Notes for Presidents' Body Counts

by Al Carroll

Introduction

These notes are the supplement to Presidents' Body Counts: The Twelve

Worst and Four Best American Presidents Based on How Many Lived or Died Because of Their

Actions. This supplement is being added onto the original book as well

as offered on its own. Presidents' Body Counts is a work for the general

public, not academia. Typically there are no footnotes, endnotes, or

other citations in works for the general public. The reasons are

because they break the flow of the narrative, and frankly not even

one in twenty readers actually look at them.

But because much of the information is not widely known to the

general public, I am including these notes to prevent the inevitable

bouts of denial by the most ideologically blind. As is standard for

academic works, for information already widely known or available,

such as the timeline of World War II or the civil rights movement, no

sources need be cited. Statistics especially are taken care to be

cited. So are quotes one might characterize as damning. But widely

known quotes, such as GW Bush's “Bring em on,” have no need to be

cited. Sources are listed in the rough order in which the facts are

cited in an entry. Note also that notes are for each particular

entry, not for an entire section. Sometimes additional discussion is

included for matters not widely known, such as others in the Americas

prior to Columbus.

Chapter 1

Notes for Introduction:

How to Judge a President, or the Presidency If Human Life Mattered

Both Gandhi and King supported the limited use of police and

soldiers to prevent or punish violence, using both to prevent

demonstrators from being beaten, and police to investigate. A

debunking of the Clinton Body Count is at

www.snopes.com/politics/clintons/bodycount.asp. The most widely known

analysis of the US media as dominated by class interest is

Manufacturing Consent by Noam Chomsky and Bernard Hermann. The

documentary of the same name, while focusing on Chomsky's life, also

provides an introduction to their ideas in the book. A dramatic

illustration of corporate influence on public education done to

promote private profit is at www.ascd.org/publications/educational-

leadership/may93/vol50/num08/A-Short-History-of-Corporate-

Influence.aspx. Numerous books document extensive corporate control

of universities, from curriculum to hiring to research, among them

Jennifer Washburn's University Inc. Virtually any history of the US

history profession would point out the dominance of conservative

views among historians until after the civil rights movement. A

summary is at www.uky.edu/~dolph/HIS316/handouts/types.html

Notes for Section One: Presidents' Roles in Genocide

The definition and its creation by is at

www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/GENOCIDE.ENCY.HTM. The genocide denial

model is at

www.genocidewatch.org/aboutgenocide/12waystodenygenocide.html. Fred

Barnes’s excusing away genocide against American Indians happened on

The McLaughlin Group during the 500 year anniversary of Columbus’s

invasion. My paraphrasing is based on my recollection of his words.

Mr. Barnes or others are welcome to correct or supplement my memory,

or defend him.

Notes for Nixon and Cambodia

There are numerous sources describing both Nixon's role in

bringing the Khmer Rouge to power and his deliberate indiscriminate

bombing of Cambodia. Those online include:

www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf ,

www.thirdworldtraveler.com/American_Empire/Nixon_Cambodia_LFE.html,

www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP4.HTM ,

www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/KiernanRevised1.pdf.

www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/genocides/

cambodia/CambodiaHistoryLavinia.htm,

http://books.google.com/booksid=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&pg=PA307&lpg=PA307&dq=ca

mbodian+genocide+death+toll&source=bl&ots=mZJQrqUofV&sig=gLaix2z0XMcm

yWZLK_UTp9uYwk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EVLPUb_3CtbK4AP-

x4HQBw&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCTgK#v=onepage&q=cambodian%20genocide%20death

%20toll&f=false,

http://archive.zcommunications.org/chomcambodforum.htm

http://www.yale.edu/cgp/index.html, www.yale.edu/cgp/us.html,

www.japanfocus.org/-Ben-Kiernan/3380 , and

www.upf.edu/materials/fhuma/genocidis/docs/menzel.pdf.

Notes for Reagan and Central America

Many sources describe Reagan's role in supporting Guatemalan

genocide. Unlike Nixon, Reagan did not initiate the violence. But he

did knowingly support it and defend it. See

http://fusion.net/abc_univision/news/story/ronald-reagan-finance-

genocide-guatemala-22537 ,

http://consortiumnews.com/2013/02/21/how-reagan-promoted-genocide/,

www.thenation.com/article/174885/upside-genocide#,

www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2013/mar/27/reckoning-guatemala-

genocide/,

http://fpif.org/america-genocide-national-interest/ ,

www.democracynow.org/2013/5/13/ros_montt_guilty_of_genocide_are, and

www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/the-americas-blog/us-supported-former-

ally-rios-montt-while-aware-of-atrocities-committed-by-the-

dictatorship.

These sources describe the displacement of refugees. My

estimates were drawn from them.

www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=384,

http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/32.htm ,

www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=392

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_policy_history/summary/v023/2

3.3.macekura.html,

http://books.google.com/booksid=2c6ifbjx2wMC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=1980

s+salvadoran+refugees&source=bl&ots=Nfog7Ni88T&sig=rumiOdMmwvLeVbilvG

QdUpy2UU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6ntAUr-

aHrTd4AOj74CwDw&ved=0CHMQ6AEwDQ#v=onepage&q=1980s%20salvadoran

%20refugees&f=false, www.yorku.ca/cerlac/documents/Hanlon.pdf , and

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ams/summary/v048/48.1.golash-boza.html

For other culprits in the Iran-Contra Scandal see

www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/n-

contrasus.php. It also describes the democratic coalition of

Sandinistas and their receiving most support from Costa Rica, Panama,

and Venezuela. Wikileaks exposed a US military manual that discusses

the use of death squads (their term) in El Salvador and Colombia and

US military knowledge of these atrocities.

http://wikileaks.org/wiki/

US_Special_Forces_counterinsurgency_manual_FM_31-20-3

Cuba's humanitarian aid to Nicaragua includes its successful

literacy campaign, its numerous doctors in medical assistance Cuba

sends all over Latin America to this day, and its training of

vocational workers, again something still widely done by Cuba to this

day. The creation of a Ministry of Culture by Cuban advisers is also

well documented, including its creation of Nicaraguan popular

newspapers, radio, TV programs, poetry, and forums for dance and

music.

A US intelligence estimate of Nicaraguan arms shipments received

from allies is at

www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents

/d-nic-4.pdf. Even this estimate show almost no arms until three

years after Contra terrorism sponsored by Reagan began. What is not

commonly understood by the general public is that arms costs in

intelligence reports are what those weapons would cost in the US, not

their actual cost, inflating their real cost by several times. The

estimate, contrary to Reagan's public claims, shows no capability of

threatening neighboring nations or the US, no submarines or major

warships, no fighter planes or bombers, and only weaponry designed to

defeat Contra terrorists. The report also includes militia and

reserves in its estimates of the size of Nicaragua's military. As in

Cuba, Nicaragua deliberately had a part time militia drawn from

thegeneral public and larger than the regular army. This is to

prevent military dictatorship as has been common elsewhere in Latin

America.

Contra terrorism is extensively documented in congressional

hearings published at www.scribd.com/doc/109676856/Contra-Terror-in-

Nicaragua-Report-of-a-Fact-Finding-Mission-September-1984-January-

1985-Reed-Brody-U-S-support-for-the-Contras-hearing-before-t.

Battalion 316 atrocities are documented from testimony from former

torturers themselves at www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bal-

negroponte2,0,961357.story. The FMLN guerillas' call for negotiation

and Salvadoran democracy is discussed at

www.csmonitor.com/1986/1126/osalv3.html, as is Reagan officials

turning them down. CIA financing of ARENA's opponents is discussed at

www.csmonitor.com/1985/0125/osiege.html. Secretary Haig's bizarre

defense of the murder and rape of nuns is quoted at length in The State

of the Language at http://books.google.com/books?

id=my7MokQsXxIC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=alexander+haig+american+nuns&so

urce=bl&ots=gO4QPbV3S&sig=llA3g_BSCoFg5bIL5kR74yYVV2Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=b

L3iU8HcKIrroATFnoKgCQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=alexander%20haig

%20american%20nuns&f=false. The Truth Commission's report on Contra

atrocities is at www.usip.org/sites/default/files/file/ElSalvador-

Report.pdf.

Reagan's public praise for Efraim Rios Montt, later convicted of

genocide, is in many news sites, among them

www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/11/us-guatemala-riosmontt-

idUSBRE9490V420130511. The Reagan Diaries also includes Reagan's praise

in private. The quote by former US generals on Reagan's behalf is at

www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/05/19/what-guilt-does-the-us-bear-

in-guatemala/guatemalan-slaughter-was-part-of-reagans-hard-line. A

legal proceeding where genocide was proven is at

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/guatemala/genocide/round1/summary1.pdf. The

best known account of Guatemalan genocide remains the famed testimonio

of I, Rigoberta Menchu. For this and other work she received the Nobel

Peace Prize. A book by David Stoll, designed to be a hit on Menchu,

was widely promoted by racists and rejected by scholars. Perez

Molina's role in genocide is at

www.democracynow.org/2011/9/15/genocide_linked_general_otto_prez_moli

na. Abram's role in a Venezuelan coup is at

www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/21/usa.venezuela.

The civil case against Salvadoran generals who committed atrocities

was the subject of a PBS documentary, Trial of the Generals.

Notes for Jackson and the Trail of Tears

There are numerous academic sources describing the Trail as

genocide, among them www.westminstercollege.edu/pdf/mcnair/whitaker

%20Final%20Research%20Paper%20with%20Abstract.pdf. By contrast, the

best known source arguing the Trail was not genocidal is a brief

blurb from amateur historian William Higgenbottom almost thirty years

ago, now on a neo Nazi site.

The best source on the Trail of Tears is a documentary by the Cherokee

Nation, Trail of Tears: Cherokee Legacy by Rich-Heape Films. A source on Asa

Carter's imposture is Salon magazine's

www.salon.com/2001/12/20/carter_6/. The estimate of Black slave

deaths on the Trail is my own. It is to the embarrassment of

historians that there has been no estimate of their deaths on the

Trail I know of.

Notes for Section Two: Turning a Blind Eye to Genocide

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for Franklin Roosevelt and the Holocaust

A number of books discuss Roosevelt's failure to try to stop the

Holocaust, among them FDR and the Jews and The Abandonment of the Jews. An

article briefly summing up the episode is

www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/richard-cohen-fdrs-moral-failure-on-

the-holocaust/2013/03/11/6bb9ef56-8a76-11e2-8d72-

dc76641cb8d4_story.html. A defense of FDR is Saving the Jews. The

Dominican Republic and Bolivia admitting many Jewish refugees is

discussed at www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005139 . The

best known book about US corporate collaborators with Nazi Germany is

Trading With the Enemy. The estimate for firearms owned by Jews in Nazi

Germany, which gun rights lobbyists likely will go into denial about,

comes from the Anti Defamation League at

www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-

nazi-analogies-have.html.

Notes for Nixon and Genocide in Bangladesh

The best known works on this genocide are The Blood Telegram and The

Trial of Henry Kissinger.. Nixon's racist quote about Indians is from a

review of the former,

www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-

bass.html?_r=0.

See also www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-

Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm,

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/, and

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/BEBB1.pdf .

Notes for Clinton and Rwandan Genocide

Clinton's admission of how many Rwandans could have been saved

is at, among other places, www.cnbc.com/id/100546207. A discussion

of Clinton administration decisions to do nothing is at

www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/power.htm. Operation Blessings is

discussed at

www.christianpost.com/news/pat-robertsons-operation-blessing-issues-

rebuttal-of-mission-congo-film-highlighting-nonprofit-exploitation-

claims-104283/ .

Notes for Polk, Fillmore, Buchanan and Genocide Against California

Indians

A number of good important books have been written about

California Indian genocide, among them Gold, Greed, and Genocide; Genocide

in Northwest California; Genocide and Vendetta; and Murder State. An excerpt of

the last is at www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/Supplements/excerpts/Spring

%2012/9780803224803_excerpt.pdf. Another account of California

Indian genocide is at

www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/anth6_americanperiod.html. A discussion of

California Indian slavery is at

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/freedom-for-

californias-indians/?_r=0 . A timeline of genocide, including briefly

Sutter's role, is at www.csus.edu/indiv/t/tumminia/memorial.htm.

Notes for Ford and East Timor

The National Security Archives has many of the best sources,

often primary ones, on past US complicity with dictatorships. For

Ford's shameful role in East Timor, see

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/ including the hyperlinks. An

estimate of Suharto's record of massive theft, corruption, and how he

and his family avoided prosecution is at

www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/03/how_did_su

harto_steal_35_billion.html.

Notes for Jefferson and the Haitian Revolution

See www.uky.edu/~popkin/Haitian%20Revolution%20Lecture.htm ,

http://books.google.com/books?

id=6p6QrBL79xEC&pg=PT26#v=onepage&q&f=false,

www.udel.edu/History/matson/NEH%20--%20Haitian%20Revolution%20--

%20Jefferson%20on.pdf, and http://isreview.org/issue/63/black-

jacobins. The last includes Napoleon and Leclerc's quotes.

Notes for Nixon's Betrayal of the Kurds

See

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/saddam/kurds/cron.html,

www.csmonitor.com/1996/1018/101896.opin.column.1.html, and The Kurdish

Question in US Foreign Policy at http://books.google.com/books?

id=BD7imPDFto0C&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=nixon+kurds+betrayal&source=bl&ot

s=izP5hIX1A_&sig=MqtE1Bm9fPkXp0MqE8ma8YAsVJg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cvHeU8asOM

WhyASmkYG4DQ&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=nixon%20kurds

%20betrayal&f=false. For a discussion of the Israeli government's

role, see Defending the Holy Land at http://books.google.com/books?

id=bWEV__6BYPgC&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371&dq=israeli+support+for+kurds+1974&

source=bl&ots=XqrN72KRjE&sig=MCNX3qzrzR9AHlBAm13wGOjlS88&hl=en&sa=X&e

i=lEtxUrD9D-vksASsw4H4Bw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=israeli

%20support%20for%20kurds%201974&f=false . For Reagan's role in arming

Saddam Hussein see

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2013/09/04/history-

lesson-when-the-united-states-looked-the-other-way-on-chemical-

weapons/.

Notes for The Worst American Presidents on Slavery

See http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/slave05.htm and

http://hauensteincenter.org/slaveholding/. American Holocaust discusses

high death rates from slavery beginning with wars in Africa to take

captives as does www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?

smtid=2&psid=446. www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-

anti-slavery/resources/facts-about-slave-trade-and-slavery discusses

slave infant mortality rates. The estimates of how many deaths

resulted from slaved imported to the US are my own, extrapolated from

the other estimates.

Notes for Section Three: Presidents’ Roles in Wartime Atrocities

See www.pbs.org/wnet/justice/world_issues_com.html for a

discussion of command responsibility. A discussion of war crimes

prosecution, and by a Bush administration official arguing against

it, is at www.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/02/14/frum.bush.war.crimes/. See

also

http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/george-bush-cancels-swiss-trip-rights-

activists-vow/story?id=12857195

Notes for McKinley and the US Conquest of the Philippines

Among the better books on the topics are Little Brown Brother, The

Blood of Empire, and Sitting in Darkness.

www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP13.HTM has some estimates of

atrocities. An estimate of a million deaths is at

http://news.google.com/newspapers?

nid=1683&dat=20040208&id=gbIaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GEUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5222,60709

88. The 1.4 million estimate has been argued publicly by Filipino

historian E. San Juan. www.vsb.org/docs/sections/military/water.pdf

describes torture by US troops, legal verdicts for those charged,

concentration camps, and disease. McKinley's proclamation is at

www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/benevolent.html. Accounts of US troops’

racism against Filipinos are at http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/58/

and also in A People's History of the United States.

Notes for Franklin Roosevelt and Truman Target German and Japanese

Civilians

See: www.choices.edu/resources/supplemental_fogofwar_ww2.php,

www.countercurrents.org/avery010912.htm ,

www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0609/S00270.htm,

www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~eroberts/courses/ww2/projects/

firebombing/targeting-civilians.htm

www.onlinemilitaryeducation.org/posts/10-most-devastating-bombing-

campaigns-of-wwii/

www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100214420,m

www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_859_maier.pdf ,

www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COMM.10.5.03.HTM , and

http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v073/73.2.ra

fuse.html .

Notes for Truman Drops the A-Bomb

See http://www2.gvsu.edu/walll/Japan%20NO%20SURRENDER.htm and

http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jul/18/opinion/oe-kuznick18. A

majority of scholars on the topic argue there was no need to drop A

bombs on Japan, including Gar Alperovitz, Noam Chomsky, Bruce

Cumings, Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Gabriel Kolko, and Ronald Takaki. Those

still arguing for the need to drop the bombs are often amateur

military history enthusiasts, or those whose views on Japanese are

shaped by wartime military propaganda. For an example of Japan's good

record on human rights prior to fascism see

www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/section1/1922/04/declarat

ion-of-human-rights-in-japan.html. Edwin Hoyt's Japan's War describes

on page 516 how the first suicide attacks were opposed by Bushido

believers as contrary to the spirit of their tradition. A discussion

of kamikaze pilots, their small numbers, late introduction to the

war, and lack of effectiveness is at

http://academic.mu.edu/meissnerd/erickson.html. War Without Mercy in its

first half describes widespread American executions of Japanese POWs

and in its second half how calmly almost all Japanese accepted

surrender and American occupation. Ronald Takaki's Hiroshima includes

low estimates of an invasion based on declassified documents.

Notes for Polk Provokes the US-Mexico War

For atrocities see http://books.google.com/books?

id=riGVy28V5kcC&pg=PA1814&lpg=PA1814&dq=captain+mabry+village+of+ramo

s&source=bl&ots=lvMSsFy25V&sig=9vGM0FxzrrTQFMJQKdDV6bmjY1c&hl=en&sa=X

&ei=cHtsUrL8LcfakQe27oGAAQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=captain

%20mabry%20village%20of%20ramos&f=false , as well as sources listed in

the entry. For Polk's provocation of the war see

www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/jp_jp_and_the_mexican_war.html.

For private invasions see http://uncpress.unc.edu/browse/page/526 and

www.tamu.edu/faculty/ccbn/dewitt/filibusters.htm.

Notes for Obama Orders Drone Assassinations

See www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/27/us-yemen-usa-qaeda-

idUSTRE69Q36520101027?pageNumber=1 , www.longwarjournal.org/pakistan-

strikes.php ,

http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2013/12/31/tracking-u-s-targeted-

killings/ , http://news.msn.com/world/obama-administration-agrees-to-

informal-drone-halt-in-pakistan

https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/02/11/terrible-toll-secrecy/

and

www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/31/deaths-drone-strikes-obama-

policy-change

For Rand Paul's filibuster see www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-

politics/wp/2013/03/25/poll-shows-huge-support-for-rand-pauls-

filibuster-stance-on-drone-attacks/ and

www.forbes.com/sites/rickungar/2013/04/23/rand-paul-shockingly-now-

supports-the-use-of-drones-on-us-soil-to-kill-americans-so-what-was-

that-filibuster-thing-all-about/

www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com

%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%2FA63203-2001Oct27%3Flanguage%3Dprinter&date=2008-12-

30 For drones violating international law, see

www.commondreams.org/view/2013/11/05-6 . For drone assassinations in

Colombia, see www.counterpunch.org/2014/01/29/the-u-s-assassination-

program-in-colombia/ . Some death estimates are much higher, including

from a US Senator. See

www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/02/21/172598593/sen-graham-says-4-

700-killed-in-u-s-drone-strikes.

Notes for Nixon's Pardon in the My Lai Massacre

The most complete online study of My Lai is at

http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mylai/mylai.htm. An

account of the villagers’ rescue is at

www.nytimes.com/2006/01/07/national/07thompson.html?_r=0. An account

of Calley's apology is at

http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/24/an-apology-for-my-lai-

four-decades-later/ .

Notes for Section Four:

Mass Deaths Because of a President's Incompetence or Ideological

Blindness

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for Deregulation From Reagan to GW Bush

For all preventable US deaths see

www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6317.pdf and

www.cnn.com/2014/05/01/health/frieden-preventable-deaths/. For deaths

from lack of healthcare see www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/20/us-

usa-healthcare-deaths-idUSBRE85J15720120620.

For the many disputed estimates on deaths caused by firearms, see

http://vacps.org/public-policy/the-contradictions-of-kleck ,

www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-12-27/how-often-do-we-use-guns-in-

self-defense#r=rss ,

www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2014/02/having-a-gun-in-the-

house-doesnt-make-a-woman-safer/284022/, and

http://mic.com/articles/74055/these-maps-debunk-everything-the-nra-

has-told-us-about-guns. For NRA members not supporting their leaders'

views, see www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/01/28/strong-majority-

of-americans-nra-members-back-gun-control . For Ayn Rand's irrelevance

in academic disciplines such as philosophy see

http://chronicle.com/blogs/conversation/2012/08/19/the-ridiculous-

rise-of-ayn-rand/. For her influence on Satanism see

www.churchofsatan.com/satanism-and-objectivism.php. Somalia's poor

economy and Scandinavia's prosperous and equal ones need no cites.

The Bolivarian record of success does, in part because of heavy

American and Venezuelan elite propaganda. See Venezuela's success at

www.counterpunch.org/2012/12/14/the-achievements-of-hugo-chavez/ and

www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/the-americas-blog/venezuela-leads-

region-in-poverty-reduction-in-2012-eclac-says.

www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/8/51768/SocialPanorama2013Briefing.pd

f notes a similar success in Ecuador. For Bolivia’s success in

reducing poverty see

www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2012/mar/21/bolivia-

washington-consensus.

For Canada's record of no banking crashes see

www.uoguelph.ca/~cneh/pdfs/cneh2011_bordo-redish-rockoff_02.pdf. For

North Dakota's socialist bank see

www.salon.com/2013/03/29/north_dakota_is_bringing_socialism_back_part

ner/. For gun control in the Old West, see

www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~rcollins/scholarship/guns.html. For Weimar

Germany see www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/, For

Prohibition gun laws see www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/The-

312/July-2012/Gun-Control-in-the-Age-of-Al-Capone/. For Australia see

http://abcnews.go.com/International/australia-model-successful-gun-

control-laws/story?id=18007055 and

www.slate.com/blogs/crime/2012/12/16/gun_control_after_connecticut_sh

ooting_could_australia_s_laws_provide_a.html. For the NRA's

politicization beginning in the late 1970s see

www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-nras-true-believers-converted-a-

marksmanship-group-into-a-mighty-gun-lobby/2013/01/12/51c62288-59b9-

11e2-88d0-c4cf65c3ad15_story.html.

Notes for Truman and the Cold War

Estimates of each individual war are widely available. The total

Cold War deaths estimate is from

www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/think_again_war. The US as

Good Guy theory for Cold War origins is often called Orthodox and can

be found in almost any US historian book on foreign policy from the

1950s. The US Hegemony theory is often called Revisionist and is

considered to have begun with works by William Appleman Williams and

Guy Lefebre, later joined by Gar Alperovitz and Gabriel Kolko. The

Post Revisionist theory is generally considered to have begun with

works by John Lewis Gaddis. Among the sources on McCarthyism are

www.mtholyoke.edu/~lillsie/McCarthyism/homepage.html. In recent years

there have been failed efforts by extremists like Ann Coulter to

rehabilitate McCarthyism, or equate opposition to bigotry or

conspiracy theories like global warming denial as “McCarthyism.”

Notes for Lyndon Johnson, Nixon, and the US-Vietnam War

Among the best works pointing out how Johnson and his advisers

misunderstood the war and then refused to admit their own failings

are The Best and Brightest and the documentary Fog of War. For the South

Korean record of brutality see

http://patrick.guenin2.free.fr/cantho/vnnews/korea.htm. An example of

massive protests is two million just for a single campaign at

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/15/

newsid_2533000/2533131.stm . For the Helen Gahagan Douglas campaign

see www.nytimes.com/books/first/m/mitchell-tricky.html . For the

allegations of sabotaging peace talks see

http://hnn.us/article/60446. For Nixon's motives see

www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/nixon-prolonged-vietnam-war-for-

political-gainand-johnson-knew-about-it-newly-unclassified-tapes-

suggest-3595441/. For Nixon's goals in China relations see

http://millercenter.org/president/nixon/essays/biography/8 . For the

Stab in the Back theory see

http://afs.sagepub.com/content/14/3/433.abstract and

www.newrepublic.com/article/the-other-vietnam-syndrome .

Notes for GW Bush and the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars

See a UN official's assessment at

www.nbcnews.com/id/14939983/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/t/torture-

iraq-worse-now-under-saddam/. Estimates of war deaths range from

https://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/warlogs/ to

www.commondreams.org/news/2007/09/14/poll-civilian-death-toll-iraq-

may-top-1-million.

The cost of the Iraq War and Afghan War is at

http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-28/world/38097452_1_iraq-

price-tag-first-gulf-war-veterans .

PNAC members and supporters listed are from their own website,

retrieved at

https://web.archive.org/web/20131010230757/http://www.newamericancent

ury.org/aboutpnac.htm and

https://web.archive.org/web/20050205041635/http://www.newamericancent

ury.org/statementofprinciples.htm. Chalabi's history is at

www.cnn.com/2013/08/05/world/meast/ahmed-chalabi-fast-facts/.

Curveball's story is at

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/post/curveball-man-who-lied-

about-wmds-comes-clean/2012/04/03/gIQAUdditS_blog.html. Coalition

forces are listed at http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297a/The

%20Coalition%20of%20the%20Willing.htm. The Taliban offer is at

www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/14/afghanistan.terrorism5. Bush's

1999 statement is

atwww.historycommons.org/context.jspitem=complete_timeline_of_the_200

3_invasion_of_iraq_2914.

See troop requests at

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/interviews/fallows.ht

ml. For Blackwater, see

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/11/AR2007101101

030.html and

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/world/middleeast/04contractor.html?

_r=0.

Notes for James Buchanan and the Civil War

This entry was entirely based on the excellent biography James

Buchanan by Jean Baker, especially pages 75-143.

Notes for Reagan and Bush Sr.'s War on Drugs

For Harry Anslinger, see Substance Abuse in America at

http://books.google.com/books?

id=TR7YUGYZXPAC&pg=PR25&lpg=PR25&dq=harry+anslinger+gore+files&source

=bl&ots=OQuTdkBG0d&sig=_oyPJEghObCh4c1TYRUOqBZAJ-

I&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ywnkU-

2gNpCWyASn4IDoAg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=harry%20anslinger

%20gore%20files&f=false. For Nixon's role see

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/cron/. See notes for

Drone Assassinations. See

www.alternet.org/story/18990/reagan's_drug_war_legacy. For the Panama

invasion see www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/gilboa.htm. For Plan

Colombia see https://nacla.org/news/plan-colombia-linked-increased-

military-abuses, http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/05/opinion/la-

oe-line-colombia-20100805 ,

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dan-kovalik/colombias-genocidal-

democ_b_551847.html ,

http://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/05/opinion/la-oe-line-colombia-

20100805,

www.chomsky.info/books/roguestates08.htm, www.cipcol.org/?p=1471 and

www.academia.edu/1140996/

Better_Lead_Than_Bread_A_Critical_Analysis_of_the_USs_Plan_Colombia .

Notes for James Madison and the War of 1812

See www.salon.com/2012/06/19/birth_of_the_war_hawks/, Amateurs to

Arms!, The Incredible War of 1812, and The Burning of Washington.

Notes for Teddy Roosevelt and the Panama Canal

For the seizure of the canal see

www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-

panama/. For comparing conditions and death rates for Black and white

workers building the canal see

www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/panama-

workers/ and

http://thesilverpeopleheritage.wordpress.com/2008/12/17/the-panama-

canal-death-tolls/ .

Notes for GW Bush and Hurricane Katrina

For Brown's role see

www.cnn.com/2005/US/11/03/brown.fema.emails/ and

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/05/AR2005090501

590.html. A comparison of FEMA under GW Bush to under Obama is at

www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/05/obama-fema_n_4394984.html?

utm_hp_ref=politics . For rumors about Katrina victims see

www.snopes.com/katrina/katrina.asp. For Barbour see

www.salon.com/2007/05/25/mississippi_8/. Hill and McGraw's words are

at http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/HurricaneKatrina/story?

id=1702714&page=1.

Notes for Bill Clinton and the Branch Davidians

Take care to find sources for this episode not overrun by

conspiracy theorists and anti government zealots. See

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/waco/timeline.html and

www.texasobserver.org/the-standoff-in-waco/.

Notes for Section Five:

Presidents' Roles in Other American Wars of Aggression

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for Indian Wars Were Really American Invasions

Few serious scholars in the field argue that what happened to

American Indians was not genocide. Objections generally come from

outside the field. One of the few exceptions is Noble Cook. In fact,

the conquerors themselves spoke of extermination, and this was

documented by their fellow European and white American critics from

Bartoleme de las Casas to Helen Hunt Jackson. American Genocide gives a

figure of 100 million deaths. The massacres list was compiled from

Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare, as well as any I knew from

memory. It is likely the list is too short.

Using disease and starvation as weapons of war are elements of

genocide. See notes for Presidents' Roles in Genocide. The evidence

for a small Viking presence in North America is well established. For

Polynesians see www.nature.com/news/dna-study-links-indigenous-

brazilians-to-polynesians-1.12710, and www.parks.ca.gov/?

page_id=24433. For Australian Aborigines see

http://cosmosmagazine.com/news/did-australian-aborigines-reach-

america-first/. There is strong evidence pointing to a pre Columbian

African presence in the Americas, the presence of guanine spear tips

and early Spanish invaders' accounts of Africans. But because so many

Afrocentric proponents use sloppy methods, many scholars are

reluctant to agree with them. There are also accounts, though not

proven, of Arab explorers five centuries before Columbus, and Chinese

explorers millenia before that in The Book of Earth and Seas. Evidence for

others' presence in pre Columbian America such as Welsh, Israelites,

or Irish is very unconvincing. For Israelites especially, the claim

is pure wishful thinking, often deliberate falsehoods. See Lies My

Teacher Told Me, the first chapter.

Notes for The Many Other US Invasions of Latin America

The list of invasions was compiled from Killing Hope and The CIA: A

Forgotten History, plus

http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/interventions.html. Also see

notes from Polk and the US Mexican War. The Butler quote is from War

Is a Racket.

Notes for US Government Use of Biological and Chemical Warfare and

Presidents' Roles

This entry began using this article by Zoltan Grossman as a

starting point. www.counterpunch.org/2013/09/02/a-short-history-of-

bio-chemical-weapons/. Estimates were also compiled from

www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1608/16081110.htm ,

http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/marxism/2009w17/msg00108.html ,

www.scems.com/ems/NuclearBiologicalChemical/MedicalAspectsofNBC/chapt

ers/chapter_19.htm ,

www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/weapon-

operation-whitecoat/ ,

www.theglobeandmail.com/incoming/last-ghost-of-the-vietnam-war/

article1057457/?page=all .

I also with some concern list this next article. Rense.com is a

website of conspiracy theorists, but in this case they reposted a Wall

Street Journal article, www.rense.com/general15/ofmicrobesandmock.htm .

For Reagan's role in arming Saddam, see previous notes in Nixon's

Betrayal of the Kurds. For Reagan and US nerve gas see

http://news.google.com/newspapers?

nid=1356&dat=19830805&id=QMBPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iQYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7147,27006

07.

Notes for The Post Cold War Invasions of Somalia and the Gulf War

http://old.post-gazette.com/nation/20030216casualty0216p5.asp

discusses different estimates of Gulf War deaths. See also

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/gulf/appendix/death.html. For

Somalia see

http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/Events/Somalia93/somalia9

3.html.

Notes for Section Six: Ignoring Terrorism in America

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for Andrew Johnson and White Supremacist Terrorists in

Reconstruction

For Reconstruction violence see

www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/27567894?

uid=3739936&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=2110456854799

3, www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/40acres/sf_violence.html.

Two examples are in The Colfax Massacre and

www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/players/p2_11_tr_qry.html. For

Confederate terrorism see The Confederate Dirty War and A Vast and Fiendish Plot.

Quotes from racist speeches by Johnson are at

http://books.google.com/books?id=fia0qfmmnoMC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=

%22andrew+johnson

%22+nigger&source=bl&ots=knQpnt2tze&sig=STIOPvtAfv1uNsm3M8nn5GpisRs&h

l=en&sa=X&ei=sgwBU8LvBqvE0AHkpIDQCQ&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=

%22andrew%20johnson%22%20nigger&f=false and

www.nytimes.com/1864/10/19/news/sketch-of-hon-andrew-johnson-s-

louisville-speech.html. See also

http://millercenter.org/president/johnson/essays/biography/print .

Notes for Cuban-American Terrorists:

Organized by Kennedy, Pardoned by Bush Sr.

See www.commondreams.org/views03/1024-06.htm ,

http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662,

http://cuban-exile.com/menu1/%21protest.html , and

https://web.archive.org/web/20110719235632/http://digital.library.mia

mi.edu/gov/Terror.html

cuban-American terrorists,

http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB153/,

www.freethefive.org/usTerrorism/USTerrBosch62989.htm,www.salon.com/

2008/01/14/cuba_2/

and www.counterpunch.org/2014/03/20/the-u-s-s-terrorism-double-

standard/ For the plot to kill Reagan see

http://books.google.com/books?

id=S29i6qtmKngC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=cuban+exile+

%22plot+to+assassinate+reagan

%22&source=bl&ots=iZCvm1C0kz&sig=rWYcBosQNIn7vlnrTfmpLKYL_cw&hl=en&sa

=X&ei=rJD5UuvhKKbT0wHRrICwBg&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cuban

%20exile%20%22plot%20to%20assassinate%20reagan%22&f=false . For the

Bushes' pardon of a terrorist, see

www.salon.com/2001/02/27/pardons_3/.

Notes for Right Wing Terrorism From Reagan to GW Bush

The estimates of deaths and plots from right wing terrorism were

compiled from

www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/terror-from-the-right

and from violence against abortion clinics or their workers at

www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/violence/history_violence.html.

This list also compares terrorists from nominally Muslim groups to

white supremacist terrorists.

http://kurzman.unc.edu/files/2011/06/Kurzman_Muslim-

American_Terrorism_February_1_2013.pdf .

See also http://thinkprogress.org/security/2012/04/19/467384/chart-

right-wing-extremism-terror-threat-oklahoma-city/. For Don Black, see

Bayou of Pigs. For the Plummer case, see

https://web.archive.org/web/20030306155457/http://burn.ucsd.edu/archi

ves/ats-l/1999.01/msg00004.html . For right wing media ending federal

investigation of right wing terrorism see

www.salon.com/2012/08/07/fbi_right_wing_terror_is_real/ and

www.fbi.gov/news/testimony/the-terrorist-threat-confronting-the-

united-states . For right wing anthrax attacks see

www.publiceye.org/fascist/who_anthrax.html#Christian Right and

www.salon.com/2001/10/17/anthrax_letters/ . Rick Perry's seeking

support from a a terrorist militia group is at

http://politicalcorrection.org/factcheck/200904200002. For Reagan's

“welfare queen” see

www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2013/12/linda_taylor

_welfare_queen_ronald_reagan_made_her_a_notorious_american_villain.ht

ml.

Notes for Fillmore and Know Nothing Anti-Catholic Terrorism

For the Maria Monk case see

www.english.upenn.edu/~traister/hughes.html. For Know Nothing

violence see www.newadvent.org/cathen/08677a.htm, History of Maryland by

Matthew Andrews pages 476-478,

http://exhibits.library.villanova.edu/chaos-in-the-streets-the-

philadelphia-riots-of-1844/know-nothings/, and

http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04032012-143710/unrestricted/

Varin_Thesis.pdf.

Fillmore pushing an anti Jewish treaty and appealing to anti

immigrant hatred is at http://books.google.com/books?

id=_ueWiEBrTq4C&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=millard+fillmore+anti+catholic&sour

ce=bl&ots=ZQ3n7IZBFu&sig=YIXJCEoz9ljV2zzvuG7QT_-1f-

U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dR1gUpSpDa2-

4APcq4CgBw&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=millard%20fillmore%20anti

%20catholic&f=false . His speeches to anti immigrant crowds are at

http://books.google.com/books?

id=7UJ5kDzCssgC&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=millard+fillmore+anti+catholic&

source=bl&ots=vWdZBhkVoj&sig=SwjE3qPejp45WpYIIgsTTynIKao&hl=en&sa=X&e

i=bx9gUtfpKcHE4AOw54DwBg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=millard

%20fillmore%20anti%20catholic&f=false

and at http://books.google.com/books?

id=MkOErWeC1G4C&pg=PT53&lpg=PT53&dq=millard+fillmore+anti+catholic&so

urce=bl&ots=3yLS5xF1zQ&sig=HFuN001cux5Fq6Y7BJ65W1NUl6M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=

pSBgUpOVK_Wx4AP1ooHIDg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q=millard

%20fillmore%20anti%20catholic&f=false

where he blamed his election loss on foreign Catholics.

Notes for Section Seven: Homegrown Repression

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for Nixon and Operation Condor

See www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB104/index.htm,

www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Herman%20/Condor_Herman.html,

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB125/,

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010306/,

www.justice.gov/osg/briefs/2005/0responses/2005-0743.resp.html,

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8i.htm,

www-personal.umich.edu/~rtanter/F02PS498_Papers/

IraqThreatAssessment/Chile.html,

www.cbc.ca/news/world/chile-dictatorship-victim-toll-bumped-to-40-

018-1.998542, and

www.motherjones.com/mojo/2014/01/new-memo-kissinger-gave-green-light-

argentina-dirty-war

Notes for Lyndon Johnson, Nixon, and the Phoenix Program

See http://hnn.us/article/116462, A defense of Phoenix,

including estimates of deaths, torture and other coercion methods,

and imposters falsely claiming to be part of the program, is at

www.hpu.edu/CHSS/History/GraduateDegree/MADMSTheses/files/

2008MichaelWilcheck.pdf .

Notes for GW Bush and Torture Deaths

Estimate of torture deaths are at

www.salon.com/2009/06/30/accountability_7/ and

www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2009/05/05/how-many-were-tortured-to-

death.html. Nations involved in rendition for torture are at

www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/02/05/a-staggering-

map-of-the-54-countries-that-reportedly-participated-in-the-cias-

rendition-program/. Executions of Japanese war crminals for torture

is at

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/02/AR2007110201

170.html. Use of North Korean torture is at

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/torturingdemocracy/documents/theme.html. For

Khalid Sheik Muhammed's torture see

www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/world/20detain.html?_r=0. For estimates of

innocents at Guantanamo see

www.willamette.edu/wucl/resources/journals/review/pdf/Volume%2050/50-

1,%20BEJESKY.pdf. The briefs ready for indictment for torture in most

jurisdictions worldwide are discussed at http://ccrjustice.org/Bush-

torture-indictment-Switzerland and

www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/world/europe/08briefs-Switzerland.html?

_r=0. For the Obama administration refusal to prosecute see

www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/globalizing-

torture-20120205.pdf .

Notes for Franklin Roosevelt and Japanese-American and Aleut

Internment

See www.pbs.org/childofcamp/history/,

www.nps.gov/aleu/historyculture/unangan-internment.htm,www.loc.gov/

teachers/classroommaterials/primarysourcesets/internment/pdf/

teacher_guide.pdf, and

www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/japanese-

internment.html. For internee life expectancies see

www.crsp.pitt.edu/downloads/saavedra-phd.pdf. See also notes on

Truman Drops the A Bomb.

Notes for US Repression in Colonies: Guam, Hawaii, Micronesia, Puerto

Rico, and Samoa

See www.counterpunch.org/2014/02/19/puerto-rico-and-wall-

streets-21st-century-debt-peonage-imperialism/,

www.hawaii.edu/publichealth/ecohealth/si/course-indighlth/readings/

WilcoxandMaly.pdf, http://books.google.com/books?id=nHp7-

BTy57MC&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=%22american+samoa

%22+independence+movement

%22&source=bl&ots=0Gk5TshuXq&sig=Q32HFc3Jky7zzZuxSgHP6FWAFfQ&hl=en&sa

=X&ei=6Dv9UrHgJOPJsQTxuILoBA&ved=0CCMQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=

%22american%20samoa%22%20independence%20movement%22&f=false,

www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/

micronesia/banning-nuclear-weapons-how-many-times-must-peop, What We

Bury at Night: Disposable Humanity,

www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/umarmot/category/social-change/prison-

issues/, America's Virgin Islands a History of Human Rights and Wrongs,

http://libcom.org/history/virgin-island-five-aka-fountain-valley-

five,

http://stcroixsource.com/content/news/local-news/2002/09/05/fountain-

valley-put-vi-unwanted-spotlight-1 , www.uvu.edu/ethics/seac/US

%20Nuclear%20Testing%20on%20the%20Marshal%20Islands.pdf, and

www.dartmouth.edu/~worldoutlook/archives/winter11/Winter

%202011_Sutoris.pdf .

Notes for Woodrow Wilson Crushing Dissent in World War I

World War I detainee deaths from escape attempts and disease at

Fort Oglethorpe are discussed at www.unz.org/Pub/AmMercury-1927jul-

00313?View=PDF&apages=0083 and

http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/yockel.htm . For the

campaigns vs. dissent and German-Americans see

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3478 and

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3479.

Notes for Section Eight: The Good Records of Presidents

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for Jefferson Ended the US International Slave Trade,

Avoided Wars with Britain and France

An estimate of War of 1812 deaths is at www.pbs.org/wned/war-of-

1812/essays/military-medicine/. Discussion of the slave trade ban is

at www1.american.edu/ted/slave.htm and http://hnn.us/article/118969.

See

http://public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/341/sites/Enlightenment/jim's

%20page.htm for how Jefferson's view were shaped. His address to

Congress is at http://books.google.com/books?

id=hus4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA468&lpg=PA468&dq=withdraw+the+citizens+of+the+Un

ited+States+from+all+further+participation+in+those+violations+of+hum

an+rights+which+have+been+so+long+continued+on+the+unoffending+inhabi

tants+of+Africa,&source=bl&ots=MWhQIMndHn&sig=Vxu426tTsET4s_cMkjiFwc6

0pto&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nSnlU4vKMNGYyAS64oGIBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q

=withdraw%20the%20citizens%20of%20the%20United%20States%20from%20all

%20further%20participation%20in%20those%20violations%20of%20human

%20rights%20which%20have%20been%20so%20long%20continued%20on%20the

%20unoffending%20inhabitants%20of%20Africa%2C&f=false.

Notes for Van Buren Avoided Wars with Britain and Mexico,

Delayed California Indian Genocide

See

http://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/essays/biography/5 ,

www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/alamo/peopleevents/e_annex.html,

www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Martin-Van-Buren-

Foreign-affairs.html, and

http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/29/freedom-for-

californias-indians/?_r=0. See also notes for Polk Provokes the US

Mexico War and notes for California Indian Genocide.

Notes for Lincoln, the Civil War, and Emancipation of

Both Black and American Indian Slaves

Sources on slave mortality, including in comparison to free

people, include https://chnm.gmu.edu/cyh/case-studies/57 and

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2885717/.

For numbers of slaves imported see

http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/slave04.htm and

www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces and

www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/essays-intro-10.faces. CSA and

Union death estimates are at

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/us20.cfm. An account of

future Confederate officials' call to invade other nations to expand

slavery is at http://carolinelevander.rice.edu/AL078-04-

06Levander1pp.pdf. Lincoln speaking of reforming the Indian Agency

after the war is on page 101 at http://books.google.com/books?

id=OxIWFlHa900C&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=%22millard+fillmore%22+

%22american+indians

%22&source=bl&ots=HhHlexQWAG&sig=J0iNiNLAOENTcR8HyBfCkw9VnYg&hl=en&sa

=X&ei=Sm5kUqrwHZen4AP7-YGgDQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=%22millard

%20fillmore%22%20%22american%20indians%22&f=false. See also notes on

California Indian Genocide.

For the Long Walk see

http://reta.nmsu.edu/modules/longwalk/default.htm. For the Dakota

uprising see the Dakota made documentary Dakota 38.

Notes for Grant's Reconstruction and Peace Policy with American

Indians

For Peace Policy see

http://daphne.palomar.edu/llewis/AIS102/102%20Lectures/M4/Lec81.htm

http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v037/v037p411.pdf, and

Encyclopedia of Indian Wars page 362. For Reconstruction see

http://millercenter.org/president/grant/essays/biography/4. For the

slaughter of buffalo see

http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2011/05/09/genocide-other-

means-us-army-slaughtered-buffalo-plains-indian-wars-30798.

Notes for Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, the Good Neighbor Policy,

and World War II

For the Good Neighbor Policy see

www.latinamericanstudies.org/good-neighbor.htm,

https://wikis.nyu.edu/ek6/modernamerica/index.php/Imperialism/TheGood

NeighborPolicy, and

www.webpages.uidaho.edu/graden/good_neighbor_policy.htm. For Social

Security see www.epi.org/blog/social-security-effective-anti-poverty-

program/. For its exclusions see

www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v70n4/v70n4p49.html. For Huey Long's

proposals see http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5109/. For unions

broken by government de certification see

http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

article=2417&context=cklawreview. Greenspan's apology is at

www.nytimes.com/2008/10/24/business/economy/24panel.html. World War

II chronology is so widely known as to need no cites. See also notes

on Roosevelt and the Holocaust.

Notes for Lyndon Johnson and Nixon on

Civil Rights and the War on Poverty

For the War on Poverty see www.commondreams.org/view/2013/11/05,

www.huffingtonpost.com/martha-burk/50-years-from-the-war-

on_b_4532440.html,

www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/business/50-years-later-war-on-poverty-is-

a-mixed-bag.html?smid=fb-share&_r=0,

http://www.nber.org/papers/w19789.pdf?new_window=1,

www.huffingtonpost.com/martha-j-bailey/war-on-poverty-

programs_b_4556319.html, and

www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/war-on-poverty_b_4559644.html.

The civil rights movement is so widely known as to need few cites,

though those not knowledgeable can seek out the NAACP, SCLC, NCAI,

UFW, and GI Forum websites. A debunking of Kennedy's reputation is at

www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/06/the-day-president-

kennedy-embraced-civil-rights-and-the-story-behind-it/276749/.

Johnson's is at www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/what-

the-hells-the-presidency-for/358630/. For Nixon see

http://mic.com/articles/60867/richard-nixon-the-social-liberal-of-

his-time.

Notes for Carter and Human Rights

The estimate of number of dissidents saved and twenty five

nations aided in becoming democratic is based on compiling data from

the following articles and books. http://news.google.com/newspapers?

id=wNFOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wowDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2238%2C3523193,

www.princeton.edu/~bsimpson/2009%20IHR%20article%20on

%20Indonesia.pdf ,

http://books.google.com/books?

id=Qh5kXOEvSMcC&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=jimmy+carter+south+korea+kwangj

u&source=bl&ots=V8QQYlLcPE&sig=6mm41X_7cfPO2-

tfGScYxc2_DJs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gWLUUtPJCO7fsATAn4KoAw&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBA#v=

onepage&q=jimmy%20carter%20south%20korea%20kwangju&f=false ,

www.cis.org/RefugeeResettlement-SovietJewry,http://bjpa.org/

Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 ,

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/longterm/cuba/mariel_port.

htm ,

http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2&psid=3364 ,

http://books.google.com/books?

id=JJEIQbUnGyYC&pg=PA224&dq=human+right+under+the+shah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=

E3CFUdfXHOKbygHP14HICw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=human%20right

%20under%20the%20shah&f=false,www.emadbaghi.com/en/archives/

000592.php#more

http://millercenter.org/president/carter/essays/biography/5 ,

http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

article=1066&context=forum ,

http://migs.concordia.ca/documents/

ClymerartcileCarterandCambodia.pdf. Reframing the Purpose of US Foreign Aid,

The Predicament of Human Rights, The Carter Administration and Latin America, and

Confronting Revolution. For Kirkpatrick's thesis

www.commentarymagazine.com/article/dictatorships-double-standards/.

The quote from Henry Forde is at

www.cartercenter.org/documents/1243.pdf.

Notes for Bush Sr.'s Rescue of the Kurds of Iraq

Estimates of Kurds saved are from

www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/provide_comfort.htm and

www.history.army.mil/html/books/humanitarian_intervention/CMH_70-

78.pdf. The uprising against Hussein is described at

www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-120823-031.pdf and

http://books.google.com/books?

id=80PrnBmHiTYC&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23&dq=george+hw+bush+operation+provide+

comfort&source=bl&ots=d_8xuYiogv&sig=jnnktwSf-AuFHifgB9up-

VQTpjQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C21EUr-

jDLan4AOpkYCQCw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=george%20hw%20bush

%20operation%20provide%20comfort&f=false.

Notes for GW Bush and AIDS in Africa

Statistics on those helped by PEPFAR in various ways are

compiled from www.pepfar.gov/funding/results/index.htm. Criticisms of

the shortcomings of PEPFAR are at.

www.counterpunch.org/2013/08/14/the-real-story-about-bush-hivaids-

and-africa/ and www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/EG04Aa02.html.

Notes for Obama's Wars, the Great Recession, and Healthcare

See also notes on Deregulation From Reagan to GW Bush. For the

stimulus see

www.huffingtonpost.com/rj-eskow/five-years-after-the-

stim_b_4812113.html and www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-

intelligence/2012/06/20/why-the-economic-stimulus-worked . For the $7

trillion bailout see

http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/business/2011/11/fed-gave-banks-

trillions-in-bailout-bloomberg-reports/. See notes on GW Bush and

Torture. See Robert Gates's comments in his memoir Duty. Hersh's

allegations are at http://news.yahoo.com/seymour-hersh-alleges-obama-

administration-lied-syria-gas-204437397.html. For the removal of

Syrian chemical weapons see www.commondreams.org/view/2013/11/05-8.

For Iran's never seeking nuclear weapons see Manufactured Crisis. See

also the National Intelligence Estimates by the CIA in 2007 and 2010.

A debunking of other falsehoods about Iran is at

www.counterpunch.org/2012/04/12/the-irrationality-of-the-case-

against-irans-nuclear-program/. For Republicans cheering poor people

dying, see http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/09/tea-party-

debate-audience-cheered-idea-of-letting-uninsured-patients-die/ or

video of the debate. For changing racist drug sentencing see

www.cnn.com/2011/11/01/justice/crack-cocaine-sentencing/.

Notes for The Best American Presidents on Arms Control

For arguments that peace movements ended the Cold War, see

Unarmed Forces, www.sonoma.edu/users/w/wallsd/pdf/Peace-Movement.pdf,

and www.thenation.com/article/how-we-ended-cold-war. For popular

forces ending the Cold War vs an elitist view lauding Reagan see Why

the Cold War Ended.. For nuclear free zones see

www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NWFZ.shtml. For current nuclear

estimates see

www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html.

For Eisenhower's role see www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB94/.

For the role of astrology in Reagan's decisions see

www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/05/19/back.time/ and

http://books.google.com/books?

id=7UvzZAZcDl4C&pg=PT203&lpg=PT203&dq=reagan+astrology+gorbachev&sour

ce=bl&ots=r4YAXNuCuq&sig=iXZycRAkKeAAXJcsYtq2ZNas5Do&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K5

DuUobzO5S0sQSb-YCYAQ&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=reagan%20astrology

%20gorbachev&f=false

and the accounts of two of Reagan's staff, Don Regan and Michael

Quigley at

http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1990-03-19/features/

9001230002_1_joan-quigley-astrologer-nancy-reagan . A profile of

Clinton's chief negotiator with North Korea and the Bush

administration failures to follow up are at

www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/10/14/shermans_march_wendy_sherma

n_iran.

The START treaty is at www.state.gov/t/avc/newstart/index.htm. For

Iran's supposed nuclear weapons and Syria's chemical weapons see

notes for Obama's Wars.

Notes for Section Nine: What If?

Who Would Have Been Far Better at Saving Lives as President?

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for John Quincy Adams or Henry Clay Avoid the Trail of Tears

See the excellent biography John Quincy Adams by Robert Remini,

especially pages 75-102.

For Junaluska see http://ncpedia.org/biography/junaluska.

Notes for Willie Mangum Avoids the US-Mexico War and California

Indian Genocide

For Tyler's close call on the USS Princeton see

http://web.mit.edu/sgtist/Public/princeton.pdf. Mangum's opposition

to annexation, abolitionism, and Mexicans is at

http://books.google.com/books?

id=Qxhd5QIQGQcC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=willie+mangum+indians&source=bl&o

ts=dddm0G2V5S&sig=aB6DaNxYV2brPACQ8_WbiwFYmkc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E72WUsjxP

OyhsATJ3oCQCg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=willie%20mangum

%20indians&f=false. British Empire interest in Texas as a colony is

at www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/annexation/part2/page1.html.

Notes for Hannibal Hamlin and a Successful Reconstruction

A biography of Hamlin is at

http://millercenter.org/president/lincoln/essays/vicepresident/1855.

For the Sea Island experiment giving land to former slaves see A

Different Mirror and https://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/carr/seaframe.html.

Notes for Benjamin Wade and a Successful Reconstruction (Maybe)

http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/impeach/

imp_account2.html describes the impeachment of Johnson, including

bribery. The account of the impeachment ghostwritten for John

Kennedy by Ted Sorenson in Profiles in Courage is rejected by most

historians today.

Notes for William Jennings Bryan Avoids the US-Filipino War and

American Empire

See also notes for McKinley and the US Philippines War. A

biography of Bryan is at http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/bryan.html.

His support for public referendums for wars is at

www.salon.com/2013/09/21/

let_voters_declare_war_the_ideas_fascinating_little_known_history/

singleton/. For Hawaiian labor, see

www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/January-2010/A-Massacre-

Forgotten/#.U-g1Oekg9jo.

Notes for Henry Wallace Avoids the Cold War

A biography of Wallace is at

www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/wallace-henry.cfm. For the

Soviet trip see www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/three-days-

%E2%80%9Causchwitz-without-gas-chambers%E2%80%9D-henry-wallaces-

visit-to-magadan-1944 and Wallace's Where I Was Wrong.

Seewww.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/133c/133cproj/

08proj/Steininger1990Garnham08z.htm for views on the Stalin Note.

Notes for Adlai Stevenson Ends the Cold War

Stevenson's changing views are described at

www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/mep/displaydoc.cfm?docid=erpn-adlste. The

Secret Speech is at http://soviethistory.macalester.edu/index.php?

page=subject&SubjectID=1956secret&Year=1956.

Notes for Robert Kennedy Ends the US-Vietnam War and Avoids Cambodian

Genocide

For John Kennedy's undeserved reputation see

www.counterpunch.org/2014/02/07/jfk-rfk-and-some-myths-about-

american-foreign-policy/. For Robert Kennedy's withdrawal plan see

www.history.com/this-day-in-history/kennedy-proposes-plan-to-end-the-

war. See also notes on Nixon and Cambodia and notes on Lyndon

Johnson, Nixon, and the US Vietnam War.

Notes for Al Gore Avoids the Iraq War and Most Hurricane Katrina

Deaths

Gore’s opposition to the Iraq War is in many sources. See also

notes on GW Bush and Hurricane Katrina deaths. For AIDS protesters

and Gore see

www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/campaigns/wh2000/stories/gore0

61899.htm.

Notes for Section Ten: What If?

Who Would Have Been Far Worse in Presidential Body Counts?

See notes in individual entries.

Notes for Jackson as President in 1824

See also Notes on Jackson and the Trail of Tears. For Jackson’s

foreign policy see

http://millercenter.org/president/jackson/essays/biography/5.

Notes for McClellan’s Failed Civil War and Reconstruction

Civil War military history is well known and not needing cites.

The military situation in March 1865, when McClellan would take

office, is at www.historylearningsite.co.uk/march-1865-civil-

war.htm. See Confederate Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate

Constitutionalism. Though the international (but not internal) slave trade

was supposedly banned in the Confederacy there were many advocates to

bring it back well before the war started, and a widespread illegal

international slave trade. See www.gutenberg.org/files/17700/17700-

h/17700-h.htm#Chapter_XI and

http://abolition.nypl.org/print/revival_of_slave_trade/. See a

Declaration of Causes at

www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/secession/2feb1861.html.

Notes for Custer's Many Wars

The best known work arguing Custer wanted to be president is

Mari Sandoz in Battle of the Little Bighorn. Its premise is rejected by most

scholars. Custer's wife's racism and his indifference is at

www.nchmuseum.org/education/student-projects/online-exhibit/ . His

views on assimilation of Natives are at

http://books.google.com/books?

id=nPZGfgPrVA8C&pg=PA178&lpg=PA178&dq=what+custer+thought+of+

%22latin+america

%22&source=bl&ots=6EXZM4Z1tU&sig=YI4q3_kyyCa9zqHxCWF39HmNhgU&hl=en&sa

=X&ei=NAKYUsqWPI3uoASTz4KQBg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=what

%20custer%20thought%20of%20%22latin%20america%22&f=false . Accounts of

the Washita Massacre are at

http://home.epix.net/~landis/washita.html.

Notes for McKinley Survives Assassination

See notes in McKinley and Atrocities in the Philippines War.

Notes for The American Liberty League's Irenee Dupont and Gerald

McGuire

See The Plot to Seize the White House, The Maverick Marine, The Politics of

Upheaval, the House Committee report at

www.flagrancy.net/salvage/HUAC1.pdf,

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCormack

%E2%80%93Dickstein_Committee#Testimony_of_Maj._Gen._S._D._Butler_.28R

etired.29,

www.rooseveltinstitute.org/new-roosevelt/how-fdr-took-forces-wealth-

and-power,

www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/document/document_20070723.shtml, and

www.jweekly.com/article/full/31045/financing-of-racist-anti-semitic-

groups-fails-to-sink-fdr/ .

Notes for MacArthur Starts a Nuclear War

MacArthur’s planned use of A-bombs against China and North Korea

is detailed at http://hnn.us/article/9245. For Rhee's brutal reign

see www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55a/186.html.

Notes for Reagan as President in 1976

See notes for Reagan and Central America.

Notes for Ross Perot in 1992

For Perot's conspiracy theories see

www.nytimes.com/1992/10/26/us/1992-campaign-overview-perot-says-he-

quit-july-thwart-gop-dirty-tricks.html. For his views on drugs see

http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?

date=19920610&slug=1496459.

Notes for Cheney's Many Wars

For the attack on Bush see

www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/01/11/georgia.grenade/. The rancor

between Bush and Cheney is at

www.nytimes.com/2009/02/18/us/politics/18cheney.html?

pagewanted=all&_r=0.

Notes for McCain and Palin's Many Wars

“Bomb Iran” is at www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?

storyId=9688222. For “100 years” see

http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/story?id=4556230. For Palin

see Game Change.

Notes for Hillary Clinton’s Many Wars

See www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/22/us-usa-politics-iran-

idUSN2224332720080422, www.nbcnews.com/id/24246275/ns/msnbc-

countdown_with_keith_olbermann/t/clinton-warns-iran-us-nuclear-

response/, and www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/06/hillary-clinton-

arming-syrian-rebels-memoir.

Notes for Romney Tries to Return to War in Iraq and Torture

See www.foxnews.com/on-air/on-the-record/2012/07/31/romney-all-

options-table-iran-and-nukes and

www.nytimes.com/2012/09/28/us/politics/election-will-decide-future-

of-interrogation-methods-for-terrorism-suspects.html. For Medicare

saving lives compared to privatized healthcare, see

http://people.ucsc.edu/~cdobkin/Papers/2009%20Does%20Medicare%20Save

%20Lives.pdf, www.pnhp.org/news/2010/september/want-to-save-lives-

and-money-strengthen-medicare, and

www.nber.org/aginghealth/2008no1/w13668.html.

Notes for Section Eleven: Why Weren't These Included?

See notes for individual entries.

Notes for John Adams' Alien and Sedition Acts

For statistics on the acts see

www.firstamendmentcenter.org/madison/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Sedit

ion_Act_cases.pdf.

Notes for The Lie of “Genocide Against Whites” in Haiti, Algeria,

Kenya, and Zimbabwe

See notes on Jefferson and the Haitian Revolution and

www.uky.edu/~popkin/Haitian%20Revolution%20Lecture.htm. For Algeria

see

www.academia.edu/884546/_Getting_Out_Algeria_republished_as_France_an

d_Algeria_Proclaim_Victory_and_Au_Revoir. For Kenya see

www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/06/britain-maumau-empire-

waiting. The death toll for Zimbabwean white farmers is at

www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-132504/Zimbabwe-white-farmers-fight-

flee.html.

Notes for Some Atrocities Overseas Before 1890, 1917, or 1941

See earlier entries, especially Introduction.

Notes for Sherman's March Through Georgia

See Sherman's March in Myth and Memory and http://people.cohums.ohio-

state.edu/grimsley1/myth/myth.htm. For Confederate atrocities see

Black Flag Over Dixie. See also notes on Lincoln and notes on McClellan.

Notes for Indian Boarding Schools

See http://brownvboard.org/sites/default/files/BQ_Vol4No3.pdf .

Notes for COINTELPRO

See

www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World_US/COINTELPRO70s_WAH.html

and

www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World_US/COINTELPRO70s_WAH.html .

Notes for The Cuban Missile Crisis

See www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/01/the-real-cuban-

missile-crisis/309190/?single_page=true and

www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/moment.htm.

Notes for Sterilization of American Indian Women

My late colleague in graduate school, Jane Lawrence, wrote on

sterilization of Native women in https://muse.jhu.edu/login?

auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/american_indian_quarterly/

v024/24.3lawrence.html. Also see

www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/543.html,

https://cbhd.org/content/forced-sterilization-native-americans-late-

twentieth-century-physician-cooperation-national-, and

www.csuchico.edu/pub/inside/archive/98_10_22/genocide.html .

Notes for Animal Rights and “Eco Terrorism”

See www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2013/07/10/domestic-eco-

terrorism-has-deep-pockets-and-many-enablers/ and

www.greenisthenewred.com/blog/green-scare/ .

Notes for Sanctions Against Iraq

See www.casi.org.uk/info/garfield/dr-garfield.html,

www.thenation.com/article/hard-look-iraq-sanctions?page=full,

www.unicef.org/newsline/99pr29.htm,

www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html#N_93,

www.public.asu.edu/~wellsda/foreignpolicy/Halliday-criticizes-

sanctions.html, www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/world/iraq-won-t-let-

outside-experts-assess-sanctions-impact-on-lives.html and

http://web.archive.org/web/20010622042633/http://www.thenewrepublic.c

om/061801/rubin061801.html.

Notes for Bosnia: War or Genocide?

See www.brookings.edu/research/articles/1998/12/balkans-daalder

and www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21672&Cr=ICJ&Cr1#.U-jk-

ukg9jo.

Notes for Alleged Conspiracies:

The Long List of Nonsense Many Believe With Dubious or No Proof

Shermer's Why People Believe Weird Things discusses why conspiracy

beliefs persist.

www.nytimes.com/projects/2013/benghazi/?/?chapt=0#/?chapt=0 debunks

the Benghazi conspiracy claims.

Notes for Bill Clinton's Clemency for Puerto Rican Nationalist

Terrorists

See www.nytimes.com/1999/09/08/us/12-imprisoned-puerto-ricans-

accept-clemency-conditions.html and

http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2009/01/more-on-holder/.

Notes for The Patriot Act

See http://gjs.appstate.edu/media-coverage-crime-and-criminal-

justice/usa-patriot-act and

www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-handbook-

policymakers/2003/9/hb108-12.pdf .

Notes for The Congo Wars

See www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/Africa-Monitor/2011/1129/A-

brief-history-of-Congo-s-wars and www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/sunday-

review/congos-never-ending-war.html?pagewanted=all.

Notes for Darfur Genocide

See

www.academia.edu/1353657/An_Analysis_of_Realism_and_Its_Effects_on_Da

rfur, www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/africa-july-dec06-darfur_11-17/, and

www.newrepublic.com/article/books/80933/the-truth-will-not-set-you-

free-sudan-darfur-genocide.

Notes for Conclusions: Adding Up the Numbers:

Best vs Worst Presidents and Historians' Rankings

See

www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/leadership/schlesin

ger.html#chart,

http://web.archive.org/web/20060628235418/http://www.siena.edu/sri/

results/95%20Presidency%20Survey.htm,

http://online.wsj.com/public/page/news-opinion-commentary.html?

id=110007243, www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/09/24/from-

franklin-delano-roosevelt-to-john-f-kennedy-newsweek-s-10-best-

presidents-photos.html. See previous entries for the records of

specific presidents.

Notes for What Can and Should Be Done?

The Presidency If Lives Matter More Than Ideology

See www.forbes.com/sites/kellyclay/2013/01/05/the-top-10-jobs-

that-attract-psychopaths/

and http://mercatus.org/publication/worlds-top-military-spenders-us-

spends-more-next-top-14-countries-combined.

Notes for Appendix: The Best and Worst Ex Presidents

See www.cartercenter.org/index.html,

www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/Hooverstory/gallery02/index.html,

www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/25/idUSN25335742 ,

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=376,

previous notes on Fillmore, Nixon, and GW Bush, and

www.washingtonpost.com/local/john-tyler-traitor-well-yes-actually-/

2013/02/24/a387eece-7d29-11e2-9a75-dab0201670da_story.html.