religion I susan h. swetnarn

d, tlre

viftlv

) llc

.lilirrg,

eu.i

q*,fu;

;\

1!1e.,;

[itr,N rN L,tl,E Jr]r,y the fi:3o,r.lr. brceze is cooJ :rt 4,oooieet, so u'e'rc all bLrnclled rr1;. '['hat,s aborrt to clr:rrrge,though, lor a hot cla' is Prc'cli.te cl-trrc re:rs.r *,"'r'" ,rr."",lrbecn u'oLking on this nortlrcr.n Iclaho liillsiclc lor hrlf arrhour. llven not thc srrn rrrrclges the crcst of the rrountainsto the east, for:tv lrile s clistarrt. Soorr tlre vast pr-airie ofrvheat belot'u'ill burst irrto golclcn flr,,,", ,,,,1 tlrc ghrel'ill obscLrLe tlre notcli-rrol r.lerrrlv r isibic_tlrrorrghlhich Lelvis lncl (lllrli enrcrgccl frlrrr theiln,,gl, pLrrrg.orer tlrc Lolo I r.rril.

,{s u,c'r'e clore el,erv nrorrrirrg this u,ecli, u,c,rc attackirrgadozen dcrrse rolvs ofraspbcrr\.c:lr1es, pickirrg fruur botlrlide. rrlr lrrlile ;rllcrrrIl l,r .l;11 ,.r.,, rr illr llrt.ir lrr.orli-j611.

59

allItt.IU

of Raspberries and Religion

H

i.tr$'Wrf '.gxfl "..,

t t

ffiF:ddffi :* .\if%ffi*

'*1 tt) !,,'h

dp,

[.4*ir*n ." .:

Above: Slsfar \\:ilntt Sc,hlatryen ficliittg msf ;herrias tft theI.Iotnslen, ol Sl. ()ertntde.

.utprrt. A chickadec calls ,,clce-clce-Dlil,ll"; ir hL'rnrirgbircJ

ltuzz,es bt un its u'al to tlrc spran,ling lrlvc.uclcr garclcrr.'l'he re 's rro hult:rrr uoise hcre . erct,pt tinr tlrrrcls as

tlrrrntb-sizecl, gantet r-ccl hcrr.ics Plurtrp u itlt rrr t,ct juiccl:rncl in oLrr brrckels. N{r.colaborers are llcrrcdictirrc nuns,the Sistcr.s of St. (lcrh-rrclc of Cotkrirv.oocl, Iclrho, arcl theirrulc prcscribes silerrce until nror-nirrg pr-rrisc at E:ro. Still.tlre nroocl is cornl;arriorrilble, inrcl [ :rm rrot t]re o,rlr.,,,r.popping an occasiorral rrrspire rrl irrto lrcr nroulh. Sistcr.Wilrna-u'lro at ninett-lhrce iras gir,err up clircction of tlrc

5"W*''qur*

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, r-#i:-, *.*0"'W*T*'*ffi

tSt

Sl

s$'l,*"u.

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60

a

ooitFtt.1i!

larger grrrclcn brrt still nrlcs the nrspbcrries grins ancl nocls

n lrcn I clclir cr :trrotlrcr brrckci to thc eccrrnrul:r1ing clustcrat t|e pirtclr's cclgc, lou corcrilg rrrorc thitr :t scluilre r.arcl.

.\rrlorrc crcn c:rsuirllr finriliirr litlr rcccnt sclrolarslrip

on rciigioLrs \\onrer s clting lrlbits uril'bc startlccl ll.tlrisjor lLrl pictrrre of rnonastic abrurclrrrrcc. l,'or- scr e r-al clccacles,

sclrol:rrs h;rle ftrcrrse cl on me clieval nuns' :rbstire ncc ir r

rcgilrd to tirocl, iclerrtifi irg sclf-star-r'ation u,itlr s:rcr-irrrcntnl

rclcctiorr of the flesh. As rrrcclier.ill rrrrns clericcl tlrensch,esever basic loocl, it has bccn ar-guccl, ihev clcfirecl then-seh cs as lreroicalll sct :rpar.t, Lrnifiecl u,iilr a sullcring Ohrist.l'itles likc I|oh, Anorexicr sav it al1.1

'l'hese conterrllorarv rrurrs, howevcr, inlr:rbit a ve rr, clif-

fcrerrt llrlrl. lrr ltartv nrr\s luerrh first-trrrtrrrr religious lilcis le ss rigor-ous th:rr tlrc :rrrste rc mcclieval siste rs', ,,ffe rrrrg

rrroclcnr runs regtrlrrr contact n rth tlrc oLrtsiclc l,orlcl, nrore

personal tr-e edom, :rncl :r rnrrclr lcss clrirconian d:ulv routinc.l3ut conte rrpr)ran. nLllrs :rlso Facc a clrLrniirg challe ngc: tlienccessih' of livirrg l.ith rr conltiicatccl, exrlr.ing scnse ofu,lrlt ii nreiurs to lte a rcligious \\'onriln. Lilie thcir lorebcars,

thcse nroclcrn llerrcclictirre s honor- thc sirtlr,ccntun. Rrrle

of lJerrcclict, uith its vorrs of stabili[ (fidclitv to onc uron-astcr\'), con\)ersdtio (por,crtr', chastitr., ancl cor rrntitnt etrt to

prave r), :rncl obeclicnce .r But for thcnr tlrc ancient spirtualernph:rsis is jrxtaltosccl n,itlr rnoclerrr tcmltor-:rl corcenrs-

ltrioritics th:rt cumnrit tlrcnr to divide tlreir gaze bctu,ee rr

lre:rvcnll arcl carthlr, rcsponsibilities.

Nlarrv n onre ir's nronirstic orclers h:rve faltcrecl in rcce rtclccadcs, as suclr shilts irr sclf-detiritior halc e roclccl "tlre

lrigh dcgree of certaintr'" arcl "scnse of morul sccurih," olre

conrne ntator. idcntifies as a hallm:rrk of prc-Vatrcan tr

rronastic r,oc:rtron.r Yct St. ClcrtrLrde's h;rs continue cl tcr

florrrislr, l itli rrrurc thar hlir. lte nn:rnerrt siste rs, :r r,c:rrlv

irflur of incluircrs corrsiclcrirg rcligrous life, postrrlartsrcgrrlarlv cntcrilg initial fi,rntrtiorr, .rncl rr thrrilg tctre:rtminish.r'. \Vhv rnight tlris bc so? Basecl orr a clec.:rclcs-long

fiicndslrip u'ith tlrc Sister.s of St. Clcrtrrrcle ancl an oral liis-torr, ltrojcct I cunchrctecl al the rronasten in tlte slllnlterof zoo7,l I bclicr,e tlrat at le:tst part of the ilns\\,cr lies in the

thorrghthrJ rclatiorrship tlrcsc nuns har,e n'ith lood. It is a

ven, drllcrcnt rclationslrip, certirinh, fr-om the onc thosc

rrreclicr,al nuns u,itlr thc 1tr-otr-ucling boncs corrccivecl. Brrt

it is norcthcle ss cirnrtnical, lor tltcrr lourrclcr Berrcclict

errphasizecl that all irspccts of lifc, evcn the rrost appar-

cnllv rrunclane , pr-or rcle opporturriLics to livc one 's clcclte st

bcliefs, ancl he carcfullr,prcscribccl slteci[c eatirrg crrstorrs

ihat l'orrld ftrel a life olhcaltlrr rclationships nrth Gocl ancl

conrnrunih'.5 l\"luclr cliclercc, incleecl, sLrggests that in tlie ircluict cortvcnt in thc rural ,,\mcric:ur West thcse particLrlar

rrrrns lrar,c be err iaking lris advicc ftir- ir hrrnclr-e cl r cars,

groLrrrcling irrcl rcgrouncling tlrcnrselvcs in arr cr,olr,ing sense

of r,ocalion cvcrv tirrrc ther''r,c sat ckxln io a nteal, ticcl on

an al)ror, li1led u hoc, or tasted l respbcrrr.

Early Monastic Culture :rnd Foodat St. Gertrude's

'l'hc N.lonlslcn ol St. Clertrrrcle rras linrrclccl irr r9o9. altcr(le r-rn:tn Catirolic hr-nrcrs on Iclaho's (l:uras Prairie invited

irrmigrrrrt nrrrrs lnr Slrnrcrr, Ss,itzcrlilrrd, to se ttlc arnolqthcnr.(' At fitst tlrc neu,cortvert altertrptcd to tnaint:tiner:rcth'the strict l,iuroltean morastic traclitions of ils nrotheL

Irorrse . l)ravcr cluminatecl lilc: tlrc siste rs prave cl togetlrcrseverr tinres:r clav rrrcl incliviclrralh :tt other-lrorrrs; evcn us

nurs pcr-fonrrcd daih clorrcstic tirsks iher.u,cre clircctecl

to infonnallv convcrse l,ith Clocl. "\,Vc pravecl nhile ncscmbbcd lluors; s'e pralecl rr,hile ri'c hoecl rr,cecls; n,c Pralccluhile nc broLrglrt the con's in," an eldcrlr nurr renrernberecl'l'he sislcrs ucrc enclosccl (tlrat is, tlro star,ccl n'itlrin the

rialls of tlrcir corrvcnt arrcl hacl rro cortrrct nitlr thc oLrtsicle

u'orld). 'fhev rcnr:rinecl silert erce 1;t :rt corrrrnrnitr,' prar.e r

arcl clrrring bricf "r"e crcation" pe r iocls, ancl thcr. lrerrcr spokc

to:rrr\,rnns u,lro hacl errtcrecl r-clgioLrs iil! belrrre or-alter

the ir oul cohorts, erccltt ftrr the prioress rrncl he r: clcltLrtics.

Earthlv indiriclrralitv ri:rs obscurccl as rnrrch irs it coulcl be

:uroug:r gloup of urrnrcrr. All u,ore thc sarnc habit covering

tlrcir croppccl lrlir; all abandorecl their birth narncs lor nc\\

rcligious n:rnres assignecl bl tlre prioress; all pronrisecl to

obev inrnrecliatelv and unclrrcstioringh.N.'leals rellectcd tlris rigor. Sistcrs sat at lorg tables

accorcling kr the cl:rtc of tlrcir crtrr,, scrve d bl neu.r rccruits

ancl lisiening irr silcnce as solreoltc le:rcl ln upliftirg tt'..t."l lolv anoreri:r" rr:rs rroncristcnt, tltarrks io Bencclict's insiytercc on rclcclLrate nrrtrition ancl tlrc heartv Su,iss-Ocrrr:ur

appetrte tho'cl brorrglri hunr S.rnre n. lJirt thcir ftrocl u,:rs

sirrrplc, in kccping u,rth tlrcir r,on,of povertr'. Soups ancl

stcu's, accorrrltanicd lrr strrrclv brcad arrcl pickles, clorriruteclthe rncnLr. Cabbage , potatoes, tLrrrrips, carxrls, onions, arcl,

occasiorallr', por.l< clonrin:rtccl tlie irrgreclierrt list. Whcnclcsse rt :rpperrecl on ri.rrc occ:rsions, it trpicallr, consistccl of:rpplesarrce or stcrl,ecl rhrrltarb. Er,err Fclst-clar, trcirts r:r'cre

concoctecl lronr shrrclr lirrc-beet g ine, s:rrrcrkraut cake .;

Yct iner,it:rbh, tlre convert's cliet bcgan to clcr,i:rte lronrS:rrncrr's, thanks kr the ircrcasecl rnrnrber of calor-rcs the

llllns \\,e rc brrrring in Arrrcricl. It u:rsn't that tlre sistcr-s

haclrr't u'orliecl in Sn itzcrlancl in a llencclictinc couvent.

1;lrvsical labor nas rcgrrlarlr, assigred. But tlrc prosperolls

Clatholic tuu,n near the ir lluroltean lcrunclation 1r:td srrlt-

plied day laborers to perform the hardest tasks, and devoutcitizens had supplemented the monastery,s larcler. In theremote American West, in contrast, the sisters were forcedto maintain thenselves. Worren yolrng in the first halfof the hventieth century remember unrelenting physicallabor-hoeing weeds, herding cattle, hauling ln carts ofhear,y winter squash, scrubbing floors, waslrir-rg and iror-r_ing clothes, chopping wood. To make matters worse, theirAmerican bishop reduced the workforce available forfieldwork and housework by ordering sorle nllns to workas nurses and teachers outside the convent. Even ifthesewomen came home at night, their travel tin-re and the hoursspent working on tl-reir feet depleted their er-rergy and poten_tial contributior-r.

Thin cabbage soup migl-rt have sustained an enclosedprayer life, but it was not equal to this new clefinition ofwhat it meant to be a nun. By the mid_twentieth century,an epidemic of tuberculosis had kiijed dozens of nuns.Exasperated, a locai doctor declarecl everyone at the con-vent malnourished and anemic ancl ordered cliet reform.A dynamic young nun, Sister Sylveria, was deputized toeducate herselfas a dietician ancl soon began to introducevitamin-rich "colorful foods": tomatoes, green peppers, broc-coli, spinach, cherries, strawberries, peacLres, ,r,Jf.rr, *.r"planted on the grounds, and jarns and horre_can.,"a frr.ri,appeared at more meais. At first tl-rere was some suspicionbout these comparatively luxurious treats, but the irioress

that the order's survival depended on its healthher instructions were firm. Thanks to Benedictine obe_

, soon everybody's diet had broadened

atican rr and After

For the first time in their history, the sisters at St.Certrude's were obligated to erercise ,,adult

freecjom,, indefining themselves. This meant that they would l_rave totflk to each other-a terrif,ing prospect for ro,rr" of them,who had heard each others,voices only in prayer ancl whohad reiished the "comfort of always being told the rigl_rithing to do," as one sister put it.,In the sumrrer of t97o theprioress, Mother Regina, called all sisters home to begindiscussions. But the only space available for meetings, the. dining room (or "refectory,', to use the proper monasticterrn), offered seating only at the long tiln trbl", that hadfor so long epitomized the now_inappropriate traditionalhierarchy. In a moment of inspiration, Mother Regir.raordered the house manager, Sister Joan, to move them orrta'rd substitute all the srnail tabres she courd fir-rd in the convent.The more intirnate, face-to-face seating those tabjes offerednot only proved helpfLri in facilitating cliscussion, but wassuch an aicl in building the clesired new sense of coopera_tive community that the olcl tables never returnecl. As thesisters ate around those small tables, deliberateiy varyingtheir cornpanions at each nreai, they became acquaintedwith each otl-rer's personalities as they sharecl opinions ancllearned to make small talk. particular friendships_formerlydiscouraged-blossomecl arouncl tl-rose tables; clifferences ofopinion reir-rforced the newly acceptable indiviclualisnr.

As a consequence of the new priorities being hammeredout, food as well as seating arrangements

"hr.,g!.l. Si,.."many sisters would now be required to leave the convent foreducation and others to sper-rd more of their time at desks,on the telephone, and visiting laity, local women were hiredas kitchen staff. Before long these worren spontaneousiybegan to prepare special sweets to show their affection forthe sisters, ancl desserts appeared on the tables with increas_ing regularity.

other laypeople actuaily sat at the tabres with tr-re sisters,tl-ranks to tl-re monastery's new retreat ministry. In keep_ing with Benedict's directive that special clietary needs beaccommodated, menu choices multiplied to accommodatethese visitors. Low-fat main clishes, omnipresent salads, evenvegetarian options made their way into the refectory. Beforelong the nonastery did away with table service altogetherand installed a buffet steam tabje, perhaps the rnost graphicsymbol imaginable of the new democracy in reiigious life.The kind of women who gravitated to religious life afterVatican rr-mature professional women, rather than thedocile farm teenagers of the past_further expanclecl andaltered the menu with tl-reir owr-r relativeiy sophisticatecltastes and health concerns. Small wars were fought oversuch things as reclucing the amount of sugar in monastery

paradigm shift occasioned by the order,s migration torica, however, rvas nothing compared to the revolution

by Vaticar-r rr. In 1962, pope John xxrrr convened

ing changes in the conduct of Mass and the roles of theand laity, tl-re Council caijecl for reform of monastic

so dramatic that a historian of Anerican Benedictinecalls it a "cataclysm."s Monks and nuns were

to bring their practices back into line with tl-reir

Second Vatican Council, charged witl-r mociernizingtenewing the Catholic Church. Aiong with recom_

:rs'intentions and the Gospels, purgir-rg the miscella_local customs that l-racl arisen over time.e Each order

ting procedures, and that was to be done throughtic process in which all nronastics, regarclless of

frame its own corporate mission statement ancl devise

iority, offered opinions and took responsibility.

j:uls trttcl the allrottlrt of tirne that vegctables rl'ctc r:ooket]:

olclct sisters resllorlclecl t'itlr al:trul to c:rpsicrttrl :nld lvith

birfflemerlt kr tohr' Brrt ihe cilmgcs stuck

Over thc last tu'etltv vcars the llriorities of this rlet'

gcnetittion of fomrcr povert1' lan'r'ers' sociai workers' yoga

il trtrr.t.k,rr, tu tists, arlcl nrccl j cal ll ofcssiolals h irvc firr th er

rcvolutiortizecl tire colvcnt's fcrociu':tvs irr kceping u'ith St'

Clertrucle's cttrrclt erlrphasis orr social iusticc arld steu'arcl-

ship of the e:ltli, ihc sisters nori'ttv to llutclr:rsc food ilrat

is fLee+rade, irt se:isotr, ltlcirl, arrcl orgulic, arlcl tllcr'lrar'e

becornc cieeplt' cottlrllittcd b orgirtric garclelilg orl therr

on'n latrcl.r0'l'lrtls, thougll pral'cr still fornls thc lrtratt ot

mortasterv liie , cotrcerrl u'ith ihc tetltporirl n'orlcl is rlou

reflcctecl irl thc sul>stllrrcc of evety rrleal

a nearbv ftrrtlers' rlrarket, atlcl kl 1le cotlsulltccl I'ctar-rotttlcl

bv sistcrs iltrtl r'isitors; rvhole bcrrics are fioze tt tbr late r

constrtrptiott :ts cottt'cttt clesscrts' Rasllbcnics are sinlplv

inpossiblc to ignore at Si f)eriruclc's' alcl that nrakcs then

an csitcciallv llrltetrt svrlbol'

An Abundance of RasPberries

Niirnv asPccts of foocl ancl catirrg night be r-tse cl to explorc

i,, t,t,rr" clcptli thc cuLrctlt contlcctiott ai St' (lerh-rrcle's

betwee rl "nting

ot"1 lrlotrastic valucs Bltt it is the cotlvelt's

raspltetn' .rn1,-t"t" for ulriclr the trlotrirste tv is f:ttl.'us'

*rttl ot," n'hosc proclltctiol knches cvert' trltr -that :trglt-

:rblv proviclcs the fullest illustration of hot' thc food helps

these rrl oclcr t r tnill s cotlfi cl cntl-v cnibocl'r' t1 rcir irlle gi rrnt e

to a vocatiorr that blcrlcls sirth-ce lrLtltr 1161111slie tr-arlitiotls'

clistir ctlv ttroclertl cir cutltstatrccs' ne"r' Pr i or iti cs' :uic1 the

spirit of their tlljrtecrltll-cerittilv patrol s2lilrt'

I{aspberries c:lllle to thc lrion:rstcr\' :rt-outrcl the tinle

of Vaticril I1 (lro olle ci'Ltl teltre tlrbcr the er:rct )'cirl-) $'he ll

friencllv lirtpeople clonatccl c:lnes St Clertrucle's east-facirrg

gnra.tr flrliriae lltovccl icical for cultir':riiou' :tncl thc bushes

,-rr,r1tipli".1 rrpiill-u ulcler thc clirectiol of Sister WilLna' thc

cottt,cttt's ttbergarclerler' As tlrc clorrors il:rci anticipatecl' the

raspbcrrics cl"ligltrta thc trttrls' trttcl li'hetr the catles ncecled

to be diviclecl Sistet Wilrla errlargecl thc patcli

Bv thc eirllv r9c7os thc raspbetrl' croll hatl bcconc so

succcssfu] that tlie sistcts \\'eLc harlestilrg ulorc betries tililtt

thev cotilcl colsLrlrle ilr that lleriod their liistorit:al lrlllselllll

also necciecl funcls to ullgraclc its facilitics attd ser-r'iccs' ilncl

tltc trito problerlrs fottllcl a colllllloll srlltttiolt: the N"iuscr'un

of St. (lcrtnrcle n'oLrlcl lrolcl annual Raspbenv F'cstivals

as fitrtcl-raisers on the Erst Surrclav of each Augrrst l'irst

celebt:ltecl in r993, the festival ron' lrttrttcts so tn:rtlv locals

aircl r'isitors fron clistant citics' ilcluciiug 13oisc' N'Iissoula'

an<1 Spokalc, that thirtr' five-gallon buckcts of rarsllbcrrics

wcrc collstllllecl as r:rspbern' shottcake last Ye ar'11 'fhc

bttshes reuriritt so llrolific' thor'rgh' that this potl:rtch conres

nou,here close to cxh:rusting ilie srppl-v Surplrrs bcrrics :rre

riacle into j:rnl to lle solcl irr the ttrottaster\"s gift sholl allcl at

Raspberries and Reneclictine Work

orrc of tile nlost irlllortalt u'avs rasPbct-rie s functiol at

St. (leriruclc's is to provicle occitsiotts for the llttrls to rlffirlr

their coruruittnetrt to phvsical labor' 'l-lic pirtch is tcnclcd

iovingl), ailcl $'ith intclsc cffori. l)anagecl plants are pullcd

o.,t nn,t tteu' slroots plarttecl irl ihe ir place; nrolasterv-trtade

conltost is barlkcci :rroutrcl plants rcgularh'as fertilizer;

,,rgo,',i. pcst contlol nretliocls :tre errplo-vecl; atld heavv

r,rul.ltiraclclecllbrn'intetprotectiortPickilgseasoncotrcctttt:ttcs tlle l:rbor' Sirlce the cares fi-rrit frorrl ground

lcvel to I'i,cll irbove hcatlJrcight' n'orkcrs tlttlst stoop' rcach'

ancl bertcl aricl str:liglrtell repcatecllv' '[']tortrs scratch alcl

insects bite . Futtltcr lrbot t:lkcs 1l1acc ilt the rllort:rsterv's old

b:rsetueut kitcherl sorlc lletries :ue u'ashecl' packccl into

1r".-g"llo,.r buckcts, ancl carriecl rrpstairs to thc largc rvalk-

irr fie czcr; othets :rte colrillilccl r'r'ith srtgar' boilccl dou'n'

rnirecl n'itb pe ctil, :rncl 1lrrcl<cci ilto \il:rson jars that aLe pro'

cessecl itt liuge vats of stcalliitlg utatet' then coolecl' boxed'

rncl stackcci itl the Pantn''

lt nright bc terlpting to cotrsirlet sucll occttpattotls

a clistr:rctiorr-ot a cliversiolr -fron the sisters' primarv

,.lr,l,,ribl1 iti.s. hr ll cneclict's n'orlclvicn" hos'evcr' Phvsical

u,oLl< ut:ls ciefirlec] rrot simplv as ir tlecessitt" but as a sacred

practice . "lcllcuess is tbe encn-v of the soul"' Bencdjct

*rc,te itt clrapter 48 of lris Rrrle' oflcrilg spccific grricleilnes

for the 1te rfor-uratrcc of Eclcl ri'ork' kitche n u'ork' and house

achrilistr:rtion. Argrring that labor allot'cd uolastics to

iclclltifv r'r,ith tlre rr,orkct- C]lrrist, b 1lr-actice obcc,lience, and

to sen'c thc Gocl irt e:rclr othcr' he stiPulatetl that all monks'

llotrtirtteru,lratthejrrarlk,s}rorr]clregrrlarlvjoiniltlrernatrlt:rl labor ttccessalv to tlraitrtaiti the urott:rsteryll

67

a

CZoILFtt(D

Such a clircctive rl':rs c:rsicr to hotror in thc sixth cer

lhar it is iri thc tri'cntl'first OPportunities foL phvsical

u'ork:rrccert:ritlh'sti]iavailab]eatSt.C]crtrude,s:sisters

clc:rtr hottse , balie breacl, ri'ash clothirlg' aricl tend the

nronastcrv grorttrcls rcgularlr'' Bui toclilrt natrv of them

more rvith tltei. lt"ac1' th:rl tlrcir liancls 'fhev staff the

mon:lste rv's clevcloPtnetlt officc aritl retrcat nlinistrr; they

ofler spiritr.ral directiorl; thev trrarl:rge the norlastcrys vl

sitc, gift s1top, librarr', :rttc1 tnnse tttti; tltcy workas parish

o.l,t,iltirtrotors; thc-v offcr their scrvices as social rvorken

psvclrokrgists. As a colscclr-tcuce ' a grcat deal of

--

rltlcl

a

,1.r,

thcrri

rl'ork ar-orrrcl tJrc convent is nou,. pcrfonrecl ll, lav stafftrr, trrl,ctr ;rrr,l r.olrrrrlct.rr.

livcrv .luh', lrou,eler, thanj<s to the avalarclrc ofraspberr ics, tlrc rnonastcry rel.erts to classic eyert,bocl\.clocs-l,lrrriL;rl-u,,rL Berrt,tliclirrirrrr. I lrt. Pr.ior.er, ;rrrrl .rrlrPr.ior.c.,pick, the clirect,r .f re irc-:rts lticks; thc librariarr/lrisbria'picks; tlre nlLlselln custocliarrs ancl the spiritLral clircctorshelp in tlrc kitclrcrr. For tlrrec u.eci<s, :rlirrrrr clocls rirgir tlrc clark as \\()nrcr dorr lorrg parrts nncl thicl< glovcs;llurrs come to rrreals l.iilr tlrcir lrair clarnlt r,l.itlr tlrc stearnof canning licttles.

Ranli ckresn't rnaHer; u.lrat ntattcr-s is ve rr,. concrete.,1r,1 r1g1, r.,,r rr.rr itt. l,r t.r,rrrrlltrilr \r,,1 tlr,,t .ct.r it r

heips rcir rlbr cc anoth cr hrnclarrrentll l3enecli ctirre prior_ih: stabilitr,. Coututitting to a partictrJ:r- ltoritslic ..farnilr,.,,,

Bcnedict rnaint:rirrecl, n.as crucial b builclirg the lrrrrnanboncls :rncl sclf-clisciplinc that rnacle holiness possible .rrOt'er tinre, he rcasorrecl, nrorrastics,sensc of self n,orrlclbecome clceplv associ:rte cl lr,.ith thc particrrlar- placc n,hcrether,hacl p.t clou,rr roots, :rncl their c.'rrit'rclrt :rncl 1:rithn'oLrlcl cle eper. 'l'lre ritLrars irssrci,tccl '"r.'itrr ras'rrern' se,sorr:rt St. ()cltrude's irtvite tlresc rtuns to rentcrrrbcr jrrst srrchpersonal historical corrrrcc:techrcss. ljach sisier talics resl)on_sibilitl'lor picking a particular rou. tlrroughorrt :r particular_seasor,:rrrcl rrarl'sigrr .1t for tlre simle ro\\: surr,'cr :rftersumnter. Cornp:rrative ntcrrrories of p:rst lrarvests arc thusencoLiragecl, :rr rcl clur irrg r:rspbcrrv se:lsolr nrcrn, stories rirgin the dining r-oonr. Sistcr.s talk aboLrt their first serrsons iirtlie ficlcl *,hcr tlre'*,crc ,el't. co'r,c.t crrJhrrc_iclealistic,nen'ous, apt to nrrke rnistakes_or, as thel, rge , nreiirlll.contLast tlreir p:rst ancl prescrrt lc,".cls of ene rgr,. T,lrcv alsolotir qlr rcr r rcr r rlrcr. I i rc r lr r i rkr pir k i r rg 1,,,,,.1 i,1., .ri t.or r r_

panio's ro*' clcacl or rrgecl *,Jro orrce uorkecl rre:rr tlrerr.cortjuring rrp the ltast arrcl ilsltirirrg ltravcrfirl rentcnrbrance .

Those r,lro ,,lork irr the kitclre rr rccall sinrilar nemorics of"jan parties." '1'he tlrriftr. continLrih, of phvsical ob je cts :rlsoteirtiorces tLre sisters' sensc of lristorr,.. As tlrc1, trrke n,cll_use clbLrckets,;ars, ancl kettjes oul of stor:rge . rrr,rk thr-,,rrqh tlrcro]d rorrlirr,:.;rrrrl llrcrr l,'r i1,*1, t 1,.;rrr :rrr,l r(,1)l;r(.(. llr,.t.t1rrr1lrnent against the nc.rt h:rrvcst, these uur.t.^ entotiorrallv touchthe past and rcrnenrber their uul accLrnrulatirrg lifc spentin this conurrurih,, jrrst irs Be neclict u.orrlcl har c- clesirccl.

Raspberries and Beneclictine I{ospitalityBuspbenies also ollcr tlrc sislcrs rn oltporturilv to ltracliccanother corc Benedicti ne r,.irtue _ hosltitalitr,_ tl roLrgl rlith a uniqLreh,rnoclerr tn,ist. Crantcd, rrs ther.gr"ei r,iri_ton throLrghoLrt the vcar, thev rrrutirrclr h,,r,,r Bene tlict,s

clire ctive that "All grrcsts nlro ltre scnt tlte ntsclr,es., rre ..kr

be *,clco'ccl as Clhr-ist...u,ith all ilre crurtesr, ef 11y1,g.,,rr

BLrt on the first Srlrcl.rr ,,f t.r t,L\ _\rrqrrrt. R,,r1rlr"rr, l,,cstir,'lertclcls tlrat contntilnrcirt into:r grancl orgv ofhospitllih,soialtur i'tcttsi'c thrrt it tc'r1t'r:rrilr ,1c,,r,i,,,,te, ercr'o.e,s lifi:.tl lltr' tt1o11;1.1(11.

In its cighteenth le:rr at this n,ritirrg, I{aspltcrn. l,,csLir,alhas gron rr bevond au\.ouc s irrrlqirrirg bacli x.he n it u,irscorce ir.e cl. i,'or tlrc lasL scvcrirl r.crrrs, tlrc Iclalro CountvSircrifls Deprrtme nt hirs clircclecl tralhc., :rncl it.s .r q6, 161

tlrirrg: ncarlr'4,ooo pcoplc shollccl up in zooc;. ActiviLieshale.rrrltil;liecl, loo, irt,qirrrrirrq rritlr.r lLrrr r-trr arrcl'rrncrlicbrcaklirst arrcl contiuuirrg l,ilh a clLrilt slrou, a cnr slron.:rcratt 1:rir, nrusi c:rl Pcrfrrrrnr nccs, :rncl vcarlt. spcc.ial er,ents(irrclucJ ing, rcccr rtl1., skr clivir rg)., l.he r rrrrrs arrar rge anclsuPer'ise all this; sct rrp arcl t:rkc clo*. lhcirities; st:rrf :r

gift-slrop ltooth arrd :rrr irrfonrrrtion kiosl about re ligiouslife; ancl ulfcr tours of tlre nronastcr-1., gruuncls, arrcl retreatccrtcr.'l'hcv circLrlatc to grce I patrorrs ancl lonrcr studcntsancl to u'anllr. l,elcorrc strarrgers. A feu.cvcr brirg rrlt tlrcrcar in the furt nrn, slrorrting cncoLlritgcntent to corrrltctitorsu'ho pirss thcrrr on Lhc orrt_arrcl-bircli c,ourse . NIunv spenclsc'errrl cla's ir a ro* uorki.g like goocl-rahr-ecr st.,ecrores.

It is in tlre kitclrcrr of the higlr sclrool ncrt cloor totlre c.n'crrt, th.Lrgir, that tlre heart .f tlic festir.,irl still lics.'f'houglr rlsl;berrr, ice crc:rnr arrcl_in:r vcn,rcccrt erpcri_tncnt on u'ltich tlie jrrrl i, :till rr11f. 1;1s11f6;11 rrinc_irreavailable to finish a nrc:rl tlrat nriglrt begirr uith barlrcclueor lrot cl.gs, raspbcrr' sh.rtc:rke rcrrairrs rhc rrrri, clrar,r,. Ah-enziecl kitclrcr crcl, of sistcrs ancl volurtcers, supcrviscclby Sister Wilnra, laclles bcrries over honrerr:rclc arrgel ftrodor.clrocolate cal<c ancl tops each plirte witlr a blob of CoolWhip. Servings \\ere historicallr.so enonloLrs (,.1)on,t bcstilgr"' tlas Wilnta's tlantrl) th:rt srtrne patrons lauglrccl orrtloucl orr rcccir.ing tlrc.ir pl:ites. (Afier all, u,ho urrulcln,t giveChrist a biggcr piece of calic thiin he tlrouglrt his rrronel.n'orrlcl brrr'?) llccentlr., tlrorrgh, thc portiuns lravc gron,rrnrorc rcstr:rinecl, afie r sorre pirtrons cotrlcl not finislr tlreirserl'irgs arrcl clePositccl tJrc rcfio'crs ir trash cars. ..'l,rrcrrre

w'astirrg ras'ber-rics," \\,/iLra *ailecl, irr a fo'e tJrat rrrrglrt herrsccl also lbr "thcr"re u,orshipirrg other gocls.,' Non, lcstival_gocrs are n't as tenrptccl lo clisc:rrcl an1. of Oocl,s ltounh,...thorrgh cxtrir Clool Wlrip is alu,.irvs ar,ailable on r-cclrrest.

Not surprisirglr,, a n,ar c uf rclicf rLnd crlr:Lustiolclcscerrcls on thc corrvent orr ll.aspbcrn, F,estir,.al N,lonclar..And yct in nrl erpcr-ierrce it is alrr,:rls rrirccl u.itlr clcep satis_factiun, as tlre nuns dcliglrl in cliscussing ]rol,rr:rrn.peopleclnrc, hori nt:utr, signe cl u1t litr c.ornirrg rc.treats or donatcclnrolte\, to the nnrseLurr oL rrtonAsteLr,. ,..l,lrat

u.as lltc be st

It

Lfhrn

lcd

lullccl

lraclc

r;

I'

uncl

'e:rch,

ncl

q"s olcl

irrto

,rzrlk-

\\i11,

lre l)ro-rO\cd,

ts

rr)'

frvsicrrl

;acreci

ct

le lines

I hor.rse

sto:e, lticlImorrks,

hez

celrttlry

ric:rl

;isters

thc

lnl work

the

y; tl-rey

y's Web

arish

rkers ar-rd

irndane

63

/Otla.li!

61

a

ozov.Fao

llestiv:rl evet," one rematked in rrv hearilg. "Br,rt thank

heavens thc next best Festival is 364 clavs away."

Raspberries and Ecospirituality

Bc1'orcl reassuring the sisters of tlieir commitrnent to tracli-

tional Benedictine r,:rlues, their raspberry han'est also allor'vs

thern to :rffirrr-i the conternporary side of their vocatiott.

While man,v examples might be usecl here , the connectiorr

r,r,ith their corrrnitrrient to ster'virdship of tl-re earth provides

:r particularll striking illustration.rs At St. Certrucle's, as

suggestcd earlier in this essay, thc general interest iu cottsct-

vatiorr corrurron alrong conteurpor:rrv Beneclictine u'ontenl6

has becorne a donrinant prioritl,'. So declicated to this cause

have the Siste rs of St. Gcrtrr-rcle becorne, hor'r,eve r, tirert tl-rey

h:rve been affectionately nicknarned "Tire Sisters of the

Earth" by their Bcneclictine colle:rgr.res.

hrdced, their perspective can fairlv be callecl "ecospiri-

tual." A r993 "Philosophy' of Land Use " articulates the ir

be liel in the s:rcred nature of their historical grouncl:

We , thc Beneclictine Sisters of thc N{onaster-v of St. (lertrucle, h:rvc

been entrustecl rvith the gift oflald bl our loling Clod ancl Creator.

Through tLre 1.ears our cornnurity ancl this lancl have been boldccl

together. With hLrrrilitl'rve recognize the e:rrth (humus) as the sotuce

frorl nhich we (humanih) received our life ancl snsterance . Ortr

inncr spirits are renen'ed b1, the contcnplative environment it providcs.

Listering u'ith the ear of our heaft to lhc rvisdorn expressecl thror-rgh

creertiol opens Lls to the dccper realiq'of Clod in or-rr li','es.

This se r-rse of corporate reve rence is lvitne ssed in malv

s'ays: through the oiganic gardening already mentioned and

a forestry managenent program that earned thc sisters an

Idaho Tree Farrr-r of the Year arvarcl in zoor; through retreats

that edLrcate guests on greer-r and earth-reverent practices;

through the presence of a set of paintecl-to-orcler stations of

the cross leaturing "the passion of the earth."

It is also, though, practicecl inclividually during raspberry

season, as sisters are ollerecl claily outcloor opporturities to

directly "reneu," thernselves by "l1ri.trtnt...to the rvisdorr

expressed through creation." As these nuns pick, they can-

not l-relp but be alvare of the beautv ancl fruitlulne ss of

their land, ancl the silence and early hor-rr invite rneclit:rtion.

The ir personal labors ir-rvite clirnatological awareress, as tl-re

sisters cornp:rre their ror'vs' output in a given year to other

vears, ancl as mnning tallies of the overall cornparative

harvest are reportecl each lulchtime. The nllns are further

tacitly encouraged to tl-rink about ttie effects of snall varia-

tions in altitucle and aspect. "But you're higher on the hill

than I am," I hearcl one remark to another last sunurer.

"So yon get earlie r sun. No rvoncle r yoLlrs are ahe ad of mine.'

All such noticing encorlrages exactly, the sort of reverent,

informed attention the sisters vow in their mission state-

ncnt to sllpport.

Raspberries and St. Gertrude of Helfta

Finally, in a more abstract r'vay, the raspbcrries at St.

Certrucle unclerline thc corrrrnnity's alignrnent li,ith its par-

ticular patror-r, St. Certrucle of Helfta, provicling a pl'rysical

correlative to her lifc-affirrnir-rg spiritualiry'. One of the great

rcligious worne n ol the Middle Age s, St. Ce rtrucle of Flelfta

was a thirteer-rtl-r-century schol:rr, rvritcr, ancl mystic. Sl<illed

in Latin, she r'vrote several books, including a set of spiritual

exercises, a spiritual autobiography, extracts frorr church

lathers lor beginr-rers, and cornrr-rcntaries. What is rnost

clistinctive :rbout her rvork is its joyfully optimistic theology'.

Though Certmcle lived in a periocl of violence, she insisted

on uirirt she termecl Cocl's unconditional "lovingkir.rclness."

Hunrans were assurccl of Cocl's love, she believed, because

they carriecl Cod's love innately rvithin thern. "l sir:rll free

you :rnd I shail deliver vou," an infinitel-v lorgiving God

prorrises in one of her u'orks. Tl-ms, the proper human atti-

tude toward thc Creator can onl1, be to "take delight in the

sr,ve etness of Cod's love ."ri

At St. Certrucle's, raspberries rrighi be saicl to offer tan-

gible evidence that St. Gertrude of Hellta was absolutely

correct: a loving Cod rvil1 be gene rons incle ecl, especially to

those rvho clevote tl'reir lives to his service . Expensive and

lragile in the outer worlcl, raspberries regularlv appear on

the relectory table at St. Gertrude's not only in season, but

ernerging fror.r.r tl-re freezer and piled into enornons bowls

to celebrate lestivals or birtl-rclays, or "just because." "Here,

lve have raspberries in winter," al e1clerl,v nnn saicl to me

with a little smile of contentment. "Cod is so good to us."

The canes' extraordinary bounty is nucl-r cliscussed at

St. Gertrude's by visitors and the nuns-though tl-re latter,

by the end of harvest season, are mole likely to be sighing

in relief. Why cloes this patch of lar-rcl proclr-rce such abun-

dant fruit? Aspect, microclinate, conpost, variety l-rave

all been posed as explanations. But localll'knowledgeable

corrrrnentators ahvays shake their heacls ancl point out that

none of the ir neighbors-and no othe r garcle ners the,v know,

even organic ones-have ever had such luck. Certrucle, of

colrrse, rvould contercl that the bounty' has nothing to do

r'vith luck, ancl everything to clo rvitl-r love . In the prayers of

thanksgiving these sisters regLrlarly sencl up for an abundant

han,est as raspberry season begins and progresses-and

er.

trnire

:nt,

te-

rts p:rr-

sical

r great

Hellta

killcd

iritrral'ch

t

rlogr'.

;istecl

tess. "

aLlse

|^rce

d

ofant

*lterc flocl gi'es rrs r'.cr, ...- ,r - rrtrrr(r5'

(t,^ _,_,: I i /lol_1, illil]t c,r.r,it tlting rr.e ncccl?,,

nltelererthe fruit altitcars on tlre taltle_thev clentolstratellr:rl llrcr llrirrl ,o. loo.

"',\ll Shall Bc \\/ell, is our. lllor_ite sonq,,, :r sister oncc

;lrolr lLactilc for I,,astcr n,o.,,i,,!. .,,r"" ."l

""i0,,",rt ,,\/rillL ll

f]]:1,::'.: in rhis bcaurifr,t ptr., l,ith ail ir,.," n,.,,a,,

::ii,]ll:.:i l'ill snt,'"rn,, arter lcr ,",,,,;i..r ;;;;he partic_

,'*,::l],::'.;]:l::l'1 ".' crrifri n g

" ". "r,r, " .r,,;i.r fl :.;

5 (irriltist.r discrsscs Ilcrrr,rrri s rtrrrerl .rltirrrrrc l.rrr, rlarir r,rrri'<,s rt lcrgrlrl',1;;,;;:llj;:ll;;,";d'; /'ir|: s" ' t"' t 'ti'" 't' ii "'''. .* ,.,r, .,u ,,,, u ,,

'i,rcr-s, r9r;5). ,,,,r tt,;t D",t,, I

)\'j,,.n,i',',;.',' .:,, ,1.','rt,,ri r iil, . rrr. lrrc Lilrrrgicrr

Daib r,ite c,,r"q",'r...,. ;i:;',,;_;:,1.;l;:i:,1':jl:{i,i.l;,:1j::l;l1l],,i,

il,' ;,;'",;, I ]:,;:'''rr" li r "'ir I l'1,',, r q r':',,'roorcqcr ilrc. ;".':;;,,, ; ;il,::;l';:ll]:,:j:l;]

,"'" ' \ro,,rct tt,c xt,,,u,,Li, .t uh,/) '

6 J',rris dctrir' arir trrc hc'tu:rr r0rcs.)r con\cnt riislorr thrlrqrrorrt tjris c"-sar.

lll,;;:l;j:i:lli;l'l,ilii,ii'\ri^: I/';c r'")"),,,,ti')',t i,)""i,,|J,c,,.r1i-i,c Sisrc.,

' r r,,circ N,rcr ;.;i";,;il''i'.:'J ;;::li.] :;] ],1 il,l;;:iii::,l,il;,;l,li:::lrolt llrc oral hiskrrr llojcc.t c.orrc]rrr,lr.cl ir :oo;, rrotc,r] Prcr iorrsltl.'i Irc rccripcs iir thcsc c.ulir.rrr J.lrqlrls rrrrrl olircrs crJrrrlli oclcl. srrr.lr as rlrrr-l,r]r lirrc) rr. rr:rirtirirr.cl ,,, ,t,, , ,,,ir.,,,,r',',,. rr.,',.i.ri1..i,,,l,,",r,,",.ii. jolrrrrr. jn Clritiislcr. ()rttItttIl.lclgc.

tE.

9. -\l St. Ccrlrrrtlc s, lhcsc irrr.

ru:l;fill,il;:,,,tT:i,ii:,::::il,:Iiiii;t;:t:;1,:li:t:;;l:i1,,;;::i,tiiit,,1(1. Si. (]crtrtrric's nrissior

"-Lrl,srt!, \\\\\.riq(rhr(,.,,,*. ,,,ii,""'""ts crtrr lrt'lirttrltl .rt lltc \l.rrasfctr's \\'cl>

\\r.,,' \\, ri : ,, . ;, :;1,'l' rl' li 'r ' rr" \l ',r',' , ' ',,,.,,,,,,,' ,,,,

iL;r it rlrrrcth ,,,,.u,i,ir",i,,) r.tcrcslitrg Iecctrl tlcbrtlc rlcscrr.s trrcrrlior hcrc.

nlrcrlrcr rtrc ,,1;,;;:,:,..,_i;:;],i,irr r.rlrrt r.rq.rirrsr r.rt tr ,,r1111 rlrr clisi.ussjol orcr

.::,,: ;,;: :, ll;,':.1,: :'t,, l , ;;ll': .l,l, ,,i t; , l, , i,

llc'cclicri,cr;,i"i^'or,;'"'.:1 ii,|.:l.lll'' li4lrtrl-r''11u'ttrrriallr.Lrtr;rit1

l t. r Jrr ,rr,r,,r,, r. .,,r,,r ,rL/r , .r'1'll t 'r'rt 'r "l"rr"' " i'J

"' r" r" r", 'l

r,u,r., , .','., ,,, ,r;:;.,l,il;l 'jll""i\\ilrrra:

rtlth'rrqh lltc rttth.r ltrs scrrccl rs rr

ti""il, r,,,r1i,,1,,u, ,;: j;.',,l:. ,:i,l;:i_l]]:::;,i]];;,1,];]i;]l:,:1, ,, ,,.,, t,,,, b,,,, r,,,,,

,- t.r ,r,r, r t, ,,,,tr /{,,/. ;r.,,I,r,',,,rr,,;'1.'l,,,,j"i'll'l''''l'"'11''"r"r'i"'r'r',Jlrr',.... rrr,,r.,, r',, _ , ,, ,, :,, il, ,r,",,,1,,,",,,,,,',',,t,',',,,,,,,,,,,r'.,,,',,,i,-l;

,.:i,\1..,,r(,.,.r,\ ,,,rt,;,,,,1, ,., fi, ,,, ., "t.t:,1,.1"t tt'ttlttt\",t

1 3. Bcrccric.t,s c'p]rr.-is.rr slrbi lrt J-rlrriqrt'rl I'r"s : r ' r + rrs.

rcst)oir5crorl,Lrscs<,ftris,',,,,,,',ifi ,1i1:.'lll.l l:..'i'11", l'l,r'itrl ,l,rk.nrrr

crstc)-rr-tc.rttrt,t"t"q,,r";"i,,,rrrrrr\|rrlu lrrrllrlrh lr'irltrtrrtllst.tr"sct.ltct]ir

pr,,,.,1.b,,rr,,,,,";;:;:il.ri,::i rrrrkl. l^ brrrhcrsrlrilcpririlcqecl rro.kso'lr,',,, ,,,. r,,.,r,,,r,., r,i ,,,...1(,\ ,\, .i, ',;': ,l

l r,l' r'- ' r1. .,', i,"

, '. ',1,.,,,,,

'

r'r,1,r,r,,,rr,(/(,//, ..,:r, ;r;:,,,,']';, ',, I . 'l ll:,], 1,,;.

]:l:,;ir,; l,:'; ' ,, ';'jn*, , ,' '.,,,,,;, ,r',, ,,,\ ,,,;,.r -,,,,"i,,",,l' ,, ;-;,1,. ,,f;

f irr r'' r"\r" I,',r',,,',i',',',,,'-

ll],:.:]r,','",1 ,"\\/c\c gor solrc'cr' h,,1, ,,.;,''"" ;r:,", ;,,;nobocll coulc] evcr c:r' ,ll ot.;.. r.-- ' ""':" rrLrs' ri

il lilt\. (,1.;l(e r.\et\rtlr, r.,, lrcL,

i,l:ljiii;,:l ,ljf:ll:,,, ,i,rns. l,orr resrlrcrit.isnr il rcsirrci ro foocl1.:o',',),,B,tr i /.A r,",,,, ,l ,. , t

nrr \lor r:rrlcrr llill."",{rrcl raspircrn. shortcrrke for clinner tonorrou.l,, Ireturnecl he r- grirr."Sce?" shc saicl.

, . F'oocl-espcciallr. rlspberries_llrus unclerlincs rrrorrlslicidentitr at St. Gertnrcle ,s

irr :r rnr ri:rcl of ryals. liven. tirnclirc.istr r, t,rrtt.r tircir.g;r'l,.rr. liit,.lrerr. , , ,i ,li, ;;;*',"r',',',,'ther,are invitecl to cnact a hvbricl ,"rr. ,r.".rtii]n, ,ln,ut_taneoush :rtErnring the ir lovaltv to tLc spiritrral-.lun..ru,of thcrr. tr-irditi, rn, ttr te urpor:rl prioritics, o,r,l to tlr. sltirit oftheir four rtl,,r

SLrch enrbocliecl clarittou.arcr cxpr a i'i nq n,i. r.t :l"f ll::T :i]]iiif,? i,:iil;and u lt' :rrr iclealistic \\ ollrrLr r,,rigl, f i,,,.gi,r.-;i;r'j,,,,,appealirrg placc to enbr:rcc nron:rstic lile . What it certainil,ollers is a distinctire crarrple ,,f hou forcl .r,r1,.i,, hunanbeilrq. l1;1||il1 ;rrrr] ,t.r ril.ch rrt.qoli;rlt,,, ,r,,,.,,i',i,i,,',.,r.,,,,tiallr, r'cLt cornplicatecl incjcecl. o

\OTES

l'lris rrticlc ir rlcclicatcrl to Sistcr \\,ilrDa Schlarrgcrr, osts. rqrq :oro

65

Ll>,oZorIu)

(-!

tan-

:l)'

ll1' to

nd

on

n, but,u,ls

ere,

ne

ts."

at

ter,

ing

un-

ible

ihat

il<now,I

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Ifch'rrr r,tt,b t, ,9-; . u,r-rr",] n, ,,',"t'tt"'(lrl)l) llt \otltcil cttterirro 11111

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