ir. HAYDEN. Instruction in the or<linary day school on an

Indian reservation extends to what is equivalent to about the sixth gmde in the public schools. The Indian boarding schools in many cases educate small children through all the grades.

But the nonreservation boarding school is usually an indus­trial school where half the time is devoted to instruction in farming and learning trades. Great stress is being placed upon the indush·ial features, which is entu·ely proper.

l\Ir. Sl\HTH of Idaho. l\fr. Chairman, will the gentleman yielcl.'!

Mr. H.A.YDEN. With pleasure. l\lr. :4l\IITH o~ Idaho. What is being done with referenc.e to

tl1e future of these Indian boys and girl ~ who have been gradu­ated from the schools and colleges?

Mr. H.AYDEX. It works out in this way : When the first gen­eration of children have been taken away from the reservation and sent to a nonreservation boarding school and they go home and find that their fathers and mothers were never con­tented when the;v were gone, out of respect for their parents they are liable to 1apse back into the tribal ways and customs. I talked witl1 an Indian day-school teacher on the Navajo Reservation two ~'ears ago, who told me about 60 Navajo children that were !:lent to his school. l\Iost of them came in like a lot of little wild burros, gathered together by the Indian police. They did not want to be there and had no idea of what it was all about. Among them were three children whose parent had been to an Indian school in their time, and he said that those three children bv their conduct stood out above all the others. He said that ti1eir fathers and mothers had told them what the school was for and what they were expected to do, so they came willingly. He believed that it would take at least another generation to teach the fathers and mothers, forcibly in a degree in the first instance. to understand what education means. They tell their children, who are of the second generation, about it and the problew will be 11ractically solved in the third generation. That will end the complaint that on the face of things a large amount of money has been expended on Indian schools with little ap­parent benefit. because in many instances the pupils go back to the olrl tribal wnyf': on the Indian reservations. ·

Mr. SMITH of Idaho. Does the gentleman know whether it is still the policy of the Indian Bureau to send Indian police to capture the children and to carry them perhaps a thon8anu miles to some Indian institution?

Mr. HAYDEN. The Indian Service, so far as I know, has rarely adopted the policy of using force in securing pupils for these schools. Much persuasion is ordinarily used, accom­panied by a small measure of force. That is the only way to get the Indian children into the schools.

Air. LAZARO. What do they teach the Indian pupil at these boarding schools? Do they teach them manual arts?

l\lr. HAYDEN. Yes. The appropriations for resenation and nonreservation boarding schools are made on a basis of $225 per pupil a year where the attendance exceeds 200, and $250 where it is below 200. This per capita is appropriated to coYer the entire e}..-pense of educating, lodging, and boarding a pupil for one school year. When the Indian appropriation bill was unuer consideration in the House last year, a fember inquired how it was possible to lodge, feed, clothe, educate, ::mel care for a child for one year for $225. The answer to that if4 that the cllildren in a Government boarding school practically work thei t· IYUY til rough the school. As an illustration of this I will cite one of the largest nonreservation schools which last year hatl an average enrollment of over 800 Indian boys and girli'l, and in which, as iu all nonreservation schools, industrial and . domestic training is an essential part of the educational work. The girls are taught the domestic sciences, poultry raising, gardening, and nursing. Boys are taught all tlw mechanical artE=, agriculture, dairying. raising live stock, :mel fruit gnn,·ing.

The girl~ make practically all of their own clothing. A sew~ ing teacher unu two assistants, the only paid employees in the sewing room, with the help of the girls, not only make dresses, aprons, and other articles of · female clothing, but towels, pillmv cases, and bedspreads for an institution which has more tlla3 800 pupil:,;. The tailor and one assistant, with the help of the boys in his class, not only do all the mending, but make cloth­ing, cut down suits for larger boys to fit the smaller boys, and in general do all the work which a tailoring establish­ment does. In the shoe and harness shop one instructor, with the detail of Indian boys, keeps in repair the shoes of all of the children and the harness for the working animals.

The hospital has one paid nurse; the student mu·ses provide the assi tance necessary for the care of the sick. The entire laundry work for this establishment is done by Indian girls, under the supervision of one laundress and an assistant. The dormitories have one matron for each building, who merely supervise. the work and teaches the students. The boys and girls take care of their rooms and dormitories, doing all the cleaning, bedmaking, and scrubbing. _

The steam an<l electrical plant is in charge of an engineer anu two assistants, the only paid employees. These men teach ~team and electrical engineering, and with the boys detailed to that department operate the entire plant, the ice-making ma­chiner~·. look after the water and sewer systems, making all repairs, and do much new construction.

The carpenter shop has one carpenter and an assistant, who. with the boys detailed to the carpenter shop, keep in repair all the buil<lings of this institution. During the last 10 year · the improvements that have been made by the boys in its industrial uepartments could not be duplicated with outside labor for $10,000 a year, according to the report of. the superintendent. About a year ago the boys of the industrial department built a gymnasium, with an actual cost to the Government of $8,000. It is estimated that if this gymnasium had been built under con­tract it would have cost at least $30,000.

In addition to this the boys in all of the nonresenation schools are putting into practice what they have learne<l of farming, dairying, stock raising, and gardening so successfully that the products of school farms, gardens, dairies, and l1erds go a long way toward supplying these larg~ schoo~s. each with its hundreds of students, with all their >egetables, milk, butter, eggs, poultry, fruit, and meat. It is this that enables the .·uper­intendent · of tl1e schools to pull through on the per capita pn.r­ment provided by Congress.

The children in the boarding schools are in their acadelll.ic classrooms for about half of the day. Long before they go to their classes they have swept and cleaned the dormitories, halls, porches, and grounds; have made up their beds, have helped the cooks in the kitchen prepare the breakfast, and have washed the dishes afterwards, and many of them · in the cold months have arisen before daylight to mill.: the cows and care for tho horses, pigs, cattle, and poultry. Tbe Indinn !';tudent:-: iu the G<>vernment schools have no sinecure. Almost eYen· minute of

.

2412 00 · GR,ESSIONAL. REOORD-HOU' ··E.

their .day i · occupied w:ith ,useful wol'k, .r~tion, an-d study. I :want to .a k the gen.tleruan aJlotllRl' qu"E>::;tion, on a ,• uOject I kno.w of no educational institution for wlri:t-e ,Chil®en wll:ere wbidl I wa in.t&ested ,i;u ..a f w ~- ar.· ago. That i . in -the tl1e day' program is ma-re closely adbened :to. ~~~hool.cond.i:tions lWhlch tile gentleiiUllll .ha ·SO wen Q;e criOOd dn

l\Ir. LEATHERWOOD. l\Ir. Chahnnan, . ~ ~ill the gentleu;1an this own S.tate. Is rthere much interfe~:en.ce witll tbe Indians yield? _going to school,- caused by eye diseases?

.Mr. HAYDEN. Yes. Mr. HAYDEL~. '.rhere has heen much diffi.eu;lty on account :Mr. LEATHERWOOD. JJo t}ley .carry the scholru tic in....«tr:uc- of trachoma umong the I!n-dia:n tribes all oYer the United , ~tates.

tion of the pupils beyond the sixth gt:ade2 Mr. KINDRED. That i what I particularly referred to. :llr. HAYDEN. The curriculum in these schaols is ada:pt.efl . Mr. HAYDEN. But th-e Indian medical , ervice :i · .doing all

to the needs of the Indians a.nd th-e parallel with the public .that it can to eradicate that disease, and I understand witll :o;chool system can not be closely dxawn in regard t-o gradLn:g eon ida~able suceess. the pupils. Mr. DRAl\ITON. \Vill tbe gentleman yiel<l?

If it is an indu trial school, nt least half of the time is -de- Mr. HAYDEN. Ye~. Y ted to teaching the pu.Pils to do something with the hand~, Mr. CRAMTON. In -eonnection with what tile gentlemau which, I think, is of more importance than mere book lear:ll- sta~ed a m~ment ago, the lal:lt r-eport ot the ommissiQner of· ing. They ought to learn how to speak the Elnglish language IJ?dian Affa1.rs shows that the .number of !births .among the Iq­and read and write sufficiently well to engage in business. <lians last year was greater than the number of deaths, howlng. When that much is .accomplished, I think that unde.r the present that they are not now decreasing. <:i~·c.umstances we should be satisfied, considering the fact that :Mr. HAYDEN. I a:m ·sUI~ that is tl·ue. when they first come to th~ .schools most of the Indian children The CHAIRMAN. The hme of the gentleman bas expired. h.--now nothing whatever of the English language. l\lr. CARTER. I yield to the gentleman 20 minutes more.

Mr. LEATHERWOOD. Do the majority of the Indian pupils Ml:. HAYDEN. Wh~n o~e legislation relating to the Indian that go to nonreservation chools retu-rn to the blanJret coodi- Service wu.:o:; under diSCussion last y,ear -the "entleman frem tion afterwards? Penn.sylva.ma [1\fr. KELLY]. made ome observati-ens re-lati¥e to

Mr. H..o\YDEN. The statem.ent can be safely made that up to tb.e In~~ Bur~u wlUcb; I thougll:t at th.e time were based this t~ the majority of them, after having .been to sc-hool and upon ~usinformatwn, but ·1t may be mterestm.g to him to know. having gone back to rtbe reservation, could not .be distinguished that h1~ remar~ m~t wif:b a mea m·e -of approval from a very, fTom those . who bave not been to school. From their appear- good fnend .of ID.Jll.e m Ar1~ona. I want to read a.JJ. extract from ance one could not ·tell whether they had been to school or not. a lette1· which he has written to me, not only for that reas"O..n But it does not depend on the kind of hat an Indian wears or but because I am sur.e that what he ays will be read with in­the style of blanket be uses. If he has been to school, he .has terest, D._?d I hoJ?e w1th profit, by tho e in the Indian rvice ideas in bis head and as the father of a family he impresses who are broadmmded enough to realize that there is a white these ideas upm1 'his children by .teaching them the value ef man'~ ~side to th~ India~ f:!Uestion Ml.d th!lt justice can not be

<lucation. Through that process we can ultimately hope to done 1t they continually IJ?-SISt .that the Io~1an . ha1l alwa·y have make good citizens ou.t .of most of the Indians. · the ad\antage of every situation. My fnend . ays:

l\lr . . LE.ATHERWOOD. Is it the gentleman'. experience a-nd I was.m~ch i~terested in the House debate. of August~ on the IndiAn ob ervotion that it is inadvisable to have them a-ttend non- appropnation . btl!. Pe~sonally, I 3.!11 m_uch .m accord w1th .Representa-

..... "' ' ' ti-ve IU::LLY. I am firmly of the bebef, Judgtng from t he experience and re er>ation schools? knowledge I have of Indian agents .and other officials that th "'reat aim

1\ir. HAYDEL.~. My e:x.perience has been that while the in- of tb~ I.nd~an Service is to perpduate itself. l also agl'ee ~ith y;0u truction. receh~ed at the day schools son:etimes does not appeaT ~~t P~~<>i!t:~/~!~!~ces of overzealousnes or bm:eaucra.tic tyranny do

on its face as of the be t, yet m01~e lasting results are actually You ·vuint -out in your s.peech the noed i~r road building o.n the re er· obtained. Boardio"' schools, if established, should be located vations. That need is actual. .Our eastern cousins, wJ;l.o imagine the

·bl ct th h f th I d' chilL, th , red man to be a statue of bronze, should attempt to d:nve .an automo-US Jlear as poss1 e o e ames o ~ n Ial?- uren r:a er bile through some of our Indian reservations. I think their Ind' than to sead them far away from theu relatives and frumds. id~lism would drop from -them like .a winter's cloak. The reservati~;~ It is neces ary, .howe'\"er, to Utilize th,e facilities that the Go'\"ern- include pr~ctic:ally 90 per <;ent of the trout. s~eams .in .Arizo-.na. T.he

t h . "d d F . · t t,. th N · best campmg m the State IS to be found w1:thin theu co.n:fi ne It is me~ as p.ron ~ . . or ll;lS. ance, u.ere ru:e nO}V on e avaJo the v-acation ground, par excellence, et the people or the stat"e. Yet Indian Reservation, m Ar;J.Zona, over 5,000 children for whom we se~ ,ageney superintend~nts e.xerdse power that keeps every .whit,e no schools exi t. They are growing up in igna-rance of the. ma.n from ".lighti?-g " there, -except. to fill pis radiator or his ,gas ta:nk. Eugo·Ush lanma.ge and civilized ways of UvinO'. They should be I am .rel(abl,y mformed: by ol!l,tune. White settlers on and near the

o ~ reserva.tious thai the Ind1aru; wJll deliberately set fire to the for t to forced, if necessary, to attend school. That 1 the only a>enue get ;work in pu.ttiJlg it out. Moreover, it sounds quite unreasonable that of progre s for them, and the nom:eservation boarding schools the ~ndian reservations should be clo. ed when. tbe adJoining Forest hould be utilized to the fullest extent in their education. Sei'VI~e lands are left open. States laws relatmg to game and fish

·· . . prevru.l upon the forest reserves. Not so upon the reservation. Here Mr. LEATHERWOOD. How far, or to what gJ:ade, 1S lt com- the word of the superintendent i the word of God. rre is he dicta tor-

pul orr? How far is the eompulsory part of it actually carried'? the court of last resort-f<?r the Indian. :r;re is the incarnation of tbe Mr. HAYDEN. The Commis&ioner of Indian .A.ffaits "'athers w-orst of bureauc_racy. He 1s a p1:oduct of that system. That it atrect

. . In c-. te 1-. l:> 7 uld the people of Anzona so harshly JS what hurts. Poor Lo, as you know up the Indian Children as best .he can. my ~ta J.le ""o is the favored son of Arizona. He has practically a trangle bold .{)ll have authority under tbe compulsory school law to fo.rce the much of Hs best la.nd, and a white man can be koot o:Jr at the whim of Indian children into schools. I do not see why the same laws a super~tendent. . . . . . . - . . . should not apply to the Ind~an as to the white children with pa~~~; 'oc~~~~J:esp~c~1a~ i~:es~!t~0~~ ~e ~~.~~~r~fl~ttdet ~~~~~ respect to compuls.ory education. people, and .ow.nin.g allegiance to all intents and purposes to a gentleman

Mr. LAZARO. The gentleman is o familiar with the subject who sits in Wa~hinqton and whose one great de ire is to see the work h t I · h t k hi question for information What is perpetuat~d ad mfimtum. t a WlS 0 .~. ~ a · · . . As the State grows in population the ever-increasing problem, or

the effect of CIVilization upon the health of the In~:hans ill qne of them, w:ill be the Indian reservations. The rights of tbe people lreneral? o.f the State should be protected on these reservation . The Indian has b • A . u· d 1. th t 1-. t li rights, of course, but sentimentalists in the East, apparently, would

~Ir. HAYD~N. ClV IZ.e man rea~es a . .ue can .no .. -ve approve of a course that forced the white man into ouo~a and the plac-down in the dil·t ; that there must be fauly san1tary conditions i.ng of tbe good aet-es of the Salt Rjver Valley at the disposal of the poor surrounding his cooking and about his home. When Indians who 4Jl,ache. hu>e been used to sleeping out of doors and to ;having the whole What I have just read is typical of many complaints that I iVorld to roam over are cxowded together and fo.rced to do .Qave r-eceived relative to the admini ·tration of Inoian affairs. things apparently in the white man's way th.e resulting con- They come from men who r~pre ent the civilizing pirit of "estion has often led to the spread of dis.eases that h.a.ve caused America and to whom the lack of progress among Indian. is an a great many Indians to lose their lives. The Indian medical abomination. When they see great natural re ources, wllich if service ha improved greatly in the last few year , _partic.ulaily utilized at all are not fully u ed, ~d up by the re ervatlon y -~ong the lines of sanitation. I am sure that the statistics will tern their .eve1·y instinct call out for development. To hold bear me out in saying that the Indians are not decreru ing in . th€se land back, awaiting the time when the Indians may make numbeJ'S as they formerly were. a higher use of tllem, is undo1:lbtedly wasteful and a great bur-

Mr. KINDRED. Will the gentleman yiel<l? de.n upon the State.s wherein the re ervation are located. MJ.·. HAYDEN. I yield to my good :friend from New York. Take the State ef Arizona, for <:>:s:am,ple. It is true that we Mr. KINDRED. I have had the .Privilege of peeing a great have had a greater propo,rtionate increase in population tllan

deal of the Indians in the gentleman's district. I wa.s very ~Y other State during the pa t decade, but after all it can not much interested in the question asked :by tbe gentleman from be -~cted that taxation will be light ·when all the elaborate Louisiana [1\lr. LAZARO] as to the infiuence of citilizatiou,. g~n- ma.ehin-ery of a modern State go:vernment mu t be maintained erally speaking, on the Indians as well as upon tb~ black races. and paid for by .only u little over 300,000 white people. We have I believe it is conceded that there has been a J:apiU devel-opment unlimited faith in tlle future, but when lt is realized that title to of tuberculosis among the Indians antl al o among the Negro over one-half of the entire area of tbe , tate is in the Federal race since what '"'e call ciYilization has partly embraced them. Government, of which over 20,000,000 acres are held for the

r

1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 2413

benefit of Indians, one can readily understand, as my friend ba.s indicated, how this question of the untaxed lands under Fed.ernl control is of vital importance.

That is why the citizens af my State greeted with unanimous a,pproval the announaement that Congresa has-at last provided that no more Indian reservations can be created by Executive order and why they look askance at any proposal, however pleasingly presented, to establish additional Federal :r:eserves of any character. If the friends of the Imdians insist that the p11esent reservations shall be maintained they at least owe it, in all fairness, to the white people of the West who are bearing the burden of State building to aid us at all times in obtaining assistance from Congress for road construetion, irrigation proj­ects, and every other form of development in the Indian country.

So long as a considerable number of those connected with the Indian Service maintain a pGlicy of doing little or .nothing ,in cooperatwn with the white people of the States where these reservations are located, when by their aetions they indicate that they believe that the Indians should be isolated and that they will be contaminated by contact with white people who reside near the rese:rvations, then e~~essions of the 1.rffid that I have read may be expected to be repeatedly made by good citizens who feel oubraged whenever they come in touch wlth the repFesentatives of such a bureaucracy.

OBSTRUC'l!IV» ORITIOTSM.

There is another and totally different val'iety of criticism to which the Indian Bureau is subjected that is both unjust and obstructive and with which I have no - patien~ because I doubt the honesty and good motives of tlrose who indulge in it. 'Per-.. haps what they say and do is unworthy of attention, but unless these harmful activities are openly discussed anyone see;king light on the Indian ·problem is sri-re to be misled and con.fu£ed. I shall not attempt·to cover the whole field, because if serious heed :were given to all of' the various theories and .preachments offered for directil).g the affairs o:fl' the Indians legislation would be often suspended and administration would ttmction with difficulty.

It must not be overlooked that some of the best people in the world are trying by, indJ.vidua1 and organized effort to im­-prove the conditiou af the Indians. There are many associa­tions, both religious and seculax, that ,are actuated by the highest motives for Indian we-lfare, whose activities are es~ sentiaUy in harmony with the general aims of good adminis­tration and whose s11ggestions al'ld criticism are o.ffe.1·ed from time to time with sincere and helpful purpose. These forces are worthy of real appreciation,. b.ecause they represent men and women of deep sympathies, of hepeful vision, and of practi­cal judgment. These are social fa.etors in our great count;ry whose influence rings true.

On the other hand, 'We find tb.e spurious, tb.e imitators, the pseudo-reformers masked behind pretentious "federations and cooperative associations. which are usually controlled by some one-man functionary, who as chief grand counselor or atto.rney in fact for all the Indians he can hoodwink into his following, promotes his ulterior designs under the guise of philanthropy. This type of Indian friend and ad-visor is instanced by a cei·­tain agitator. who, after years of meddlesome scheming to gain recognition by the Indians of his State, succeeded in having about 50 of their number with himself indicted by the Fede:ral grand jury on the charge of conspiracy to obstruct and impair the Government in the exercise of its proper :(unctions and of con piring to commit an oifense against the United States in attempting to alienate from the Government the confidence of cextain Indians. Whatever clemency is due these deluded and entrapped Indians will no doubt be accorded, and it should be equallY certain that exact justice is meted out to the one who is responsible for tbeir plight.

The too frequent misfortune of the innocent-minded Indian is tbe shifty trickster who " o;r:ganiz.es " with a constitution and by~laws that seem to bTeatbe benevolence from every syllable, and then goes to the Indians in the pose of a haloed savior with an alluring message tb.at there is great wealth in store for tbem at Washington, or that millions of acres of land, or the value of it, can be recoYered to them through his influence and management if they will just "' sign on the dotted line," pay membership fees to his organization, and defray his expenses to the National Capital, with like eXIJenses of a retinue of Indians to give scenic effect to his mission. Instances are of record where Indians with no money beyond their most frugal daily needs have been approached in such manner as to be impressed that they could not share in the benefits of such a great enrich­ing scheme unle s they contributed with others an annual fee for financing it, and in order to secure the fabulous returns promised have virtuallv taken bread from the mouths of their children and reduced their famili-es to the verge of destitution.

Perhaps more effectively harmful to the Indians are the ful­minatio:qs of persons having some literary standing, who are

able to 'present their ·dews a.nd criticism in such form and temper as appeal to the dispa.aslonate reader, anu ·who lighten thei~ da.rk descriptio us. with the glamour of sincerity. A sinis­ter disturber of this stamp has t.>ecently gotten into the maga­zines and syndicate news with a doleful pictru'e of c<;>nditions among the Blackfeet Indians. His allegatiollS include charges that fee p.atents to land have been fo11ced upon these Indians against their, will, that by outrageous robbery a trader has acquired about 400 of such patents, that last winter no ba<!on was_ issued with~ Indian rations, that one family actually starved to death, that $25,000 appropriated for rations was- spent in constructing an automobile road for the whites, that the Indians were unable to get wood for fuel, and that not one-tenth of their crops planted were harvested. These and other implied calam­ities weL-e found to be gross exaggerations, and in some in­stances wholly groundless.

To spread broadcast in civilized communities and among the Indians themselves such a declaration of appalling destitution and maladministration, fabricated as it was out of exceptional instances, hearsay, distol'tion of fact, and fancy fed by love of the limelight and mercenary returns was not only an invitation to many self-supporting Indians to become idlers and beggars but it was a slander against the Indian 'Bureau and an affront to the Congress under whese authority that bureau functions. It becomes a menace not easily ignored when such clever and bold characters, while making their living by misrepresenting the. true. attitude-of the Government toward the Indians and the real condition of the Indians themselves, are planting the seeds of a morbid sentiment am-ong whites and of ignorant resentment among Indians.

Mr. LEAT.EI.ER\VOOD. · Does· not the gentleman think that some benefit might be derived 'On behalf of the Indians in cases where complaints are ma{le to refer them to some one to inves­tigate oth.er than a person in the department interested in the result?

Mr. HAYDEN. That would be highly desirable, but Congress can not investigate ev-ery charge tha-t is made. That is an Executive function. Under the law, the Secretary of th~ Inte­rior and the Commissioner o1l Indian Affairs are authorized to go outside the civil service and sel~t inspectors of their own ehoosing who a:re their eyes and ears and whose duty it is to truthfully report the- actual facts to the department. If we ean not ·rely on the Secretary of the Interior and the Commis­sioner of Indian Affairs to select competent inspectors who will make honest reports I do not know what we can do. Con­gress has provided ample appropriations for the inspection serviee to get at the actual truth about the eondition of the In­dians.

:Mr. LEATHERW00-D. I was prompted to ask the first ques­tion by a concret-e case where, I think, there was a ju-st com­plaint against the Indian agent. They referred the complaint :right back to the pel'SOn himself who-reported that he was 100 per cent right. ·

MI:. RA:YDEN. Certainly there are inspect01:s enough in the Interior Department so that it was n{)t necessary to do that.

Ameng other retarding elements to both legislation and admin­istration are a few mixed bloods who have learned some of the white man's vices and trickery with a little of his honesty and integrity. They are capab1e en{)ngh to be of some assistance to uneducated Indians and shrewd enough to give this aid in order to gain confidence and a following, but are unscrupulous in pushing their larger and selfish d-esigns. It will be recalled that one of this class a few years ago submitted to a congres­sional committee a list of about 160 Indians who were said to have died on a northwestem reservation from lack of sufficient nourishment. It has since been proven that over 100 of tbese same Indians are living t()-da.y and that only 12 died within the entire period covered by the false report.

In this vexatious group are also ce-rtain individual-s who ha\e managed to identify themselves with some missionary enterprise or lecture bureau, and whose social status is indicated more by an artful array of paint, feathers, and trappings than by any evidence of Indian blood in their ve-ins, but who get an audi~nce among many intelligent people and are able to denounce the In­dian Bureau and the Government for maintaining it with enough platform accomplishments and grace of djction to carry some weight. These speakers sometimes secure the adoption of ·ready­made resolutions by civil or social welfare organizations in­dorsing their plausible sophistries without serious investigation. Their representations a_re largely based on exceptional, acci­dental, or unfortunate instances and not on total results or a comparison of Indian conditions by such periods of time as is neeessary in estimating human progress anywhere.

And last but not least among the disturbers are a g1·oup of professional claims attorneys who have kept alive a large num­ber of fraudulent Indian claims and year after year seek to

2414 CONGRESSION 1\._L R.ECORD-HOUSE.

obtain money from the Indians in payment for their alleged assistance. I am glad to say that within the past week the .Committee on Indian Affairs has submitted adverse reports on two bills authorizing money to be paid out of tribal funds to lawyers of this character who had rendered no real or substan· tial service to the tribes, but whose activities have, in fact, been detrimental to them. I hope that this action by the com· mittee will serve as notice to all such attorneys that Congress does not intend to give further consideration to bogus Indian 'claims.

In conclusion, let me say that I hold no brief for the Indian Bureau. I realize its shortcomings, the chief one of which is a lack of courage to do impartial justice where the Indians are clearly in the wrong. Too often the officials of the bureau, through fear of criticism, a.<lopt the easy expedient of saying that they are merely the attorneys for the Indians and have no further responsibility than to protect the interests of their clients regardle of the effect upon the community in which the Indians reside. Such a policy is most unsound because it fails to recognize the fundamental fact that the Indians and their white neighbors have much in common and that only by proper cooperation can both races prosper.

The best way to attain a spirit of mutual helpfulness is to know the conditions under which those with whom we should work in harmony <He compelled to labor. It is with that idea in mind that I have submitted these remarks and I hope that the facts which I ha.>e presented here will aid a little in a better understanding of the Indian problem. [Applause.]

Mr. CARTER. l\Ir. Chairman, I yield 30 minutes to the gen· tleman from Xe\v York [Mr. Lo:...-no~].

Mr. LO~DO"N. lUr. Chairman, it ha been a fa>orite pastime of the Republicans to denounce the Democrats as incompe. tent. I am not the champion of the Democratic Party; it is an extremely difficult task to defend the Democrats. [Laughter.] They haYe been more or less incompetent. The truth is that there is no . uch thing a~ a Democratic Party. Wilson at­tempted to nationalize the Democratic Party. He was the only great leader in modern times that they have had, the greatest lE>auer since Thomas Jefferson. But_ they never stoou behind Wilson. When he ad,ocate<..l the League of Nations they did not stand behind him. I was the only supporter. he had. [Lau<>'hter.] Of course, I stood for the real thing.

A short time before the election of 1918 we bad in New York a gathering of public men, among whom was a prominent English journalist, to discuss the League of Nations. I was to talk on Congres and the League of Nations. They wanted to know what Congre ·s thought of the League of Nations. I told them to be perfectly frank Congress did not know any­thing about the League of Nations, did not think about it, and was probably incompetent to deal with it. [Laughter.]

The Democrats haYe a few organizations in the larO'e cities, for instance, Tammany Hall in lS"ew York, which is purely a New York City organization. It is no more Democratic than it is Populi . t. It is Tammany Hall pure and simple. The organization will rea<lily knife the presidential candida~e if by <loing so it can elect a Democratic governor. It will knife a Democratic governor to elect a city mayor. Then the Demo­crats have the Southern States, cursed by the race problem and with the race problem always before them to the exclusion of everything else, o that they_ are utterly incapable of looking beyond that and to under. tand the trend of modern events.

Such Democrats as we do have continue the same old talk against the tru ts and about the necessity of reestablishing com­petition. Although we do not hear so much now about busting the trusts, they eem to believe that the solution lies in dis­solving large modern industrial enterprises and breaking them up into a number of small ones. They are looking back all the time. Their wisdom is confined to .Jeffer on, and Jefferson is dead, but they do not seem to know it. [Laughter and ap­plause.]

Now, we have the Republicans in power, Republicans elected not because the people wanted Republicans, but because the peopl~ did not want the Democrats. Permit me incidentally to make the ob. enation that during a substantial part of the ex­istence of thi Republic the National Government did not have both brancbe of CongTes and the President of the same polit­ical faith. That has helped the country immensely, as they were unable to legislate and therefore unable to do mischief.

It seems that the American people do not Yote for a party; they vote against a party. They voted against the Democrats and elected the Republicans, and the Republicans have a fat majority-fat, thick, dull, so fat that t11ere is no e>idence of muscle anywhere. It is all f1abbine s. You do not find any action, you do not tind any definite program.

The Pre ic1ent comef' out one 1lay again::;t the bonus, and then he is eekiug new liH: .. an. · of tuxnrion to pny the bonus. For more

than a hundred years we haYe had a discussion of protection and free trade and unemployment under both. That does not prevent the Republican leaders from claiming a new discovery, that the only way of solving the problem of unemployment is by a protective tariff-something new, something never heard of before, a new evidence of the statesmanship of the Republicans.

The Republicans have been in power since March 4, 1921. The number of unemployed has been growing steadily since that time. It has assumed threatening proportions in the United States. Congress has been in session almost all of the time. No one has seriously suggested anything to grapple with the problem. Where is the Republican statesmanship, where is Republican wisdom, where is Republican intelligence? Why is not some of that intelligence which was employed in accu­mulating unheard-of fortunes being used to give work to will­ing hands? Why does no one apply himself to a solution of the problem? Is it because it is to the interest of those who shape the policies of the Republican Party to intimidate the great industrial masses of the American people by keeping them in a state of helplessness? Is it because unemployment plays into the hands of those who would like to perpetuate themselves in power?

The Democrats entertain the false hope that if there is con­tinued unemployment they may win in the next election. That may not necessarily follow. When the masses are helpless they can be coerced to Yote the way their masters want them to vote.

I appeal to the Democrats from a political standpoint-for one can not successfully appeal to them from the standpoint of statesmanship and patriotism-and I say to them that they are making a grave error in not offering some solution. What is the Democratic solution? What does a Democrat know? He goes back a century and digs up as a slogan free trade. The e questions are not solved or touched by free trade. England has free trade, plenty of it, and plenty of unemployment, too.

What is your solution? Is there no solution at all? I have before me the New York World. The first column on the first page is devoted to a description of a bread line, with 1,500 in it, who are being fed every day at St. Mark's Church. That is only one place in New York-1,500 men in one bread line--and our statesmen are debating the tariff! ·

I do not suppose there is anyone here who seriously believes that the adoption of a high protective tariff will in any way help the industrial situation. Nobody is in a position to export or import, and almost all European countries have the same complaint that we have--their imports have increased, 'vbile their exports baYe diminished. ·

The remedy of necessity must be a mdical remedy, entirely different from those heretofore employed. It is a pity that we have not on the floor 50 men who can speak in the name of the workers, who can speak ·in the name of organized labor. I have no quarrel with the personnel of Congress. A majority of the l\lembers of this House are self-made men, men who ha>e risen out of poverty through their own efforts. The conditions which have enabled them to do that no longer exist. They believe that all can help themselves in the same way. That is not true. The men who are here and who have by individual effort succeeded in rising are the chosen few.

They have a duty to perform. It is their obligation to take care of the man~7, to offer a remedy for the many. Your >ery intelligence, your very ability, your very gifts impose upon you the duty of. taking up the cause of the many. I am sorry that we ha>e not here a larger number of men who understand the interests of the rna ses from personal knowledge, from a knowl­edge of to-day. The workers have no voice here, no one repr~ sents them. I can not adequately represent them singlehanded. I am too much of a philo opher. 'Vhat you need here is some fellow who would make of himself a nuisance, a disturber-not only one, but many, who would wake you up.

What remedy do you propose? To let things alone? Condi­tions are bound to grow worse. Crime is increasing, and our foolish judges run to the legislatures asking for heavier and more drastic penaltie -a perfectly idiotic thing to anybody who has studied penology.

A century ago there were niore than 100 crimes punishable by death. The number of crimes has not increased because the death penalty has been removed. The contrary ' is true. When you impose a severe penalty for attempted burglary or attempted larceny, when the penalty is so . ·evere tllat the unfortunate offender is faced by life imprisonment, in nine ca es out of ten be will kill. These . eyere entences uniformly result in an in­crease in the crime of murder.

An increase in the penalty is no relief. Crime is on t11e in­crease. You can not stop crime by preaching to people. The natural law of existence is too trong, the law of .·elf-preserva­tion. Of course, it is true that the war has lJeeu a conh·ibuting

1922 .. CO· GRESSION tL ItECORlJ:-IIOUSE.

cause. The· war has trained people· to dis:reg.ard human Ii:fe and to kill, but that is- merely incidental. It is povel'ty, de tit~U:on, starvation that are principally l'esponsible for tfie so..ccalled wave of crime to-da-y.

I. there a-ny remedy along the lines heretofore proposed·? M:r ans\ter i , no. Place· 1,500 men in a· bread li'ne· and you degrade them, you desti.•ey their self-respect and annihilate them as nsefnt citizens. What men need is an opportunity to work and to earn their bread by honest torr. When private indnstrj­can not supply work, the public agency known as the Gov­ernment must undertake it. When private indu try either becau~e of elfishness ot because of inability to look into the future cau .not conduct industry, it becomes the dutY of the Go-rernment to act-the Government which represents the social element in civilized society, which is supposed to represent the collective will and conscience of the people.

The Government shourd extend every form of public work. But that i not enough. · The scheme that was attempted in Eng1and, unemploym~nt insurance, which under ordinary cir­cmnstances- i some· sort of a patliative, would not do now be­cau.,e the1·e is too much unemp!oyment. \-'\'hat then is to be done? We must hefp tlle workers themselves to organize and to rt'ln industries whene\"er the private employers fail to do ~o. The President in his last message, speaking of cooperative ocietie , advised the fm·mers to cooperate. 'l'he Amelican

farmer has more intelligence than the· mdusb.·lal worker and the farmers do cooperate. The workers should be taught to cooperate, and t:fie· Gove-rnment, instead of hindering them, in­stead of aiding th'e employers in the open-shop fight, instead of eekin<Y to curtail the' activities of labor· organizations, should

extend aid to such labDr organizations and such cooperative societie · that laoorers will fol'm so that they might establish and run their own industries and build homes for them elves.

There is no other way. out of it. The Government must do for la t>or what it has done for the farmer, the well-to-do fm·mer so faT. The Government is :fin:mcing the farmer. It loans him money to help him export his prod'tlct. Private industry will not help, private in:dustty never looks ahead. It live fi'"..om day to day and from hanu to mouth. It is too selfish. In those tndu ·tr.i.es whe:t~e there is competition everybody is for himself. In tho e industries wliere there is a monopoly, of course, the monopoly has no soul.

Tl1e Government must become the banker of the workers and help them organize industries so that they will have employ­ment.

During the war when the Government was in need of war material it proceeded to help the manufacturers :financially so that they might increase their pfants. I want to know whether the arne proce of rea-soning ca:n not be applied· in the extrn.or­dinary emergency wliicli we are facing to-day-an emergency of millions of m n in distress. I do not want to see U1e work-er humiliated by giving him omething f01.' nDtbing. I want him to work for hi livelihood. He can not get tha-t opportunity t;o;.day.

Can you Republicans and Democrats, out of your great sto'ck of wisdom, · pre ent something tangible·? Ywnnt you to prnve- to me that the proposition which I make is not sound. It woUld not do to denounce it. It will not do to say that it. comes :from socialists, soviets, bolshevists, or I. W. w·: . One of our South­ern States ju t now is- busy preventing by legislation the {>read of Darwinism, of the doctrine of evolution.

But what is your remedy? Why do you not offer any sug­ge tion? I have brought up the question of unemployment a half dozen time . I am weary of it, and 1' am weary of playing the part of the one disturber; but I have not heard a sug­gestion come from anybody except 1\fr. FoRDNEY, who thinks that the .Ame~·ican valuation will cure it all. On this, fortu­nately, there is a serious difference of :opinion even on the Republican side. The distinguished Re-publica1l, the gentle­man from illinois, Mr. MANN, says that he does· not under­stand what American valuation ·mean~. What is your propo-sition; what is your suggestion? · . . ·

Of course you are not altogether to blame. The 'vorkers are to blame, the great industrial masses. Toothpick Makers' Union 675 is primarily interested in tlie welfare of Toothpick Maker.s' Union 675 an<l does not care for the rest of the world. The workers do not study, do not organize, do not ptepa-re fol~ the future. They make no demand upon the .Congress. "\\'hat will you tell them when you come before them? What will you tell them as to how you have met the problem of unemploy­ment? What will you have to say? The only thing you· ma-y perhap say is that the· Democrats- have· not1iing: better to ·ott-er. None of you have anything whate~·et' to r.ecommend. We· mus get away from the old method of think.i.ng~ Ther are new problems that have to be faeed. to-day.

lUt·. EA'.rt . Is the gentreman taking himself seriously or is lle speaking for hoine consumption?

l\lr. LO:J\':DON. I a'rn always speaking seriously. I want to tell the gentleman I never say anything at liome that I do not say here.

hlr. SEARS. Why does not the gentleman make a suggestion? ~fr. LOl\TDON. I have made a suggestion, and more than once.

I advocate the extension of every form of public works, the elimination of chHd labor, if the gentleman is interested in that, ~he. reduction of tlie hours of labor in proportion to the fn­erea ed productivity' I'esultiiig from inventions, the strengthen­in.,. of labo1•· organizations~ What I have emphasized in this talk i · the· necessity of assisting labor unions and cooperative labor organi.zations- by the Government loaning th·em money so that they could build homes and estal)lish industries. That is ms practical suggestion.

l\lr. SEARS. I was wondering why it was that the gentle­mu.n, When the Democrats· were in powei·, took so much pleasure in refer1·ing to what th·e Republicans would say, and now that the R-epublicans are in power, I was wondering why he took such pleasure- in talking about what the Democrats would say. He does not put his suggestions in any concrete form. Why doe. he not put them into effect,· instea:d of simply referring to Democrats?

l\Ir. LONDON. I do not quite get the gentleman. l\1r. SEARS. I mean, why dDes not th'e gentleman introduce

a bill and pass it, to correct the evirs he complains of? Mr. LONDON. Well, I have· a number of bills that are sleep­

ing quietly in committee, without even having the benefit of a cradle to be rocked in. [Laughter.]

1\Ir. SEARS. Does not the gentleman know that there are a gr'eat many Members of Congress who have JJills in e::tuctly the same condition?

Mr. LONDON. Oh, I get the point now. The gentleman means to ay that the Democrats, being in the minority, are not now re ponsible. Is that 'the idea? · l\.'Ir. SEARS. No. When we \Vere in power the · gentleman

represented the Socialist Party. ' 1\ir. LONDON. I represent one four hundred and thirty-fifth,

so far as the number of the Members is concerned, althDugli I affinit that :r rep1·esent a larger p·roportion· than: that in the mat'­ter of intelligence, but that does not cou'Iit here. [LaUo"'hter.] NumeTically I represent only one four hundred and thirty-fifth of the· membership of tile H~use, and it is a safe· thing to assume that if the Democratic iniD.o'l'itY can not get any action, I can not. But the Democrats do not ask for anytlimg; they do rrot deruan:d anything.

1\I-r. SEARS. I have asked for samething. 1\ft. LONDON. Oh, the gentleman has aSk.ed fol' an a'J)-propti­

ation of $1,500 for a post offic~ in the village of Chi'ppochook. [Laughter:]

1\fr. SEARS. Of com·se, the gentleman, having come f1•o.m New York, knows nothing out New York. I want to make this suggestion to the· gentleman--

Mr. LONDON. I wanted to indulge in some pleasantry with the gentleman.

Mr. SEARS. Does the g.entleman want my suggestion? 1\!r; LONDON. Yes. 1\lr. SEARS. Give us reasonable :freight rates, so that \ve can

ship· our protluets to the con umet's, ami ttie:n d·evise some wa:y by which the producer can get some· poTtion of me pt'O'fit.

1\I'r. CHALMEAA. Mr. Chairman) will the gentleman yield right there?

l\l'r. LONDON. Yes. Mr. OHALME:RS. Let me suggest that if you develop wate~·

transportation that will be a. gaod answer. [La:ughter.] 1\tr. KlNDRED. l\fay I answer the guggestion of the gentle"

nran from Ohio by suggestirrg that we· develop the Great Lal>:es and St. Lawrence watenvay? [Laughter.]

Mr;. LONDON. These p'l'ofound suggesti'ons remind me of the Liberal Club, sometimes nicknamed " The Sanhedrim,'' where it was knoWh in advan'ee what aneedote- each man would tell and what speech he would deliver. It was known in advance, no 'matter what the sub1~t under discuss-ion was, that one man would talk on mesmerism, and anothe't on spiritualism, a third one' on the singte ta:xr.

The subjects of water tl.'ansportation and the St. tawrence project are not witliout merit, but they are not relevant. Of course, it is Cfusira})le' to· eliminate the Ihiddlemen so a:s to saTe t-o tlie farmer ttie cost of handling his produets, but if the Demo­erath! Parcy will eliminate the middlemen it· will lose its main support. Whe.rr a- D~moerat g'ets Ul'> tO sl)eak he· is proud to pro­elai!ii- the fact' that he is poor. He is- afraid of being suspected of having suceeeded financially. [Laughter.] You know wlrat liappens to middlemen.. ·Between · the hosts of the organized

.- ~416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE.

workers united politically and economically and with a definit~ program, on one band, and the band of industrial pirates now in control of things, on the other hand, the middlemen · are facing destruction.

1\Ir. CRISP. 1\fr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. LONDON. Yes. l\Ir. CRISP. I k110w that the gentleman is a 'tudent of.world

conditions. Will tile gelitleman answer the question as to l;low many men, in his judgment, are unempioyed in the ·United State and how many are unemployoo in the world?

Mr. LONDON. I want to say to the gentleman from Georgia that one of tile ·addest reflections upon our Government, upon the present administtatio·n, is that we do not even know the number of unemployed. Our Census Bureau can give you the exact number of bead of cattle, but it can not tell you how many men and women are unemployed to-day, and the figures are all the way between 4,000,000 and 6,000,000. 'Vhen it was neces ·ary io pass a law restri-cting immigration the Secretary of Labor said 6,000,000 were lmemployed; and when Secretary Hoover got scared at the magnitude of the figures he said it wa 3,000,000. I do n·ot know which one was further remo\ed from the truth. [Applalli;e.]

The HAIRl\IAN. The time of th9 gentleman from New York ha expired.

l\fr. CRAMTON. l\Ir. Chairman, I ask unanimous con ent to revise and extend my remarks. ·

The CHAIRl\fA.l'l. The gentleman from Michigan asks unani­mous consent to reYise and extend hi· remarks. Is there ob­jection? Ther~ wa no objection. l\lr. LONDON. Mr.- Cllairman. I make the same request. The CHAIRJ\IAl~. Is there objection to the reque t of the

gentleman from New York? There was no objection. ~.{r. CRAMTON. l\lr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the

gentleman from Idaho [l\Ir. SMITH]. The CHAIRl\IAl.~. The gentleman from Idaho is recogriized

for 10 minutes. · l\Ir. Sl\IITH of Idallo. . Mr. Chairman, the expansion of our

trade and the development of our national resources is the am­bition of every citizen interested in the welfare of the people. While we have matle the most wontlerful strides along indus­trial lines it must be atlmitted that our agricultural possibili­ties have not received the attention their importance de erve.

No question of greater importance confronts tl1e people than the problem of increasing the food upply to keep pace with the increasing population. The demands upon the agricultural resources of America will not diminish, and as the years go on our constantly increasing numbers will call for an ever en­larging supply of products from the soil.

One hundred years ago Great Britain could feed her 8,000,000 population from the products of her own land; now she is at the mercy of an enemy who could blockade her coast line. To-day her 40,000,000 re idents of the island would be at the mercy of au enemy that could prevent the importation of foodstuffs.

'l'he United States is still an agricultural Nation regardless of the fact that 70 per cent of her people live in towns and cities, but witll her rapid industrial expansion the demands upon her agricultural resources will also rapi<lly increase, and the time is not far distant when the United States will become au importer instead of an exporter of the products of the farm.

Our population in 1800 of 5,000,000 in~reased to 23,000,000 in 1850, to 50,000,000 in 1880, to 76,000,000 in 1900 and to 110,-000,000 in 1920. In 10 years more the population will doubtless be 140,000,000, by which time the shortage of foodstuffs will be alarming unless the Government aids in reclaiming the waste land an<l encourages the production of food on a larger scale than heretofore. We have in this country hundreds of millions of acre of fertile land lying idle which can be reclaimed and carved into productive farms at a comparatively low cost, if the work is undertaken on a large scale. Individual effort woul<.l be futile and private capital is not attracted to such stu­p~ndous ventures~ Only by Government aid can a large, com­prehensive reclamation policy be undertaken and carried to a succe sful conclusion.

The best possible argument in favor of the continuance and enlargement of the Government's plan to make land available fo,r settlement is afforded by the splendid record of the United States Reclamation Service since its organization in 1902. Dming the 17 years the service has been in operation much ha~ been accomplished ·in reclamation of the arid lands and in increasing the food supply and the national wealth.

Twenty-six projects have been undertaken in 16 different States and many of them have been completed. Nearly 2,000,000 acres of land have been placed under a perJll""ment water supply

and nearly 1,000,000 additional acres will soon be supplied. with water from storage reservoirs. Forty thousand 'families have established homes on these lands and are happy and prosperous. Cities and towns have sprung up on t~se projects, and tile national wealth created amounts to about $600,000,000, nearly fixe times the amount expended by·the Government in reclama­tion work. The reclamation fund which is represented by the receipts from sales of public land, leases, and repayment charges

. is far inadequate. Nearly $50,000,000 is required to complete

. projects now under way and $100,000,000 to construct new proj­ects which llave been approved.

The success attending the Government policy in reclaiming , the arid lands of the West can be duplicated in reclaiming the swamp lands of the South, and the millions of acres of wa te lands in the Southern States can be transformed into productive farms through Government ·cooperation. .

1\Iany people who have not investigated the importance to the whole country of reclaiming the waste lands appear to regard the question as a local one, and that the only people benefited are those who may make homes on the land or those living in the section of the country whet·e the land is reclaimed. .As a matter of fact every section of the country is benefited by land reclamation. Every acre of waste land that is placed under cul­ti'ration creates a market .for merchandise, building ma.t~rial, staple food products, clothmg, and every other kind of manu­factured article which generally come from the central and eastern sections of the country.

The adoption of a broad and comprehensive plan to reclaim the waste lands of the country would go far toward giving work to those out of employment in construction work on projects, or by rea on of the need -of labor on account o;f the increa ed demand for commodities manufactured in the industrial cen­ters.

The following statistics with reference to two reclamation projects in the we tern country hould convince the most kep­tical that the benefits of . the reclamation of waste ·lands are national in their cope and not local.

The Yakima project in Washington is a fair example of what reclamation has accomplished. This project is about 10 years old. The city of Yakima, in the center of the projeCt, contains a population of nearly 20,000. 0\er 300,000 acres of the irri­gated land are tribu~ary to the city, the trade of which i de­pendent almost entirely upon the products of the soil, · with the exception of one lumber mill.

Comparati ve statement of pt·oducts ot~ the Yaki nw project.

Products. 1917 191!3 1919

Fresh fruits ...................... Sll, 524,300 $12,081, 320 $20, 393, 223 Fruit products................... 1,277,375 1,298,200 1,839,500

~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1,~:~ 1,~~:~ 1,~;~ Vegetables....................... 1,324,000 1,513, 371) 2,045,350 Hay.............................. 3,126,195 3,800,900 5,171,500 Wool hides, poult ry products..... 1, 225,000 2, 209, 000 3, 230, 88C Livestock ..... : .................. 4, 177,750 3, 656,500 4, 403,500 Dairy .• _......................... 1,335,000 1,493,600 1,443, 625 Miscellaneous..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 090,000 1, 533, 292 Lumber.......................... 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 Sugarbeets....................... 1,146,250 1,011, 500 1, 324,500 Honey........................... 88,125 184,000 175, 00:>

Total....................... 28,175,555 1 32,365,290 1 45,602,576

1920

$16, 035, 51') 1, 191, 00J 2,3&'l, 033 1, 950, 00:> 1,021, 175 2,859, 110

~·~·m 1: 1:i9: 250

435, 000 2, 250, 000 1,435, 000

190, 000

37,21 ' 7\)5

Outgoing carload shipments:

~~~g::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~1: ~~ 1920.-. ···-· ........................ -··· .... ··- .......................... 35, 852

Value of manufactured products received on the project.

Products. 1918 1919 1920

Automobiles, tir~! and accessories. . . . . . . . . . . . S2, 195, 000 $3, 225, 000 S2, 600,000 Hardware and building supplies............... 900,000 1, 200, 000 1, 100, 000 Mixed groceries ..... -........ -... -- ........ -.. r 750 000 2, 000, 000 2 150 000 Farm machinery .........•...•• _.......... . . . . . '600' 000 750, 000 ' soo' 000 Ready-wear clothing.......................... 1,600; 000 2,000,000 1, 500; ooo Shoes......................................... 700,000 1,000,000 1, 000, 000 Furniture and household supplies ...... _...... 1, 000,000 1, 500, 000 1, 200,000 Cotton and woolen goods. . . ........ . .......... 00, 000 1, '200, 000 1, 000,000 Drn~................ ... ... .. .. ... ... . . . . . .. . . 700, 000 1, 100, OO'J 1, 250, 000 Millinery, notions, crockery, and electrical

950 000 ~=~~~enrit~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~: ~ ~::::::::::::::::: 2, m: ~ k ggg: ~ 3, 200: 000 TotaL ........ __ ...... _ ........... _ ...... 1-1-3-, 5!-5.-000-·l~--17-,-97_5_, 000--l--,6-, -4,.>-0-. 00- :>

It is important that consideration should be given to the lai3t item in the -above table, that of insurance. Practically all ~f the insurance companies operating in this section have their . headquarters in the East, and several million dollars leave

.

1922. CONGRESSION.A.L R.EOORD-HOUSE. •2417 this valley each year to build up eastern industry and GOmmerce; all of which would be impossible w~re it_ not for .irrigation. A.s ~ matter of fact, all of the aggregate productive wealth of this section, now am-ounting to above $40,000,000 annually, with the exception of lumber as above stated, is the product of water scientifically applied to rich volcanic ash soil. The annual total lumber output does not exceed $1,500,000.

BOISE PHOJECT, IDAHO.

Boise, the capital of the State, is a city of less than 25,000 people, and is near the center of this project. The origin of many commodities which the Boise merchants receive in carload lots per annum clearly demonstrates the inte·rdependence of far separated districts in practically every State in the Union, and indicates the market developed in one city on the Boise project largely the result of reclamation.

Approximate number of carload lots. of merchandise reaching Boise annu!lllY from various States:

City. Commodity. Number

of carloads.

.. I Number

Conunodit~ of

B."."" ................... r·~--, Cotto!ene .. _ .... _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ~:lolasse3 ......... _. __ ... ...... 2 Rice.--·-·················-··· 4 Oyster shells.................. 2

City.

LOUISIAN..l.

,New Orleans ........ ... ............. _ .. _ Gretna._·-······-···········--·····--- · -

~~:~ft~~~:~_::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::: J,lAJNE. ·

Rumford .........................•...... Paper bags.................... 4

MICIDGAN.

Lansing, Flint, Alma, Detroit . ......... . :Oetroit .. _ ...................... : . ....•..

Do ...................•....••.•.. · .•.. Jackson ............................•.•.. - Do ........................... : ..... .

tlEi~-: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~~~-~~~~:: :::::::::::::::::-::::::::

Autos._ .. _ .. : ........ _ .•.•.•. : Stoves ...................•.... Paint ..... . ............ ; .••... Wood handles ................ . Agriculture implements ..•.... Salt ......................•....

~ii?~.-:-::~::::::::::::::: Concrete mixers ... .•..........

2'-D 2 3 2 1 2 6 3 2 1

ALABAMA.

Anniston ................................ Pipe and fittings . ..... , ...... . MINNESOTA.

4 6 ~:e~:::::::::::::::: :: ·.: .· -.. _ -.. · _- . __ -._ Cereals ... _ .••.•..•...• _ .••.• _. 6

4 Bessemer .......... ___ .................... -- .. do ....................... .

ARKANSAS.

Fayette .................• ·~-_ ........... Hardwood .... . ..........•.... Fort Smith .............................. Wagon wood ... __ .... _ .... .. . .

COLORADO.

ben ver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crackers _ _-.•. • ... _ ............ . Pueblo ............ _ .. : ................. _ Wire fence ....... _ ...... _ ....•

Do ............ _ ....... _ ...... __ .... _ Nails .. _ ....... ___ ............ . Do ...•. ... ...... ... ....•........... _ Bar iron ...... __ ............. . Do. . . . . . . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bale ties .... .. ............... _ Do ... ___ ... .. ......... .... .......... Barbed wire._ ... _ ....... _ ... . Do ..... _._ .. __ .. _ ........ _ .... ___ . __ Bolts and spikes .... ___ ...... .

Denver. __ ._ ........... _ ....... _ ... ___ ... Paper .. .. ___ . __ .. _. ___ ....... . Fort Lupton ................... , ........ Canned beans ..........•......

CONNECTICUT.

New Britain .................•.......... Hinges. __ ._ ........... -·------Bridgeport ... __ ... _. _. _ .......... _ .. _ .. •. Ammunition. __ . _ ... _ ...... _. _

FLORIDA.

Arcadia ................................. Grapefruit .... ... ............•

IOWA.

Cedar Rapids ........ _ ..•................. Cereals._ .. __ ................. . Newton._ ...........•.••.............•.. Electric washers ......... . ... . Clinton .... __ ._ ................•......... Wrre. __ . ___ ......•. _ ......... . Mount Pleasant. ................•....... Canned com ......... -........ . Davenport ........... _ .•............... _ Pumps. __ .......... _ ......... . Dixon............................... ... . Wire cloth ......•...... .• .•.•.

• ILLINOIS.

Chicago ...... _ .1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Do ................•................. Do .•..•.••.........•......... .....•. Do .....•............•...•...•.•..... Do ..••............••.......••...•.•.

Galva. ...••..•......... - ......•.••..•..• -

Chi~~~-_-:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Decatur ... : . ............ . .......•• -- -- . -

· Rock Island. _ .........•.. _ .. . .... _. _. _. _ Joliet __ ... _ ......•..••.. -..... -. -- -- - - -- -Chicago ...•. . ..•.................•.•..... Aurora .••......•..•...••••..•...••......

~al;~~~:::::::::: :::: :::::::::::::::::::: ~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Aurora ........•.•....................... Chicago ..... _ ............•......•........ Granite City ..................... _ ...•... Quincy ...... _ ..•........................ De Kalb ...............•...... •.......... Quincy ................................. .

INDIANA.

Furniture .................... . Sirup __ ... ___ . ___ ...... _ ..... . Pipe and fittings ..... _ ......•. Boilers ......................•. OiL ...•••••••.•••.•.......••••• Machinery .........•..•.... : .. Electric washers ......•..•.... Catalogues ... _ ............. .. . Pumps and tanks •••.••.••• ••.

~~=~~ ~-~~-~~~::: ::: Canned goods ..•••••.••...•... Grindstones ....••.••••••• ·- ••. Autos .... _ .... _ ...••••••••••••

::feW.~~~::::::::::::::~ Coal ....•.•.•.•••.•••..•.•••.• Bam-door hangers ..•.....•.•. Paint and varnish .......•.•••. Enamel ware .............••.•. Stoves ..... _ ... _ •............. Barbed wire ..........•.••.... Cereals ..........•..••.•..••••.

:Kendallville. ___ ...... _ ...............•.. Wind mills ...............•.•.. N ewtondon __ ... . .....•......... . ........ Washing machines ....•••••••. Garx ..............•...••................ Iron roofing .. _ ...•..••.•••••.• Indianar,olis ....... _ •..•............... _. Porkand beans .......•..••••.

Do.--------·-------- --- ---··········- Cornmeal. ...........•••••••.. Connersville ... _ ........... _ ...•......... Autos. ____ ..........••••...... Anderson .... ___ ............... _ ......... Shovels._ ... _ ..... : ..•••••••.. Indiana Harbor ........•................. Steel bars .... __ .. : •••....• - .• Elwood .... ___ .. _ ......................•• Kitr.hen cabinets ...•..••.•••••

KANSAS.

Topeka .. _. ____ ... _ .............. _ .. _.... Cereals .....................•.. Hutchison ... _._ ........... _ ......... _ ... Salt ........ : ...•.•.•.•••.••••• Wilson and Wichita ....•........•.....•. Flour ... ····················-Wichita ... _ ........ _ .................... Egg case fillers .. ········~- ..

Do ...... ..........................•. Brooms ..............•...•••••

KENTUCKY. Newport .. _ .. __ ... _ ... _ .... _ ... ___ . . . . . . Iron roofing ..•.•...•.••••••••• Louisville ................... _ ......... _. Soap ...............•.•.•.•••••

4 6

4 6

18 8

12 6 2 2 4

2 6

Sirup ........•...........••...

MARYLAND.

Baltimore .................•..... _ ... _ .. _ Oysters .......••...•...•..•.•.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Milton..... . ............................. Chocoiate ....•.......• _ .•.... Boston .... ___ : .. _. . _ . __ . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . Sirup ........•.....•...•......

Do ..... ____ .. : ..................••.. Range boilers ..•.......••..•..

MISSOURI.

~~~~~~ty::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Do.- -- · ·--- --~- ---- --·-·· ········ ···

St. Louis .. .... ......................... -Do .. ............................... . Do .. ...............................• Do .. ..........................•..... Do ..... ............ •................

Kansas City .......... : ................. .

'OKLAHOMA.

Pancake tlour ... ...•.....•.•.. Radiators ....•.......•••.••••• Autos ....•.. : •••.....•. --~ ---·

~~~~~a::.::::-:::::::::::::::: Sweeping compound •..•.••... Cereal beverages ....•........ _. Stoves .....••••••............. Soap .....•• · ..•••••••..........

3

2 4 2

1 3

30 1 6 1 8 4 2

12 Sand Springs ........ _................... Fruit jars .••.•••.............. 10

PENNSYL V .ANIA.

~ Lebanon ...........•••..••••..•........• Bolts and nuts •.•.......••.•.. 1 Chester..... .... ....... ...... ............ Toilet paper .•••••... _ ...•....•

2 1

4 2 1

TENNESSEE.

South Pittsburg................. .. ...... Stoves .••........•............

TEXAS.

~ Wichita Falls ........•...•...•. · ...•.••.•. Fruit jars .•.•................ ~ 12 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 6 4 2 8 4 3 1 1 2 3 2 1 2

2 1 2 2 1 4 3 1 1

WISCONSIN.

Racine ..........•• ··---··· ••• ... .' .•••

~eB~~:~--::::: ::::::::::::::::: :-:·: :::: Milwaukee .......•..••...•. -· ..•...•.••• Superior ....•................•......••••. Kenosha ...........•.••..•.•.........•••. Wauput ....•.........•..•••..•.•........

:a~t~~~~:: :::::::::::::::: Beverages ....... · ...... -.. : .... . Tinware .•.•.. · ...•...••........ Salt ........•.......••......... Furniture .........•... _ •.•.... Canned goods. : ..•....•.......

1 6

H 3 1 2 1

The foregoing data is but an index of what the manufac­turers of the East and South sell to the irriga:tionists who are engaged in intensively farming irrigated land in the Rocky l\fountain and Pacific Coast States. There are 20,000,000 acres of arid lands yet to be reclaimed.

For the past 100 years the best thought and .energy of the world have been devoted to the building up of an industrial system which now seems top-heavy. It is the view of the most thoughtful minds in the world to-day that sweeping changes of far-reaching effect will have to be made in our present system in order to prevent its collapse. There are few who fail to realize the menace to our national secmity which results from the steadily increasing congestion ·of hu­manity in our large centers of population. Without doubt our social and economic stability could be most readily strength­ened by the development of our latent land resources, -convert-ing them into living means of production. The most •aluable

2 of all our undeveloped resources is the vast acreage of now 6 unproductive land. Its development and settlement would es­~ tablish the economic independence of hundreds of thousands of 2 our citizens, whose stability and character would be assured

by their foothold on the soil. 4 The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Idaho

10 has expired. ·

241-8. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE .. FEBRUARY 10,

Mr. Sl\IITH of Idaho. Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous con­sent to ·extend my remm·ks.

The .CHAIRMAN. Is there objection to the gentleman's re­quest?

There was no objection. Mr. CRAMTON. 1\Ir. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the

gentleman from· Missouri [1\fr. RHODES], the chairman of the Committ-ee on 1\fines and Mining.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman. from l\fissouri i · receg­nized for 10 minutes.

l\Ir. RHODES. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the commit­tee, I had not expected to secure recognition during the ·course of t.his -discussion, assuming that the entire time would be consumed by the committee reporting the bill under considera­tion, but during the 1·emarks of my distinguished friend from Idal10 [Mr. Fm:Ncll] my attention was .particularly called to a matter in which I am much interested.

The gentleman fr.om Idaho canea attention to the scientific work being done by the Bureau M 1\J:.ines .and what th~t bureau has contributed to science. I wish· not only to· ndd my word .of approval to what my friend from Idaho wd, but I want to plead with Congress fur more generous ap-propriations to be placed at the disposal of the Bu1'eau of Mines in .carrying for­ward its scientific and research work.

I can not refrain from mentioning an additional concrebe case, illustrating the value of the work of the Bureau of Mines, by calling the attention of the committee to · this fact: Prior to 1~15 no radium had been produced in th-e United States, but in the year 1915 a cooperative agreement was ent-ered into between the Bureau of Mines and the National Radium Institute. Ac­cor<1ingly leases were obtained upon lm-g,e areas <>f land in Colorado,. and a -plant was erected at Denver fo1· the recovery of radium, and Dr. n. B. Moore, of the Bureau of . Mines, was placed in charge of the wo1·k. The enterprise was finaneed by Dr. Howard A. Kelly, of ~Tohns Hopkins UniveT ity, and Dr. James Dougla-ss, an eminent surgeon of the city <>f New York.

Thi work contint1ed for a period of five s ·ears. At the end of thnt time, when the books ~e'e closed and operations eeased, 8! .,.rams of radium had been recovered, .of whicll the United States received 2 ·gra:ms for its share of the -radium thu re­co•ered. To-day that 2-! grams of radium is the property of the United States. One-half a gram is in the llOSSe sion of the Bm·eau of. Standal·ds ... Anoth-er half .a gr.run i in po session of the Bureau of Mines at the University of Nevada, where fur­ther experimental work is going forward in radium work and in the treatment of the complex ores peculiar to t11e Northwest. The Bureau of Mines loaned one-half a gram to Dr. Kelly, of Baltimore, and one-half a gTam to Memorial Hos pital, of New York City. These 8! grams tOf radium recovered ti-twing t:ha.t period of fi\e rears are worth to-day more than $1,000,000, and that .part of the radium that came into the o\Tilership of the United States v;·a-s used during the·war in the tt-eatment of 0t1r soldier· , sailors, and marines who were afflicted with cancer. That same radium to-day is being used by these eminent sru:­geon. , I am told. in the treatment of cancer m c.ases of poor people who are unable t~ pt'6Cur.e medica~ tr-eatment. ·

Thus, I say, 1\Ir. Chairman and gentlemen of th eommittee, this- achie.vement of the Bureau -of .Mines a. a c.ontdl.mtion to medical ctence and to the relief of suffedng liurnanity is <>f such great '\'alue and importance t-hat I feel it m~' (luty to make known this fact to the Honse. I only regret that more Mem­bers of Congress and the public at large do not 'lruow more of the wonderful work that has been accomplished by those splendid men who are so loy-ally deToting tlleir talents for the public good at such mal'!. salaries here i11 the Bureau of 1\liues.

Not only i this true, l\1r. Chairman, but another question was rai ed by the gentleman from Louisiana [Ur. L.;\.Z.U:.o], who interrogated the gentleman from Idaho, making inquiry a to what was being done with the royalties arising from ()iii. and ceal lands under the oil leasing -aet.

The Bureau of 1\fines at present is oon<1ucting scientific re­sear·ch work along lines of recovering oil from shale. That is one of the most promising e.ndeal"ors that is going forwu·d in any branch of the Government at present. The oi'l. experts of this counh·y are agreed that our reserves of petroleum oil are perhaps limited to 25 years. It has been determined that oil can be successfully reco,·ered from shale, which i a very re­freslling thing to know in the f.ace of the growing demand f(}.[' the use of petroleum oil and the wonderful rapidity with which the supply i being diminiShed. Answering the gentleman from Lousiana [l\fr. LAzAno], I beg to state that the United States, thtough the opetation of the recently enacted oil-leasing law, is turning into the Treasury large sums of money every month as a resutt· of the 10 per- cent royalty that the Government derives from this source. Fifty per cent of this money goes

into 'fhe ··reclamatioB fund and 40 per cent g-ees into the public treasury -of the 'local county, or; to 'be more exact, I should say inte the treasur-y of the State in which the property is located. These two particular endeav-ors, carried <>n by the Bureau or Mines, together iVith 1Jhe many other useful things it ha ac­c~mplished, in my humble judgment, justifie more liberal '3.11-propriation for that department.

Because I am favored by such an unu ually large attendance of Members ·on this occasion, I can not refrain from calling attention to a largro· :question of which this is a pa1.·t that .I have in my mind. The mining industry of the United States has been encom:a:ged and promoted largely through the activity of the Bureau o.f Mines. I hope the day will come--:in fact, I trust it is :now hei,e-when Oongress will expend ilaTger sums of money in the publicatien of useful documents and scientifi pub:Hcations in relation· to th~ "i:arious governmental activities connected with the mining industry. ,

Mr. Chairman, do you -realize that the mining industry in 192@ contributed twice as much tonnage to the railroad of this .country as did agriculture, three times as much as animal industry, and twelve times as much as forestry? Exclusive of the value of bituminous coal, the mining p1·oducts of the United States in 1920 exceeded $6,()00,000,000, and yet to-day we have that great department of the Government, the Bureau of Min s tucked away in a secondary Cabinet office about which little is said and less is known.

Mr. Chairman, I ask una,aimous consent that I may extend my remarks in the REco:rtD by printing in 8-point REconn type an article that I recently wrote for the Engineering and Mining Journal, published ip New York City, on this subject, which appeared in the Jamra.ry issue of -that journ~t

The CHAIRl\IA..N. The gentleman from 1\Iissouri asks unani­mous consent to -extend his- remarks ioa t-B:e RECORD by printing t11e article in question in 8-point RECORD type. Is tbeTe objec­tion?

There wa-s no objection. The article referred to is as follows :

WHAT CAN LEGISLATIO)l DO FOil TH E MI:SIX G IXD CSTRY ?

When President Ha-rding, in his ina-ugural .ad.dre-s, <ledar d for more business in Government and less Government in busi­ness, he stl·uck a high chord ·in the minds of the American people. The President evidently meant to warn ongre · against the passage of such laws as impose haruships upon the individu-al citizen . and the business world, and did net ._a. that legislation necessary to encoumge the basic industri 0f the country was not justified. The English commgn law wa.,• adopted as the basis of our ju:rispruuence at the foundation of t'his Republie, ·and -since that time both the organic law and om Federal and State stah1tes ha•e grown U'& by accretion, amendments to the Constitution and new statutes !laving been enacted from time to time to meet tbe ,·m.·ying necessit1es of the American people. We not only have t he most wond-erful Constituti<>n PVeT struck off by the mind ' of meon in a given period but we have tbe most humane, 1lbera1, and just laws known to the civilized wo1"ld. to-day. The pr-eeminent po ition occupied hY the United States am<>ng tlle nations of the earth i not the result of cllan-c-e, but is the direct result <>f legislation reflecting the wants ·and need , of a self-g-overning people guld d by an all-wise Providence.

It is generally conceded th.at agriculture is the mo~ t important of the oceupati~ns <Of men. il:t i' also ~onceded that .the mining industry stands econd in importance to agiiculture. From th <Jays of the ancient Egyptians {lown to the present time every great nati0n of the earth has eucourage<l its mining industcy. It has been said that the material strength of the German Empire, under William Hol1enzollern, was l.argely due to tl1e development ~fits eoal and iron mines; and that ..J-apan's great­est wea.k'lless to-day lies .in her lack of mineral resources. The United States has the greatest developed and undeveloped min­eral wE-alth of any eountry on the globe. .A..t the close <>f th Revolutionary War mining in tl1e United States had not arrh·ed at a sta~re where it could even ·be called an indm;try. With t'he advance~ of science and .education has come the de,-elopment of our mining mdtistry. In 1920 our mine products, raw a.nd manu­factured, provi-ded 60 pe1· cent of all tonnage carried l;>Y class 1 railroads in the United States. The finished mine products for that year alone amounted to a greater tonnage than all other manuf-actured products combined. Excluding the ship­ment of bituminous coal, the mining industry in 1920, in raw rna terials, <PrOVided. twice .as much tonnage as did agriculture, three times -as much as forestry, and twelve tim-es as mueh as animal industry.

Our earlY statesmen \Vith all their prophetic vision could not f-oresee the .tr.emendous possibilities ~f om· mining industry,

1922. CONGR.ESSIOX ~:\_L RECORD-HOUSE. · 2419 nor coultl they foresee the effect of scientific research upon its the supply of shale oil far exceeds the supply of petroleum oiL futm·e deyelopment. All our inuustrial achievements have been If this view of the matter be correct, the only remaining qu~s­made po;~sible by the enactment of laws pursuant to the public- tion to be considered is how to bring the price of production welfal'e clause of the Federal Constitution. down to a reasonable cost. It is true, from a practical stand-

Legislation bas directly de,eloped great agricultural areas of point, that no market can be found in this country for shale the Northwest through our beneficent reclamation laws, and oil at $3.50 per barrel so long as petroleum oil can be obtained has stimulated the mining industry through the activity of the at $1.50 per barrel, or at any other price below the cost of Bureau of Mines. Congress has been a little tardy in the exer- producing oil from shale. However, Scotland has produced ci ·e of its power un<ler the Constitution in initiating legislation shale oil for 70 years, and is producing it to-day, at a cost of <lirectly affecting industry. There was a time in the history ot about ·$4 per barrel, but none is produced for export, the entire this country when such legislation was considered improper, amount being used for domestic purposes. Tests are now being but with the passing years and more liberal education, the made in the recovery of oil from sand, tar, ·and asphalt, in , the public mind has so changed upon that question that to-day the hope that as the supply of petroleum oil is depleted a process tlernand for the same is far in excess of the ability of Congress . may be worked out by which oil may be recovered, not only to supply. To illustrate: Our Goyernment . was exactly 100 fr.om shale but from these other sources. It is thought our poa­years old when Congress first exercised its power under the sibilities for the recovery of oil from the oil sands especially interstate-commerce clause of the Constitution to regulate · are equal to the possibilities of shale oil. Under the operation traffic through the instrumentality of the Interstate Com- of the recently enacted oil leasing law the Government has a merce Comrni ion. At that time it was urged that the force of expert oil men in charge of the oil-leasing stations in vesting of such power in an auxiliary branch of Government Colorado, Wyoming, California, .Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisi­wa · in violation of individual rights, and that the carriers them- ana, who · go out into the field and assist, in an advisory capacity, seh·e should be left free to make and enforce freight and pas- the more inexperienced operators in the bringing in of oil wells, senger rates. Xow, everybo<ly concedes, eyen the carriers them- so as to avoid as much waste as possible. The oil operators, selves, that Congres not only had such power under the Con- like the coal and metal mine operators, welcome the assistance stitution, but wisely exercised the same in the creation of the the Government is rendering in this regard. Inter:-tate Commerce Commssion by the act of 1887. Our Yery Another concrete case of what legislation has done for the industrial and economic life depends upon legislation, .and our mining industry is shown under the operation of the so-called Jaw-making bodie •, both .national and State, are reasonably Pittman Act, which became effective April 23, 1918. Under this responsive to the necessities of the people in enacting the same. act the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized, through the The judiciary has been more slow in responding to new and Director of the Mint, to purchase the silver produced by the changing condition arising from time to time in our industrial silver mines in the United States at the fixed price of $1 per life than the legislative, yet this branch of the Government can ounce delivered at the mint or the New York assay office.

· be depended upon to sympathetically interpret such laws as may While the .. American silver miner has not received less than $1 be enacted upon the subject. per ounce for his silver since the passage of this law, yet the

The dewlopment of our national resources is one tiling and price of foreign silver since April 23, 1918, has been less than their conserYation is quite another thing. We often hear the 50 cents per ounce. Had it not been for the existence . of expression that our resources are unlimited, but in truth and this legislation American silver would have gone possibly as in fact they are limited. It would be hard to think of one low as 50 cent"! per ounce and would have closed practically all resource but what is diminished by use un<ler natural laws, the silver mines in the United States in 1919, just as the lead, the only exceptions, perhaps, being water and electric power. zinc, barytes, cobalt, and copper mines have been and now are Our mineral products are annually being depleted and are not closed in most States, on account of the lack of proper protec­replaced by natural laws like the recurring ammal agricultural tion. The effect of closing the silver mines would not only have crops or the replacement of the cut-over forest by an early thrown thousands of men out of employment but would have growth of young timber. Therefore it is the plain <luty of added greatly to the reduction of our gold supply, because there Congress to safeguard the welfare of the Nation by aiding the is a recoverable amount of gold in most silver ore. Briefly economic development of our mining resources and their con- stated, legislation is conserving our forests, reclaiming arid servation, because the supply at hand must sene both present lands, propagating rare seeds and plants, stimulating industry, and future generations. Our country has grown from a mere and making life worth while. handful of people in the thirteen oliginal Colonies to a popu- So much for what legislation has done. Now let us turn to lation of 103,000,000, whose present needs far exceed those of what legislation may do for the mining industry. the past, and, with an e\er-increasing population, the wants of On account of the alarming reduction in our annual output of the future will correspondingly multiply. gold since 1915, there has arisen a demand in some quarters for

In answe1ing the question, What can legislation do for the legislation to increase the price of gold. The total gold produc­mining industry in the future? we can best judge by what has tion in the United States in 1920 was 50 per cent less than the been done in the past. By act of Congress the Bureau of l\lines 1915 production. Our 1920 production was 2,395,000 ounces, wa established in 1910 for the purpose of uoing scientific, re- being a reduction of $10,000,000 over the preceding year, and if search, and experimental work in mining and metallm·gy, and it had not been for the abnormal importation of gold into the to reduce mine disasters by aiding in an advisory capacity the United States during the past three years our gold reserve mine operator. of the country in working out safety problems would haye been reduced to the danger point. By legislative in mine . Coincident with the action taken in this regard by act the standard gold dollar contains 25.8 grains of gold nine­the Federal Government, every State in the Union interested tenths fine. During the recent period of high prices gold was in either coal or metal mining that did not have a department the only commodity that did not go up in price, yet the -price of of mining promptly enacted a code of mining laws. Through labor and material increased from two to four fold. In fact, the operation of our State and Federal mining laws the number every factor entering into the cost of producing gold increased, of mine accidents in recent years has greatly diminished, the but the price of gold remained fixed at $20.67 per ounce. Many <Jeath rate among workingmen reduced, working conditions have western gold-mining operators assert that on account of this been made more easy, and the health of the employee.· improved fact they have been compelled to close their mines permanently. by the use of afety and health appliances. By a well-directed This situation gave rise to the so-called McFadden bill. pro­S\Stem of instruction and education canie<J on by the Bureau posing to impose an excise tax of 50 cents a pennyweight upon of )lines workmen and operators have been taught how to all gold going into the fine arts for a period of five years. The avoid mine disasters and have been brought into a closer re- Treasury Department does not look with favor upon this pro­lationship, the result of which has had a large influence in posed legislation, upon the ground that the effect would be to creating the nntion:wide mo,ement in all industries for greater disturb the gold standard by raising the price of gold from human safety. There were fewer fatalities in mine accidents in $20.67 to $30.67 per ounce. Friends of the measure contend the United , tates in 19~0 than in any previous year. The value that the iegislation is justified, as a temporary measure at of this work can not be measured in do1lars and cents. least, in order to reviye the languishing condition of the gold-

Another concrete example of what legislation can do for the mining industry. . mining industry is shown in tests now being carried on in the Recent reports from California, Alaska, Colorado, South Da­recovery of oil from shale and the elimination of waste in the kota, Montana, and Arizona indicate the gold-mining industi'Y recoYery of petroleum oil by the economic use of scientific needs rehabilitation. The writer expresses no personal opinion methods. It has been determined that shale oil can be success- one way or the other on the McFadden bill at this ·time, but he fully recoYered from the Colorado· and Utah shale at an ap- does say that unless there is a decline in the cost affecting the proximate cost of $3.50 per barrel. Geologists are agreed t11at production of gold it will be necessary in the near future to the greatest deposits of oil shale are located in the Northwest, enact legislation of some· sort i.n behalf of the gold-mining in-. especially in Colorado and Utah; and our oil exper-ts bold that dustry. The United States to-day is not only the creditor

2420 . CONGRESSION All RECORD-HOUSE. FEBRUARY 10,

Nation of the w·orld, but our coffers contain one-third of the· C.RAM.ToNJ is one of the llard-worlctng Members of this Con­gold of the world. The cofnmanding position we occupy as a gre s, and if ·alLthe hills had the consideration from other Mem~ creditor Nation is the result of th~ late war a»d may not be bers that this distinguished chairman of the subcommittee gives abnormal ; but om· holding one-third of the world's supply of to the bills we would have better legislation. gold is abnorm~l; and with • the retm·n. of normn..l conditions But let me call yom· attention to what happened unde_r thes(}. abroad 1 we· can not expect· to hold so: laTge a. supplY' of gold. conditions. Yesterday we had another of these supply bills It is true, our legal gold reserve will never be endangered so . under consideration and passed it, carrying .millions of · dollars · long as we occupy our present unique positiorr. But is it 'fair to to be taken 'oUt of the peoples' Treasury, and when ·we came tQ allow the great gold-mining industry' of the United States to an~ item to provi!ie packing b'oxes-ce:dar· cb:ests that you put remain under the pl'esent handicap because of these abnormal your' clothes-in-you do not put papers and per~odicals into cedar; conditions, everr though orrr Treasury· is filled with gol-d? Are chests, you put clotpes into them, ana th~t is what they._ ar~ not the gold miners of the United States entitled to produce manufactured for; that iS what they are bought fQr by Con­~p.1ficient gold to meet the coinage and industrial requirements of gress, and that is wl!at Members use them for-ce'dru.· chests, the· country, instead of our obtaining so much gold from abroad? _pine chests, and oa'K chest·. ·when we reached. that item 'of the Gold mining in all ages of the world has been a permanent in-~ bill that carried the appropriatioafor cedaT, pine, and oa.K boxes 'dustry, and it is essential that gold mining in this country· go on I made a point of. order against it. I calle.d the Chair's atten­at a normal rate. Gold mining is a hazardous enterprise for the tion to the fact that there was a pr~cedent ~or sustain~g tho reason that capital once invested can not be easily diverted· into point of order·in the l~t Congress, where in the legislative bill. other industry and because- it takes a long time to develop; a when that item was reaclled, I made a p_oint• of orde.r, and the paying gold mine, unless it be .the unusual bonanza discovery, Chair sustained it, and it went out of the bill, and so this last which seems to· be a thing of the past. In fact, gold mining is · year we did not have any cedar, pine, or oak boxes. But when no casual industry, and can not he intermittently suspended and the Chair sustained it yesterday, he cUd it. reluctantly. Here is resumed without serious interference with production. It is a his language: well-known fact that the higlr-grade gold ore reserves are being Under the ruling cited ·by the gentleman from Texas this. item has rapidly exhausted, and . unless science can open the way by been held out of ordet·, :l.Dd while the· present occupant of the chair,

aside from the· ruling, does not d~sire to so hold, yet in view of the which the gold content of low-grade ores can be successfully re- rulinf? cited the Chair reels that he should· follow the precedent and covered the time is near at hand when: legislation must be en- sustams·the point or order. , acted to relieve the present• precarious condition of the industry. He did sustain it and it went out. He indicated by sug­Those who oppose change in existing law should -be reminded gestion, however, that he would like to have somebody appeal that the downf11ll of empires and republics in: the past has been from the decision and set a new precedent, so as to secure for brought rrbout by failure to meet ·new conditions. The virility us all the cedar, oak, and ' pine ·chests. Immediately the very_ ,.

, of tllis Republic lies in .its abilitY' to meet by legislation the new bright and ever-present gentleman from Massachusetts, the and ever changing industrial and economic conditions. Tile actual floor lender of the House, l\fr~ W .usn, caught the cue decree of atlcient· Venice were considered irreversible. One and appealed from the decision of the-Chair. Let' me show you writer in speaking of' the la.\VS' of the ancient Medes and Per- how many men voted ' on the appeal. There were- a little more sians· said, "They allereth not, .neither· do they change." That here· than there are at this - time. There were 24 Members condition is-notJ tl'Ue' in our Republic. Ollr' growth and de:velop- present yesterday when the appeal was decided. The RECORD ment haTe heen brought· ahont .by· tlie law of-evolution. Growth~ shows, on page· 2359; that• the· Chairman,< when he said the · development, a11-El ex)).'thsion· ate ·all mltd~ possible by th·e law-of ·"noes" appeared to have it-those .. that did not agree with he-althy• change. tile Ohair's decision-the RECORD shows-. that I demanded · a ~here -is another question so close of kin to tlie proposed gold diVision, and the question was taken and the ayes were 1• and ·

bonus legisln:tlon tl)at it should be mentioned .in this connection. tlie-noes 23. rwas the-only one who voted .to· sustain the ruling_ Under e:Dsting law there"is n-othing topreventthetlestructionof of ·the Chair; keeping out the packiilgrbox6, and the other 23 gold com ' for · use in · tlie fine· nrtS'. In: 1919 $80,337,000 of gold voted · to overrule the decisi~n of the Chair, voted · to overrule coins· and bullion. were sold by the United .States-Mint for use- the ·rules -of the -House by 'vhich legislation· ought· to be passed, in ·the tine art~ of' which $3,500,000 conSisted of gol<l coins-- of and the packing -boxes-were put back into the· bill · by a · vote variou · denonlinatiens. In. other words; five;-. ten: and twenty- of 23 to 1: dollar gold pieces were actually broken 1UP and dest.~7oyed. It is Mr. BEGG~ Will the- gentleman yield? estimated that at least $8,000,000 ·ii1 gold · coins we:re destroyed M1r. BLANTON-: Just a moment. That was in Committee of in 1920. Another sta.rtling-fact in connection witb the · use of the Whole>- House oil the state-of the-Union whieh frames th~e gold ' in the · fine arts is- that the 1919 gold produetion in this . b'llls; and under the-rules I could not• force: · a ' record 1 vote there. country wns ·$21,S48;000 ·less than the amount rcon-smned 'in the But when we got bac~ into the House-l want to show you fine arts an'd mantlfactur~: that' year. Congress- has no right. to how these things change when you force -the yeas and· nays on prevent by law the use of commercial gold from going- into . -record~when we got back into· the House I demanded. a sepa­jewelry and industry, but Congress shoWd prevent the destruc- rate vote on the packing:. boxes and forced a :record vote, and tion of gold coirrs·for such tpurposes; and such legislatiol:t is· now ilien instMd of- the· vote-being. 1 to 23 the-· REconn shows that in contemplation. · there were 79 Members- voted : against that proposition; nearly

Las4 but not least in the consideration of legislation neces- four times as .many as wer-e · present when the point o:f order sary tO' stimulate the mining industry, is ·the cre:rtion of a new was sustained and then set aside. If tliose 79 Congre-ssmen executive department of go ernment, to be known as- the de.- had been here when the point of· order· was made and when partment of mine$ It is entirely inconsistent with the impor- the appeal wal:f taken from the decision .o:f'the- Chair, they would1 ta.nce of the greatt mining· industry, in the light of its contrlliu,.. lla ve ·kept ' that item out, and they would. not only have votedr tion to our whole econo_mic structure,. to relegate thiS inclis- to keep the packing-b'ox money in the people•s -Tre-asnry but they pensable · function of, go..vernment~as is true to-day with the.' would have upheld the rules of the Hause. Bureau of 1\lines-to a: small department:in: a secondarY' Oabinet M1\· CARTER. Has the ge-ntleman any assurance that. they office. Ou1· total output of· mineral wealth in 1920 was $6,107,- would hm"e voted the other way if they had been here? It wns · 000,000. \Vith one-half of the world's-output of rnal, iron, and not a record vote. steel, and all other· mineral products about in the same propor- l\Ir; BLANTON. Sometimes when you have a. record vate you tion, are we not entitled to a ·department of mines in the Presi- ean •change thiilgs, and that is one reason for a record vote. It dent's Cabinet? is to place the responsibility where it belongs.

Mr. CARTER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gen- Mr. BEGG. Will the gentleman yield? tleman from Texas [Mr. BLANTON]. l\fr. BLANTON. No; I can not yield. The gentleman is the

1\-lr~ BLANTON. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen,, we are closing distinguished subwhip of the , Republican Pa).'ty, and the chair­geneml debai:e now on another-one of the numerous supply bills man will give him all the time he wants. of this Government. This particular bill which is under• debate Mr. B~GG. I would like to know how many of the boxes· the at: this. time car~ries- $295,6221112 to be taken out of the people's gentleman has himself. Treasury. And by actual count the membership here- on the Mr. BLANTON. I do not want the gentleman to interpose any flOor is just 10 Congressmen. Ten Oongressmen1 only, out of ;remarks into my speech 435 to considel' a measure that takes $295,622,112 of the people's l\11\' BEGG. Does the gentleman know that his speech is cost-m{}~ey. out of the Treasut·y-. ing-the Government more than the packing~ boxes?

1\Ir, CRAMTON. 'Vill the ge-ntleman yield? Mr:' BLANTON. Oh, . the cost to: the Government goes on Mr. BLAl'I~ON. No:; l -ean not yi~ld, the gentleman has had ' whether you stay h~t·e. or not. That old gag about "costing'' is

plentY' of time. I l lrnow that the gentleman does not appro\~e the ·worst piece of :toGlishness I know of. We could adjourn to­of! this situation because he is nearly all the time here. We morrow and not come back until December and practically the. know-that the distinguished chail'man af the subcommittee [1\Ir. same e-xpenses of Gongress. would go on just the same, and the-

1922. CONGitESSION Ali RECORD-HOUSE. 2421 distinguished and intelligent Member from Ohio knows it as well as I do.

l\lr. BEGG. It would not cost.so _much for~PJ?.n.t.i».g. Mr. BLANTON. Oh, but the daily_.REqomi hiv! got to.~ be fill~d

up. [Laughter.] If I were not . usi,ng these 10 :fuinutes J.:~ght now, some other Member would be occupying the iloof and the printing would be the same.

Mr. ARENTZ. Should the1·e not be some discrimination shown?

:Mr. BLANTON. M.r. Chairman, I would rather be putting something good into the RECORD that the people want than .some­thing that they might not want. TJ!ere is not a Member of Congress who can get up here now in this House .and justify the action of taking the people's money and buying cedar cliests with it. Ob, you may claim some excuse, possibly, for the pfue and the oak chests, but you have not any excuse whatever for the cedar chests. The distinguished gentleman from IlliDDis [Mr. CAN"C\ON], who has spent 44 year in this House, said yes­terday that during the 44 years he had bad many applications from Texas for his cedar boxes. You know, we use them as thing of monetary value when they are given to us.

When I made a speech against these cedar chests yesterday, a. was the case a moment ago, a gentleman from We; t Virginia then said, "Oh, but didn't you take yours?" Of course I took them, and you take them. Why, if I had not taken them. then some nbemployee of the many whic:tl the House has on its pay roll would ha-ve gotten them. These chest are purchased by the Clerk; the money had already been taken out of the Trea~ UI·y and ,_pent for the chests when we receiYe them; they nre placed to my credit, and if I had not gone down and received them then somebody else would lmve gotten them. I took mine, of course. I would have been a fool not to have taken them. But I say now what I told the gentleman from West Virginia resterday if the distinguished subwhip of this House from Ohio [l\Ir. BEGG], who is one of the strong men in the House, would get up here and use the ame vim_on this fight that he use · concerning other fights on some improper meas­ures and help stop this petty graft, we might get rid of it.

1\Ir. BEGG. Will the gentleman yield now? 1\fT. BLANTOX Yes. Mr. BEGG. How can I stop it when the gentleman is so

anxiou to continue it by taking his boxe ? Mr. BL.Al\"TON. Oh, I would not take them, and no other

1\!emter could, if we stopped the law and appropriation that f-urnished them.

The HAIRl\lAN. -'l'he time of the gentleman from Texas ha ~ expil'ed.

1\Ir. CARTER. 1\lr. Chairman, in view of the iarge, euthusi­a tic, and impatient attendance here this afternoon, I feel ome­whc t reluctant in consuming the time of the House, but I do want to take the time to thank the majority members of the subcommittee for their courtesy to the minority members in consideration of this bill, and to add just a word with refe1:ence to the Indian Bureau portion of the bill.

Just after tile subcommittee report on this bill was submitted to the general Appropriation Committee, the chairman of the Committee on Appropriations came to me on the floor of the House and said, "You boys held this bill down wonderfully "·ell, and I want to compliment you on having done a splendid job." I repeat thi · not as a compliment to myself; but as a slight tribute to the chairman of our subcommittee, the gentle­man from Michigan [Mr. CRAMTON], the gentleman from Idaho [l\Ir. FREKCH], and the gentleman from South Carolina [1\Il'. BYRNES]. All of them labored assiduously to b·y to bring this bill to that point which they thought would thoroughly conform to the views of the membership of the House. The gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. BYRNES] and I contributed, I think, the usual share of minority members on subcommittees. So far as I now recall there was practically_ complete agree­ment on all items agreed to in the bill, with the exception of the increase in the Bureau of Pensions force and continuation of officials known as surveyors general in the Public Lands Bu­reau. Mr. BYRNES and I dissented from these two propositions because we felt that they were unnecessary appropriations at a time like this, when the country is demanding economy and reduction in taxation, and for other good reasons which we will be able to explain when the items are reached in the bill.

When I first came to Congress I was considerable of an icono­clast, but my 15 years' service here ancl association with gentie­men on both sid-es of the House have brought me to a better realization of that old proverb, " There is so much _good in the worst of us and S9 much bad 41 the best of us that it hardly behooves any of us to talk about the rest of us." Yet while some of the sharp edges have been knocked off my iconoclastic

views, I am still not very much of a hero worshipper. It is not pften I can,tlnd very~mnch good to say aiJout any Republican pulilic_ .. <iffidat; _injact, I .do not agree with Republican otliciats pn aiiY.tJlj._ng w_~rt!;l ~eritioning. I feel, really I know, that the views . tal(~ bl(tlie.m_ on~ ll)..'.acticallY. every public question are' er:r.oneous·f but I: am not 'so steeped in partisanship that I fai). to recogniZe. g9o'd in- a public official even though he view publit! que.stions fro~ . a :~tr~ren.t'Ji.ngle J_rom myself. The instance f9. whicli. I am -abo .. ut.to· .ctl.U .the_ att~tion of the House is made somewhat. more difficult· from ... tb"e..fact that the bureau chief to whotn :Clli~st refer · wai.a£ o~time a Member of this House, and during his niembersliip __ h.ere he and I disagreed very ma­terially ·on many..., Indian questions, especially those in Oklahoma and South Dakota. I can· recall no more bitter debates having been ~;iged aroun'd t1i~ . India.n question than those between this gentleman and the Oldalloma delegation. Much of that differ­ence of opinion, however, was thoroughly dissipated .whe-n each of us came to understand· the real purpose of the other. All of us here, and especially those of us ·who have served on appro­priating committees, uhderst~nd tlie cnstomal'Y attitude of the usual bureau chief. As a rule he does not c-ome before the com­mittee for any economical purpose in reducing his estimates, but he rather considers · his duty, before the committee to main­tain and justify every appr,opriation 1·ecommended, no matter how large and unneces,sary it may be.

This gentleman to whom rrefer is the pre ent Commissioner of Indian Affa.i.I·s, Hon. Olia.rles H, Burke, for many years a Member of this House and for a while chairman of the Com­mittee on Indian· Affairs. I do not care to sing his praises any: further than to· say this : 'Vhen he and his Assistant Commi~ sioner of Indian Affairs, Mr. Meritt, came before our subcom· mittee, in the la.nguage of the -street, they literally "laid their cards on the table." They made no attempt to conceal anything from the committee. For instance, when one of their appropria· t.ions overlapped some other branch of the· public service, or was supplemented by another amou.nt, they did not hesitate for a moment to tell us so ; in fact, they did not wait to be asked, they usually volunteered the information. Then when we came to make up the bill in the committee, we found it next to impos­sible to make any reduction in the estimates that they had made in each individual case. As a matter of fact, they had cut their estimates so broadly and so intelligently that at times we felt somewhat dubious about making the few cuts which we did make, and that accounts for the small reductions made in the estimates for the Indian Bureau in this bill.

SO" far as the commissioner himself is concerned, I do not know that it is necessary for us to sing his praises for having seen and done his plain duty. His whole work on the floOJ.' of this House was one intelligent fight for economy in expenditures in all branches of the Federal Government, so when he took his place as Commissioner<~ of Indian Affairs he was thoroughly equipped to view the necessities of his bureau not only from the Indian Bureau standpoint but from the angle of view of this House itself. I thank you. [Applause.]

The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will read. Mr. WINGO. Mr. Chairman, I rise to a point of order. The CHAIRMAl.~. The gentleman will state his point of

order. J.Ur. WINGO. Do I under-stand we are ready to commence

work on the bill? The CHAIRMAN. The time for general debate is :finished. as

the Chair understood. · 1\.Ir. "WINGO. There are only seyen Republican Members

present and one is asleep, and I think we should have a q·uorum here.

1\fr. CRAMTON. Will the gentleman reserve his point of order for a moment. The gentleman is aware that the President is addressing the Senate at this time. Those who are interested in the address are o-ver in the Senate, and those who are more interested in this bill are here. I hope we can begin reading the bill and make a little progress and then adjourn at a reason· able houl'.

l\1r. WINGO. I do not. want what I say to appear to be critical of absent Members. I do not blame them for not being here during gE;Ueral debate. I ha-ve been here all the time and had a hard time to keep awake while some gentlemen simply talked to fill the RECORD, but when we commence actual consider· ation of the bill we should ha-ve more of the working Members present.

1\Ir. CR.A:UTON. I think tllere are a great many Democrats as well as Republicans in the Senate.

1\Ir. ·wiNGO. There are but three or four acti-ve working Members of the House present. Mr~ CRAMTON. I do not know who are- included in that.

2422 OONGRES.SION AL RECORD-HOUSE.

Mr. BLA...l\fTON. Mr. CRAMTON.

the present.

Mr. Chairman, I ask for the regular order.. The Clerk read as follows: I hope the gentleman will withdraw!it for · Page 4, lines 2 and 3, strike out the words, IJeginning in line 2.

"exclusive of those operated by the Government ful'l yards." Mr. WINGO. In view of the fact that the President is speak·

ing over in the Senate and many Members are over there whom I would not like to disturb, I shall withdraw the point of order. I presume the gentleman will not try to handle any; disputed items, but simply wants to read the bill until we reach a dis· puted item and then adjourn. I understood the afternoon program was to have the bill explained in a general way, then let those who simply wanted to fill the RECORD talk and not try to do detail work on the bill.

The Clerk read as follows : CO. 'TIXGE~T EXPJo:NSES, DEPAin'ME~T OE' THE IXTERlOR.

For contingent expenses of the office of the Secretary and the bureaus, offices, and buildings of the department; furniture, carpets, ice, lumber, hardware, dry goods, advertising, telegraphing, street car fares not exceeding $350, and expressage; not exceeding $500 shall be available for the payment of damages caused to private property by department motor vehicles, exclusive of those operated by the Government fuel yards ; purchase and exchange of motor trucks, motor cycles, and bicycles ; maintenance, repair, and operation of motor-propelled pas­senger-carrying vehicles and motor trucks, mQtor cycles, and bicycles. to be used only tor official purposes; diagrams; awnings, filing and labor-saving devices ; constructiDg model and other case~ and fur­niture ; and other absolutely necessary expenses not hereinbefore pro­vided for, including traveling expenses, typewriting and Jabot·- ·aving machines, $58,000: Provided .• That within 30 days after the approval of this act the Secretary of War is authox:ized and directed to deliver to the Department of the Interior, without payment therefor, one motor­propelled passenget·-carrying vehicle.

Mr. \VINGO. l\1r. Chairman, I move to trike ont the Ja t word. The gentleman from Michigan will giye his attention. I notice he has provided here that-" not exceeding $300 hall be available for the payment of damages caused to private property by department motor vehicles exclusive of those operated.by the Government fuel yards." First, I want to know why ~·ou have excluded those operated by the Government fuel yards?

1\Ir. CRAMTON. The language is the same language a8 the current law. The gentleman will realize how careful this com­mittee must be not to widen what might look like a legislative provision, and hence we did not widen the language as it 11ow i .

1\Ir. WINGO. I s not there as much danger from their motor vehicles as the others? .

l\Ir. CRAI\ITON. It may be; I am not informed. the language as carried heretofore.

Mr. WINGO. Will the gentleman tell me how many ea ·e · there were last year?

l\1r. CRAl\ITON. I know the amount was small; .'500 i!'l the Jimit of the appropriation, and there ·was no request for a Jarger amount.

l\Ir. FRifu.~CH. If the gentleman will yield I will ay that the same pro' ision touching such l'ehicles referred to will be found later on in the bill as applying to fuel yards and motor truck .

Mt'. WINGO. Why not include them in this provision? Mr. CRMITON. Because we took the language as it came in. 1\Ir. WINGO. I thought we were going back to normalcy and

doing away with surplus language and duplication of pro\isions. Fo.r instance, we passed a bill in the House a day or two ago en­larging the present existing statutes so as to authorize the con­sideration of claims up to a thousand dollar . The O'entleman thinks it better to carry this?

Mr. CRAMTON. Until that uecome · a law, and natu rally then this would go out.

:Mr. WINGO. I notice they are going to get · another motor­propelled passenger l'ehicle. Can tlle gentleman tell me llow man~· of these passenger vehicles they have in the department?

M>.·. CRAMTON. Not many. I think that is in the hearings. Thev haYe some truck · to haul ashes with and some deli,·erv busSes. The new car is for the use of the Secretary, a~ othewr uepartment Secretaries.

Mr. WINGO. My observation lw. been thl · department does not po sess a many passenger motor-propelled l'ehicles as ·orne of the other departments.

1\lr. ORAl\.lTON. Their expenditure for the current year for maintenance and repair for the first five and a half months, from the 1st of .July to the 13th of December, was under $3,000. That was from their contingent fund for maintenance and opera­tion of those l'ehicles.

l\fr. WINGO. 1.\fr. Chairman, I believe · I will withdraw the pro forma amendment and offer an amendment to strike out the words in. lines 2 and 3, page .4, "exclusive of those operated by the Government fuel yards," giving notice that later on I shall move to strike out the provision t11at carries those words so as to have only one provL<sion coveting this matter.

The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will report the amendment.

The question was taken, and the amendment wa · agreed to. The Clerk read as follows : For_per diem in lieu of subsistence of two pedal in pectors, while

travelmg on duty, at not exceeding $4, and for actual necessary l'x­pensea of tran~portation (including temporary employment of stenogra­phers, typewr1ters, and other assistance outside of th District of Columbia, and for incidental expenditures necessary to the efficient con­duct of examinations), to be expended under the direction of the Secre­tary of the Interior, $3,500.

Mr. BLA......~TON. Mr. Chairman. I moye to strike out the last word. The chairman will note the expre. ·sion here, "employ­ment of typewriters/' page 6, line 4.

1.\Ir. CR.A.l\ITON. I suppose that means to apply t typi ts. Mr. BLANTON. No; stenographer cover that. Mr. OR_-\..MTOX But they sometimes lUl.Ye cterk .. who are

typists but who are not stenographers. Mr. BLAJ.~TOX. This has no reference to machine Mr. CRAMTOX I assume not. The Clerk rea.d as follows :

Ct;STODY OF I~TER[OR DEP~RTMI!JST BUTLDt~Cfl.

ThP responsibility for the care, maintenance, and protection of tb , Interior Dl'partment Building. the Pension Office Building, the Patent Offic~ Building, and the General Land Office Building, and the disburs -ment of the funds !lpproprlated therefor, ball be t ran t'erretl on July 1, 1922, and thereafter. from the SN:retury of the Interior t o the superin­tendent of the State, War, a.nd Navy Dep:utment Bul!dings: Provicle.a, That the superintendent of the State, War, and Navy Departm nt Build­ings is hereby authorized to manufacture and sell at coRt to the execu­tive departments and independent establishments of t he Government such quantitie · of ice. elech·icity. and stl'am us b may be able to manu­fact ure or generate with t he equipment that is available in th buildings under his supervision.

Mr. WINGO. Mr. Chait·mao, I move to strike out th last word.

The CHAilU\iAl\. The gt-ntleman from Arkan. as movt-s to. strike on t the la t word.

Mr. WINGO. What is the changf' proviQed for in tllat para-graph, the fir ·t )1at·t of it? .

Mr. CRAl\1TO::\". The change is this: There are font· bui.ld­ings in the district under the jurisdiction of the Department· of the Interior-the main Interior Department Building, the Patent Office Building, the P€'nsion Offic-e Building, all three of which are used almost entirely by the department. and the old General Land Office Building, formerly used by the department, l)ut now occupied entirelY. by othee activitieH. In the report of the Secretary of the Interior he suggested that the old General Land Office Building- should be tumefl on:-r to th , uperinten­·dent of Public Buildings and Ground~'. because it i no long r used by tlH' department. Col . ..:'herriU , thP. officer in cbat·ge r public buildings nnd grounds, maue a sun·ey of th buildings with a · view to following that action. He Rl1 wed that a ver.v gratifying reduction in the e qlen ·e of muintenu nre coulll b secured in tllat event, and because of t hat nnd with t he f ull approbation of the Seeretm·y of the Interior, Co l . • herrill. at the ·request of the committee, then made a further ·urvey to ascertain what could be accomplLhed if the other tbr e build­ings were likewi ·e turned over. As t h e result of that •urv y, it developed that an immediate reduction of approximately $74,000 coulll be made, to which would be acllled, iu tile event there ~· hould ue ':240 bonus paid. iu add ition to the tlro11pin~; of 82 employt-es. a sal'i.ng of • 18,000, or a to tal savin~ of about $92,000 this year and perhaps more hereafter.

Mr. WINGO. It tend, to centralize the contt·ot? Mr. CRAl\lTOX Yes; nnd it puts the contr l in t he hnn<..h; of

specialist ·. Mr. WI::\GO. The ~E'utlt-man is satiflfietl tltat it will promote

economy? Mr. CRAl\lTON. Y~. I would like to put i.nt t he- REcORD

at this point tlu~ letter of the Secretary of th Interior agree­ing to the change, demonstmting the willi.ngne. · of . ~ cr tat·y Fall to accept any ugge~tion that means efficiency and economy.

:Mr. WIXGO. The gentleman will insert that? Mr. CRAMT01T; Yes. I nsk unanimous con ·ent, Mr. Chair­

man, to in ert the letter. The CHAIRMAN. L: there objection to tile entlernan'::~ re­

quest? There \"US no objection. Following is tbe letter ref rrell to:

DEP..lUTAn: sT otr TH~<.: I~Tmruon.

Hon. LoUI . · C. Cn..uTTON. Wa11Mnaton . J a JHtai'U 30, i.C/2_.

C'hawmat &ubcomtnit tee on. Appropriation!: , Hou.sc of RP.p!·escntatir1<'8.

MY DEAR MR.. CRAMTON : Confirming my phone mco:Ka (', Fall and I are entirely willing, if thP eommittP.e dP.Pml'l it that the plan for consolidated control of t hP. uuilrlingH of

't>c ret::l.l'y dvi.:able,

thl:' rote-

1922. OONGRESSI01: AJJ RECORD-HOUSE.

rior Department be placed in th~ oflic.e of Futrlic Builmngs and REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS Al'-.TD Urounds, provided your committee believes that it ''ill result in in· RE'SOLUTIONS. creased efficiency and economy. ·

As will appear from the record~, we haTe managed om lJuildingg in Under clause 2 f R 1 XIIT a very economical manner but as pofnte<l out in Capt_ Hoover's report- - _ - 0 U e .a-. • to your committee of January. 27, 1922, it m~y be possible to improve _ Mr~. FROTHING~lU: Co-mmittee on Milit--ary Affairs. ~§.1 upon tl!at throllgh the operatio~ of a cens~1dated f~ree under. which 2736. An act providing for the conveyance of ce1'tain unuse:d, k:~b:r~1i:e!Je~.ot~~~ ~J'a"!?ims~tfsd v~~mn?~~0tf:~tol~o;;;~~;g:g· military reservations in the State of Massachusetts to-the cf~1

governmental activities to secure efficiency and economy and to place of Salem and the town of 1\Iarblehea<l; with amendments ' (Rept.~ activities in departmen~ to wl!kh the-y are- j:lrop_erly related. Secre- No. 69'1}. Referred to the Committee 00: the Whole House. tary Fall so expressed himself m a letter to Chairman Brown of the Elfidency Commission November 10, 1921.

Again assuring you of our wi:Ilingness to coop~rate in e..-ery way for . the improvement of the service, I am

Respectfully, El. C. FINNEY, First Assis-tant Sec•reta-ry and Budget Officer.

Mr. WINGO. I withdraw the p-ro forma amendment. The CHAffiMAN. The Clerk will read. The Clerk read as follows: Traffic in intoxicating liquors: Fo'r suppression o! the traffic in

intoxicating liquors among the- natives of Alaska, to be expended un!Wr the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, $15,000.

Mr. CRAMTON. Mr. Chairman, in respo:use to the desires of . ome ef the Members, I move that the committee do now lise.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Michigan inoves that the committee do now rise. The question is on agreein-g to that motion. -

The motion was agree<l to. Accorclingly the committee rose ; and the Speaker · having re­

sumed the chair, :Mr. G::R:AHAM of Illin-ois, Chairman of the Com-· mittee of the Whole House on the state of the Unfo~ repor.ted that that committee, having under <Wnsideration the bill (H. R. 10329) making appropriations for the Department of the In­terior fer the :fiscal year ending J'rme 30, 1923, and for other purposes, had come to no- resolution thereon.

LEAVE OF ABSENCE.

Mr. CLAGUE, b-y unanimous consent, was granted lea\e of absence, for February 10 and Fe-bruary 11, on account of im­pO.rtant business.

LEAVE TO WITHD!ti W PAPERS.

~lr. MANN, by unanimous consent, was gl'a.nted leave to withdraw from the files of the House, without leaving copies, the papers in the case of Capt. John B. Jeffery, Fifty-sixth Congress, no adverse report having been made thereon.

.ADJOURNMENT.

:Mr. CRA.MTON. Mr. Speaker, l mo-ve that the-House<lo·now adjourn.

The motion was agreed to; accordingly (at 4 o'clock and 18 minutes p. m.) the House- adjo-u-rned until to·morrow, Saturday, February 11, 1922, at 12" o'clock noon.

EXECUTIVE COl\11\[UNICATIONS, ETC.

521. Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, a letter from the Aeting Seeretar•y of the Interior, transmitting copjll of the second annual report of the Perry's Victory l\femorial Commission, was taken from the Speaker's table and referred to the Com­mittee on the Library.

REPORTS OF COMJ.\ITTTEES ON PUBLIC BThLS AND RESOLUTIONS.

Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, :ftlr. BURROUGHS: Committee- on Interstate and Foreign

Commerce. H. H. 9490. A bill to provide for medical and hos­pital services for the officers and seamen of the Coast and Geodetic Survey; with amendments (Rept. No. 689). Referred to the Committee of the Wh-o-le House on the-state of the Union.

CHANGE OF REFERENCE. Under claus_e 2 of Rule XXH, committees were discharged

from the consideration of the following bills, which -=wet·e 1;-e~ · ferred as- follows :

A bill ,(H. R 3814-) granting a pension to Benjamin Ratliff; Committee on Invalid _Pensions discharged, and referred to ' th{f Committee on Pension :

A lJ.ill (H. R. 10307} granting_ an.increase of pension to James F. Lyons; Committee on Invalid Pensions discharged andre-

_ferred to the Committee on Pensions. '

PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, A:ND ¥EMORIALS. Under clause 3 ef Rule XXII, bills, resolutions, and memorials

were introduced and severally referred as follows : By Mr. SWEET: A bill (H. R. 10369) to authorize the a_c­

quisition of a site and the erection thereon of a Federal build­in-g at Eldora,. Iowa; tO: the Committee on Public BuildiDgs and Grounds. _ -

Also, a bill (H. R. 10370) to authorize the acquisition of a site .and the e1-ection thereon of a Federal building at Independence, Iowa ; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds. ·

Also, a bill (H. R 10071) to autho-rize the acquisition of a site and the· erection thereon of a Federal building at Dub11que, Iowa; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Alsp, a bill (H. R. 10372) to authorize the acquisition of a site and the erection thereon of a Federal building at Waterloo, Iowa; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Also, a bill (H. R. 10373) to authorize the acquisition ot a site- and the erection thereon . of a Federal b)lilding at Eagle Grove, Iowa; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Also,. a bill (H. R. 10374) to authorize the acquisition of a site aud the erection thereon of a Federal building at Waverly, Iowa; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Also, a bill (H. R. 103-75) to authorize the acquisition of a site an-d the erection thereon o-f a Federal building at Hampton, rowa; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

By M;I'. VOIGT: A bill (H. R. 10376) providing for the pur­chase of a site and the erection of a public building thereon at Hartford, Wis. ; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Also, a bill (H. R. 10377) providing for the extension and en­largement of the post-office building at Sheboygan, Wis. ; to the C€lmmittee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

Also, a bill (H. R. 10378) pr()viding for the purchase of a sj.te and the erection of a public building thereon at Portage, Wis.; to the Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds.

By 1\!r. BROWNE of Wisconsin: A bill (H. R. 10379) to amend a provision contained in the Indian appropriation ac,t for the fiscal year 1917, approved. May 18, 1916 (39 Stat., 123-156), appropriating the sum of $95,000 to be used in addi~ tion to the tribal funds of the Stockbridge and 1\lunsee TribeS

-of Indians in Wisconsin who are enrolled under the act of Con­gress of March 3, 1893-; to the Committee on Indian Affairs.

PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. 1\-Il·. WARD of New York: Committee on Agriculture. S. J. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, private bills and resolutjons

Res. 12. A joint resolution authorizing the President tu require were introduced and severally referred as follows: the United States Sugar Equalization-Board (Inc..) to- take over- By 1\fr. BROWNE. of Wisconsin:' A bill (H. R. 10380) grant­and dispose- of 13,902 tons of sugar imported from the Argentine ing a pension to Emma A. Drake; to the Committee on Invalid Republic; without amendment (Rept . . No. 690). Referred to Pensions. . the Committee of the Whole House on the- state of the Union. By Mr. DOWELL: A bill (H. R. 10381) granting a pension

1\Ir. STEElNERSON: Ct:lmmittee on the Post Office and Post to Matilda Mitchell; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Roads. H. R. 7544. A bill authorizing the Postmaster General By :J.\.fr. FOSTER: A bill (H. R. 10382) granting a pension to to temporarily reduce the pay of rural carriers for disciplinary _Mary C. Davis; to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. purposes instead of suspending them without pay; without By 1\Ir. GREENE of Vermont:. A bill (H. R. 10383) granting amendment (Rept. No. 692). Referred to the Committee of .a pension to Katharine Falk;- to the Committee on Invalid Pen-the Whole House on the state Grf the Union. · sions.

l\1r. STEENERSON: Committee on the Post Office and Post By Mr. JOHNSON of Mississippi: A bill JR. R. 10384) for Roads. H. R. 8927. A bill authorizing establishment of rural. the relief of the esta.te of Robert Moore; to the Committee- on routes of from 36 to 75 miles in length;,. without amendment. War Claims. (Rept. No. 69'3). Refe-ned tO' the COmmitte-e of the Whole .' By Mr. LAMPERT: A bill (H. R. 10385.) granting a penffi_on Hemse on the state of the Union. -to Agnes Ditter~ to the Committee on Invalid Pensions.

2424 CO GRESS! ON AL RECOR.D-HOUSE.

Ry IHr . ...., H W: A bill (H. R. 10386) granting an increase of peu.·ion to l\inry Ann Bandy; to the Committee on Invalid Pen ·ious.

B y 1\'[r. SPROUL: A bill (H. R. 10387) granting a pension to 1\Hnuie A. Hou"cr: to the Committee on Invaliu Pensions.

By 1\lr. WltJBSTER: A bill (H. R. 10388) granting a pension to Ros G. Bingman; to the Committee on Pensions.

By .nit·. WURZBACH: A bill (H. R. 10389) '"'ranting an in­erease f pt>n~ion to Mary E. Trask; to the Committee on Pcn­~iou s.

PETITIONS, ETC.

Uuder clau s~ 1 of Rule XXII, petitions and. paper" were Jaid on the Clerk·~ desk and referred as follows:

3961. Ry tlu~ SPEAKEH (by request): Petition ~ of the Pan­Albanian Federation of America'' Vatra" (the Hearth) (Inc.), J.oe~ll Hran('he~ Kos. J 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1-, 16, 21, 35, 49, 60, UL'<Tin th recognition of the Albanian Government by the United f;tate. · : to tlw Committee on Foreign Affairs.

~~ 62. B.v Mr . .:\ 1. ·....10RGE: Petition of the American Histor­ical As ·oci tiou, of Ke\Y York, urging the Government to pro­\'lUC an m1equnte building in which to concentrate and safe­~uar offi(•ial r cord~ and file · ; to the Committee on Public Building~ antl Ground='.

31)63. By !\I t·. BYIL' · of Tennessee: Paper in support of Hou.:. ill 103;:-i!), .,.rautin~ an increase of pension to Annie Murphy. witlow of '. 0. l\Inrphy; to the Committee on Peu­sioll .. ' .

:196-J.. B:v Mr. ()A_ IPRELL of Pennsylvania: Petition for beer and Hgltt wine;-;, signed by residents of the thirty-second dis­trict of Penn ·ylvania: to tlte Committee on the Juuiciary.

~oG;;: By l\11·. CULLEN: nesolution adopted by the As ocia­tlon of !State F oresters at it~ .. econd annual meeting at Chester­towJJ, N. Y .. relati\·e to fue control of t11e pine-bark beetle·; to til C mruitte 011 Agriculture.

3!lGG. ALw, re~olutions urging tl1e erection IJy the Go~ernment of a national nrchi\e · building; to the <..:ommittee on Public

· Buildings and Grounds. · 3967 .. Also, resolution adopted IJ~· the ..l.ssoclatiou of State

li'ore~ter..., at its second annual meeting at Che. 'tertown, N. Y., September 20-22, 1921, relative to the proposed transfer of any of the acti'\"ities of the United States Forest Service from the Department of Agriculture to any other department; to th~ Committee on Agriculture.

3968. By Mr. FULLER: Petition of F. A. Noling and 51 other citizellS of Rock-ford, asking for ·peedy enactment of a protective tariff bill based on tlte American labor cost and the American standard of liYing; to the Committee on ·ways ancl l\1eamt ·

3960. Abo, tletltlon of the Trade Circular Addres8ing Co., of Chicago, Ill., opposing increase of po -tage on first-cla~s mail; t the Committee on Way · and Means.

3!>70. By Mr. KISSEL: Petition of the Bi·otherhood of Loco­motive Engineer·, New York Sta~e legislative board, Albany, r . Y .. relatlv to taxation; to the Committee on '"a's and 1\I an . ~

::;971. Al~o. petition of William F. Deegan, State commander American Legion, New Yo~k City urging discharge of ineffi­cient employee"' of 'Veterans' Bureau; to the Committee on InteL"tate and Foreign Commerce.

3972. Also. petition of the Merritt & Chapman Denick & Wretkiog Co., of New York City; to the Committee on the Judi-ciary. .

3073. By i\Ir. LAMPERT: Petition 8igned by memuer · of the MiL·wauke (Wi ·.) Chamber of Commerce, legalizing the manu­fudure and sale of beer and light wines; to the Committee on the Judiciary .

.:>974. Also. resolution from the Bricklayers, Masons, and P lasterer ·' Union No. 31, of Neenah-Menasha, Wis., favoring the

· manufacture and sale of beer and wines; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

:.:075. By 1\Ir. RIDDICK: Petition of resident. of Eureka, l\1 nt., ur(J'in O' the return of light wines and ·beer; to the Com­wittee on th Judiciary.

307G. Also, petition of farmers of Sioux Pass, Joplin, and Rap ljc. Mont., urging the reY"iYal of the United States · Grain C rporation; to the Committee an Agriculture.

3977. By, 1\It·. J!OGERS: Petition of Robert W. Thomson, president of the Lowell CMass.) Rotary Club, opposing the proposed tax on stocks and bonds, also real estate, or any other tax to "kill business"; to the Committee on Ways and 1\Ieans.

~978. Also, resolution adopted by Charles H. l\Ioloy Camp, No. i~• Department of Massachusetts, United. Spanish War Veterans, ~t Wobum, Mas"·· urging the addition of the Spanish War

veteraru· to the soldier bonus bill; to tile Committee on Way · and Means.

3979. By 1\lr. SINCLAIR : Petition of citi:r.enH of Ami<lon anu 1\fidway, N. Dak., praying for a Federal appropriation for the

· purchas of feed and seed this sprino-; to the Committee ou · Agriculture.

3980. By l\lr. SNELL: Re ·olutions adopted by i\lacomu Grano-e, Xo. 768, of Macomb, ... T . Y., favoring the passage of the Voigt bill (H. R. 8086) ; to the ommittee on Agriculture,

3981. Also, resolutions adopteu by Scotch Bush Grange, No. 699, of 't. Lawrence County, N. Y., fa\9ring the pa sage of the Voigt bill (H. B. 8086) ; "to the Committee on Agriculture.

3982. By 1\Ir. STEPHEN. : Petition opposing the suggested securities transfer tax by James A. lleilly, president of tl•e Cincinnati Chamber o:( Commerce; Cincinnati. Stock Exchange; Ohio Yalley Group, In ·e tment Banker. ' A: ociation, Gordon Reis, presi9ent ; l\1. E. lUoclt & Co. ; W. •. W acb. , 11resiuent Cincinnati Clearing . House Association; 'banner & Sawyer; and J. R. Edwards, vice president Fifty-third National Bank, all of Cincinnati, Ohio; to the Committee on Ways and Mean .

3983. By 1\fr. V ARE : Memorial of Pennsylvania Grand Lodge American Patriotic League, favoring the reenactment ctf the immigration blll; to the Committee on Immigration and Natural-ization. · ·

3984. By 1\lt·. WILLIAMSON: Res_olution: pa ·sed by the New­ark Commu~ity Olnb, Marshall County, S. Dak., urging th passage of an emergency act establishing a minimum price on wheat; to the Committee on Agriculture. ;

3985. By Mr . . YOUNG: Pet!tion : of Haral Cltrl. tian ·on, of Arena, N. Dak., and 16 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corporation, together with tlte fixing of a guar­anteed price for wllt?at sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3986. Also, petition of her Tolstad and Harry Simon ·en, of Rogers, N. Dak., and other , urging the revival of the United State Grain Corporation, together with the fixing of a gu1.lr­anteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the co t of 11roduction plus a reasonable profit ; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3987. AI. o, petition of Henry Smedshammer, of LitchYille, N. Dak., and four others, urging the reviYal of the United State· Grain Corporation, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the co. t of production plus a rea­sonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3988. Also, petition of Hjalmer Hanson, of Braddock, N. Dak, and five others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corporation, together with the· fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the co t of production plus a reasonabJ profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3989. Also, p~tition of Martin 1\1ickelson, of La l\Ioure, N.Dak. , and three others, urging the tlevival of the United States Graiu Corporation, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonaule profit; to the Committee on Agriculture . .

3990. Also, petition of Charles Severyn, of Rugby, N. Dak., and 166 others, urging the revi'\"al of the United States Grain Corporation, togethe1· with tile fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the co t of production plus a reasonabl profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3991. Also, petition of C. E. Persinger, of Fullerton, N. Dak., and 41 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corporation, to·gether with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3992. AI o, -petition o·f Ole Bratterud, of Leeds, N. Dak. , and 45 others, urging the revival of the United State::; Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to. cove1· the cost of . production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3993. Also, petition of G. J. Johnson, of Kensal, N. Dak. ,· and 30 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production p1us a reasonable profit; to the Committee on_ Agriculture.

3994. Also, petition of Juel Skarei, of Balfour, N. Dak. , and 2Q others, urging the revival of the United State. Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for whea t sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasona!Jic profit; to the Committee on Agriculture .

. 3995. Also, petition of Frank Prater, of Arena, N. Dak. , and 36 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plu · a reasonable J>rofit; to the Committee on Agriculh1re.

3996. Also, 'petition of John Saton, of Berlin, r· . Dak .. and six others, urging the revival of the United ~tat · Grain 'orpora-

1922. CONGRESSIO:N.A.L RECORD-SENATE. 2425 tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3997. Also, petition of Ole Erhardt, of Harlow, N. Dak., and 41 others, urging the revival of the United States Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3998. Also, petition of G. P. Lee, of Reeder, N. Dak., and 36 other , urging the revival of the United States Grain Corpora­tion, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

3990. Also, petition of Andrew Martinson, of l\IcGregor, N. Dak., and 50 others, urging the reviv.al of the United States Grain Corporation, together with the fixing of a guaranteed price for wheat sufficient to cover the cost of production plus a reasonable profit; to the Committee on Agriculture.

SENATE. SATURDAY, February 11, 19~~­

(Legislatit·e day of Fr·iday, February 3, 1922.)

The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian on the expiration of the recess.

EXECUTIVE AND INDEPENDENT OFFICES APPROPRIATION. The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumed the con­

sideration of the bill (H. R. 9981) making appropriations for the Executive and for sundry independent executive bureaus, boards, commissions, and offices for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1923, and for other purposes.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The pending amendment is the amendment offered by the senior Senator from Massachusetts (1\.Ir. LODGE].

Mr. WARREN. ~Jr. President, I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will call the roll. The reading clerk called the roll, and the following Senators

an wered to their names: Ashurst Fletcher Lodge Ball Glass McCormick Borah Haneld McNary Brandegee Harris Myers Hursum llarrison Nelson Calder Heflin Newberry Cc'a

0ptper Hitchcock Norris )j Jones, Wash. Oddie

Culberson Kellogg Overman Cummins Kendrick Pa~e Curtis Kenyon Phipps Dillingham Keyes Poindexter Edge King · Pomerene Fernald Ladd Ransdell

~heppard :::ihortridge :::iimmons :Spencer Stanfield :::itanley Sterling 8wanson Walsh, Mont. Warren Watson, Ga. Weller Williams

Mr. CURTIS. I was requested to announce that the Senator from North Dakota ll\lr. McCuMBER], the Senator from Utah [1\.Ir. SMOOT], the Senator from Connecticut [Mr. McLEAN], the Senator from West Virginia [l\Ir. SuTHERLAND], and the Senator from In<liana [l\lr. WATSON] are absent on official business, at­tending a meeting of the Committee on Finance.

l\lr. FLETCHER. I wish to announce that my colleague [Mr. TRaMMELL] is una\oidably absent. I will let this announce­ment st~nd for the drry.

~Jr. HEFLIN. I wish to announce that my colleague [Mr. GxDERWOOD] is absent on account of illness.

The VICE PRESIDENT. Fifty-five Senators have answered to their names. A quorum is present. The question is on the amendment offered by the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. LODGE].

l\lr. LODGE. 1\fr. President, I would like a moment to look over a suggested amendment which has just been handed to me and which I think will probably cover what I want. I have not ha<l time to read it, for I have just come in from a committee meeting. [After a pause.]

This draft of an amendment to take the place of the clause in the House text which the committee propose to strike out has been handed to me by the Senator from Washington [Mr. Jol'.~S] and I am very glad to substitute it for the one which I offered. I move it as a substitute for the language in the House text proposed by the committee to be stricken out.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment in the nature of a substitute will be stated.

The AssiSTANT SEcru,---rARY. In lieu of the amendment hereto­fore offered and in lieu of the words of the House text from line 20, on page 30, to line 6, on page 31, which the committee

LXII--153

proposes to strike out, the Senator from Massachusetts moves to insert:

No part of the mon(lys appropriated or made available by this act shall, unless the President shall otherwise direct, be used or expended for the repair or reconditioning of any vessel owned or controlled by the Government if tbe expense of such repair or reconditioning is in excess of $5,000 until a reasonable opportunity has been given to the nearest available Government navy yard to estimate upon the cost of such repai1· or reconditioning, if performed by such navy yard within the limit of time within which the work is to be done : Provi-ded, That this limitation shall only apply to vessels while in the harbors of the United States; and all expenditures in connection with such work are to be considered in estimating the cost : And provided {urthet·, That the provisions of this clause shall take effect upon the passage of this act.

l\Jr. OVER.l\L~. Is the ·aruen<lment which has just been read, and which, I understand, has been suggested by the Senator from Washington [l\lr. JoNES], offered as a substitute for the proposition of the Senator from Massachusetts?

Mr. LODGE. The Senator from Washington has handed rue the. amendment which I have sent to the Secretary's desk, and I gladly accept it and offer it a · a substitute for the amendment heretofore offered by me.

Mr . .TO::!:\TES of Washington. Mr. President, I merely desire to ,_·ay that I think the amendment as now suggested cares for the situation, taking both interests into account.

The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on the amendment proposed by the Senator from Massachusetts.

Mr. HARRISON. · May I ask the Senator from Massachusetts in what respect does the amendment propose to change the original proposition? Does it modify it in any other respect than to giv·e the President the right to approve what may be done or to direct that something else shall be done?

Mr. LODGE. ~Ir. President, the original proposition, as· it came from the other House, was very drastic and very inelastic~ It compelled inquiry at all the navy yards in the oountry before even a screw driver or any other small article could be pur­chased in connection with the reconditioning of a vessel. That, of course, was impracticable. The question involved relates to repairing and reconditioning the Leviathan; and I shall take a few moments before I leave the floor to speak concerning the reason why the matter has been brought up.

If I may have the attention of the Senate for a few moments,_ I shall take advantage of the opportuity to explain why I have proposed' this amendment and why I have very gladly accepted the proposition as drafted by the Senator from Washington (l\lr. JONES].

This question, I repeat, has arisen in connection with the reconditioning and repair of the Leviathan. Let me say frankly at the beginning that, although what I am about to state I shall not advance as a r_eason for action, I wish the Senate to know why it has made me feel very strongly in regard to the matter. In the metropolitan district of the city of Boston there are between a million and a half and two million peo­ple. They are gathered there on the edge of the ocean. It is a great manufacturing region, particularly that to the north of Boston. We have there the Charlestown Navy Yard, which is one of the oldest in the country, being more than 100 years old. During the World War the United States bought a dock which had been built by the State of Massachusetts and which was lying just across the harbor from the navy yard. It is the largest dock in the United States, and is built in the best possible manner of stone and cement. It is 1,200 feet long. I repeat, there is no dock of equal size in the United States, for the great dock at the Norfolk Navy Yard, which, I understand, will be a little larger, has not as yet been finishe<l.

In connection with the Charlestown Navy Yard the Govern­ment established another plant for the operation of vessels in the dock. One principal reason for the purchase by the Gov­ernment during the war of that dock was that it was the only dock in which, if need be, such a vessel as the Leviathan could be placed for repairs to the hull.

We have also a great private yard at Quincy, the Fore River Sh.ipbuilding Co.; where ships of the largest tonnage are built. In that private yard and in the navy yard at Boston there were over 33,000 men employed, almost all of them being skilled mechanics. There are now only 5,000 employed, including both the private yard and the navy yard. From twenty-five to twenty-eight thousand skilled mechanics have been thrown out of work. Undoubtedly some of them have regained employment, but many have not been able to do so. There is a serious condi­tion of unemployment in that section of the country.

The government of the State of Massachusetts appropriated $50,000 for some work, I think, in connection with woodland or the parks. The purpose was partly to afford work to some of the unemployed. They were to apply at the Statehouse, and a