On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: An overview

Materials and Structures (2006) 39:655–664DOI 10.1617/s11527-006-9093-0

O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E

On relationships between the mechanical properties ofrecycled aggregate concrete: An overviewJ.-Zh. Xiao · J.-B. Li · Ch. Zhang

Received: 23 May 2005 / Accepted: 18 November 2005C© RILEM 2006

Abstract In this paper, a detailed investigation is con-ducted to analyze the relationships between the me-chanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete(RAC). Based on a large number of experimental re-sults published worldwide in literature from 1985 to2004, an experimental database is developed with re-gard to the main mechanical properties of RAC. In par-ticular, the relations between the compressive strength,the density, the splitting tensile strength, the flexuralstrength, and the elastic modulus are investigated anddiscussed in detail. It is found that the interrelation-ships between the mechanical properties of RAC couldbe quite different from those of normal concrete. Someimproved new equations are proposed for the predic-tion of the relations between the mechanical propertiesof RAC based on the statistical regression analysis withthe least squares method.

Resume La recherche avancee presentee ici, anal-yse les relations entre les proprietes mecaniques desBetons a Granulat Recycle (BGR). En s’appuyant sur labibliographie importante des resultats experimentauxpublies au niveau international de 1985 a 2004, unebase de donnees a ete elaboree sur les proprietesmecaniques du BGR. Et, de facon plus approfondie,

J.-Zh. Xiao · J.-B. LiTongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Ch. ZhangUniversity of Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany

les relations entre ses qualites a la compression, a latension, a la flexion, ou entre sa densite et le moduled’elasticite ont ete plus particulierement su set d’etudeset de remise en question. Il en resulte que les rela-tions entre les proprietes mecaniques du BGR sont as-sez differentes par rapport aux betons normaux. Denouvelles equations ameliorees sont avancee dans cedomaine a l’aide de la methode des moindres carres.

1. Introduction

Reuse of waste concrete as recycled aggregates in newconcretes is beneficial from the view point of environ-mental protection and resources reservation. To the bestknowledge of the authors, the investigation on recy-cled waste concrete was initiated by Glushge in Russia1946 [1]. In the following years, a large amount of ex-perimental works have been carried out worldwide toinvestigate the recycling of waste concrete. Previousstudies were mainly engaged in the processing of de-molished concrete, mix-proportion design, mechanicalproperties, durability aspects and improvements. Re-cently, structural performances and economic aspectsof using recycled aggregate concrete are also analyzed.

Some previous research results on the mechanicalbehaviour of recycled aggregate concrete have been re-viewed by Hansen [2] and Li [3]. It was revealed that,in fact, none of the previous results indicated that therecycled aggregate concrete is unsuitable for structuralapplications. Recent investigations on the performance

656 Materials and Structures (2006) 39:655–664

of beams [4–6], columns [7], beam-column joints [8],and slabs [9] made from recycled aggregate concreteall gave positive results, which further supports andencourages the possibilities of applying recycled ag-gregate concrete in civil engineering structures.

The interrelationships of the main mechanical prop-erties of recycled aggregate concrete are important is-sues for the design, construction and analysis of struc-tures when this kind of materials is applied. In the caseof normal concretes, the relationships between theirmechanical properties have been well established anddescribed in detail within various design codes, stan-dards and handbooks. However, some previous studies[10–13] have indicated that such existing relationshipsfor normal concrete may not be valid for recycled ag-gregate concrete. Therefore, a reliable establishmentof the relationships between the various physical andmechanical properties of recycled aggregate concreteis desirable and has to be performed. With this aimin mind, this paper provides an attempt in this direc-tion. Previous experimental results including our ownresults for recycled aggregate concrete published in lit-erature are collected and compared carefully. Based onthese results, a database is developed and some novelequations for describing the relations between the mainmechanical properties of recycled aggregate concreteare derived by using a statistical regression analysis.It should be remarked here that a considerably largeamount of experimental works have been done in pastyears, and it is beyond the scope of this investigation tocollect and discuss all of the published results. The re-sults presented in this paper are neither exhaustive norcomplete. Some recent and even very important resultsmay still be missing in our discussion.

2. Scope of the investigations

Based on a large number of experimental works pub-lished in literature, over 1200 test results were collectedto get a wide spread database. Our aim was to takeas many types of recycled aggregates as possible intoaccount, and simultaneously to establish as simple aspossible relationships between the various mechani-cal properties. The most important mechanical param-eters and the corresponding test conditions collectedare briefly described and given in Table 1. Due to thelarge variety of the aggregate combinations, regionaldifferences, different production methods and storageconditions, as well as other influencing factors such asdifferent curing/test methods and used standards, thetest results had to be selected from an engineering pointof view in order to get a reasonably good fitting equa-tion for concrete with all kinds of recycled concreteaggregates. The selection was completed according tothe rules illustrated in Table 2. After that, only 528 testresults from Refs. [6, 12, 14–38] were kept for furtherconsideration.

Even for the left 528 test results, a strict statisticalevaluation of all the test results was hardly possibledue to the following reasons: (1) most of the informa-tion about the test results and the test conditions weresomewhat incomplete, (2) the number of the test speci-mens was often too small or the conditions were gainedon different mixtures, and (3) the objectives of the testprograms were quite different and they were not thesame as in this investigation. Despite these difficulties,it is still useful to keep the database as general as pos-sible, and it is also practicable to do some statisticalanalysis from the developed database. In this paper,

Table 1 Properties of collected test results

Parameters Value range and test conditions

Compressive strength 10–65 MPaat 28 day (cylinder/cube)

Cure condition Air/standard/waterDensity 1800–2450 kg/m3

Water/cement ratio 0.2–1.2Cement content 90–550 kg/m3

Type of cement used CEM I 32.5R/CEM II 42.5NA OPC 32.5R/OPC 42.5R CEM I A 52.5/CEM III B 42.5Fly ash content 0–97 kg/m3

Recycled aggregates content 10–100%Recycled aggregates used Crushed concrete/crushed brickPercentage of masonry rubble 0–80%

Materials and Structures (2006) 39:655–664 657

Table 2 Conditions for selecting the test results for the database

Parameters Value range and test conditions

28 Day compressive strength (cube) 15–55 MPaCure condition Standard/waterDensity 2200–2450 kg/m3

Age 28 days or moreWater/cement ratio 0.3–1.2Cement content 90–550 kg/m3

Type of cement used CEM I 32.5R/ CEM I 42.5NA OPC 32.5R/OPC 42.5R CEM I A 52.5/CEM IIIB 42.5Fine aggregate Natural sandFly ash content 0Recycled aggregates content 10–100%Source of recycled aggregates Demolished concrete/laboratory-cast concrete/airport pavement/rejected structural

precast elementPercentage of masonry rubble 0–5%

the least squares method was applied to derive the newequations for the relationships between the mechanicalproperties of recycled aggregate concrete.

3. Relationships between the mechanicalproperties

3.1. Relationship between the compressivestrength and the mass density

Generally speaking, the compressive strength of thenormal concrete increases with a rising of the mass

density. Within the data investigated, Fig. 1 shows thevalues of the cube compressive strength obtained byvarious investigators as a function of the mass density.It can be assumed here that there exists approximatelya linear relationship between the compressive strengthand the mass density. A statistical regression analysisis undertaken to establish the empirical relationship be-tween the compressive strength and the mass density,where a linear regression model is used. The result isgiven by

fcu = aρ + b, (1)

Fig. 1 Relationshipbetween the compressivestrength and the massdensity of RAC


where a and b are the regression coefficients, fcu isthe compressive strength in MPa, and ρ is the massdensity in kg/m3 of the recycled concrete. With acorrelation coefficient R = 0.92, the constants a andb are obtained as a = 0.069 and b = −116.1. Thus,the relation between the compressive strength and themass density of recycled concrete can be establishedas

fcu = 0.069ρ − 116.1. (2)

Equation (2) is drawn in Fig. 1, which shows that it candescribe the test results quite well.

3.2. Relationship between the splitting tensilestrength and the compressive strength

The splitting tensile strength test is often used to ob-tain the tensile strength of concrete, rather than by adirect tensile strength test because the former is eas-ier to perform. In practical applications, however, thetensile strength of concrete is often estimated from thecompressive strength. The splitting tensile strength ofthe recycled aggregate concrete obtained by previousinvestigators as a function of the compressive strengthis summarized and shown in Fig. 2. Although the re-sults show a considerable scatter, the tendency that thesplitting tensile strength increases with increasing com-pressive strength can still be recognized.

In the ACI Code [40] and Chinese Code GB 50010-2002, the relationships between the splitting tensilestrength and the compressive strength (both in MPa)for normal concrete are expressed as

ACI : fsp = 0.49 f 0.50cu , (3)

GB : fsp = 0.19 f 0.75cu . (4)

It should be noted here that in Equation (3), a con-version factor of 0.76 from the cylinder to the cubecompressive strength has been undertaken accordingto Ref. [41].

By using Equations (3, 4), the relationship betweenfsp and fcu for the recycled aggregate concrete is plottedin Fig. 2. From Fig. 2, it can be seen that Equations (3,4) results in a significant overestimation of the splittingtensile strength of the recycled aggregate concrete. Toimprove Equations (3, 4), a regression analysis of thetest results was performed by using the following re-gression equation

fsp = c f dcu, (5)

where c and d are the regression coefficients to be deter-mined. By using a correlation coefficient R = 0.87, theregression analysis yields c=0.24 and d=0.65. Hence,the following equation is proposed for the relation be-tween the splitting tensile strength and the compressive

Fig. 2 Relationshipbetween the splitting tensilestrength and thecompressive strength ofRAC


Fig. 3 Relationshipbetween the flexuralstrength and thecompressive strength ofRAC

strength of the recycled aggregate concrete

fsp = 0.24 f 0.65cu . (6)

Comparisons between the test results and that predictedby Equation (6) are illustrated in Fig. 2. It can be seenthat the proposed Equation (6) can provide a betteragreement with the experimental results than Equations(3, 4) do.

3.3. Relationship between the flexural strengthand the compressive strength

The flexural strength of concrete is another mechani-cal quantity which is often used to calculate the tensilestrength of concrete. The test results for the flexuralstrength of the recycled aggregate concrete obtainedby various investigators are given in Fig. 3 versus thecompressive strength. Although unavoidable discrep-ancies exist amongst the results, there exists a tendencythat the flexural strength increases with increasing thecompressive strength.

In the CEB Code [39] and the ACI Code [40], theempirical relationships between the flexural strengthand the compressive strength (both in MPa) for normalconcrete are given by the following equations

CEB : f f = 0.81√

fcu, (7)

ACI : f f = 0.54√

fcu . (8)

It should be noted here that in Equations (7, 8), a conver-sion from the cylinder to the cube compressive strengthhas been undertaken. According to Ref. [41], the cylin-der compressive strength is taken as 0.76 times of thecube compressive strength.

It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the ACI equationleads to an underestimation, while the CEB equationyields an overestimation of the flexural strength of therecycled aggregate concrete.

Based on the collected test results and by using thefollowing regression equation

f f = e√

fcu, (9)

a statistical regression analysis was performed. Witha correlation coefficient R = 0.91, the regressioncoefficient e was determined as e = 0.75. There-fore, the following equation is suggested for describ-ing the relation between the flexural strength andthe compressive strength of the recycled aggregateconcrete

f f = 0.75√

fcu . (10)

Compared with Equations (7) and (8), Equation (10)provides a much better description of the relationbetween the flexural strength and the compressivestrength of the recycled aggregate concrete.


3.4. Relationship between the elastic modulusand the compressive strength

The elastic modulus of concrete reflects the linear elas-tic stress-strain relation which is very important in boththe static and the dynamic analysis of reinforced con-crete structures. In the past, different equations havebeen suggested by various investigators for describingthe relationship between the elastic modulus and thecompressive strength (both in MPa) of recycled aggre-gate concrete, and some of them are given in Equations(11–16).

Ravindrarajah and Tam [12]:

Ec = 7770 f 0.33cu (11)

Dhir et al. [14]:

Ec = 370 fcu + 13100 (12)

Kakizaki et al. [20]:

Ec = 1.9 × 105 ×(

ρ

2300

)1.5×

√fcu

2000(13)

Dillmann [25]:

Ec = 634.43 fcu + 3057.6 (14)

Zilch and Roos [42]:

Ec = 9100 × ( fcu + 8)1/3 ×(

ρ

2400

)2(15)

Mellmann [43]:

Ec = 378 fcu + 8242 (16)

It should be noted here that in Equation (13) a con-version factor of 0.79 from the cylinder to the cubecompressive strength of recycled aggregate concretehas been made according to Ref. [21]. In Equations(13, 14), the mass density of the recycled aggregateconcrete can be calculated by using Equation (2).

Equations (11–16) are displayed in Fig. 4 for theelastic modulus versus the compressive strength of re-cycled aggregate concrete. It can be seen that thereexists a remarkably high diversity in the results. Thereason for the discrepancies is quite simple: the refer-enced author/authors has/have proposed his/their equa-tion, just to best fit his/their own experimental results.However, some of the reported results ware obtainedonly from a limited number of test specimens or lim-ited types of recycled aggregates, while some othersuggested equations are hardly in accordance with theexperimental findings.

The collected test results of elastic modulus of recy-cled aggregate concrete by different investigators aresummarized and their variation with the compressivestrength is shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 4 Different equationsproposed for the elasticmodulus of RAC


Fig. 5 Relationship between the elastic modulus and the compressive strength of RAC

In the ACI code [40] and Chinese Code GB50010–2002, the following equations are adopted to estimatethe elastic modulus of normal concrete, respectively.

ACI : Ec = 4127 f 0.50cu (17)

GB : Ec = 105

2.2 + 34.7fcu

(18)

Similar to Equation [3], a conversion factor of 0.76from the cylinder to the cube compressive strength isused. Results obtained by using Equations (17, 18) arealso presented in Fig. 5 and compared with the exper-imental results. It can be seen in Fig. 5 that Equation(17) provides an underestimation of the elastic mod-ulus when the compressive strength is relatively low,whereas Equation (18) leads to an overestimation ofthe elastic modulus.

In this investigation, an alternative regression anal-ysis was performed based on the collected test resultsusing the following regression equation

Ec = 105

g + hfcu

, (19)

where g and h are the regression coefficients to be de-termined. With a correlation coefficient R = 0.91, theregression coefficients are obtained as g = 2.8 andh = 40.1. Thus, the following relation is suggestedto estimate the relation between the elastic modulusand the compressive strength of the recycled aggregateconcrete

Ec = 105

2.8 + 40.1fcu

. (20)

A comparison of the results predicted by Equation (20)with the experimental ones and that provided by Equa-tion (16) shows that Equation (20) gives a satisfactorilyadequate estimation of the relation between the elasticmodulus and the compressive strength of recycled ag-gregate concrete.

In addition, Equation (20) is also compared withEquations (11–16) and it is found that the predictedresults by Equation (11) are very close to that by Equa-tion (20), which is also drawn in Fig. 5 for compar-isons. Therefore, both Equation (11) and Equation (20)can be used to describe the relation between the elastic


Table 3 Difference between proposed relations andequations suggested by ACI

This paper ACI Code

fsp = 0.24 f 0.65cu fsp = 0.49 f 0.50

cuf f = 0.75

√fcu f f = 0.54

√fcu

Ec = 105

2.8 + 40.1fcu

or Ec = 7770 f 0.33cu Ec = 4127 f 0.50

cu

modulus and the compressive strength of recycled ag-gregate concrete.

4. Summary

Based on our collected experimental results publishedworldwide in literature, a database for the mechanicalproperties of recycled aggregate concrete is developed.Our investigation shows that the commonly used equa-tions for relating the mechanical properties of normalconcrete cannot be directly applied to the recycled ag-gregate concrete. A statistical regression analysis ofthe collected experimental results is performed to de-rive improved equations for describing the relationsbetween the mechanical properties of recycled aggre-gate concrete. In particular, approximate equations forthe following relationships are presented:

1. The relationship between the compressive strengthand the mass density of recycled aggregate concrete.

2. The relationship between the tensile strength andthe compressive strength of recycled aggregate con-crete.

3. The relationship between the flexural strength andthe compressive strength of recycled aggregate con-crete.

4. The relationship between the elastic modulus andthe compressive strength of recycled aggregateconcrete.

The presented approximate relations that are sum-marized and compared with ACI equations for nor-mal concrete in Table 3, may be used for referenceand comparison purposes in the structural design andapplications of recycled aggregate concrete in civilengineering.

It should be emphasized that the conditions of re-cycled aggregate and the mix proportion adopted arevery complicated, especially in in-situ concrete produc-tion. Therefore, a single statistical regression analysis

of huge test data is often not sufficient and further studyis still needed in the future to investigate the relation-ships between the mechanical properties of recycledaggregate concrete.

Acknowledgements The comments from the two anonymousreviewers are greatly appreciated. Jianzhuang Xiao would liketo express his sincere appreciate to the Alexander von Hum-boldt Foundation in Germany, which granted him to work formore than one year in Germany. Special thanks are extended toProf. Dr.-Ing. H. Falkner who provided Jianzhuang Xiao veryconvenient work facilities during his visiting the Institute ofBuilding Materials, Structural Concrete and Fire Protection ofTU Braunschweig.

References

1. Gluzhge PJ (1946) The work of scientific research institute.Gidrotekhnicheskoye Stroitel’stvo 4:27–28. (only availablein Russian)

2. Hansen TC (1992) Recycling of demolished concrete andmasonry (E & FN SPON, London)

3. Li JB (2004) Study on mechanical behaviour of recycledaggregate concrete (Master thesis, Tongji University)

4. Sogo M, Sogabe T, Maruyma I, Sato R, Kawai K(2004) Shear behaviour of reinforced recycled concretebeams. Proceedings of the International RILEM Confer-ence on the Use of Recycled Materials in Buildings andStructures, Barcelona, Spain, 8–11 November, pp 610–618

5. Maruyma I, Sogo M, Sogabe T, Sato R, Kawai K (2004)‘Flexural properties of reinforced recycled concrete beams.Proceedings of the International RILEM Conference on theUse of Recycled Materials in Buildings and Structures,Barcelona, Spain, 8–11 November, 525–535

6. Dolara E, Di Niro G, Cairns R (1998) Recycled aggregateconcrete prestressed beams. Proceedings of Conference onSustainable Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Ag-gregate, University of Dundee, Scotland, 11–12 November,255–262

7. Konno K, Sato Y, Kakuta Y, Ohira M (1997) Property ofrecycled aggregate column encased by steel tube subjectedto axial compression. Transactions of the Japan ConcreteInstitute 19:231–238

8. Corinaldesi V (2003) Recycled aggregate concrete undercyclic loading. Proceedings of the International Symposiumon Role of Concrete in Sustainable Development, Universityof Dundee, Scotland, 3–4 September, 509–518

9. Cyllok M (2002) Concrete with recycled aggregate: laps andcracks, Proceedings of the 4th International PhD Symposiumin Civil Engineering, Munch, Germany, 19–21 September,72–73

10. Konrad Z, Frank R (2001) Design of concrete structuresmade from recycled aggregate – a globe recommendationfollowing the DIN 1045-1. Proceeding to the fib-SymposiumConcrete and Environment, Berlin, 3–5 October


11. Rasheeduzzafar, Khan A (1984) Recycled concrete-a sourceof new aggregate. Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates(ASTM) 6(1):17–27.

12. Ravindrarajah RS, Tam CT (1985) Properties of concretemade with crushed concrete as coarse aggregate. Magazineof Concrete Research, 37(130):29–38

13. Tavakoli M, Soroushian P (1996) Strength of recycled ag-gregate concrete made using field-demolished concrete asaggregate. ACI Materials Journal, 93(2): 182–190

14. Dhir RK, Limbachiya MC, Leelawat T (1999) Suitabilityof recycled aggregate for use in BS 5328 designated mixes.Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 134:257–274

15. Mandal S, Gupta A (2002) Strength and durability of re-cycled aggregate concrete. IABSE Symposium Melbourne,Melbourne, Australia, 11–12 September

16. Limbachiya MC, Leelawat T, Dhir RK (1998) RCA concrete:a study of properties in the fresh state, strength developmentand durability, Proceedings of International Symposium onSustainable Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Ag-gregate, University of Dundee, Scotland, 11–12 November,227–237

17. Salem RM (1996) Strength and durability characteristics ofrecycled aggregate concrete (PhD Dissertation, Universityof Tennessee, Knoxville)

18. Ikeda T, Yamane S (1988) Strengths of concrete contain-ing recycled aggregate. Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalRILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Concreteand Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11 November, 585–594

19. Kawamura M, Tori K (1988) Reuse of recycled concreteaggregate for pavement. Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalRILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Concreteand Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11 November, 726–735

20. Kakizaki M, Harada M, Soshiroda T, Kubota S, Ikeda T,Kasai Y (1988) Strength and elastic modulus of recycledaggregate concrete. Proceedings of the 2nd InternationalRILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Concreteand Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11 November, 565–574

21. Roos F (2002) A contribution for the calculation of concretewith recycled aggregate according to DIN 1045-1 (PhD the-sis, Munich University, 2002). (only available in German)

22. Hansen TC, Boegh E (1985) Elasticity and drying shrinkageof recycled aggregate concrete. ACI Journal 82(5):648–652

23. Bairagi NK, Ravande K, Pareek VK (1993) Behaviourof concrete with different proportions of natural and re-cycled aggregates. Resource, Conservation and Recycling9(3):109–126

24. Gomez-Soberon JMV (2002) Creep of concrete with sub-stitution of normal aggregate by recycled concrete aggre-gate. Proceedings of the 5th ACI International Conferenceon Innovation in Design with Emphasis on Seismic, Wind,and Environmental Loading; Quality Control and Innova-tions in Materials/Hot-Weather Concreting Cancun, Mexico,December, 461–474

25. Dillmann R (1998) Concrete with recycled concrete aggre-gate. Proceedings of International Symposium on Sustain-able Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate,University of Dundee, Scotland, 11–12 November, 239–253

26. Bretschneider A, Ruhl M (1998) The influence of recycledaggregate concrete on the compressive strength and the elas-tic modulus of concrete. Darmstadt Concrete, 13:131–141

27. Corinaldesi V, Moriconi G (2001) Role of chemical and min-eral admixtures on performance and economics of recycledaggregate concrete. Proceedings of the 7th CANMET/ACIInternational Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag andNatural Pozzolans in Concrete, Chennai (Madras), India,22–27 July, 869–884

28. Teranishi K, Dosho Y, Narikawa M, Kikuchi M (1998) Ap-plication of recycled aggregate concrete for structural con-crete. Proceedings of International Conference on Sustain-able Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate,University of Dundee, Scotland, 11–12 November, 143–156

29. Yanagi K, Kasai Y (1998) Experimental study on the appli-cation of recycled aggregate concrete to cast-in-place con-crete pile. Proceedings of International Symposium on Sus-tainable Construction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate,University of Dundee, Scotland, 11–12 November, 359–370

30. De Pauw P, Vyncke J (1998) Shrinkage and creep of concretewith recycled materials as coarse aggregate. Proceedings ofInternational Symposium Conference on Sustainable Con-struction: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, Universityof Dundee, Scotland, 11–12 November, 214–225

31. Di Niro G, Dolara E, Cairns R (1998) Properties of hardenedrecycled aggregate concrete for structural purposes. Proceed-ings of International Symposium on Sustainable Construc-tion: Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate, University ofDundee, Scotland, 11–12 November, 177–187

32. Kawai T, Watanabe M, Nagataki S (1988) Replaced aggre-gate concrete made from demolished concrete aggregates.Proceedings of the 2nd International RILEM Symposiumon Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, Tokyo,Japan, 7–11 November, 680–689

33. Tadayoshi F (1988) Strength and drying shrinkage of con-crete using concrete crushed aggregate. Proceedings ofthe 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Demolitionand Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11November, 672–679

34. Nihibayashi S, Yamura K (1988) Mechanical properties anddurability of concrete from recycled coarse aggregate pre-pared by crushing concrete. Proceedings of the 2nd Interna-tional RILEM Symposium on Demolition and Reuse of Con-crete and Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11 November, 652–659

35. Yamato T, Emoto Y, Soeda M, Sakamoto Y. (1988) Someproperties of recycled aggregate concrete. Proceedings ofthe 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Demolitionand Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11November, 643–651

36. Mulheron M, O’Mahony M (1988) The durability of recy-cled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete, Proceedingsof the 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Demolitionand Reuse of Concrete and Masonry, Tokyo, Japan, 7–11November, 633–642

37. Poon CS, Shui ZH, Lam L, Fok H, Kou SC (2002) Strengthof concretes prepared with natural and recycled aggregatesat different moisture conditions. Proceedings of the Inter-national Conference on Advances in Building Technology,Hong Kong, China, 4–6 December, 1407–1414

38. Xiao J-Zh, Li J.B, Zhang Ch (2005) Mechanical properties ofrecycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading. Cementand Concrete Research, 35(6):1187–1194

39. CEB-FIP (1990) Mode code for concrete structures design(Paris)


40. ACI Committee 318 (2002) Building Code Require-ments for Structural Concrete (ACI318-02) and Com-mentary (ACI318R-02) (American Concrete Institute,Detroit)

41. Guo Zh -H, Shi X-D (2003) Theory and analysis of rein-forced concrete (Tsinghua Press, Beijing). (only available inChinese)

42. Zilch K, Roos F (2001) An equation to estimate the modu-lus of elasticity of concrete with recycled aggregates. CivilEngineers, 76(4):187–191. (only available in German)

43. Mellmann G (1999) Processed concrete rubble for the reuseas aggregate, Proceeding of the International Seminar on Ex-ploiting Waste in Concrete, University of Dundee, Scotland,7 September, 171–178

On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: An overview

Documents

Transcript of On relationships between the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete: An overview