KØBENHAVNS MUSEUM MUSEUM OF COPENHAGEN / ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT 2012

Gammel Strand excavations 2010

KBM 3828

Claus Rohden Olesen, archaeologist, mag.art.

Karen Bork-Pedersen, archaeologist, cand.mag.

Københavns Museum

Vesterbrogade 59

1620 København V

Telefon: +45 33 21 07 72 Fax: +45 33 25 07 72

E-mail: sekr@bymuseum.dk

www.copenhagen.dk

© Københavns Museum 2011

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Contents

1 Summary ...................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Abstract (English version) .................................................................... 7

1.2 Abstrakt (Dansk version) ...................................................................... 7

2 Results ......................................................................................................... 8

2.1 English version .................................................................................... 8

2.2 Dansk version .................................................................................... 10

3 Introduction ................................................................................................ 13

3.1 Schedule ............................................................................................ 13

3.2 Client .................................................................................................. 13

3.3 Client consultant ................................................................................ 13

3.4 Construction company ....................................................................... 13

3.5 Archaeological management and staff ............................................... 13

3.6 Reponsibility and rights ...................................................................... 14

3.7 Finance .............................................................................................. 14

4 Cultural historical background and topography .......................................... 15

4.1 Cultural historical background ............................................................ 15

4.2 Topography ........................................................................................ 21

5 Archaeological background ........................................................................ 23

5.1 Earlier work ........................................................................................ 23

5.2 The Gammel Strand watching brief 2008 ........................................... 24

6 Cultural historical potential and aims .......................................................... 26

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 26

6.2 The harbour ....................................................................................... 26

6.3 Social economics ............................................................................... 26

6.4 Infrastructure ...................................................................................... 27

7 Methodology ............................................................................................... 28

7.1 Excavation and documentation methodology .................................... 28

7.2 Finds retrieving and registration parameters ...................................... 32

7.3 Sampling methodology ...................................................................... 33

7.4 Remains and preservation ................................................................. 35

7.5 Finds Material (Report by Stuart Whatley) ......................................... 37

7.6 Scientific analysis/environment .......................................................... 63

8 Cultural historical interpretation .................................................................. 66

8.1 Natural ground ................................................................................... 66

8.2 Natural vegetation .............................................................................. 66

8.3 Fence ................................................................................................. 67

8.4 Wharf ................................................................................................. 67

8.5 Roads ................................................................................................ 79

8.6 Water supply network ........................................................................ 80

8.7 Land development ............................................................................. 86

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8.8 Gutter canals ..................................................................................... 91

8.9 Sewer canals ................................................................................... 102

8.10 Buildings .......................................................................................... 112

9 Assessment .............................................................................................. 154

9.1 Preservation conditions .................................................................... 154

9.2 Cultural history ................................................................................. 154

9.3 Finds material (by Stuart Whatley) ................................................... 154

9.4 Scientific analysis (by Hoda El-Sharnouby) ..................................... 155

10 References .......................................................................................... 157

10.1 Literature .......................................................................................... 157

10.2 Archaeological reports and archive material .................................... 160

10.3 External reports ............................................................................... 160

10.4 Museum of Copenhagen strategy documents ................................. 161

10.5 Internet references ........................................................................... 161

10.6 Abbreviations ................................................................................... 161

11 Administrative data .............................................................................. 163

12 Appendix ............................................................................................. 164

12.1 List of Figurees ................................................................................ 164

12.2 List of tables ..................................................................................... 165

12.3 IntraSiS registration parameters ...................................................... 165

12.4 Consultant reports............................................................................ 210

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Figure 1. Map over the Copenhagen area and the place for the excavation.

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Figure 2. Map of Gammel Strand. The excavation areas (trenches) are marked with red lines.

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1 Summary

1.1 Abstract (English version)

Prior to the construction of the metro station on Gammel Strand, facilitated by Metroselskabet I/S, Museum of Copenhagen found it relevant to perform an evaluation excavation in order to assess the culture-historical potential of a large scale archaeological excavation of Gammel Strand.

The archaeological field work was performed as watching briefs. A total of 47 trenches of variable size, primarily situated along the northern side of Gammel Strand, were examined.

The area was characterized by extraordinarily good preservation conditions. Hence, the amount of Pre-Industrial (until the 19th century) cultural remains, i.e. structures, finds etc. related to the use of the harbour of Copenhagen was massive. In that respect, the remains of Christoffer Valkendor‟s Vejerhus, dated to 1581, several stone structures from Late Medieval time and the Renaissance, and multiple well preserved artefacts are worth mentioning.

1.2 Abstrakt (Dansk version)

Forud for Metroselskabet I/S‟ byggeri af en metrostation på Gammel Strand fandt Københavns Museum det relevant at foretage en arkæologisk undersøgelse af området med henblik på at vurdere det kulturhistoriske potenitale i en arkæologisk undersøgelse af området.

Det arkæologiske feltarbejde udførtes om en tilsynssag. Samlet set blev 47 grøfter af variabel størrelse, fortrinsvis beliggende langs Gammel Strands nordside, undersøgt.

Gammel Strand var karakteriseret af ekstraordinært gode bevaringsforhold, hvorfor mængden af bevarede materielle levn af kulturhistorisk art relateret til Københavns før-industrielle havnemiljø, f.eks. fund, jordfaste anlæg m.m., var ganske betragtelig. I den henseende er identificeringen af resterne af Christoffer Valkendorfs Vejerhus fra 1581, flere grundmurede bygninger fra såvel senmiddelalder som renæssancen samt uhørt mange genstandsfund væsentlig at nævne.

Periods: Late Middle Ages to 18th century.

Features: Harbour, Trade, Butchers, Bulwarks, Gutters, Sewers, Water pipes, Pottery, Buildings

Keywords: Wharf construction, Water supply systems, Administrative buildings, Imported artefacts

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2 Results

2.1 English version

The extensive cable replacement works were spread across most of Gammel Strand. Excavation of the numerous cable trenches was carried out over the course of 2010.

In the High Medieval Era Gammel Strand was a beach area, which, as of the middle of the 14th century, became more densely urbanised and got actual harbour structures. Significant signs of this development were documented during the 2010 excavation work. Considerable finds of well preserved Late Medieval and Renaissance harbour structures were found. These finds were divided among different types of structures, comprising aspects of town planning, such as land development, bulwarks and administrative buildings related the operation of the harbour. Additionally more common infrastructure, such as streets, water supply and waste water organisation etc. was also identified during the work.

Written sources suggest that several administrative functions related to the operation of harbour were established at the end of the Medieval period. A few stone foundations, relating to these administrative buildings, were found. Remains of a wall, thought to represent the remains of the medieval accise booth (duty booth) were found. However this interpretation is only supported by the artefacts found in relation to the foundation remains.

The possible location Late Medieval Vejerhus (the house in which the town weight was placed) isb however, supported by more evidence. The building remains found consisted of at least one room, dated to the Late Medieval period, and a 17th century cellar. The outline of this building is not known, as it was truncated by younger buildings, water pipes etc. and not fully excavated. A 17th century written source states that the Medieval Vejerhus was located on the western side of Christoffer Valkendorf‟s younger, and well documented Renaissance Vejerhus, dated to 1581. A number of artefacts found in relation to the building remains give a rough date that supports the hypothesis that it is the Medieval Vejerhus, though; it could not be verified with certainty.

If focus is pointed towards Christoffer Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus the written sources are of exceptionally good quality, as this solid four-storied building frequently occurs in many accounts and is shown on a handful of historical maps. Also, it is depicted on the oldest photo from Copenhagen, dated to c.1839. The knowledge about the design and history is relatively detailed. It was identified in several trenches in 2010 and subsequent cross reference with the records give the overwhelming impression that the structure excavated was Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus . Moreover the investigations were a great opportunity to obtain an

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increased understanding of how the Humlegård (yard in which the hops was classified) was used. That structure is known to situated on the western side of the Vejerhus in the 16th and 17th century. Another result was the identification of the foundation of the courtyard wall related to the eastern courtyard which, allegedly, was raised in the later part of the 17th century or early in the 18th century. Interestingly, the rest of the Vejerhus foundation is probably still buried underneath the cobblestones on Gammel Strand.

Remains of other structures related to the duty handling procedures and the operation of the harbour was located nearby the remains Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus. Consequently, elements of the foundation of the wall surrounding the Vragerbro (the area were the food brought into Copenhagen by sea was controlled), the wooden build fieleboder (small booths) and small brick built butcher booths were recorded. These structures represented the business on Gammel Strand from the Renaissance up until the square was opened in the middle of the 19th century.

Numerous finds of bulwarks, probably representing four wharf sequences, was found. These remains were consisting of rammed down piles, possibly including plank shoring, stone packing and land development. The date of bulwark construction, was between 1600 and the end of the 18th century, based on artefacts alone. Since earlier excavations on Gammel Strand has shown the bulwarks were built in 15th and 16th century, we can not exclude the possibility that the bulwarks identified were constructed in the same period.

As early as in the 16th century sanitary initiatives in the form of general water supply network consisting of wooden water pipes were present on Gammel Strand. The water supply network did, however, represent a change, as the earlier water supply mainly consisted of wells. The new system was kept in use up until the great sanitary reform in 1854, where iron pipes came in use. In relation to the former system two E-W orientated supply lines and a single NW-SE orientated wooden pipeline were identified. In relation to two of these lines another N-S orientated service canal was found, this lead into the houses, and replaced older worn down supply lines.

During the 17th and 18th century further sanitary initiatives were undertaken, such as establishing of sewer networks and other waste water handling systems. Remains of fourteen wooden supported gutters and five stone build sewers, intended to canal the water away and into the sea, were found. As it was not possible to date these constructions thoroughly on the basis of natural science, written sources and artefacts become the main source to generate datable material – consequently they are dated to the 17th century.

Furthermore a number of deposits interpreted as early land build were thought to be associated with the establishment of the harbour area, while others are related to land development in the 16th and 17th century.

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Finally remains of two possible roads were also identified. One of them represented by multiple leveling layers, probably related to a paved area on the northern side of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus. Besides those leveling layers three sections of paving were excavated. This amounted to a total of 10m of paving. Artefact dates indicate that the road was build around the year 1700.

2.2 Dansk version

Området ved Gammelstrand var i højmiddelalderen et strandområde, som antageligvis i midten af 1300-tallet begyndte at få en tættere bymæssig karakter og egentlige havnefunktioner tilknyttet. De omfattende kabelomlægninger, fordelt over størstedelen af på Gl. Srand, foranledigede en række prøvergravninger, som strakte sig over adskillige måneder af 2010. I forbindelse hermed blev der gjort betydningsfulde fund af særdeles velbevarede strukturer relateret til senmiddelalderens og renæssancens havnemiljø. Fundene fordeler sig på en række anlægtyper, heriblandt matrialiseringer af byplanlægning i form af byggemodningsfaser, havneinfrastruktur i form af bolværker og administrative bygninger knyttet til havnens drift. Hertil kommer desuden almindelig infrastruktur så som gader samt vandforsyningsanlæg, kloakering etc..

Det fremgår af de skriftlige kilder, at flere administrative funktioner relateret til Københavns Havns drift etableres i slutningen af middelalderen. Partier af enkelte stenfundamenter antages at relatere sig til de bygninger, der har huset disse administrative funktioner. Således blev der påtruffet rester af en mur, som muligvis kunne vise sig at repræsentere resterne af den middelalderlige accisebod. Imidlertid støttes den hypotese kun af en række genstandsfund fundet i relation til fundamentsresterne.

Mere tyngde er der i udsagnet, når det postuleres, at det senmiddelalderlige Vejerhus antageligvis blev lokaliseret. Den fundne bygning, som oprindelig bestod af mindst et rum med et plankegulv, er dateret til senmiddelalderen, og siden, formentlig i begyndelsen af 1600-tallet, forsynet med en kælder. Hele denne bygnings udstrækning er imidlertid ikke kendt, da den dels er blevet forstyrret af yngre bygninger og vandrør m.m. og dels ikke er udgravet i sin fulde udstrækning. Det oplyses i en kilde fra begyndelsen af 1600-tallet, at det middelalderlige Vejerhus lå på den vestlige side af Valkendorfs Vejerhus fra 1581, hvis eksakte placering på Gammel Strand er veldefineret. En række genstande fundet i relation til bygningen giver en dateringsramme for bygningen, og støtter hypotesen om, at der er tale om det middelalderlige Vejerhus, om end det ikke kunne verificeres direkte.

Rettes fokus mod Christoffer Valkendorfs Vejerhus er kildesituationen derimod særdeles gunstig, idet denne solide 4-etages renæssancebygning optræder i adskillige skriftlige kilder samt figurer på flere historiske kort og opmålinger samt optræder på det ældste fotografi over København, dateret til ca. 1839. Forhåndskendskabet til såvel bygningens udformning og funktioner gennem tiden er således ret detaljeret. Da den blev påtruffet i flere grøfter i 2010 og

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siden krydsreferet med arkivalierne vedrørende området, blev enhver tvivl om dens identitet ryddet af vejen. Endvidere gav undersøgelserne også mulighed for at opnå en øget forståelse af udnyttelsen af Humlegården, der var tilknyttet Vejerhuset i 15-1600-tallet og som lå på dennes vestside, samt identificerede etableringen af Vejerbodsgården på bygningens østside, angiveligt i slutningen af 1600-tallet eller begyndelsen af 1700-tallet. Resten af bygningens fundament ligger formentlig fortsat bevaret umiddelbart under brolægningen på Gammel Strand.

Rester af andre strukturer relateret til funktioner, tilknyttet afgiftsadministreringen og havnens drift, eller beliggende umiddelbart i forbindelse med Vejerhuset, er ligeledes identificeret over store dele af Gammel Strand. Dels blev der fundet partier af den mur, der omkrandser Vragerbroen samt fundamenter tilhørende de træbyggede fieleboder og de grundmurede slagterboder, som repræsenterede erhvervslivet på Gammel Strand fra renæssancen og frem til pladsen blev åbnet op i midten af 1800-tallet.

Der blev også gjort talrige fund af formodede bolværksrester, som antagligvis repræsenterende fire bolværkssekvenser. Konstruktionsresterne bestod hovedsagligt af nedrammede pæle, eventuelt med kantstillede planker, stenopfyldninger og opfyldslag. Deres datering, som alene tager udgangspunkt i genstandsfund relateret til bolværkstømmeret, indikerer at de stammer fra ca. 1600-sl 1700-tallet. Da der ved tidligere undersøgelser på Gammel Strand er fundet bolværksrester, som er dendrokronologisk dateret til 1400-1500 tallet, kan ikke udelukkes at enkelte af de her fundne sekvenser kan henføres til samme periode.

Allerede i 1500-tallet er sanitære tiltag i form af vandforsyning forbundet i et overordnet forsyningssystem bestående af trævandrør til stede på Gammel Strand. Systemet, der repræsenterer et nybrud, idet den ældre vandforsyning hovedsagelig udgjordes af brønde, vedblev at være i brug frem til kloakeringsreformen i 1854, hvor man gik over til at anvende jernvandrør. I den forbindelse blev der identificeret to øst-vest orienterede forsyningsledninger, udgjort af indbyrdes forbudne trævandrør samt en enkelt nordvest-sydøstgående forsyningsledning. Til to af disse forløb kunne der ydermere knyttes nordgående stik ind til husrækken på Gammel Strand, formentlig erstatninger af ældre, nedslidte ledninger.

I løbet af 1600-1700 tallet ses yderligere en række sanitære tiltag, så som kloakering og anden spildevandshåndtering. Der er således fundet rester af 14 træsatte rendesten og 5 murede kloakker til at lede vandet bort og ned i kanalen. Da det kun i begrænset omfang var muligt at datere disse konstruktioner på baggrund af naturvidenskabelige analyser, er det fortrinsvis skriflige efterretninger samt genstandsfund, som leverer data til en rammedatering til 1600-tallet.

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Endvidere er en række lag er tolket repræsenterende den tidlige opfyldning i forbindelse med etableringen af et egentlig havneområde, mens andre akkumuleringer er henført til byggemodningsaktiviter, som fandt sted 1500-1600-tallet.

Endelig er rester af to mulige vejforløb ligledes identificeret. I det ene tilfælde drejer det sig om en række planeringslag, sandsynligvis relateret til etableringen af et brolagt område nord for Valkendorfs Vejerhus. Derudover er der tale om tre sektioner af brolægning, over en strækning på knap 10m. Fundmaterialet herfra indikerer, at denne vejbelægning er etableret efter 1700.

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3 Introduction

3.1 Schedule

Archaeologists from Museum of Copenhagen were commissioned by Metroselskabet I/S (Metro Company) to undertake the supervision of the building contractors (NCC) as part of the ongoing service trenching at Gammel Strand. The work was initiated the 26th of February 2010 and ended at the 27th of September 2010.

However, the fieldwork process was subdivided into three main phases: 1) March 26th-April 19th. 2) June 24th-July 6th. 3)September 13th-September 27th.

Due to the fact that the fieldwork was organised as watching briefs, the interruptions in the work procedures were caused by standstills in the construction work. The areas affected by the excavation work is depicted on Figures 1 and 2.

3.2 Client

Client was Metroselskabet I/S, Metrovej 5, 2300 København S. The contact between the client and Museum of Copenhagen was handled by Consultant Engineer Niels Gustafsson.

3.3 Client consultant

Client consultant work was handled by Cowi A/S, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, represented by Niels Gustafsson (see above).

3.4 Construction company

The construction work related to the archaeological fieldwork was handled by NCC Construction Danmark A/S, Tuborg Havnevej 15, 2900. Leif Nielsen was construction site manager, while Hanni Garib was project manager.

3.5 Archaeological management and staff

The initial casework related to the archaeological evaluation excavation was handled by curator and project manager Lene Høst-Madsen. Responsible for the excavation was curator Jane Jark Jensen, while fieldleader Gemma Stevenson was site manager.

In addition a significant number of archaeologists were involved in the excavation work: Mads Drevs Dyhrfeld-Johnsen, Claes Hadevick, Ed Lyne, Michael Alrø Jensen, Signe Fog Mogensen, Camilla Haarby Hansen, Karin

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Roug, John Howorth, Rachel Ceridwen Morgan, Samuel Keenan, Mie Pedersen, Astrid W. Jensen, Olle Heimer, Per Jansson and Lars Haugesten.

Different aspects of the finds registration were handled by Finds Co-ordinator Stuart Whatley, archaeologists Olle Heimer, Vivi Lena Andersen and Rikke Kristensen, while the report was written by archaeologists Claus Rohden Olesen and Karen Bork-Pedersen.

3.6 Reponsibility and rights

Museum of Copenhagen was responsible for the archaeological investigation and own the rights to this report. For quotation, inspiration and use hereof check guidelines on www.kulturstyrelsen.dk.

3.7 Finance

Due to agreement the client, Metroselskabet I/S, Metrovej 5, 2300 København S, financed the investigation.

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4 Cultural historical background and topography

4.1 Cultural historical background

4.1.1 First mention of Gammel Strand in written sources

Nearly a thousand years ago the first mention of Copenhagen occurred in the written sources. In 1043 the village Hafn (eng.: Harbour) is mentioned in relation to a naval battle between the Danish King Magnus the Good (1042-1047) and his Earl, the later King Sven Estridsøn (1047-1074). Here in the later part of the Viking Age a harbour, supposedly the predecessor to Gammel Strand, is situated where Copenhagen later evolved.

In the following 120 years the sources are silent. When, around 1160, the Bishop of Roskilde, later the Archbishop of Skandinavia, Absalon (1128-1201), is granted with the village Hafn as a fief by King Valdemar the Great (1157-1182). The Medieval Copenhagen is now starting to take shape (Nielsen 1977 p. 1).

4.1.2 Prope mare

The harbour is first mentioned in 1294, when the Bishop granted the town privileges (Københavns stadsret af 1294). At this time the harbour is just referred to as such. However, it is mentioned that it was surrounded by planks and its gates should be closed when the town bell rang.

In 1377 prope mare, i.e. By the Sea (dan: Ved Havet) is mentioned. Where this harbour, which also is referred to as Gamlebodehavn, was situated is unclear. The sourthen entrance to the harbour was a more shallow water than its northern equivalent. Thus, the access to Gamlebodehavn from the sea is thought to have been facilitated between Slotsholmen and Gammelholm. The foreshore area, where the ships were pulled ashore, is probably to found in close proximity of the current Højbro area.

Although the harbour is only referred to as such in 1294, it is obvious to assume, that Gamlebodehavn was the harbour of the town until the middle of the 14th century. At that time the harbour began expanding all the way to the Højbro area. Hence, it is suggested that remnants of a booth settlement still stood at this time. Unfortunately, the layout of the Medieval harbour is generally to be considered as a poorly or uninvestigated archaeological topic.

The whole area from the current Vandkunsten and to Bremerholm was called Ved Stranden (eng.: By the Sea) in the Middle Ages. It was not before the 18th

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century it was refered to as Gammel Strand (eng.: Oldbeach) – officially Gammel Strand after 1716 (Fabricius 2006 pp. 63-64).

4.1.3 The Medieval coastline

Beneath the houses no. 34 and 40 on Gl. Strand (cf. fileno.: NSL 177), multiple fragments of small boats were found at several occasions. The location of these vessels, which are thought to have been left to sink off the former coastline, gives basis for the definition of the Medieval coastline, although the line drawn seems rather questionable.

In the 1990s archaeologists discovered multiple rows of posts in the middle of the street Naboløs. Dendrochronological analysis dated them to the middle of the 14th century. Hence they might be related to the filling-up of the coastal area in that period (cf. fileno.: KBM 2847).

4.1.4 Buildings on Gammel Strand

4.1.4.1 Deeds

The oldest deeds referring to town houses on Gammel Strand is from the later part of the 14th century. In 1423 two booths, situated to the northeast of a town manor called Strandgården (eng.: The Manor by the Sea), is mentioned. From the 15th century several manors, houses and booths were raised in the harbour area.

4.1.4.2 The Medieval Vejerbod

―Item skal Raadet have et Hus dertil, som de deres Pundere og Skaalvægt udi.‖1 King Christoffer III of Bavaria (king 1440-1448) orders a such a house built in 1443 (Nielsen 1881 p. 152). Although the ambition was to build a vejerhus (eng.: The Weighthouse – house in which the town weight stood), there is no evidence the desicion was executed at that time. However, around the year 1500 a Vejerhus was present on Gammel Strand (Wolf 1654 p. 157).

A deed on a town manor, mentioned in Kjøbenhavns Diplomatarium (KD) and dated to February 15th 1554, describes its location on Gammel Strand. According to this source the Medieval vejerhus was:

1 Translation: ”Also the Council must have a house to this, where their weights and bowl weight (should be)”.

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“liggendis y Kiøpnehaffn strax nordenn till Strandenn, sødenn for Anders Knudzens gaard, szom fordom tilhørde forscrreffnne Peder Kiempe, och østen nest optill by Weygerhuss (KD I p. 297).‖2

Hence the older vejerhus was located between Kompagnistræde, Snaregade and a small alley that gave it access to the harbour.

According to historian Oluf August Nielsen (1838-1896) the Medieval Vejerhus decayed in the 16th century and it was transferred to the town, which started using it as a humlegård (building in which the hop was sorted according to quality). To the north of this Vejerhus the town accisehus was situated (accise – supplementary tax on food). Whether the origin of the town Vejerhus dates further back in time is unknown, but it is not unlikely, so solid evidence of a relation between the Medieval Vejerhus and the Accisehus is missing.

4.1.5 Valkendorf’s Vejerhus

In 1581 the King‟s chancellor Christoffer Valkendorf (1525-1601) erected a new and much larger Vejerhus in front of the southern end of the present day Naboløs. Valkendorf‟s Vejerbod now included room for the Accisehus administration, but in spite of that the old accisehouse was still standing as late as in 1656, where it was the recidence of the accise bookkeeper. Valkendorf‟s Vejerbod stood until 1857 (for details about the Valkendorf‟s Vejerbod – cf. Cultural historical interpretation).

4.1.5.1 Salt booths

According to the 1620 source, mentioned above, two salt booths were supposedly located right next too Valkendorf‟s.Vejerhus.

4.1.5.2 Stone-lined wharf

Same Valkendorf cleaned the harbour in the 1580s and he ordered the building of a stone-lined wharf, covering the quay side from the Vejerhouse up to Gammelholm.

In 1902 a bulwark, rammed down along the streets Nybrogade and Gammel Strand, and a boat slip intended for small boats were found. The outline of the boat slip agreed with the layout of the Assistenshuset, the current Ministry of Cultural Affairs. It is suggested that the boat slip dates back to 1400-1500s, but very little is known about its origin.

Another possibility is that the slip represents the scarce remains of a small Medieval repair shipyard (Fabricius 2006 p. 61).

2 Translation: ”situated in Copenhagen, directly north of the beach, south of Anders Knudsens town manor, which had Peder Kiempe as it‟s former owner, and (to the) east right next to (the) Vejerhus”.

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4.1.5.3 Højbro

The connection between the town and the castle on Slotsholmen was facilitated by the bridge Højbro. It is unknown when it was raised, but it seems logical that it was present when Absalon build his castle (1167-1171).

It is not possible to state whether the remains of the bridge is identified or not. Though in 1905, right next to the canal, a row of strong oak posts were located on Slotsholmen. Equivalent posts were found forming a straight line from the corner of Gammel Strand towards Højbro Plads. As the orientation of these two rows was identical, they were interpreted as remnants of Absalons Højbro – maybe a rather optimistic interpretation.

Archaeological investigations carried out at Højbro Plads in the mid 1990s gave insight into how the citizens dropped their garbage into the canal as early as the 12th century. However, the village-like settlement character of the area changed in the 14th century as a new cobblestone paving, made of flat lime stones, were laid.

As the deepest part of the harbour was in front of current day Højbro Plads, it has been suggested that a ferry harboured here at some point (Fabricius 2006 pp. 63-68).

4.1.5.4 Højbro Plads

Højbro Plads did not emerge until after the Fire of Copenhagen in 1795. Initially Højbrostræde was facing the Medieval streets Gammel Strand and Store Færgestræde one side and Saint Nikolaj Church on the other.

4.1.5.5 Færgebroen

Færgebroen (Ferry bridge), which was mentioned for the first time in 1526, was located next to Færgestræde. From here the ferry sailed to Amager and Skåne. However it probably dates further back i.e. the ferry man is mentioned in a deed dated to 1449. At the end of the 16th century the bridge seems to have disappeared. Hence it does not occur in written sources after 1580, and is not shown on the oldest map of Copenhagen, dated to c. 1598-1602 (Fabricius 2006 s. 64-65).

4.1.5.6 Other bridges

In 1275 the town skibbro (wharf) occurs in a written sources and in 1377 Ladbroen (eng.: the loading bridge) is also mentioned. In the 1275-document and the Bishop‟s privileges of 1294 a skibbro located by the harbour is mentioned. It is likely that Ladbroen also gave its name to Ladbrostæde (mentioned c. 1400). In 1342 the so-called Blithebro occurred in a source; in

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1359 Magna Pons (Store Bro), in 1443 Vindebro and in 1433 Høwbro (probably Højbro) (Fabricius 2006 pp. 64-65).

How these bridges were constructed is unknown. Were they extending far out into the canal or were they built as bulwarks? What we do know is that wood was used to build Højbro. In the 15th century, King Christian I (1448-1481) prohibited the Copenhageners to moor their ships to Højbro; the citizens were to ram down their own mooring post in the harbour and moor their ships to them.

4.1.5.7 The Cadaster of 1496

The cadaster of 1496 mentions multiple booths located east of the City Hall. According to the privileges of 1294 foreign merchants were not allowed to sell their goods directly off the ships. They were only permitted to trade at the town square (east of the City Hall).

4.1.5.8 The coastline until the 14th century

Until the middle of the 14th century the coastline followed present day Læderstræde and Kompagnistræde. During the 1300s the expansion of the coastal area towards the current Gammel Strand coastline was initiated. Unfortunately, little is known about the Medieval settlement along the sides of Kompagnistræde and Læderstræde. However, H. Fabricius sees it as a part of the town characterized by narrow alleys, flanked by small wooden houses and storage buildings. The larger merchants‟ houses were located in Tyskemanne Gade (curr. Vimmelskafet)

Figure 3. The building belonging to the Bargemen’s Guild. Bymuseets Billedarkiv.

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4.1.5.9 Læderstræde

Læderstræde is mentioned for the first time in 1428, but it is probably much older, and it has been suggested that it arose as a foreshore or a street by the harbour. Others suggest that the Læderstræde word is a popular misrepresentation of Ladbrostræde. However, it seems more likely that Ladbrostræde is identical with Rådhusstræde (Fabricius 2006 pp. 69-70).

4.1.5.10 The Bargemen Guild’s building

The Bargemen Guild‟s building was located between Accisehuse and Vejerhuse. (cf. photo of Gammel Strand on front page, dated to c. 1839).

Figure 4. Section of 1839-map of Gammel Strand. The building belonging to the Bargemen’s

Guild is seen on the right side of the map.

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4.1.5.11 Oktrojeret Ostindisk Kompagni’s building

In the 1620s the Danish Eastindia Company (1616-1650) had its house on Gammel Strand. It was located opposite the Islandic Company‟s (1619-1787) house that was found on Slotsholmen (Christophersen 1985 pp. 95-96).

4.1.5.12 Urbanization by the Harbour, around 1370

Most densely populated was the area along the harbour between Vestervoldgade and Højbro Plads. Out of the 560 town parcels posted in the Bishop of Roskilde‟s cadaster of 1370, 146 are referred to as curiae, i.e. a large manor house or building complex. A total of 77 (53%) of these were to be found in the area between the beach and the line Vimmelskaftet-Amagertorv, bounded on the NE by the cemetery of the Church of Saint Nicolai; in all covering an area of 50,000m2 (Christophersen 1985 pp. 69-70).

4.1.5.13 A Water Mill

A water mill located by the beach is mentioned in 1419, “...in plathea lathbrostrede sitas orientaliter a molendina...”.

Remains of the mill have not been identified during previous archaeological excavation work, but it‟s pond was examined by the eager amateur archaeologists Hans Nielsen Rosenkjær (1851-1907) and Holger Utke Ramsing (1868-1946) at Løngangsstræde 16 and Løngangsstræde 5, respectively (Rosenkjær 1902, 1906; Ramsing 1940; Christophersen 1985 p. 78).

A mill sluice and a drain canal is identified by Ramsing. The drain was examined on the lot Løngangsstræde 1/Rådhusstræde 2, while the pond and sluice were found by historian Chrstian Axel Jensen (1878-1952) on Vandkunsten in 1950.

4.2 Topography

Before the urbanisation of Gammel Strand the area had the character of a beach environment, which faced the islets right off the coast. It was an ideal natural harbour. The urbanization processes did not begin until in the middle of the 14th century.

In the area between northwest of Strandholmen/Slotsholmen and the beach were found the small islets the so-called Skarnholme. They were first mentioned in 1549 when the magistrate is permitted to build a landing place and a careening place (KD I s. 423). The name “Scarnholmen” occurs in 1641, which is rather late.

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Gammelbodedyb (Dybet), the name of the channel between Sjæland and the islets, refers to Gammelbodehavn, the first harbour of Copenhagen, which occurs in the Bishop‟s Privileges of 1294 (See above). Ramsing states the deepest part of this channel is north of Stormbroen, where the depth supposedly exceeded 2m in the Middle Ages.

Figure 5: Map showing the approximate placement of some of the earlier excavations and watching briefs in the area.

vv

v

v

v

v

vv

v

v vvv

v

vv

v

v

vv

v

vv

E

T

GÅRDHUSET

HUSET

PLADS

BERTEL

MUSEUM

HØJBRO

NYBROGADENYBROGADE

SNAREGADE

SNAREGADE

MAGSTRÆDE

NYBROGADE

HØJESTERETHØJESTERET

SLOTSKIRKE

AMAGERTORVAMAGERTORV

AMAGERTORV

THORVALDSENS

THORVALDSENS

RÅDHUSSTRÆDE

RÅDHUSSTRÆDE

KNABROSTRÆDE

KNABROSTRÆDE

VINDEBROGADE

VINDEBROGADE

KNABROSTRÆDE

PRINS JØRGENS

VIMMELSKAFTETVIMMELSKAFTET

BADSTUESTRÆDE

BADSTUESTRÆDE

BADSTUESTRÆDE

BADSTUESTRÆDE

GAMMEL STRAND

GAMMEL STRAND

CHRISTIANSBORG

KOMPAGNISTRÆDE

BROLÆGGERSTRÆDE

SLOTSHOLMSKANALEN

STORE KIRKESTRÆDE

SLOTSHOLMSKANALEN

PRINS JØRGENS GÅRD

THORVALDSENS MUSEUM

CHRISTIANSBORG SLOTSKIRKE

°

0 10 20 30

Meter

1:1.300

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5 Archaeological background

5.1 Earlier work

Several archaeological observations have been made in the Gammel Strand area, mainly in relation to watching briefs. The consistent features seem to be wooden structures such as singular posts and bulwark remains.

In the archives, information about finds of archaeological interest since the beginning of the 20th century is found. Most of the information is assessed to be very reliable. Yet it was not until 1972 that the first professional archaeological observations were made in the area. Nationalmuseets Skibshistorisk Laboratorium (today Vikingeskibsmuseet) was called upon to investigate finds made at Gammel Strand 34, where they found a keel with bow and a frame with bollard. They had already been summoned in the 1960‟s where 2-3 smaller boats had been found under the facade of Krogh‟s Fiskerestaurant. The boats were not removed and should still be in place today.

These finds provides us with obvious, but nonetheless important, information about the place:

1) Preservation conditions for organic material are excellent.

2) The former coastline is in the vicinity, but not at its present location.

All the later excavations, watching briefs and core samples support the assumption that the former coastline is to be found to the north of the present day houses on Gammel Strand, and landfill to the south, along with associated bulwarks, provide its present location.

To the northwest of Gammel Strand, analysis of macrofossil samples testify that Snaregade was a periodically flooded area with some kind of settlement activity nearby, as the lower cultural layers have been AMS-dated to the middle of the 12th century. In this period the beach seems to be located somewhere between Snaregade and Brolæggerstræde (Poulsen 2005).

The landfill process is illustrated by the bulwarks: some of the earliest bulwark remains have been found in the street of Naboløs and in the western part of Gammel Strand. Here dendrochronological dating suggests that the bulwarks were established some time after 1270. In Naboløs they are dated to “after 1260”, “1324” and “1396”, and at Gammel Strand after 1270 and c. 1332; yet ceramic finds suggest a date between 1400-1500. Marine gyttja further south has been dated to 1293, which implies that at this time water is still present here, and this corresponds well with the former dates for bulwarks (Poulsen 2005; Jensen & Søndergaard 2003).

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In Snaregade, bulwark dated between 1516 and 1617 was reinforced after 1630. In Nybrogade substantial bulwark remains have been dated to after 1688. Further to the east on Gammel Strand two bulwarks have been dated „after 1500‟ and “winter 1405/1406” (Poulsen 2005).

The watching brief KBM2908, which ran across several streets from Skindergade in the north to Snaregade in the south, provides valuable information about differences in the terrain along with the accumulation of cultural layers and the subsoil level in the area. Measurements showed that while todays drop in the terrain from Skindergade to Snaregade is 4.8m, the drop in the level of the natural geology is 5.8m. This tells us that the original drop in the terrain towards the Gammel Strand area was greater before the deposition of the cultural layers (KBM 2908; Poulsen 2005 p. 9).

5.2 The Gammel Strand watching brief 2008

A preliminary investigation prior to the main Metro excavation was conducted in 2008 on Gammel Strand in order to facilitate the planning of the future work. Three north-south trenches were dug, no deeper than the water table, and only till the first archaeological feature was identified. South of Gammel Strand 42 bulwark was found and dated to „after 1500‟. Futher south, remains of floor and walls typologically dated to 1700-1800 were found. Further to the east additional bulwark remains were found in the trench outside Gammel Strand 36/38. The last trench was located south of Gammel Strand 26, right near the corner of Gammel Strand/Højbro Plads. No bulwark was found here.

File no. Type of remains

NSL 177 Ship parts

KBM 1213 Building structures

KBM 2244 Building structures, pavement

KBM 2487 Posts, bulwark

KBM 2747 Posts, bulwark

KBM 2908 Building structures, water pipes, roads, moats and gardens

KBM 3290 Cultural deposits

KBM 3785 Building structures, bulwark, waterpipe

KBM 3862 Building structures

KBM 3893 Building structures

KBM 3903 Building structures

Figure 6. Earlier archaeological observations in the Gammel Strand area. Tidligere arkæologiske undersøgelser i området omkring Gammel Strand.

Though previous investigations in the Gammel Strand area have mainly been carried out in the streets surrounding Gammel Strand, they have contributed much information about the development of the harbour area. There are strong

25

indicators that the former coastline is to be found somewhere to the north of Gammel Strand. The area between the former and the present coastline was filled up between 1200 and 1700. This was probably done in different stages as implied by the bulwark dates.

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6 Cultural historical potential and aims

6.1 Introduction

As the previous chapters 3 and 4 show, the area of Gammel Strand has played a central role in the development of the maritime infrastructure of Copenhagen, and it has been the place of several administrative buildings which were essential to the economic growth of the town. This report deals with the many watching briefs that took place ahead of the actual excavation of Gammel Strand in relation to the establishment of a metro station. It should therefore not only be dealt with as an investigation of its own, but also as a precursor of what is to be expected in the coming excavation.

6.2 The harbour

The area has been subject to land reclamation and its closeness to water makes it a rather waterlogged area. The houses on Gammel Strand stand on a foundation of piles that have been preserved to this day due to the waterlogging of the area.

The archaeological remains of the area, such as bulwarks dendrochronologically dated to the 15th century and the find of ship fragments at earlier excavations, must be considered high potential in terms of studying the establishment and development of the harbour area with its land reclamation and quay construction. In the forthcoming excavation there is a real possibility of finding evidence of the earliest harbour at the place.

6.3 Social economics

The archaeological finds from Gammel Strand carry a high potential for studying trade that was so vital for the town. Whether locally produced or imported goods, they all bear witness to the trade patterns, trade connections and the industries themselves and their development. By studying the archaeological evidence it may be possible to address issues such as the social topography of the the town when comparing to the rest of the archaeological material of Copenhagen, and tell us about the socio-economic capacity of the society.

The finding of buildings that can be assigned to the administration of the town and in particular the harbour, provides valuable information about the organisational design that was to continuously secure the order and the prosperity of the town.

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6.4 Infrastructure

With the finding of several sewers, gutters and waterpipes and a few traces of possible roads on Gammel Strand it is possible to study the layout and changes of some of the infrastructural systems in the town. By studying those, valuable information is added to the understanding of the layout of the streets, parcels and probably also the social differences in the quarters. Comparing with the written sources, that have been preserved or the late part of the Post-Medieval period, it will also be possible to see if the regulations were met as required.

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7 Methodology

7.1 Excavation and documentation methodology

This chapter describes the excavation techniques, sampling, documentation, terminology and registration applied to this watching brief. It also describes the ongoing work practices and field conditions concerning this specific watching brief.

7.1.1 Watching brief methodology

The watching brief on Gammel Strand was characterized by a number of more or less incoherent trenches, dug by machine. When digging a specific trench the archaeologist was summoned by the NCC to supervise the work. The trenches were primarily dug by machine under the supervision of an archaeologist. The identification of archaeological features lead to further investigation by trowel or shovel, and were excavated single context to the extent that the conditions allowed this. Some major archaeological features such as fill layers, were, to some extent, removed by machine after documenting and in some cases, sampling was performed.

7.1.2 Documentation methodology

The aim was to record all archaeological features according to the stratigraphical, single context method as described in Roskams (2001). This means that archaeological contexts should be recorded and described down to the smallest visible event that can be identified by the archaeologist.This means documenting the contexts the way they are dug; in a reverse chronological order starting with the most recent remains first and working back in time. When it comes to watching briefs, this method is subject to some modifications. Many contexts are only to be seen and recorded in sections, and the full extent of these are therefore rarely identified. Some features could only be registrered without further investigations, standing on top of the trench, because of the hazards of collapsing profiles and pollution.

In practice, the registration of each context and in-situ find was recorded by giving it all relevant coordinates and boundaries along with a unique identification number generated by the total station. Regarding features that only appears on section drawings, these were given unique numbers afterwards in IntraSiS. Most of these do not have any geoobject attached, and can therefore not be shown in maps other than by the section number. Due to the nature of the watching brief, primarily consisting of narrow trenches, this has resulted in higher number of contexts recorded without individual geoobjects attached than an actual excavation probably would.

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The information about the individual layers was stated using pre-printed context sheets representing the different classes of context identified. These were defined as: Cut, Deposit, Timber structure and Stone/Brick structure; each represented by a sheet with relevant boxes for marking premade options, along with text boxes for writing and a mini-matrix for relating the context to its nearest lower and upper relations. Minor changes were done to the actual sheets along the way, but in general, they were kept in their primary form.

Gl. Strand

KBM 3828 År 2010

Area Checked by/ Date

Associated with Structure/Group no.

Date & Initials Context no.

Entered into Intrasis (check)

Photo/Drawing nos.

Thickness (m)

Deposit

Modifier Light □ Mid□ Dark □

2nd

Colour Pinkish □ reddish □ yellowish□ brownish □ greenish □ bluish □ greyish □ whitish

□Other ____

Main Colour Pink □ red □ yellow □ brown □ green □ blue □ white □ grey □ black □

Other ______

Secondary Compositio

n

Clay □ Silt □ Sand □ Peat □ Pebbles □ Stones □ Other _____________

Main Compositio

n

Clay □ Silt □ Sand □ Peat □ Pebbles □ Stones □ Other _____________

Compaction

Sand Strongly cemented □ Weakly cemented □ Compact □ Loose □

Clay/ Silt Hard □ Firm □ Soft □ Very soft □ Friable □

Peat Firm □ Spongy □ Plastic □

Boundary to Next

Sharp □ Clear □ Diffuse

□

In Plan, Boundary to

Next

Smooth □ Wavy □ Irregular

□

Context Truncated Yes □ No □ Unclear □

Homogeneity Lensed □ Uniform □ Mottled □

Same as

Inclusions Charcoa

l

Pebbles

Stones Bone

Twig/

Bark

Burnt

Bone

Wood Slag Shell

Ash Soot CBM Other

(specify)

Occasional

Moderate

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Frequent

Other Inclusions

Finds Ceramics

CBM Wood Fe Textile Slag Bone Glass Worked

Stone

Flint Leather Other (specify)

Occasional

Moderate

Frequent

Finds Notes

Interpretative Tools

Angle of finds etc Horizontal □ Vertical □ Mixed □ Not Perceivable □ Angled__________(add

direction below)

Deposition Process

Rapid Backfill □ Dump □ Naturally Accumulated □

Natural Accumulated with Dumped Elements □ Cultural Accumulation (in situ) □

Extra Description

Interpretation Basic Interpretation

(see Typology)

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Sketch (Including North arrow for plans and facing

direction for profiles or sections. Not to scale.)

Excavation Conditions Dry □ Light Rain □ Wet □ Sunny □ Cloudy □ Frozen □

Excavation Method Machine □ Spade/Mattock □ Hoe □ Trowel □

Sample ID

C14 □ Botanical □ Dendro □ Insect □ Pollen □

Other_________________

Taken by Sample Notes

Figure 7. The type of context sheets used at Gammel Strand in 2010.

During the fieldwork phase the information on the context sheets was transferred to the corresponding IntraSiS Explorer database for further analysis and storing. Entering information into IntraSiS also included grouping according to the principles in the “Guidelines for contextual documentation” (Thomasson 2011). In addition, all the features were entered into an overall site matrix.

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7.1.3 Archive material

All documentation regarding the watching briefs on Gammel Strand is stored by the Museum of Copenhagen. This means that all paperwork: context sheets, diaries, drawings and such are kept in the museum storage. Digital material, such as photos, Intrasis database, e-mail correspondance and so on, have been saved on the museums terminal server with relevant back-up.

7.2 Finds retrieving and registration parameters

7.2.1 Retrieving

All the archaeological finds retrieved on the excavation have been added into IntraSiS as Finds Units. Special finds have been measured by totalstation, whereby finds unit identities waere generated in the IntraSiS database. Finds Units for bulk finds have been created by the archaeologist with special responsibility for finds. The excavating archaeologist has split the finds material collected in the same context/excavations unit into various material types, and placed it with a tag in a bag, and label with KBM number, context number and Finds Unit ID number. KBM Collections department staff have been consulted and used in the lifting procedure of selected artefacts.

Procedure: Special finds Archaeologist measure Finds Units; Bulk finds Archaeologist retrieve by hand selection material/bag/context Archaeologist with special responsibility Finds Units

The finds were brought to the museum, processed (cleaned, weighed, counted, placed in bags and marked) then transformed within IntraSiS from Finds Units into Finds Objects, whilst the fieldwork was ongoing.

Procedure: Finds coordinator Finds objects Registration

Within the documentation process, artefacts have been registered in the Finds Object section of IntraSiS. In this way they have been further sorted using appropriate typologies, dated and split into function type. Through this process, information regarding chronology, trade, wealth, and land use has been discerned.

Procedure: Finds coordinator registered finds to Specialists; Specialist analyse and report to Finds coordinator; Finds coordinator draft to Excavation Leader.

7.2.2 Registration

Each Find Unit created was registered as a Finds Object. Usually many Finds Objects were created from a single Finds Unit as the finds were retrieved and

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placed together due to their material type. Each Finds Object was registered in two phases; the Basic Registration phase (whilst the excavation was ongoing) and then the Specialist Stage (post-excavation phase). The Specialist stage differed as extra analysis was undertaken after conservation and the whole assemblage could be viewed at one time.

Each Finds Object is given an auto generated number in the database. The Finds Object consists of a Class section and Subclass section. The Class section comprises various fields such as material type, type of object, date, measurement, location within the project and provenance. The Sub-class section consists of finds grouped together with other finds of similar types and functions. These groups relate to categories used by NOM (Nomina Rerum Mediævalium) and (MOLAS) Museum of London Archaeological Services.

Each Finds Object comprises information on the bag such as:

KBM-number Context number (SD number) Finds Object ID Material or Special Find type

7.3 Sampling methodology

This chapter describes the overall methodological framework of how and why sampling for scientific analysis is undertaken. Samples for environmental and scientific analysis have been taken from selected structures and layers, artefacts and materials. The primary aim of taking samples is to have analysis carried out in order to establish content; determination of material, identification of species or dating of a feature.These types of analysis can herafter contribute in determining how remains or features were constructed or created, give terminus post quem or terminus ante quem datings for occurring features etc.

7.3.1 Sampling techniques

All the samples have been extracted by archaeologists or consultants on site. Hereafter the samples were prioritized by the archaeologists in order to secure that only the ones with most potential in providing answers to relevant questions were sent to specialists. Further sampling has been undertaken in the laboratories by consultants. All the samples have been accompanied by a written motivation for each analysis, which has been entered into the free text field for the sample in IntraSiS. The Museum‟s Collections Department and the Finds Coordinator were responsible for conservation, while scientific analysis were within the domain of the Antiquarian Department and the Science Coordinator. Thus sampling from finds for scientific analysis concerns both departments but has ultimately been the responsibility of the Antiquarian Department.

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7.3.2 Procedures and organisation

Sampling has been conducted according to the principles laid out in this text. The museum Science Coordinator was responsible for the contact with consultants, writing requisitions, defining timeframes as well as the scope of the analyses, to oversee that the results have been recorded in IntraSiS and that reports have been done according to the given instructions. The Science Coordinator was furthermore in charge of functional procedures concerning sieving and flotation of macro samples as well as the transportation of samples from the museum to the consultants. The consultants have been responsible for entering the results of the analysis

directly into the Museum of Copenhagen’s IntraSiS database. Templates for

this purpose have been developed in cooperation between the consultants and the Museum. The consultants were responsible for producing reports for each set of analyses.

Procedure: Archaeologist/consultant samples; Excavation Leader and Museum Science Coordinator analysis; Consultant record results in IntraSiS

7.3.3 Recording of Bulk, Monolith and Core sampling

All samples taken within the field work phase have been measured in by total station. Sample identities were then generated in the IntraSiS database. If the sample was to be analysed, it was the responsibility of the analyst to create a sample analysis ID in the IntraSiS database.

Procedure: Archaeologist (measure) sample ID; Consultant Sample analysis ID

7.3.4 Sample recording from finds

The finds have been entered and registered in the IntraSiS database according to the principles laid out in the Finds Handbook (2010). When a sample has to be taken from a find, it was the responsibility of the Finds Coordinator to create a sample ID in the IntraSiS database. If this sample was to be analysed, it was the responsibility of the consultant to create a sample analysis in the IntraSiS database.

Procedure: Finds coordinator sample ID; Consultant Sample analysis ID 5.4.1.3 Recording of samples taken from other samples It has been the responsibility of the consultant to create sample ID‟s in the IntraSiS database, e.g. when picking out organic material from Macro samples for C14 analysis. The sample analysis ID was created by the consultant conducting the analysis.

Procedure: Consultant Sample ID; Consultant Sample analysis ID

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7.3.5 Principial procedures for sending samples to analysis

Mechanical sampling is conducted regarding macro analysis (sampling motivation is to be found in Method Statement). The field archaeologists record the sample circumstances. The Excavation Leader has responsibility to take initiative to assess the sample/group of samples for its analysis potential. An analysis motivation is filled in by a Field Leader and sent to the Science Coordinator. The motivation should be related to cultural historical questions from the Method Statement. The Science Coordinator sees to it that the samples are assessed (cultural-historical potential) by the consultant. The Science Coordinator, together with the Excavation Leader, takes the decision to send sample for analysis.

Procedure: Field archaeologist takes sample according to directives in this document, if macro describes sample circumstances; Field leader cultural historical motivation for analysis; Excavation leader Science Coordinator order analysis Consultant

7.3.6 Sample documentation

All samples taken were surveyed by totalstation, creating a unique number for the sample while linking it directly to the context from which it was sampled. On the context sheet the motivation for taking the sample is stated. This was then transferred into IntraSiS. The individual consultant was responsible for creating sample ID in the IntraSiS database. The sample analysis ID was then created by the consultant conducting the analysis.

Procedure: Consultant Sample ID; Consultant Sample analysis ID

7.3.7 Actual procedures for sending samples to analysis

Mechanical sampling was conducted regarding macro analysis (sampling motivation is found in the Method Statement). The field archaeologists have recorded the sample circumstances. The Science Co-ordinator was responsible for assessing the sample analysis potential and to make sure that the cultural historical assessment performed by external consultat is filed correctly.

Procedure: Field archaeologist takes sample according to directives in this document.

Field leader cultural historical motivation for analysis; Science Coordinator order analysis ConsultantResults.

7.4 Remains and preservation

Bearing in mind the history of Gammel Strand, it was not surprising that timber and other wooden contexts were some of the most frequent structures to be found on Gammel Strand. These remains could in many cases be assigned to

36

either bulwarks, sewers, water pipes, fences or buildings. The preservation conditions for organic material are excellent here due to the waterlogged area.

The table shows the context types found, based on their basic interpretation.

Type: Number:

Alluvial deposit 9

Barrel 1

Beam 5

Bulwark 15

Construction cut 22

Demolition layer 18

Dump layer 38

Fill 31

Floor 7

Foundation layer 5

Foundation wall 21

Foundation wattle 1

Geological layer 1

Levelling layer 51

Natural vegetation 1

Paved surface 5

Pit 5

Plank 30

Post 118

Primary construction fill 5

Quay side 1

Sewer 13

Sill beam 1

Stake 1

Wall 21

Water pipe 21

Wooden floor 1

Total: 448

Figure 8. Registered contexts.

A total of 70 contextual groups were formed based on the 448 contexts and 120 subgroups. 21 groups belong to the category „open area‟. This group mainly contains contexts categorized as „land development‟ meaning deposits or structures which have been interpretated as being part of a continuous land reclamation, that seems to have taken place in Medieval and Post-Medieval time. Other groups belonging to the category „open area‟ are levelling layers, roads and courtyards.

6 groups are denoted as “wharf”, though it could be stated that there can only be one wharf which all the bulwarks and wharf sections somehow are part of.

37

The division into several seperate groups has been done for the purpose of maintaining the possibility of interpretating these wharfs as belonging to different phases; not only in the perspective of the wharf itself, but also in regard to the rest of the activity in the area.

Type Number

Subgroup 120

Group 9

Group/building 12

Group/fence line 1

Group/natural ground 1

Group/open area 21

Group/sewer 17

Group/water supply 3

Group/wharf 6

Total groups: 70

Total groups and subgroups: 190

Figure 9. Registered contextual groupings.

The group „water supply‟ consist of 3 individual courses of main waterpipes along with their respective service pipes. Even though these water pipes are part of the same overall water supply system of Copenhagen, they are divided into separate groups,as they are thought to represent different phases of water supplementation on Gammel Strand.

7.5 Finds Material (Report by Stuart Whatley)

7.5.1 Introduction

A total of 396 Finds Objects and 191 Finds Units (excluding animal bones) from the Gammel Strand watching brief were examined for this report. The artefacts registered span a period from High Medieval period to Modern times (late 14th Century until the 19th Century). This chapter aims to assess the assemblage from the watching brief, looking at key questions such as trade, wealth and evidence of craftwork and production of goods. This chapter will feature an overall results section. It will then be followed by sections and mini chapters categorised by function and material using an amalgamation of function types set by MOLAS and NOM.

MOLAS Museum of London Archaeological Service

NOM Nomina Rerum Mediævalium

D: Diameter

38

G: Gauge

L: Length

T: Thickness

W: Width

7.5.2 Results (General observations)

The assemblage comprises a mixture of a common urban assemblage from destruction layers from buildings and various dump deposits at certain periods in time from High Medieval to Modern period.

Deposits (200251) and (200252) were the earliest deposits dating from the High Medieval to the early Renaissance. They both contain a mixture of different types of finds (pottery, animal bone, building materials, textiles etc.) dumped in two clay rich dump layers, the earliest (200251) being dirty alluvial clay. The waterlogged anaerobic soil conditions have preserved many organic objects so they provide much more information on society that cannot be seen in other areas on site from the finds. It should also been mentioned that a cubic metre sample from (200252) was sieved for finds, so many more small organic finds was retrieved.

These two large deposits contain a plethora of artefacts representing the whole spectrum of finds from building materials and household goods, animal bones, pottery glass and personal equipment comprising clothing and shoes and some toys. The pottery from these deposits consist red wares (glazed and unglazed) in the forms of jugs and storage vessels from Zealand and proto stoneware and stoneware drinking vessels from the Rhine area. Evidence of ships and fishing was also apparent with small wooden fragments of ships recovered (parts of rigging and a spar), nails used in either ships or structures and wooden floats used in fishing.

Suggests either rubbish disposal in the river by private citizens as it‟s the nearest easy access refuse site or a public controlled dumping ground to create extra land. Results from the excavation should determine this issue.

The other early Post Medieval and later Post Medieval finds relate to occupation in Gammel Strand, in particular from the former Tax office building. These finds, and in particular the coins, are common finds and do not portray any evidence of high or low status or international trade.

7.5.3 Trade import/export

The main evidence of import is from the pottery and glass. There are German stonewares from the High and Late Medieval periods from the Rhine area and

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earthenware and faience from Holland from the 16th and 17th century. There is also some glass from Rhine area from late Medieval period. The high numbers of imports may possibly represent rubbish from castle residents or perhaps by elites living nearby. It is noticeable that there are more imports in the trenches than those that have been currently found at Kongens Nytorv and Rådhuspladsen. It should be noted however, the East and West gateways of the city would be kept clean for defensive purposes as well as being a public space and somewhat ostentatious entry points into the city. The refuse area for the people around these gateways must be found elsewhere.

The majority of the finds were probably manufactured or produced locally, which is to be expected as Copenhagen was a large city by the Renaissance period and would have had their own sizable population of craftspeople. For example the pottery and tile are mostly oxidised fabric and are probably fired in Zealand. The cost of transportation of these everyday objects, especially tile and bricks, would be high. We will get a much idea of import and export when the excavation begins

7.5.4 Industry/manufacturing

Production waste from woodworking, metalworking and glassmaking were collected but not in large quantities, and no kiln structures or manufacturing structures were uncovered. From the trenches that were opened it has been suggested that the Gammel Strand was not used as a production site. This may of course change when the excavation trenches are open in 2013.

7.5.5 Building Materials

Building materials comprise of all materials relating to and belonging to structures; bricks, daub, roof tiles, stone blocks etc. From the watching brief a total 22 Finds Objects created. Most building materials were collected as a sample, as it was decided at the beginning that the main excavation will feature more analysis so the budget was best spent on registering a sample of the materials. The result of the fieldwork was that there were very few fragments of building materials seen with only the remains of Tax office preserved. The Stove tiles date from the early Post Medieval (16th Century) and are useful as a dating tool as well as evidence of wealth and trade.

7.5.6 Bricks

Two Post Medieval bricks were taken as a representative sample, no. (200512), found in (2647) and no. (200611), found in (2347). Both oxidised bricks were dumped after they were broken. Due to the high cost of transporting CBM they are probably locally fired at a site near Copenhagen and date to the Post Medieval period (1550-1850). No Medieval bricks were found on site. Brick (200512) measures L: 140mm W: 95mm T: 65mm. Brick (200611) measures L: 20mm W: 5mm T: 5mm.

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7.5.7 Daub

One Finds Object dating from Late Medieval deposit. The Finds Object consists of 8 grey fragments of daub from a wattle and daub structure in a deposit dating from the Late Medieval period. The daub contains combed and plant marks most likely adding the daub to the structure. (200455), found in (200252). The most common form of townhouse in Copenhagen would have been constructed with an outer layer comprising wattle and daub. It is believed to have been discoloured grey due to its deposition in the waterlogged deposit.

7.5.8 Floor tiles

Two finds objects, believed to be from a wealthy townhouse, castle or a religious building due to their usual occurrence at these building types. (Gaimster, D; & Nenk, B; 1997, pp. 183-5).One fractured green glazed floor tile (200668) found in (6307), a Post Medieval deposit. Another green glaze tile (200676) probably dates from the Late Medieval to early Renaissance period and was thrown into dump deposit (6869).

7.5.9 Mortar Sample

Mortar (200466) collected from (2638). This fragment may be analysed in the main excavation as part of the natural sciences budget. The mortar is believed to date from the 17th or 18th centuries from the surrounding finds in the deposit.

7.5.10 Roof tiles

Three red oxidised roof tiles: (200468), found in (2453) (unglazed), (200470), found in (3671) (olive colour glaze), both Post Medieval in date in form, and (200613), found in (200251), which seems to be late Medieval, and one reduced fired tile no. (200469), found in (2234). Perhaps they were manufactured locally due to the cost of transportation.

7.5.11 Stove tiles

Six stove tiles dating from the 16th and 17th Centuries. These were mostly imported in the 16th Century before Danish production in the 17th Century. These tiles were used to decorate stoves and replicate the large iron stove tiles used in wealthy households. These ceramic tile stoves became fashionable because they created a smokeless central heating environment and were enjoyed the urban middle class consumers over North-western Europe. (Gaimster, D.; & Nenk, B.; 1997, p. 179).

Three stove tiles are green glazed but plain (200607) from 2380 (1500-1700), (200597) from 6869 (1500-1600) and (200472) from 6661 (1500-1700). The two vessel tiles are the earliest in date; (2OO671) and (200672), both from (6307) are dated respectively (1475- 1525) and (1500-1550). The Madjon stove tile, no. (200670) from (6307,) was imported from Germany and can be loosely dated from 1500-1575.

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7.5.12 Lead pipes

Two lead pipes were collected as a representative sample of the many water pipes uncovered in the watching brief. Both lead pipe fragments were registered. Lead water pipe terminus (200794) and water pipe joint (200783), they both date to the Post Medieval period and have been discarded due to the large quantity found throughout Copenhagen.

7.5.13 Ceramic (By Olle Heimer (Medieval), Rikke Kristensen (Post Medieval)

7.5.13.1 Introduction

147 Finds Objects. All the type 4 ceramics from the Gammel Strand watching brief have been weighed and counted in Finds Units. In IntraSIS the numbers have been written into the Finds Units in question under “attribute”. At least one sherd from each Finds Unit has been taken out for registration. The most informative sherds concerning dating, import, local production and preservation has been prioritized for registration. Total amount of all the Post-Medieval ceramic is 71 Finds Objects.

In comparison, all the Medieval sherds were registered as finds objects (a total of 81). This was for reasons linked to the aims of the Metrocityringen project to discover the early origin of Gammel Strand and also that samples from Medieval deposit 200251 were sieved for finds.

The assemblage consisted in total of 147 finds objects registered, which comprised a total of 333 sherds weighing 10,942.5 grams.

Results

Medieval Number of sherds Weight in grams

Early red ware 32 982

Late red ware 5 355

Late grey ware 29 856

Majolica 1 8

Stoneware uncertain 5 235

Siegburg older type 125 6112,5

Frechen 1 12

Waldenburg 1 87

199 8647,5

Post Medieval

Late red ware 94 1536

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Late light fired 5 103

Red ware uncertain 2 22

Jydepotte 3 25

Faience 1 19,5

Majolica 3 18

Porcelain 4 17

Stoneware uncertain 4 21,5

Cologne/Frechen 3 38

Raeren younger type 1 31

Siegburg younger type 2 132

Westerwald 12 332

134 2295

Total 333 10942,5

7.5.13.2 Medieval ceramics

During the excavation phase the ceramic was packed and given a finds unit number. To make it easier for the excavating personel, a spot dating of the ceramics was made, which was entered in the name field of the Finds Unit.

During registration all sherds were counted and weighed. If possible sherds from the same vessel were registered as one finds object. If not the same type of ceramics was registered as one finds object.

Total amount of the Medieval ceramic is 81 finds objects, comprising 199 sherds with a total weight of 8647.5 grams.

The different types of ceramic are early red ware, late grey ware, proto-stoneware and stoneware.

The proto-stoneware, no. (200407), (200519) is probably from Siegburg and can be dated to app. 1250–1400.

The provenance of the early red ware is mostly unknown, but a few sherds are probably from Denmark. The dating of the early red ware is approx. 1200–1400. The finds from Gammel Strand suggest the later part, 1350–1400.

The provenience of the late grey ware is also unknown, but is most likely imported. The dating of the late grey ware is approx. 1200–1400; there are finds from Halmstad, Sweden that are dated to approx. 1450. For a town like Copenhagen we probably have an earlier dating. One of the sherds of special interest is a spout from a storage vessel (200417). A parallel, almost identical, has been found at the Medieval castle of Skanör. The castle was besieged and burned down about 1425 (Rydbeck 1935: Den medeltida borgen i Skanör.

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Historik, undersökningar och fynd. C. W. K. Gleerups förlag. Lund. p. 151, fig. 88). That is a good dating of the sherd and is probably slightly older than that.

The provenance of the stoneware is mostly from Siegburg, with a few sherds possibly from Waldenburg. The dating of the Medieval stoneware from Siegburg is approx. 1300–1550, The Waldenburg ceramic can be dated to app. 1400–1525. It is very interesting regarding the high number of Siegburg pottery in the Late Medieval period. Is the assemblage representative of the local population nearby or are we just seeing a single dump in a single period of time from a nearby trader who had the vessels broken in transportation?

According to the composition of the pottery (red ware from 1350-1400, late grey ware from the end of the 1300 and stoneware dated to 1300–1550) I would suggest that the deposit from where the most Medieval pottery was collected (200251) and (200252) should be dated to around 1400.

7.5.13.3 Post Medieval ceramics

A total of 35 Finds Objects of the Post-Medieval ceramics are from the early Post-Medieval period (1550-1650). 6 are of stoneware, 2 are of majolica and the rest is of earthenware. The total weight of the late Post-Medieval ceramic is 1570g.

Of special interest is (200592), found in (2453): a sherd from a Siegburg schnelle (mug) decorated with the Tudor coat of arms and the year [...]5. The vessel is dated to c.1545-1625. (200615), found in (2453): a sherd from a North Dutch polychrome majolica dish dated 1575-1700. (200633), found in (3392) is a sherd, which derive from a cow horn painted money box, probably of dutch orgin, or from the Werra area in Germany. (FO200634), found in (200112) a sherd from a stoneware schnelle (mug) from Raeren decorated with the Swedish royal coat of arms and portrait of a king maybe Gustav Vasa (1523-60). This mug type is dated to 1550-1630. Finally (200662), found in (7360) is a sherd from an early red-fired dripping pan from the Netherlands dated to c.1300-1600.

Among the early Post-Medieval ceramic there are many imported sherds, especially earthenware from Netherlands and Niedersachsen/Weser, stoneware from Germany e.g. Siegburg, Westerwald and Raeren and majolica of North Dutch type. The main bulk of ceramics are shreds of locally produced late red wares, mostly pots and pan often with stjerts.

A total of 7 Finds Objects can be dated to the Late Post-Medieval period (1650-1848). 2 of these are of porcelain, 1 of majolica, and 4 are of earthenware. The total weight of the Late Post-Medieval ceramic is 134g. The porcelain is Chinese dated 1725-1775, the earthenware is both locally produced and imported from Netherlands and the majolica is of late North Dutch type dated 1650-1750.

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The collection of 23 Finds Objects that are just registered as Post-Medieval ceramic since no precise date was possible according to the types and preservation stage. The total weight is 500g. Among these ceramics there are also earthenware imports from the Netherlands and stoneware imports from Westerwald in Germany.

Figure 10. A sherd from a Siegburg schnelle (mug) decorated with the Tudor coat of arms and

the year …5 dated 1545-1625.

7.5.14 Clay Pipes (by Mie Pedersen)

A total of 5 clay pipe finds objects. The small assemblage consists of 5 fragments weighing 32g.

When smoking was introduced in Denmark is unknown. However, it is suggested that it was first happened in Elsinore in the later part of the 16th century. In the beginning of the 17th century, in 1606 specifically, an estate

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belonging to a deceased citizen who sold clay pipes for a living, mentions a dusin clay pipes (Bardenfleth 2002 p. 25).

The earliest known Danish production of pipes was in Elsinor in the mid 17th century. Some vague attempt to get a pipe production started in Copenhagen was made in the late 17th century, but lack of evidence from the production and no written sources where the production sites were placed makes it rather uncertain whether or not an actual production took place.

From the beginning of the 18th century a new and evidently a more successful attempt was made and from the mid 18th century the Copenhageners could easily acquire locally produced pipes (Bardenfleth, 2002, pp. 112-123).

Of note: Probably Dutch stem with heal stamped with a badly preserved rose or scales. 17th Century style heel (200459, (1335).

Bowl with stamp containing the letters R and P. Probably relating to a design from Amsterdam dating between the years 1625-40 (200471), found in (6307).

The other 3 clay pipes finds objects consist of 3 undecorated stems which have no real use in dating (200363), (200264) and (200265).

7.5.15 Flint

Only one fragment of flint was registered, most were found to be un-worked when processing the finds.

One flint flake, FO 201109, believed to be residual within (200251). Measures L: 22.5mm W: 21.7mm T: 6mm.

7.5.16 Glass (by Kirstine Haase)

The registered glass consists of 23 finds objects which include 77 sherds of glass dating from the Late Medieval period to the Modern age. The assemblage comprised 9 finds objects of bottle sherds, 7 finds objects of drinking glass, 4 finds objects of window glass and 3 finds objects of undefined glass.

Of note were the glass sherds from deposits (2453), (200251) and (200252). An early mouth blown Caste bottle (200566) was retrieved from deposit (2453). Although Post Medieval in date, it is a rare glass style on the Metrocityringen excavations. Remains of a wine bottle (200379) was retrieved from (200251).

The most interesting glass remains were from the Late Medieval deposit (200252). These sherds were from more vessels that were imported and used by the Copenhagen elite. Sherds from a Humpen type drinking glass (200578)

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were found, imported from Germany. A Strangen type glass vessel, probably German as well, linked to the date of the pottery (200579). There were also 2 rim sherds of a hexagonal or octagonal Pas Glas bottle with Writhen ribbing decoration technique, also German.

7.5.17 Metallurgical waste

A total of 3 Finds objects were registered comprising burnt clay, iron slag and glass slag. Listed below are the interpretations and descriptions. These objects will be registered along with the other metallurgical waste in the main excavation report.

7.5.18 Burnt clay

A single fragment of burnt clay perhaps relating to metal production. This fragment may have come from a forge wall. (200658), found in (200252). Early Post Medieval deposit containing dump material, dumped from a forge nearby?

7.5.19 Glass slag

A single fragment of glass slag from (200666), found in (2876) probably dated to Early Post Medieval/Renaissance time, i.e. 16th-Century.

7.5.20 Iron rich slag

Four fragments of iron rich slag. (200453), found in (200252). Believed to represent metalworking in the town in the Late Medieval/Early Post Medieval period.

7.5.21 Numismatic

A total of 11 possible coins have been retrieved. They are between fair and poor condition with only a few with visible faces, they have been corroded within the ground conditions. They are listed Pre Danafae before they are sent into the National Museum, although they have been spot dated by them, mainly to the 18th and 19th Centuries. They appear to comprise of an alloy of copper and are not important economically. The majority of the coins are from the remains of the tax building, from deposits (3871) (5 coins) and (1886) (3 coins). Listed below are the various coins and tokens.

Copper alloy, possibly a Danish coin. Dates from the Post Medieval period. Measures D: 17mm T: 1mm. (200076), found in (1886).

Copper alloy, possibly a Danish skilling. Dates from the late Post Medieval period. Measures D 16mm T: 2mm. (200077), found in (1886).

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Copper alloy, possibly a Danish coin. Dates from the Post Medieval period. 18th Century. Measures D: 16mm T: 1mm. FO (200273), found in (1886).

Copper alloy, possibly a Danish coin, Dates from the Post Medieval period, probably the 18th-century. Measures D: 30mm T: 1mm (200274), found in (3871).

Copper alloy, possibly a Danish coin. Dates from the late 18th-century. Measures D: 32mm T: 1mm. (200275), found in (3871).

Copper alloy, possibly a Danish coin. Dates from the late 18th-century. Measures D: 30mm T: 2mm. (200276), found in (3871).

Copper alloy, possibly a Danish coin dating to the 1830s and interpreted as coins from the bankruptcy period with the coins devalued. Measures D: 20mm T: 1mm. (200277), found in (3871).

Copper alloy coin, very corroded. No spot date given by National Museum. From a Post Medieval deposit. Measures D: 22 T: 4mm. (200278), found in (2347).

Copper alloy coin fused to lump of iron. Very corroded, no face visible. Measures D: 22mm T 1mm. (200442), found in (3871).

Copper alloy coin, also possibly a button (200446), found in (3871). No spot date by National Museum. Post Medieval date from surrounding finds. Measures D: 15mm T 6mm.

7.5.22 Household Items

The assemblage consists of various objects from the household i.e. cutlery, non ceramic storage items, furniture. None of these recovered objects were of great prestige, wealth or representing foreign trade (although there is a possibility that some of these items could have imported) they mostly represent common day objects from the normal Copenhagener. A total of 9 Finds objects. The organic objects generally were well preserved and as expected the metal objects were fairly corroded.

7.5.22.1 Barrel tap

Copper alloy barrel tap retrieved from the basement of the former tax office. (200157), found in (2453). Post Medieval in style. Barrel is presumed to have contained alcohol, although type of alcohol is unknown. Measures L: 163mm W: 85mm.

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7.5.22.2 Base of a wooden bucket

Late Medieval in date, no distinguishing features. (200595), found in (200251). Half of the base is missing. From the remaining fragment the base measures L: 98mm W: 38mm. Presumed originally 196mm in diameter.

7.5.22.3 Wooden plate

Base of a wooden plate, some part missing. Hollowed internal area with edges sloping upwards, no decoration. (200586), found in (200252). L: 150mm W: 63mm T: 18mm.

7.5.22.4 Wooden lid

Small lid of an incomplete barrel. No decoration. (200494), found in (200252). Late Medieval-Early Post Medieval in date. L: 74mm W: 30mm.

7.5.22.5 Barrels stave

Simple undecorated single wooden stave from a barrel. (200492), found in (200252). Late Medieval, Early Post Medieval in date. Split into 3 fragments in antiquity.

7.5.22.6 Copper alloy cup

Small, dented cup very corroded from the soil conditions. Very little metal quality left, mainly just corrosive growth, may be a highly corroded crucible. (200249) found in (200102). Measures D: 55mm

7.5.22.7 Undefined wood

Wooden fragment, possibly from an unidentified piece of furniture. (200477), found in (200252). Late Medieval/Early Post Medieval in date. Measures L: 77mm W: 30mm.

6.5.9 Leather items (By Vivi Lena Andersen)

The majority of the leather items found on this site can be linked to shoes or shoe production. Therefore the listing below is split up in the different shoe parts, production waste and leather of unknown function.

Total amount of find objects of leather registered is 63, which comprised a total of 81 parts/types consisting of 178 fragments.

Results:

Medieval

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Types / Shoe parts Number of parts Number of fragments

Soles 16 28

Vamps 19 36

Quarters 12 20

Rands 9 38

Laces 4 8

Heel stiffener 6 7

Production waste 2 11

Unknown function 4 8

Totals: 72 156

Late Medieval / Early Post-Medieval

Shoe parts Number of types Number of parts

Soles 5 5

Vamps 1 1

Totals: 6 6

Post-Medieval

Shoe parts Number of types Number of parts

Soles 1 4

Vamps 1 5

Rands 1 7

Totals: 3 16

Totals for all 3 groups: 81 178

7.5.23 Finds - Functions

A large part of the leather finds are from shoes; primarily soles, vamps and quarters, but also rands, laces and heel stiffeners. Soles are generally the most common part of the shoe to be found archaeologically, so it is quite out of the ordinary to see so many vamps and quarters as seen on this site.

The Find Object contains a single shoe (200718) which is very well preserved with both sole, rand, quarters and vamp intact. There is also an example of a preserved sole, vamp and rand making an almost complete shoe (200739), but the majority of the shoe parts are found without connection to other shoe parts.

The site revealed a rare find of a patten/galoche (200484), which is a composite item including both wooden sole, leather attachment and iron nails. It is Late Medieval in design. Pattens are in general quite rare to find, seeing that pattens and other objects of wood presumably have been burnt after use, as they are a source of firewood.

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Some of the leather finds cannot be identified, so these are registered as having unknown function. The majority of the found leather pieces are smaller, badly preserved leather.

A few of the finds are in the category of production waste, e.g. (200755) which consist of large pieces of well preserved leather with traces of stitching and/or decorative holes – though of unknown function. Large pieces of leather are fairly rare to find, seeing that large leather pieces where easy to reuse as e.g. shoe parts. The (200730) also looks like production waste. It is a find of small pieces of worn, cut up shoe parts and leather pieces. This find could very well be waste from a workshop, a shoe maker or a shoe repairer. It is most likely to be from a shoe maker‟s workshop, where not only production of new shoes took place, but also reparation of shoes – seeing that the majority of the pieces are from worn shoes. Shoe repairers also often used old shoes to cut up into spare parts, but the shoe repairer as a “craft”, separated from the shoe maker, did not appear until after the Middle Ages, and this unit in question seems to be Medieval, based on its context.

7.5.24 Preservation

Some of the leather items are very well preserved, e.g. a Medieval vamp (200728), while other finds are very badly preserved, e.g. a Medieval ankle boot (200830).

The majority of the finds are related to find units (200327) and (200338). The find unit contains both very well preserved leather and very badly preserved leather. Even the same type of shoe parts (same type of skin) have a difference in the level of preservation from that specific context.

7.5.25 Status and age

Some shoe parts have a lot of wear, while others have been worn very little before being thrown away. There are examples of very good quality leather and fine hand craft (with very little wear), but also bad hand craft with great irregularities in seams and stitching (and with a great degree of wear, i.e. worn holes in the soles). All this means that there are both ends of the status scale represented, and also finds in the middle of the scale.

The shoe parts are primarily from shoes belonging to adults, but one very fine, well preserved vamp is from a child shoe (200752).

7.5.26 Import/local production

The leather finds shows no sign of import. The finds are most likely of local production. Copenhagen had many shoe makers within the boundaries of the city in both Medieval and Post Medieval times, and there doesn´t seem to be any foreign types or techniques in this find.

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No heels were found, which could imply that the find units in question are dated to before 1600, which is the time, where heels become part of the shoe for the first time in Scandinavia. The Post-Medieval shoe (200821), consisting of sole, vamp and a rand has originally had a heel, but the heel is now missing. So (200821), related to find unit (200809), must be the youngest leather item in the finds.

7.5.27 Dating

Of the 63 find objects registered 56 find objects are Medieval, 6 find objects are in the period crossing Late Medieval and the beginning of the Renaissance and 1 find objects is Post-Medieval.

The leather finds are typologically dated from the shoe parts. The typological elements are the toe of the shoe, the shape of the sole, the fastening and the construction of the shoe /the technique.

The earliest finds could stylistically be from the 14th century (200765) and (200766), but this is uncertain seeing that the rest of the leather finds in (200338) are younger.

There is a category of finds of soles and a vamp which is difficult to date specifically to either Medieval or Post-Medieval, so therefore these are separated in a category called Late Medieval/Early Post-Medieval (200786) and (200791).

7.5.28 Personal Items

Personal items comprise a broad spectrum of the finds catalogue relating to objects that display extra information about people. Examples are clothing accessories, decorative portable jewellery, relics and Figureines. They may represent the everyday lives of Copenhageners, sometimes showing wealth, fashion, trade and technology. A total of 13 Finds Objects were registered. The small assemblage portrayed the average Copenhagener, not any real objects portraying wealth or imports from outside Copenhagen.

7.5.29 Black Pearl bead

Bead retrieved from sieving. Half of object is missing. Comprises hole through centre and polished exterior. Either from necklace, bracelet or perhaps a rosary. Dated to the Late Medieval period from surrounding finds. (200812), found in (200251). Measures D: 6mm T: 4mm.

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Figure 11. Black Pearl bead (200812). Late Medieval–Early Post Medieval in date.

7.5.30 Bone comb

End part fragment of a comb with ring and dot style decoration. One quarter comprises 7 ring and dots and the other quarter has 8 ring and dots. Very common late Viking period to Post Medieval style of decoration. (200714), found in (200252). Measures L: 60mm W: 31mm T: 1mm.

7.5.31 Button

Copper alloy, poor condition and very corroded, fractured on edges with back fastener missing. FO 200819 SD 200251. Measures D: 15mm T: 2mm.

7.5.32 Buckle

A small copper alloy buckle, plain with no decoration. Consists of an oval frame with central prong. Post Medieval in style. FO 200296 Un-stratified, retrieved from a soil dump. Measures L: 63mm W: 20mm T: 2mm.

7.5.33 Clasp from a belt

Copper alloy clasp from a belt, undecorated with fair preservation. (200448), found in (200252). Measures L: 64mm W: 11mm T: 1mm.

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7.5.34 Twisted loop

Fragment of a copper alloy fastener from a purse dating to the Post Medieval period. The style begins in the High Medieval period and continues into the Post Medieval period. (200450), found in (2960).

Figure 12. Medieval comb fragment FO 200714.

7.5.35 Wire wound pins

Two fairly well preserved copper alloy pins, either linked to sewing or from a head dress. (200295), found in (2646), Post Medieval in date and (200449), found in (200252) Late Medieval in date. The pins were of the wound-wire head style measuring L: 23mm by 2mm and 38mm by 2mm.

7.5.36 Wooden button

Domed style button with four eyeholes. Plain with fragment of iron attachment at back. (200601), forund in (6661). Measures D: 26mm T: 1mm.

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7.5.37 Toys

7.5.37.1 Marble gaming piece

Ceramic, a „‟marble‟‟ gaming piece. Can also be interpreted as a bottle stopper, as was common. Many have been found on the Kongens Nytorv and Radhuspladsen excavations (report forthcoming). Light brown. (200447), found in (2453). Measures D: 13mm.

7.5.37.2 Bone toys

Bone toys (throwing game called Kaste kegler). Two phalanxes of a pig. Evidence of this can be seen in a famous painting by Peter Breugel from the Renaissance period with a child throwing these bone toys. (Grunfeld. 1978, pp. 228-9). (200514), (200526) and (200653). All found deposit (200252). Average measurement L: 45 W: 19 T: 18.

7.5.38 Rope (by Charlotte Rimstad)

7.5.38.1 Introduction

Rope plays an important role in many everyday events, even today. Rope from the 13th-17th century would have been used for maritime purposes as well as on construction sites and in the daily household. Many so-called ropewalks were found in Copenhagen in the periods in question and it must therefore be assumed that all the ropes found at Gammel Strand were locally made.

7.5.38.2 Analyses

The rope fragments have been measured and their twining directions on all cord levels have been recorded and entered in the IntraSIS database. The record consists of 16 FO number with various fragments of rope made of plant or animal fibres. It is a real mixture of rope types for various functions hard to decipher.

7.5.38.3 Rope of plant fibres

Rope of plant fibres were the most normal type. They were usually made of hemp, especially for maritime use (link 2). Other fibres as flax or bast could also be used, but only fibre analyses can reveal exactly what kind of fibres the Gammel Strand ropes are made of.

Very thick rope of plant fibres, light brown, no. (200770), found in (200525): Dimensions: L: 850 mm, D: 50 mm. Z-twined of 3 smaller S-twined ropes (2.5 cm thick each), which again are made of 8 S-spun cords (1 cm thick each).

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Large fragment of thick rope of plant fibres, dark brown, no. (200772) found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 230 mm, D: 35 mm. Z twined of two smaller ropes (1.7cm thick and S-spun). Each of the smaller ropes are made of four cords (1.4cm thick and S-spun).

Fine piece of plant fibres rope, yellow brown, no. (200776), found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 270 mm, D: 10 mm. Made of 3 S-spun cords (0.6 cm thick each) and Z-twined into a rope.

Rope of plant fibres, yellow brown, no. (200778), found in (200252). Dimensions L: 65, D: 23 mm. Z-twined of 2 smaller S-spun cords (1.2 cm thick each).

Very thick rope of plant fibres, yellow brown. (200779). Dimensions: L: 165 mm, D: 40 mm. The rope is Z-twined and consists of 3 S-twined big cords (2 cm thick each), each made of 8 S-spun smaller cords (0.8 cm thick each).

Rope fragment comprising plant fibres with a knot in the end, yellow brown colour, no. (200780), found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 85 mm, D: 30 mm. Knot measures 3.4 by 3 cm. The rope is Z-twined of three smaller S-spun ropes (0.7 cm thick each).

Several rope fragments of plant fibres, yellow brown, no. (200840), found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 60 mm, D: 12 mm. The rope is S-twined out of 5 S-spun cords (0.6 cm thick each). The shape and twining direction suggest that these fragments derive from a bigger (Z-twined?) rope.

Rope fragment made from plant fibres, yellow brown colour, no. (200842), found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 85 mm, D: 20 mm. S-twined of 3 S-spun cords (1 cm thick each).

Thick rope of plant fibres, dark brown, no. (200843), found in (200251). Dimensions: L: 270 mm, D: 40 mm. Made of 10 smaller cords. Twining angle is very loose, 70 degrees.

Tiny rope of plant fibres, light brown, no. (200845), found in (200251). Dimensions: L: 150 mm, D: 10 mm. Z-twined, made of two S-spun cords (0.6 cm thick each).

Many rope fragments of plant fibres, dark brown, no. (200846), found in (200251). Dimensions: L: 230 mm, D: 13 mm. The rope is S-twined of 4 small S-spun cords (0.6 cm thick each). The rope might have been part of a bigger (Z-twined?) rope.

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7.5.38.4 Rope of animal fibres

Rope of animal fibres, such as horse hair, may have had different purposes than the ropes made from plant fibres.

A total of 7 felted cords made of an unidentified type of animal hair, dark brown, no. (200777), found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 210 mm, D: 10 mm. They have been S-spun and are probably part of a bigger rope.

Two fragments of a felted rope made of animal hair, no. (200841), found in (200252). Dimensions: L: 190 mm, D: 20 mm. One of the fragments is clearly S-spun.

Felted rope, of animal hair, dark brown colour, no. (200844), found in, (200251). Dimensions: L: 300 mm, D: 25 mm It consists of two smaller S-spun cords (1.4 cm thick each).

Two fragments of felted rope made of animal hair, dark brown, no. (200847), found in (200251). Dimensions: L: 370 mm, D: 17 mm. The rope is S-twined of two smaller S-spun cords (1 cm thick each).

Small felted rope of animal hair, dark brown colour, no. (200848), found in (200251). Dimensions: L: 200 mm, D: 15 mm. Z-twined of two S-spun cords (0.5 cm thick each).

7.5.38.5 Location

All ropes come from two deposits, (200251) and (200252). The two deposits have been interpreted as being part of a wharf, filling the space between the wooden structures. Both deposits were anaerobic, wet and humic.

7.5.38.6 Preservation

The preservation of the ropes varies a lot. Some of the ropes are almost perfectly preserved, with all twists intact. Others are nearly falling apart and only a few twists reveal that the fragments were actually once a rope. Due to the waterlogged deposits the fibres have, however, survived nicely in all ropes.

7.5.38.7 Dating

The dating of the rope is based on the dating of the ceramics from the same deposits. The ceramics from deposit (200251) is, unfortunately, very broadly dated, i.e. 13th-17th century. This is a problem as the rope has a very general appearance, which is not likely to have changed much during the period in question. The overall date is, thus, still considered to be High Medieval to Renaissance.

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7.5.39 Copper alloy padlock

The only object retrieved from the watching brief relating to the security function of the household. Standard copper alloy padlock with round tab and collar. comprises 3 strips attached to a cast circular plate. Attached arm has bolt for mechanism. Key missing. Common Medieval type, no. (200451), found in (200252). Measures D: 10mm Lock mechanism L: 24 W: 26mm. Similar to Medieval lock no. 234. (Egan, G 1993. 94)

7.5.40 Shipping and fishing

Finds in this theme comprise objects linked to ships or tools linked to fishing. All but 2 of the 8 finds objects are from the organic rich waterlogged deposits (200251) and (200252) hence the preservation of wooden objects has been good.

7.5.41 Netting needle fragments?

Three fragments of netting needles. None of these objects have been well crafted. Comprise two wooden needles: 1) (200426), found in (200374). Lenght: 88mm Diamter: 14mm. 2) (200428), found in (200251). L: 70mm D: 7mm and bone needle fragment, no. (200430), found in (200252).

7.5.42 Spar

A wooden tool used in sailing. The spar comprises handle at one terminus with point at other to de-thread rope. Late Medieval in style. Very well preserved due to soil conditions. No. (200498), found in (200252). Measures L: 158 W: 27mm T: 25mm.

7.5.43 Rigging object/float

Two very similar pulley type objects used in rigging, (200582), found in (200251). Parts missing. Measures D: 67mm T: 28mm. The object (200677), found in (200251) also had parts missing, oval shaped. Measured L: 65mm W: 52mm.

7.5.44 Miscellaneous item

Wooden object possibly linked to a structure from a ship. Singular wooden rod that decreases in diameter from one terminus to the other. Perhaps it was formerly attached to a ship. (200623), found in (200251). Measures Lenght: 67mm, Thickness: 28mm.

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7.5.45 Bindebor

Bone object for net making, polished with break points at both ends, no. (201273), found in (3871). Measures L: 132 W: 19mm T: 6,8mm (cf. fig. 13).

Figure 13. Bindebor used in net making. FO 201273. Post Medieval period.

7.5.46 Textiles (by Charlotte Rimstad)

7.5.46.1 Introduction

Textiles from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Early Post Medieval period) in Denmark are few and rare. Some have been well kept in museum collections through the passing centuries but most have disappeared for good – if not only to be discovered in archaeological contexts. The textiles from the excavation at Gammel Strand thus have a lot to offer when it comes to adding more information about the production, use and waste of textiles of the periods in question.

7.5.46.2 Analyses

The textiles have been looked at with the naked eye only, as no microscope was available. If possible, the weave, the spinning direction of the thread, the amount of threads pr. cm and the thread thickness have been observed. Moreover, the present colour and a possible fibre have been noted. All data have been entered in the IntraSIS database. They will be identified with a microscope for the main report.

The record consists of seven Finds Objects, including ten textile fragments. Six of the FO numbers contain wool fragments and one is a silk fragment. Analyses

59

of fibres colour and fleece type would be worth doing in the future, as well as a more thorough microscopic analysis are needed.

7.5.46.3 Wool fragments

Wool is one of the oldest fibres used in Denmark for textile production. The clothes from the Bronze Age oak coffins (12th century BC) are all made of wool and in the Middle Ages and Renaissance wool still played an important part in the making of fabric. Wool textiles were useful for many different things and must be considered the most basic kind of fabric, available for all parts of society.The Gammel Strand fragments of wool are mainly tabby woven, but a few twill woven fragments were also found.

Textile fragment, very coarse. The function is not obvious, but it is more likely to be some sort of wrapping fabric or a coarse blanket, rather than a clothing fragment. Most likely locally produced and possibly from the lower part of society. (200771), found in (200252). Dimensions: H: 420 mm, W: 390 mm, T: 5 mm. Wool, dark brown. Tabby woven, spinning Z/Z. Thread thickness 3 mm, 2/2 threads pr. cm. Clothing fragment. Asymmetrical with six button holes on one edge. In the middle of the fragment a raised point is found, beautifully sewn. The use of the fragment is unknown and it was wrongly interpreted as a cod piece. It seems to be a former fragment of a coat or jacket which has been reused for a reason. The point has definitely been made with a distinct purpose, but what it is remains unknown. (200773), found in (200251). Dimensions: H: 170 mm, W: 140 mm, T: 3 mm. Wool, dark brown. Twill woven, felted. Thread thickness 0.5 mm. Textile fragment of twill woven textile, perhaps from warm clothing. Difficult to see what is warp and weft. Locally made, probably not from a particularly wealthy member of society. FO200774, SD200252. Dimensions: H: 160 mm W: 110mm, T: 2 mm. Wool, light brown. 2/1 twill woven, spinning S/Z. Thread thickness 1/ 1.5 mm, 7/7 threads pr. cm. Two fragments of coarse textile. One of the thread directions has thicker threads than the other (warp and weft unknown). Function unknown, probably locally made. FO200775, SD200251: Dimensions: H: 360 mm, W: 220 mm, T: 1mm. Wool, dark brown. Tabby woven, thread thickness 1.2/0.8 mm, 8/6 thread pr. cm. Two textile fragments from the same fabric. One thread system is clearly thicker than the other. Could be from clothing, but could also have other purposes. One Z-spun blue colour, probably from indigo, was found between the Z-spun threads and this emphasizes the interpretation as a clothing fragment. Imported? FO201106, SD200251. Dimensions: H: 360 mm W: 220 mm T: 1 mm. Wool, dark brown. Tabby woven, spinning Z/S. Thread thickness 1.2/ 0.8 mm, 8/6.

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Textile fragment, felted. No obvious function, probably locally made. (201107), found in (200252). Dimensions: H: 95 mm W: 30 mm T: 1.5 mm. Wool, dark brown. Tabby woven, spinning S/S. Thread thickness 1/1 mm, 7/7 threads pr. cm.

7.5.46.4 Silk fragment

Evidence of silk textiles in Denmark can be traced all the way back to the Viking Age (Munksgaard 1974, p. 19). In the Medieval period, silk was imported from other parts of Europe, but in 1620 the King Christian IV opened his own silk production in Silkegade (“Silk Street”) in Copenhagen (Heiberg 1988, pp. 160 et seq.). However, this had to close in 1628, probably because of the lack of knowledge about the production of this kind of fibre. Silk was used for dresses and other elegant clothing items and belonged to the upper classes.

The silk fragment from Gammel Strand is brocade woven, which could be done on a so-called draw loom.

Silk fragment of triangular shape. An original edge is preserved at one of the sides. The fragment is brocade woven with a visible pattern, probably flower like, and it has a 1.4 cm wide, light brown edge. A microscope is needed in order to determine the exact weave types. Very fine fragment, most likely from clothing and probably imported. (200782, found in (200252). Dimensions: H: 80 mm, W: 35 mm, T: 0.5 mm. Silk, dark brown. Brocade, thread thickness 0.05 mm.

7.5.46.5 Location

The textiles come from two deposits, (200251) and (200252). The two deposits have been interpreted as being part of a wharf, filling the space between the wooden structures. Both deposits were anaerobic, wet and humic.

7.5.46.6 Preservation

The overall preservation of the textiles from Gammel Strand is very good. Due to the humic state of the deposits, the textiles have not decomposed in the same way they would have in dry deposits. However, their original colours are gone and today they all have different shades of brown. Their original colours could most likely be determined with a colour analysis of the fibres.

It is remarkable that only textiles of animal fibres (wool and silk) have survived. Though the preservation conditions were generally good, plant fibres such as flax or hemp may not have been strong enough to survive, which is a well known archaeological problem (Munksgaard 1974, p. 14). Since flax was used in the Danish Viking Age (Rimstad 2009, p. 13) and linen textiles moreover are known from Medieval finds from e.g. excavations in London (Crowfoot et al. 1992, p. 80), linen fabrics have certainly have played a great role in the Danish

61

Middle Ages and Renaissance as well (Dalgaard 1982, p. 17). Hopefully, future excavations at Gammel Strand will reveal more linen finds.

After the excavation of Gammel Strand, most of the textiles have been stored in a fridge, in water filled plastic bags. This saves them from shrinking and keeps them soft. Four textile fragments from three FO numbers (200774), (201106) and (201107) were sent to Finland to be part of a conservation exercise for conservation students at the Metropolia University, Vantaa. They were returned in a dry, soft state and will be very useful for future exhibitions.

7.5.46.7 Dating

The dating of the textiles is based on the dating of the ceramics from the same deposits. The ceramics from (200251) and (200251) unfortunately have a very broad dating, from the 13th century to the 17th century, this is a problem as most of the textiles remain rather anonymous and none of them have enough characteristics to be dated from their style only. The overall date thus remains High Medieval to Renaissance.

7.5.46.8 Clothing

Only two pieces of textiles most certainly derive from clothing. (200773) seems to originally be the fragment of a jacket or coat, with 6 buttonholes along the edge. However, the fragment has been reused to create a new item with a point, of unknown use. (200782) is a tiny brocade silk fragment, probably from a dress or another high status clothing item.

7.5.46.9 Other textiles

Most of the textiles are scrap pieces and their original function is impossible to tell. (200771) could have been used for wrapping or perhaps it is a coarse blanket. (200774), (200775), (201106) and (201107) are quite anonymous pieces and with their plain wool appearance, they could have been useful almost anywhere – either for clothes, blankets, furniture or other things.

7.5.46.10 Wealth

The overall impression of the textiles from Gammel Strand is that of a lower class assemblage. The fact that most textiles are of wool and rather coarsely woven underlines that they could have been used anywhere and that they are not high status objects. Only the silk fragment (200782) gives a tiny glimpse of the wealthier classes, but its fragmentation does not allow any suggestions about clothing type or provenance.

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7.5.46.11 Import/export

It must be assumed that most of the basic wool textiles were locally made and their coarse appearance suggests that this is the case of the Gammel Strand textiles. Finer wool fabrics could have been imported from England, Germany or The Netherlands (link 1) and a fibre analysis would be able to determine a possible import for sure. The silk fragment (200782) is the only fragment likely to have been imported, if it is not the product of Christian IV‟s silk factory in Silkegade. This remains unknown so far.

7.5.47 Tools

An assemblage comprising a real mixture of tools linked with the construction industry and general all purpose tools. Some non metal production waste has also been included here. A total of 33 Finds Objects are catalogued in the text. It should be noted that the large number of wooden finds here is due to the waterlogged soil conditions.

7.5.47.1 Unidentified Lead/Pewter

Unidentified object, a fastener or attachment to another object. Comprises one forked arm, the other part of the object has been lost, hence discarded. (200381), found in (7360). Post Medieval in date. L; 124, D: ranges between 27 & 12mm.

7.5.47.2 Iron nails

A total of 8 finds objects, comprising 17 fragments. Mostly small carpenter nails badly corroded. Numbers and measurements in database. A mixture of cast for the later Post Medieval nails and handmade earlier ones.

7.5.47.3 Tack

A small iron tack, a small nail used on furniture. (200458), found in (3671). Measures L: 12 W: 10 T: 3mm.

7.5.48 Wooden artefacts

7.5.48.1 Wooden wedges

Two wooden trapezium shaped artefacts, perhaps wedges used in construction or perhaps in boats, possibly used as same purpose as now, no. (200434) and (200436) both from (200252). They could also be off-cuts of wood. Measures L: 80mm W: 20mm & L: 92mm W: 45mm.

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7.5.48.2 Wooden Production waste

A total of 3 objects. All wooden off-cuts from manufacturing wooden objects or repairing them. Recovered from deposit (200252), a Late Medieval marsh dump deposit. (200432), (200435) and (200474).

7.5.48.3 Undefined wood

Two fragments (200434) (200436) of objects, purpose unknown, and both from (200252). Late Medieval, early Renaissance in date. Measurements in database.

7.5.48.4 Wooden point fragments

A total of 4 wooden points from tools, broken in antiquity, so discarded. They have all survived due to the anaerobic conditions. (200506) and (200508) from (200251), and (200504) (200716) from (200252). They measure between L: 90-16mm D: 4-12mm.

7.5.48.5 Wooden needles

Two wooden needles, possibly used in sails? Polished and sharpened to a point at one terminus each. (200490, found in (200252), (200500), found in (200251). Measure L: 60mm, D: 4-12mm.

7.5.48.6 Wooden rivets and dowels

A total of 7 rivet fragments, parts missing. Presumably from structures or from boats. (200496) and (200500), both from (200252).

The two wooden dowels were in fair condition. (200482) and (200488), both from (200252). Measuring L: 117mm T: 38mm, L: 60mm T25mm.

7.5.48.7 Wooden handles

A collection of 5 wooden handles from either knives or other handheld tools. All 3 were polished with a hole at one terminus for a tang. Medieval handles (200582) (200585) were retrieved from (200251) and (200488) from (200252). Post Medieval handles, (200716) from (200323) and (200596) from (7360). They were all similar in style and manufacture and only the finds from their deposits would assigned them their dates.

7.6 Scientific analysis/environment

Id Name Class Subclass

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2277 Telebox Sample Charcoal

2278 Telebox (Missing) Sample Wood species

2279 Telebox (Missing) Sample Wood species

2366 Telebox Sample Environment

2465 Telebox Sample Environment

2466 Telebox (Missing) Sample Wood species

2585 Waterpipe Sample Dendro

2586 Waterpipe Sample Dendro

2675 Telebox Sample Metal

3051 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Sample

3728 Water pipe north east Sample Environment

3846 Waterpipe east Sample Dendro

3986 Waterpipe east Sample Environment

4045 Waterpipe east Sample Dendro

4925 Telebox east Sample Dendro

7587 Waste pipe Sample Environment

8204 Telebox east Sample Wood species

200075 Telebox Sample Osteology

200098 Telebox east Sample Dendro

201198 Sample Environment

Figure 14. Samples collected.

7.6.1 Charcoal

One charcoal sample was initially collected for dating. In the postexcavation phase it was decided that this, as other finds already carried enough information to date the context in question. As expected the charcoal was related to a building erected after 1650. So, consequently, a usefull date could not be provided, as radiocarbon dating method usually does not give usefull results then it comes to finds dated to c.1650-1950.

7.6.2 Environmental

Six environmental samples were collected. Two of those were to examined for their macro-fossil content. Only one of those, (201198), has been processed and analysed. However, it did contain hazel (Corylus avellana).

7.6.3 Wood Species

Four samples were specifically collected for wood species analysis. One of these was determined by Hans Linderstöm to be “possible pine”.

7.6.4 Osteology

One sample (200075), a metatarsal from a sheep, Ovis aries, has been collected and sent off for core-DNA analysis at the Zoological Museum (Zoologisk Museum).

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7.6.5 Dendrochronology

The dendrochronology was perfomed by Hans Linderson from Nationella laboratoriet för Vedanatomi och Dendrokronologi at Lund University, and the result stated in the report no. 2011:73. Six samples for dendrochronological dating were collected, but only two these were suitable for dating: ID: 2586 which has been determined as Quercus robur, also known as oak and its logging time has been established to c.1589-1613.

Sample ID. (4045) has been determined as Pinus Silvestris, also known as pine. It has been established that the logging time for this tree was in the winter of 1790/1791.

The remaining four samples could not be dated, but analysis of the wood species has been carried out for three of them: Sample ID: (2585), (4925) and (200098). All were determined as pine. (Linderson, 2011).

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8 Cultural historical interpretation

8.1 Natural ground

8.1.1 Group 266

The natural ground is thought to have been identified in a few places during the watching brief. The three sandy deposits (200007), (200008) and (2961), which presumably covered a large area, are thought to represent the natural ground. The two first layers have been registered in a section (1386): the top layer (200007) consisted of complety sterile sand and could therefore be seen as natural. The possibility remains however, that this is an alluvial deposit. The lower one (200008) had a heterogeneous content, of sandy clay with occasional greenish-brown lenses. This corresponds well with one of the different types of subsoil that can be encountered in Copenhagen. Since the trenches were only dug to a certain level, it could not be verified by further digging if these layers in fact were natural ground.

Group 266 contains the following contexts

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

200007 DONG Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

266

200008 DONG Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

266

2961 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

266

8.2 Natural vegetation

8.2.1 Group 264

A deposit of accumulated humic material (200006), containing a great number of roots, is thought to represent natural vegetation or buried soil. The deposit was only identified in section but have presumably covered a large area. This vegetation seems to pre-date the process of filling up the area, which is interpretated to be the first organised urban activity in the Gl. Strand area (see group 260).

Group 264 contains the following context

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

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200006 DONG Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

264

8.3 Fence

8.3.1 Group 316

Remains of a possible fence was identified south of the facades of Gammel Strand no.38 and Gammel Strand no. 40. It consists of three aligned posts surveyed with the same number (8057). The dimensions of the western one was c. 0.12X0.09m, whereas the middle and the eastern one were rounded with a diameter of c. 0.07m. Interpretating the three posts as originating from some sort of fence, is mainly based on its NW-SE orientation.

Group 316 consist of the following context:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

8057 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

316

8057 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

316

8057 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

316

8.4 Wharf

8.4.1 Group 282

Possible wharf construction consisting of at least 19 posts, placed in an E-W orientated row, which has a length of approximately 30m. The majority of the posts, 16 in number, were square in shape and an average dimension of 0,1mx0,15m. The preserved or identified length was often not recorded, but lies between 0,2-0,5m by those recorded. The three remaining posts were roundish in shape and were slighty larger than the square ones with dimensions of c. 0,2mx0,2m. Just behind the bulwark a large deposit of 10mx10m, with a recorded thickness of 0,5m, is situated. The content of the deposit, including a moderate amount of shells, leads to the assumption that this is probably redeposited alluvial canal accumulations, which has been dumped as wharf fill. Sieving has produced finds that provide a terminus post quem for the redepositing of the fill to 16thC.

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Figure 15: The brown markings show the wharf 282.

Group 282 contains the following contexts and subgroups:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7204 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

269

7210 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

269

7250 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

278

7379 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

278

7403 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7407 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7411 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7438 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7442 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7501 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7531 Waste Stratigraphic Timber 3 Belongs 263

°

0 10 20 30

M

1:150

69

pipe object Structure to

7546 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7561 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7576 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

263

7629 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

267

7634 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

267

7663 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

267

7667 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

267

7638 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

267

7675 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

276

8.4.2 Group 391

Approximately 5m south of the existing facades, remains of a wharf were encountered.

Figure 16: Group 391.

°

0 10 20 30

M

1:200

70

The wharf sequence (262) consists of eight posts; seven of them with a whole cross-section, and one with a square cross-section. The complete posts differed only marginally in sizes from 0.1m x 0.1m to 0.2m x 0.2m; the square one was a bit larger; 0.5mx0.3m. Further to the west another wharf sequence (317) has been identified. It comprises approx. 50 posts in an east-west orientated row along with an unknown number of horizontal planks (the exact number cannot be established due to uncertainties in the measuring and description processes).

To the southeast of the sequence (262), a minor E-W orientated bulwark (378) was encountered. Due to multiple disturbances, only a minor part of the original bulwark is preserved. It is not entirely parallel with the sequence of 262, but has a slightly more SE-NW orientation. This could be due to the many modern disturbances in the area, and it is therefore considered to part of the same wharf. Two deposits (200252) and (200251), which have been interpreted as being part of the wharf filling the space between the wooden structures, contain ceramic dating from the 13thC to the 17thC.

Group 391 contains the following contexts and subgroups:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

2569 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 322

2585 Waterpipe Sample Dendro 4 Collected From

2560

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

7079 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to 249

7202 Waste pipe Find unit Wood 4 Found In 200251

7587 Waste pipe Sample Environment 4 Collected From

200251

7743 Water pipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7744 Water pipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7932 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7933 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7968 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

71

7969 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7970 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7971 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7972 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7973 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7974 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7975 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8105 Telebox east: extra work: N-S trench

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8107 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8191 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8204 Telebox east Sample Wood species

4 Collected From

8006

8205 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8206 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8207 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

72

8208 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8209 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8210 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8211 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8217 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8218 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8219 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8220 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8229 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8230 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8231 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8232 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8612 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8613 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8614 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8615 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8616 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8617 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8618 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8619 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8620 Telebox east:extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8621 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8622 Telebox east: extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

200252 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to 285

7933 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8006 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

73

8188 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8188 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8233 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8233 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

2549 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 203

2557 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 322

2560 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 203

2566 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 203

2566 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

4 Belongs to 2560

2570 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 203

2574 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 203

2602 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 203

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6017 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 216

6613 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 378

6613 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 378

6613 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 378

6613 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 378

6613 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 378

74

6613 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 378

6638 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to 275

6894 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

6908 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7062 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7075 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7722 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7729 Water pipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7736 Water pipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7759 Water pipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7776 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7788 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to 262

7896 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7896 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

7896 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

75

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8011 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8101 Telebox east: extra work: N-S trench

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8137 Telebox east: extra work:Svejgaard-Galst

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8329 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8333 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8368 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to 256

8578 Telebox east:extra work

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to 249

8604 Telebox east: extra Stratigraphic Timber 3 Belongs to 249

76

work object Structure

200251 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to 284

8.4.3 Group 392

The wharf sequence comprises a quay side consisting of a bulwark (200) and quay fill (268). The bulwark (200) consists of four upright posts (1315), (1319), (1323) and (1327) as well as a plank (1334). The bulwark has a more or less E-W orientation, towards a slight ENE-WSW orientation. The identified length is c. 14.6m.

Figure 17: The marking shows the placement and extension of wharf 392.

The quay fill (268) consists of two deposits (1335) and (1357), which combined represent dumps at the town side of the bulwark structure. These accumulations are thought to have been dumped here after the bulwark was constructed. Finds indicate dates to around 18th or 19th century (containing chinese procelain etc.). Finds anaysis suggest it was built in the later part of the 18th century or in the 19th century.

The bulwark is part of the Gammel Strand wharf structure. Looking at the finds of pottery and porcelain in the infill a date to the 18th/19th century could be suggested. However some of these finds may represent later disturbances, e.g. related to activities such as service pipes works etc. Presumably the bulwark continues further onwards to the NE and SW.

°

0 10 20 30

M

1:200

77

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

1334

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

200

1315

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

200

1319

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

200

1323

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

200

1327

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

200

1335

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

268

1357

Trench id pavement

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

268

8.4.4 Group 395

Wharf construction consisting of two wharf sequences (303), (306) and planks (307), (309).

Figure 18: The marking shows the extension of the wharf 395.

°

0 2 4 6

metres

1:150

78

Two parallel rows of E-W orientated plank courses with a spacing of approximately 1.5m. A transverse plank course is seen in the eastern end of the northern, fragmented, plank course. The space between the two courses was filled by a silty, grey deposit (6808) containing late redware ceramics and clay pipes, which gives a Post Medieval date. To the east of the transverse plank coursing, a stone paving was found. Whether it was part of the wharf fill or should been seen as an actual paving is unclear.

In front of the southern plank course (303), another horizontally placed plank was located (6726). Two posts were placed on the south side of the plank.

Group 395 consists of the following subgroups and contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6692 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6692 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6692 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6714 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

307

6720 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

307

6726 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

307

6735 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6735 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

308

6741 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6747 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6747 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6747 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6747 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6747 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

215

6760 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

213

6800 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

304

6808 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

302

6853 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

4 Is cut by

6692

79

6853 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

302

7237 Højbro tele Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

213

200272 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

213

200272 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

213

200272 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

213

6869 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

302

8.5 Roads

8.5.1 Group 335

Near the corner of Gammel Strand and Naboløs, a possible road surface has been identified. It consists of a series of leveling layers and a demolished road surface.

A series of four leveling layers (340) with a combined thickness of c.1.25m, sealing of the possible bulwark (338), has been interpreted as a build up of the surface to facilitate movement in the area. The date of these layers cannot be exactly established due to the lack of finds in them, however it seems likely that they should be seen as Post-Medieval. In this light it makes sense to relate these deposits to the leveling layer (339) further towards west (at least the deepest layers (200081) and (200080), which have a similar Z-value).

The leveling layer (339) to the west, seals off the bulwark (203). Pottery finds from this deposit can be dated to the late 16th century (saltglazed and unglazed stoneware) and it is therefore possible to see this layer as a build-up of the surface perhaps to facilitate a paved area or road north of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus (see below).

Group 335 contains the following contexts and subgroups

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

2587 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

339

200079 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

340

200080 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

340

200081 Waterpipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

340

80

200084 Waterpipe

8.5.2 Group 350

Three sections of paving, extending over approximately 9.18m, with gaps in between (6903), (7037) and (7980), were identified. The orientation was approximately E-W, 5m from the current facade. The stones vary in size (0.12x0.11m and 0.25x0.29m; 0.15x0,1m and 0.17x0.16m), with an unfinished surface. Most of the stones could only be measured from top of the trench due to risk of this narrow trench collapsing, so the exact extent of the paving is unknown. Some were furthermore just surveyed as points rather than polygons, because they were only visible in section. A leveling layer (200487) for the pavement was also identified, though not surveyed, but created later in Intrasis. The deposit contained ceramic finds of late redware (15th-18th-Century) and older Siegburg jug (14th-16th-Century).

Group 350 contains the following contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7980 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

6903 Vendsyssel N

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

7037 Vendsyssel N

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

350

8.6 Water supply network

8.6.1 Group 242

The northernmost identified water supply network on Gammel Strand consists of multiple elements in a major E-W oriented wooden waterpipe (204) in connection with three minor service pipes (315), (368) and (369), which provided the buildings to the north with water.

81

The E-W orientated main waterpipe was identified over a distance of approx. 64.26m, including the areas in-between that either were not dug or had been affected by modern disturbances. The diameter of the main pipe was mainly 0.3m. It consisted of 9 hollow log pieces which are thought to be part of the same construction. In one of the parts (3987) a wooden plug was found. This is not an uncommon feature in the wooden pipes as this was a way of cutting off the water supply for those who did not pay their water tax in due time.

Figure 19: The brown marking shows the extension of water supply system (242).

Three N-S orienatted pipes are seen as service pipes connected to this main pipe on its northen side providing the houses with water. The three pipes are not physically connected since later activity has disturbed the connection.

None of the service pipes were physically attached to the main pipe due to disturbances but the gaps never exceeded 0.34m. What is more surprising is the relatively short distances between the service pipes. No more than 0.56m between the most western pipe and the middle pipe, and no more than 0.49m between the middle pipe and the eastern pipe. The short distance between the service pipes can be seen as an expression of frequent replacement of the pipes, where lifting of old pipes were not required; just placing the new one next to the old one.

°

0 10 20 30

Meter

1:400

82

Group 242 contains the following contexts and subgroups:

Id Name Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

1450 Trench id. 32 Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

3967 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

368

3967 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

3 Is filled by

3980

3980 Waterpipe east Deposit 2 Belongs to

368

3987 Water pipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

3987 Water pipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

4056 Water pipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

369

7106 Water pipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7106 Water pipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7705 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7705 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7705 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7705 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7705 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7917 Telebox east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7917 Telebox east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7996 Telebox east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

7996 Telebox east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

8720 Dentists Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

204

200099 Water pipe east Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

315

83

Figure 20: The marking shows Group (305) water supply system.

8.6.2 Group 305

A few metres to the south of group (242) a second water supply network was identified. Whether this system had replaced the northern one at some point or had operated simultaneously with Water supply network (242), supplying houses on the south side of Gammel Strand, has not been clarified, though it seems likely that it was to replace the older one, since the connected service pipes that have been identified are all situated on the northern side of the main pipe. Stratigraphically there is no direct relation to support nor reject this theory, as the watching brief consisted of various non-coherent trenches.

Group 305 contains the following contexts and subgroups:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6479 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

206

6488 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

206

6448 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

206

6448 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

206

6448 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

4 Belongs to

370

°

0 10 20 30

Meter

1:300

84

6448 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

4 Belongs to

370

6472 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

206

6472 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 4 Belongs to

370

6480 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Cut 3 Belongs to

206

6554 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7258 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7258 Vendsyssel N Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7536 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7808 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

206

7808 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

4 Belongs to

6448

7844 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7844 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 2 Belongs to

209

7844 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

7844 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure 3 Belongs to

6554

200251 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Is cut by 200373

85

8.6.3 Group 396

A wooden waterpipe with a slightly more NW-SE orientation than the other identified main pipes on Gammel Strand was identified immediately south of group (305). It consists of two (or more) complete tree trunks and an iron joint. It was probably part of a main pipe on Gammel Strand. Given its orientation, following the street, it is thought to be a main supply line to which the service pipes could connect. Only a few metres was uncovered and no service pipes have been identified in connection with this pipe.

Figure 21: The marking shows the extension of water supply system 396.

Due to its orientation it is still thought to have been some sort of main pipe, as the angle doesn‟t fit very well for being a service pipe for either (242) or (305).

Group 396 contains the following contexts:

Id Name Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6348 Telebox east

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

210

6348 Telebox east

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

210

200180 Telebox east

Cut 2 Belongs to

210

°

0 2 4 6

Meters

1:250

86

8.7 Land development

8.7.1 Group 260

A series of accumulated sandy deposits (200003), (200004) and (200005), presumably covering a large area, are thought to represent a process of filling up the former beach area in order to create a dry port area. It seems to be the first organised urban activity in the Gl. Strand area. The two youngest deposits (200003) and (200004) contained quite a lot of building debris and waste, indicating the intended use of this material as a stabilizer in filling up the area. The oldest of the deposits (20005) was completely sterile sand, which could indicate that it was naturally deposited, but could also be the first levelling layer.

The underlying alluvial accumulation (200007), including the supposed natural vegetation (20006) in between the two former, are thought to represent periodic or seasonal flooding. It seems obvious to relate the deposits in this group to the many bulwarks in the area, ie. as bulwark fill. However, the absence of bulwark timber in the specific trench rules out the possibility of establishing a valid relation for the time being.

Group 260 contains the following contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

200003 Trench id.23

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

260

200004 Trench id.23

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

260

200005 Trench id.23

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

260

8.7.2 Group 272

Two deposits (200010) and (200011) are thought to represent accumulations at the town side of the bulwark structure, i.e. land development with the purpose of increasing the terrain height in the area, possibly in connection with a bulwark construction, which could be the bulwark (249) immediately to the south, relating it to the wharf construction (391).

Group 272 contains the following contexts

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

200010 Trench id.32

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

272

200011 Trench id.32

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

272

87

8.7.3 Group 336

This group consists of three dump deposits (2057), (2085), (2091), all interpreted as part of the general terrain levelling. The matrix revealed an "interface" of terrain levelling between the destruction of building (301/311) and the creation of the cut for the culvert (207). Since the culvert construction has truncated the levelling layers, it must be concluded that the terrain was leveled after the destruction of the building but before the establishing of the culvert.

The description of the contexts within this group does not correspond with that of a typical demolition layer, however this terrain levelling is possibly a mixture of demoiltion material and soil that has been spread across the area.

8.7.4 Group 349

This group is only represented by a single dark deposit (6307) seen in the northern part of the trench (4259). The deposit was truncated to the south, but probably covered a greater part of Gammel Strand. Due to the fact that the context was stratigraphically younger than bulwark (214), it is most likely not related to this, because another bulwark, north of the Vejerbod and presumably older, is in between the two.

The deposit contained numerous finds of ceramics, leather etc. The find of claypipes in the deposit suggests a dating to the 17th-century.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6307 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

349

8.7.5 Group 351

Two areas of presumably the same deposit, (6907) and (200365), deposited on top of the road (350), after this went out of use. Both deposits were dark, sandy deposits with clay, pebbles and charcoal in.

Group 351 contains the following context:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6907 Vendsyssel Stratigraphic Deposit 1 Belongs 351

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

2057 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

336

2085 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

336

2091 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

336

88

N object to

8.7.6 Group 355

This group consists of a single, dark, clayish deposit (200486), in which ceramics, such as late redware were found. Though there is limited information of the deposit, which was only observed in section, it is thought to represent one of the many leveling layers in this area. These were part of the ongoing land reclaimation in order to create a dry port area. The content of late redware indicates a date no older than 16th-17th century.

Group 355 contains the following context:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

200486 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

355

8.7.7 Group 360

Series of leveling layers which are thought to be part of a land development in the eastern part of Gammel Strand and truncated by the construction cut (200090) for a building on Højbro Plads (Group 247).

One of the middle layers in this sequence (3607) contains late redware which should probably not be seen as indicative for a date, but instead as re-deposited because (3607) is overlying (3617), which again is overlying wooden waterpipes.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

3655 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

344

3655 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 3 Belongs to

3617

3537 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

343

3584 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

343

3607 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

343

3617 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

344

3729 Waterpipe north east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

344

3790 Waterpipe north east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

344

89

8.7.8 Group 362

In the north facing section (1478), two deposits (200013) and (200014), were identified and interpreted as levelling layers as part of a general land development process. Based on the retrieval of a sherd of Westerwald-stoneware, the date of the bottom layer (200013) cannot be earlier than the 17th century.

Due to the heavily polluted soil in trench (1482) no pollen samples were collected.

Group 362 contains the following contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

200013 Trench id.32

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

362

200014 Trench id. 32

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

362

8.7.9 Group 365

In the northfacing section (4887) two deposits were identified and interpreted as being part of the general land development process after reclaimation of land. They consist of a levelling layer (200160) and what could be described as a demolition layer (200159), containing mortar and brick fragments. The deposits have accumulated prior to the raising of a building (291) on the eastern side of Vejerboden.

Group 365 contains the following contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

200159 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

365

200160 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

365

8.7.10 Group 366

A single dump layer, stratigraphically over a N-S orientated wooden waterpipe (7909), with a recorded minimum thickness of 0,15m is interpreted as part of the general process of the land development on Gammel Strand. Animal bones were found in it but were not retrieved due to pollution of the soil, which also prohibited any sampling.

Group 366 consists of the following context

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

90

200460 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

366

8.7.11 Group 277 Open area (pit)

A rectangular E-W orientated pit, (2491) with vertical sides and the dimensions 1.7mx0.2mx 0.2m. The pit was filled with dark brownish and grey, silty sand. The fill layer (2511) contained pebbles, CBM and charcoal. One sherd of late redware was found and provides us with an terminus ante quem to c. 1400 for the filling of the pit. The purpose of the pit could not be clarified.

Group 277 consists of the following contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

2511 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

277

2491 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 1 Belongs to

277

2491 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Is filled by

2511

8.7.12 Group 281: Open area (pit)

Circular pit (2912) with the dimensions 0.44mx0.2mx0.1m. The cut was disturbed by truncation.The pit was filled by dark brownish and grey, silty sand. The fill layer (2923) contained pebbles, CBM, charcoal and bones, and probably represents dump from the vicinity. From the surface two sherds of late redware were collected, providing a terminus post quem date to 1400. However, this sherd could also stem from disturbances

The original function of the pit was not clarified but the shallow depth suggests that it may in fact be a depression from a stone instead of an actual pit. Early Renaissance.

Group 282 consists of the following contexts:

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

2923 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

281

2912 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 1 Belongs to

281

2912 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Is filled by

2923

91

8.8 Gutter canals

8.8.1 Brief Cultural History of the Gutters in Copenhagen

In the past the gutters were much deeper than nowadays. The local authorities imposed the house owners to keep the gutters in front of their houses clean and to make sure that the wooden lid which covered the gutter was not washed away during the rain. The gutters were placed along the sides of the streets, but around the year 1700 attempts to place the gutters in the middle of the road were made: a solution that was quickly abandoned as the wagons could not pass each other. Normally the streets were established without considering the natural slope of the terrain which meant that water was allowed to slowly seep into the ground. Furthermore, it was a common that the gutters had to drain to both the harbour and canal, but as the accumulation of the water along the rampart of the town fortification reached an unacceptably large scale it was allowed to penetrate the fortification banks in order to dispose of the water permanently, as early as 1584.

The design and functionality of the gutters were closely related to the pavement of the streets. This is why the records regarding the preparation of the regulation report “Forordning ang. Steenbrolægningen med anden dertil hørende Indretning paa Gaderne Torvene og Pladserne‖, published in 1777, obviously relates to these topics. The initiatives which the town magistrate approved with their acceptance of the regulation report, was a result of an extensive committee work initiated by the Board of Public Construction Work (Bygningsdirektionen). Initially the proposals which were prepared by the French road engineer Jean Marmillod (1720-1786), who was called in by Gehejmestatsminister (Prime Minister) J. H. E. von Bernstoff (1712-1777) in 1764, were supplemented by a promemorium containing a drawing depicting seven different types of gutters. Regardless of fact that the reactionary approach of the town magistrate towards urban infrastructure resulted in a strongly diluted version of the original recommendations, Marmillod‟s illustration is quite interesting, as it portray existing gutter types and puts forward new gutter type concepts. (Wiene 2011 pp. 11-13).

Over time, drains linking the gutters to minor mud traps situated in the road (tværkister) were also added. These mud traps, which often penetrated the back yards of the individual property, were canalled into larger communal sewers where they merged. Though due to escalating urbanisation many of these back yards were expropriated. Because of that the mud traps were in many cases covered, resulting in complete loss of knowledge about the exact location of the individual sewer canals. Consequently, the sewers were often blocked and the streets flooded; a catastrophic situation in a town with such an extensive utilization of the basements, as it was the case in Copenhagen.

In spite of all this filthiness, no understanding of a need to subsidize these essential infrastructural facilities existed amongst the citizens, the communal authorities and central administration. Hence, an extensive application of poor

92

low-tech solutions, including cheap and slight materials, was facilitated. The result was obviously as expected: an inconsistent distributed sewer network consisting of open and closed narrow grooves and sewers, which only received scant maintenance. Apparently a call for a change in the mindset of the citizens and the authorities was needed, before sizeable changes of the public health could be considered. Changes which the discovery of microbiological life made by the French biologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and the cholera epidemic in 1853 probably catalyzed.

8.8.2 Land use gutter canals (sewer system)

Multiple contexts interpreted as gutter remains were recorded during the Gl. Strand fieldwork phase. These contexts are all grouped in IntraSiS (222), (223), (224), (228), (229), (230), (231), (232), (234), (235), (236), (237), (2389 and (314). However, deducing from observations related to the physical layout of the gutters, it has become evident that none of these groups can be linked as part of a larger sewer network.

As they all are thought to represent individual gutters orientated alike, it seems clear that they were built with the purpose of distributing water away from the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand and Højbro Plads and into the canal to the south. In that sense are they representing the same type of use of the land, i.e. as a sewer system. Hence, the land use category is only representing the gutter canals thematically.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

222 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

223 Vensyssel N/

Wastepipe

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

224 Vensyssel N/

Wastepipe

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

228 Wastepipe Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

229 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

230 Vensyssel N/

Telebox East

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

231 Wastepipe Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

232 Waterpipe E Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

234 Wastepipe Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

235 Wastepipe Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

236 Wastepipe Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

237 Wastepipe Stratigraphic Group 1 Belongs Land use

93

object to

238 Wastepipe Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

312 Telebox East Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to

Land use

8.8.3 Group 222 Gutter canal

Group (222), which consists of five pieces of timber, is supposedly representing the remains of a wood lined gutter. It has an approximate NNW-SSE orientation and is sloping towards SSE. Due to the observations regarding the slope of the gutter, it could be concluded that the gutter led waste water away from one of the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand during its period of use. The five remaining pieces of timber show the original rectangular profile of the gutter. They incorporate a horizontally laid plank made of oak (Quercus sp.) which is thought to represent the base of the gutter, and an overlying board that is thought to be the remains of the lid of the gutter (6319). At each long side the base and lid of the gutter were flanked by two planks (6535), set on their narrow side. Finally, support for the entire construction is provided by a single upright post.

Figure 22. Different street paving profiles. Jean Marmillod 1776.

The archaeological investigations did not provide sufficient information in relation to the facilitation of the continuation of the transportation of the waste water beyond group (222). However, the gutter was probably connected to a

94

main channel which is thought to have been orientated according to direction of the street. Observations regarding the exact location and the orientation of the gutter provide us with data that allows us to suggest a relation between (222) and the same, not identified, main sewer canal that (228) is thought to be connected to.

The timber elements are the only structures recorded. The four key elements, the planks, are all together forming a box shaped structure, which is supported by an upright post. According to the French engineer Jean Marmillod building the gutter in this manner was common practice. Actually so common that he describes it as either a type A, B1 or B2 in a report submitted to the Board of public Construction Work (Bygningsdirektionen) in 1777. However the concept of adding a lid to the gutter construction was suggested in 1758 (Hilden 1973 p. 32); a date that gives an idea about after when the gutter was built. No artefacts supporting the date of the gutter were found.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6319 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

222

6535 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

222

200179 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Cut 1 Belongs to

222

8.8.4 Group 223 Gutter canal

Group (223), which is recorded in two separate trenches, consists of seven pieces of timber. They are supposedly representing the remains of a wood lined gutter, which has an approximate NNW-SSE orientation and is sloping towards SSE. Due to the observations regarding the slope of the gutter, the conclusion was that the gutter led waste water away from one of the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand during the period of use.

In both trenches the timber fragments depicted the original rectangular profile of the gutter. Also, the wooden beam (7427) probably represents support underneath the construction, probably as a way of preventing the gutter settling too much into the soft, underlying soil. The timber elements incorporate a horizontally laid plank made of oak (Quercus sp.), which is thought to represent the base of the gutter, At each long side the base was flanked by two planks set on their narrow side.

The archaeological investigations did not provide sufficient information in relation to the facilitation of the continuation of the transportation of the waste water beyond group (223). However, the gutter was probably connected to a main channel, which is thought to have been orientated according to direction of the street. Observations regarding the exact location and orientation of the gutter, provide us with data that allows us to suggest a relation between (223)

95

and the same, not identified, main sewer canal as (222) and (228) are thought to have been connected to.

As only the timber elements were recorded, no artefacts and samples for dendrochronological analysis related to the gutter were collected. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with differently. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described the gutter as a type, that has found widespread use in Copenhagen for decades. Actually, the type was so common that he describes it as either a type A, B1 or B2 in the report.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6965 Vendsyssel N

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

223

7427 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

223

7456 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

223

7517 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

223

8.8.5 Group 224 Gutter canal

This group (224) consists of two subgroups (313) and (314) and four contexts (6956), (7446), (7477) and (7489), all thought to represent the remains of a wood lined gutter, showing a mostly rectangular profile. In all, four timber elements were recorded in two separate trenches. The entire timber structure, which has an approximate NNW-SSE orientation, is sloping down towards NNW. A slope which is opposite to the other gutters in the area with the same orientation. Why this is so cannot be explained for the time being.

In both trenches the timber fragments show the original rectangular profile of the gutter. However, due the problems related to the excavation of the structure the material to be categorized is insufficient. This means that it is uncertain whether the gutter is of a common type, described by Jean Marmillod in 1777 (cf. below), or it is a more unique type, comprising a hollow plank as a base.

As only the timber elements were recorded, no artefacts related to the gutter were collected, and dendrochronological analysis is not carried out either. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with in different way. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then – maybe - to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work (Bygningsdirektionen) in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described a gutter, as a type that has found wide spread use in Copenhagen for decades. The types, which he describe as A, B1 and B2, are possibly variations over the

96

present gutter. But as described above, this interpretation is not fully satisfactory.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

313 Gutter element

Subgroup - 1 Belongs to

224

314 Gutter sequence

Subgroup - 1 Belongs

To

224

6956 Vendsyssel N

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

313

7446 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

314

7477 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

314

7489 Waste pipe Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

314

8.8.6 Group 228 Gutter canal

Group (228) represents the remains of a wood lined gutter with a rectangular profile. The NNW-SSE orientated structure was presumably built with the purpose of canalling waste water away from one of the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand. It was due to observations regarding its slope that a relation to one of the buildings was made possible. The survey data did show that the structure was situated 0.65m above sea level farthest to the north, while it was only 0.54m above sea level farthest to the south. Unfortunately, confirming the assumption with such a narrow margin is problematic. Thus, the main concern is the potential inaccuracies in measurement. It is currently imposible to reject the hypothesis that the gutter instead was a drain related to the Vragerbro situated towards south.

The archaeological investigations not provide any solid information about how the waste water was transported beyond the current gutter . However, gutter (228) was most likely to have been connected with a main channel, which is thought to have been orientated according to direction of the street. Another solution was to lead the gutter directly towards the channel. On the other hand, this solution was problematic, as the gutter had to be led across the Vragerbro area to the south (cf. chapter 7.11).

Only the timber structure related to the gutter was recorded, thus no artefacts were sampled. The questions regarding the time of the establishment of the gutter and the extent of its use phase remain unanswered for the time being. Unfortunately, the typology is not of any help either, as it is a well known gutter type, here described as a Marmillod type A or B1 after Jean Marmillod, which were in use for centuries. (Wiene 2011 pp. 11-13). Regrettably, no sample for dendrochronological analysis was collected.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

97

7603 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

228

8.8.7 Group 229 Gutter canal

This group, which only consists of one context (6834), is thought to represent the scarce remains of a wood lined wastepipe and on a near N-S orientation. It is only preserved over a 0.70m long stretch, but observations regarding its slope indicate a southern orientation. It seems likely that the gutter was built with the purpose of leading waste water away from one of the now demolished buildings, which burned down in 1795, on the current Højbro Plads and out into the canal. Interestingly enough, the gutter truncates an old stone paving (6853) which is thought to represent a road established before the second fire of Copenhagen in 1795.

The archaeological investigations did not provide sufficient information in relation to the facilitation of the continuation of the transportation of the waste water beyond group (229). Was the current gutter leading the wastewater directly into the canal or was it connected to a main canal? These questions remain unanswered, as only a limited part of the original gutter is preserved.

As only the timber elements were recorded, no artefacts and no samples for dendrochronological analysis were collected. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with differently. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described the gutter as a type, that has found wide spread use in Copenhagen for decades. Actually, the type was so common that he describes it as either a type A, B1 or B2 in the report.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6834 Teleblock Højbro

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

229

8.8.8 Group 230 Gutter canal

This group (230) consists of three contexts (7002), (7976) and (200485), located in two separate trenches. They are thought to represent the remains of a wood lined gutter, showing a mostly rectangular profile. The entire timber structure, which has an approximate NNW-SSE orientation, seems to slope down towards north, indicating that it led wastewater out of the Vragerbro area to the south.

Its relation to the Vragerbro was inferred due to observations regarding the slope. However, the survey data did only show a slight difference between the measured heights in the northern end, compared to those farthest to the south

98

(approx. 0.10m). Unfortunately, confirming the assumption with such a narrow margin is problematic.

The archaeological investigations did not provide sufficient information in relation to the understanding of how the continuation of the transportation of the waste water beyond group (230) was facilitated. However, the gutter was probably connected to a main channel, which is thought to have been orientated according to the direction of the street. Observations regarding the exact location and orientation of the gutter provide us with data that generate a blurry image of the relation of the gutter to the overall network of gutters, as

(230) is situated exactly like ex. (223) and (228).

Regarding the type and date of this gutter, the data material provides some information. But as only the timber elements were recorded, no artefacts related to the gutter were collected, and dendrochronological analysis was not carried out either. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with differently. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then – maybe - to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described a gutter as a type that has found wide spread use in Copenhagen for decades. The types, which he describe as A, B1 and B2, are possible variations of the present gutter. However, the concept of adding a lid to the gutter construction was suggested in 1758 (Hilden 1973 p. 32); a date that gives an idea about after when the gutter was built.

8.8.9 Group 231 Gutter canal

The group consists of three contexts (6646), (6661) and (200250), all thought to represents the remains of a NNW-SSE orientated wood lined gutter, which has a rectangular profile. In all, the group is a product of three timber elements: a approx. 0.28m wide, horizontally laid flat plank that forms the base of the wood lining, which is flanked by two narrow approx. 0.04m wide planks, which supposedly represent the sides of the gutter construction. Remnants of almost completely decomposed wood found on top of the base plate suggests that a lid covered the gutter when it was in use.

The entire timber structure, which has an approximate NNW-SSE orientation, seems to slope towards the south, indicating that it led waste water away from one of the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand. However, the slope was

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7002 Vendsyssel N

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

230

7976 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

230

200485 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Cut 1 Belongs

To

230

99

only approximately 0.07m, making it difficult to determine with any certainty which structure it belonged to.

The archaeological investigations not provide any solid information about the transport of the waste water beyond the current gutter. However, gutter (231) was most likely to have been connected to a main channel, which is thought to have been orientated according to the direction of the street. Another solution was to lead the gutter directly towards the channel. This solution was, on the other hand, problematic, as the gutter had to be led across the Vragerbro area and then to the south.

Regarding the type and date of this gutter, the data material provides some information, but no dendrochronological analysis were carried out. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with differently. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described a gutter as a type that has found wide spread use in Copenhagen for decades. The types which he describe as A, B1 and B2 are possibly variations of the present gutter. However, the concept of adding a lid to the gutter construction was suggested in 1758 (Hilden 1973 p. 32); a date that gives an idea about, after when, the gutter was built.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

6646 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

231

6661 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

231

200250 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Cut 1 Belongs to

231

8.8.10 Group 232 Gutter canal

The group consists of only one context (7041), which represents the remains of a NNW-SSE orientated supposed wood lined gutter. In all, the group is a product of two timber elements: an approx. 1.0x0.14x0.09m horizontally laid beam and a plank, also horizontally laid 0.95x0.23x0.08m. As only two wooden elements were identified there is an uncertainty regarding its purpose. Either it is the wooden lining of a gutter or it is the scarce remains of a wastepipe. Its location to the north of the Pramhus supports the former hypothesis. Also, its slope towards SSE indicates that it led wastewater away from one of the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand.

The archaeological investigations not provide any solid information about the transport of the wastewater beyond the current gutter. However, gutter (231) was most likely connected to a main channel, which is thought to have been orientated according to direction of the street. Another solution would have

100

been to lead the wastewater directly towards the channel. This solution was, on the other hand, problematic, as the gutter had to be led across the Pramhus area and then to the south.

Regarding type and date of this gutter: the data material provides some information. But as only the timber elements were recorded, no artefacts related to the gutter were collected, and no dendrochronological analysis was carried out. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with differently. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described a gutter, as a type that has found wide spread use in Copenhagen for decades. The types he describes are named as follow: A, B1 and B2, which possibly are to regarded as variations over the present gutter type.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7041 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

232

8.8.11 Group 234 Gutter canal

One horizontally laid plank which represents the supposed remains of a wood lined gutter. Due to lack of archaeological evidence, the interpretation is merely based on the orientation and depth of the plank when compared with other gutters in the area, e.g. (222), (223), (224), (228), (230), (231) and (232).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7187 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

234

8.8.12 Group 235 Gutter canal

One horizontally laid plank which represents the supposed remains of a wood lined gutter. Due to lack of archaeological evidence, the interpretation is merely based on the orientation and depth of the plank, when compared with other gutters in the area (e.g. 222,223,224,228,230,231,232).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7254 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

235

8.8.13 Group 236 Gutter canal

One horizontally laid plank which represents the supposed remains of a wood lined gutter. Due to lack of archaeological evidence, the interpretation is merely based on the orientation and depth of the plank, when compared with other

101

gutters in the area, e.g. (222), (223), (224), (228), (230), (231), (232), (234) and (235).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7383 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

236

8.8.14 Group 237 Gutter canal

One horizontally laid plank which represents the supposed remains of a wood lined gutter. Due to lack of archaeological evidence, the interpretation is merely based on the orientation and depth of the plank, when compared with other gutters in the area, e.g. (222), (223), (224), (228), (230), (231), (232), (234), (235), (236).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7521 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

237

8.8.15 Group 238 Gutter canal

One horizontally laid plank which represents the supposed remains of a wood lined gutter. Due to lack of archaeological evidence, the interpretation is merely based on the orientation and depth of the plank, when compared with other gutters in the area, e.g. (222), (223), (224), (228), (230), (231), (232), (234), (235), (236), (237).

8.8.16 Group 312 Gutter canal

The group consists of one context (7859), which is thought to represent the remains of a NNW-SSE orientated wood lined gutter, with a box-like profile.The group consists of four timber elements. Its orientation suggests it led wastewater away from one of the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand.

The archaeological investigations not provide any solid information about the transport of the wastewater beyond the current gutter. However, gutter (312) was most likely connected to a main channel, which is thought to have been orientated according to direction of the street. Another solution would have been to lead the wastewater directly towards the channel. This solution was, on the other hand, problematic, as the gutter had to be led across the Vragerbro area and then to the south.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7650 Waste pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

238

102

Regarding the type and date of this gutter, the data material provides some information. But as only the timber elements were recorded, no artefacts related to the gutter were collected and no dendrochronological analysis was carried out either. Consequently, the date of the construction of the gutter is an issue that has to be dealt with differently. Valid information regarding the type and, subsequently, the date of the gutter is then to be found in a report submitted to the Board of Public Construction Work in 1777. The French engineer Jean Marmillod, who wrote the report, described a gutter as a type that has found wide spread use in Copenhagen for decades. The types he describes are named as follow: A, B1 and B2, which possibly are to be regarded as variations over the present gutter type.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

7859 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to

312

8.9 Sewer canals

8.9.1 Brief Cultural History of the Sewers of Copenhagen

‖At færdes i Københavns gader er ikke noget problem. I august, hvor det er varmt og solrigt, er gaderne tørre og uden mudder, og de mellemliggende 11 måneder går jo hurtigt‖.3

Ludvig Holberg (1684-1754)

In this quote Ludvig Holberg is making an ironic comment about the frustrations the citizens of Copenhagen had in relation to the standard of sanitation in their capital during the double monarchy of Denmark-Norway in the first half of the 18th century. But as numerous bans and penalty clauses described in Københavns Diplomatarium plus many archeological investigations have shown, problems related to the communal renovation is closely associated with urban areas in pre-industrial time.

Until reformation of the communal sewer in 1857, which culminated in the establishing of the founding of Københavns Vandforsyning (the water supply company of Copenhagen), the renovation of Copenhagen was, for hygienic reasons, separated into day and night. The refuse collection consisted of kitchen waste etc. and the night renovation was of human origin which due to its foul nature was disposed of at night by the so-called men-of-the-night, who at least in the 18th century were organized in specific guild.

3 Translation: “Walking the streets of Copenhagen isn‟t a problem. In August, when it‟s hot and sunny, the streets are dry and free of mud, luckily the 11 months in between will go pretty fast”.

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The origin of the guild is uncertain but the ever present need for someone to handle and dispose of the latrine waste makes it plausible that it was quite old. The term natmænd (men-of-the-night) was already known in the Middle Ages where, besides handling the night renovation, they also had to butcher and dispose of fallen animals, lead convicted felons to the scaffold and bury dead delinquents. The men-of-the-night together with the chimney sweeps, executioners and pig and horse emasculators belonged to the dishonest people of the town. As compensation for this unpleasant social status the men-of-the-night made good money. In spite of this, multiple written sources show us how difficult it was to hire sufficient staff for the necessary work.

Their main job was to empty the latrine pits in the back yards of houses in the town. Then the latrine was towed away by the carriages belonging to the guild of the men-of-the-night and emptied into the communal latrine pit that was situated on Amager. However, as late as in the 19th century no regulations concerning the emptying frequency of the latrines existed. This meant that the citizens often just sealed the filled-up latrine pit and dug a new one instead of emptying it. Unfortunately, this quite common practice caused an extensive problem with contamination of the ground water. In addition to this, an incredibly poor air quality was also generated in the back yards of the town.

Before the middle of the 19th century, the latrine was almost exclusively constructed as the pits referred to above It was not until Bygningsreglementet (the rules public construction work) of 1856 that the latrine construction became subject to communal regulations. As mentioned, the latrines were mostly found the back yards of houses of the town. However, houses were in some cases so narrow that it was impossible to place a latrine there. Then the latrine was built into the house, either at ground floor level or in the basement. Putting the latrine here obviously lead to significant odour problems, as the stink spread through the floors and staircases of the houses. The barrel system, which later became dominant, was introduced after the Fire of Copenhagen in 1795, but it did not gain ground at this time. In spite of the dominance of the latrines, a few water closets were installed at residences of the bourgeois people before 1850. Unfortunately this solution ended up in the upmost disgusting filthiness, as the flush lead out to the open gutters on the street, which canalled the stools thought the sewers into the canals and harbours around Copenhagen. This practice was abandoned in 1856.

Using the services of the-man-of-the-night was not the only solution when the citizens of Copenhagen desired to facilitate the disposal the night soil. It is known how multiple latrines were directly connected to the moat and the canals around the town. In general, the drains from the houses, stables, latrines, urine corners and accumulated waste piles on the streets were canalled into the gutters, and we do not find many rules and prescripts specifically dealing with the sewer drains.

It is difficult to throw light on the development of the sewers in Copenhagen. One of the initiatives the sources document is the attempt to broaden the street

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lanes by putting the gutters into grooves of hard wood and covering them with a removable wooden lid. However, this solution was only used to a limited extent and as the wagons damaged the system and no maintenance took place it was finally abandoned.

The first brick built sewers saw the light of day at the end of the 16th century. It is in relation to these early initiatives that the heavily built drain found on Kgs. Nytorv during the excavations KBM 1410 and 1910 in 1996-1997 should be seen. It was a 14.6m long, heavily built brick drain, which was lead through the so-called Vandport (Watergate) that was an access-way through the bastions of King Christian IV (the drain is referred to as LI in the reports, cf. KBM 1410 and KBM 1910). The drain was in use concurrently with the Watergate, and it seems to have been operational until the filling of the moat in the third quarter of the 17th century. Unfortunately, the stratigraphical relations established during the excavations 1996-1997 could not give a clear sign of when it was abandoned (Svart Kristiansen 1998 p. 130).

An additional initiative was the establishing of the mud traps (Dk: slamkisterne), that are to be considered as a kind of a early waste water treatment plant. Originally they were just pits or deep holes constructed with an inlet spout placed at a lower level than the outlet spout. So when the water ran into the mud trap the system made it possible for the more solid particles to settle at the bottom, as the water necessarily had to rise up to the higher placed outlet spout in order to continue it‟s journey towards the harbour and canal. The specific rules for the design of the mud traps of 1758 stated how their inlets now were to be covered in hard wood in order to prevent obstruction of the water flow. From 1789 and onwards they were to be built of rough granite. The early mud traps had their drain in the harbour and canal but as the town grew they also found use in relation to the confluence of the major gutters and sewer canals. Regulations dated to 1744 stated that they were to be dredged and the sludge disposed of when required by the harbour commission. The payment for this service was imposed on the residences situated at the harbour and by the canals.

8.9.2 Land use Sewer/wastepipe

A little less than a handful of contexts recorded during the Gl. Strand fieldwork phase are interpreted as sewer remains. These contexts are grouped in IntraSiS (201), (207), (208), (255) and (324). However, deducing from observations related to the physical layout of these sewers/wastepipes, it is evident that none of them can be linked together as part of a larger sewer network.

As they all are thought to represent individual sewers canals, orientated alike, does it seem clear that they are constructed with the purpose of distributing water away from the buildings on the northern side of Gl. Strand and Højbro Plads and into the canal to the south. In that sense they are representing the

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same type of use of the land, i.e. as a sewer system. Hence, the land use category is only representing the sewer/wastepipes thematically.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

201 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to Land use

207 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe and the northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to Land use

208 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to Land use

255 Waterpipe east Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to Land use

324 Water reduction Stratigraphic object

Group 1 Belongs to Land use

8.9.3 Group 201 Sewer/wastepipe

This supposed sewer canal consists of two fully laid, brick built walls orientated NW-SE. The walls, which so far, are identified over a distance of 2.8m were both approximately 0.5m wide. It was not recorded to what height the walls were preserved, so no data about the construction height is currently available. These brick structures are thought to represent the long sides of a sewer canal or wastepipe leading wastewater towards the canal. The bottom of the structure was formed of a wooden floor.

It is possible that this structure is a sewer, i.e. a fully built pipe, however no roof/vault elements were identified. Due to significant similarities with other comparable brick structures found in the Gl. Strand Area, the sewer suggestion was made, e.g. (207), (208), (255) and (324). Nonetheless, as there are some doubts related to the interpretation of the structure, it is still possible that it should be seen as a wood lined gutter covered by a wooden lid.

On the 1683 map of Vejerhuset two NW-SE running parallel lines, forming a 19.9m long and 0.9m wide structure, is depicted (cf. figure 28). It is situated between the Humlegård on the western side of the Vejerhus itself and the large rectangular Fielebod situated immediately to the east of the current Ministry of Cultural affairs. These lines could either represent a paved surface or sewer walls, but that question is still not answered. Hence, the sewer canal/wastepipe is thought to lie beneath the paving, a procedure that probably also explains why the sewer was so solidly build (it had to carry the weight of the paving). Situating the sewer canal/wastepipe here was not a random choice as the path between the two gates in the western side of the Vejerhus was an open area without any crossing foundations.

Deducing from the knowledge about the date of the other sewer canals in the area, a suggested date of 17th century can be made. However, no artefacts support the date suggestion in this case.

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Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

367 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to 201

3405 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to 201

3419 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to 367

3434 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to 367

3818 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

1 Belongs to 201

8.9.4 Group 207 Sewer/wastepipe

This N-S orientated vaulted water canal made of yellow bricks, is thought to be either a sewer canal or a wastewater canal. The vault seems to have a semi-circular cross section, while the walls, which were identified in two separate trenches, are at least 9.7m long and approximately 0.67m wide. It was fully preserved but not completely excavated, so data about the height of the canal and the construction of the base are currently not available.

In principal this sewer canal is a sewer, i.e. a fully built pipe. However, these canals are traditionally seen as wastewater canals that were vaulted when circumstance demanded it. In this case the purpose of the canal was to lead wastewater away from the Snaregade and across the Vejerhus complex where the large Humlegård courtyard was located.

Figure 23. Sewer 207.

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Deducing from the knowledge about the date of the other sewer canals in the area, a suggested date of 17th century can be made. However, some rather remarkable artefacts were found in the fill of the construction cut: especially a piece of Italian Urbina Faienze, dated to around 1550 is of great interest. The fact that the colour of the bricks were yellow is relevant, i.e. possibly from the time of Christian IV or later.

8.9.5 Group 208 Sewer/wastepipe

N-S orientated water canal, partly made of yellow and red bricks and lime stones. The structure is thought to be either a sewer canal or a wastewater canal which is disturbed by modern truncation to the south. It has a “lid” which was made of lime stone ashlars presenting a rough finish on the upper surface, a fact which indicates secondary use of Late Medieval building stones. The bottom of the canal was also made of these lime stone ashlars. The walls were not made of lime stones, but of yellow bricks: 20x8.5x4cm. As the sewer canal was not fully excavated no data about the depth is currently available.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

371 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe and the northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

207

372 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe and the northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

207

374 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

207

374 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe and the northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

207

2861 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

371

2876 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

372

2877 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

373

3154 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

371

3186 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

372

7350 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

373

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Figure 24. Sewer (208).

In principal this sewer canal is a genuine sewer, i.e. a fully built pipe. However, these canals are traditionally seen as wastewater canals that were vaulted when circumstance demanded it. In this case the purpose of the canal was to lead wastewater away from the northern side of Gl. Strand and across the marked area towards the canal to the south.

Deducing from knowledge about the date of the other sewer canals in the area, a suggested date of the 17th century can be made. However no artefacts found in relation to the structure supports this hypothesis, but do not reject it either. The fact that the bricks were yellow is also relevant, i.e. possibly from the time of Christian IV or later.

k

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Figure 25. Sewer 208.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

332 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

208

333 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

208

7709 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick structure

2 Belongs to

333

200378 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stratigraphic object

Construction cut

2 Belongs to

332

8.9.6 Group 255 Sewer/wastepipe

This group (255), which consists of the contexts (3594), (3828), (3847), (3871), (5442) and (5450) and the subgroups (325), (326) and (327), supposedly represents the remains of a sewer canal made of two stone built sidepieces. The walls of this approximately 1.90m wide structure are orientated NE-SE and are identified over a distance of 1.91m. The height was not recorded and no elevation plan was made. These brick structures are thought to represent the long sides of a sewer canal or wastepipe, leading wastewater towards the canal. Its base is formed by multiple wooden planks creating some kind of a floor upon which the waste was transported.

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Figure 26. Sewer/wastepipe (255).

In principal this sewer canal is a genuine sewer, i.e. a fully built pipe, but interpreting the stone structure as a sewer canal is not unproblematic as no roof/vault elements were identified. However, due to significant similarities with other comparable brick structures found in the Gl. Strand Area, the sewer suggestion is made. These brick built canals are traditionally seen as wastewater canals that were vaulted when circumstance demanded it. In this case the purpose of the canal was to lead wastewater away from the current Højbro Plads area and across the marked area towards the canal to the south.

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The finds, i.e. coins, indicate that the construction took place late in the 18th century or early in the 19th century. However, the circumstances under which they were found are not fully clarified. The problem is that they were found in/on/at the timber structure (3847) that is thought to be the sewer floor. Hereby it becomes unclear whether it is found underneath the structure (i.e. terminus ante quem), upon the floors (i.e. during it‟s use (sub quem) or after it went out of use.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

325 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

255

326 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

255

327 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

255

3594 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

255

3826 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick

Structure

2 Belongs to

255

3847 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Timber

Structure

2 Belongs to

255

3871 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick

Structure

2 Belongs to

255

5442 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick

Structure

2 Belongs to

255

5450 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Timber

Structure

2 Belongs to

255

8.9.7 Group 324 Sewer/wastepipe

This group, which only consists of one group (3630), represents the remains of a stone structure consisting of a 0.5mx0.42m fragment of a stone foundation interpreted as a side piece of a sewer canal/wastepipe. The structure extends out of the trench to the north and west, so the interpretation is problematic. The excavators saw it as a corner of a building to begin with, but on the other hand its location in the middle of the street (the layout of the present day street is identical to its Renaissance layout) indicates that it not a building. Because similar stone structures, interpreted as stone built sewer canals/wastepipes, are found on Gammel Strand it seems likely that this interpretation is more trustworthy.

In principal this sewer canal could be a genuine sewer, i.e. a fully built pipe, but interpreting the stone structure as a sewer canal is not unproblematic, as no roof/vault elements were identified. However, due to significant similarities with other comparable brick structures found in the Gl. Strand Area, the sewer suggestion seems probable. These brick built canals are traditionally seen as wastewater canals that were vaulted when circumstance demanded it. In this

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case the purpose of the canal was to lead wastewater away from the current Højbro Plads area and across the market area towards the canal to the south.

Figure 27. Sewer/wastepipe (324).

Deducing from knowledge about the dates of the other sewer canals in the area, a suggested dating of 17th century can be made. However no artefacts found in relation to the structure support this hypothesis, but does not reject it either. The fact that the bricks were yellow is also relevant, i.e. possibly from the time of Christian IV or later.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

3630 Water reduction

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

324

8.10 Buildings

8.10.1 The Vejerhus complex

A map of Gammel Strand was made during the design phase prior to the construction of a street in front of the present day Assistenshus (The Ministry of Cultural Affairs), which meant to connect the quay side area with Snaregade. It carries the royal seal and is dated to April 7th 1683.

Beeing one the oldest of its kind in Denmark, the value of this map is significant. Especially because the cartographic text provides much information related to the cultural historical interpretation of the area. The transcribed text is as follows:

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Voris allernaad (iste) villie og befalinger effter denne affridtzning skal imellom Veyer huuset og begyndelsen aff Snaregaden ned til Canalen, gaer een gade, som skal Være atten alen bred tet (tæt) forbi de Vaaninger, som ligger imellom Snarregade og Canalen. Paa dend anden side Ved Veyer huuset bliffver een pladz, lige saa bred og saa lang som Veyer huusets bygninger, som byen beholder at bygge paa, og som er i linie med begge ender aff Veyer huset uden for hvilken pladzes begreb alle Slagterboder og fieleboder skal strax nedbrydis, for at haffde een magelig fart faa husene Ved Stranden, giennem ommeldte nye gade, langs med med Canalen. Vor effter de ved kommende sig aller unded(anigst) haffver at rette skreffe(t) paa Vort Slott Kiøbenhaffn di 7. April 1683. Christian (V).

(Københavns stadsarkiv, City Archive of Copenhagen)

Hence, the western side of the Vejerhus was characterized by slender wooden booths up until the redesign of the street lanes in 1683. Afterwards the western side of the Vejerhus was transformed into a large open courtyard area. Later (but before 1761) two buildings were raised covering the northern side and western side of the courtyard. They are portrayed on Engineer Captain Christian Gedde‟s (1729-1798) Elevated Map of Copenhagen, dated to 1761.

Figure 28. Map of Gammel Strand, approved by His Majesty King Christan V (1670-1699) on April 7

th 1683. North is to the top. Courtesy of Københavns Stadsarkiv.

The extensive legislative work related to the introduction of free trade around the time of the abandonment of absolutism in Denmark in 1849, led to significant changes in the organisation of the tax collecting procedures in Copenhagen. So, regardless of the fact that the magistrate upheld their tax collecting rights, the Vejerhus and it administrative functions had become

114

obsolete in the middle of the 19th century. The decision to demolish the entire Vejerhus Complex was taken in 1857. Afterwards the lot was used as a flea market for many years.

The ownership of these buildings is listed in the land register of Gammel Strand in the years 1689, 1756, 1806 and 1857. Here it can be seen that the area was the property of the local authorities throughtout the entire period.

8.10.2 Group 221 Valkendorf’s Vejerhus (1581-1857)

This group consists of 7 subgroups (218) (western foundation wall), (219) (eastern foundation wall), (220) (northern foundation wall), (289) (demolition sequences), (320) (stone foundation) (346) (outhouse), (347) (structural elements) and 28 contexts, representing the remains of a large brick built structure. These quite well preserved structural remains, which were found in the western half of Gammel Strand but close to its centre, represent the northern foundation in its full length of 9.5m, but not full width (only 1.1m), the 2.15m of the c. 2.2m wide western foundation and 1.76m of the also c.2.2m wide eastern foundation. Additionally, the remains of a supposed lean-to/outhouse, located on the western side of the building and the possible remains of structural elements, which potentially could be room division elements, are supposedly related to the building.

Figure 29. Western foundation wall (218) of Valkendorf’s Vejerhus.

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A close look at the N-W orientated foundation, represented by (218), (219), (220), enables us to recognise the method of construction chosen by the master builder. The construction cut was filled with multiple large, unfinished and uneven/uncoursed granite rocks, measuring more than 1.2m in diameter and laid without use of bonding material. In the northern wall coursing is apparently identified, represented by (4298) (lower) and (4350) (upper), which forms two uneven rows.

Figure 30. Northern foundation wall. Lower course (4298) is hardly visible, while the upper course (4350) is right underneath the brick structure (4453)

The brick structure is resting on top of the rock built foundation (4298) and (4453). Approximately ten courses were identified. From the bottom: a lower irregular course. Second course, is laid as a running/stretcher bond, while the third course is in cup bond. The third course is also forming a 1 skin thick cornice, clearly a decorative feature. The following four courses seem rather irregular, but some indications of both cup bond running/stretcher bonds are observed.

Finally the five uppermost courses are “cut off”, while the underlying courses extend out of the trench in its eastern end. This terminus of wall is a fold/rabbet made to form an access way. On the 1683 a major gate is in the northern wall of the Vejerhus, the fold is probably the remains of this entrance.

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Figure 31. Northern foundation wall. Lower course (4298) is hardly visible, while the upper course (4350) is right underneath the brick structure (4453).

Figure 32. Northern foundation wall. Indication of a window frame in the upper left corner of the photo.

The brick sizes are divided into two groups: the seven lowest courses are built of the so-called munkesten (monk size), i.e. c.8-9cm thick, while the three

117

upper courses are of a typical Renaissance size (Christian IV-type), i.e. c.5.5cm thick in light red or yellow colours and dated to c.1600. Why two different sizes are chosen is not evident, but the wish to apply a decorative effect by mixing the traditional monk size and the new smaller brick type could explain it. Another reason could by a delivery change early in the building process.

Figure 33. The remains of Valkendorf’s Vejerhus compared with the map of 1683 and 1839, the latter is represented by the green line. Due to inaccuracies related to older cartographic work in 1683 and 1839 significant differenties between those and the modern survey are present.

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A subgroup (347) classified as structural elements is almost solely consisting of vertical set wooden posts. It is subdivided into two separate timber structures; bulwark (4395) and bulwark (4275). The first of these is composed of four posts displaying square cross sections and measuring 0.09-0.17m, but they do not seem to have been set in a specific order. The latter is also comprised of posts displaying a square cross section and measuring 0.16-0.27m, but standing in a line in this case. Additionally, the bottom of the most western set post was retrieved for dendro-chronological dating (200098), but the sample result was useless.

The posts, which all are stratigraphically younger than the foundation of the Vejerhus, are interpreted as internal dividers or interior wooden structures, e.g. wall foundation etc. Finally the levelling layer (4395) is related to this subgroup by the field work staff, but no description why this is so exists. However, it does seem to have been an element in some sort of land development process carried out prior to the construction of the room dividers.

Due to the small quantity of these so-called room dividers found, the interpretation of the structure is rather questionable. They are maybe just rammed down with the purpose of stabilizing the sub-soil in a area characterized by significant softness.

A subgroup (346), consisting of a supposed levelling layer (4243) and a bulwark (4183) is thought to relate to building (221). The remains of the bulwark are represented by seven vertical set posts, showing a square section, two upright set planks and a horizontally laid board, forming a NW-SE orientated, 0.7m long line, and an area characterized by what seems to be randomly set posts, covering 0.85x1.0m.

As little of these structural elements were exposed the interpretation has become quite difficult. But according to the field work staff this wooden structure was an outhouse attached to or leaning up against the western wall of the Vejerhus. Thus, it was positioned immediately west of the large stone foundation (4075) of the western wall. The related levelling layer (4243) is interpreted to have been laid out to prepare the ground for the wooden foundation.

Identifying the structure as an outhouse is, however, questionable, as the interpretation is based on sparse/poor evidence. The depicted fielebod (minor wooden outhouse) on the 1683-map seem to have influenced the interpretation process to a certain degree. Potentially the 1683-map shows a lean to, under which various activities related to either the Vejerhus or the small booths surrounding it took place.

Due to the date of the pottery, c.1600-1800, found in the levelling layer (stratigraphically) underneath the timber elements, the structure is

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contemporary with Vejerhuset, but the stratigraphic relation is missing, as it was truncated by (4243), which also represents the limit of the excavation.

As mentioned above the building occurs on a map of Gammel Strand, approved by His Majesty King Christian V (1670-1699) on April 7th 1683. It is also seen on few other maps, including Christian Geddes Elevated Map of Copenhagen dated to 1761 and another, dated to 1839. Hence, it is well known that building (221) in fact represents the remains of Christoffer Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus, erected in 1581 and demolished in 1857. Due to its presence in written sources the principal line of its history is known. In 1581 the king‟s Steward of the Realm and Governor, residing at Copenhagen Castle, Christoffer Valkendorf (1525-1601) ordered the building of a new Vejerhus, because the former one was decaying.

Additionally, this Vejerhus is seen on the oldest photo shot in Copenhagen, in c.1839 (see front page). The photo was developed by use of an early photo technique called daguerreotypography, which was the first successful photographic process, invented in 1829 by the French artist and chemist Louis J.M. Daguerre (1787-1851). Our Daguerreotype is portraying a city scene, shot from around Ved Stranden, showing Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus in the left side.

Christoffer Valkendorf (1525-1601).

Vejerhuset was an extraordinarily solid building, consisting of three floors, over which there was an attic. The upper floors and the attic were used as storage floors, while the lower ones were used as accisebod (for explanation: see the chapter Cultural historical background and topography – The Medieval Accisebod). Besides housing the accise-work, the lower floors also housed the town weight, used to calculate the amount of food goods shipped into

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Copenhagen through Gammel Strand. Weighing the freight was a job undertaken by the town weight master and his men, whose job it was to ensure the correct accise (tax) was paid. The building was demolished in 1857.

Based on the excavation results and knowledge about the post-Vejerhus settlement in the area, it is very clear that most of the building, including floor layers, stair towers etc., probably lies buried underneath the asphalt. On the basis of this knowledge it is of extraordinary importance that the area receives maximum attention in relation to future archaeological excavations in the Gammel Strand area, especially because Vejerhuset, as type of building dating from the Renaissance, is unique in Denmark.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

218 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

219 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

220 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

289 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

320 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

346 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

347 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

221

4067 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

4075 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4183 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4243 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

4275 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4298 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4350 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4364 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4387 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

4395 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4453 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4458 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

221

121

4703 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

221

4806 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

221

200091 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200092 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200093 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200094 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200095 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200096 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200101 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200102 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200103 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200123 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200124 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

200125 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

221

8.10.3 Group 291 17th century Slagterbod

This group, which consists of two subgroups (292) (foundation), (293) (demolition) and two deposits (4926) (foundation wall), (200158) (demolition layer), is solely recorded in section (cf. section (4887)/drawing (200148). It is interpreted as the remains of the northern slagterbod on the eastern side of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus, seen on the 1683 map.

This quite lightly built foundation, only 0.20m thick, is made of bricks and fully laid. It is two skins thick and made of two different types of bricks. The lower courses were made of 0.035m thick bricks (probably Flensburg type), while the upper courses were thicker, c.4-5cm. Both types were yellow. According to the field work staff bonding material was applied, but its character and quality is not documented. The wall rested upon an uneven course of unfinished large granite rocks with a diameter between c.0.7 to 1.0m.

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Figure 34. Building 291 is seen in section.

Considering the lack of solidity of the wall it seems obvious to link it to the northern slagterbod on the 1683-map. If the inaccuracies related to the use of historical carcartographic source are taken into account, cautiously the building is interpreted as the northern slagterbod on the eastern side of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus. However, based on the similarities between the layout depicted on

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the 1683-map and the surveyed wall (4926), it is evident that the two buildings are the same.

Figure 35. 1777 Illustration of a slagterbod.

Annex to Kæmnerregnskab of 1777. Københavns Stadarkiv.

When the building was torn down, probably shortly after 1683, a deposit (200158) was spread across the surface, probably in order to level the terrain prior to the establishing of the new Eastern Vejerhus courtyard (225). Unfortunately the archaological remains do not provide any data regarding the construction or the demolition of the building.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

292 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

291

293 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

291

4926 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

1 Belongs to

291

200158 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 1 Belongs to

291

124

8.10.4 Group 297 17th century Slagterbod

This group is formed by one subgroup 329 (foundation wall) and one stratigraphic object (3890) which are thought to represent the identified remains of a small booth on the southern side of Snaregade.

A large boulder found in the bottom of the trench is probably the remains of the eastern section of the northern wall in the small booth. The interpretation is, however, based on the coincidence between the current group and the wall seen on the 1683 map.

In spite of c.2m inaccuracy between the archaeological recording and the historical map the boulder is still to be considered as part of the wall due to the inaccuracies documented in relation the northern wall of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus are of similar scale.

Nothing is known about the time of the construction, but it seems likely that it was torn down in relation to the establishment of the new Western Vejerhus courtyard after 1683.

Figure 36. The remains (3890) of the northern wall of small booth (297).

125

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel

RelText RelParent

329 Northern water reduction

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

297

3890 Northern water reduction

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

297

8.10.5 Group 382 18th Century slagterbod

The group consists of four subgroups (245), (246), (248), (294) and ten stratigraphic objects (1522), (1886), (1889), (3097), (3108), (3227), (3360), (3368), (4935) and (4970), which represent the remains of a stone built foundation. In the beginning the building was interpreted as one of the fieleboder (small outhouses) on the 1683 map of Gammel Strand. However, it turned out not to be correct, as the stratigraphic relations demonstrated how the foundation overlay groups (239) and (244).

Figure 37. Group 382. The remains of a slagterbod.

Instead, the outline of the looted foundation (245) correlates with the outline of the northern wall of a slagterbod (butcher‟s booth), which is seen on a map of Gammel Strand dated to 1839, and filed as land register no. 60 in

126

Københavnske Jævnførelsesregister of 1689, 1756 and 1806 (Westerbeek 2010, Strand Kvarter, land register no. 60). Also, the outline of the foundation fragments (246) and (248) correlate roughly with the corresponding southern and western walls of the slagterbod on the 1839-map. However, in this case only minor fragments of the walls were identified/preserved, making the relation more questionable (Westerbeek Dahl 2010, Strand Kvarter, land register no. 60).

Figure 38. Group (382). The remains of a slagterbod. The outline of the slagterbod on the 1839 map is marked with a thin black line.

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What kind of a building was this slagterbod? Based on the archaeological remains it is possible to state that it was solid built stone/brick building, whose northern wall rested upon a 1.1m wide and 0.5m high stone foundation (245) made of large granite rocks (dia. c.0.3-0.5m), laid without the use of bonding material. The fragmentary preservation of the supposed western and southern walls of the building shows sign of them being built in the same manner. Hence, large boulders, i.e. (3097), (3108), (3227), seem to represent the bas upon which the brick built wall was resting. While smaller unfinished stones represent the remains of the southern wall. The bonding material recorded is of normal quality, i.e. high content of lime mortar. It is usual for the bonding material to be poor quality in the 18th century, but it does not seem to be the case here.

One course was preserved of the brick built wall resting upon the foundation. It was fully laid and more than 4 courses thick. The bricks came in various colours ranging between pale yellow and red, and their size was recorded to be 22.5x11x5cm. Interestingly, the character of the foundation and the type and size of the bricks used to build base of the structure correspond with other foundations dated to the 18th century, e.g. the foundation belonging to a building located in the southern end of Kgs. Nytorv and seen on Geddes maps of 1761, but replaced by Perschiers gaard c. 1796 (current Danske Bank) (Møller 1964; pers. comm. M. Steineke 2012).

Figure 39. Fragment of foundation (246), upon which the rest of the brick built wall (3227) is preserved.

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When this building was raised is not known, but it probably happened between 1683 and 1761, maybe after the Fire of Copenhagen in 1728. This is thought to be because the building is present on Geddes Elevated Map of Copenhagen dated to 1761. The suggested date is supported by two coin finds (200077) and (200273) found in the fill of the construction cut (1886), and dated to the 18th century. In this respect coin (200077) is of special interest, as it is a “1-skilling” dated to 1700-1730. Documentation of the demolition of the building does, however, exist; it was torn town in 1857 when the entire Gammel Strand area was opened up.

Furthermore, Geddes map of 1761 depicts a building as tall as Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus. And fortunately, the photo of Gammel Strand dated to c.1839 shows the three storey Vejerhus.

Unfortunately, little is known about the butchering activites inside the building as no floor layers were identified.

Figure 40. Section of Chr. Gedde’s (1729-1798) Map of Copenhagen. Courtesy of Museum of Copenhagen.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

245 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

382

246 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

382

248 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

295

294 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

295

129

1522 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

382

1886 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

382

1889 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

382

3097 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

382

3108 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

382

3227 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

382

3360 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

382

3368 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

382

4935 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

295

4970 Telebox east Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

295

8.10.6 Group 225 Eastern Vejerhus Courtyard

This group consists of the following subgroups; (226) (northern courtyard wall), (227) (paved surface), (283) (latticed planks), (348) (levelling), (364) (levelling), (379) (external surface), (380) (foundation cut fill) and stratigraphic objects (4864) (foundation wall), (4889) (foundation wall), (5150) (paved surface), (5202) (leveling layer), (5211) (dump layer), (5217) (foundation wall), (5670) (construction cut), (5676) (foundation cut fill), (5704) (foundation wall), (5857) (foundation wall), (5879) (foundation fill), 5880 (foundation fill), (200107) (leveling), (200108) (leveling), (200112) (leveling), (200113), (dump layer), (200114) (dump layer), (200121) (demolition layer), (200126) (construction cut fill), (200127) (construction cut fill). De facto are the contexts forming this group, representing the levelling, construction cut, foundation and the northern wall of the eastern courtyard belonging to the Vejerhus. De jure is the group representing the eastern Vejerhus courtyard, including the northern wall. Thus, only a few deposits, having a quite limited total area of distribution, represent the external surface which forms the actual courtyard.

Prior the establishment of the eastern Vejerhus Courtyard, the area was seemingly prepared for the supposed extra weight. Evidently a series of accumulations (5211), (5217), (200107), (200108) and (200121) caused a change in the terrain level; probably with the purpose of developing the land. Hence this is the stratigraphically oldest activity recorded in relation to the eastern Vejerhus Courtyard.

The actual courtyard is represented by two subgroups (227) and (379), forming an older (227) and a younger (379) phase of the courtyard. The first phase is identified as a silty foundation layer (5202) and a cobbled floor pavement (5150), mainly consisting of 0.1-0.8m rough stones distributed evenly but

130

closely across the surface. Unfortunately, not much of this pavement was exposed during the excavation work, so the overall layout of this stone surface and therefore the eastern courtyard remains unidentified, but the concept of construction is probably clear.

Figure 41. The older paving (1

st phase) on the eastern Vejerhus courtyard.

The younger, 2nd phase (379 – external surface) is only indirectly identified in form of sandish dump deposits (200112), (200113) and (200114), accumulated as levelling underneath the now removed paving laid during the later part of the lifespan of the eastern Vejerhus courtyard. Acknowledging this courtyard sequence merely on the basis of a few dump deposits recorded in section seems exceptionally rash, however nothing speaks against this interpretation, but not much supports it either. Seeing this levelling as a 19th century/modern levelling is definitely also possible.

The building sequence of the northern wall (226) of the eastern Vejerhus courtyard is well defined. The construction cut (5670) was identified as the southern edge of the original foundation trench. In the bottom of this trench a wooden foundation, referred to as interlacing planks (4864), was laid out. It consisted of two parallel main beams up to 6.8m long, orientated NE-SW, which rested upon seven shorter transverse beams up to c. 1.8m long. The transverse beams are each supported by two or three posts or stakes, driven c.0.75m vertically into the ground. The stakes and the beams were held together by dowels or pegs.

131

Figure 42. The interlacing planks below the northern wall of the eastern courtyard.

132

Figure 43. The supporting interlacing planks (4864) underneath the northern wall (226) of

Valkendorf’s Vejerhus.

Both the western (4889) and the eastern (5704) stone foundation rest upon these interlacing planks. As it appears on the illustration, both walls increase to approximately double the size towards the middle. Such an extension of the foundation is obviously related to a noticeable need to carry a much heavier structure. Again the 1839 map is able to provide an answer to what that was: it shows how the foundation is settled right below two solid gateway pillars.

133

The foundation carrying the actual walls is brick built, where two courses are preserved which rest upon a bed of granite rocks. In the enlarged pillar foundation area the granite rock bed is extended in order to facilitate an encirclement around the inner brick part of the foundation.

Figure 44. The western foundation (4889).

Figure 45. The eastern foundation (5704).

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Figure 46. The northern wall. The grey areas shows the actual stone foundation, while the green lines refers to the courtyard wall as it appears on the 1839 map.

A few artefacts found in the foundation fill (5880) and (5879) give some sign about when the wall was raised. The suggested dating indicates it happened c.1650-1725, but luckily more than one piece of evidence related to the dating issue is available. In that regard both the 1683 and 1839 maps are of great value. The 1683 map does not show the wall, but it is present on the latter one. The terminus post quem date to 1683 compared with the typological date

135

provided by the pottery correlates quite well with date of the supposed building of northern wall of building (382) located on the western side of Vejerhuset.

As little of the actual courtyard was found, the reason why a reorganisation of the courtyard area was required in the later part of the 17th century or early part of the 18th century cannot be given by the archaeological remains. However a relation to the king‟s desire to clear the area seems evident (cf. the text on 1683 map).

The building was torn down simultaneously with all the other buildings on Gammel Strand in 1857.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

226 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

225

227 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

225

348 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

225

364 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

225

379 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

225

380 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

225

4864 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

225

4889 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

225

5150 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

225

5202 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

5211 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

5217 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

225

5670 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

225

5676 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

5704 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

225

5857 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

225

5879 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

5880 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

200112 Telebox Stratigraphic Deposit 2 Belongs 225

136

east object to

200113 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

200114 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

200126 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

200127 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

225

8.10.7 Group 300 Western Vejerhus Courtyard

This group consists of one subgroup (328) (levelling) and four stratigraphic objects (2348), (2367), (2380) and (2422), which are thought to represent the remains of the levelling layers underneath the western Vejerhus courtyard.

Allegedly the exact purpose was to facilitate a general levelling of the terrain in the area between the Vejerbod and the small outhouse (311). This process is probably related to the use phase of the building (311).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

328 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

300

2348 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

300

2367 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

300

2380 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

300

2422 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

300

8.10.8 Group 247 Building

On the western side of the corner of Gammel Strand and Højbro Plads remains of a house were found. The identified features consist of two subgroups: a construction cut and a north-south orientated foundation wall (257), and subgroup (258) consisting of two demolition layers with lots of charcoal in them.

The well preserved bottom part of the wall was built of yellow and red bricks of various sizes. The rest of the wall was of almost rubble-like character. The mortar consisted of greyish-white lime and gravel.

137

Figure 47. The blue marking shows the identified parts of building (247).

Figure 48. The wall (257).

138

The demolition layers have most likely accumulated as a direct result of the fire of Copenhagen in 1795, where the buildings on Højbro Plads were destroyed. After the fire the area was cleaned, but a some of the burnt material was clearly scattered over the place, which also could be seen when excavating the houses on the eastern side of Højbro Plads in 2010. After this fire it was decided to turn the place into a square, as we know it today. No remains representing the usage phase of this house were identified.

Under occasional finds 'other' covers animal teeth, a copper alloy button/coin, a few copper alloy fragments and a carbonized wooden board.

A long fully carbonized wooden board (c.0.7 x 0.2m) was found lying flat in the deposit and at the eastern side it 'curved' c.8cm downwards. This board was picked up as a find, in fragments.

An environmental sample (3728) was taken both for making C14-dating of several pieces of charcoal, and also to know what else was in this deposit as it contained several pieces of iron and copper alloy.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

3671 Waterpipe north east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

258

3697 Waterpipe north east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

257

200090 Waterpipe north east

Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

257

200087 Waterpipe north east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

258

8.10.9 Group 250 Building

This group consists of two subgroups (383), (384) and six stratigraphic objects (3813), (5302), (5310), (5341), (5345) and (6597) which are thought to represent the remains of a building on the corner of Gammel Strand and the now disappeared alley Højbrostræde. It is of a rather fragmentary character and the field work description is contradictory and incomplete. Consequently, the interpretation work is made quite complex, especially as the structure extends out of the trench in both the northern and southeastern end.

The building consists of a foundation (384) and a wall (383), formed by two sub-groups of three contexts each (3813), (5302), (6597) and (5310), (5321), (5345).

The documentation of the foundation is insufficient. However, it seems to have been built partly of stone and brick rubble, upon which the actual brick wall was settled. At its widest, the foundation was approximately 0.65m wide. Also, the

139

orientation was almost N-S. The brick wall rested upon this foundation. Of the wall, 10 brick courses were preserved in the southeastern corner of the trench. The thickness of the wall is set to two skins, except in the southeastern corner, where the eastern wall supposedly meets the southern wall. The type of coursing used is not recorded, but the brick size is 0.28x0.14x0.06m; a size that seems to correspond with the size of 17th century style bricks.

On top of part of the N-S orientated wall (5345) a horizontally laid fragment of a wooden beam was placed (5341). It‟s orientation correspond with that of the wall it rests upon. So, in spite of the fact that this timber piece is broken at both ends, it seems reasonable to interpretate it as a sole-piece/sill-beam. This means that the building probably is a half-timber house.

Figure 49. Group (250). The remains of a building on the coner of Gammel Strand and Højbrostræde.

140

However, due to the fragmentary character of these remains some inconsistency related to the interpretation of the lay-out of the building has occurred. Hence, it is suggested that the N-S orientated wall is a room divider. Based on the topgraphical knowledge of the size and location of Højbrostræde, which the house was located next to, this interpretation appears to be the most obvious option. Space is simply lacking in Højbrostræde. Instead, support is given to the interpretation described above, i.e. the wall is the eastern wall in a half-timber house, facing Højbrostræde. Nevertheless the SW-NE alignment of the southeasten side of context (6597) can be seen as an angular corner of the type the local authorities demanded to be built after the Fire of Copenhagen in 1728. Thus, the wall can then be seen as a room divider.

A 0.30m wide and 0.48m tall opening in the wall was identified a little less than a metre to the west of the corner. It was probably built with the purpose of providing some light to the basement. The base of this opening was made of a c.0.03m tick floor tile, upon which a second, c.0.13m thick tile was set in order to form a fold.

Figure 50. Fragment of stone foundation (384) and brick wall (383), related to building (250) on the corner of present day Højbro Plads. On top of the wall a piece of timber is visible. This is thought to be a sole-piece fragment.

The possible angular corner does not prove conclusive as a indicator of the date of the construction. This has to do with the fact that this architectural feature was added to many standing buildings in the post-fire era (after 1728). No exact date of the construction of the building is currently available then, but the brick size suggests that it happened at some point in the 17th century. The

141

fact that it burned in the Fire of Copenhagen in 1795, and was torn down when Højbro Plads was established during the following years, is, however, certain.

Figure 51. Fragment (context 6597/subgroup 384) of a building on the corner of Højbro Plads (group 250).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

383 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

250

384 Waterpipe

east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

250

3813 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

250

5302 Waterpipe

east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

250

5310 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

250

5321 Waterpipe

east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

250

5341 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

2 Belongs to

250

5345 Waterpipe east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

250

6597 Waterpipe

east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

250

Figure 52. Group 250.

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8.10.10 Group 387 Building

This group consists of a subgroup (254) and a stratigraphic object (8772), which represent the remains of a brick built wall. The six identified courses are maybe to be seen as part of a cellar wall. It is brick built, by bricks of Post Medieval type, and fully laid. The orientation of the wall follows the present day façade, which it offsets from by only a few centimetres.

The wall is probably a structural part of the predecessor to the current building, Thorvaldsens Hus, Gammel Strand no. 34. It is known that the previous Gammel Strand no. 34 burned in the Fire of Copenhagen in 1795, and the current building was subsequently raised.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

254 Nouvel Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

387

8772 Nouvel Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

387

Figure 53. Group 388. The supposed remains of the northern wall of the Wragerbod. The green line represent the northern wall of Wragerboden on the 1839 map.

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8.10.11 Group 388 “Wragerboden”

This group, which consists of the subgroups (385) (wall), (251) (brick structure), (252) (brick structure), (253) (brick structure) and stratigraphic objects (6889) (wall), (6912) (wall), (7138) (wall) and (7160) (foundation plank), is found near the centre of Gammel Strand. However, the group consists of three isolated subgroups (251), (252), (253), each representing a wall fragment. Based on the location of these wall fragments support is given to the theory that they represent the remains of the northern wall of the so-called Wragerbod complex (the booth in which the freight is choosen).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

385 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

388

251 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 2 Belongs to

388

252 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 2 Belongs to

388

253 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 2 Belongs to

388

6889 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

388

6912 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

388

7138 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

3 Belongs to

388

7166 Vendsyssel S Stratigraphic object

Timber Structure

3 Belongs to

388

Figure 54. Group (388).

Figure 55. Wall fragment (subgroup 252) maybe part of the so-called ‖Wragerbod‖.

144

8.10.12 Group 389 Medieval Vejerbod

This group consists of the following subgroups: (233) (wooden floors), (273) (Stone foundation), (299) (Stone foundation), (301) (Room), (319) (Land development) and the stratigraphic objects (2136) (Construction cut), (2158) (Foundation layer), (1915) (Dump layer), (2702) (Dump layer) and (2907) (Foundation layer). The remains, which were found close to the western end of Gammel Strand, c.15m east of the eastern facade of The Ministry of Cultural Affairs, are the remnants of a stone building that might be older than the Renaissance Vejerhus (Group 221).

Figure 56. Foundation wall (299) for building (389).

145

The 1.15m wide stone foundation, of which a 1.95m long fragment was found, is orientated NNW-SSE and extends out of the trench to the north. It consists of a square shaped construction cut (2136), which is filled with fragments of red bricks, mixed with sand, large stones, pebbles, charcoal and brick. Multiple fragments of a wooden floor (2099), (2110), (2234), (2249), (2280), (2396), (3187) is found in what is interpreted to be the inside of the building. Finally, the cellar (239) is thought to have been added to the building at some point within the lifetime of the building.

Figure 57. The wooden floor (233) in building (389).

The foundation is settled upon a series of dump layers (1915), (2702), (2907) which are thought to represent some kind of land development (319) accumulated here in order to prepare the area for construction work. It is not

146

known whether these accumulations were dumped here explicitly in relation to the construction of the building or are to be regarded as general land build. The foundation (299) was built by use of brick fragments (2828) accumulated in the construction cut (2812). Regrettably little is known about the layout of the foundation, as it extends out of the trench towards north and was heavily disturbed in the southern end. The date of this foundation is quite remarkable: a piece of Rhinish stoneware of Medieval type was found in the foundation fill. It was a piece of Siegburg pottery dated to c.1300-1500. The wooden floor (233) inside the building consists of a sequence of floors, originally thought to have been coherent, but appeared fragmented when found. A construction date is, however, not available, as no datable finds were discovered, but it is expected, provided that the building was built with the floor, that it would have been renewed several times during the liftime of the building. Thus it is thought to represent the later part of the life of the building. The overall layout of the floors is, unfortunately, unknown, as it is heavily disturbed, especially due to truncation by the northern wall of building 382 and sewer (207). However, using wooden floors in ordinary houses was not customary in the later part of the Medieval period. So either a person of a certain social class or importance resided in the building or it was an administrative building of a certain significance.

Figure 58. Fragment of the floor sequence (240) in cellar 244.

At some point the cellar (244) was added to the building. A cut (2639) was made in which the surface was prepared for the planned stone foundation by laying out a timber structure, so-called interlacing planks (283). Such interlacing planks (fletværk) were used when the subsoil is either soft or swampy, such as upon wharfs etc. The concept of using interlacing planks has parallels within urban architecture of the Netherlands, especially in Amsterdam, in High and Late Medieval era (Regteren Altena 1970, pp. 128-140).

147

The foundation wall (239) was settled upon these interlacing planks. Due to truncation by modern pipe to the south does it appear L-shaped in plan. The actual construction of the foundation is almost beyond description: it is built by various materials including recycled red bricks (Medieval size), and stones in different sizes lumped together by a liberal use of sandish clay and other unspecified bonding materials. On the backside is it supported by large boulders (2762). This 3.85x1.0m large strurcture is preserved to a height of approximately 1.0m and is to be considered as bungled work completed by unskilled labour, e.g. by the owner of the building in which it was found. In the cellar a floor, represented by the floor sequence (240), was laid out. Theis sequence comprises multiple clayish deposits accumulated on top of each other and mixed with what appears to be activity remains and levelling layers. Hence, the floor seems to have been renewed more than once.

Figure 59. Cellar (244). An example of incosistent use of materials.

The activities related to the bulding (389) in general and the cellar (244) in particular, are probably deducible from the artefacts. Not much was found, which gives a clear indication of a room whitout much activity, such as in a storage cellar. The artefacts found are all more or less related to domestic purposes, i.e. pottery (2634), (2676), ceramic building material (2634), (2676), (2634), charcoal (2634), (2671), (2676) and a few pieces of slag (2634), (2671). Of even more relevance is a barrel (243) truncating the floors found in the corner of the cellar. It is not a latrine, but probably a barrel-based drainage system thought to have been used as a water gathering facility/cellar sewer system. Similar cellars are found elsewhere in Copenhagen, e.g. barrel (60142), phase 6 in Lille Kongens Gade, j.no. KBM3829. The barrel in the cellar is filled with artefacts, including a metal winetap (200157). However most of what was found in the barrel cut and inside the barrel was related to

148

domestic purposes. The fill in the cut was dominated by animal bones, suggesting household or butchering waste was accumulating in the area when the barrel was sat down. Inside the barrel the content was different. Besides multiple animal bones, a lot of pottery, such as Rhinish stone and finer tableware are dominant. As the purpose of the barrel was to drain the cellar, it can be assumed that it was regulary emptied. The artefacts found are then thought to represent the latest use phase within the life of the cellar. The finds suggest the cellar demolished around 1600-1650, cf. (200598), (200600), (200609).

Figure 60. The cellar (244).

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Figure 61. Barrel 243 in cellar (244).

The artefacts found in the foundation fill indicate that the building was raised in the later part of the Medieval period. A date that corresponds with the time when the Medieval Vejerhus was first mentioned, i.e. c.1500. According to other sources the Medieval Vejerhus is to be found on the western side of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus (cf. Chapter 3 Cultural historical background) - also circumstantial evidence. The finds found inside the cellar suggest the building was in use until first half of the 17th century. If this in fact is the medival Vejerhus, all the elaborate finds are also explained. Hence a person having a certain living standard was living here – e.g. a civil servant (acciseskriveren).

150

Figure 62. The later phase of Building (389).

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

233 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

239 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

240 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

243 Telebox Stratigraphic Subgroup 1 Belongs 389

151

object to

244 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

273 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

274 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

280 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

283 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

298 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

299 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

301 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

319 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

389

1915 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

389

2136 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

389

2158 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

389

2702 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

389

2907 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

389

8.10.13 Group 390 Medieval building

This group, which consists of the subgroups (390) (building), (290) (foundation) and the stratigraphic objects (4917) (stone structure) and (5691) (deposit), represents the remains of a minimum 5.5m long and 0.9m wide stone structure, orientated SW-NE. The structure, which was found on the eastern side of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus, is located near the centre of Gammel Strand, extending out of the trench to the north and west. Finding so few remains makes the interpretation problematic. Nevertheless, the excavators saw the foundation fragment as the northern façade of a stone building which stretches further to the south. It is made of large unfinished, uncoursed granite stones (8 were found) laid without use of bonding material.

The date of the pottery found in context (5691), suggest the building was raised in the later part of the Medieval period (Siegburg stoneware without salt-glaze (c.1300-1500). A date which led to the assumption that the foundation (290) in fact was related to the late Medieval tax/accise acitivites carried out at the end of the Middle Ages. In support for that hypothesis are the observations regarding the stratigraphy: first, the foundation is stratigraphically older than the Vejerbod courtyard (group 225) under which it was situated. Secondly, group

152

(390) is identified on both sides of the the supposed courtyard entrance-gateway.

Figure 63. Building 390. The foundation (290) is visible in the section to the right.

153

Figure 64. Building (390), Late Medieval building.

Id Name Class Subclass RelLevel RelText RelParent

290 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Subgroup 1 Belongs to

390

4917 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Stone/Brick Structure

2 Belongs to

390

5691 Telebox east

Stratigraphic object

Deposit 2 Belongs to

390

2136 Telebox Stratigraphic object

Cut 2 Belongs to

389

Figure 65. Group (390).

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9 Assessment

9.1 Preservation conditions

The excavations on Gammel Strand proved how the area was characterized by extremely good preservation conditions. In this respect, the fact that the square was kept clear of larger brick/stone built structures after its establishment in 1857 is of significant importance. However, the composition of the accumulations in which the cultural remains were found was also of importance, i.e. waste dumps, sub-marine deposits etc. Hence, well preserved cultural remains can be expected right underneath the paving, i.e. less than 0.5m below the cobblestones.

9.2 Cultural history

From an archaeological point of view the excavations on Gammel Strand also prove to be of significant interest, as the remains were found of multiple large structures, dated to c. 15th et seq., to which a number of special functions were connected. Hence, knowledge regarding the economic history of Denmark in general and the harbour and maritime infrastructure of Copenhagen in particular was found. In that regard are the administrative buildings and small booths unique finds, while the bulwarks are found elsewhere in Denmark at numerous occasions. Similar organisational buildings, dated to the era in question, are not found during archaeological fieldwork in Denmark before. Why harbour structures, dated to the period, never get to be found in Denmark, is an issue, which is probably related to the harbour extensions during industrialization (c. 1870 et seq.), combined with the fact that not that many of this type of building were raised in Denmark.

These exceptionally good preservation conditions mean that we can express hope in relation to the wish of achieving knowledge about the activities – including the possibility of finding ship remains - in the area in the Early and High Medieval period. Hence it is recommended that future construction work, such as infrastructural and environmental changes, including reduction of the water flow in the Slotsholm Canal, must result in an archaeological examination of the area in question, as the risk of losing valuable knowledge of unique importance for our understanding of the rise and early history of Copenhagen.

9.3 Finds material (by Stuart Whatley)

When assessing the finds from the watching brief we can clearly spot two different levels of importance linked to preservation and also to the dating of the objects. The assemblage can be split between the well preserved finds from waterlogged deposits of (200251) and (200252), and the more poorly preserved finds from the possible Tax office and areas surrounding deposits

155

(200251) and (200252). The finds from deposits (200251) and (200252) are of a fairly high standard of importance. They represent a dump of well preserved late Medieval and Renaissance period finds. The fantastic anaerobic soil conditions have preserved a significant amount of organic objects such as textiles, wood, bone and rope. They also comprise a large percentage of foreign imports, especially represented by well preserved Siegburg stoneware from the Rhine area of Germany. These finds are of great interest portraying the change of Copenhagen from a Medieval city into a capital city. These finds are very similar to the large moat dumps seen at Kongens Nytorv and Rådhuspladsen, but here they contain a larger, better preserved assemblage of Siegburg drinking vessels. These finds may represent a dump from wealthy houses, the castle or perhaps, in case of the Siegburg ware, a dump from a ship. Of lesser importance are the finds from the possible tax office and other trenches surrounding (200251) and (200252). These are only of local importance relating to the development of Gammel Strand. The preservation conditions are generally poor, especially seen by metal finds such as coins and the barrel tap. The finds in this assemblage represent a standard Post Medieval assemblage as seen in many watching briefs around Copenhagen. It is expected that the full excavation of Gammel Strand should provide a fantastic assemblage of finds, linked to the creation of the harbour front. A truncated area is expected behind the harbour frontage from the construction. There will be a large quantity of Post Medieval finds (1600 to the present) directly south of the watching brief areas. It is hoped that there will be the opportunity to find stratified layers of an earlier date. The expected preservation conditions will provide a large quantity of organic finds.

9.4 Scientific analysis (by Hoda El-Sharnouby)

When assessing the material from Gammel Strand from a natural scientific point of view one must conclude that preservation linked to the waterlogged deposits is excellent. A wide range of organic material including plant macrofossils, insect remains and animal bone from mammals, fish and birds is represented.

Plant macrofossil analysis was not prioritized as very few of the contexts were sampled. Hence, focus needs to be pointed towards such scientific work during the coming archaeological excavations on the site.

Special attention was paid to the zoological material, which revealed the presence of a wide variety of animal species (cf. Appendix – consultant reports). Especially fish was well represented, i.e. 41 species was present, including fresh water fish like pike (Esox lucius), common bream (Abramis brama) and perch (Preca fluviatilis), migrating species like trout/salmon (Salmon salar/Salmo trutta) and several marine species, including cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), various flatfish species and herring (Clupea harengus). The presence of tuna (Thunnus thynnus) is noteworthy as very few bones of this species are represented in zoological material collected from the cultural-historical context related to the Danish past.

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Remains of reptiles, birds and mammals are also present in the material from Gammel Strand.

Deposits (200251) and (200252) yielded a vast zoological material representing dump layers dated to Late Medieval time and the Renaissance. The dump layers appear to represent waste from common as well as high-status households where a broad variety of fish, birds and mammals were exploited.

The extraordinarily good preservation conditions for deposits and artefacts found in waterlogged environments on the Gammel Strand site gives us the chance to perform a wide range of scientific analysis. Hence, our expectation are that the natural scientific analysis preformed during the upcoming archaeological excavation will contribute with extraordinarily good data related to the future study of everyday life of the town, including food consumption and the fishing industry as well as trade throughout the centuries.

157

10 References

10.1 Literature

Andersen, Hans Christian 1829: Fodreise, Kjøbehavn.

Alvheim & Eide, 1998: Nomina Rerum Mediævalium. Stockholm.

Bailey, G. 2004: Buttons & Fasteners 500BC-AD1840. Witham Bardenfleth, N. G., 2002: Kridtpiber og kridtpiberygning,

Berntsen, Arent (1656): Danmarckis oc Norgis Fructbar Herlighed, Bergenn.

Christensen, Vilads 1912: København i Kristian den Ottendes og Frederik den

Syvendes tid 1840-1857, København.

Christophersen, Axel 1985: København og omegn gennem 6000 år. En

kortlægning af de arkæologiske interesseområder i Københavns Kommune.

København.

Crowfoot, E., Pritchard, F. and Staniland, K. 1992: Textiles and Clothing c.

1150-c.1450. Museum of London.

Dalgaard, H.F. 1982: I fløjl eller vadmel. Dagligliv i Danmark (ed. A.

Steensberg), vol. II. København.

Deggin, C. 1998: Arbeit in nordeuropäischen Hafenstädten. Development of

town and harbour in Medieval Copenhagen. In: Bill, J. & Clausen, B.L. 1999.

Maritime Topograhy and the Medieval Town. Papers from the 5th International

Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in Copenhagen, 14-16 May 1998.

PNM, Publications from the National Museum. Studies in Archaeology &

History Vol.4.

Egan, G. 2005:Material culture in London in an age of transition. Tudor and Stuart period finds c1450-c1700 from excavations at riverside sites in Southwark. Museum of London Archaeology Service.

Egan, G and Pritchard, F. 1991: Dress Accessories c1150-c1450. HMSO Medieval finds from Excavations in London Series 3, London.

158

Fabricius, H. 1999: Development of town and harbour in Medieval

Copenhagen. Maritime Topograhy and the Medieval Town. Papers from the

5th International Conference on Waterfront Archaeology in Copenhagen (ed.

Bill, J & B. L. Clausen), 14-16 May 1998. PNM, Publications from the National

Museum. Studies in Archaeology & History Vol. 4. København, pp. 221-236.

Fabricius, H. 2006: Gader og mennesker i middelalderens og renæssancens

København. Inden for middelaldervolden, København.

Gaimster, D & Nenk, B. 1997: English Households in Transition c.1450- 1550: The ceramic evidence. The Age of Transition, the Archaeology of English Culture. (ed. Gaimster, D and P. Stamper). The society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 15. Oxbow Monograph 98, pp. 172-191.

Grunfeld, F. 1978: All Jordens spel och lekar. Bra Bocker.

Heiberg, S. 1988: Christian 4. – En europæisk statsmand. København.

Henderson, John 1992: The Black Death in Florence: Medical and Communal

Responses. Urban Responses to the Dying and the Dead 100-1600 (ed.

Steven Bassett), Leicester, pp. 136-147.

Hilden, Hans Peter 1973: Skrald, storby og miljø. En beretning om Københavns

kamp mod affaldet gennem 200 år. København.

Kofod, Niels (ed.) 2007: Fra stinkende rendestene til computerstyrede kloaker.

Københavns kloakker gennem 150 år. København.

Lindegaard, Hanne 2008: Ud af røret. København.

Macgregor, A, Mainman A, & Rogers, N. 1999: Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn from Anglo-Scandinavian and Medieval York. The Archaeology of York The Small Finds 17/12, Craft Industry and Everyday Life. Published by Council of British Archaeology for York Archaeological Trust.

Margeson, S. 1993: Norwich Households: The Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-78. East Anglian Archaeology. Report No.58. Munksgaard, E. 1974: Oldtidsdragter. København.

Møller, Elna 1964: Tegl 8 — 800 år i Danmark, Teglindustriens tekniske

Tjeneste, København.

159

Nielsen, Oluf (ed.) 1872: Kjøbenhavns Diplomatarium, vol. I, Kjøbehavn.

Nielsen, Oluf 1877: Kjøbenhavns Historie og Beskrivelse I. Kjøbenhavn i

Middelalderen, Kjøbenhavn.

Nielsen, Oluf 1881: Kjøbenhavns Historie og Beskrivelse III (1. del). Aarene

1536-1660, Kjøbenhavn.

Nielsen, Oluf 1885: Kjøbenhavns Historie og Beskrivelse IV (2. del). Aarene

1536-1660, Kjøbenhavn.

Nielsen Oluf (ed.): Kjøbenhavns Diplomatarium, bd. I-X, Kjøbenhavn 1872-

1887.

Parby, Jakob Ingemann 2007: Storbystrømme. Københavnernes vand, varme,

lys og latrin gennem 150 år. København.

Ramsing, H.U. 1940: Københavns Historie og Topografi i Middelalderen, vol I-

III. København.

Regteren Altena, H. H. van 1970: "The origins and deveopment of Dutch Towns". World Archaeology 2, pp. 128-140. London. Rimstad, C. 2009: Vikinger i Uld og Guld.

Rosenkjær, H.N. 1902: Fra det gamle København. Frem, no. 48. København.

Rosenkjær, H.N. 1906: Fra det underjordiske København. Geologiske og

historiske undersøgelser. København.

Salomonsens Konservationsleksikon, vol. 1-26, København (2. udg.) 1915-

1930.

Venge, Mikael 1987: Dansk Toldhistorie 1. Fra åretold til toldetat.

Middelalderen indtil 1660, København 1987.

Watkinson, D. 1987: First Aid for Finds. Archaeology Section of the United Kingdom Institute.

Westerbeek Dahl, Bjørn 2010: Københavnske Jævnførelsesregistre 1698- 2008. København. Wiene, Inger 2011: Kiøbenhavns Folk plages tit af skidne Gader, (upublished

160

manus.) Københavns Museum. Wolf, Jens Lauridsen 1654: Encomion regni Daniæ, Kiøbenhaffn.

10.2 Archaeological reports and archive material

Jensen, J.J. & Søndergaard, S. 2003: Udfor Gammel Strand 52, Naboløs 5,

samt Snaregade 4-8, KBM2747.

Kristensen, Mette Svart: Beretning for den arkæologiske undersøgelse af KBM

1410/1910 Kgs. Nytorv. Københavns Bymuseum 1998.

Linde, Helle: Arkivalier vedrørende Københavns tekniske styrelse til ca. 1858 i

Københavns Stadsarkiv. Københavns Stadsarkiv 1989.

Ravn, Jeppe: Beretning for den arkæologiske undersøgelse af KBM 3455

Christiansborg Ridebane II. Københavns Bymuseum 2007.

Poulsen, L.: 2005: Boreprøver på tre lokaliteter i København, KBM3290, int.

No. 1102.

Poulsen, L. 2005: Knabrostræde m.fl., KBM2908.

Pedersen, M. 2010: Gammel Strand 48, KBM3893.

Sørensen, L.S. 2002: Nybrogade, etape I, KBM2487.

Wiene, Inger 2011: Kiøbenhavns Folk plages tit af skidne Gade. Unpublished

manuscript, Museum of Copenhagen, pp. 1-24.

Wozniak S. & Søndergaard, M. 2003: Nybrogade, etape II, KBM2487.

10.3 External reports

Linderson, Hans 2011: Dendrokronologisk och Vedanatomisk analys av prov

Från Kongens Nytorv och Gammelstran, Köpenhamn, Danmark. Nationella

Laboratoriet för Vedanatomi och Dendrokronologi, rapport nr 2011:73. Lund

University.

Enghoff, Inge Bødker: Report on animal bones from Gammel Strand, KBM

3828. Natural History Museum of Denmark, journr.: Z.M.K. 57/2011.

161

10.4 Museum of Copenhagen strategy documents

Field Manual 2010: Københavns Museum.

Finds Handbook 2010: Københavns Museum.

Projekthåndbog 2009: Københavns Museum.

Project Design 2009: Project design for archaeological investigations to be

carried out on the Cityring Metro, stage 4 project in Copenhagen. Introductory

report on the background knowledge, objectives, organisation and

methodology. Københavns Museum.

Rammeavtal, Bilag 1 2009: Public Procurement nr 2009-070118 Københavns

Bymuseum. Arkæologi I forbindelse med Cityringen. Konservering og

Naturvidenskap. Københavns Museum.

Report management 2010: Policy, Management and structure regarding

reports at Copenhagen Museum. Københavns Museum.

Thomasson, J. 2011: Guidelines for Contextual Documentation. Definitions and

typology for contexts, sub groups and groups, principles for contextual

grouping of contexts. Københavns Museum.

10.5 Internet references

KUAS Vejledning 2010. Vejledning om gennemførelse af arkæologiske

undersøgelser, kapitel 6. Konservering og Naturvidenskab, Antropologiske

analyser. Kulturarvsstyrelsens hjemmeside per 11. Available at:

http://www.kulturarv.dk/fortidsminder/forvaltning-og-tilsyn/arkaeologi-paaland/vejledning-om-arkaeologiske-undersoegelser/kap-6-konservering-og-

naturvidenskab/ [Accessed 2.10.2009].

10.6 Abbreviations

AA: Antikvarisk Arkiv (The Antiquarian and Topographical Archive), archive

numbers used at the museum until 1988.

Cf.: An abbreviation for the Latin word confer, meaning "compare." The use of this abbreviation indicates that another section of a particular work or another case or volume contains contrasting, comparable, or explanatory opinions and text.

162

E.g.: An abbreviation for exempli gratia (Latin, for the sake of an example).The phrase e.g. is applied in lieu of the phrase "for example."

Et seq.: An abbreviation for the Latin et sequentes or et sequentia, meaning

"and the following."

Et al.: An abbreviated form of et alia, Latin for "and others." When affixed after the name of a person, et al. indicates that additional persons are acting in the same manner, such as several plaintiffs or grantors. When et al. is used in a quoting context, it means that the quoted words referres to all authors.

F: Finds objects number, refer to IntraSiS database

Fig: Figuree

G: Group identity, refer to IntraSiS database

KBM: Museum of Copenhagen (Københavns Museum) also used as Archive

reference numbersto cases from 1988. Museum of Copenhagen.

KD: Kjøbenhavns Diplomatatium.

MC: Metroselskabet I/S (The Metro Company).

P: Sample analysis identity, refer to IntraSiS database.

S: Stratigraphical object identity, refer to IntraSiS database.

KUAS: Kulturarvsstyrelsen (The National Heritage Agency).

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11 Administrative data

Case number KUAS:

Case number KBM: 3828

County:

Municipality/City: København

Parish:

Street/block: Gammel Strand

Duration field phase: Watching brief

Staff: Claes Hadevik, Mads Drevs Dyhrfeld, Gemma Stevenson, Frederik Grehn, Signe Fog Mogensen, Michael Alrø

Investigated area (m2) and % of

total

Investigated volume (m3) and %

of total

Coordination system

X-coordinate

Y-coordinate

Height system

Metres above sea level

Contractor/Client: Metroselskabet

Archive material: state what‟s stored (types) in the archive

Finds material: state what‟s stored in the storage and storage number

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12 Appendix

12.1 List of Figurees Figure 1. Map over the Copenhagen area and the place for the excavation. .................................................................. 5 Figure 2. Map of Gammel Strand. The excavation areas (trenches) are marked with red lines. ..................................... 6 Figure 3. The building belonging to the Bargemen‟s Guld. Bymuseets Billedarkiv. ....................................................... 19 Figure 4. Section of 1839-map of Gammel Strand. The building belonging to the Bargemen‟s Guild is seen in the right side of the map. ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 5: Map showing the approximatey placement of some of the earlier excavations and watching briefs in the area. .................................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Figure 6. Earlier archaeological observations in the Gammel Strand area. Tidligere arkæologiske undersøgelser i området omkring Gammel Strand. ............................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 7 The type of context sheets used at Gammel Strand in 2010. ......................................................................... 31 Figure 8. Registered contexts. ..................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 9. Registrered contextual groupings. ................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 10. A sherd from a Siegburg schnelle (mug) decorated with the Tudor coat of arms and the year …5 dated 1545-1625. .................................................................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 11. Black Pearl bead. FO 200812. Late Medieval –Early Post Medieval in date. ............................................... 52 Figure 12. Medieval comb fragment FO 200714. ......................................................................................................... 53 Figure 13. Bindebor used in net making. FO 201273. Post Medieval period. ................................................................ 58 Figure 14. Samples collected. ...................................................................................................................................... 64 Figure 15: The brown markings show the wharf 282. ................................................................................................... 68 Figure 16: Group 391. .................................................................................................................................................. 69 Figure 17: The marking shows the placement and extension of wharf 392. .................................................................. 76 Figure 18: The marking shows the extension of the wharf 395. .................................................................................... 77 Figure 19: The brown marking shows the extension of water supply system 242. ........................................................ 81 Figure 20: The marking shows Group 305 water supply system................................................................................... 83 Figure 21: The marking shows the extension of water supply system 396. .................................................................. 85 Figure 22. Different street paving profiles. Jean Marmillod 1776. ................................................................................. 93 Figure 23. Sewer 207. ............................................................................................................................................... 106 Figure 24. Sewer (208). ............................................................................................................................................. 108 Figure 25. Sewer 208. ............................................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 26. Sewer/wastepipe 255. ............................................................................................................................... 110 Figure 27. Sewer/wastepipe 324. ............................................................................................................................... 112 Figure 28. Map of Gammel Strand, approved by His Majesty King Christan V (1670-1699) on April 7

th 1683.North is up.

Courtesy of Københavns Stadsarkiv. ......................................................................................................................... 113 Figure 29. Western foundation wall (218) of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus. ........................................................................... 114 Figure 30. Northern foundation wall. Lower course (4298) is hardly visible, while the upper course (4350) is right underneath the brick structure (4453) ........................................................................................................................ 115 Figure 31. Northern foundation wall. Lower course (4298) is hardly visible, while the upper course (4350) is right underneath the brick structure (4453). ....................................................................................................................... 116 Figure 32. Northern foundation wall. Indication of a window frame in the upper left corner of the photo. .................... 116 Figure 33. The remains of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus compared with the map of 1683 and 1839, the latter is represented by the green line. Due to inaccuracies related to older cartographic work in 1683 and 1839 significant differenties between those and the modern survey are present. ................................................................................................................. 117 Figure 34. Building 291 is seen in section. ................................................................................................................. 122 Figure 35. 1777 illustration of a slagterbod. ............................................................................................................... 123 Figure 36. The remains (3890) of the northern wall of small booth (297). ................................................................... 124 Figure 37. Group 382. The remains of a slagterbod. .................................................................................................. 125 Figure 38. Group 382. The remains of a slagterbod. The outline of the slagterbod on the 1839 map is marked with a thin black line. ............................................................................................................................................................ 126 Figure 39. Fragment of foundation (246), upon which the rest of the brick built wall (3227) is preserved. ................... 127 Figure 40. Section of Chr. Gedde‟s (1729-1798) Map of Copenhagen. Courtesy of Museum of Copenhagen. ........... 128 Figure 41. The older paving (1

st phase) on the eastern Vejerhus courtyard. ............................................................... 130

165

Figure 42. The interlacing planks below the northern wall of the eastern courtyard. ................................................... 131 Figure 43. The supporting interlacing planks (4864) underneath the northern wall (226) of Valkendorf‟s Vejerhus. .... 132 Figure 44. The western foundation (4889). ................................................................................................................ 133 Figure 45. The eastern foundation (5704). ................................................................................................................. 133 Figure 46. The northern wall. The grey areas shows the actual stone foundation, while the green lines refers to the courtyard wall as it appears on the 1839 map. ........................................................................................................... 134 Figure 47. The blue marking shows the identified parts of the building 247. ............................................................... 137 Figure 48. The wall. ................................................................................................................................................... 137 Figure 49. Group 250. The remains of a building on the coner of Gammel Strand and Højbrostræde. ....................... 139 Figure 50. Fragment of stone foundation (384) and brick wall (383), related to building (250) on the corner of present day Højbro Plads. On top of the wall a piece of timber is visible. This is thought to be a sole-piece fragment. ........... 140 Figure 51. Fragment (context 6597/subgroup 384) of building on the corner of Højbro Plads (group 250).................. 141 Figure 52. Group 250. ................................................................................................................................................ 141 Figure 53. Group 388. The supposed remains of the northern wall of the Wragerbod. The green line represent the northern wall of Wragerboden on the 1839 map. ....................................................................................................... 142 Figure 54. Group 388. ................................................................................................................................................ 143 Figure 55. Wall fragment (subgroup 252) maybe part of the so-called ”Wragerbod”. .................................................. 143 Figure 56. Foundation wall (299) for building 389....................................................................................................... 144 Figure 57. The wooden floor (233) in building 389. .................................................................................................... 145 Figure 58. Fragment of the floor sequence (240) in cellar 244. .................................................................................. 146 Figure 59. Cellar 244. An example of incoherent use of materials. ............................................................................. 147 Figure 60. The cellar 244. .......................................................................................................................................... 148 Figure 61. Barrel 243 in cellar 244. ............................................................................................................................ 149 Figure 62. The later phase of Building 389. ................................................................................................................ 150 Figure 63. Building 390. The foundation (290) is visible in the section to the right. ..................................................... 152 Figure 64. Building 390, late Medieval building. ............................................................................................................ 153 Figure 65. Group 390. ................................................................................................................................................ 153

12.2 List of tables Table xx. Earlier archaeological observations in the xxx-area (Mandatory). Error! Bookmark not defined. Table xx. Registered features (Mandatory) Error! Bookmark not defined. Table xx. Registered finds material (Mandatory). Error! Bookmark not defined. Table xx. Registered pottery material. Error! Bookmark not defined. Table xx. Performed analysis (Mandatory). Error! Bookmark not defined. Table xx. Groups related to phase 1. (Mandatory) Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.3 IntraSiS registration parameters

12.3.1 Stratigraphical objects – deposits

Id Name Subclass Same as Basic Interpretation Dating

1335 Trench id pavement Deposit 0 Fill 18th/19th century

1357 Trench id pavement Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit

1835 Telebox Deposit 2299 Demolition layer

1886 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

1915 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2004 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 0 Dump layer

2031 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 0 Dump layer

2057 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 0 Dump layer

2085 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2091 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2110 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2158 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2234 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

166

2280 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2299 Telebox Deposit 1835 Demolition layer

2347 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2348 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2367 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2380 Telebox Deposit 0 Demolition layer

2422 Telebox Deposit 0 Demolition layer

2453 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2467 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2511 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2587 Waterpipe Deposit 0 Levelling layer Late 16th century

2634 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2638 Telebox Deposit 2876 Fill

2646 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2671 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2676 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2680 Telebox Deposit 0 Foundation layer

2702 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2775 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

2790 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2828 Telebox Deposit 0 Primary Construction Backfill

2831 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2876 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Deposit 2638 Fill

2907 Telebox Deposit 0 Foundation layer

2908 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

2923 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2960 Telebox Deposit 0 Fill

2961 Telebox Deposit 0 Geological layer

2992 Telebox Deposit 0 Levelling layer

3018 Telebox Deposit 0 Dump layer

3186 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 0 Fill

3187 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Deposit 233 Floor

3209 Telebox Deposit 1915 Dump layer

3280 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Deposit 0 Levelling layer

3368 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Deposit 0 Fill

3392 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Deposit 0 Primary Construction Backfill

3526 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Dump layer

3537 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Dump layer

3584 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

3607 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Dump layer

3617 Waterpipe east Deposit 3655 Dump layer

3655 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

3671 Waterpipe north east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

3729 Waterpipe north east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

3790 Waterpipe north east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

3980 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit

4067 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

4243 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

4377 Telebox east Deposit 0 Foundation layer

4387 Telebox east Deposit 0 Foundation layer

4395 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

4970 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill

5202 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer 1582 (after)

5211 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

5676 Telebox east Deposit 5880 Fill

5691 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

167

5879 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill

5880 Telebox east Deposit 5676 Fill

6307 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

6479 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Fill

6488 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Fill

6638 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Levelling layer

6661 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Primary Construction Backfill

6800 Teleblock Højbro Deposit 0 Dump layer

6808 Teleblock Højbro Deposit 0 Levelling layer

6869 Teleblock Højbro Deposit 0 Dump layer

6907 Vendsyssel N Deposit 0 Levelling layer

7079 Vendsyssel N Deposit 0 Dump layer

7360 Telebox Deposit 200251 Dump layer

7675 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit 16th century

8706 Journalist Deposit 200251 Dump layer

8718 Dentists Deposit 200251 Dump layer Late Medieval

200002 Trench id 23 Deposit 0 Levelling layer 20th century

200003 Trench id 23 Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200004 Trench id. 23 Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200005 Trench id. 23 Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit

200006 Trench id. 23 Deposit 0 Natural vegetation

200007 Trench id. 23 Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit

200008 Trench id. 23 Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200009 Trench id pavement Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit

200010 Trench id. 32 Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200011 Trench id. 32 Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200013 Trench id. 32 Deposit 0 Levelling layer 17th century

200014 Trench id. 32 Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200079 Waterpipe Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200080 Waterpipe Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200081 Waterpipe Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200084 Waterpipe Deposit 200014 Levelling layer

200087 Waterpipe north east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200088 Waterpipe north east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200091 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200092 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200093 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200094 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200095 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200096 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill

200101 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200102 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200103 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200106 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill Modern

200107 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200108 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200109 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill Modern

200110 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill Modern

200112 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200113 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200114 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200116 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200117 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200118 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200119 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200120 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200121 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200122 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200123 Telebox east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200124 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200125 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

168

200126 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill

200127 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill

200150 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill Modern

200151 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill Modern

200152 Telebox east Deposit 0 Fill Modern

200153 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200154 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200155 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200156 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200158 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200159 Telebox east Deposit 0 Demolition layer

200160 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200162 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200164 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200165 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Dump layer

200166 Waterpipe east Deposit 0 Fill

200251 Waste pipe Deposit 7360 Dump layer

200252 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Alluvial deposit

200271 Teleblock Højbro Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200365 Vendsyssel N Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200374 Waste pipe Deposit 0 Fill

200460 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200486 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200487 Telebox east Deposit 0 Levelling layer

200569 Telebox; extra work; old gas pipe

Deposit 0 Dump layer

200817

Deposit 0 Quay side

201455

Deposit 0

201456

Deposit 0

201457

Deposit 0

201458

Deposit 0

201459

Deposit 0

201461

Deposit 0

201462

Deposit 0

201463

Deposit 0

201465

Deposit 0

201466

Deposit 0

201467

Deposit 0

201468

Deposit 0

201469

Deposit 0

201470

Deposit 0

201471

Deposit 0

201472

Deposit 0

201473

Deposit 0

201474

Deposit 0

201475

Deposit 0

201477

Deposit 0

201481

Deposit 0

201483

Deposit 0

12.3.2 Stratigraphical objects – cuts

Id Name Subclass Basic Interpretation Dating Shape in plan Fill numbers

1889 Telebox Cut Construction cut

Rectangular 1886

2136 Telebox Cut Construction cut

Rectangular 2158

2491 Telebox Cut Pit

Sub Rectangular 2511

2607 Telebox Cut Pit

Rectangular 2467

2630 Telebox Cut Construction cut

2638

2639 Telebox Cut Construction cut

Rectangular 2646

2812 Telebox Cut Construction cut

Rectangular 2828

2861 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Cut Construction cut

Linear 2876, 2877

169

2885 Telebox Cut Construction cut Post Medieval Rectangular 2907, 2902

2912 Telebox Cut Pit

Circular 2923

2929 Telebox Cut Pit

Sub Rectangular 2960

3154 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Cut Construction cut

Sub Rectangular 3186

3360 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Cut Construction cut

Linear 3368

5670 Telebox east Cut Construction cut

Linear 5676

5857 Telebox east Cut Construction cut

Rectangular 5880, 5879

6480 Waste pipe Cut Construction cut

Linear SD6479, SS6448, ST6472, SD6488

200090 Waterpipe north east Cut Construction cut

3697

200111 Telebox east Cut Pit Modern

200106, 200109, 200110

200149 Telebox east Cut Pit Modern

200150, 200151, 200152

200163 Waterpipe east Cut Construction cut

200166

200179 Telebox east Cut Construction cut Post Medieval Linear 6319

200180 Telebox east Cut Construction cut

Linear 6348

200250 Waste pipe Cut Construction cut

Linear 6646, 6661

200373 Waste pipe Cut Construction cut

7536, 200373

200377 Water pipe east southern extension

Cut Construction cut

Linear ST7705

200378 Waterpipe east southern extension

Cut Construction cut

Linear SS7709

200461 Telebox east Cut Construction cut

Linear 7909

200485 Telebox east Cut Construction cut

Linear 7976

12.3.3 Stratigraphical objects – stone/brick structure

Id Name Subclass Basic Interpretation Dating Material

255 Sewer Stone_Brick Structure Sewer 17th century

1522 Telebox Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

2647 Telebox Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

2762 Telebox Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

2877 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Sewer 17th century Brick

3097 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

3108 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

3227 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Brick & Stone

3405 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3419 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3434 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3594 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3630 Water reduction Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3697 Waterpipe north east

Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

3813 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Brick & Stone

3826 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3871 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

3890 Northern water reduction

Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4075 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4298 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4350 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4453 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

4462 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4703 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4806 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

170

4889 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall 17th - 19th century Brick & Stone

4917 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

4926 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Brick & Stone

4935 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

5150 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Paved surface 1582 (after) Stone

5217 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Stone

5302 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Brick & Stone

5310 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick & Stone

5321 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick & Stone

5345 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick & Stone

5442 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Stone

5704 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall 17th - 19th century Brick & Stone

6448 Waste pipe Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

6597 Waterpipe east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick & Stone

6853 Teleblock Højbro Stone_Brick Structure Paved surface

Stone

6889 Vendsyssel S Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

6903 Vendsyssel N Stone_Brick Structure Paved surface

Stone

6912 Vendsyssel S Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick & Stone

7037 Vendsyssel N Stone_Brick Structure Paved surface

Stone

7138 Vendsyssel S Stone_Brick Structure Foundation wall

Brick & Stone

7350 Telebox Stone_Brick Structure Sewer 17th century Brick

7709 Waterpipe east southern extension

Stone_Brick Structure Sewer

Brick & Stone

7808 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

7980 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Paved surface

Stone

8011 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Primary Construction Backfill

Stone

8191 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Foundation layer

Stone

8368 Telebox east Stone_Brick Structure Primary Construction Backfill

Stone

8772 Nouvel Stone_Brick Structure Wall

Brick

12.3.4 Stratigraphical objects – timber structure

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Basic Interpretation Dating Material

356 Post Timber Structure Yes

358 Post Timber Structure No Post

1315 Trench id pavement Timber Structure

Post

Wood

1319 Trench id pavement Timber Structure

Post

Wood

1323 Trench id pavement Timber Structure

Post

Wood

1327 Trench id pavement Timber Structure

Post

Wood

1334 Trench id pavement Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

1450 Trench id. 32 Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

2099 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Timber Structure

Floor

Wood

2249 Northern extension of the Telebox trench

Timber Structure

Floor

Wood

2396 Telebox Timber Structure

Floor

Wood

2438 Telebox Timber Structure

Barrel

Wood

2549 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

2553 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

2557 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

2560 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

2566 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

2569 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Stake

Wood

2570 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

2574 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

2581 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

2602 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

2902 Telebox Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

3370 Telebox: extra work: Timber Structure

Post

171

old gas pipe

3374 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Timber Structure

Post

Wood

3378 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

3384 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

3648 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

3783 Waterpipe north east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

3818 Telebox: extra work: old gas pipe

Timber Structure

Floor

Wood

3847 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Floor

Wood

3932 Water reduction trench

Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

3967 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

3987 Water pipe east Timber Structure

Water pipe

4056 Water pipe east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

4183 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

4275 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

4364 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

4458 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

4864 Telebox east Timber Structure

Foundation wall 17th-19th Wood

5298 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

5341 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Sill beam Post Medieval

Wood

5361 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

5450 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Floor

Wood

5748 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

5898 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

6017 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

6273 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

6319 Telebox east Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

6348 Telebox east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

6472 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

6535 Telebox east Timber Structure

Plank Post Medieval

Wood

6554 Telebox east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

6613 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

6646 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

6680 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

6692 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

6714 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Post

Wood

6720 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Post

Wood

6726 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

6735 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

6741 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

6747 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

6760 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Post

Wood

6834 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

6894 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

6908 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Post

6956 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Plank

6965 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

7002 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

7041 Waterpipe east Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

7062 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7075 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7080 Vendsyssel S Timber Structure

Beam

Wood

7084 Vendsyssel S Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

7100 Vendsyssel S Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7106 Water pipe east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

7166 Vendsyssel S Timber Structure

Foundation wattle

Wood

7187 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7204 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

172

7210 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7237 Højbro tele Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7250 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7254 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7258 Vendsyssel N Timber Structure

Water pipe

7323 Telebox Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7333 Telebox Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7337 Telebox Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7368 Water pipe Timber Structure

Water pipe Post Medieval

Wood

7379 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7383 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank Post-Med Wood

7394 Telebox Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7403 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7407 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7411 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7415 Waterpipe East Ext Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7419 Waterpipe East Ext Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7423 Waterpipe East Ext Timber Structure

Water pipe Post-Med Wood

7427 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank Renaissance Wood

7438 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7442 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7446 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Sewer Post-Med Wood

7456 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7477 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7489 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7501 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7517 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank Post-Med Wood

7521 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank Post-Med Wood

7531 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post Post-Med Wood

7536 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Water pipe Post-Med Wood

7546 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7561 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7566 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Beam

Wood

7572 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7576 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7588 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7597 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

7603 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

7629 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7634 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7638 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7639 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7650 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Plank

7655 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Beam

7659 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7663 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7667 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7689 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7694 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7695 Waste pipe Timber Structure

Post

7705 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

7722 Waterpipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Post

7729 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Post

7736 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Post

7743 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Post

7744 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Post

7759 Water pipe east southern extension

Timber Structure

Post

173

7776 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

7788 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

7802 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

7840 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7844 Telebox east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

7851 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7855 Telebox east Timber Structure

Wooden Floor

Wood

7859 Telebox east Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

7870 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7874 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7884 Telebox east Timber Structure

Beam

Wood

7896 Telebox east Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

7909 Telebox east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

7917 Telebox east Timber Structure

Water pipe

7932 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7933 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

7968 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7969 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7970 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7971 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7972 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7973 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7974 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7975 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

7976 Telebox east Timber Structure

Sewer

Wood

7996 Telebox east Timber Structure

Water pipe

8006 Telebox east Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

8057 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8101 Telebox east: extra work: N-S trench

Timber Structure

Plank

Wood

8105 Telebox east: extra work: N-S trench

Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8107 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8137 Telebox east: extra work:Svejgaard-Galst

Timber Structure

Plank

8188 Telebox east Timber Structure

Beam

Wood

8205 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8206 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8207 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8208 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8209 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8210 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8211 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8217 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8218 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8219 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

Wood

8220 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8229 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8230 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8231 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8232 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8233 Telebox east Timber Structure

Plank

8329 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8333 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8354 Telebox east Timber Structure

Post

8358 Telebox east: extra work: Krogs trench

Timber Structure

Post

8359 Telebox east: extra work: Krogs trench

Timber Structure

Post

8578 Telebox east:extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8604 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

174

8612 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8613 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8614 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8615 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8616 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8617 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8618 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8619 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8620 Telebox east:extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8621 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8622 Telebox east: extra work

Timber Structure

Post

8705 Journalist Timber Structure

Post

8720 Dentists Timber Structure

Water pipe

200015 Trench id. 32 Timber Structure

Bulwark Possibly the 16th-17th century

Wood

200016 Trench id. 32 Timber Structure

Post

Wood

200017 Trench id. 32 Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

200078 Waterpipe Timber Structure

Post

200099 Water pipe east Timber Structure

Water pipe

Wood

200272 Teleblock Højbro Timber Structure

Bulwark

Wood

12.3.5 Stratigraphical objects – subgroups

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Basic Interpretation Dating

200 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark Probably 18th / 19th century

201 Sewer canal Subgroup No

203 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark Late 16th century (before)

204 Water supply - main pipe Subgroup

Water pipe Post medival

205 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark

206 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup No Water pipe

209 Water supply - main pipe Subgroup No Water pipe

210 Water supply - main pipe Subgroup No Water pipe

211 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup No

212 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup No

Post Medieval

213 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark

214 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

215 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

216 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

218 Western wall - The Vejerbod Subgroup Yes Foundation wall 1582

219 Eastern wall - The Vejerbod Subgroup Yes Foundation wall 1581

220 Northern wall - The Vejerbod Subgroup Yes Foundation wall 1581

226 Northern wall - Vejerbod courtyard Subgroup No Wall 1582 (after)

227 Paved surface - Vejerbod courtyard Subgroup No Paved surface 1582 (after)

233 Floor sequence - small booth Subgroup No Floor 1582 (after)

239 Cellar wall Subgroup Yes Wall

240 Floor sequence Subgroup No Floor Post Medieval

241 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup No

243 Barrel Subgroup No Sewer Post Medieval

245 Foundation Subgroup No Foundation wall Post Medieval

246 Foundation Subgroup No Foundation wall Post Medieval

175

248 Foundation wall Subgroup No Foundation wall

249 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

251 Wall Subgroup No Wall Post Medieval

252 Wall Subgroup No Wall Post Medieval

253 Wall Subgroup No Wall Post Medieval

254 Wall Subgroup No Foundation wall

256 Wharf fill Subgroup No Fill Post Medieval

257 Wall - house 247 Subgroup No Wall 1795 (before)

258 Demolition - house 247 Subgroup No Demolition layer 1795

261 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark

262 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Bulwark

263 Bulwark Subgroup No

267 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

268 Wharf fill Subgroup Yes Quay side 18th-19th century

269 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark

270 Timber structure Subgroup Yes

271 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Fill 18th-19th century

273 Stone foundation Subgroup No Foundation wall 16th century

274 Demolition - building 244 Subgroup Yes Building 18th century

275 Wharf fill Subgroup No Fill Post Medieval

276 Wharf fill Subgroup No Alluvial deposit 16th century

278 Posts Subgroup No Post

279 Pit Subgroup No Pit

280 Pit Subgroup No Pit

283 Interlacing branches Subgroup No Foundation layer 1582 (after)

284 Wharf fill Subgroup No Fill

285 Wharf fill Subgroup

Alluvial deposit 16th century

286 Demolition sequence - The Vejerbod

Subgroup No Demolition layer 1857 (after)

287 Demolition sequence - The Vejerbod

Subgroup No Demolition layer 19th century?

288 Wharf fill Subgroup No Fill 16th century

289 Demolition - The Vejerbod Subgroup No Demolition layer 1857 (after)

290 Foundation Subgroup No Foundation wall 16th century

292 Foundation - outhouse Subgroup No Foundation wall Post Medieval

293 Demolition - outhouse Subgroup No Demolition layer

294 Construction cut Subgroup

Construction cut

298 Leveling Subgroup No Levelling layer

299 Stone foundation - small booth Subgroup No Floor 1582 (after)

301 Room - small booth Subgroup No

1582 (after)

302 Wharf fill Subgroup Yes Revetment

303 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

304 Wharf fill Subgroup No Fill Post Medieval

306 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

307 Planks Subgroup No Bulwark

308 Planks Subgroup No Bulwark

309 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark

310 Wooden foundation Subgroup No

313 Gutter element Subgroup No Sewer Post Medieval

314 Gutter sequence Subgroup No Sewer

315 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup No

317 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Bulwark

318 Wharf sequence Subgroup No Bulwark Post Medieval

319 Land development Subgroup

Levelling layer Post Medieval

320 Foundation Subgroup No Construction cut 16th century

321 Post Subgroup Yes Revetment

322 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark 16th century

323 Piling Subgroup No Foundation wall

325 Sewer foundation Subgroup No Construction cut 17th century

326 Sewer surface Subgroup No Plank 17th century

327 Walls Subgroup No Wall 17th century

328 Leveling Subgroup No Levelling layer 18th century

176

329 Foundation wall Subgroup No Foundation wall

330 Bulwark Subgroup No Bulwark

332 Sewer foundation Subgroup No Construction cut 17th century

333 Sewer walls Subgroup No Wall 17th century

337 Leveling Subgroup No Levelling layer

338 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark

339 Leveling Subgroup

Levelling layer 16th century

340 Leveling Subgroup

Levelling layer

343 Land development Subgroup

Dump layer

344 Land development Subgroup

Levelling layer

346 Outhouse Subgroup

Wooden foundation

347 Structual element - The Vejerbod Subgroup No

1581-1857

348 Leveling - Vejerbod courtyard Subgroup No Levelling layer 1582 (after)

364 Leveling - Vejerbod courtyard Subgroup No Levelling layer 1582 (after)

367 Sewer wall Subgroup No Wall

368 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup

369 Water supply - service pipe Subgroup

16th century

370 Water pipe walls Subgroup

Wall PostMedieval

371 Construction cut for sewer Subgroup

Construction cut 17th century

372 Fill of construction cut Subgroup

Fill 17th century

373 Sewer walls Subgroup

Wall 17th century

374 Sewer foundation Subgroup

17th century

375 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark Post Medieval

376 Posts Subgroup

Post Post Medieval

377 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark Post Medieval

378 Bulwark Subgroup

Bulwark Post Medieval

379 External surface - Vejerbod courtyard

Subgroup

External surface 1582 (after)

380 Foundation cut fill Subgroup

Foundation layer 1582 (after)

383 Wall Subgroup

Wall Post Medieval

384 Stone foundation Subgroup

Foundation wall Post Medieval

385 Wall - The Wragerbod Subgroup No Wall Post Medieval

393 Wharf sequence Subgroup

394 Wharf seqeunce Subgroup

8096 Telebox east: extra work: N-S trench

Subgroup

Post

12.3.6 Stratigraphical objects – unspecified groups

Id Name Subclass Basic Interpretation Dating Interpretation

202 Wooden piling Group Wooden foundation

Wooden piling

265 Posts Group Posts

345 Post Group Post

352 Post Group Post

353 Wooden floor Group Floor

Wooden structure?

357 Post Group Post

361 Alluvial sediments

Group

363 Post Group Post

386 The Accise booth courtyard

Group External surface Post Medieval

12.3.7 Stratigraphical objects – buildings

Id Name Subclass Group/ subgroup

Basic Interpretation

Dating Type of building

221 Valkendorf's Vejerhus Group_Building No

1581

244 Building - cellar Group_Building No Building 1582 (after) Basement

247 Building - building on Højbro Plads

Group_Building No Building 1795 (before)

250 Building Group_Building No Wall

177

291 Building - outhouse Group_Building No Wall

297 Building Group_Building

311 Building - outhouse Group_Building No Building 1582 (after)

382 Building - outhouse Group_Building

1582 (after)

387 Building - basement Group_Building No

Post Medieval Basement

388 The Wragerbod Group_Building

Post Medieval

389 The Medieval Vejerbod Group_Building

Foundation wall

16th century

390 The Medieval Accisebod

Group_Building

15th century

12.3.8 Stratigraphical objects – fence line

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Basic Interpretation Dating

316 Fence Group_Fence line

Yes Fence line

12.3.9 Stratigraphical objects – natural ground

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Basic Interpretation Dating

266 Natural ground

Group_Natural ground

No Geological layer

12.3.10 Stratigraphical objects – open area

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Basic Interpretation Dating Type

225 Eastern Vejerbod courtyard

Group_Open area

No

1582 (after)

260 Land development Group_Open area

No Dump layer 16th century?

264 Natural vegetation Group_Open area

No Natural vegetation Post Medieval

272 Land development Group_Open area

No Dump layer

277 Pit Group_Open area

No Pit

281 Pit Group_Open area

No Pit

296 Leveling Group_Open area

No Levelling layer

300 Western Vejerhus courtyard

Group_Open area

External surface

Yard

334 Kgs. Nytorv - historical Group_Open area

External surface 1670 (after) Yard

335 Road Group_Open area

Street

336 Land development Group_Open area

No Levelling layer 18th century

341 Land development Group_Open area

Levelling layer

342 Modern context Group_Open area

Dump layer Modern

349 Land development Group_Open area

No Open area 17th century

350 Road Group_Open area

No Open area

Street

351 Land development Group_Open area

No

355 Land development Group_Open area

Yes Open area 16-17th century

360 Land development Group_Open area

362 Land development Group_Open area

No Land development 17th century?

178

365 Land development Group_Open area

No Fill

366 Land development Group_Open area

Yes Open area

12.3.11 Stratigraphical objects – sewer

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Basic Interpretation Dating

207 Sewer Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

208 Brick/lime stone build sewer

Group_Sewer No Sewer 16th century

222 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

223 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

224 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

228 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post medival

229 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

230 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

231 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

232 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

234 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

235 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Late post Medieval

236 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

237 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Late postMedieval

238 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

312 Gutter Group_Sewer No Sewer Post Medieval

324 Sewer Group_Sewer No Wall

12.3.12 Stratigraphical objects – water supply

Id Name Subclass Basic Interpretation Dating Type of water supply

242 Water supply network (group)

Group_Water supply

Renaissance or younger

Water pipe

305 Water supply network (group)

Group_Water supply

396 Water supply network Group_Water supply

Water pipe

12.3.13 Stratigraphical objects – wharf

Id Name Subclass Group/subgroup Dating

217 Wharf Group_Wharf Yes Post Medieval

282 Wharf Group_Wharf Yes

391 Wharf Group_Wharf

392 Wharf Group_Wharf

395 Wharf Group_Wharf

397 Wharf Group_Wharf Yes

12.3.14 Finds objects – animal bones

Id Material Fragmentation code Age Dental Species

200303 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

200304 Bone 8 J/A

Sus domesticus

200366 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

200367 Bone 7 U

Anser domesticus

200368 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200369 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

200408 Bone 0 U

Thunnus thynnus

179

200558 Tooth 1

200678 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200681 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200682 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200683 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200684 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200685 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200686 Bone 8 J

Bos taurus

200689 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

200690 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

200691 Bone 8 U

Mammalia

200762 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

200850 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200851 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200852 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

200853 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200854 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200855 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200856 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200857 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200858 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200859 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200860 Bone 1 J Lower I3 Sus domesticus

200861 Bone 1 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200862 Bone 1 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200863 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200864 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200865 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200866 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200867 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200868 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200869 Bone 3 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200870 Bone 0 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200871 Bone 0 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200872 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200873 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200874 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200875 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200876 Bone 1 U Lower I1 ovis aries/C. hircus

200877 Bone 1 U Lower I2 ovis aries/C. hircus

200878 Bone 1 U Lower I3 ovis aries/C. hircus

200879 Bone 1 J

Canis familiaris

200880 Bone 1 J Lower M1 Canis familiaris

200881 Bone 0 J

Sus domesticus

200882 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

200883 Bone 0 J

Gallus domesticus

200884 Bone 6 J

Gallus domesticus

200885 Bone 0 J

Gallus domesticus

200886 Bone 1 J

Gallus domesticus

200887 Bone 1 J

Bos taurus

200888 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

200889 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

200890 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200891 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200892 Bone 1 J/A

Bos taurus

200893 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200894 Bone 9 J/A

Bos taurus

200895 Bone 8 J

Bos taurus

200896 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

200897 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

200898 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

200899 Bone 0 U

Bos taurus

200900 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

180

200901 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

200902 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

200903 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

200904 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200905 Bone 7 A

Sus domesticus

200906 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

200907 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

200908 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

200909 Bone 9 J/A

Sus domesticus

200910 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

200911 Bone 1 U

Esox lucius

200912 Bone 7 J

Anser domesticus

200913 Bone 1 J

Gallus domesticus

200914 Bone 8 A

Ovis aries

200915 Bone 8 A

Ovis aries

200916 Bone 8 A

Canis familiaris

200917 Bone 1 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200918 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200919 Bone 0 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200920 Bone 0 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200921 Bone 0 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200922 Bone 1 J Lower dP4

ovis aries/C. hircus

200923 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200924 Bone 0 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200925 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200926 Bone 1 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200927 Bone 2 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200928 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200929 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200930 Bone 0 A

Phocaena phocaena

200931 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200932 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

200933 Bone 7 J/A

Bos taurus

200934 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

200935 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200936 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

200937 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

200938 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

200939 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

200940 Bone o J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200941 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200942 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200943 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

200944 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

200945 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

200946 Bone 0 A

Sus domesticus

200947 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200948 Bone 1 A

Gallus domesticus

200949 Bone 2 A

Corvis corone/C. frugilegus

200950 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

200951 Bone 0 J/A

Mammalia

200952 Bone 7 A

Equus caballus

200953 Bone 8 A

Canis familiaris

200954 Bone 9 J

Cervus elaphus

200955 Bone 8 A

Ovis aries

200956 Bone 1 A

Ovis aries

200957 Bone 1 A

Uria aalge

200958 Bone 8 A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

200959 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200960 Bone 9 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200961 Bone 9 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

181

200962 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200963 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200964 Bone 7 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200965 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200966 Bone 1 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200967 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

200968 Bone 1 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

200969 Bone 0 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

200970 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

200971 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

200972 Bone 9 A Upper dP4

Sus domesticus

200973 Bone 8 A

Sus domesticus

200974 Bone 9 U

Sus domesticus

200975 Bone 9 A Lower C Sus domesticus

200976 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

200977 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200978 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

200979 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

200980 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

200981 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

200982 Bone 9 J/A

Bos taurus

200983 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

200984 Bone 7 A

Gallus domesticus

200985 Bone 1 A

Cygnus cygnus

200986 Bone 0 A

Ovis aries/C. hircus/C. capreo

200987 Bone 0

Gadidae

200988 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

200989 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

200990 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

200991 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

200992 Bone 1

Trachinus draco

200993 Bone 1

Trachinus draco

200994 Bone 0

Belone belone

200995 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

200996 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

200997 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

200998 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

200999 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201000 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201001 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201002 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201003 Bone 0

Gadidae

201004 Bone 0

Gadidae

201005 Bone 0

Gadidae

201006 Bone 0

Gadidae

201007 Bone 0

Gadidae

201008 Bone 0

Gadidae

201009 Bone 0

Gadidae

201010 Bone 0

Gadidae

201011 Bone 0

Gadidae

201012 Bone 0

Gadidae

201013 Bone 0

Gadidae

201014 Bone 0

Gadidae

201015 Bone 0

Gadidae

201016 Bone 0

Gadidae

201017 Bone 0

Gadidae

201018 Bone

Gadidae

201019

0

Gadidae

201020 Bone 0

Gadidae

201021 Bone 0

Gadidae

201022 Bone 0

Gadidae

182

201023 Bone 0

Gadidae

201024 Bone 0

Gadidae

201025 Bone 0

Gadidae

201026 Bone 0

Gadidae

201027 Bone 0

Gadidae

201028 Bone 0

Gadidae

201029 Bone 0

Gadidae

201030 Bone 0

Belone belone

201031 Bone 1

Merlangius merlangus

201032 Bone 0

Merlangius merlangus

201033 Bone 0

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201034 Bone 0

Merlangius merlangus

201035 Bone 0

Merlangius merlangus

201036 Bone 0

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201037 Bone 0

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201038 Bone 1

Molva molva

201039 Bone 0

Molva molva

201040 Bone 0

Molva molva

201041 Bone 1

Molva molva

201042 Bone 1

Molva molva

201043 Bone 1

Belone belone

201044 Bone 0

Scomber scombrus

201045 Bone 0

Scomber scombrus

201046 Bone 0

Scomber scombrus

201047 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201048 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201049 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201050 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201051 Bone 0

Anguilla anguilla

201052 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201053 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201054 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201055 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201056 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201057 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201058 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201059 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201060 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201061 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201062 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201063 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201064 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201065 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201066 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201067 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201068 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

183

201069 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201070 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201071 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201072 Bone 1

P. Maxima/S. rhombus

201073 Bone 1

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201074 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201075 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201076 Bone 1

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201077 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201078 Burnt clay

0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201079 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201080 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201081 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201082 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201083 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201084 Bone

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201085 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201086 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201087 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201088 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201089 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201090 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201091 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201092 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201093 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201094 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201095 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201096 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201097 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201098 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201099 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201100 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201101 Bone 0

Cyprinidae

201102 Bone 1

Abramis brama

201103 Bone 0

Cyprinidae

201104 Bone 0

Cyprinidae

201105 Bone 0

Cyprinidae

201110 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201111 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201112 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

201113 Bone 7 U

Anser domesticus

201114 Bone 6 J

Anser domesticus

201115 Bone 7 A

Ovis aries

201116 Bone 1 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201117 Bone 1 A

Capreolus capreolus

201118 Bone 1 A

Capreolus capreolus

201119 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201120 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

201121 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

184

201122 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201123 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201124 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201125 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201126 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201127 Bone 8 J

Bos taurus

201128 Bone 0 J

Bos taurus

201129 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201130 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201131 Bone 1 A Lower I1 Bos taurus

201132 Bone 1 A Lower I2 Bos taurus

201133 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201134 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201135 Bone 8 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201136 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

201137 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201138 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201139 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201140 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201141 Bone 8 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201142 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201143 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201144 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201145 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201146 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201147 Bone 8 J/A

Bos taurus

201148 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201149 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201150 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201151 Bone 7 J/A

Bos taurus

201152 Bone 8 J

Bos taurus

201153 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201154 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201155 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201156

6 J

Ovis aries

201157 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

201158 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

201159 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

201160 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201161 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201162 Bone 1 A

Sus domesticus

201163 Bone 1 J

Gallus domesticus

201164 Bone 8 J

Gallus domesticus

201165 Bone 9 U

Gallus domesticus

201166 Bone 8 A

Anser domesticus

201167 Bone 7 U

Anser domesticus

201168 Bone 8 P

Felis catus

201169 Bone 1 A

Lepus europaeus

201170 Bone 1 A

Lepus europaeus

201171 Bone 1 A

Lepus europaeus

201172 Bone 0 A

Anser domesticus

201173 Bone 8 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201174 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201175 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201176 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201177 Bone 7 A

Sus domesticus

201178 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201179 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201180 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201181 Bone 8 J

Bos taurus

201182 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201183 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201184 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

185

201185 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201186 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201187 Bone 7 U

Bos taurus

201188 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201189 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201190 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201191 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201192 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201193 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201194 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

201195 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201196 Bone 1 J Lower P Bos taurus

201197 Bone 0 J

Bos taurus

201199 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201200 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201201 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201202 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201203 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201204 Bone 0 J

Bos taurus

201205 Bone 0 J

Bos taurus

201206 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201207 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201208 Bone 0 A

Bos taurus

201209 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201210 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201211 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201212 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201213 Bone 0 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201214 Bone 9 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201215 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201216 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201217 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201218 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201219 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201220 Bone 1 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201221 Bone 1 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201222 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201223 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201224 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201225 Bone 7 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201226 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201227 Bone 7 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201228 Bone 1 A

Canis familiaris

201229 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201230 Bone 9 J/A

Sus domesticus

201231 Bone 0 U Upper C Sus domesticus

201232 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201233 Bone 6 P

Sus domesticus

201234 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201235 Bone 9 P

Sus domesticus

201236 Bone 9 J

Ovis aries

201237 Bone 1 A

Ovis aries

201238 Bone 0 A

Ovis aries

201239 Bone 6 J

Gallus domesticus

201240 Bone 9 A

Gallus domesticus

201241 Bone 8 U

Gallus domesticus

201242 Bone 8 U

Gallus domesticus

201243 Bone 6 J

Gallus domesticus

201244 Bone 8 J

Gallus domesticus

201245 Bone 7 A

Anser domesticus

201246 Bone 1 A

Anser domesticus

201247 Bone 9 A

Mammalia

201248 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

186

201249 Bone 9 A

Mammalia

201250 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201251 Bone 0 J

Mammalia

201252 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201253 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201254 Bone 8 U

Mammalia

201255 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201256 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201257 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201258 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201259 Bone 7 U

Mammalia

201260 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201261 Bone 8 J

Gallus domesticus

201262 Bone 8 U

Anser domesticus

201263 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201264 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201265 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201266 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201267 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201268 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201269 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201270 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201271 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201272 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201274 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

201275 Bone 9 J/A

Bos taurus

201276 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201277 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201278 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201279 Bone 8 J/A

Bos taurus

201280 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201281 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201282 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201283 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201284 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201285 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201286 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201287 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201288 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

201289 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201290 Bone 1 A Lower I1 Bos taurus

201291 Bone 1 A Upper M Bos taurus

201292 Bone 1 A Upper P Bos taurus

201293 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201294 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201295 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201296 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201297 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201298 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201299 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201300 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201301 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

201302 Bone 1 A Lower I1 Sus domesticus

201303 Bone 1 A Lower C Sus domesticus

201304 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201305 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201306 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201307 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201308 Bone 8 A

Sus domesticus

201309 Bone 9 J/A

Sus domesticus

201310 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201311 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201312 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

187

201313 Bone 7 A

Sus domesticus

201314 Bone 9 U

Sus domesticus

201315 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

201316 Bone 9 U

Sus domesticus

201317 Bone 9 U

Sus domesticus

201318 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201319 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201320 Bone 2 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201321 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201322 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201323 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201324 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201325 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201326 Bone 7 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201327 Bone 8 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201328 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201329 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201330 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201331 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201332 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201333 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201334 Bone 3 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201335 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201336 Bone 8 A

Gallus domesticus

201337 Bone 1 U

Gallus domesticus

201338 Bone 8 U

Gallus domesticus

201339 Bone 7 U

Gallus domesticus

201340 Bone 9 U

Capreolus capreolus

201341 Bone 9 A

Mammalia

201342 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201343 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201344 Bone 9 J

Mammalia

201345 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201346 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201347 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201348 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201349 Bone 7 U

Aves unspec.

201350 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201351 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201352

0 U

Pisces

201353

0

Perca fluviatilis

201354

1

Salmo sp.

201355

1

Trachurus trachurus

201356

1

Eutrigla gurnardus

201357

1

Eutrigla gurnardus

201358

0

Pisces

201359

1

Perca fluviatilis

201360

1

Esox lucius

201361

0

Esox lucius

201362

0

Esox lucius

201363

1

Perca fluviatilis

201364

1

Cyprinidae

201365

1

Perca fluviatilis

201366

1

Perca fluviatilis

201367

1

Perca fluviatilis

201368

1

Perca fluviatilis

201369

1

Raja clavata

201370

1

Rajidae

201371

1

Squalus acanthias

201372

0

Gadus morhua

201373

1

Gadus morhua

201374

9

Gadus morhua

201375

1

Gadus morhua

188

201376

0

Gadus morhua

201377

1

Gadidae

201378

0

Gadidae

201379

1

Clupea harengus

201380

0

Uidentificeret

201381 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201382 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201383 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201384 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201385 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201386 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201387 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201388 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201389 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201390 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

201391 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201392 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201393 Bone 8 U

Bos taurus

201394 Bone 7 U

Bos taurus

201395 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201396 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201397 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201398 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201399 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201400 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201401 Bone 5 J

Bos taurus

201402 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201403 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201404 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201405 Bone 8 U

Bos taurus

201406 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201407 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201408 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201409 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201410 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201411 Bone 3 J

Bos taurus

201412 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201413 Bone 9 J/A

Sus domesticus

201414 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201415 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201416 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201417 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201418 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201419 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201420 Bone 1 A Lower P3 Sus domesticus

201421 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201422 Bone 1 A

Sus domesticus

201423 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

201424 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201425 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201426 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201427 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201428 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201429 Bone 1 J

Sus domesticus

201430 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201431 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201432 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201433 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201434 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201435 Bone 7 U

Sus domesticus

201436 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201437 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

201438 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

189

201439 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201440 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201441 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201442 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201443 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201444 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201445 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201446 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201447 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201448 Bone 1 A Lower I2 ovis aries/C. hircus

201449 Bone 1 U Lower I3 ovis aries/C. hircus

201450 Bone 1 J Upper dP ovis aries/C. hircus

201451 Bone 1 J Lower dP4

ovis aries/C. hircus

201452 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201453 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201454 Bone 0

201460 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201464 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201476 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201478 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201479 Bone 0

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201480 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201482 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201484 Antler 0

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201485

0

Gadus morhua

201486 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201487 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201488 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201489 Bone

Gadidae

201490 Bone 1

Gadidae

201491 Bone 0

Gadus morhua

201492 Bone 0

Gadidae

201493 Bone 0

Pisces

201494 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201495 Bone 0

Gadidae

201496 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201497 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201498 Bone 0

Gadidae

201499 Bone 1 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201500 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201501 Bone 0

Gadidae

201502 Bone 1

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201503 Bone 0

Gadidae

201504 Bone 1

Gadidae

201505 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201506 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201507 Bone 1 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201508 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201509 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201510 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201511 Bone 1 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201512 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201513 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201514 Bone 9 J

Ovis aries

201515 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201516 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201517 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201518 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201519 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201520 Bone 9 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

190

201521 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201522 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201523 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201524 Bone 6 J

Ovis aries

201525 Bone 9 J

Ovis aries

201526 Bone 1 A

Capreolus capreolus

201527 Bone 8 A

Felis catus

201528 Bone 6 J

Felis catus

201529 Bone 8 U

Anser domesticus

201530 Bone 8 U

Anser domesticus

201531 Bone 8 J

Gallus domesticus

201532 Bone 6 J

Gallus domesticus

201533 Bone 1 A

Gallus domesticus

201534 Bone 9 U

Gallus domesticus

201535 Bone 1 U

Gallus domesticus

201536 Bone 9 U

Gallus domesticus

201537 Bone 1 A

Rattus sp.

201538 Bone 7 A

Canis familiaris

201539 Bone 1 A

Canis familiaris

201540 Bone 1 A

Canis familiaris

201541 Bone 6 J

Phoca sp.

201542 Bone 3 J

Mammalia

201543 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201544 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201545 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201546 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201547 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201548 Bone 0 U

Aves unspec.

201549 Bone 9 U

Rattus sp.

201550 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201551 Bone 7 U

Capreolus capreolus

201552 Bone 6 J

Muridae indet.

201553 Bone 8 U

Anser domesticus

201554 Bone 9 J

Rodentia

201555 Bone 9 U

Gallus domesticus

201556 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201557 Bone 8 J

Ovis aries/C. hircus/C. capreo

201558 Bone 7 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201559 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201560 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201561 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201562 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201563 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201564 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201565 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201566 Bone 7 U

Sus domesticus

201567 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201568 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201569 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201570 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201571 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201572 Bone 1 A

Sus domesticus

201573 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201574 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

201575 Bone 8 U

Sus domesticus

201576 Bone 1 A

Sus domesticus

201577 Bone 1 J/A

Sus domesticus

201578 Bone 6 J

Sus domesticus

201579 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

201580 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201581 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201582 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

191

201583 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201584 Bone 4 J

Sus domesticus

201585 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201586 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201587 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201588 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201589 Bone 1 U Lower P2 Sus domesticus

201590 Bone 1 U Lower I3 Sus domesticus

201591 Bone 1 U Lower I2 Sus domesticus

201592 Bone 1 A

Sus domesticus

201593 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201594 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201595 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201596 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201597 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201598 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201599 Bone 8 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201600 Bone 8 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201601 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201602 Bone 8 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201603 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201604 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201605 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201606 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201607 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201608 Bone 7 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201609 Bone 7 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201610 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201611 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201612 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201613 Bone 6 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201614 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201615 Bone 1 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201616 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201617 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201618 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201619 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201620 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201621 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201622 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201623 Bone 1 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201624 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201625 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201626 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201627 Bone 1 U Upper M ovis aries/C. hircus

201628 Bone 1 J Upper dP2

ovis aries/C. hircus

201629 Bone 1 J Upper dP3

ovis aries/C. hircus

201630 Bone 1 U Lower I2 ovis aries/C. hircus

201631 Bone 1 U Lower I3 ovis aries/C. hircus

201632 Bone 1 U Lower I2 ovis aries/C. hircus

201633 Bone 1 A Lower P1 ovis aries/C. hircus

201634 Bone 1 A Lower P1 ovis aries/C. hircus

201635 Bone 1 J Lower dP3

ovis aries/C. hircus

201636 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201637 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201638 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201639 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201640 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201641 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201642 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201643 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

192

201644 Bone 9 J/A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201645 Bone 9 A

ovis aries/C. hircus

201646 Bone 1 A

Bos taurus

201647 Bone 7 J/A

Bos taurus

201648 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201649 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201650 Bone 7 J/A

Bos taurus

201651 Bone 8 A

Bos taurus

201652 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201653 Bone 7 A

Bos taurus

201654 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201655 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201656 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201657 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201658 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201659 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201660 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201661 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

201662 Bone 7 U

Bos taurus

201663 Bone 1 U

Bos taurus

201664 Bone 1 U

Bos taurus

201665 Bone 1 U

Bos taurus

201666 Bone 1 U

Bos taurus

201667 Bone 7 U

Bos taurus

201668 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201669 Bone 1 U

Bos taurus

201670 Bone 1 A Upper P2 Bos taurus

201671 Bone 1 U

Canis familiaris

201672 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201673 Bone 9 A

Sus domesticus

201674 Bone 9 J

Sus domesticus

201675 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201676 Bone 1 J/A

Felis catus

201677 Bone 1 J

Felis catus

201678 Bone 1 J

Felis catus

201679 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201680 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201681 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201682 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201683 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201684 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201685 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201686 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201687 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201688 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201689 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201690 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201691 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201692 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201693 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201694 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201695 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201696 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201697 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201698 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201699 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201700 Bone 6 J

Bos taurus

201701 Bone 8 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201705 Bone 1

Rattus sp.

201706

0

Gadidae

201707 Bone 0

Gadidae

201708 Bone 0

Gadidae

201709

1

Abramis brama

193

201710

1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201711 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201712 Bone 1

Psetta maxima

201713 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201714 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201715 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201716 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201717 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201718

1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201719 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201720 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201721 Bone 8 U

Mammalia

201722 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201723 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201724 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201725 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201726 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201727 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201728 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201729 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201730 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201731 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201732 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201733 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201734 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201735 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201736 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201737 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201738 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201739 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201740 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201741

0

Clupea harengus

201742 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201743 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201744 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201745 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201746 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201747 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201748 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201749 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201750 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201751 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201752 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201753 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201754 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201755 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201756 Bone 1 J/A

Mammalia

201757 Bone 1

Eutrigla gurnardus

201758 Bone 0

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201759 Bone 1

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201760 Bone 1

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201761 Bone 1

Esox lucius

201763 Bone 0

Pisces

201764 Bone 1

Pisces

194

201765 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201766 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201767 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201768 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201769 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201770 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201771 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201772 Bone 1

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201773 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201774 Bone 0

Pisces

201775 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201776

0

Aves unspec.

201777 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201778 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201779 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201780 Bone 3 J

Mammalia

201781 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201782 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201783 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201784 Bone 7 J

Sus domesticus

201785

1

Merluccius merluccius

201786 Bone 0

Merluccius merluccius

201787 Bone 9

Gadidae

201788 Bone 9

Gadidae

201789 Bone 7

Esox lucius

201790 Bone 1

Esox lucius

201791 Bone 9

Belone belone

201792

9

Belone belone

201793 Bone 9

Belone belone

201794 Bone 1

Belone belone

201795 Bone 9

Gadus morhua

201796 Bone 9

Gadus morhua

201797 Bone 9

Gadus morhua

201798 Bone 9

Gadus morhua

201799

7

Gadus morhua

201800 Bone 7

Gadus morhua

201801 Bone 7

Gadus morhua

201802 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201803

9

Gadus morhua

201804 Bone 1

Belone belone

201805 Bone 9

Gadidae

201806 Bone 1

Gadidae

201807 Bone 7

Gadidae

201808 Bone 1

Gadidae

201809 Bone 9

Gadidae

201810 Bone 0

Gadidae

201811 Bone 9

Gadidae

201812 Bone 1

Gadidae

201813 Bone 1

Gadidae

201814 Bone 1

Gadidae

201815 Bone 1

Gadidae

201816 Bone 1

Gadidae

201817 Bone 9

Gadidae

201818 Bone 1

Gadidae

201819 Bone 1

Gadidae

201820 Bone 1

Gadidae

201821 Bone 1

Gadidae

201822 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201823 Bone 9

Gadidae

201824 Bone 1

Gadidae

201825 Bone 0

Gadidae

195

201826 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201827 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201828 Bone 1

Gadidae

201829 Bone 7 J

Bos taurus

201830 Bone 0

Belone belone

201831 Bone 0

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201832 Bone 9

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201833 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201834 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201835 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201840 Bone 9

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201841 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201843 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201847 Bone 8

Clupea harengus

201848 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201849 Bone 9 J

Bos taurus

201850 Bone 3 J

Mammalia

201851 Bone 3 J

Mammalia

201852 Bone 8

Clupea harengus

201853 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201854 Bone 7 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201855 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201856 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201857 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201858 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201859 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201860 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201861 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201862 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201863 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201864 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201865 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201866 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201867 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201868 Bone 8

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201869 Bone 9

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201870 Bone 1

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201871 Bone 1

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

201872 Bone 9

Belone belone

201873 Bone 9

Anguilla anguilla

201874 Bone 1

Trachinus draco

201875 Bone 1

Squalus acanthias

201876 Bone 9

Squalus acanthias

201877 Bone 9

Chondrichtyes

201878 Bone 1

Anguilla anguilla

201879 Bone 9

Anguilla anguilla

201880 Bone 1

Perca fluviatilis

201881 Bone 1

Perca fluviatilis

201882 Bone 9

Perca fluviatilis

201883 Bone 9

Belone belone

201884 Bone 1

Cyprinidae

201885 Bone 9

Myoxocephalus scorpius

201886 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201887 Bone 1

Merlangius

196

merlangus

201888 Bone 9

Pisces

201889 Bone 0

Pisces

201890 Bone 0

Mammalia

201891 Bone 0

Aves unspec.

201892 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201893 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201894 Bone 7

Gadus morhua

201895 Bone 0

Pisces

201896 Bone 9

Gadus morhua

201897 Bone 9

Gadidae

201898 Bone 9

Gadidae

201899 Bone 9

Pisces

201900 Bone 9

Pisces

201901 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201902 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201903

9

Clupea harengus

201904 Bone 7

Clupea harengus

201905 Bone 7

Clupea harengus

201906 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201907 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201908 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201909 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201910 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201911 Bone 9

Clupea harengus

201912 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201913 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201914 Bone 0

Clupea harengus

201915 Bone 7

Gadidae

201916 Bone 7

Gadidae

201917 Bone 9

Gadidae

201918 Bone 1

Gadidae

201919 Bone 1

Gadus morhua

201920 Bone 1

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201921

9

Belone belone

201922 Bone 1

Perca fluviatilis

201923 Bone 1

Perca fluviatilis

201924 Bone 9

Squalus acanthias

201925 Bone 9

Cyprinidae

201926 Bone 0

Pisces

201927 Bone 7

Gadus morhua

201928 Bone 9

Gadus morhua

201929 Bone 9

Gadidae

201930 Bone 7

Gadidae

201931 Bone 1

Gadidae

201932 Bone 7

Gadus morhua

201933 Bone 0

Gadidae

201934 Bone 1

Gadidae

201935 Bone 1

Clupea harengus

201936 Bone 7

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201937 Bone 0

Pisces

201938 Bone 0

Gadidae

201939 Bone 9

P. platessa/p. flesus/l. liman

201940 Bone 0

Gadidae

201941 Bone 0

Gadidae

201942 Bone 3 J

Mammalia

201943 Bone 9 J/A

Bos taurus

201944 Bone 9 U

Bos taurus

201945 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201946 Bone 9 J

Mammalia

197

201947 Bone 8 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201948 Bone 0 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201949 Bone 9 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

201950 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201951 Bone 9 A

Bos taurus

201952 Bone 9 U

ovis aries/C. hircus

201953 Bone 1 U

Sus domesticus

201954 Bone 9 U

Sus domesticus

201955 Bone 8 J

Sus domesticus

201956 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201957 Bone 3 J

Bos taurus

201959 Bone 7 J

Anas domesticus

201960 Bone 9 J

Gallus domesticus

201961 Bone 6 J

Anas domesticus

201962 Bone 7 J

Gallus domesticus

201963 Bone 7 J

Gallus domesticus

201964 Bone 6 J

Gallus domesticus

201965 Bone 7 J

Gallus domesticus

201966 Bone 9 U

Gallus domesticus

201967 Bone 8 J

Anas domesticus

201968 Bone 6 J

Felis catus

201969 Bone 8 J

Felis catus

201970 Bone 1 A

Rattus sp.

201971 Bone 4 J

Bos taurus

201972 Bone 1 J

Felis catus

201979 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201980 Bone 7 U

Aves unspec.

201981 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201982 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201983 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

201984 Bone 8 U

Aves unspec.

201985 Bone 1 A

Aves unspec.

201986 Bone 4 J

Aves unspec.

201987 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

201988 Bone 6 J

Mammalia

201989 Bone 1 U

Aves unspec.

201990 Bone 6 J

Mammalia

201991 Bone 5 J

Sus domesticus

201992 Bone 7 U

Phoca sp.

201993 Bone 9 U

Emys orbicularis

201994 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

201995 Bone 0 U I Mammalia

201996 Bone 8 U

Mammalia

201997 Bone 6 J

Felis catus

201998 Bone 8 U

Muridae indet.

201999 Bone 1 U

Muridae indet.

202000 Bone 8 U

Bos taurus

202002 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202003 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202004 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202005 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202006 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202007 Bone 3 J

Mammalia

202008 Bone 9 J

Mammalia

202009 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202010 Bone 5 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

202011 Bone 1 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

202012 Bone 6 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

202013 Bone 4 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

202014 Bone 9 U

Mammalia

202015 Bone 7 J

ovis aries/C. hircus

202016 Bone 9 J

Mammalia

202017 Bone 0 U

Mammalia

198

202018 Bone 8 U

Mammalia

202019 Bone 1 J Lower dP3

Sus domesticus

202020 Bone 1 U Lower M2 Canis familiaris

202021 Bone 1 U Lower P Canis familiaris

202022 Bone 1 U

Anser domesticus

202023 Bone 9 U

Anser domesticus

202024 Bone 7 U

Gallus domesticus

202025 Bone 9 U

Gallus domesticus

202026 Bone 8 J

Aves unspec.

202027 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

202028 Bone 7 J

Aves unspec.

202029 Bone 8 U

Aves unspec.

202030 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

202031 Bone 9 U

Aves unspec.

202032 Bone 0 U

Aves unspec.

202033 Bone 1 U

Aves unspec.

202034 Bone 1 A

Mammalia

202035 Bone 1 U

Rattus sp.

202036 Antler 0 U

Gadidae

202037 Bone 0

Pisces

202038 Antler 0 U

Mammalia

202040 Bone 0

Bos taurus

202042 Bone 0 U

Aves unspec.

12.3.15 Finds objects – Building materials

Id Name Subclass Material Type Dating Decorated Glazed

200455 Daub matey Building Materials_Metro Burnt clay

Daub matey

Late Medieval

200466 Mortar sample? Building Materials_Metro

200468 Roof tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Roof tile Post Medieval

200469 Roof tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Roof tile

200470 Roof tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Roof tile

200472 Stove tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Early post-Medieval

200473 Floor tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Floor tile

200512 Brick Building Materials_Metro CBM Brick

200513 Stone floor tile Building Materials_Metro Stone

200597 1500-1600 stove tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Early post-Medieval

True True

200607 1500-1700 stove tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Early post-Medieval

200611 Brick Building Materials_Metro CBM Brick

200613 Roof tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Roof tile Late Medieval

200631 1550-1600 stove tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Early post-Medieval

True True

200632 19th-20th cent. wall tile

Building Materials_Metro CBM Wall tile Late post-Medieval

True True

200668 Floor tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Floor tile

True

200670 Madaljon stove tile 1500-1575

Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Early post-Medieval

True True

200671 Vessel stove tile, 1475-1525

Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Early post-Medieval

True

200672 Vessel stove tile, 1500-1550

Building Materials_Metro CBM Stove tile

Late Medieval

True

200676 Floor tile Building Materials_Metro CBM Floor tile

True

200783 Water pipe metal joint. Add to intraSIS

Building Materials_Metro Lead

Post Medieval

200794 Fragment of iron waterpipe

Building Materials_Metro Iron

199

12.3.16 Finds objects – ceramics

Id Name Material Provenance Ceramic ware Fabric Provenance Earliest dating

Latest dating

200383 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200384 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200385 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200386 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200387 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200388 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200389 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200390 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200391 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200392 Siegburg older type. Uncertain type

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200393 Late grey ware cooking pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200394 Late grey ware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200395 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200396 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200397 Late redware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late redware Unknown 1400 1600

200398 Late redware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late redware Unknown 1400 1600

200399 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200400 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200401 Stone jug Ceramic Unknown Stoneware unknown Germany 1300 1650

200402 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200403 Late redware plate

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late redware Unknown 1400 1700

200404 Early redware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200405 Early redware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200406 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200407 Siegburg stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Proto-stonewere

Siegburg

1275 1375

200409 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200410 Late redware pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late redware Unknown 1400 1700

200411 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200412 Early redware dripping pan

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200413 Late redware stjert pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late redware Unknown 1400 1600

200414 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200415 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200416 Late grey ware.

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200

Uncertain type

200417 Late grey ware pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200419 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200420 Stoneware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Unknown Stoneware unknown Unknown 1300 1600

200421 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200422 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200423 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200424 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200425 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200515 Siegburg older type stone bowl

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200516 Siegburg older type stone beaker

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200517 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200518 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200519 Siegburg stone jug

Ceramic

Proto-stonewere

Siegburg

1250 1375

200520 Early redware jug

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1400

200521 Early redware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Early redware Unknown 1200 1400

200522 Late grey ware pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200523 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200524 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200525 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200527 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200528 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200529 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200530 Early redware jug

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1450

200531 Early redware jug

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1450

200532 Siegburg older type stone bowl

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200533 Siegburg older type stone bowl

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200534 Siegburg older type. Uncertain type

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200535 Late grey ware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200536 Late grey ware jug

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200537 Late grey ware pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200538 Early redware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1450

200539 Jydepotte. Pot Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Jydepotte Jutland 1500 1850

201

200540 Early redware. Uncertain type

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1450

200541 Frechen stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Frechen Frechen 1450 1875

200542 Early redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1450

200543 Early redware jug

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Early redware Denmark 1200 1450

200544 Late grey ware bowl

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200545 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200546 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200547 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200548 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200591 KMKR Ceramic Holland/ Netherlands

Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1550 1650

200592 Tudor coat of arms year...5

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg younger type

Siegburg 1545 1625

200593 Late redware stjert pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1550 1625

200594 Late lightfired Niedersachsen pot

Ceramic Germany Earthenware Late light fired Niedersachsen 1525 1625

200598 Late redware dish

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1525 1625

200599 Late redware dish

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1550 1800

200600 Late lightfired Weser pot

Ceramic Germany Earthenware Late light fired Weser 1580 1630

200602 Cologne/ Frechen stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Cologne/Frechen Cologne/ Frechen

1500 1630

200603 Stone ointment jar

Ceramic Germany Stoneware

Germany 1500 1800

200604 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1500 1600

200605 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1500 1600

200606 Late redware Nederland dish

Ceramic Holland/ Netherlands

Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1500 1600

200608 Late redware dish

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1500 1700

200609 Westerwald stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Westerwald Westerwald 1580 1675

200612 Westerwald stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Westerwald Westerwald 1580 1675

200615 North Dutch polykrome Majolica dish

Ceramic

Majolica

1575 1700

200616 Late redware pot

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1400 1650

200617 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1400 1800

200618 North Dutch Majolica dish

Ceramic

Majolica

1550 1650

200619 Late redware jug

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1400 1700

200620 Late redware pot

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1400 1800

200621 Latre redware pot

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1500 1800

200622 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1550 1700

200624 Late redware pot

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1500 1800

200625 Late redware Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1600 1800

202

dish

200626 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1400 1800

200627 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1500 1800

200628 Late redware pot

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1400 1800

200629 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1550 1700

200630 Late lightfired Niedersachsen pot

Ceramic Germany Earthenware Late light fired Niedersachsen 1550 1650

200633 Late redware money box

Ceramic Holland/Netherlands Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1550 1650

200634 Swedish royal coat of arms with king por

Ceramic North Belgium-Flanders

Stoneware Raeren younger type

Raeren 1550 1630

200635 Chinese plate Ceramic <<No data>> Porcelain Chinese China 1725 1775

200636 Chinese saucer

Ceramic

Porcelain Chinese China 1725 1775

200637 Late redware Nederland frying pan

Ceramic Holland/Netherlands Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1650 1800

200638 Late lightfired Weser dish

Ceramic Germany Earthenware Late light fired Weser 1580 1630

200639 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1550 1700

200640 Late redware Niedersachsen dish

Ceramic Germany Earthenware Late redware Niedersachsen 1550 1650

200641 Late North Dutch Majolica dish

Ceramic

Majolica Late North Dutch

1650 1750

200642 Late redware Nederland pot

Ceramic Holland/Netherlands Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1400 1700

200643 Late redware pot

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1400 1800

200644 Westerwald stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Westerwald Westerwald 1650 1725

200645 Siegburg younger type stone mug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg younger type

Siegburg 1500 1650

200646 Waldenburg stone jug

Ceramic East Germany Stoneware Waldenburg Waldenburg 1400 1525

200647 Late redware stjert pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1650 1850

200648 Late redware plate

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1700 1800

200649 Late redware dish

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1575 1675

200650 Late grey ware pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200651 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1525 1625

200652 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1400 1800

200654 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1400 1700

200655 Late grey ware pot

Ceramic Unknown Earthenware Late Grey ware Unknown 1200 1450

200657 Cologne/ Frechen stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Cologne/Frechen Cologne/Frechen 1500 1630

200659 Late redware Netherland bowl

Ceramic Holland/Netherlands Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1400 1600

200660 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200661 Late redware earpot add to

Ceramic Holland/Netherlands Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1400 1600

203

type

200662 Late redware dripping pan

Ceramic Holland/Netherlands Earthenware Late redware Netherlands 1300 1600

200663 Late redware lug type bowl

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1600 1800

200664 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1400 1800

200667

Firenze majolica dish(post-med.ref.col.)

Ceramic

Majolica

1500 1550

200669 Stone jug Ceramic Unknown Stoneware unknown Unknown 1400 1550

200673 Late redware pot/ jug

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1400 1700

200674 Late redware pot

Ceramic Denmark Earthenware Late redware Denmark 1500 1700

200758 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200759 Siegburg older type stone jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200784 Siegburg mug Ceramic Unknown Stoneware Siegburg younger type

Unknown 1400 1600

200795 Siegburg older jug

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200796 Siegburg older type

Ceramic West Germany (Rhineland)

Stoneware Siegburg older type Siegburg 1300 1550

200797 Redware Ceramic Unknown Earthenware redware Unknown 0 0

200831 Late redware dish

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1450 1650

200832 Stoneware mug

Ceramic

Stoneware

1500 1800

200833 late redware jug

Ceramic

Earthenware Late redware

1450 1800

200834 blue decor. faience not yet identified

Ceramic

Faience

1500 0

12.3.17 Finds objects – clay pipes

Id Name Material Type Dating Stamp

200459 Stamped heel Pipeclay Clay pipe

True

200463 Clay pipe stem Pipeclay Clay pipe

Post Medieval

200464 Clay pipe stem Pipeclay Clay pipe

200467 Clay pipe stem Pipeclay Clay pipe

200471 Clay pipe. Decorated dutch 1625-40

Pipeclay Clay pipe

Early post-Medieval

True

12.3.18 Finds objects – coins

Id Name Subclass Material Fragmentation Dating Provenance Currency

200076 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Complete Early post-Medieval

Denmark

200077 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Complete Post Medieval Denmark Skilling

200273 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Complete Late post-Medieval

200274 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Fragment

200275 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Fragment Post Medieval

200276 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Fragment

200277 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Complete

200278 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Complete Modern time

200279 Coin Coin_Metro Copper alloy Fragment

204

200442 Coin fused to iron lump

Coin_Metro Copper alloy Complete Post Medieval

200446 Corroded coin or button

Coin_Metro Copper alloy Intact

200837 Coin? Coin_Metro Copper alloy Fragment

12.3.19 Finds objects – combs

Id Name Type Provenance

200714 Bone comb

Comb N/A

12.3.20 Finds objects – Flint

Id Name Subclass Material Type Provenance

201109 Flint flake

Flint_Metro Flint Flake Denmark

12.3.21 Finds objects – glass

Id Name Class Subclass Material Type Dating

200379 Glass beaker Find Glass_Metro Glass Beaker

200380 Glass bottle Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200560 Drinking glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Tankard

200561 Window glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Window glass

200562 Glass bottle sherd Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200563 Glass bottle sherd Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200564 Glass bottle sherd Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200565 Glass sherds Find Glass_Metro Glass Sherd

200566 Glass case bottle sherds

Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200567 Window glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Window glass

200568 Window glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Window glass

200570 Glass bottle neck Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200571 Window glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Window glass

200572 Glass bottle base Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle Late post-Medieval

200573 Glass bottle base Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle Post Medieval

200575 Drinking glass. Pas glass

Find Glass_Metro Glass

200576 Drinking glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Beaker

200577 Drinking glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Beaker

200578 Drinking glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Beaker

200579 Drinking glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Beaker

200580 Glass bottle base Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle Post Medieval

200581 Glass bottle sherds Find Glass_Metro Glass Bottle

200822 drinking glass Find Glass_Metro Glass Beaker Early post-Medieval

12.3.22 Finds objects – iron

Id Name Class Subclass Number Weight Status

200030 Telebox Find unit

Iron 0 0 Fragment

200049 Telebox Find unit

Iron 2 126

200052 Telebox Find Iron 0 0 Fragment

205

unit

200061 Telebox Find unit

Iron 0 0 Fragment

200068 Telebox Find unit

Iron 0 0

200140 Waterpipe north east

Find unit

Iron 0 0

200144 Waterpipe east Find unit

Iron 0 0

200147 Waterpipe east Find unit

Iron 0 0

200286 Waste pipe Find unit

Iron 0 0

200343 Waste pipe Find unit

Iron 0 0

200344 Waste pipe Find unit

Iron 0 0

12.3.23 Finds objects – copper alloy

Id Name Class Subclass

200298 Waste pipe

Find unit

Copper alloy

200348 Waste pipe

Find unit

Copper alloy

200818 Wastepipe Find unit

Copper alloy

200835 Wastepipe Find unit

Copper alloy

12.3.24 Finds objects – household materials

Id Name Material Type Dating

200157 Possible copper alloy tap from a barrel

Copper alloy

Post Medieval

200249 Copper alloy vessel or crucible Copper alloy

Vessel Post Medieval

200477 Structural wood Wood Uncertain Late Medieval

200478 Miscelllaneous wooden object Wood

Late Medieval

200492 Wooden stave Wood Stave Late Medieval

200494 Wooden lid Wood Lid Late Medieval

200584 Wooden plate fragment Wood Plate Late Medieval

200586 Wooden plate fragment Wood Plate Late Medieval

200595 Small wooden bucket base Wood Barrel Late Medieval

12.3.25 Finds objects – knives

Id Name Subclass Material Type Dating

200813 wooden knife handle

Knifes Wood Handle Late Medieval

200814 Wooden knife handle

Knifes Wood Handle Late Medieval

12.3.26 Finds objects – Leather and leather clothing

Id Name Type Dating Heel Rand Sole Quarters Vamp

206

stiffener

200484 Patten/Galoche leather & wood

Late Medieval

True

200717 Leather sole Shoe Medieval

True

200718 Leather shoe Shoe Late Medieval

True True True True

200719 Leather quarters Shoe Medieval

True

200720 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200721 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200722 Leather sole Shoe Medieval

True

200723 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200724 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200725 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200727 Leather quarter Shoe Late Medieval

True

200728 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200729 Leather rands Shoe

True

200730 Leather Uncertain type

200731 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200733 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200734 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200735 Leather rands Shoe

True

200736 Leather vamp and quarter

Shoe Late Medieval

True True

200737 Leather heel stiffener

Shoe

True

False False

200738 Leather lace Lace Medieval

200739 Leather sole, vamp and rands

Shoe Late Medieval

True True

True

200740 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200741 Leather vamp Shoe Medieval

True

200742 Leather heel stiffener

Shoe Medieval True

200743 Leather heel stiffener

Shoe Medieval True

200744 Leather heel stiffener

Shoe Medieval True

200745 Leather vamp Shoe Medieval

True

200746 Leather piece Uncertain type

200747 Leather quarter Shoe Medieval

True

200748 Leather quarter Shoe Medieval

True

200749 Leather quarter Shoe Medieval

True

200750 Leather quarter Shoe Medieval

True

200751 Leather quarter Shoe Medieval

True

200752 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200753 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200754 Leather sole Shoe Late Medieval

True

200755 Large leather off cuts

Production waste

200756 Leather piece Uncertain type

200757 Rands Shoe Medieval

True

200763 Leather Uncertain type

200764 Leather Production waste

200765 Leather vamp and quarter

Shoe Medieval

True True

200766 Leather quarter Shoe Medieval

True

200767 Leather laces Lace Medieval

200768 Leather heel stiffener

Shoe Medieval True

200769 leather sole Shoe Medieval

True

200785 Leather rand Shoe Medieval

True

200786 Leather sole Sole Late Medieval

True

200787 Leather sole Sole Late Medieval

True

207

200788 Leather sole Sole Late Medieval

True

200789 Leather sole Sole Late Medieval

True

200790 Leather vamp Shoe Late Medieval

True

200791 Leather sole Sole Late Medieval

True

200792 Leather sole Sole Early Medieval

True

200793 Leather vamp Shoe Early Medieval

True

200821 Leather shoe Shoe Post Medieval

True True

True

200825 Leather rands and vamp parts

Shoe Medieval

True

True

200826 Leather vamp

Medieval

True

200827 Leather vamp and laces

Medieval

True

200828 Leather rand and vamp

Medieval

True

True

200829 Leather sole with wooden pegs

Shoe Medieval

True

False

200830 Leather shoe Shoe Medieval True True True True True

12.3.27 Finds objects – other organic items

Id Name Class Subclass

200372 Hazelnuts Find Other Organic

200703 Hazelnut Find Other Organic

200704 Charcoal Find Other Organic

200705 Hazelnut Find Other Organic

200706 Organic material

Find Other Organic

200707 Hazelnut Find Other Organic

200708 Charcoal Find Other Organic

200709 Bark Find Other Organic

200710 Charcoal Find Other Organic

200711 Seed Find Other Organic

200712 Hazelnut Find Other Organic

200713 Hazelnut Find Other Organic

201958 Egg shell Find Other Organic

202039 Coprolite Find Other Organic

12.3.28 Finds objects – personal items

Id Name Class Material Type Dating

200295 Copper alloy pin Find Copper alloy

Pin Post Medieval

200296 Copper alloy buckle Find Copper alloy

Buckle Post Medieval

200447 Ceramic marble ball Find Ceramic Ball

200448 Copper alloy clasp Find Copper alloy

Clasp

200449 Copper alloy pin Find Copper alloy

Pin

200450 Copper alloy twisted loop from purse

Find Copper alloy

Twisted loops

Post Medieval

200514 Bone toy Find Bone Toy Late

208

Medieval

200526 Bone toy Find Bone Toy Late Medieval

200574 Bone dice Find Bone Dice Late Medieval

200601 Wooden button Find Wood Button

200653 Bone toy Find Bone Toy Late Medieval

200812 pearl from sieving Find Pearl

Late Medieval

200819 copper alloy button Find Copper alloy

Button

12.3.29 Finds objects – rope

Id Name Material Type Twining direction

Number of cords

Material Knot Ends preserved

200770 Rope, plant

Rope Z 3 Plant fibres No No

200772 Rope, plant

Rope Z 2 Plant fibres No No

200776 Rope, plant

Rope Z 3 Plant fibres No No

200777 Rope, hair Hair Cord S 1 Animal fibres

No No

200778 Rope, plant

Rope Z 2 Plant fibres No No

200779 Rope, plant

Rope Z 3 Plant fibres No No

200780 Rope, plant

Rope Z 3 Plant fibres Yes No

200840 Rope, plant

S 5 Plant fibres No No

200841 Rope, hair

S 1 Animal fibres

No No

200842 Rope, plant

Rope S 3 Plant fibres No No

200843 Rope, plant

S 10 Plant fibres No No

200844 Rope, hair

Z 2 Animal fibres

No No

200845 Rope, plant

Z 2 Plant fibres No No

200846 Rope, plant

S 4 Plant fibres No No

200847 Rope, hair

S 2 Animal fibres

No No

200848 Rope, hair

Z 2 Animal fibres

No No

12.3.30 Finds objects – shell

Id Name Class Subclass Material Type Number Weight Species

200701 blue mussel Find Shell Sea Shell Mussel 2 2 Mytilus edulis

200702 common cockle Find Shell Sea Shell Mussel 6 1 Cerastoderma edule

201702 grey top shell Find Shell Sea Shell

1 0 Gibbula cineraria

201703 Netted Dog Welk Find Shell

1 0 Hinia reticulatus

201704 blue mussel Find Shell Sea Shell

3 0 Mytilus edulis

201973 blue mussel Find Shell Sea Shell

12 8 Mytilus edulis

201974 common cockle Find Shell Sea Shell

6 4 Cerastoderma edule

201975 common cockle Find Shell Sea Shell

23 9 Cerastoderma edule

201976 common periwinkle

Find Shell Sea Shell

34 20 Littorina littorea

209

201977 species of Anodonta

Find Shell

1 0 Anodonta sp.

201978 blue mussel Find Shell Sea Shell

3 0 Mytilus edulis

12.3.31 Finds objects – ship and fishing

Id Name Class Subclass Material Type Fragmentation Dating

200426 Wooden netting needle

Find Ship and fishing

Wood Netting needle

Complete

200428 Wooden needle Find Ship and fishing

Wood Needle Fragment

200430 Wooden needle Find Ship and fishing

Wood Needle Fragment Late Medieval

200498 Wooden spar from ship

Find Ship and fishing

Wood Spar Fragment Late Medieval

200582 Wood. Part of rigging Find Ship and fishing

Wood

Fragment Late Medieval

200623 Wood. Check with roskilde museum

Find Ship and fishing

Wood

Fragment Late Medieval

200677 Wooden float or part of rigging

Find Ship and fishing

Wood

Fragment

201273 Polished bindebor for net making

Find Ship and fishing

Bone

Fragment

12.3.32 Finds objects – slag

Id Name Class Subclass Material Type

200453 Slag iron Find Slag Slag

200658 Forge wall clay Find Slag Burnt clay

Forge wall

200666 Add to intrasis. Glass

Find Slag Slag

12.3.33 Finds objects – textile

Id Name Class Type Dating Material Colour

200771 Wrapping textile?

Find Fabric Late Medieval

Wool Dark brown

200773 Clothing fragment

Find Fabric Late Medieval

Wool Dark brown

200774 Textile fragment Find Fabric Late Medieval

Wool Light brown

200775 Textile fragment Find Fabric

Wool Dark brown

200782 Silk fragment Find Fabric Late Medieval

Silk Dark brown

201106 Textile fragment Find Fabric

Wool Dark brown

201107 Felted textile Find Fabric

Wool Light brown

12.3.34 Finds objects – tools

Id Name Class Subclass Material Type Fragmentation Dating

200381 Miscellaneous lead object. research need

Find Tools_Metro Lead

Fragment

200432 Wooden production waste

Find Tools_Metro Wood Waste Intact Late Medieval

200433 Wooden production waste

Find Tools_Metro Wood Waste Intact Late Medieval

200434 Wooden wedge Find Tools_Metro Wood Wedge Intact Late Medieval

200436 Wooden wedge Find Tools_Metro Wood Wedge Fragment Late Medieval

210

200438 Wooden undefined object

Find Tools_Metro Wood Uncertain Fragment Late Medieval

200441 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200443 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200444 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200445 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Complete

200454 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200456 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200457 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200458 Pins..resembles tacks

Find Tools_Metro Horn Pin Fragment

200474 Bark production waste

Find Tools_Metro Bark Production waste

Fragment Late Medieval

200475 Wooden handle Find Tools_Metro Wood Handle Complete Late Medieval

200480 Wooden needle Find Tools_Metro Wood Needle Fragment Late Medieval

200482 Wooden dowel Find Tools_Metro Wood Dowel Fragment Late Medieval

200488 Wooden handle Find Tools_Metro Wood Handle Intact Late Medieval

200490 Wooden needle Find Tools_Metro Wood Needle Fragment Late Medieval

200496 Wooden rivet Find Tools_Metro Wood Rivet Intact Late Medieval

200500 Wooden rivet Find Tools_Metro Wood Rivet Intact Late Medieval

200502 Wood undefined Find Tools_Metro Wood Uncertain Fragment Late Medieval

200504 Wooden point from a tool

Find Tools_Metro Wood Point Intact Late Medieval

200506 Wooden point from a tool

Find Tools_Metro Wood Point Intact Late Medieval

200508 Wooden point from a tool

Find Tools_Metro Wood Point Intact Late Medieval

200549 Iron nail Find Tools_Metro Iron Nail Fragment

200583 Wood undefined Find Tools_Metro Wood Uncertain Fragment Late Medieval

200585 Wooden handle Find Tools_Metro Wood Handle Fragment Late Medieval

200596 Wooden handle for tool

Find Tools_Metro Wood Handle Fragment

200715 Pointed artefact Find Tools_Metro Wood Point Fragment

200716 Wooden handle Find Tools_Metro Wood Handle Complete

200836 copper alloy needle Find Tools_Metro Copper alloy

Needle Intact

12.4 Consultant reports

12.4.1 Report on animal bones from Gammel Strand, KBM 3828,

(by Inge Bødker Enghoff Natural History Museum of Denmark Copenhagen 20 February, 2012, journr.: Z.M.K. 57/2011 Introduction Archaeologists from Copenhagen Museum were commissioned by the Metro Company to undertake the supervision of the building contractors (NCC) as part of the ongoing service trenching at Gammel Strand from March – December 2010. From these trenches finds of animal bones, ceramics, leather, textiles, wood etc. have been recovered. This report documents the animal bone material excavated from a number of contexts at Gammel Strand, Copenhagen. Material and methods Datings

211

The datings of the various contexts combined cover the interval from the 13th to the 19th century AD. Most contexts each represent a very long time interval including, unfortunately the two which yielded the largest animal bone samples: SD200251 and SD 200252. Excavation method Most contexts were excavated by trowel, but a few of them were done by machine such as SD 200251 and 200252. Big bags from the two last mentioned contexts were sieved, mesh size 3 + 5 mm. Material from the two kinds of sieves were combined into one sample. Preservation of bones The animal bones are generally exceptionally well-preserved as they have been retrieved from anaerobic conditions. Even the smallest skeletal elements from e.g. herring are present, remains from several species of cartilaginous fishes have been preserved, and the surface of the bones is so well-preserved that for example cutmarks still exhibit sharp edges. Most exceptionally, horn sheaths from cattle have been found. Indentification of all fragments was attempted, using the reference collection in the Natural History Museum of Denmark. Results List of species Identification of the animal bone material from Gl. Strand showed that all together at least 41 different species are represented, i.e., at least 21 species of fish, 1 species of reptiles, 6 species of birds and 13 species of mammals, see table 1. Fish The variety of fish species is especially rich. There are bones fragments from freshwater fish (pike, common bream and perch), migrating species (salmon/trout and eel) as well as marine fish (all the remaining species). By far most of the bones belong to gadids among which cod, haddock, whiting and ling are represented. Identification to the level of species within gadids was conducted on the most species-specific elements, and the rest of the fragments were referred to gadid unspec. Hake, (a close relative of gadids) is also represented in the material. Second-important on the list are flatfishes: plaice/flounder/dab and turbot, followed by herring. The importance of herring was probably much higher than read from the list, as many of the small herring bones might have slipped through the rather coarse mesh size in the sieves (and some of the contexts were not sieved at all). Four of the marine species on the list are guests in Danish waters during the summer season, namely: garfish, mackerel, horse mackerel and tuna, which proves activity in the area during this season. The find of tuna is interesting, because we have not got many of these from the Danish past. There has only been found 17 tuna bones from layers spanning the period from Stone Age to Medieval (1000-1536 AD) most of them are from the Medieval period. Some of the species, like ling and hake, are deep water species while another species, bull-rout, spend its whole life in shallow water in the eel grass zone.

212

Pike, common bream and perch are all very common species in Danish fresh water. Bones from cartilaginous species like spurdog and thornback ray are also present. All the species found are considered to be worth eating also today – most of them highly appreciated. Reptiles Only one species of reptile, European pond turtle, has been found - a single plate from the shield. The find is interesting, because this species died out in Denmark presumably during the youngest part of the Subboreal period. Birds The bird bones were identified to domestic birds (domestic goose, hen and duck) as well as to three wild species (whooper swan, common murre and crow/rook). Mammals Most of the mammal bones belong to common species of domestic animals (sheep, cattle, pig, horse, cat and dog). Among these bones from sheep and sheep/goat are the most frequent – only sheep has been positively identified. The wild species are represented by red deer, roe deer, hare, rabbit, seal, harbour porpoise and rat. The individual contexts The amount of animal bones from the each context is listed by weight in table 2 For detailed information of species and the representation of skeletal elements please see table 3 2110. Northern extension of telebox. Levelling layers for floors. Undated: A few fish bones were found belonging to cod and gadids unspec 2234. Telebox – burnt layer, maybe from floor. Undated: Only one unidentifiable fragment of mammal bone.. 2347. Telebox – upper fill in barrel. Post Medieval, ca. 1525 – 1675: A few bones from domestic goose and hen, pig, cattle and cat were found, it seems to be a rather random selection of skeletal elements. Six bones from at least feet of hare were also found as well as two bones from cod and flatfish 2467. Telebox – fill in a barrel. Dating ca. 1600-1800: One or two bones from domestic cattle, sheep/goat and pig as well as one bone from flatfish. 2638. Telebox – fill in cut 2603. Dated to 1500 – 1800. A few bones from domestic goose and cattle. 2923. Telebox – fill in early Post Medieval small pit, stone depression or posthole. Dated to 1525 – 1625: One or two bones from cattle and cod. 2960. Telebox – fill in pit 2929. Dated to ca. 1550 – 1650. A few bones from domestic goose, sheep, sheep/goat, pig and gadids. 3607. Waterpipe east – dump layers post Medieval. Jug dated to ca. 1400 – 1700: A few bones from domestic cattle, sheep/goat and pig.

213

3671. Waterpipe, northeast. Demolition layers, maybe formed as part of the clearing of Højbro Plads after the fire (1795). No datings: One tooth of cattle. 3871. Waterpipe east – rubble repair to port of wall (3826). Dated to ca. 1600 – 1830: Nineteen fragments of cattle bones from all parts of the skeleton as well as a few bones from goose, sheep/goat and pig. 6307. Telebox east – leveling layer, for creating the Gl. Strand area. Dated to ca. 1475 – 1800: A few bones from cattle, sheep/goat and gadids. 200251. Waste pipe. Medieval dump/leveling layer related to the bulwarks. Dated to 1200 – 1700. This context is very rich in animal bones. Twenty-eight fragments of bird bone were identified to domestic duck, goose and hen. Most of them belong to hen and there seem to be bones from all parts of the skeleton (78 fragments could not be identified to species). Eighty fragments could be identified to domestic cattle, and there are bones from all parts of the skeleton. Even two horn sheaths are represented, and this is rarely seen because preservation of the material horn demands especially good conditions for preservation. Two hundred and fifteen fragments were identified to sheep and sheep/goat, and as for the cattle, all parts of the skeleton is represented. All in all 103 fragments were identified to pig, and there are remains from every parts of the skeleton. Dog – apparently a rather random selection of bones Roe deer: Two pieces of antler and two phalanges (antler and hide?) Cat: vertebrae, ribs, scapula, pelvis and phalanx. A rather random selection. A few bones from mice and rats were also found. As an interesting addition a single fragment of a femur from seal (Phoca sp.) could be identified as the only fragment from a marine mammal. The only exotic animal that was represented in the material is Emys orbicularis, European pond turtle - a single fragment of the shield (marginal plate) was found. This species is not a member of the natural wild fauna in Denmark at this time and must have been imported to Copenhagen (Central Europe including Germany is the region closest to Denmark with natural populations of this species). From this context a lot of fish bones were retrieved representing at least 19 specis - freshwater, marine and migrating species. Bones from gadids (cod, haddock, whiting and ling) among which cod is the most frequent, are dominating the sample, see tab 3 for further details. 200252. Wastepipe. Medieval (alluvial?) deposit with dump material. Dated to 1200 –1559. This context is very rich in animal bones. Twenty-six fragments of bird bone were identified to domestic goose and hen. A few bones from whooper swan and common murre represented the wild avian fauna. Bones from domestic mammals like cattle,

214

sheep, sheep/goat and pig are very common in the sample, and all parts of their skeleton are evenly represented. A few fragments of dog and horse were also found. The wild mammalian fauna is represented by roe deer and red deer, a fragment of the calvarium and ulna, respectively. Among this garbage were also two mandibles from rat. A single tibia from rabbit was also found. In this context the marine mammalian fauna is represented by harbour porpoise (one vertebra). Just like for context 200251 very many fish bones were found and at least 17 species were identified – some fresh water but above all salt water species are dominating. Most frequent are bones from gadids (especially cod, but also haddock and whiting) and herring. A few fin rays from tuna is also worth mentioning. Discussion A quite large and exceptionally well-preserved material of animal bones has been excavated from Gammel Strand. Unfortunately the datings of the material generally covers very wide time intervals, which prevents a detailed interpretation. The material is rich in species (not so many bird species, however). This is in particular true of fishes of which at least 21 species have been identified, representing catches from freshwater as well as marine fishing. The freshwater fishes are represented the commonest species like pike, bream and perch. Eel and salmonids may have been caught in both fresh and marine water. Most of the species are marine, and among these, gadids and herring are best represented. From a modern point of view it may be more surprising that bones from bullrout are relative frequent. Due to the good conditions for preservation bones from cartilaginous fishes like thornback ray and spurdog have been preserved. Finds of bones from species like bullrout show that fishing was conducted on shallow water close to the coast. Many of the other species may likewise have been caught near the coast, e.g., whiting, garpike and weever. However, there are also deep-water species, including ling and hake which require considerable water depths. The fish remains from Gammel Strand therefore derives from several types of fishing. The fishing must at least in part have been done during the summer half of the year as indicated by the seasonal species, garpike, mackerel, horse mackerel and tuna. There are surprisingly few finds of tuna from Denmark‟s past, but the occurrence of tuna in these Medieval sediments, together with numerous herring bones, make sense because tuna is known to follow the herring schools during their feeding migrations into Danish waters.. Some of the species on the list have had different ‟status‟ through time: In the late 16th

century mackerel from Helsingør belonged on a good dinner table, whereas in other periods people didn‟t like to eat mackerel because it had a reputation of eating flesh from drowned sailors. Weever is the only poisonous fish in Danish waters but it is very tasty. Weever is most abundant in Kattegat, and in the 18th century weevers were imported to Copenhagen from Jutland and were only served for the very finest people. During the 16th-17th centuries rays were highly appreciated, and ray fishers had to pay a tax of their catch. In the 18th century by contrast rays were only eaten by the poor, and train oil was also made from rays (and sharks). Rays might be caught using fish weirs along the coasts as well as by hook fishing on deeper water. In general the fish bones represent all parts of the skeleton, indicating that the material represents household refuse rather than refuse form processing of fish. The only exotic species in the material is European pond turtle, which must have been imported from the South.

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Most of the bird bones are from domestic geese, hens and ducks. Strictly speaking there are no morphological differences between domestic goose and the wild grey lag goose, nor between domestic duck and the wild mallard. But since goose and duck bones were found together with bones from domestic hens, mainly in contexts from the Medieval or younger, the geese and duck bones presumably all or at least mainly are from the domestic forms. A single bone from whooper swan was found. Royal swan hunts were very popular during the 16th-18th centuries. In addition to the meat, swan downs were also highly coveted. A single bone from murre is difficult to interpret. Nowadays murre breeds on Græsholmen and Christiansø near Bornholm, and murre is a very frequent winter visitor in Danish waters. The mammal bone material is dominated by the most common domestic species: cattle, sheep, sheep/goat, swine, dog and cat, especially the edible species. There are bones from all parts of the skeleton of these species, and cutmarks are frequent. Apparently the material represents ordinary household refuse. In no case it was possible to document an over-representation of certain skeletal elements which might indicate special activities/ workshops. The wild terrestrial mammalian fauna is represented by red deer, roe deer and hare (plus mice and rats). Red deer is represented by a single ulna which might derive from an imported deer shoulder. Roe deer is represented by two antler fragments (useful as a raw material), part of a calvarium and two digits – here the use is harder to interpret. There is also a single bone of rabbit. Rabbit does not belong to the Danish wild fauna, but is native of the western part of the Mediterranien area. The oldest known record for rabbit in Denmark is from ”Kong Valdemars Jordebog” (1200 years AD) (released on Danish islands for game). There was a single bone of harbour porpoise in the material. This small whale has been hunted in Denmark from the Stone Age up to quite recently (but it is now protected). Porpoise hunting has been mentioned in writing since the 14th century. Two fragments of femur from a seal, Phoca sp., indicate that seals were also eaten in Copenhagen. The fragments cannot be identified to species, but the harbour seal is by far the commonest species of the Phoca genus in Denmark in the time period under consideration. As for porpoise there have been special rules for seal hunting through historical times with special privileges for the king. The main reason for hunting seals has, however, been their habit of plundering fishermens‟ nets. All taken together the animal bone material from Gammel Strand appears to represent refuse from households where a broad variety of fish, birds and mammals have been exploited. There are some indications that the refuse in part derived from high-status households. Finds of rats are not surprising considering that the contexts represent refuse. It would be interesting to spend some more time on the identification of the rat bones in order to find out whether they represent black or brown rats. The latter has been documented in Denmark back to 1690-1750 (Esplanaden) and has now replaced the black rat. Table 1.Species list for all contexts combined. Species (or higher rank).

Scientific name English name Danish name Number of fragments

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Table 2. Weight of fish (P), birds (A), reptile (R) and mammals (M) in the different contexts Context.

Rank Weight (g)

2110 P 3

2234 M 4

Fish Squalus acanthias spurdog pighaj 5

Raja clavata thornback ray sømrokke 12

Rajidae Rays rokke unspec. 21

Chondrichtyes unspec. cartilaginous fishes unspec.

bruskfisk unspec. 1

Clupea harengus herring sild 369

Salmo sp. salmon/trout laks/ørred 1

Esox lucius pike gedde 10

Abramis brama common bream brasen 3

Cyprinidae cyprinids karpefisk unspec. 42

Anguilla anguilla eel ål 21

Belone belone garfish hornfisk 87

Merluccius merluccius hake kulmule 2

Gadus morhua cod torsk 377

Melanogrammus aeglefinus haddock kuller 45

Merlangius merlangus whiting hvilling 7

Molva molva ling lange 5

Gadidae gadids torskefisk 1835

Perca fluviatilis perch aborre 63

Trachurus trachurus horse-mackerel hestemakrel 1

Trachinus draco greater weever fjæsing 8

Scomber scombrus mackerel makrel 17

Thunnus thynnus Atlantic bluefin tuna atlantisk tun 2

Eutrigla gurnardus grey gurnard grå knurhane 3

Myoxocephalus scorpius bull-rout alm. ulk 60

Psetta maxima turbot pighvarre 1

P. Maxima/Scophthalmus. rhombus

turbot/brill pig-/slethvarre 2

P. platessa/Platichthys. flesus/Limanda limanda

plaice/flounder/dab rødspætte/skrubbe/ising

220

Total of identified fish bestemte fisk i alt 3220

Pisces fishes unspec. ubestemte fisk i alt 1006

4226

Reptiles Emys orbicularis European pond

turtle sumpskildpadde 1

Birds

Cygnus cygnus whooper swan sangsvane 1

Anser domesticus domestic goose tamgås 18

Anas domesticus domestic duck tamand 3

Uria aalge common murre lomvie 1

Corvus corone/C. frugilegus crow/rook krage/råge 1

Gallus domesticus domestic hen tamhøne 44

Aves identified birds total bestemte fugle i alt

Aves unspec. birds unspec. Ffgle unspec. 118

Aves total birds total fugle total 186

217

2347 A 12

2347 M 607

2347 P 4

2467 M 103

2467 P 0

2638 A 3

2638 M 518

2923 M 54,5

2923 P 4

2960 A 30

2960 M 80

2960 P 1

3607 M 118

3671 M 18

3871 A 4

3871 M 1524

6307 M 420

6307 P 0

200251 A 36,2

200251 M 6191,4

200251 P 660

200251 R 1,5

200252 A 39,2

200252 M 5194,4

200252 P 279,8

Table 3. Numbers of each skeletal element of each species found in each context. Fishes: blue, birds: red, mammals: black.

Context Species Element Number 2110 Gadidae Vertebra 3 Gadus morhua Vertebra 1 Pisces Costa/branchiostegale 6 Fin ray 18 2234 Mammalia Element unspec. 1 2347 Anser domesticus costa 3

Humerus 1

fibula 1

Gallus domesticus humerus 1

ulna 1

femur 1

tibia 1

Bos taurus mandibula 1

vertebra cervicalis 1

vertebra thoracalis 1

vertebra lumbalis 1

radius 1

pelvis 2

Bos taurus femur 3

Tibia 1

Felis catus scapula 1

Lepus europaeus metacarpus 5

phalanx I 1

218

Mammalia unspec. element unspec. 22

costa 7

long bone unspec. 1

phalanx I 1

Ovis aries calcaneus 1

Ovis aries/Capra hircus mandibula 1

præmolar/molar 1

vertebra thoracalis 1

costa 5

scapula 2

pelvis 3

Ovis aries/Capra hircus tibia 1

Sus domesticus vertebra cervicalis 1

vertebra thoracalis 3

femur 1

phalanx I 1