New and emerging technology of 3G   or   3rd generation mobile telecommunications and other software technologies for police investigation and forensics Sharada avadhanam, DDFS, AP POLICE ACADEMY, HYDERABAD 500008

Definition and Applications of 3G mobile telecom services: They cover the following services:• wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access,video calls, location based services, telemedicine and mobile TV, mobile broadband access of several mbps to  smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers all in a mobile environment. of 3G• The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not previously available to mobile phone users.

Security issues :• 3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the intended one and not an impersonator. • 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher have been identified.KASUMI is a block cipher used in UMTS, GSM, and GPRS mobile communications systems. In UMTS KASUMI is used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms (f9) with names UEA1 and UIA1, respectively. [1] In GSM KASUMI is used in the A5/3 key stream generator and in GPRS in the GEA3 key stream generator.In 2010, Dunkleman, Keller and Shamir published a new attack that allows to recover a full A5/3 key by related-key attack.[5] The time and space complexities of the attack are low enough that the authors carried out the attack in two hours on a modest desktop computer even using the unoptimized reference KASUMI

implementation. The authors note that this attack may not be applicable to the way A5/3 is used in 3G systems; their main purpose was to discredit 3GPP's assurances that their changes to MISTY wouldn't significantly impact the security of the algorithm.

• In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offeredwhen application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.

Future tools of crime and punishment - an overview:

Mobile 3G applications; Mobile camera – static and video; Mobile voice

recording; Mobile data base accessing mining and management; Crime data extraction in

pristine condition using software, ; mobile station management,; Mobile remote

reporting, supervision and expert guidance; Mobile remote documentation, form

filling, registration, crime reporting, crime briefing, FIR, letter of advice,

channels

SMS /MMS; VIDEO CALL , CHAT / SEND RECEIVE; Voice; WAP ; Web /

INTERNET; Java

Stolen vehicles identification

Record the vehicle license plate –apps; Send it for cross checking with

database; Receive online and in realtime the details of stolen and reported vehicles

for immediate detention of the vehicle; AUTOMATIC LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION SOFTWARE

On receipt of information of crime occurring or about to occur

crime scene location, search, reach, record, reconstruct; Google maps; Know how

crowded the area, what are the buildings, lanes, bylanes, entry points, exit points

to the area.; In case of natural calamity, know the possibility of entry for fire

engine, earthmoving equipment ; In case of fire in high rise buildings or terror

attack in a high rise building, identify and send latitude and longitude of the

building to the air support personnel and helicopters for rescue operation

First aid, treat injured, get medical help, keep the base medical station

ready for the emergency

3G apps, video, audio, recording of static and movie; Let the medical staff at

the hospital and in the ambulance see and assess the problem and decide on the kind

of help needed to save lives.

Ambulance comes with needed items and equipment and paramedics with particular

skill to deal in the particular condition of victims; Base medical station at the

hospital is kept ready with relevant experts, ready to operate status, prior analysis

of what needs to be done

Recording

Photo apps – record, enhance,; Audio apps – record, upload,; Video apps –

record, upload

Fingerprints

Obtain fingerprint on the mobile – apps; Send it to FP database on mobile; Get

reply as to match and details of the identity of matched person and his whereabouts

and if possible his photo.

Crime scene sketching

Distance measuring apps; Remote expert consultation by sending raw footage by

continuous streaming – remote control of camera – apps; Photo apps; Sketching on the

mobile screen and saving and storing and updating database - apps

Note taking – crime scene survey – crime scene search

Speak into the phone and record your notes; Take relevant pictures or video and

embellish your narrative.

Fast typing of narrative – apps; Report to superiors – online and realtime from

3G video calling facility

Eye witness and complainant management

Record the entire narrative with time stamp; Let him sign on the mobile screen

with fingerprint added / recongnised and record the same; Fill the form of suspects

description for identification of suspects and generation of portrait of suspect /

accused = software apps; Confession statement and witness corroboration on the video

‘in situ’ situation.

Recording dying declaration of the victim – 3G video app.

HLP

Download of procedure based on exhibit on hand. – send a photo, video voice

recording and identify the relevant procedure and download the same for use by IO

under remote supervision of expert.

Show the state of items for lifting packing and obtain immediate expert guidance

on a question and answer mode

Reconstruction

Face reconstruction – apps; Event reconstruction – apps; Expert opinion and

guidance for the IO , overview of the evidence collected , on real time basis;

Formulation and admissibility criteria from legal experts for onsite correction,

collection and storing of relevant evidence material.; Chain of custody and integrity

of material – use apps – biometrics for handing over and receiver of evidence.

Drafting documents as per accreditation procedure, submission of documents

Form download, fillup and upload from site with digital signature

List of top mobile app companies for outsourcing

Mobile2win, Ayansys, Blackpepper, OmniBridge, Mobute , GeniusPort, Clarice

Technology, Tritone Tech, Software Workshop,Dot Com Infoway , Robosoft, Tech

solutions, Interworld commnet, Envision mobility, Money on Mobile, Spardin,

Hakunamatata, Webonise Labs  mPortal;One97,InMobi

• 3G apps useful for crime scene recognition, search and seizure of evidence :Name of the app and screenshot

Description of the app How it can be used by police

Android license plate recognition

Recognize a stolen car or know the details of owner of a parked car using the mobile phone

Recognize a stolen car or identify theowner details of the car involved in an accident or crime or found related to or in a crime scene.Just walk into a parking lot and identify stolen vehicles against whichreport or record exists in the police /RTA database.

Automated license plate recognition systems

Scan license plates to identify stolen vehicles. the system can be placed on fixed cameras placed on the road or on/under flyover or road over bridges or at traffic junctions and automatically identify stolen vehicles by checking against data base and convey the information to the mobile police units to

Police forces can use this as a force multiplier both as fixed scanner camera application or vehicle mounted laptop linked application which can scan and identify stolen vehicles on the go and allow the police man to actin time without waste of time and at the same time save on the force manpower and time which would otherwise be required to manually scanor search and identify the stolen vehicles or crime linked vehicles while on the run . it can also be mounted on a police patrol car while

intercept in a realtime basis.

doing routine neighbourhood beat and while passing any vehicle either stationary or coming across a passing vehicle in the same or opposite direction can immediately alert the driver as the nature and importance ofthe vehicle being a stolen or crime vehicle to enable real time apprehension and may be prevention of major crime based on intelligence policing.

Google goggles picture search

Image based search application. You can take a snap of label, book cover, any commercial item sourced from anywhere in the world and know all aboutit.also applicable to artwork, DVDs, wine bottles, books, historical monuments etc..

In the present globalised world and globalised crime and source of crime material it would be greatly helpful to just aim your cell phone on the object or label and shoot a picture and search all the details about the product or a book or cover or label ofany product produced anywhere in the world. In internet based and mms basedcrimes it would be possible to identify monuments and public buildings and identify its location byjust searching the image itself without any more search for a name or description of the building or

monument . it will help greatly in investigation of crimes or identifyingthe crime related evidentiary materialand its origins.

Infrared night vision film over your mobile camera or camcorder cameral lens

IR night vision film over camcorder will enable you to see through the clothes of the wearer and see and identify what lies underneath.

Useful in case of bodily search functions routinely done at security points of entry to all important establishments. Very low cost and veryeffective see through mechanism to identify suspicious items hidden underneath clothes.

Googles Mapdata api Create maps for any application or need or select what is shown in the custom made map and store it in the cloud and access it on the phone. Storing it in cloud gives accessibility from any where, redundancy, and

Useful for investigation and followup especially in a city . beat info can be fed into a beat map for the police constable to readily refer or useful for a new police constable to get familiar with all the geo spatial infoand hints and tit bits about each geo spatial object that the outgoing constable has built up over the years on the beat. It is a kind of

updating from anywhere.What is maps data api:An interface to maps data stored in the goodle cloud. REST-ish google data api. Create read update and delete.Operations initiated through URL requests [ feeds]

- HTTP POST , GET, PUT, DELETE

- AND HTTP requests act as functions with parameters

Feeds of the maps data api: manipulates three entities of maps [collection of data]; features [ data per map]; access control lists [ per map]. It provides searches for – spatial search and attribute search.

institutional memory building tool that can easily be passed on. Any specialized agency or superior officeron a specific crime investigation can also be as local savvy as the beat constable with years of first hand knowledge of his beat.

3G apps useful for crime scene recording :Name of the app Description of the

appHow it can be used by police

DROP BOX File management application. You can access your account from anywhere. You can download any file in full or in bits by streaming optionto your mobile . You can upload media and text files to the drop box from your mobile phone.

When you record the crime scene using the camera and create a file you can immediately upload the file to drop boxaccount and clear the memory for further use. The file so uploaded can be viewed by superior officer or by forensic expert or investigation expertfor conveying instructions on further action to the man on the spot without waiting for him to reach headquarters or to the FSL.The policeman on the spot can download instructions or checklist or manual required for the type of crime being recorded from his drop box account thusavoiding costly mistakes in procedure which will cost him the case if he relies only on his memory or hunches onwhat is right and wrong to do in a case.

AECI’S LIBRESTREAM ONSIGHT MCD2000R

Online realtime collaboration tool which allows the

Expert specialists can guide onsite detectives or police to note, see, identify, taking still shots, mark and

expert at a distantlab or head quarters to view what is happening on the ground and give instructions to the person on ground on what to do in a step by step basis.Expert detective supervisor and expert forensic expert can see, instruct marking, instruct photo or recording and instruct collectionby maintaining chain of custody.

collect evidence. Also record voice andvideo of evidence collection.

Sonar Measure longer distance from phoneto the object aimedat in feet or meters by using

While recording the crime scene, it becomes necessary to measure the distance of different objects from eachother or from a fixed point used as reference. Police can use this app to

sonar technology and app on the mobile phone.

measure such distance accurately using sonar tech and his cell phone even though he does not have a tape measure ready in place for measuring the distance. There will be no need to summon or wait for civil engineer or draughtsman for doing the same.

Android finger scanner pro

Security app for gaining access to the phone or your desktop or laptop by scanning your finger.

It is useful for locking the desktop, laptop or the smartphone and being ableto access it only by verifying your finger scan so that no unauthorized person can use your computer or smartphone in your absence.

Android measuring application

.measure the lengthand breadth of document or a box or bag or paper by just rolling the cell phone length wise, breadth wise or side wise in inches and centimeters.

Whenever police need to measure the length and breadth of a paper, a small object, or a screen of computer or sizeof piece of cardboard box and you find that you do not have a scale to measurewith, you can use your cell phone itself physically to measure the lengthand breadth by simply rolling it lengthwise, breadth wise , side wise and obtain the measurements in inches or centimeters correct to two decimal

points.PICSAY Picture editing

tool with more functionalities andtools for adding comments or manipulating the photo or improving its detail after the photo is taken.It is both free andpro version costs 3dollars.

Police can take photo of suspects and improve the details before uploading itto headquarters for recognition / identification. They can also take photo of objects or crime scene evidentiary material and add comments to each item for eventual storing and reference and recognition in a court room as to significance of each object that is noticed in a crime scene. You can enhance the picture quality and improve the pixel quality and improve digitization.

SNEAKY SHOT phone cameraapp for secret photo capturing

Easy to use secret photo capturing appfor your phone which allows you toshoot sideways while pretending totalk on your phone.

Useful to police for capturing the photos of suspects or capturing a transaction of criminal planning, conspiracy in progress without revealing his own identity. Useful in situations where the policeman is outnumbered and is not safe to reveal his identity or the fact that he is shooting through his camera. It will beuseful in cases of drugs , their use and sale in social settings or parties or pubs etc.

SKETCHBOOK PRO by autocad

Draw or sketch in great detail without paper or ink but on the screen of the ipad or smart phone or on your laptop. it is useful outdoors or indoors for sketching.

Crime scene recording in great detail with shades and colour schemes by sketching without any accessories like pen paper or ink but only the app and on the face of the laptop, smart phone or on the ipad.

Android tape measure app Start button. move the phone from beginning to end point and stop button, will give you millimeter range distance measurement accurate upto two decimal points.

Very useful in taking measurements of movable and immovable articles, paper, covers, evidentiary material and the like upto millimeters.

3G apps useful for crime scene reconstruction:Name of the app Description of the

appHow it can be used by police

Forensic facial reconstruction based on race based tissue tables

Build a face out ofa skull based on how high the tissuestays above the skull based on tissue tables

Will have a face to identify or publicise for identification in case of skulls of missing dead.

3D s max softwareBullet path reconstruction

Forensic animation in 3D based on scientific facts collected at the scene of crime and based on eyewitnessaccounts

Bullet path is reconstructed based on FM evidence, ballistic evidence, glasspiercing evidence and bullet entry andexit wounds, and bullet hit wall evidence and its height. Useful to make it visually understandable to superiors, press and judiciary for making the charge sheet stand and obtain conviction.

Interactive scene reconstruction using a freehand Kinect device and distance measurements using Meshlab.  And laser scanners

Interactive scene reconstruction withmesh lab software and RGB 0.5.0. kinect free hand device .“able to install all of this and got

Scene can be modeled and interactivelymodified with free hand to examine theentire crime scene in great detail.

it working on a VMware workstation Windows 7 x86 ( hosting OS is Windows 7 x64). initial test was toput the Kinect on atripod and do a circular scan of the room. “ “2 feetis quite a lot, butunderstandable after a 360º loop..The next step wouldbe to integrate offine loop closure, e.g. usingTORO”

3D Forensic Reconstruction Technologies - Eugene Liscio 

Laser scanners Photogrammetry Digital camera in cell

use in photogrammetry 3D scan of photograph

of foot print using digital camera and software

3D scan of latent fingerprint on a tumbler or object which can be developedand manipulated

Bite mark analysis mark scan from body ofvictim and dentures scan or 3D cast of dentition of the assailant

Space modeling based on measurements taken by accident reconstructionist.Object modeling forhuman parts or entire body in anatomically correct fashion. Measurement + analysis + visualization = reconstruction

Existing technologies for forensic reconstruction are detailed by the author mr liscio viz laser scanner, photo grammetry, scan and enhance of foot print and finger prints and bite mark analysis and comparison with castof dentition.

Photogrammetry using digital camera

Taking measurementsfrom photographs. Fix reference points. Make a 3D model on computer

Useful in accident and crime scene reconstruction based on digital photostaken using digital camera of the scene of crime or object of crime. Useful to calculate extent of damage

using software. Manipulate and rotate the object to obtain differentviews and measurements from any two reference points.

and fix responsibility in case of accident.

Hexacopter for taking aerial measurements

Taking measurementsof outdoor crime scene with the helpof hexacopter instrumentation.

Measure outdoor crime scene for use incomputerized reconstruction using 3D software.

Z BRUSH 3D software for virtual skull/skeletal and

virtual skull/skeletal and

Excellent and user friendly Skull and facial reconstruction computer

facial reconstruction including muscle building and skin texturing tool

facial reconstruction including muscle building and skin texturing tool

software for forensic division. It requires anatomical measurements and knowledge for the computer artist.

3G apps useful for office efficiency, knowledge management and automation of routine tasksName of the app Description of the app How it can be used by policeAXA insurance mobile appand smart claims app on mobile

It allows intimating and online filing of insurance claim in the event of accident of motor vehicle leading to third party or own damage

It helps the police to force multiply by involving the insurancecompany from the beginning of the investigation and benefit from the investigation of the insurance company and its surveyors who are also trained officials who can contribute a thing or two to the ongoing investigation into the accident of motor vehicle or death or disability arising out of the accident , it helps in crime scene management and crime scene documentation,

Google mobile app voice search facility

Just speak your query into the phone and google voice search will give you results immediately after you stop asking your query.

It helps to do location search, internet search on the go without bothering about typing your query which is very efficient enhancer for police who are always on the go.

Google.com Local search It gives full visual

view of all establishments around

It is helpful to know the layout ofthe place where you stand at a particular point of time including

you wherever you are standing.

the establishments, lanes ,by lanes, entry and exit points of anycrime scene for policemen. Useful for naxal operations, terrorist outpost location and surrounding, know the dens , pubs, buildings, lanes, heights etc.

Google talk Just tap the photo on your phone and talk

This feature is useful for police to establish audio visual contact with their superiors and obtain instruction without rushing to HQ every time you want to talk to yourboss and not hear him but also see all his visual cues and mannerisms and decide on how serious the message is and decide on the actionto the taken and its urgency.

SWYPE FOR ANDROID Just run your finger over all the alphabets that make your word andthe word gets typed. Notyping required. Just connect the dots and word appears. Swypeinc.com for download.

Adults find it difficult to type using the key board on the mobile phone due to large fingers and small keys on the keyboard. This isideal solution for faster typing without lifting your finger and using only single finger and connecting all the alphabets to make a word. Very efficient typing

app for texting for police. Useful for form filling which is so important for police.

LIBRESTREAM ONSIGHT COLLABORATION CAMERA

YOU can see real close up and manipulate lightand shades and zoom andtake a call on what youwant the person on the spot to do.10x zoom. Color enhancement. Light / brightness/ contrast/ sharpness enhancement from remote.

Useful for guiding by an expert whois located at a long distance to see the evidentiary material reallyclose and decide on whether any affirmative action needs to be taken and instruct the policeman onthe spot.

Blackberry smart phone Blackberry.com for solutions for policing.Being used by Baltimoreand waterloo city police forces.

GPS to know where the policeman is to aid relocation to where he is needed and can reach fastest. Mugshot and fingerprint can be taken at the site and sent for immediate and real time comparison and individualization and identification for apprehending

suspects while on the patrol. Email, secured steganography and cryptography, and ability to send messages and know whether the message has been read by the targetperson is useful aid. Audit trail is also allowed to help in any enquiry at a later date on the sequence of events that have occurred.

Cell phone is the constant companion of any police man and if it is accorded the status ofa crime busting tool with apps relevant for the purpose and proper training and customization if required, then the time and effort that is required to be put in by the police man on the field will be enormously reduced and efficiencies would increase manifold.It is therefore time for a 3G and 3D police in India.

ABSTRACT:

Today’s life in linked with cell phones and 3G phone tech nology gives us access to numerous apps which can be used in day to day policing as efficiency enhancers and force multipliers in crime prevention, crime detection, identification and location of evidence,evidence collection, crime scene recording , and crime scene or human reconstruction. Thispaper lists out the various technological inputs which will go a long way in making the police mobile and efficient and reduce the need for travel to and fro the HQ and FSL as far as possible.

About the author:Sharada avadhanam is a double post graduate in biotechnology and psychology, and is qualified in cyber laws, software engineering, total quality management and is working in the field of forensics since 1981. Her present position is Deputy Director Forensic Science in AP police academy. Her cadre is that of IGP and Director FSL. She has worked ascoordinator for CJ course in Andhra University and Regional Director for RFSL Visakhapatnam. She was instrumental in establishing the cranial super imposition, DNA FP

lab in APFSL. She has conducted numerous conferences and workshops and seminars in topics of interest to the police and policing and is considered as brains trust in APPA for forensics. She has written twelve books for police personnel under the aegis of APPA. She is also the paper setter and evaluator for Osmania University and Central University of Hyderabad and SVP NPA.