NEPAL: Kathmandu Valley Water Distribution, Sewerage, and ...

Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

Project Number: 34304 December 2006

NEPAL: Kathmandu Valley Water Distribution, Sewerage, and Urban Development Project (Financed by: Technical Assistance Special Fund, Government of Denmark and the Cooperation Fund for the Water Sector)

Prepared by:

GHD Pty Ltd., Australia in assn with Integrated Consultants Nepal (ICON) Pvt. Lt. Nepal

For the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works

TA 4893-NEP

Project Feasibility Study

APPENDIX 9

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

TA 4893 –NEP: Kathmandu Valley Water Supply & Wastewater System Improvement Project Feasibility Study

Appendix 9 - IEE Page I

Executive Summary Purpose of the IEE, ADB Policy, GON Acts and Rules 1 The purpose of this Initial Environmental Assessment (IEE) is to examine the proposed infrastructure components for the years 2012 to 2016 to ensure that they will not damage the environment and to provide guidance for their planning, construction and operation. In the environmental assessment, potential environmental impacts are identified, their significance adjudged, and strategies devised to avoid these impacts or reduce them to an acceptable level.

2 The Project has been classified by ADB as environmental assessment Category B. The impacts of providing infrastructure in the Project area have been assessed and the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report and Environmental Management Plan produced. Studies were conducted according to ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (which came into effect on 20 January 2010) and the Government of Nepal‟s Environmental Protection Rules (1997) and Amendment of 20 August 2007.

3 The Government of Nepal‟s legislation and ADB policy require that the environmental impacts of development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design process, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.

4 ADB‟s Environment Policy is to consider environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank‟s operations. ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans and private sector investment operations.

5 The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects screened for their expected environmental impacts are assigned to one of the following categories:

Category A: Projects that could have significant environmental impacts. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required.

Category B: Projects that could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of less significance than those for Category A. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required to determine whether significant impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. A Category B project may be classified as B-sensitive if it involves environmentally sensitive activities. Such projects require IEEs, but have the same requirements for disclosure and Environmental Management Plans as Category A.

Category C: Projects that are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.

Category FI: Projects that involve investments of ADB funds to, or through, financial intermediaries.

6 The Bank has classed this project as Category B and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted. The project comprises water supply and wastewater infrastructure improvements. The initial screening assessments of the subprojects (water and wastewater) are outlined in the Rapid Environmental Assessments (REAs).

7 However, the Government of Nepal (according to EPR 1997) requires that all water supply projects supplying drinking water to a population of more than 100,000, and the


Appendix 9 - IEE Page II

connection of new sources; and waste management activities to be undertaken with the objective of providing services to a population of more than 10,000 require an EIA.

8 The proposed project (Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement) is de-facto a part of the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP). It includes sections of the Bulk Distribution System (BDS), Distribution Network Improvement (DNI) and Wastewater System Improvement (WSI) works included in the original MWSP. The MWSP was subjected to an EIA in 2000 and was approved by the then Ministry of Environment and Population, Government of Nepal and ADB. The proposed investments do not include any new infrastructure that requires a separate environmental examination. The environmental assessment, mitigation prescriptions and monitoring plan given in the EIA Report of 2000 are still valid. It is therefore not necessary to undertake a new EIA for this project.

9 The Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement is a project to improve water supply and wastewater infrastructure. Improvements in water supply and sanitation are urgently needed in the Kathmandu Valley because it is currently suffering from chronic water shortages and inefficient service delivery and lack of properly functioning sewerage systems.

10 This Project is designed to raise the quality of the infrastructure and services of selected areas of the Kathmandu Valley, thereby increasing the Quality of Life of the people.

11 The Kathmandu Valley has gone through a phase of rapid and unplanned urbanization and industrialization without adequate infrastructural development. It is currently suffering from chronic water shortages and inefficient service delivery. To improve the present conditions of water supply and wastewater services in Kathmandu Valley, GON, with the assistance of ADB, has embarked on a two-pronged improvement strategy that includes capital investments for infrastructure development, i.e. supply augmentation and system improvement and institutional reforms.

12 The Kathmandu Valley is the most densely populated region in Nepal where the population has been increasing rapidly. This is largely in Kathmandu, which is the centre of administration, commercial, social and economic activities. During the last three decades, the growth in population has been significantly driven by in-migration. The in-migration is largely due to better employment and business opportunities, better educational and medical facilities, but also countrywide insurgency and security concerns of recent years.

13 The rapid un-planned urbanization of the Kathmandu Valley has brought negative impacts to its overall development. Water became scarce as demand exceeded supply. Lack of operational wastewater system facilities converted the holy Bagmati River into a highly polluted watercourse. Congested and crowded roads brought hardship to travellers and road junctions became garbage dumping sites. Despite these negative impacts, the urbanization of the Valley continued at a similar rate for the past 10 years. According to urban planners, from urban basic service management and disaster relief management aspects, the Kathmandu Valley only has a carrying capacity of 5 million people.

14 The existing wastewater treatment plants will be rehabilitated and upgraded and the sewerage network improved and expanded. Removal of septage will be done and treated in sludge drying beds at the wastewater treatment plants.

15 The improved water supply system proposed under the project (2012 – 2016) will serve a total population of 722,053 (470,000 directly and 252,053 indirectly) in an area of 1,700 ha with a minimum supply of 2hrs per day.


Appendix 9 - IEE Page III

16 Detailed design will begin in January 2011 with construction scheduled to commence in February 2012 to be completed in 5 years by the end of 2016. The water supply and wastewater system improvement works consist of the following:

(a) Water supply distribution, and

(b) Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal.

Environmental Impacts, Mitigation and Monitoring 17 The environmental impacts due to the laying of pipes for the distribution of drinking water and the sewerage system are similar. Environmental impacts on the physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural environments during the pre-construction, construction and operation and maintenance phases have been considered in detail with the mitigating measures.

18 Potential environmental measures that shall be taken by KUKL/PID before the Project commences are:

Training and awareness programs in health and sanitation, occupational health and safety measures (OHS), community health and safety and usage of water and its importance (water cost, savings, reuse, recycle, water pollution etc.) to the general public; and

Technical training of supervision staff on plumbing, chlorination, water testing, pump maintenance and repair, treatment plant operation and electrical works for water supply and sewerage projects.

19 The ADB safeguard policy statement (SPS), covering both environmental and social safeguards, requires stakeholder consultations. Also, Rule 7 of EPR 1997 (Nepal) states: “Provided that, whilst preparing the report of EIA, the proponent shall organize a public hearing about the proposal at the area of VDC or Municipality where the proposal is to be implemented and collect opinions and suggestions”. Several meetings, workshops, and focus group discussions were held with stakeholders, mainly technical persons to keep them informed of the Technical Assistance work and to get feedback so as to include them in project design, as appropriate. The details of the consultations are given in the Supplementary Report: TA Consultations. PID will also make copies of the IEE report and any other project reports for interested people available in the Nepali language.

20 The Grievance Redress Mechanism as proposed in the Resettlement Plan is also relevant here. A Safeguards Unit (SU) is to be established within the Project Implementation Directorate (PID) and be headed by a Senior Environmental Engineer with adequate support staff. The SU will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The SU shall require the Resettlement / Social Development and Environment Specialist of the Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project work sites.

21 EMP Consultants, as proposed in the Environmental Management Plan of the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation (Subproject-2) by PMU/KUKL (April 2009) to assist KVWSMB/KUKL for effectively carrying out the Environmental Management Plan during the construction of the Project, would not be necessary. It is suggested that Loan 1820-NEP MWSP Subproject-2 Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) employ a full time environmental engineer/specialist to carry out the EMP. The EMP will be implemented for a period of 5 years. Most of the activities have been scheduled on a continuous basis.


Appendix 9 - IEE Page IV

22 Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures have been proposed. A detailed self-explanatory environmental monitoring program has been proposed listing the environmental impact, its mitigating measures; the parameters to be monitored (including location, measurement and frequency) and the cost. The program will evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations, and (iii) the overall effectiveness of the EMP. The cost of all mitigation measures during the construction phase will be borne by the contractors with cost items included in the contract tender documents.

23 KUKL/PID/DSC will develop detailed plans for mitigating and monitoring environmental impacts likely during civil work implementation. These plans will be incorporated into the civil work contracts. During civil work implementation, the costs will be assessed based on actual requirements. Before operation, KUKL/PID will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP. These work plans will be submitted to the concerned persons.

24 Costs for the general operation phase trainings of KUKL staff will be borne by the Project as a whole. The training requirements and costs will be determined by the CBP Team (Capacity Building and Private Public Partnership Support Team) which will be implemented before construction starts in 2012. Specialist training costs, such as related to wastewater treatment plants constructed on a turn-key basis which include design, construction and operation, will be included in the contract of the contractors.

25 A domestic Community Awareness and Participation Consultant (CAPC) firm will be hired to facilitate community awareness and participation programs over the 5 year loan period. The cost for the public awareness specialist, support team, and IEC (Information, Education and Communication) materials has been estimated as $600,000.

26 An independent Third Party Monitoring environmental consultant will be hired anually for the duration of the Project as part of the Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation Consultant package to monitor whether the EMP of the Project has been effectively implemented. The cost for the environmental monitoring for 5 years has been estimated at $10,000.

27 All the costs related to cutting of trees (if there are any), their transportation to a approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself. The new water supply pipeline to the reservoirs at Balaju WTP in the Nagarjun National Park will follow the existing track/footpath so as to avoid the cutting of trees. If during the detailed design, it is found that tree cutting is unavoidable, it is mandatory to plant 25 saplings for every tree cut and maintain them for 5 years. The cost for the cutting and nurturing of 1 tree for 5 years has been estimated as $600.

28 Overall, the impacts of the Project will be very positive, befitting the environment and the people. Some negative impacts are anticipated during implementation but in specific areas and for short duration (dust, noise, traffic problems, access to buildings etc.). It is expected that the adverse environmental impacts of the planned water supply and sewerage project for the Kathmandu Valley will in general not be significant and can be easily and reasonably cheaply mitigated and prevented through adequate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases.

29 If the Project is properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the environment and people due to the proposed water supply and wastewater improvements and thereby an increase of the quality of life. The quality of the river waters in the Valley will also improve, when the wastewater is treated.


Appendix 9 - IEE Page v

Table of Contents Executive Summary I

A. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................................................... 6

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................................. 20

D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ............................. 38

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS .......................... 65

F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION ...................................... 67

G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM............................................................................................. 71

H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...................................................................................... 73

I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................ 106


Appendix 9 - IEE Page vi

List of Tables Table 1: Water Supply System Subproject Components ............................................................................ 15 Table 2: Wastewater System Improvement Subprojects ............................................................................ 18 Table 3: Details of Existing WWTPs ........................................................................................................... 19 Table 4: Wastewater Treatment (by 2025) ................................................................................................. 19 Table 5: Household profile in Kathmandu Valley ........................................................................................ 26 Table 6: Household in non-farm economic activities in Kathmandu Valley ................................................ 27 Table 7: Kathmandu Valley development indicators ................................................................................... 27 Table 8: Slums and squatter settlements in Kathmandu Valley ................................................................. 28 Table 9: Land use and land cover in the Bagmati River basin ................................................................... 29 Table 10: Sources of drinking water ........................................................................................................... 30 Table 11: Population receiving drinking water ............................................................................................ 30 Table 12: Total number of schools by grades and levels ........................................................................... 31 Table 13: Comparison of emission inventories in 1993, 2001, 2005 .......................................................... 35 Table 14: Water quality of different water sources, Kathmandu Valley ...................................................... 36 Table 15: Estimation of wastewater generation in Kathmandu Valley, 2001 .............................................. 38 Table 16: Summary of mitigation measures for Water Supply Components .............................................. 41 Table 17: Summary of mitigation measures for Wastewater System Improvements ................................. 48 Table 18: Potential OHS (occupational health and safety) impacts and mitigation measures during pipe

laying (water and sewers) ........................................................................................................... 60 Table 19: Residual negative impacts .......................................................................................................... 64 Table 20: Summary of household water use surveys in Kathmandu Valley ............................................... 69 Table 21: Meetings, workshops, consultations and focus group discussions held..................................... 70 Table 22: Monitoring Requirements (Water Supply) ................................................................................... 74 Table 23: Monitoring Requirements (Wastewater) ..................................................................................... 84 Table 24: Institutional/organizational responsibilities in environmental monitoring .................................... 98 Table 25: Annual Environmental Costs ..................................................................................................... 102 List of Figures Figure 1: Proposed Project Water Supply Components ............................................................................. 14 Figure 2: Proposed Project Wastewater Components ................................................................................ 16 Figure 3: Location map of Kathmandu ........................................................................................................ 21 Figure 4: Longitudinal profile of the Bagmati River Basin ........................................................................... 23 Figure 5: Grievance Redress Mechanism ................................................................................................... 72 Figure 6: Monitoring system for Loan 1820-NEP Subproject-2: Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and

Sanitation Project (KVWSSP) ................................................................................................... 104 Figure 7: EMP implementation schedule .................................................................................................. 105 Annexes Annex 1: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Annex 2: National Drinking Water Quality Standard 2062 BS Annex 3: Tolerance limits for wastewater to be discharged into inland surface waters

from combined wastewater treatment plant (generic standards) Annex 4: Acts and regulations in Nepal Annex 5: Schematic layout of Kodku, Sallaghari and Dhobighat wastewater treatment plants Annex 6: National ambient air quality standards for Nepal Annex 7: Recommended noise exposure limits for the work environment Annex 8: Recommended standards for vibration from construction sites Annex 9: Terms of Reference of DSC Environment Specialist Annex 10: UNESCO consultations Annex 11: Balaju reservoir and Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park Annex 12: Schedules 1 and 4 of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989) Annex 13: Heritage Sites: Kathmandu Darbar Square and Patan Darbar Square, respectively Annex 14: PID Safeguards Unit TORs of Specialists


Appendix 9 - IEE Page vii

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB – Asian Development Bank asl

BAP – _

above sea level Bagmati Action Plan

BDS – Bulk Distribution System CBP Team – Capacity Building and Public-Private Partnership Support

Team CDS

CIAMP CIRT CITES CAPC CSOs DDC DWEC

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

Continuous Deflective Separators Capital Investment and Asset Management Program Community Issues Resolution Team Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species Community Awareness and Participation Consultants Combined Sewage Overflows District Development Committee District Wage Evaluation Committee

DNI – Distribution Network Improvement DSC – Design and Supervision Consultant EA

EIA EIRT EMEP EMP

– _ _ _ _

Executing Agency Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Issues Resolution Team Environmental Mitigation Management Plan Environmental Management Plan

ENPHO EPA EPR FSDED

– _ _ _

Environmental and Public Health Organisation Environment Protection Act Environment Protection Rules Feasibility Study and Detail Engineering Design

GoN HH

– _

Government of Nepal Household

HPCIDBC – High Powered Committee for Integrated Development for Bagmati Civilization

HWUSRUKV IEC

– _

Household Water Use Survey and Research in Urban Kathmandu Valley Information, Education and Communication

lpcd LPG

– _

litres per capita per day Liquefied Petroleum gas

ICIMOD – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IDA

IEE INGO

– _ _

International Development Assistance Initial Environmental Examination International Non-governmental Organization

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature JICA – Japanese International Cooperation Agency JBIC – Japanese Bank for International Cooperation KUKL – Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited KVTDC – Kathmandu Town Development Committee

KVWSMB LICSU MD

– – _

Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board Low Income Consumer Support Unit Managing Director

MLD – mega litres per day (1 mega litre = 1000m3) MPPW – Ministry of Planning and Physical Works MOE

MOEST – _

Ministry of Environment Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology


Appendix 9 - IEE Page viii

MWSDB _ Melamchi Water Supply Development Board MWSP – Melamchi Water Supply Project NEWAH _ Nepal Water for Health NGO

NTFP – _

Non-government Organization Non-timber Forest Product

NWSC OHS PD PAF

– _ _ _

Nepal Water Supply Corporation Occupational Health and Safety Project Director Project Affected Family

PID PPE PPP

– _ _

Project Implementation Directorate Personal Protective Equipment Public Private Partnership

PPTA REA

– _

Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Rapid Environmental Assessment

RBTS RoW RP RRP

– _ _ _

Reed Bed Treatment System Right of Way Resettlement Plan Report and Recommendation of the President

RWSSFDB – Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Fund Development Board SAPI – Special Assistance for Project Implementation SDP

SPAF SPS SWC SWNCC

– _ _ _ _

Kathmandu Valley Water Services Sector Development Program Severely Project Affected Family Safeguards Policy Statement Social Welfare Council Social Welfare National Coordination Council

TA UDLE

– _

Technical Assistance Urban Development Through Local Efforts

UN UNEP VDC

– – _

United Nations United Nations Environment Program Village Development Committee

WSI – Wastewater System Improvement WSS – Water Supply and Sanitation WSTFC

WUO – -

Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Water Utility Operator


Appendix 9 - IEE Page 1

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION A. INTRODUCTION

1. Purpose of the Report 1 The Government of Nepal (GON) requested a Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for “Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement” (TA 4893-NEP). The TA‟s purpose was to prepare a project feasibility study for developing a Capital Investment and Asset Management Plan, detailed design documents for improving water supply distribution in a selected area and for preparing an ensuing loan in the ADB financing pipeline in 2011. 2 The main urban concentration within the Valley consists of the two twin cities of Kathmandu and Lalitpur followed by Bhaktapur, Madhaypur and Kirtipur. The project will focus on investment in the physical infrastructure. Suggestions will also be provided, where appropriate, for reinforcing the capacity building and institutional strengthening program of the utility operator, Kathmandu Upatayaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) and state authorities being undertaken under the SDP (Kathmandu Valley Water Services Sector Development) Project Loan 2059-NEP.

3 The Capital Investment and Asset Management Program (CIAMP) is prepared with the 2025 ultimate objectives of:

Optimizing the existing water supply and increasing the availability of potable water supply until all registered Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) customers have equitable and regular access, as per KUKL‟s license conditions and with the aim of access to water 24 hours per day to all consumers eventually;

Facilitating the distribution of water from the existing raw water intakes, tubewells and water treatment plants, and the water treatment plant to be constructed under the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP); and

Promoting appropriate wastewater services, including septic tanks and other forms of on-site sanitation, as appropriate, for all registered KUKL customers, including the provision of sewerage services.

4 The purpose of this Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is to examine the proposed infrastructure components for the years 2012 to 2016 to ensure that they will not damage the environment and to provide guidance for their planning, construction and operation. In the environmental assessment, potential environmental impacts are identified, their significance assessed, and strategies devised to avoid these impacts or reduce them to an acceptable level.

5 These strategies (called “mitigation measures”) are then carried forward into the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EMP assigns responsibilities, timescales, and performance indicators/standards for each mitigation measure – to make sure that they are implemented and not ignored. An environmental monitoring plan is also added. This nominates protocols and responsibilities for checking the operation of the project, to a range of relevant and agreed performance indicators.

2. Basis and extent of the IEE study

6 The Government of Nepal‟s legislation and ADB policy require that the environmental impacts of development projects are identified and assessed as part of the planning and design processes, and that action is taken to reduce those impacts to acceptable levels. This is done through the environmental assessment process, which has become an integral part of lending operations and project development and implementation worldwide.



a. ADB Policy

7 ADB‟s Environment Policy is to consider environmental issues in all aspects of the Bank‟s operations. ADB requires environmental assessment of all project loans, program loans, sector loans, sector development program loans, financial intermediation loans and private sector investment operations.

8 The nature of the assessment required for a project depends on the significance of its environmental impacts, which are related to the type and location of the project, the sensitivity, scale, nature and magnitude of its potential impacts, and the availability of cost-effective mitigation measures. Projects screened for their expected environmental impacts are assigned to one of the following categories:

Category A: Projects that could have significant environmental impacts. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required.

Category B: Projects that could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of less significance than those for Category A. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required to determine whether significant impacts warranting an EIA are likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental assessment report. A Category B project may be classified as B-sensitive if it involves environmentally sensitive activities. Such projects require IEEs, but have the same requirements for disclosure and Environmental Management Plans as Category A.

Category C: Projects that are unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.

Category FI: Projects that involve investments of ADB funds to, or through, financial intermediaries.

9 The Project comprises water supply and wastewater infrastructure improvements. An initial Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) (Annex 1) was undertaken and the Project classified by ADB as Category B and following normal procedures for project loans, an IEE was conducted.

10 The impacts of providing infrastructure in the areas have been assessed and the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Reports and Environmental Monitoring Plans produced. Studies were conducted according to ADB‟s Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (which came into effect on 20 January 2010) and GON‟s Environmental Protection Rules (1997) and Amendment of 20 August 2007.

b. National Act and Rules

11 The requirement for Environmental Assessment in Nepal is established by the National Environment Protection Act (1997), and the procedures are defined in the Environment Protection Rules (1997) and its amendment of 20 August 2007.

12 The Government of Nepal (according to EPR 1997) requires that all water supply projects supplying drinking water to a population of more than 100,000, and the connection of new sources; and waste management activities to be undertaken with the objective of providing services to a population of more than 10,000 require an EIA..

13 The proposed project (Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement) is de-facto a part of the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP). It includes sections of the Bulk Distribution System (BDS), Distribution Network Improvement (DNI) and Wastewater System Improvement (WSI) works included in the original MWSP. The MWSP was subjected to an EIA in 2000 and was approved by the then Ministry of Environment and



Population, Government of Nepal and ADB. The proposed investments do not include any new infrastructure that requires a separate environmental examination. The environmental assessment, mitigation prescriptions and monitoring plan given in the EIA Report of 2000 are still valid. It is therefore not necessary to undertake a new EIA for this project.

14 The Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards and Guidelines (including standard limits, guidelines for the required frequency for water quality monitoring and the process/ schedule for taking the standards in active use in the country) were established in 2006. The Table of standards for drinking water and wastewater effluents are attached in Annex 2 and 3, respectively.

15 The legal provisions for environmental protection in Nepal are given in different acts and regulations in Annex 4. Nepal is also a signatory to many international agreements and conventions related to environmental conservation such as: (i) Plant Protection Agreement for Asia and the Pacific Region, 1956

(ii) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and ` Flora (CITES, 1973) (iii) Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage

(World Heritage Convention), 1972 (iv) International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 (v) Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992

c. Policies and Legal Framework of KUKL

16 The Government of Nepal remains fully committed to the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation services for all of its citizens which are considered as a fundamental human need and a basic human right. The Government is committed to providing improved water supply and sanitation services of medium and higher levels that are commensurate to affordability of the townships. In the 1990s, political liberalisation and a focus on decentralisation saw important new sector actors emerge, namely community groups, local government and the private sector – including non-governmental organisations. However, the ever-growing urban population and increasing water demand has been placing a strain on the existing urban water supply and sanitation services. There have been a number of efforts to streamline planning and investment in the sector. Some of the major efforts are examined below. 17 National Drinking Water Quality Standards (2006) provide details of the water quality standards to be applied to all new urban systems and complement the Environment Protection Act (1997) which requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of all new projects and pollution control for all water resources.

18 National Urban Policy (2007) highlights the historical imbalances and haphazard nature of urban development in Nepal. It views urban centres as catalysts for economic development linked to north-south and east-west access corridors and flags poor sanitation, environmental degradation and lack of services by the urban poor as requiring urgent attention. The Urban Policy proposes building the capacity of municipalities to plan and manage integrated local development activities including the preparation of urban master plans to be moderated by central and regional authorities. Private sector involvement and investment in infrastructure development is specifically sought.

19 National Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Policy (2009) was recently formulated to provide the overall policy support and guidance towards achieving equity in service delivery by ensuring that the financially marginalized households within the system



areas are mainstreamed as valid customers of service through design and implementation of financial incentives where so required.

20 GoN’s Local Self Governance Act (1999) provides the legal basis for the devolution of responsibilities and authorities for social, economic, institutional, and physical infrastructure development, including water and sanitation systems to the local government. While periodic district plans have been formulated in 52 districts, a decade long political conflict, including the absence of locally elected officials for most of this period, have frustrated implementation plans. 21 The Government‟s 3 Year Interim Plan (2007- 2010) provides the most recent guidance on urban sector priorities highlighting, in particular, the need to address the effects of rapid urbanisation on service levels, water quality and scheme maintenance. It proposes the full integration of sewerage, on-site sanitation and solid waste management in all urban schemes and specifically endorses cost recovery from consumers. Local authorities are responsible for overseeing project implementation but with private sector organisations playing increasing roles. 22 The Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act (2nd Amendment) (2007), Water Supply Management Board Act (2006) and Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission Act (2006) facilitate the improved management of Kathmandu Valley‟s water and sanitation services. These establish the legal basis for private sector management of schemes and independent fee setting and regulation and are applicable to all urban schemes. 23 Nepal‟s procedures for environmental assessment of development projects are described in the Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1997 and the Environment Protection Rules (EPR), 1997 and Amendment of 20 August 2007. Projects that need EIA and IEE are listed in the EPR. In accordance with the EPR, the responsibility for undertaking an IEE for this proposed project lies with the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) / Project Implementation Directorate (PID) as the Proponent, on behalf of the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB). Public involvement, including notification of stakeholders, dissemination of information and consultation is a requirement, particularly during the review and approval of the IEE report. 24 The process for carrying out this IEE in Nepal is as follows:

(i) The responsibility for undertaking and getting an IEE approved lies with the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) / Project Implementation Directorate (PID) (the Proponent) for the Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) (the Executing Agency).

(ii) The environmental assessments are carried out by consultants hired by KUKL/PID. (IEEs are approved by the respective Ministries. All EIAs are approved by the Ministry of Environment MOE).

(iii) Public involvement, including notification of stakeholders, dissemination of information and consultation is a requirement, particularly during the review and approval of the IEE report.

(iv) KUKL/PID prepares the TOR as described in the format of Schedule 3 of EPR, 1997 and submits it to MPPW.

(v) MPPW processes the TOR, reviews it and if not satisfied, returns it with comments for improvements.

(vi) If satisfied, the Ministry approves it and informs the consultant through KUKL/PID.

(vii) KUKL/PID will arrange for the study to be conducted by a consultant as soon as the TOR is approved by the Ministry.



(viii) The IEE report will be prepared in the format as described in Schedule 5, EPR, 1997 and in accordance with the ADB environmental guidelines.

(ix) Rule 7 stipulates that a notice has to be published in Nepali in a national daily newspaper and also affixed in the concerned VDC or Municipality, DDC Office, schools, concerned individuals and institutions, hospitals and health offices, requesting them to give written comments and suggestions within 15 days regarding the likely impacts of implementing of the proposal on the environment. A deed of public enquiry has also to be prepared and included in the IEE report.

(x) The IEE report should be submitted to MPPW through KUKL/PID. KUKL/PID will review the report and then forward it to MPPW for decision making. Both KUKL/PID and MPPW can send the document back to the consultant for revisions, if required. When approved, MPPW will inform the municipal authorities through KUKL/PID.

(xi) In accordance with the provision of EPA and EPR 1997, KUKL/PID should implement the proposed Project only after the approval of the IEE report, which will be monitored and evaluated by MPPW through KUKL/PID.

25 In this PPTA the requirements of ADB and GON have been combined and this report is based on the structure given by ADB.

d. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

26 The objectives of the IEE:

avoid costs and delays in project implementation due to unanticipated environmental problems;

allow project proponents, designers, implementing agencies and funding agencies to address environmental issues in a timely and cost effective fashion during the feasibility stage; reduce the need for project conditionalities - because appropriate steps can be taken in advance or incorporated into the project design;

provide an opportunity for public involvement in the planning stage of the project; facilitate early agreement on contentious issues; assist in the scoping process of Environmental Impact Assessment, if necessary; economise in the human resource and budget allocation for any subsequent

Environmental Impact Assessment; determine if an Environmental Impact Assessment is necessary.

27 IEE is a tool for incorporating environmental concerns at the project level and is carried out as a part of the feasibility study. The objective is to:

provide information about the general environmental settings of the project are as baseline data;

provide information on potential impacts of the project and the characteristic of the impacts, magnitude, distribution, affected groups and duration;

provide information on potential mitigation measures to minimise the impact including mitigation costs;

assess the best alternative project with most benefits and least costs in terms of financial, social and environmental aspects;

provide basic information for formulating management and monitoring plans.

28 This IEE is for the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement proposed for the years 2012 to 2016 discusses the environmental impacts and mitigation measures relating to the location, design, construction and operation of all physical works under the Project.



e. Approach and Methodology

29 The background data for the IEE has been collected from ADB reports, literature, internet and documents, consultations, interviews of other organisations working in the area and the socio-economic survey carried out by TA4893-NEP for the Kalopul DNI Pilot Area, as well as through field visits, focus group discussions, and existing water quality survey reports collected from other organisations. 30 The IEE was done by following the regulations of the Government of Nepal and the ADB environmental policy and guidelines.

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Existing Water Supply and Sewerage Infrastructure

a. Water Supply

31 The Kathmandu Valley water distribution network system is a very complex and ad- hoc water network system developed over more than 100 years. The present service area being served by the KUKL system in the Kathmandu Valley comprises the municipal areas of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Thimi, Kirtipur and parts of adjoining Village Development Committees (VDCs) primarily around Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. 32 The water distribution system has been installed and expanded at various times from the days of the Rana regime in the country over a hundred years ago when the Bir Dhara and Tri Bhim Dhara Systems were developed. Subsequently, the system was upgraded and expanded in the 1960‟s with the assistance of the Indian Cooperation Mission. More comprehensive development and expansion of the system, especially in Kathmandu and Lalitpur, took place when the World Bank provided assistance to a series of IDA projects during the 1970‟s and the „80s through the Water Supply and Sewerage Development Board. The Board was subsequently converted into a utility corporation initially called the Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation and later the Nepal Water Supply Corporation (NWSC). In February 2008, the water sector assets in the Kathmandu Valley were transferred for operation to a government owned company called the Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL). 33 From the 1980‟s till now, a number of investments with the assistance from the World Bank, Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and other donor agencies resulted in a more comprehensive water distribution system trying to provide services to the ever growing population of the Kathmandu Valley. Apart from external support, internally generated resources have also been utilized to cater to the growing demand - often in a piece meal manner.

34 At present the water supply system has 30 surface sources and more than 50 operational tubewells located in different parts of the Valley. The sources feed into 21 water treatment plants with a combined treatment capacity of 85 MLD and 42 service reservoirs with a combined storage capacity of approximately 40,800m3. Water is distributed to about 2 million consumers through about 1,250 km of pipe lines, 170,000 private connections and 1196 public stand posts. The system is being managed by 10 branch offices of KUKL with six of them for the Kathmandu Metropolitan City area and adjoining VDCs, one for Lalitpur and adjoining VDCs, one for Bhaktapur and adjoining VDCs, one for Kirtipur and adjoining VDCs and one for Madhyapur Thimi and adjoining VDCs.

35 Deep tubewells are the main means of extracting groundwater for use in the water supply system. Out of 73 existing deep tube-wells only 54 are in operation at present. Most



of the tubewells‟ electro-mechanical parts are in a bad condition with most flow meters missing or broken. The tubewells used to be operated only in the dry season in order to supplement reducing surface water sources, but, due to demand exceeding supply, they are now also used in the wet season. Total dry season rated production is 40.6 MLD with a reduced wet season production of 2.2 MLD. 36 The present population of the Valley water supply service area is estimated as 2.7 million with a water demand of 195 MLD. The total water production in the wet and dry seasons is about 140 and 100 MLD, respectively. The resultant water supply is constrained and intermittent. People in most of the areas get hardly one hour supply in every fourth day. 37 There are many problems in the distribution system besides deficiency in water. These include aging pipes, high percentage of leakage and wastage, illegal and spaghetti connections; badly laid pipe lines, supply contamination, etc. There are also problems with production. The ground water is depleting due to over extraction and surface water catchments are becoming degraded.

Water tariff structure 38 The tariff structure had not been changed since 2004 until December 2009 despite the Water Supply Tariff Fixation Commission‟s (WSTFC) new tariff structure which was to be executed from January 2009. The tariff structure has increased the rate by 10% for households using minimum 10m3 and 30% for households or industrial companies using 27m3 or more. In the case of non-metered consumers, the tariff rate has been increased by 20% for supplying through ½ inch connection and increased by 30% for supplying through more than ½ inch connection. The tariff has increased by 16.7% for any additional m3 for using ½ inch pipe connection and by 30% for all other categories. Water tariff has been increased to allow the government to award the tunnel construction contract for the Melamchi Water Supply Project, as tariff rise was a precondition for funding of the project by the Asian Development Bank. Water quality 39 The most recent water quality assessment carried out by ENPHO (Environmental and Public Health Organization) published in the May 2009 highlighted the nature and problem of water quality in surface and groundwater sources currently being employed by KUKL. The most common and significant water quality problem in the existing surface water sources is bacteriological contamination, i.e. the presence of E. Coli in nearly all the surface water sources. This is mainly due to increased human activities in and around the water source intake areas. It was observed during the PPTA asset condition field surveys that most of the intake areas are devoid of any protection and open to public activities. Therefore, where it is feasible, the intakes should be moved to more secluded areas with less possibilities of contamination by human and livestock activities. Generally, the water diversion and abstraction areas should be fully fenced to prohibit un-authorized human access and activities. These protection works have been included under Loan 1820-MWSP Subproject-2. 40 For groundwater sources in the Valley, ammonia and iron are the major problems. Of the 50 odd operational wells tested, water from 27 wells had ammonia levels above the recommended level of 1.5 mg/l. The highest recorded value for ammonia in a tubewell was 109 mg/l and several were in the range of 80 mg/l. Wells in the Manohara well field had ammonia in the range of 4–15 mg/l. Tubewells under the Tripureshwor branch in Kuleshwor, Kalanki, Lagan, Tahachal, etc. had ammonia levels above 50 mg/l. Similarly, iron has been encountered in nearly all wells, with 48 wells having iron above the permissible limit of



0.3 mg/l. The highest content of iron was observed in Koteshwor with 24.32 mg/l and there are a number of wells with iron concentration in the range of 10 mg/l. 41 A couple of wells also indicated the presence of arsenic. It has been strongly recommended that these wells be regularly tested under KUKL‟s regular operational activities and possibly abandoned for drinking water purposes. ENPHO also tested the water samples for the presence of pesticides. Some of the wells in Bansbari and one in Jagati exhibited the presence of pesticides, such as, heptachlor and aldrin, which could be due to the use of pesticides in nearby agricultural fields. Unaccounted for Water (UFW) 42 The cost of production and distribution of water is increasing annually. Although leakage has reduced in recent years to curb the financial burden; the loss is still estimated to be over 40%. The percentage leakage of water supply remains one of the main losses of revenue.

b. Sewerage

43 The oldest sewers in the core area of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur were built during the Malla period for conveyance of surface drainage and domestic sewage. The outfalls were located in open fields and were used for irrigation purposes. The drains were made of brick and were rectangular in section (Binnie & Partners, 1973). 44 The sewerage system of the core area was further developed during 1898 – 1950 by the Rana dynasty. The main sewers were made of bricks of circular section varying from 600 mm diameter to 1500 x 1050 mm oval section. All the lateral sewers constructed before 1960 were mainly for storm water drainage as water flush toilets were not introduced in the Valley until after 1960 (ITECO, 2003).

45 In the International Development Assistance (IDA) projects undertaken during the first (1976 – 1983), second (1980 – 1985) and third (1980 – 1988) phases, a total of 30km sanitary sewers were laid and partially operated, two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were constructed at Balkumari (now known as Kodku) and Sundarighat (now known as Dhobighat). The Nepal Water Supply and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) also constructed main sewer. NWSC constructed about 35km of trunk sewers from 1983 to 1990. The municipalities also initiated public-private partnership (PPP) programmes with local communities to accelerate the construction of stormwater drainage.

46 ITECO (2003) notes that in the 1970s, the Bagmati River water quality, aquatic life, ecosystem and surrounding environment was “generally satisfactory”. Aquatic life (fish, insects etc.) biological activities (food chains) were “well functioning due to the undisturbed river ecosystem”. At that time people used the river for bathing, ritual and other purposes. Since then, the environmental quality of the Valley has severely degraded rapidly.

47 KUKL was established in February 2008 as part of the major institutional reforms in the Kathmandu Valley water supply and sewerage sector. Its license states that by February 2014, all existing wastewater treatment plants are to be functional. It must also divert wastewater to wastewater treatment plants and run each plant to at least 90% of its hydraulic capacity.

48 An additional KUKL licence condition is that by the beginning of the fifth year after the commissioning of the Melamchi Water Supply Project, wastewater services in the form of sewers or on-site sanitation should be made accessible to 90% of the population in the service area.



49 KUKL is not currently responsible for the operation and maintenance of the Guheshwori Sewage Treatment Plant. This is under the control of the High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC).

50 The wastewater service area is smaller than the KUKL water service area as it only includes the Municipalities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Madhyapur-Thimi and Kirtipur. The water service area covers a number of VDCs outside of the Municipalities. Wastewater services will logically be required in all urban areas regardless of whether an area is a Municipality or a VDC. There is strong correlation between this study area and zones adopted in the Bagmati Action Plan. The adopted 2009 population for the urban wastewater area is as 2.635 million. This is inclusive of the permanent and other population categories.

51 Bagmati Action Plan: The High Powered Committee for Integrated Development of Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC) with the support of Nepal Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) and UN-Habitat prepared the Bagmati Action Plan (BAP). The Government of Nepal adopted and ratified BAP in August 2009. BAP is based on five Zones of the Kathmandu Valley, essentially following the surface water from upstream to downstream: Natural conservation core Zone; Rural Zone; Peri-urban Zone; Urban Zone; and Downstream Zone. Actions in each zone cover a wide range of activities to meet the specific objectives of each zone. A budget at 2009 prices has been set aside for each activity. BAP is intended as an adoptive document and as new information is available the intention is to update and adopt the plan.

52 Wastewater related actions in Zones 1 and 2 include encouraging appropriate on-site and decentralized wastewater facilities like EcoSan, biogas and constructed wetland technologies. The PPTA prepared a Conceptual Wastewater Master Plan taking BAP into account. The BAP Zones 3 and 4 are especially relevant to the CIAMP. In Zone 3, wastewater actions focus on decentralized wastewater technologies. In Zone 4, the plan focuses on reviving the conventional sewerage system. The BAP recommended actions include:

Rehabilitation of Kodku WWTP to cater for wastewater from the core area of Lalitpur,

and Baneshwor based on the Feasibility Study and Detail Engineering Design (FSDED) (2003)

Rehabilitation of Hanumanghat WWTP converting it into a wetland to minimize the operating cost

Construction of additional WWTP at Guhyeswari Construction of Septage Treatment Plant at existing Guhyeswari WWTP site Development of Sallaghari WWTP Rehabilitation and expansion of Dhobighat WWTP based on FSDED (2003) Constructed Wetland Treatment Plant to serve surrounding settlement at UN-Park

and WEPCO area (Kopundole) as demonstration sites Promotion of on-site sanitation with household and community level septic tank with

implementation of faecal sludge management Promotion of DEWATS in institutions

53 The key problems and their causes of the wastewater system are complicated and interrelated. Reasons for the poor condition of wastewater services are summarized below.



i. Limited water for self cleansing: A key contributing reason for blocked sewers is inadequate flushing water to maintain self cleansing in the sewers and in some sections related to the hydraulic design assumptions inherent in the original sewer designs. This is directly related to insufficient quantities of water available to customers. – i.e. water scarcity. This issue is made worse by the poor solid waste systems which increase debris in the sewers. To separate and remove the solid waste from the sewers, Continuous Deflective Separators (CDS) will be provided to mitigate the problem. ii. Planning inadequacies and lack of commitment to meet plans: A number of Master Plans1 have been prepared but none of them have been implemented because of low prioritization. Additionally, there are no plans of the actual sewerage networks. iii. Combined System: As was common practice, the sewerage was initially designed as a combined system to cater for domestic wastewater as well as stormwater. While there has been considerably more separate sewerage systems installed, connections of liquid wastes occurs in an ad-hoc manner to any drainage conduit – regardless of whether it is for foul sewage or storm water. Combined systems result in large variations in dry and wet weather flows and sewers need to be appropriately designed and managed for this large variation in flow. This is exacerbated by the poor solid waste collection in the Valley and numerous un-made roads from which sand and gravel are washed into the sewers. iv. Budget Allocation: 50% of KUKL water bills are intended as a wastewater service charge but only 20% of this intended amount is spent on sewerage network operation. It is widely recognized that wastewater collection and treatment, typically costs up to 50% more than a water supply system. With such a low budget allocation for wastewater management the system continues to deteriorate. v. Treatment Plants: Most wastewater from the urban areas is discharged partially (septic-tanks) or un-treated into the Valley water courses. Although five treatment plants have been established in the Valley none of them are operating properly. The perception is that the preferred system of waste stabilization ponds is not now favoured because of increased land cost, and advanced systems are not being constructed because of high capital and operational costs plus lack of technical expertise. The total present designed treatment capacity is far less than that required to serve the existing urban population within the Kathmandu Valley.

1 Master Plan for Water Supply and Sewerage - Greater Kathmandu and Bhaktapur by Binnie and Partners (1973); Mott-MacDonald Program in association with Stanley International and Proctor and Redfern International Limited, 1984; Greater Kathmandu Drainage Master Plan Studies, by SMEC in association with CEMAT Consultants (P) Ltd, 1990; Halcrow Fox for Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Plan and Programs in association with Pak Poy and CEMAT, 1991; CES Consulting Engineers Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation For Kathmandu Valley Sewer System Rehabilitation and Extension Final Design Report in association with SILT Consultants and Multi Disciplinary Consultants and GOPA Consultants, 1993; Stanley, EAST & Mott MacDonald (1994) Bagmati Basin Water Management Strategy & Investment Program. January 1994; Bagmati Area Development Conceptual Master Plan, 1997, prepared by High Powered Committee for Implementation and Monitoring of Bagmati Sewerage Construction / Rehabilitation Project; Bagmati Area Sewerage Construction / Rehabilitation Project, 1998 later updated by the BASP; Detailed Engineering Design and Cost Estimate of Sewer Lines along Bagmati River (between Tilganga to Shankhamul and Teku Dobhan to Chovar), 1998 by Consolidated Management Services (CMS);Wastewater Management Plan Assessment by Metcalf and Eddy, January 2000;Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design to Update Master Plan For Bagmati Area Sewerage Project (FSDED) prepared by ITECO, 2003;Special Assistance for Project Implementation (SAPI Phase II); by Japanese Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), February 2004;Thimi Master Plan prepared by CIUD, 2007; andBagmati Action Plant (NTNC& & BCIDC, 2009).



vi. Industrial wastewater pollution: Existing standards for industrial wastewater discharge are not being monitored or maintained. The Ministry of Environment is mandated to monitor industrial discharges. vii. Lack of wastewater connections: Although there is a legal requirement to connect wastewater pipes from a property to a sewer if the public sewer is within 30m, few property owners are willing to do this. viii. Lack of coordination: Apart from KUKL/Sewerage Operation Department, various other agencies, such as municipalities and HPCIDBC are working on the sewerage sector in the Valley. They are not, however, properly coordinated.

Sewerage tariff 54 A sewerage tariff is charged as a 50% surcharge to the water bill wherever the sewerage system is available. However, tentative estimate of sewerage system coverage is only about 70% of the water supply system within the 5 municipal areas. 55 The proportionate operating expenditure of sewerage and water supply was approximately 1:14 in the year 2008. Similarly, proportionate income of sewerage and water bill is approximately 1:5. However, in the budget for the fiscal year July 2009, sewerage expenditure is proposed to be increased by 500%; the actual financial statement of which is yet to be finalized and disclosed by KUKL.

2. Type, and Need of the Subprojects

56 The Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement is a project to improve water supply and wastewater infrastructure. Improvements in water supply and sanitation are urgently needed in the Kathmandu Valley because it is currently suffering from chronic water shortages and inefficient service delivery and lack of properly functioning sewerage systems. 57 This project has been designed to raise the quality of the infrastructure and services of selected areas of the Kathmandu Valley, thereby increasing the Quality of Life of the people. 58 Kathmandu Valley has gone through a phase of rapid and unplanned urbanization and industrialization without adequate infra-structural development. It is currently suffering from chronic water shortages and inefficient service delivery. To improve the present conditions of the water supply and wastewater services in the Kathmandu Valley, GON, with the assistance of ADB, has embarked on a two-pronged improvement strategy that includes capital investments for infrastructure development, i.e. supply augmentation and system improvement and institutional reforms.

59 The Kathmandu Valley is the most densely populated region in Nepal where the population has been increasing rapidly. This is largely in Kathmandu, which is the centre of administration, commercial, social and economic activities. During the last three decades, the growth in population has been significantly driven by in-migration. The in-migration is largely due to better employment and business opportunities, better educational and medical facilities, but also countrywide insurgency and security concerns of recent years.

60 The rapid un-planned urbanization of the Kathmandu Valley has brought negative impacts to its overall development. Water became scarce as demand exceeded supply. Lack of operational wastewater system facilities converted the holy Bagmati River into a highly polluted watercourse. Congested and crowded roads brought hardship to travellers



and road junctions became garbage dumping sites. Despite these negative impacts, the urbanization of the Valley continued at a similar rate to the past 10 years. According to urban planners, from urban basic service management and disaster relief management aspects, the Kathmandu Valley only has a carrying capacity of 5 million people.

61 The existing wastewater treatment plants will be rehabilitated and upgraded and the sewerage network improved and expanded. Removal of septage will be done and treated in sludge drying beds at the wastewater treatment plants.

62 Detailed design will begin in January 2011 with construction scheduled to commence in February 2012 to be completed in 5 years by the end of 2016.

63 Implementation of the Melamchi Water Supply Project (MWSP) Environmental Management Plan (EMP): The EIA of MWSP was approved by MOE in 2000 and the EMP prepared and approved in 2001. ADB and the Government of Nepal, recognized that it was necessary to change the scope of project implementation arrangement by splitting MWSP into the following two distinct Subprojects; (i) the Melamchi River Water Diversion Subproject (Subproject -1) covering all project activities in the Melamchi Valley including construction of a Water Diversion Tunnel and Water Treatment Plant at Sundarijal; and (ii) Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject (Subproject -2) which comprises:

a) Construction of a bulk distribution system (BDS) to transfer treated water from the MWSP water treatment plant at Sunariajal to service reservoirs strategically located in the Kathmandu Valley;

b) Rehabilitation and improvement of distribution networks at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels including house connections plus the rehabilitation and improvement of existing water supply system intakes, transmission mains, water treatment plants and service reservoirs;

c) Improvements of the wastewater system in a phased manner; and d) Development of a shallow groundwater well field at Manohara within the Kathmandu

Valley to extract, treat, and distribute about 15 MLD and 25 MLD of water in the dry and wet season, respectively.

64 KUKL, which legally commenced operation in February 2008, established a Project Management Unit to undertake implementation of MWSP Subproject-2 headed by the General Manager. Unfortunately, the General Manager was too overwhelmed by daily operational activities to be able to provide adequate attention to implementing a large investment project. The Government and ADB consequently agreed in April 2009 to restructure the Project Management Unit into a Project Implementation Directorate (PID) to manage and implement ADB assisted projects. The PID is designed to include a Safeguards Unit to monitor and evaluate all social and environmental aspects. A separate EMP (EMP2) for the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Subproject (Subproject-2) was prepared and endorsed by ADB and KVWSMB in April 2009. 65 To date (April 2010), the Safeguards Unit within PID has not been established. However, the EMP2 has been provided to the civil work Contractors engaged in 7 ongoing contract packages. Contracts were signed with the Contractors at different times between November 2009 and January 2010. So far only 2 contractors have submitted the EMEPs (Environmental Management Execution Plan). The interim Supervision Consultants engaged under Loan 1820 has advised the Contractors to submit monthly environmental monitoring reports; but none have been received by the PID.



3. Description of the Project

66 The purpose of the proposed project is to improve the water supply and wastewater system service delivery to ensure compliance of KUKL‟s operating licence. The project aims:

(a) To ensure the availability of water supply;

(b) To ensure water quality in the distribution system;

(c) To ensure water quality at each water treatment facility;

(d) Operation of wastewater treatment plants; and

(e) Wastewater services.

67 These service standards are based on the assumption that the Capacity Building and Public-Private Partnership Support Team (CBP Team) under Loan 2059-NEP would be in place within 18 months of the starting date.

68 The Project consists of contract packages for the following.

1) Water supply and BDS System (BDS); water supply reservoirs; water supply distribution network improvement (DNI),

2) Wastewater system improvements (WSI), and

3) Procurement of equipment, vehicles and materials.

1) Water Supply System 69 Figure 1 indicates the scope of the water supply components. Table 1 shows the nature and size of the various components of the proposed subprojects to be constructed. Some details may change (e.g. pipe diameters and lengths and locations) during the detailed design phase as this study has been done to determine the overall feasibility and costs.

70 Water supply and BDS system (BDS): This component has been divided into 3 separate packages consisting of the supply and complete laying of different diameters pipes including surface reinstatement works. The ductile iron (DI) pipes consist of pipes of diameters 800 to 1500mm (4.76 km feeder mains), 600 to 1400mm (14.21 km ring mains) and 800 to 1200mm (14.11 km transversal mains) and will be laid in trenches within the Right of Way (RoW) alongside the main roads in different areas of the Kathmandu Metro, such as, Naxal, Gyaneshwar, Dilli Bazaar, Bagh Bazaar, Anamnagar, Ramshah Path, Tripureswor, Lagan, Thapathali, Baneshwor, Maitidevi, Ghattekuls, Singha Darbar, Koupondol, Chakupat, Chyasal, Mangal Bazaar, Sundhara, Tangal, Lagankhel, Pulchowk, Gabahal etc.

71 Water supply reservoirs: Five service reservoirs for service storage of treated water prior to distribution will be constructed at Mahankal Chaur II (30,000m3), Arubari (8,000m3), Bansbari (10,000m3), Balaju (Construction of a 4,000 m3 reservoir on new acquired land in Balaju and an additional 8,000 m3 reservoir will be constructed after dismantling the existing reservoir) and Khumaltar (8,000m3) on previously acquired land (owned by KVWSMB).

72 Water supply distribution network improvement (DNI): New distribution pipes to supply treated water to customers in Kathmandu and Lalitpur will replace the existing pipes and expand the network into new areas which will be laid in trenches along public roads.



For the Kathmandu Metro Zone, which is the main supply area of water from Melamchi, an approximate estimation of distribution system pipe network details with types, sizes and lengths are given below. 73 All pipes 150 mm diameter and above shall be ductile iron (DI). The distribution pipelines for Kathmandu Metro for the 9 sub-zones will range from pipe sizes 75 to 140 mm and be uPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) or PE (Polyethylene). The total estimated pipe length of such pipes is about 384 km. Larger diameter pipes of sizes 150 – 600 mm, acting as feeder mains and distribution mains will be DI, the total length being about 33 km.

74 The improved water supply system under the project will serve a total population of 722,053 (470,000 directly and 252,053 indirectly) in an area of 1,700 ha. Table 1 shows the components of the scheme that have been assessed in this IEE.

75 The system covers most of the core areas of Kathmandu Metro, either directly or indirectly. All the potential distribution mains located at Narayan Gopal Chowk, Balaju, Gaushala, Ekantakuna and Pulchowk will be connected with the corresponding transversal and service mains (distribution mains).

76 There are 9 sub-zone service areas for DNI (Figure 1) under the project. However, 20 other sub-zone service areas will have indirect benefits from the improvement works due to the bulk distribution system feeding into the existing distribution network. This includes the water scarce areas in the west of Kathmandu through interconnection with the existing 400 mm diameter service main from the Balaju Service Reservoir, which would be used to boost the supply in Chhauni, Dallu and the Chhetrapati areas.

Figure 1: Proposed Project Water Supply Components



Table 1: Water Supply System Subproject Components

Infrastructure Function Description Location a. Service reservoirs

Temporary storage of treated water prior to distribution

Construction of 5 reservoirs (2 nos. 8,000 m3, 1 no.10,000 m3, 1 no.12,000 m3, 1 no. 30,000 m3)

1. Construction of Mahankal Chaur II 30,000m3 capacity service reservoir near Arubari on previously acquired land 2.Construction of 8,000m3 capacity service reservoir on previously acquired land in Arubari 3. Construction of 10,000 m3 capacity service reservoir on previously acquired land in Bansbari 4. Construction of a 4,000 m3 reservoir on new acquired land in Balaju and an additional 8,000 m3 reservoir will be constructed after dismantling the existing reservoir 5.Construction of 8,000m3 capacity service reservoir on previously acquired land to serve sub-zone A-8.5 at Khumaltar

b. Feeder mains

Transfer water from the ring main to the service reservoirs at Bansbari, Balaju and Khumaltar

4.78 km of 800 to 1500 mm dia. DI pipe

Supply and complete laying including surface improvement works in trenches in the Right of Way (RoW) alongside main roads:

1. Narayan Gopal Chowk Ring Main to Bansbari 2. Ring Main to Balaju reservoir (feeder main goes through forest land) 3. Ring Main to Khumaltar reservoir

c. Ring main

Transfer water along the Ring Road to Kathmandu Metropolis


Supply and complete laying including surface improvement works in trenches in the Right of Way (RoW) alongside main roads: 1) Chabahil to Narayan Gopal Chowk and Narayan Gopal Chowk to Balaju, 2) Chabahil to Gaushala and Tinkune to Ekantakuna

d. Transversal main

Transfer water from the ring mains to the supply zones or the main distribution service area


Supply and complete laying including surface improvement works in trenches in the Right of Way (RoW) alongside main roads:

1. Gaushala to Baneshwar 2. Thapathali to Tinkune 3. Thapathali to Ekantakuna 4. Balaju to Lainchaur 5. Lainchaur to Thapathali

e. Distribution pipes

Distribute treated water to customers, replacing existing pipes and expanding the network into new areas

1.All pipes 150mm diameter or above will be DI; distribution pipes will range from 75 to 140mm diameter and will be of UPVC or PE of about 2,257 km 2. Pipes 150-600mm diameter acting as trunk mains and distribution mains will be of DI of about 291km

Supply and complete laying including surface improvement works in trenches in the alongside public roads in:

1. Sub-zone A-3.1 (169.78ha., 17,485 pop. 2015) 2. Sub-zone A-3.2 (114.76ha., 18,167 pop. 2015) 3. Sub-zone A-3.3 (152.07ha., 48,726 pop. 2015) 4. Sub-zone A-4.1 (143.52ha., 50,301 pop. 2015) 5. Sub-zone A-4.3 (94.58ha., 19,319 pop. 2015) 6. Sub-zone A-6.2 (263.84ha., 100,995 pop. 2015) 7. Sub-zone A-7 (209.84ha., 58,227 pop. 2015) 8. Sub-zone A-8.2 (284.26ha., 72,178 pop. 2015) 9. Sub-zone A-8.3 (255.00ha., 60,287 pop. 2015)



2) Wastewater System

77 Figure 2 indicates the scope of the wastewater components. Table 2 shows the nature and size of the various components of the proposed subprojects to be constructed. Some details may change (e.g. pipe diameters and lengths and locations) during the detailed design phase as this study has been done to determine the overall feasibility and costs.

78 The DSC under loan 1820-NEP will initiate the process of cleaning and rehabilitating all existing blocked sewers using high pressure jetting equipment or other methods and recording asset information and condition assessments. From this information a Sewerage Network Development Plan will be prepared.

79 The sewerage network will be developed by connecting un-sewered areas to the system and new collectors and trunk sewers will be constructed. New sewers will be designed predominantly for dry weather flow so as to reduce costs. Septic tanks will be decommissioned under the sewerage network development packages of the Project. The cost of connection and removal of the septic tanks etc. will be part of the civil works contract. The EMP will ensure sterilization and hygienic safe disposal of the contaminated materials. There will need to be close coordination / cooperation from the property owner since this work will be done on private land.

80 Storm water regulators and weirs will be provided to ensure maximum solid and organic loads continue to the interceptor sewers for treatment. A pilot study will be conducted using Combined Sewage Overflows (CSOs) and Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS) devices to ascertain their suitability for wet weather overflows to surface streams.

Figure 2: Proposed Project Wastewater Components



81 HPCIDBC will be responsible for constructing interceptor sewers alongside the valley rivers under the Bagmati Action Plan. Preliminary designs of the interceptors (up to 1500mm diameters) along all the rivers of the Valley have been completed.

82 All treatment plants (Tables 2 and 3) will be designed for an ultimate minimum 50/50 effluent (50mg/l BOD5 and 50 mg/l SS. However, the initial stages of the Dhobighat WWTP will be to a lower standard (provisionally set at 130 mg/l BOD5) so as to reduce costs of treatment. Since the Dhobighat WWTP is at the lower end of the Kathmandu Valley, the effluent will undergo self-purification downstream. All effluents from the other treatment plants upstream of Dhobighat WWTP will be treated to meet the BOD5 standard of 50 mg/l. Later after 2016, the effluent BOD from the Dhobighat WWTP will also meet the 50 mg/l standard. Table 4 gives the wastewater treatment by the year 2025.

83 The wastewater component has been divided into 5 separate packages. Four existing wastewater treatment plants (Hanumanghat, Sallaghari, Kodku and Dhobighat) will be rehabilitated/upgraded/reconstructed. The works will consist of cleaning, sludge removal, repair works, upgrading of treatment processes to cater for increased population, and establishment of environmental buffer zones. Septage treatment facilities will be incorporated in the upgrading of the Kodku, Sallaghari and Dhobighat WWTPs. The south and north collectors of Bhaktapur will be cleaned and rehabilitated or reconstructed. Sewer lines from suitable catchments will be diverted by gravity to the Dhobighat WWTP.

84 It is proposed to rehabilitate Hanumanghat WWTP at Bhaktapur. The rehabilitation includes de-sludging of existing ponds, fencing and some civil works. The upgrading of the existing WWTP stabilization ponds at Kodku (Patan), Sallaghari (Bhaktapur) and Dhobighat (Kathmandu) will use activated sludge processes (e.g. oxidation ditches, or tower bio-filters supported by UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors). The Loan 1820-NEP Design and Supervision Consultant will carry out the process design of these plants. The preliminary / schematic layout plans of Kodku, Sallaghari and Dhobighat WWTPs are attached (Annex 5). Sludge drying beds have been provided.



Table 2: Wastewater System Improvement Subprojects

Infrastructure Function Description Location

Wastewater Wastewater treatment plants improvements/upgrading

a. Wastewater treatment plants

Treatment of domestic wastewater.

Rehabilitation/reconstruction: Cleaning, sludge removal and other repair works, treatment processes to be upgraded to suit increased population, establishment of buffer zones; septage treatment plant to be incorporated in the upgrading of Kodku WWTP (capacity 150,000 persons); septage treatment plant to be incorporated in the upgrading of Dhobighat WWTP (capacity 40,000 p.e.) within existing site including buffer zone; septage treatment plant to be incorporated in the upgrading of Sallaghari WWTP (capacity 150,000 p.e.); rehabilitation of Hanumanghat WWTP (capacity 2,000 p.e.)

1. Hanumanghat WWTP 2. Sallaghari WWTP 3. Kodku WWTP 4. Dhobighat WWTP

Rehabilitation of existing sewerage system a. Rehabilitation/re-construction of collectors

Rehabilitate and develop gravity sewerage catchment

1.Cleaning, removal of sludge and other repair works of north (rehabilitation) and south (re-construction) collectors

2. Diversion of sewer lines from suitable catchment by gravity to Dhobighat WWTP

1. Bhaktapur 2. Dhobighat

Rehabilitation of existing sewerage system a. Sewerage system Cleaning and increasing

flow Rehabilitation of sewer lines and manholes Areas with sewers

Sewerage network development a. Sewer backlog works

Connection to unsewered properties in sewered areas

Unsewered areas will be connected to the system as planned in certain areas

Locations to be determined after surveys

b. Collection system Increase sewage collection Expansion of existing collection system for 240,000 pop. based on surveys and development plans prepared under Loan 1820


c. New collectors (KVWSWSIP) and trunk sewers (BAP)

Increase sewerage service Sewerage network plan to be developed under Loan 1820


d. Pilot chambers CSO CDS filter

Removal of solids from wastewater/stormwater

Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) will specify sites Piloting 'combined sewer overflow' (CSO) chambers and 'continuous deflective separation' (CDS) devices



Table 3: Details of Existing WWTPs S.No. Infrastructure Kodku WWTP Sallaghari WWTP Dhobighat

WWTP Hanumanghat

WWTP 1 Major structures -Inlet

-Grit Chamber -Bar Screen -Parshal Flume -Distribution Chamber -2 primary ponds -1 secondary pond -1 Tertiary pond -Disinfection Unit -Outlet -Guard House

-Inlet -Grit Chamber -Bar Screen -Parshal Flume -Distribution Chamber -1 primary pond -2 secondary ponds -1 tertiary pond -Sludge Polder -Laboratory -Pump house -Guard House

-Inlet -Grit Chamber -Bar Screen -Parshal Flume -Distribution Chamber -2 primary ponds -1 secondary pond -1 Tertiary pond -Outlet -Guard House

-Inlet -Distribution Chamber -2 primary ponds -2 secondary ponds -Outlet -Guard House

Table 4: Wastewater Treatment (by 2025)

SNo. Infrastructure Kodku WWTP Sallaghari WWTP

Dhobighat WWTP Hanumanghat WWTP

Operated by KUKL KUKL KUKL KUKL

1 Reported existing capacity (established year/type)

1.1 MLD (1982, Waste stabilization pond), 6.5ha

2 MLD (1983, aerated lagoon), 3.4ha

15.4 MLD (1982 waste stabilization pond), 30.5ha

0.5 MLD (1975, aerated lagoon), 0.3ha

2 Proposed Nominal capacity (for 2025)

150,000 persons (~17 MLD)

150,000 persons (~17 MLD)

1,000,000 persons (~120 MLD)

capacity 150000 equivalent persons

3 Aeration reactors 3 nos. 130 x 37m each

4 nos. 112 x 32m

20 nos. 130 x 37m Possibility of expansion and upgrading is very minimum. So only desludging of the existing ponds, cleaning of connection pipes, fencing and some other civil works

4 Clarifiers 3 nos. 20m diameter

4 nos. 18m diameter

20 nos. 28m diameter

5 Sludge drying bed 10 nos. 40 x 4.5m 2nos. 105 x 30m

60 nos. 40 x 16m

6 Septage treatment plant

2 nos. 50 x 50m 1 no. 50 x 50m

1 no. 100 x 50m

7 Inlet 40 x 15m 40 x 15m

8 Utility building 40 x 15m 40 x 15m 40 x 15m

9 Control room 20 x 20m 20 x 20m 20 x 20m

10 Workshop building Included in Utility Building

Included in Utility Building

20 x 20m

11 Interceptors HPCIDBC has been assigned to deal with Interceptors along all the rivers of the Valley. Preliminary sizing has been done (preliminary design of interceptors up to 1500mm has been done by this Project)

12 Proposed improvements

Existing system will be upgraded to the activated sludge process



Will be rehabilitated and existing process will be continued.

3) Procurement of Equipment, Vehicles and Materials 85 Procurement consists of the purchases of spare pipes and fittings for repairs, a small trench excavator, sewer cleaning equipment and vehicles (for field visits).



C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Kathmandu Valley

86 Geographically, the Kathmandu Valley (Figure 3) lies between latitudes 27º35‟ to 27º48‟N and longitudes 85º12‟ to 85º33‟E. The altitude of the district ranges between 1372-2732m above mean sea level. The major rivers flowing in the district are the Bagmati River, Bishnumati River and Manohara River. The length of Bagmati River within Kathmandu Valley is 28 km. The Bishnumati, Manohara, Dhobikhola, Nagmati and Balkhu rivers are the main tributaries of the Bagmati River. The Bagmati River is important not only from the view point of consumption of water but also from the religious point of view. One of the most famous temples of the Hindus (the Pashupati Nath Temple) is located on the banks of the Bagmati River. 87 Bhaktapur one of the adjoining cities of Kathmandu is located between latitudes 27º 37‟ to 27º44‟N and longitudes 85º 02‟ to 85º 32‟E. It is bounded by Kavrepalanchowk in the east, Kathmandu and Lalitpur in the west, Kathmandu in the north and Kavrepalanchowk and Lalitpur in the south. The average elevation ranges from 1372 to 2166 m above mean sea level. Rivers and streams are the predominant water resource in the Bhaktapur district. The main river in the district is the Hanumanate and Manohara rivers. The Bagmati River as such does not flow through Bhaktapur but the Manohara and Hanumante both are the major tributaries of the Bagmati River.

88 Lalitpur is another adjoining city of Kathmandu and is located between latitudes 27º22 to 28º50‟N and longitudes 85º14‟ to 85º26‟E. It is bounded by Kavrepalanchowk in the east; Makwanpur in the west and south; Bhaktapur and Kathmandu in the north. The Bagmati River flows as the boundary between Lalitpur and Kathmandu. The major tributary of the Bagmati River in the Lalitpur district is the Nakkhu Khola.

89 The Kathmandu Valley is accessible by major roads to different parts of the country and to India in the South and Tibet in the North. Kathmandu has an airport that caters for national and international airlines to many parts of the country and abroad.

Physical Resources Topography

90 The Kathmandu Valley is about 1300 meter above mean sea level with an area of about 340sq.km. The Valley has a bowl-like structure surrounded by high hills and the altitudes from the Valley floor vary between 500 to 1400 m. It lies between the Himalayas in the north and the Mahabharat range in the south. The prominent boundary features of the Valley are Phulchowki Hill (3,132m) in the southwest, Shivapuri (2713m) in the north, Chapa Devi (2,400m) in the southwest and Nagarjun (2,100m) in the west. The major rivers flowing in the district are the Bagmati River, Bishnumati River and Manohara River.

Geology and soils 91 The Kathmandu Valley is a synclinal tectonic basin consisting of fluvio-lacustrine deposits from the Pleistocene age resting on top of Precambrian metamorphic bedrock. In Kathmandu Municipality the Gokarna and Kalimati formations are predominant, Gokarna to the northeast and Kalimati to the southwest. Bhaktapur city is located on a hill that is part of the Kalimati formation. In Latitpur Municipality the Kalimati and Chapagaun formations are predominant. The Gokarna formation typically consists of light to brownish-grey; fine laminated and poorly graded silty sand with intercalation of clay of variable thickness. Shallow SP sandy soils, which are highly prone to liquefaction even under small to moderate intensity earthquakes (MMI = VII-VIII), are often found within the Gokarna formation.



Figure 3: Location map of Kathmandu

92 The Kalimati formation is grey-to-dark silty clay and clayey silt. Organic clay, fine sand beds and peat layers are commonly found. SM silty-sand soil layers intercalated with silt or clay layers are often found from 5 to 15 metres down. Such layers are prone to liquefaction under moderate to high intensity earthquakes (MMI = VIII-IX). 93 The Kalimati formation surrounds the Jawalakhel and Lagankhel hills which are located on the Chapagau formation. At Jawalakhel Chowk, a soil investigation conducted by JICA under The Study on Earthquake Disaster Mitigation in Kathmandu Valley, 2000-2001 found a non-liquefiable soil profile of good strength capacity. Most of the soils with moderate to high liquefaction potential are to be found along riverbanks, in the so-called recent flood plains. Generally, apart from soils located at the foot of mountains, those soils in the Kathmandu Valley located above 1,300 m are expected to be either non-liquefiable or to have a low liquefaction potential.



Climate 94 Nepal, in a year, receives about 1,500mm of rainfall in a good monsoon regime (DHM Records). Rainfall is concentrated, and more than 75% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon months beginning June through September. The months between October to May are dry and any rainfall is sporadic. In the winter, rainfall is caused by the weather system originating in the Mediterranean region. The winter rain reaches Nepal and cause significant precipitation in western Nepal. 95 The climatic condition of the Bagmati watershed is quite variable because of the intricate topography. Temperature generally decreases with elevation. It is low in winter. With the advent of spring, the temperature increases. Climatically, the Bagmati watershed region can be classified into the following three regions:

a) Tropical climate of the southern Terai, Bhabar, Chure (Shiwalik), and the Inner Terai which has a mild and dry winter.

b) Warm temperate climate of the Mahabharat region above the elevation of 2000 m with warm summers and cool winters.

c) Cool temperate climate of the high Mahabharata region above the altitude of 3000 m with cool summers and cold winters. Snow falls in the winter months and persists on the high slopes throughout the winter.

96 Rainfall occurs between the months of June through September due to the southeast monsoon. The humid monsoon air stream blowing from the Bay of Bengal is forced to rise as it meets the Himalayas. As a result, heavy rainfall occurs on some sections of the southern Himalayan slopes. Rainfall is also high along the Chure range. Regions close to the Indian border receive about 1,500mm rain in a year, while at the foothills of Chure the annual rainfall reaches 2,000mm. On the northern side of the Chure the rainfall diminishes again. In the lee-ward side, rainfall is reduced due to rain shadow effects. Orographic effect is pronounced and governs the rainfall pattern.

Water Resources Surface water

97 Nepal is characterized by sources of many small to large size rivers, which flow from north to south. There are over 6,000 rivers in Nepal and their total length exceeds more than 45,000 km. Out of the total numbers of rivers 1,000 are more than 10km long and 100 are more than 160km long. The surface water available is estimated to be around 224.7 billion cubic meters per annum. In terms of flow rate, it is around 7,125 cusecs. Nepal receives an yearly average precipitation of more than 1,500mm. 98 The Bagmati River forms a medium sized river basin with a catchment area of 3700 km2 at the Nepal India Border. It extends between latitudes 200 42' to 270 50'N and longitudes 850 02' to 850 58'E. It originates from the Shivapuri hills in the Mahabharat range of mountains and flows down south into the Terai plains before crossing the Indo-Nepal border. Along its course the river passes through eight districts, namely, Bhaktapur, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Makwanpur, Sindhuli, Rautahat and Sarlahi. The major tributaries of the Bagmati River are Manohara, Bishnumati, Kulekhani, Kokhajor, Marin, Chandi, Jhanjh and Manusmara. The Kathmandu Valley comprises of 15% of the of the basin area in Nepal. The basin as a whole can be divided into three parts;

the upper Bagmati basin comprising of the Kathmandu Valley plus the upper part

of the Nakhkhu Khola and Dakshinkali area, the Middle Bagmati basin comprising of the remainder of the basin in the hills

including the Kulekhani Khola; and



the lower Bagmati basin comprising of the basin in the Terai, plus some tributaries which originate in the Shiwaliks.

99 The major tributaries of the Bagmati River are Nakkhu, Kulekhani, Kokhajor, Marin and Chandi River. The longitudinal profile of the Bagmati basin is shown in Figure 4 and gives the location and details of the study area.

Figure 4: Longitudinal profile of the Bagmati River Basin

Source: Preparation of Water – Induced Hazard Maps of Bagmati River Basin, 2005, DWIDP/SILT/ERMC/TECHDA

100 The major tributaries of the Bagmati River inside the Kathmandu Valley are Bishnumati, Balkhu, Tukucha, Dhobi Khola, Manohara, Kodku and Nakhu Khola. These tributaries are highly polluted. The municipal wastes and industrial effluents are directly discharged into these rivers that have made the water unusable for human and ecological needs along most of the course. In addition, the Kathmandu Valley is facing a severe shortage of water due to the rapid urbanization. The annual groundwater use for domestic and industrial purposes in the Valley is almost two times the annual rechargeable groundwater available. The Bagmati River has a high religious value. It also adds to the aesthetics of the Valley as it passes through, along with its tributaries, the major three cities of the Valley.

Surface water quality

101 The BOD5 level in different stretches of the Bagmati River at different seasons

provides a clear indication of high level of pollution at all seasons of the year (BOD5 levels

range from 1.7 to 239.4 mg/l in the pre-monsoon, 2.1 to 84.7 mg/l in the monsoon and 2.3 to

119.4 mg/l in the post-monsoon seasons. The main reason for the deteriorating water

quality of the Valley Rivers is discharge of untreated sewage in the urban areas of

Kathmandu, although solid waste dumping along the river is also a contributing factor.

Groundwater

102 The groundwater aquifers of the Kathmandu Valley have been divided into 3 districts: Northern (157 km2 with 59 km2 recharge area), Central (114 km2 with about 6 km2 recharge area) and Southern (55 km2 with about 21 km2 recharge area) (Dixit and Upadhya, 2005). The heavy extraction of groundwater to meet the domestic as well as commercial demands is alarming with the depletion of the groundwater level. There is haphazard extraction of water from both shallow and deep aquifers in Kathmandu Valley at present.



According to the hydrogeological conditions of the Kathmandu Valley and the recharge rate of the basin, only 15 MLD of groundwater can be safely extracted in a day (JICA, 1990). This rate is being exceeded by more than 70% through NWSC tubewells alone. Due to the increase of built-up areas, groundwater recharge is reduced with the rerouting of the natural drainage. The unsustained extraction of groundwater causes land subsidence which is already evident in many cities in Asia (e.g. Bangkok). 103 It is estimated that the groundwater of Kathmandu Valley is decreasing at an average rate of 2.5 metres per year. However, it differs according to the places as the geological structure within the Kathmandu Valley is diverse. If groundwater is being continuously extracted it will be sufficient for the next 90 years only (http://guthi.net). 104 Many households have installed rower pumps to extract groundwater from the shallow aquifer when NWSC could not meet their demands but the bacteriological quality of the water is of concern and has to be looked into. Due to the necessity of stopping groundwater mining, there is an urgent need in formulating legislation, rules and regulations on the extraction of groundwater in the Kathmandu Valley.

Groundwater quality

105 Of the 57 deep tubewells tested, many wells exceeded the Nepal Standards for color, turbidity, ammonia, iron and manganese. Two of the wells exceeded the arsenic standard. In some wells ammonia concentration was found to be extremely high (50 fold above the threshold value of 1.5 mg/l). Twenty of the 57 wells showed bacterial contamination (ENPHO, 2009)

Ecological Resources

National Parks

106 The Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park is the only National Park near to the Kathmandu Valley. Shivapuri is the second highest peak among the hills surrounding the Kathmandu Valley. It is 2,732m high with numerous sharp ridges radiating to all sides. Situated towards the north of the Kathmandu Valley, due to its strategic location and convenience, Shivapuri was proclaimed as a watershed area supplying more than a million litters of natural spring water to the city. After Shivapuri experienced several problems concerning soil erosion as a result of deforestation, over-grazing, cultivation on steep slopes etc.; reducing the quality and quantity of the water, the Government of Nepal initiated a program to protect Shivapuri and its adjoining areas as a watershed and wildlife reserve in 1975. In 2002 Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve was officially given a National Park status. In 2009, Nagarjun was annexed to the Shivapuri National Park and renamed the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. 107 A new water supply service reservoir adjacent to the existing water treatment plant (WTP) at Balaju is proposed to be constructed on land acquired under Loan 1820-NEP (MWSP). The new reservoir will replace the existing reservoir (80 years old) which is dilapidated. To minimize the adverse impacts, the new feeder main (150m length, 800mm diameter) will be constructed to the new proposed reservoir following the existing track and pipeline corridor serving the WTP so as to avoid the cutting of trees. However, the existing pipeline corridor now lies within the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park whose boundary was recently extended, which is a legally protected area. If it is unavoidable to cut trees the exact number will be determined during detailed design to be done by the Project DSC.

http://guthi.net/



Forests 108 The Valley has 20,945 ha of forests, which constitutes 32.7% of the total area of the Valley. The natural vegetation, except in a few conservation areas, has been under intense pressure. The area under natural forest cover, excluding shrubs, is 9,580 ha (45.7% of the total forest land), of which only about 22% has good forest cover with more than 50% of crown coverage. Mature hardwood forests are now confined to parks and sacred areas such as Nagarjun (Raniban), Gokarna, Shivapuri National Park, and Bajrabarahi forest. Shrubland occupies nearly 34% of the total forest area. 109 The forests in the Valley are not in good condition. Most of the forests in the Valley are in the regenerating stage. The crown coverage of Rhododendron and Quercus is more than 70% and the crown coverage of Pinus roxburghii, and Schima-Castonopsis is less than 40%. About 1,312 plant species belonging to 162 vascular families are found in the Valley, representing 26% of the total of plants recorded in Nepal. About seven species of gymnosperms, 170 species of ferns, and 97 species of orchids are found in the Valley. About 256 species of birds have been reported from the Phulchowki area and many birds are found in Nagarjun, Shivapuri, Tuadaha, Tokha, and Bajrabarahi. Many migratory birds are found at Taudaha pond. About 33 bird species have disappeared from the Valley due to habitat destruction. Some patches of forest exist in Bajrabarahi, Hattiban, Balkumari, Karya Binayak, Mhaipi, Pashupatinath, Raniban, and Bansbari. These are mostly of eucalyptus, Protea sp, Jacaranda sp, and camphor. Green belts are found in some city areas. Populus sp and Eucalyptus sp are mostly found along the Ring Road. 110 The Nagarjun National Park (15 sq.km) was annexed in 2009 to the Shivapuri National Park (144 sq.km) and called the Shivapri Nagarjun National Park. The intension was “to provide extended habitat for the wildlife population and as a representation of intact mid-hill forest ecosystems whose representation is comparatively low in the protected area system. The Shivapuri Nagajun National Park is one of the primary sources of freshwater for the Kathmandu Valley, providing about 40% of the drinking water to the Valley” (Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2009). 111 The existing dilapidated Balaju water supply service reservoir is located within the Nagarjun Park which will be dismantled and a 8,000 m3 reservoir built at the same location. There is an existing motorable access road which is in good condition and suitable for use by the project to the reservoir. The forest area will not be affected by the Project.

Flora

112 Since Shivapuri lies in the transition zone between a subtropical and temperate climate, the vegetation consists of a variety of natural forest types, depending on altitude and aspects. Most of the areas below 1800 m are covered with Schima castanopsis forest in which pines (Pinus roxburghii) appear on the southern dry ridges, with utis (Alnus nepalensis) along the streams. A forest of oak species such as Quercus semicarpifolia and Quercus lamelosa mixed with rhododendron and a variety of orchids flourish on the northern slopes. There are more than 2,122 species of flora and 16 of them are endemic flowering plants in the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. A variety of medicinal herbs are found at higher altitudes. 129 species of mushrooms have been so far identified and catalogued from the Shivapuri National Park.

Fauna

113 The Shivapuri National Park is a home to 311 species of birds, 21 species of mammals and more than 102 species of butterflies, some endemic and rare. This is, out of



the total of 800 species of birds, 130 species of mammals (of which 11 are threatened species) and 600 species of butterflies found in Nepal, thus making the National Park a paradise for flora and fauna. The threatened wildlife found are: Wild boar (Sus scrofa), Barking deer (Muntiacus muntijak), Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Goral (Naemorhedus goral), Himalayan black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Leopard (Panthera pardus), Pangolin (Manis spp.), Cloded leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), Leopard cat (Primailurus bengalensis) and Jungle cat (Felischaus)

Socio-economics

Social and Household Profile

114 Social Classification. According to the Census 2001, majority of the people living in the Valley are Hindus (76%) followed by Buddhist (21%). The percentage of other religions living in the Valley is minimal. The households are divided into different ethnic groups such as Newars, Brahmins, Chettris, Tamangs, and Magars. Newars are the prominent inhabitants followed by Brahmins, Chettris, Tamangs, and Magars. These ethnic groups are not at the same level of socio-economic development. In the Kathmandu Valley, Newars are termed as an advanced indigenous people group. This group comprise about 41% of the Valley population. Besides Newars, Brahmins (18%), and Chhetris (15%) are the major ethnic groups. Similarly, Tamangs constitute about 6% and Magars hold 3% of the total population of the Valley. 115 Age. The age group between 15 to 44 years (economically active) constitute about 56% of the project‟s district population. The other main age group are between 5 to 14 years. Only about 5% of the population are 60 years and above. There are no significant differences in the percentage of agewise distribution in KUKL service areas.

116 Table 5 summarizes the distribution of gender and households and the literacy rate of the five main districts in the Valley.

Table 5: Household profile in Kathmandu Valley

Metro/Sub-metro/ Municipality & VDCs covered

Population Total HHs

Average size of HHs

Literacy rate Male Female Total

Kathmandu Metro & VDCs

470,433 416,301 836,734 197,280 4.5 82.6

Kirtipur Municipality &VDCs

34,158 31,359 65,517 14,646 4.5 73.7

Bhaktapur Municipality & VDCs

59,312 58,012 117,324 20,703 5.7 69.2

Madhyapur Thimi Municipality

24,747 23,004 47,751 9,551 5.0 72.7

Lalitpur Sub- Metro & VDCs

116,829 111,003 227,832 47,823 4.8 80.9

Source: Compiled from Census 2001, CBS

Employment

117 The economy of the Kathmandu Valley is based on trade, commerce and manufacturing industries like carpets, and garments. Other economic sectors are agriculture, education, transport and hotels and restaurants. Tourism is also a key



component of the Valley‟s economy. However, in the rural areas, the economy is still based on agriculture. 118 Kathmandu Valley has developed as a centre of trade links with India and Tibet (China). According to the Economic Survey 2008/09, in the fiscal year 2007/08, Nepal exported 65% of its goods to India and 35% to third countries like USA, U.K, Italy, Germany, Canada and Japan. The main export commodities are readymade garments, woollen carpets, and woollen and pashmina goods, handicrafts of which most of them are manufactured in the Kathmandu Valley. The majority of goods imported from third countries are also handled through the Kathmandu Valley. The Kathmandu Valley is the entry point for the majority of tourists. In 2008/09, a total of 409,100 tourists (excluding Indians) arrived in Nepal, of which, more than 90% enter through the Kathmandu international airport. 119 About 53% of the total population aged 10 years and above in the Valley are economically active (Census 2001). The majority of the population of the Kathmandu Valley are engaged in agriculture and forestry (36%). The other major industries are manufacturing (17%), commerce (16%), construction (4%), and transportation/communication (3%).

120 Table 6 summarizes the economic activities in the urban areas of the Kathmandu Valley. About 34% of the households are engaged in small-scale non–farm activities. The Lalitpur Municipality has the highest percentage (50%), whereas the Kirtipur Municipality has the lowest (13%). Among the households engaged in non-farm activities, nearly 45% of the households are engaged in trade and business followed by services (32%) and manufacturing (9%). Nearly 50% of the households of Kirtipur and Kathmandu are engaged in trade and business.

Table 6: Household in non-farm economic activities in Kathmandu Valley

Municipalities % of HHs engaged in non-farm activities

Type of activities Manufacturing Trade/

Business Transport Services Others

Lalitpur 50.18 13.25 33.22 4.29 42.37 6.86 Bhaktapur 40.83 13.24 38.55 4.26 26.54 17.40 Madhyapur Thimi

35.02 11.39 41.88 4.48 23.26 18.98

Kathmandu 31.57 6.86 49.49 3.49 30.26 9.90 Kirtipur 13.34 9.72 51.42 2.84 22.83 13.19 Total 34.43 9.02 44.66 3.76 32.41 10.14

Source: Population census 2001 (selected urban tables), CBS 2003 121 According to the 2001 Census and Nepal Human Development Report 2004, the poverty status of the Kathmandu Valley is lower than the national level. Table 7 indicates that the human development index in the Kathmandu Valley is much better than the national level.

Table 7: Kathmandu Valley development indicators

Districts Human Development Index (HDI)

Human Poverty Index (HPI)

Gender-related Development Index (GDI)

All Nepal 0.471 39.6 0.452 Kathmandu 0.652 25.8 0.635 Lalitpur 0.588 25.0 0.569 Bhaktapur 0.595 29.9 0.578 Source: Census 2001, Nepal Human Development report by UNDP 2004



Slums and Squatter Settlements

122 The rapid population growth has created a number of slums and squatters settlements in the Kathmandu Valley. Table 8 summarizes the findings of a survey conducted by LICSU, KUKL during 2008. There were 39 squatter settlements and 137 slums in the Kathmandu Valley on which 40,237 population live in 8,846 households. Of these, 22% had no access to piped water supply and none had adequate sanitation.

Table 8: Slums and squatter settlements in Kathmandu Valley

Type of Residence No. of Households

(HHs)

Total Population

Average Household

size

% of HHs without piped water supply

Slums Bhaktapur Municipality 754 3274 4.34 32 Madhyapur Thimi Municipality

382 1981 5.19 85

Lalitpur Sub - Metropolitan 391 1,866 4.77 62 Kathmandu Metropolitan 3,784 16,575 4.38 58 Kirtipur Municipality 1,674 7,767 4.64 64 Squatters Kathmandu Metropolitan 1,861 8,774 4.71 95 Total 8,846 40,237 4.5 21.98

Source: Mapping of Slums, Squatters and Stand Posts in Kathmandu Valley updated by LICSU, KUKL, June 2008, AVIYAAN Consulting (P) Ltd.

123 Due to the constraints in supply, KUKL is unable to supply the required quantity water to these un-regulated settlements. To help manage the water supply and sanitation problem in these areas, the Government established the Low Income Consumer Support Unit (LICSU) in KUKL in 2008. The basic objective of LICSU is to serve drinking water to the urban poor. It has started to construct water tanks, standposts and rehabilitate broken standposts. In 2008, it was found that 395 (38%) public standposts were not working in the Valley. However, KUKL has managed to distribute drinking water to these settlements through its own water tankers. 124 Because, KUKL is unable to provide adequate drinking water and sanitation services to the increasing slum and squatter settlements the participation of NGOs and the private sector has been encouraged for operation and management. The Government has adopted a policy of handing over completed schemes to the user groups for operation and management. For this, user groups are required to share at least 20% of the total cost of the scheme. As a result, there is a significant number of Water Users Groups in the Kathmandu Valley who are involved in operation and management of drinking water systems and sanitation in different places.

Economic Development and Prospects for Growth

125 In comparison to the rest of Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley possesses basic facilities like water supply, sanitation, electricity, bottled gas, telecommunications, roads, education, security, and transportation. The Valley is also the centre for several major industries such as textile, food & beverage, non-metallic mineral products, publishing and printing. Such facilities and opportunities are a huge attraction to the rural poor resulting in high migration



rates into the Valley; hence the rapid population growth and demand for urban services, especially water supply, within the Valley. 126 The Valley‟s annual industrial output is estimated to be NRs.14.6 billion ($190 million), which is nearly 9.4% of the total national industrial output. The industrial sector employment is about 37,500 in the Kathmandu Valley, which is 22.1% to the national employment figure in the industrial sector. Similarly, indirect employment in the industrial sector is about 38,900, which is about 21.9% of the national figure.

127 Being a capital city and commercial centre for the country, Kathmandu and its surrounding Valley is developing and urbanizing fast in comparison to the rest of Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley is the most important urbanized area in Nepal. New products and services are first introduced in the Valley, giving the inhabitants access to modern equipment and technology. An indication of confidence in economic growth is the high demand for new housing real estate and the number of new vehicles on the roads, which is rising rapidly. In addition, there are plans for major transportation improvements such as the Kathmandu outer ring road and the new link road to India via the Terai.

Land Use

128 The land use and land cover statistics (Table 9) derived from the 1992 topographical sheet exhibits that almost 50% of the Bagmati watershed is occupied by forests. High relief areas of the Midlands and the Mahabharat Range are characterised mainly by deciduous and coniferous forests; while hardwood and mixed hardwood forests characterises the Shiwaliks and low lying areas of the Midlands and the Mahabharat Range. Next to the forests are cultivated lands, which cover about 37% of the total area. The agricultural activities are confined mainly in the river valleys and the gentle slopes of the hilly region. Built up areas occupy an insignificant portion, less than 1%, of the total area. Metropolitan city of Kathmandu, sub-metropolitan city of Lalitpur, and municipal cities of Bhaktapur, Madhyapur Thimi, and Kirtipur are the major built up areas in the watershed.

Table 9: Land use and land cover in the Bagmati River basin

Land use/land cover Area (ha) Percent Forest 186340 49.6 Cultivation 141986 37.8 Sand 18118 4.8 Bush 13367 3.6 Grass 5241 1.4 Channel 4441 1.2 Built-up area 2378 0.6 Barren land 1264 0.3 Orchard 785 0.2 Scattered tree 551 0.1 Nursery 360 0.1 Pond or lake 141 0.0 Others 628 0.2

Source: Preparation of Water – Induced Hazard Maps of Bagmati River Basin, 2005, DWIDP/SILT/ERMC/TECHDA

Infrastructure Transportation

129 Long-distance bus services from Kathmandu provide services to the people throughout the country. Private transport includes buses, microbuses, vans, cars, jeeps, and



three wheelers, operated by petroleum, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), and batteries. The total length of roads in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur is 813, 337 and 181 km, respectively, i.e. a total of 1,331 km of roads within the Kathmandu Valley (Department of Roads, 2004). 130 The Tribhuvan International Airport is just 30 minutes away from the centre of town. There are numerous daily flights from Kathmandu to international destinations as well as regular flights to many areas of the country. Many international airlines fly to the Kathmandu international airport.

Drinking Water Supply 131 Not all households and people in the Valley receive safe drinking water. The dependency of households for drinking water on a variety of sources can be seen from Table 10. 132 Based on the 2005 data of the Department of Drinking Water and Sewerage, the population and percentage of the population receiving water by districts and also for the Kathmandu Valley are shown in Table 11. It is seen that less than 75% of the population receives drinking water supplies.

Table 10: Sources of drinking water

Kathmandu Lalitpur Bhaktapur Kathmandu Valley

HH % HH % HH % HH %

Tap 197,851 84.1 57,237 83.0 30,755 73.5 285,843 82.6

Well 14,714 6.3 6,745 9.8 4,4843 11.6 26,302 7.6

Tubewell 13,478 5.7 825 1.2 2,977 7.1 17,280 5.0

Spouts 6,082 2.6 3,099 4.5 2,632 6.3 11,813 3.4

River/stream 195 0.1 113 0.2 29 0.1 337 0.1

Others 1,616 0.7 477 0.7 277 0.7 2,370 0.7

Not stated 1,581 0.6 425 0.6 339 0.8 2,145 0.6

Total 235,317 100 68,921 100 41,852 100 346,090 100

Key: HH = Household; Source: NWSC 2005

Table 11: Population receiving drinking water

Districts Estimated Population 2005 Population benefitting 2005

Percentage benefitting 2005

Kathmandu 1,246,110 947,630 76.05

Lalitpur 366,010 286,250 78.21

Bhaktapur 244,130 152,270 62.37

Total 1,856,250 1,386,150 74.67

Source: NWSC 2005 Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage 133 Stormwater drainage system functions in the Valley through side drains but do not function well. The increased use of plastic bags has also further worsened the problem as drains are frequently clogged by the bags.



Electricity 134 Not all households in the Valley have electricity. The proportion of households having electricity in Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur are 96.81, 87.64 and 96.41%, respectively and is based on data from the Nepal Human Development Report 2001 (UNDP 2002). The overall proportion of households connected to electricity is approximately 95%.

Educational Establishments 135 The Kathmandu Valley has long been the considered the centre for higher education in Nepal. In 2007, there were 6,106 high school level and 474 higher secondary, college and university level education institutions. The number of students enrolled during the period at high school level and higher education level were 573,779 and 156,828 respectively (ICIMOD, MOE, UNEP 2007).

136 Education has been progressing continuously, specifically in the Kathmandu Valley and, as a result, educational institutions, levels of education, and fields of study have been increasing. Table 12 shows the number of schools by levels for the three districts.

Table 12: Total number of schools by grades and levels

Primary Lower Secondary

Secondary Higher Secondary

Kathmandu 920 671 514 148

Lalitpur 277 147 108 47

Bhaktapur 243 137 85 9

Total in the Valley

1,440 955 707 204

Source: Compiled from NIDI 2006; ICIMOD, MOE, UNEP 2007 137 Tribhuvan University, the national university, has five institutes (Engineering; Agriculture and Animal Sciences; Medicine; Forestry Science; and Science and Technology) and four faculties (Law, Management, Education, and Humanities and Social Sciences) which offer almost all the popular disciplines at different academic levels, including Master‟s and Doctoral levels.

138 There are three medical and more than 12 engineering colleges offering up to master‟s level education. The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training is another regulatory body monitoring the curriculums for technical and vocational training as well as diploma courses in different subjects to produce skilled manpower.

Health Facilities 139 Kathmandu is a centre for all types of health services (general medicine, surgery, heart care, orthopaedic care, kidney care, dental care, children‟s care, eye care, mental care, neurology etc.). The number of health facilities owned by the Government or provided by NGOs/INGOs and the private sector is relatively better in Kathmandu than in other districts. More health institutions are available in Kathmandu than in Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts. However, the population served by the number of health institutions in Kathmandu is less (1:9,574) than in Bhaktapur (1:5,637) or Lalitpur (1:4,119). It shows that the number of health institutions is low in comparison to the size of the population in Kathmandu.



Communications 140 There are 3,991 post offices including the general post office, regional postal directorates, district post offices, area post offices, and additional post offices. A number of private postal care companies provide a wide range of postal services (ICIMOD, MOE, WNEP, 2007).

141 The telecommunication system in the Kathmandu Valley is excellent. The Nepal Telecommunications‟ Authority, as of 2005/06 has issued basic telephone service licenses to two agencies, cellular mobile service licenses to two agencies, and internet (including email) licenses to 38 agencies (more than 50,000 customers) (ICIMOD, MOE, UNEP, 2007). .

Economic Characteristics

Industries 142 Kathmandu Valley has many traditional cottage industries (textile weaving (handlooms), brick and tiles, pottery, handicrafts (e.g. idol making), precious ornaments, traditional food processing and preservation (such as rice milling, beaten rice, oil milling, sweetmeats, and traditional dairy products), wooden furniture and carving, bamboo crafts, traditional textile printing and dyeing, traditional art and paintings, copper and brass metal utensils, herbal medicines, forges, and cordwaining (leather crafts)). 143 Three industrial districts, namely, Balaju Industrial District, Patan Industrial Estate, and Bhaktapur Industrial Estate exist in the Kathmandu Valley. Public sector brick factories, leather tanning, and shoe manufacturing are also established. Food and beverages, plastic products, construction materials, carpets, and readymade garment industries have flourished. However, the number of industries and employment provided by them has decreased drastically within the last decade. Industries are also concentrated along the Kathmandu-Bhaktapur and Kalanki-Thankot roads. Most of the polluting industries such as textile dyeing, tanning, and distilling have been closed or transferred to places outside the Valley.

144 Of the remaining industries, the main polluting industries in the Valley are only small scale, and these include brick kilns; wool dyeing and carpet washing; textile dyeing; pottery; polyurethane and rubber foam; beaten rice; dairy products; metal casting; metal craft industries and gold plating; and alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. 145 With the increase in industrial pollution and rising awareness of the general public about the adverse impact of industrial pollution, complaints augmented and measures were taken to address the issue. The Industrial Promotion Board formulated an industrial location policy. There have been revisions to the policy and the latest location policy for industries specifies the following:

• The types of industry (List A) that can be established in municipal areas of the Valley • Types of industry (List B) that are not allowed in the Valley • All types of industry that have pollution prevention and safety measures can be

established inside any designated industrial district (ICIMOD, MOE, UNEP, 2007)

Agricultural development 146 Rice is the main crop of in the rural areas Kathmandu and Bhaktapur, whereas maize is the prominent cereal crop of Lalitpur. The other cereal crops in the project districts



are millet, wheat and barley. Other agricultural produce such as lentil, soya bean, pea, black gram are the main pulses grown, as well as pulses, potato and oil seeds. 147 Livestock rearing is the second most important activity. Most of the households in the rural areas rear animals for income, food or draft power. Goats represent the highest number in Kathmandu Valley followed by cattle and buffaloes; the produce of which has a ready market in the local city area.

148 Population increase in the Kathmandu Valley is bringing considerable changes in the cropping system. Rapid urbanization and the introduction of new agriculture technology have encouraged the Valley‟s farmers to change their cropping patterns from traditional (low value crops) to new crops (high value crops). Land under cultivation of green leafy vegetables is increasing rapidly in the urban and semi-urban areas.

149 The increased growth in the population and haphazard housing construction in agricultural lands has resulted in the rapid decline of agricultural land. If this trend of decline in agriculture land in the Kathmandu Valley continues in the future, it is expected that there will be no agriculture land left in the Valley in the future. According to the District Agricultural Office, Kathmandu, agricultural land in Kathmandu has reduced from 64% in the year 2041 to 41% in 2066 BS.

(http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/rising.detail.php?article_id=28619&cat_id=27).

Development organisations 150 The Social Services‟ National Coordination Council regulates and supervises NGOs, whereas the Social Welfare National Coordination Council (SWNCC) handles most of the funding agencies. According to the Social Welfare Council (SWC), there are altogether 7,004 NGOs registered with SWC operational in the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu has 5,969, Lalitpur 856, and Bhaktapur 179 NGOs. According to SWC, there are 157 international non-government organisations (INGOs) across the country: of these almost all have head offices in the Kathmandu Valley and more than 80% are working in the Valley (ICIMOD, MOE, UNEP 2007). 151 There are also various NGOs/INGOs working in the water and sanitation sector in the Valley. These organizations have focused mostly in slums and squatter settlements and rural areas of the Kathmandu Valley. They have constructed water tanks of 5m3 capacity and a number of latrines/toilets with drains in these communities. The major NGOs/INGOs working in the water and sanitation sectors are:

Lumanti Support Group for Shelter NGO Forum for Urban Water and Sanitation Centre for Integrated Urban Development Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) Action Aid, Water Aid, Plan International UDLE (Urban Development through Local Efforts) Red Cross



Cultural heritage 152 The Kathmandu Valley is known for its ancient art, culture, craftsmanship, and numerous monuments of historic and archaeological importance and has been described by UNESCO as a “living heritage site”. There are many temples, palaces, monasteries, and stupas that are centuries‟ old. UNESCO has classified 7 sites as World Heritage Sites. There are more than 360 „vihars‟, „chaityas‟, and monasteries and many important religious and cultural sites on the river banks. The Patan Darbar Square and the Kathmandu Darbar Square, two of the World Heritage Sites fall within the project area. Major Environmental Problems

153 The environmental issues of the Kathmandu Valley are: Air quality, traffic management and noise pollution: Increasing vehicles numbers in Kathmandu Valley (274,000, based on the records of 2004/2005) has increased the air pollution load in the Kathmandu Valley. 38% of the air pollution has been contributed by vehicular movement; industrial emissions are also contributing substantially (KVEO, 2007).

154 The Kathmandu Valley is particularly vulnerable to air pollution because of its bowl-shaped topography which restricts air movement. The situation is worse during the winter when temperature inversion during the night and early morning traps a layer of cool air under a layer of warmer air, trapping pollutants close to ground level for extended periods. Besides the topography, the relatively high elevation of the Valley also results in increased vehicular emissions. 155 Vehicular emissions have become the main source of air pollution in Kathmandu Valley. An inventory of emission sources by the then Ministry of Population and Environment (MoPE) indicated that exhaust fumes had increased more than four times in the eight years between 1993 and 2001. According to a more recent inventory, vehicular emissions are responsible for 38% of the total PM10 emitted in Kathmandu Valley, compared to 18% from the agricultural sector and 11% from brick kilns (Gautam 2006; Table 13). Increase in emissions is mainly due to the increase in the number of automobiles, as well as poor transport management and poor vehicle maintenance. 156 Recently, a study on traffic noise and its mental health problems in Kathmandu Valley was carried out. The mean noise levels in Kathmandu city were found to be 79 decibels (dB) and 112 dB, which were higher than the noise levels of major cities in India. The rate of increase of noise level in Kathmandu City was found to be 1 dB per year.

157 The permissible level for road traffic noise is 70 dB. An earlier study listed NAC, Kupondol Height, Thapathali, Sahidgate, Koteshwor, Gwarko, Gongabu and Gyaneshwor as hazardous areas where noise levels were found to be beyond 80 dB. However, the present study indicated that noise levels in Kathmandu were found to be beyond the permissible values. 158 Three different types of noise areas were identified in the Kathmandu Valley:

Noise levels below 70 dB are listed as low noisy areas Levels between 70 dB and 80 dB were listed as moderate noisy areas which

include Hotel Shangrila, Gairidhara, Galkhupakha, Gausala, Satdobato, Balkhu, Swoyambhu, Pulchwok and Maitidevi.



Hazardous sites in Kathmandu City are: Putalisadak, New Baneshwore, Kalanki, Narayan Gopal Chowk, Tripureshwor, Kalimati and Koteshwore where noise levels were found beyond 80 dB.

Table 13: Comparison of emission inventories in 1993, 2001, 2005

Sources TSP (tons/yr) PM10 (tons/yr) 1993 2001 2005 1993 2001 2005

Mobile Sources Vehicle exhausts 570 1971 NA 570 3,259 4,708

Road dust re-suspension 1,530 7,008 12,239 400 1,822 3,182 Sub-total 2,100 8,979 12,239 970 5,081 7,890

Stationary Sources Industrial/commercial fuel 582 NA NA 292 NA NA Domestic fuel combustion 2,328 NA 630 1,166 NA 347 Brick kilns 5,180 6,676 1,850 1,295 1,688 1,437 Himal Cement 6,000 3,612 0 800 455 0 Stone crushers NA NA 1,720 NA NA 372 Industrial boilers NA 28 28 NA 15 15 Fugitive Emissions Refuse burning 385 687 172 190 339 172 Agricultural sector NA NA NA NA NA 2,337 Cremation NA NA NA NA NA 79 Total 16,575 19,982* 16,797 4,712 7,580 12,649 * in original report 19,884 Key: TSP = total suspended particles; NA = not available; Source: Shah and Nagpal 1997; Gautam 2006; MOE 2005. (http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/sundaypost/2003/mar/mar16/2ndpage.htm) 159 A survey showed that mental health problems occurred in the people tested (95% from hazardous areas, 88% from moderate noisy areas and 62% from low noisy areas).

160 Settlement patterns: Kathmandu Valley is developing haphazardly with the tremendous increase in population. It was estimated that, there will nearly 4.0 million people within the Valley by 2025 compared to nearly only 1.3 million in 2001. The Valley‟s fertile lands are being fragmented and residential houses are being constructed in an unabated manner. This kind of growth has created problems on transportation, electricity supply, acute scarcity of drinking water, river pollution resulting in human health hazards.

161 Water resources: An extensive deterioration in river water quality and in quantity in urban areas due to excessive pollution loads has already taken place. Increasing demands for drinking water has placed a heavy strain on insufficient supplies and has created water scarcity. Almost all major rivers have been tapped at source for drinking water supplies. The current water supply is only about 140 MLD during the rainy season, 100 MLD during dry season of the estimated daily demand of 190 MLD. In the dry season, 60-70% of the water supply comes from groundwater.

162 Waste management: The five municipalities generate daily approximately 435 tons of solid waste, of which more than 70% comes from the Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The final disposal sites are always controversial and opposed by the local people; and most of the time the solid wastes have been disposed at the river banks and in open areas. The



current location of disposal is located at Sisdol-25 km west from Kathmandu; however this landfill site was designated for three years which has been already completed. A new municipal waste disposal site has now been identified and is in the process of being developed.

163 The Solid Waste Management National Policy (1996) of the then His Majesty‟s Government (HMG) mentions that there are no proper statistics about the nature, volume, collection, transportation and final disposal of different types of solid wastes generated in city areas. The policy has one of its objectives to privatize solid waste management.

164 The daily solid waste generation is assumed to be 0.25 kg/p/d. Studies have revealed that the composition of solid waste in Kathmandu is mainly organic (58 to 66%) with 5% plastics. The use of plastic bags has increased over the years and since it is non-biodegradable, its use should be discouraged or even banned.

165 A major issue is the huge amounts of accumulated solid waste in the Kathmandu Valley from time to time due to the demands of the people nearby the landfill site who obstruct the trucks carrying the solid waste. Another major issue is the dumping of hazardous and infectious wastes of hospitals and nursing homes together with domestic solid wastes.

166 Most of the plastics and reusable materials like bottles, metals etc. are daily picked up by scavengers who are helping the municipality by reducing the waste volume. Tourism is Nepal‟s topmost industry and if it is to thrive, solid waste management should be tackled well in all the municipalities and be given top priority.

167 Natural Disasters Preparedness: Earthquakes and landslides are identified as the two most prominent potential natural disasters in the Kathmandu Valley. The Valley is located in a seismic zone; lack of public awareness about earthquakes, lack of adequate planning, and lack of coordination are the main factors that impact negatively on disaster preparedness. Excavation of slopes, deposition of loads on slopes, deforestation, irrigation, and mining, and water leakage are the main human activities causing landslides.

168 Water quality: Bacteriological water quality deterioration during transmission is a problem in almost all urban areas due to the ingress of polluted water into the pipes (intermittent supply), leakage, absence of chlorination and absence of monitoring of water quality. Almost all available reports on drinking water quality of Kathmandu reveal the same--- that most of the urban water supply is bacteriologically contaminated (Table 14). The chemical quality of most of the water is within WHO guidelines.

Table 14: Water quality of different water sources, Kathmandu Valley Parameters Water Sources WHO

GV PTW PUTW Well SS pH 6.5-8.2 6.5-7.5 7.5 7.5 6.5-8.5 Temp (oC) 13-18 12-15 15-18 15-18 25 Iron (mg/l) ND-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3=3.0 Chlorine (mg/l) ND ND ND ND 0.2 Chloride (mg/l) 10-30 22-45 22-45 23-45 250 N-NH4 (mg/l) ND-0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.04-0.4 PO4 – P (mg/l) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4-5.0 Coliform bacteria (source) +/- + + + - Coliform bacteria (consumption) + - E.coli cfu/100 ml 10-131 3-20 48-200 58 0 Source: Pradhan et al. 2005 Note: PTW = Private tap water, PUTW = public tap water, SS = stone spout, WHO GV = WHO guideline value



169 Most of the people of Kathmandu do not trust the quality of the water provided by NWSC/KUKL and so boil the water before drinking. A small calculation shows that each household spends 30% more on top of the water tariff monthly for boiling and pumping. This cost excludes the cost of the storage reservoir and the overhead tank. This is a positive sign that the people are willing to pay more for a reliable and safe supply of water. 170 Health and Sanitation: Individual septic tanks and soakpit systems and some pour flush latrines and pit latrines do exist in urban areas (the pollution of groundwater due to the leachate does exist but has not yet been quantified) but most of the effluent reaches the municipal drains and ultimately reaches rivers or agricultural lands. People without toilets defecate in open fields and banks of rivers. Public latrines hardly exist in urban towns and if they do, they are so poorly maintained. 171 The Bagmati River is the main river system with its tributaries that drains the Kathmandu Valley. The visible pollution of the Bagmati and its tributaries within the city reaches due to discharge of untreated domestic sewage, dumping of solid wastes, washing of vehicles, sand quarrying and discharge of untreated industrial and hospital wastes is severe. It is interesting to note that the Bagmati River is considered to be a very holy river where bathing in it rids away your sins and it is also on its river banks where a Hindu is cremated and the ashes thrown into the river. But now the river is so polluted that you may wash away your “ritual pollution” and walk away with physical pollution.

172 Sanitary conditions within the Kathmandu Valley are hazardous (HFA, 1991). A visual tour of the Valley is sufficient to conclude that rivers, drains and streams are highly polluted with sewage and industrial wastes. The use of septic tanks, pit or pour-flush latrines are in use. Bhaktapur and Greater Kathmandu have sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants. But the treatment plants in Greater Kathmandu are non-functional. Many sewers overflow as there is no regular cleaning and maintenance. This report adopts the findings of UN-Habitat (2009) that overall, 30% of houses have a septic system. UN-Habitat estimated that there are 77,000 septic systems in the Valley. Only 35% have a soak-pit associated with a septic tank. The remaining tanks presumably discharge septic tank effluent direct to surface flows. 173 Storm water drains that were constructed more than 60 years ago in the core areas are being used as combined sewers. Sanitary sewers have been added to some areas of Greater Kathmandu and there are about 96,000 sewer connections (KUKL Annual Report, 2008). The rest discharge the effluent ultimately to the holy Bagmati River. 174 Not all households in the Valley districts have toilet facilities. The households with toilets account for 81% in Lalitpur district, 90% in Bhaktapur district, and 92% in Kathmandu district (CBS 2001). Most of the households‟ toilets do not have septic tanks and they are directly connected to the sewerage lines that also discharge into the nearby river. For the households having septic tanks, a municipal service is available for emptying the septic tanks on a demand basis. But even the municipal authority allows the septage being pumped up from the septic tanks to be dumped on the banks of nearby rivers. The Ministry of Environment is mandated to regulate unauthorised dumping. Domestic wastewater makes up approximately 93% of the total wastewater generation by the cities, and the remaining seven per cent is industrial wastewater. Table 15 shows the wastewater generated in different municipalities. 175 The existing sewage treatment plants are not functioning, except for the Guheswari treatment plant (There are 5 plants in the Kathmandu Valley out of which 4 are non-functioning). The newly expanded residential areas are usually devoid of sewers. In a few cases, however, sewage is channelled through hume pipe lines connecting to nearby rivers. Due to the direct discharge of sewage and wastewater into the rivers without treatment, all



the rivers in the Valley have been turned into open sewers. It is estimated that about 50,000 kg of BOD5 per day is produced in the Valley. An average of 20,846 kg BOD/day has been recorded for the Bagmati River at the outlet, constituting 42% of the total BOD load produced (CEMAT 2000).

Table 15: Estimation of wastewater generation in Kathmandu Valley, 2001

Municipality Population (2001) Million litres/day Bhaktapur 72,543 3.7

Kathmandu 671,846 34.3

Kirtipur 40,835 2.1

Lalitpur 162,991 8.3

Madhyapur Thimi 47,751 2.4

Total 995,996 50.8

Source: CBS 2001, NWSC 2001 D. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

176 The environmental impacts due to the laying of pipes for the distribution of drinking water and the sewerage system are similar and so they are discussed together in this section. The Rapid Environmental Assessments for water supply and wastewater improvement are given in Annex 1.

177 Environmental impacts on the physical, biological, and socio-economic and cultural environments during the pre-construction, construction and operation and maintenance phases are discussed here in detail with the mitigating measures.

178 The summary of the anticipated environmental impacts and the mitigation measures are given in Tables 16 and 17.

1. Pre-construction Phase

a. Environmental impacts due to project design

179 One of the most important aspect before construction is the identification of the likely adverse impacts and their mitigation measures before the commencement of construction works.

180 Identification of erosion prone areas prior to construction is important as they cause soil erosion, sedimentation and slope instability. To mitigate these adverse impacts, it is necessary to incorporate adequate drainage plans, identify measures and sites for handling excessive spoil materials and stabilize unstable areas. The designs and specifications should consider minimum vegetation clearance. Wastewater sludge reduction measures using the latest available appropriate technologies should be used in the design and feasible disposal sites identified.

181 During the preparation phase, the land areas required by the project should be demarcated/pegged; RP (Resettlement Plan) prepared and compensation disbursed. Temporary areas required for the project should be identified. This is one of the most critical aspect for the success of the project as if not done properly social tensions could rise and the project obstructed. The affected people should be informed and satisfied and misunderstandings cleared.



182 Haphazard construction of camps for workers without basic amenities could result in social stress and the degradation of the local environment. Therefore it is very important that workforce camps with sanitary amenities at designated areas should be established.

183 An employment policy should be prepared so that the local people may not be deprived of the opportunities, thereby raising tensions and dissatisfaction. The local people, specially SPAF, PAF and women above the age of 14 should be employed and given first preference. Wages should be settled based on DWEC (District Wage Evaluation Committee) with the list of employees.

184 Obtain letters of approval and agreements for (i) temporary acquisition of land and properties for use by contractors, (ii) construction in UNESCO recognised heritage sites, such as, Darbar Squares of Patan and Hanumandhoka from the Department of Archaeology, (iii) digging of roads from the Department of Roads, Lalitpur Sub-Metropolis and Kathmandu Metropolis and (iv) construction and cutting of trees (if required) in Balaju from the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. Approval for sludge management (collection, treatment, and disposal) would be from MOE.

185 Baseline photographs of the construction areas and water quality of streams and rivers that would be impacted would help the project in identifying/justifying/verifying the adverse impacts due to construction activities (e.g. cracks in houses, restoration of temporary sites to the original, water quality deterioration etc.).

186 Detailed traffic plans should be prepared to help in mitigating traffic congestions and menaces to pedestrians and businesses.

187 Prepare training in Nepali (or local languages) with notes and sketches on Community Health and Safety and Occupational Health and Site Safety.

188 Prepare a Sludge Management and Disposal Plan and provide a buffer zone, taking into consideration the existing land availability.

2. Construction Phase

a. Environmental impacts due to project construction i. Physical Environment

Soil erosion, and slope stability due to excavation 189 Impacts likely to occur from the improvement and construction of water distribution and sewerage systems will include trench excavations and topsoil stripping which may induce soil erosion, and slope instability. Haphazard disposal of spoil materials may create erosion problems, disturbances to the existing drainage lines, and changes in the existing land use practices. Mitigating measures to be used are: the separate stockpiling of topsoil in a safe yard for further use; spoil disposal at designated and stabilized sites; compaction of the backfill of excavated areas including replacement of topsoil; avoiding work during the rainy season as much as possible; mulching to stabilize exposed areas; use of bioengineering techniques (e.g. re-vegetating areas promptly); providing channels and ditches for post-construction flows; lining of steep channels and slopes (e.g. use of jute matting); preventing off-site sediment transport using settlement ponds, and silt fences.

190 Impacts of surface water discharges to the local drainage from trench excavation can be mitigated by the use of settling tanks before discharging the water to waterways.



191 Excavation and laying of pipelines at river crossings could have adverse impacts on the river water quality and the aquatic ecosystem. Mitigation measures to be used are: construction to be done in the dry season only; use of river diversions with bundings; prior notification to temple officials of construction activities; and pile driving and foundations at pipe bridge sites to be bunded off from the river.

192 Deep excavations can intercept and interfere with the localized groundwater thereby affecting flows from irrigation canals, and springs and wells causing water shortages. Mitigation measures to be used are: local wells and springs and irrigation canals to be bunded from temporary spoil dumps; local wells and spring fed spouts or kuwas to be monitored particularly downhill of excavations plus temporary supply provided if flow is affected; permeable base and side backfill required at deep excavated sites or an alternate source of drinking water provided at the existing location. Change in river hydrology and morphology 193 The construction, rehabilitation and operation of the water distribution networks and sewerage system could have impacts on the river hydrology and morphology due to quarrying from river beds for sand and gravel particularly during the dry season. Water pollution problems could occur because of the dumping of spoil materials into the river, excavation of boulders from the river channel, direct disposal of liquid wastes, and leakage of oil and lubricants. Quarrying/mining activities in river/streams for extraction of construction materials shall not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles and should be done from approved sources. Water and land pollution 194 Dumping of wastes, discharge of wastewater effluents from toilets into the river can pollute the river water making it unhealthy for downstream users. Mitigation measures to be used are: avoiding construction of labour camps facilities within the drainage area; providing designated areas with collection of bins for wastes; providing toilet facilities and prohibiting open defecation; and prohibiting washing of vehicles next to rivers and streams. 195 Pollution of land and water could also be mitigated by the proper storage of construction aggregates, hazardous toxic materials and lubricating oils in safe areas (warehouses), used tyres, exhausted batteries; and the proper segregation and disposal of chemical containers, packaging materials, plastic bags etc. Provide training to the workforce on the safe handling of toxic materials and OHS measures during construction could help in mitigating many of the adverse impacts mentioned above. Pollution due to air, noise and vibrations 196 Earth excavation, construction materials and stockpiling, aggregate crushing, drilling, quarrying and plying of vehicles will produce dust (TSP, PM10), hydrocarbons (CO, CO2, CH4), SO2, NOX, H2S, etc., noise and vibrations. Plying of trucks on non-metallic roads will produce huge amounts of dust thereby deteriorating the air quality and increase noise levels to above 90 dBA affecting health. Annex 6 gives the national ambient air quality standards for Nepal.



Table 16: Summary of mitigation measures for Water Supply Components

Project Stage Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Responsibility

Cost (Rs)

Pre-Project Activity (Project Design)

Incorporation of critical areas in project design

1. Soil erosion and slope instability Incorporate measures and sites for handling excessive spoil materials Incorporation of drainage plan in final design

DSC/KUKL/PID

DSC cost

Training preparation 2.Health and safety of community and workers

Prepare training in Nepali (or local languages) with notes and sketches on Community Health and Safety and Potential Occupational Health and Safety

DSC/KUKL/PID

DSC cost

Location of pipes 3. Interference with other utilities

Place water pipes and sewers away from existing utilities during design and Provide budget for restoration/replacement of damaged utilities

DSC/KUKL/PID DSC cost

Estimation of sludge volume (wastewater) and provision for their disposal

4. Sludge waste problem Incorporation of sludge reduction measures in design and identify feasible disposal sites


Incorporation of bypassing arrangements

5. Overflow of sewage causing health hazards

Provide bypassing arrangements to control overflow since sewerage network will be in built-up areas; detailed design to minimize overflow and flooding


Location of water and sewage pipes in same trench

6. Contamination of water supply causing health hazards and disease outbreaks due to sewage infiltration

Water pipes and sewers should be placed in different trenches opposite to each other (if on the same side, have enough space to avoid seepage with the water pipe above the sewer; close coordination between water and sewerage system designers


Design of sludge drying beds

7.Risk of ground water pollution due to seepage; nuisance due to smell

Proper design to avoid any possibility of ground water pollution by providing a clay liner or a geomembrane liner at the bed bottom and proper drainage to avoid flooding; provide a buffer zone around the treatment plant


Preparation for construction

Preparation of Project Site

Pegging of the land area (permanent and temporary) required by the project Prepare RP

1. Illegal occupation/encroachment of property

Delineate project land and prepare the list of project affected people and resources Prepare RAP Notify the people Provide compensation Implement RP Maintain records of trees and other properties likely to be affected

KVWSMB/KUKL/Contractor/DSC

Not available (KVWSMB cost)




Cost (Rs)

Identify the temporary areas required by the project and locate them with proper marking

2. May result in social tensions Prepare the details of contractor‟s temporary land use and other private properties and discuss with owners Submit to DSC Follow RP for temporary acquisition

KVWSMB/KUKL DSC/Contractor

None

Consult relevant persons and submit applications to get approvals Submit such agreement and permits to DSC for official information

3. May result in social conflict and legal obstructions resulting in delay of work;

Obtain Letters of Approval and agreement for (i) temporary acquisition of land and properties, (iii) disruption of water supply, and irrigation canals, (iv) get required permits (e.g. cutting trees from the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, construction works in Heritage Sites of Patan and Darbar Square from the Department of Archaeology) Ensure consultation with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation for construction works in Balaju Reservoir and get required clearances Transfer land and treatment plant in KVWSMB‟s name

KVWSMBKUKL/PID

None

Construct workforce camp

4. Haphazard camps resulting in social stress and degradation of local environment

Establish workforce camps with sanitary amenities at designated sites only

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Make employment policy for local and affected people as per EMP

5. Local people may be deprived of opportunities, minors may be employed

Employ local people (not under age 14) especially SPAF, PAF and women in jobs Settle wage rate based on DWEC and provide the list of employees to DSC

Contractors/ DSC

Contractor cost

Baseline photographs of project area (including buildings and temporary sites) and river water quality

6. False claims from people; water quality changes due to construction

Take photographs of buildings and temporary sites before construction for verifications; measure water quality of rivers and streams before construction

KUKL/DSC DSC cost

Prepare traffic plans 7. Traffic congestion and public annoyance

Prepare traffic plans to prevent traffic jams and annoyances to the public.

KUKL/DSC DSC cost

Construction Phase: Physical Environment

Construction Activity Disposal of excess materials in designated area Apply Bio-engineering for controlling of erosion

1a. Soil erosion, and slope instability due to topsoil stripping and excavation for trenches

1a. Separate stockpiling of topsoil for further use; spoil disposal at designated and stabilized sites; excavated areas‟ backfill to be compacted and include replacement of topsoil; adopt cut and fill approach; avoid work during the rainy season as much as possible; mulching to stabilize exposed areas; use bioengineering techniques (e.g. re-vegetating areas promptly); provide channels and ditches for post-construction flows; lining of steep channels and slopes (e.g. use of jute matting); prevent off-site sediment transport using settlement ponds, silt fences.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost




Cost (Rs)

1b. Surface water discharges to local drainage from trench construction. 1c. Runoff from construction areas including stockpiled materials. 1d. Excavation and laying of pipeline at river crossings could impact the river water quality and ecosystem. 1e. Interception and interference with localized groundwater flows due to deep excavations.

1b. Use of settling basins at reservoir sites; use of straw for filtering of small discharges; routine inspection and monitoring of larger discharges to water courses. Excavation dewatering to use settlement tanks. 1c. Use of temporary bunds; use of catchment basins. Soil / sand stockpiles to be graded to prevent erosion. 1d. Construction to be done in the dry season only; use of river diversions with bundings; prior notification of construction activities, schedule and affected areas including anticipated effects in river sections 1e. Local wells, springs and irrigation canals to be bunded from temporary spoil dumps; local wells and spring fed spouts or kuwas to be monitored particularly downhill of reservoir excavations plus temporary supply provided if flow is affected; permeable base and side backfill required at deeply excavated reservoir sites or an alternate source of drinking water provided at the existing location.

Quarrying from river bed

2. Change in River Hydrology and Morphology

Quarrying/mining activities in river/streams for extraction of construction materials shall not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles.

Contractors / DSC

Contractor cost

Dumping of waste in the river Construction of toilets in the camps Storing of materials in the project area Handling of toxic materials Dumping of excess materials

3. Water and land pollution Provide designated areas with collection bins for wastes. Provide toilet facilities and prohibit open defecation. Prohibit washing of vehicles next to rivers and streams. Proper storage of construction aggregates, hazardous and toxic materials, lubricating oils and used batteries in safe areas and the proper segregation and disposal of chemical containers, packaging materials, plastic bags etc. Provide training to workforce on safe handling of toxic materials and OHS measures during construction.

Contractors / DSC

Contractor cost




Cost (Rs)

Quarrying operations Movement of vehicles Operation of crusher Earthworks Stockpiling of construction waste and construction materials

4. Air Quality deterioration Dust suppression on roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals. Cover earth stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags. Routine monitoring of dust (TSP) to meet air quality standards (Annex 6). Limit vehicle speed. See that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS. Regular maintenance of vehicles. Provide proper ventilation in confined working areas.

Contractors/DSC Contractor cost

Movement of vehicles Operation of crusher Operation of construction machineries and equipment Horn honking

5. Noise and vibration Monitoring of noise levels regularly at site to meet the noise standards (Annex 7) Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise. Limit the speed s of vehicles. Ban the use of power horns in vehicles. Regular maintenance of equipment. Prohibit the operation of crushing plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas. Compensate the damages caused by vibration if caused by construction activities.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Construction Phase: Biological Environment

Construction Activity Vegetation clearance for construction of project structures

1. Vegetation clearance Cut only trees that are marked and have been okayed by the Department of Forestry.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Fuel wood and NTFPs collection by workforce and vegetation clearance for construction activities.

2.Loss of vegetation species Prohibit the use of fuelwood and timber collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to workforce. Stockpile the felled trees and take permission from concerned authority for its use Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree. Compensate all private trees and community forests affected.


3. Damages to fisheries and aquatic ecology of riverbeds and habitats.

Dry season construction only and use of river diversions and bunding off of work sections.





Cost (Rs)

Construction Phase: Socio-Economic Environment

Construction Activity Compensation and Rehabilitation as per RP

1. Temporary land and housing acquisition and compensation to affected people

Avoid involuntary displacement. Compensation resettlement according to agreed Entitlements Policy and RP. Arrangement of “redress grievance committee” Temporary sites should be restored to natural or stable conditions as per agreement with land owner. Exposed areas of temporary sites planted with endemic vegetation. Proponent report in writing that temporary areas have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Provide employment opportunity to the affected people. Provide all possible assistance to the displaced people until they are settled Provide disturbance and rehabilitation costs. Protect traditional rights of locals. Compensate for any loss of crops, trees and other natural resources. Photographs of the damaged structures should be taken and compared to the baseline photographs taken before construction. Establish technical committee to assess compensation for damages caused by vibration.

KVWSMB/KUKL/ Contractor /DSC/Grievance Redress Committee

KVWSMB Contractor cost Contractor cost Contractor cost KVWSMB cost KVWSMB cost DSC cost

Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructures.

2. Reinstatement of community services and infrastructures

Compensate or reinstate/relocate community assets that are disturbed such as irrigation canals, electricity poles, telephone lines, drinking water pipes, sewerage lines, roads, etc. to the satisfaction of the people.


KVWSMB cost

Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities.

3. Increase in crime and community stress

Prohibit gambling and alcohol consumption in contractors‟ camp sites. Instruct the outside workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights etc. Provide security in contractors‟ camps.

KVWSMB/KUKL/Contractor

Contractor cost

Project Activities relating to health and safety issues at work areas

4. Health and hygiene (unsafe working conditions, accidents, fire hazard, transmission of communicable diseases etc.)

Provide regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards. Make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites.

Contractors/DSC/KVWSMB/KUKL

Contractor cost




Cost (Rs)

Make available protection gears to all construction workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries. Provide insurance to the workers and training in OHS and Community Health and Safety. Provide alternate potable water supply during maintenance works and notify the public in advance.

Dislocation of archaeological artifacts, if any

5a. Loss of Archaeological and cultural sites 5b. Finding of any archaeological artifact during excavation works.

a. Protect archaeological and cultural sites, use manual digging and avoid heavy equipment during the digging of trenches for the laying of pipes b. Inform the Chief District Officer who has to report the findings in writing to the Department of Archaeology within 35 days, according to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 and Rules, 1989.


KVWSMB cost

Traffic management at construction sites

6. Traffic Congestion (temporary disruption to local access due to open trenches, excavation across roads or road closures due to construction).

Develop a traffic plan to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public notification of construction activities, schedule, routing, and affected areas including road closures. Erect alternative routing signage in Nepali and English languages. Use of steel plates or other temporary materials across trench facilities in key areas such as pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas. Arrange for night-time construction for activities in congested/ heavy day-time traffic areas. Arrange for onsite “grievance handling” through use of liaison officers. Undertake trench closure and facilitate surface rehabilitation or paving as quickly as feasible.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost




Cost (Rs)

Operational Phase

Ensure adequate supply of potable water to all households in KUKL service area of Kathmandu Valley

Adverse impacts on surface water due to suspended solids, residual chlorine and other contaminants.

Adequate treatment (including chlorination) of water before distribution. Water quality monitoring to be done (according to DWSS Guidelines) regularly and residual chlorine to be checked daily at taps. Regular inspection of pipes for leakage and maintenance; implement a leak detection and repair program.

KVWSMB / KUKL

KUKL cost

Pipe flushing Soil erosion Discharge the flush water into the municipal storm water drain; minimize erosion from erosion prone areas.

KVWSMB / KUKL

KUKL cost



Provide regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites. Make available protection gears to all construction workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries. Provide insurance to the workers and training in OHS and Community Health and Safety. Provide alternate potable water supply during maintenance works and notify the public in advance.

KVWSMB / KUKL

KUKL cost



Table 17: Summary of mitigation measures for Wastewater System Improvements

Project stage Project Activity Potential Environmental Impacts Proposed mitigation measures Institutional Responsibility

Cost (Rs)

Pre-Project Activity (Project Design)

Incorporation of critical areas in project design

1. Soil erosion and slope instability Incorporate measures and sites for handling excessive spoil materials Incorporation of drainage plan in final design

DSC/KUKL/PID

DSC cost

Training preparation 2.Health and safety of community and workers Operations and Maintenance (O&M)

Prepare training in Nepali (or local languages) with notes and sketches on Community Health and Safety and Potential Occupational Health and Safety Prepare training in Nepali with notes and sketches

DSC/KUKL/PID DSC/KUKL/PID

DSC cost DSC cost

Location of pipes 3. Interference with other utilities

Place water pipes and sewers away from existing utilities during design and Provide budget for restoration/replacement of damaged utilities


Estimation of sludge volume (wastewater) and provision for their disposal

4. Sludge waste problem Incorporation of sludge reduction measures in design and identify feasible disposal sites


Incorporation of bypassing arrangements

5. Overflow of sewage causing health hazards

Provide bypassing arrangements to control overflow since sewerage network will be in built-up areas; detailed design to minimize overflow and flooding


Location of water and sewage pipes in same trench

6. Contamination of water supply causing health hazards and disease outbreaks due to sewage infiltration

Water pipes and sewers should be placed in different trenches opposite to each other (if on the same side, have enough space to avoid seepage with the water pipe above the sewer; close coordination between water and sewerage system designers


Design of sludge drying beds

7.Risk of ground water pollution due to seepage; nuisance due to smell

Proper design to avoid any possibility of ground water pollution by providing a clay liner or a geomembrane liner at the bed bottom and proper drainage to avoid flooding; provide a buffer zone around the treatment plant; formulate a Sludge Management Plan (acceptance of collected septage as additional loading (quantity and quality) of the septage to be considered in design parameters)


Selection of the most efficient Continuous Deflective Separator CDS)

8.Inefficient CDS will increase solid waste in sewers, thereby decreasing efficiency of WWTP

Test several CDS available from different manufacturers and test them to select the most efficient for removing solid waste from sewage





Cost (Rs)

Preparation for construction

Preparation of Project Site

Pegging of the land area (permanent and temporary) required by the project Prepare RP

1. Illegal occupation/encroachment of property

Delineate project land and prepare the list of project affected people and resources Prepare RAP Notify the people Provide compensation Implement RP Maintain records of trees and other properties likely to be affected


Not available (KVWSMB cost)

Identify the temporary areas required by the project and locate them with proper marking

2. May result in social tensions Prepare the details of contractor‟s temporary land use and other private properties and discuss with owners Submit to DSC Follow RP for temporary acquisition

KVWSMB/KUKL DSC/Contractor

None

Consult relevant persons and submit applications to get approvals Submit such agreement and permits to DSC for official information

3. May result in social conflict and legal obstructions resulting in delay of work;

Obtain Letters of Approval and agreement for (i) temporary acquisition of land and properties, (iii) disruption of water supply, and irrigation canals, (iv) get required permits (e.g. cutting trees from the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, construction works in Heritage Sites of Patan and Darbar Square from the Department of Archaeology) Ensure consultation with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation for construction works in Balaju Reservoir and get required clearances Transfer land and treatment plant in KVWSMB‟s name

KVWSMBKUKL/PID

None

Construct workforce camp

4. Haphazard camps resulting in social stress and degradation of local environment

Establish workforce camps with sanitary amenities at designated sites only

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Make employment policy for local and affected people as per EMP

5. Local people may be deprived of opportunities, minors may be employed

Employ local people (not under age 14) especially SPAF, PAF and women in jobs Settle wage rate based on DWEC and provide the list of employees to DSC

Contractors/ DSC

Contractor cost

Baseline photographs of project area (including buildings and temporary sites) and river water quality

6. False claims from people; water quality changes due to construction

Take photographs of buildings and temporary sites before construction for verifications; measure water quality of rivers and streams before construction

KUKL/DSC DSC cost

Prepare traffic plans 7. Traffic congestion and public annoyance

Prepare traffic plans to prevent traffic jams and annoyances to the public.

KUKL/DSC DSC cost




Cost (Rs)


Construction Activity Adopt cut and fill principle during earthworks Disposal of excess materials in designated area Apply Bio-engineering for controlling of erosion

1a. Soil erosion, and slope instability due to topsoil stripping and excavation for trenches 1b. Surface water discharges to local drainage from trench construction. 1c. Runoff from construction areas including stockpiled materials. 1d. Excavation and laying of pipeline at river crossings could impact the river water quality and ecosystem. 1e. Interception and interference with localized groundwater flows due to deep excavations.

1a. Separate stockpiling of topsoil for further use; spoil disposal at designated and stabilized sites; excavated areas‟ backfill to be compacted and include replacement of topsoil; adopt cut and fill approach; avoid work during the rainy season as much as possible; mulching to stabilize exposed areas; use bioengineering techniques (e.g. re-vegetating areas promptly); provide channels and ditches for post-construction flows; lining of steep channels and slopes (e.g. use of jute matting); prevent off-site sediment transport using settlement ponds, silt fences. 1b. Use of settling basins at reservoir sites; use of straw for filtering of small discharges; routine inspection and monitoring of larger discharges to water courses. Excavation dewatering to use settlement tanks. 1c. Use of temporary bunds; use of catchment basins. Soil / sand stockpiles to be graded to prevent erosion. 1d. Construction to be done in the dry season only; use of river diversions with bundings; prior notification of construction activities, schedule and affected areas including anticipated effects in river sections 1e. Local wells, springs and irrigation canals to be bunded from temporary spoil dumps; local wells and spring fed spouts or kuwas to be monitored particularly downhill of reservoir excavations plus temporary supply provided if flow is affected; permeable base and side backfill required at deeply excavated reservoir sites or an alternate source of drinking water provided at the existing location.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Quarrying from river bed

2. Change in River Hydrology and Morphology






Cost (Rs)

Dumping of waste in the river Construction of toilets in the camps Storing of materials in the project area Handling of toxic materials Dumping of excess materials

3. Water and land pollution Provide designated areas with collection bins for wastes. Provide toilet facilities and prohibit open defecation. Prohibit washing of vehicles next to rivers and streams. Proper storage of construction aggregates, hazardous and toxic materials, lubricating oils and used batteries in safe areas and the proper segregation and disposal of chemical containers, packaging materials, plastic bags etc. Provide training to workforce on safe handling of toxic materials and OHS measures during construction.


Quarrying operations Movement of vehicles Operation of crusher Earthworks Stockpiling of construction waste and construction materials

4. Air Quality deterioration Dust suppression on roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals. Cover earth stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags. Routine monitoring of dust (TSP) to meet air quality standards (Annex 6). Limit vehicle speed. See that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS. Regular maintenance of vehicles. Provide proper ventilation in confined working areas.


Movement of vehicles Operation of crusher Operation of construction machineries and equipment Horn honking

5. Noise and vibration Monitoring of noise levels regularly at site to meet the noise standards (Annex 7) Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise. Limit the speed s of vehicles. Ban the use of power horns in vehicles. Regular maintenance of equipment. Prohibit the operation of crushing plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas. Compensate the damages caused by vibration if caused by construction activities.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost




Cost (Rs)


Construction Activity Vegetation clearance for construction of project structures

1. Vegetation clearance Cut only trees that are marked and have been okayed by the Department of Forestry.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Fuel wood and NTFPs collection by workforce and vegetation clearance for construction activities.

2.Loss of vegetation species Prohibit the use of fuelwood and timber collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to workforce. Stockpile the felled trees and take permission from concerned authority for its use Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree. Compensate all private trees and community forests affected.


3. Damages to fisheries and aquatic ecology of riverbeds and habitats.

Dry season construction only and use of river diversions and bunding off of work sections.


Construction Phase: Socio-Economic Environment

Construction Activity Compensation and Rehabilitation as per RP

1. Temporary land and housing acquisition and compensation to affected people

Avoid involuntary displacement. Compensation resettlement according to agreed Entitlements Policy and RP. Arrangement of “redress grievance committee” Temporary sites should be restored to natural or stable conditions as per agreement with land owner. Exposed areas of temporary sites planted with endemic vegetation. Proponent report in writing that temporary areas have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works. Provide employment opportunity to the affected people. Provide all possible assistance to the displaced people until they are settled Provide disturbance and rehabilitation costs. Protect traditional rights of locals. Compensate for any loss of crops, trees and other natural resources. Photographs of the damaged structures should be taken and compared to the baseline photographs taken before construction. Establish technical committee to assess compensation for damages caused by vibration.

KVWSMB/KUKL/ Contractor /DSC/Grievance Redress Committee

KVWSMB Contractor cost Contractor cost Contractor cost KVWSMB cost KVWSMB cost DSC cost




Cost (Rs)

Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructures.

2. Reinstatement of community services and infrastructures



KVWSMB cost

Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities.

3. Increase in crime and community stress

Prohibit gambling and alcohol consumption in contractors‟ camp sites. Instruct the outside workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights etc. Provide security in contractors‟ camps.

KVWSMB/KUKL/Contractor

Contractor cost



Provide regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards. Provide insurance to the workers and training in OHS and Community Health and Safety. Make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites. Make available protection gears to all construction workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries. Provide insurance to the workers and training in OHS. Provide alternate potable water supply during maintenance works and notify the public in advance.


Contractor cost

Dislocation of archaeological artifacts, if any

5a. Loss of Archaeological and cultural sites 5b. Finding of any archaeological artifact during excavation works.

a. Protect archaeological and cultural sites, use manual digging and avoid heavy equipment during the digging of trenches for the laying of pipes b. Inform the Chief District Officer who has to report the findings in writing to the Department of Archaeology within 35 days, according to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 and Rules, 1989.


KVWSMB cost




Cost (Rs)

Traffic management at construction sites

6. Traffic Congestion (temporary disruption to local access due to open trenches, excavation across roads or road closures due to construction).

Develop a traffic plan to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public notification of construction activities, schedule, routing, and affected areas including road closures. Erect alternative routing signage in Nepali and English languages. Use of steel plates or other temporary materials across trench facilities in key areas such as pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas. Arrange for night-time construction for activities in congested/ heavy day-time traffic areas. Arrange for onsite “grievance handling” through use of liaison officers. Undertake trench closure and facilitate surface rehabilitation or paving as quickly as feasible.

Contractors/DSC

Contractor cost

Operational Phase

Release of inadequately treated wastewater to river

Downstream pollution, health and environmental risks.

Treat wastewater to meet the effluent standards (50mg/l BOD5 or less before releasing it to receiving waters; regular monitoring the quality of the treated wastewater and that of the receiving water upstream and downstream from the outfall.

KUKL/KVWSMB KUKL cost

Overflow flooding

Hazards to public health and the environment due to overflow flooding and groundwater pollution.

Careful design and operation of wastewater system; provide stand-by generators for pumping stations. To ensure proper O&M, training of operators to be provided for regular inspection, cleaning and maintenance of plant and sewers.


Discharge of industrial wastes

Health and safety hazards to workers from exposure to toxic gaseous and hazardous industrial wastes

Train workers in OHS hazards and provide PPE; monitor illegal discharge of industrial wastes to the system and enforce strict regulations in coordination with the Ministry of Environment

KUKL/MOE KUKL cost

Sewer cleaning

Health and safety of sewer cleaning staff at risk of communicable diseases Environmental impacts due to improper sludge disposal and health and safety hazards to workers from pathogens in sewage and sludge.

KUKL to ensure operation and maintenance staff of sewerage system are fully aware of the hazards in running the system by training of operation and maintenance staff in hygiene procedures to avoid infection from wastewater and sludge handling and health and safety procedures against exposure to hazardous gases; workers to be inoculated against infectious diseases and kept under medical supervision; emergency procedures to be developed by KUKL; protective clothing to sewer cleaning workers.





Cost (Rs)

Wastewater sludge and septage disposal

Communicable disease hazards to workers- septic tank cleaners, sewer system maintenance workers and treatment plant workers; nuisance to neighbouring areas due to transportation of septage; odour, insects and rodents; flooding of sludge drying beds during rainy season and bed clogging

Dispose sludge at designated areas; impervious clay liners or geo-fabrics to be used on the bottom of the sludge bed treatment plants to protect surface and groundwater pollution; implement OHS plan; proper (covered) transportation systems to be provided for septage; regular O&M (and lime spreading on the drying bed; provide proper drainage and regular maintenance


Sewer line system

Hazards due to blockage of sewer lines causing overflows and nuisance to people and serious health and sanitation problems; contamination of soil and groundwater

Workers / operators likely to be working in sewers and confined spaces to be provided safety equipment / gas detectors with awareness and safety training. Explosive gases generated in the sewage treatment process (e.g. methane / carbon monoxide) to be collected and either flared or used for power generation. Fire extinguishers and training to be provided. Workers who come in contact with raw or partially treated sewage and sludge to be provided with protective wear (e.g. gum boots, gloves and face masks). Provision of sufficient O&M staff and equipment for cleaning; system to register public complaints (Grievance Redress Mechanism) and urgent clearance of system blockages.

KUKL / KVWSMB

KUKL cost



197 Mitigating measures to be employed are: Dust suppression on roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals; covering earth stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags; routine monitoring of dust (TSP, PM10), sound and vibrations at regular intervals; limiting vehicle speeds and banning power horns; seeing that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS; fitting of mufflers in vehicles to control noise; regular maintenance of vehicles; regular maintenance of vehicles; prohibiting the operation of crushing plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM in residential areas; compensating the damages caused by vibrations to buildings and providing proper ventilation in confined working areas. Annex 8 gives the recommended standards for vibration from construction sites. 198 Adverse impacts could be caused due to inadequate buffer zones around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and protect facilities. Adequate alleviation measures (including developing buffer zones around the treatment plants) should be included in the project designs. Noise should be monitored as per Annex 7.

ii. Biological Environment

199 Although most of the construction and improvement works will take place in urban areas, there will be only some impacts on the ecological resources (loss of trees and vegetation, loss of wildlife and endangered species, disruption of protected areas, damages to fisheries and riverbed aquatic ecology) that could be impacted due to: vegetation clearance and loss of species due to construction of project structures; fuel wood and non-timber forest products (NTFP) collection by workforce and vegetation clearance for construction activities; and construction activities at pipeline crossings over riverbeds. 200 Mitigation measures are: Cut only trees that are marked and have been agreed by the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park/ Department of Forestry for removal and plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree; prohibit the use of fuel-wood and timber collection; prohibit hunting, the illegal collection and trade of NTFPs; provide LPG/kerosene to the workforce; stockpile the felled trees and take permission from concerned authorities for their use; compensate all private trees and community forests affected. To save the fisheries and riverbed aquatic ecology, work should be done in the dry season only and river diversions and bunding-off of sections carried out. iii. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

201 As per the approved EIA of 2000 for the Melamchi Water Supply Project, approximately 1,100 workers were estimated to be employed every day for the construction and improvement of the Water Supply Networks. About 60% of the workers required for the project were estimated to be available locally, and at least 30% of the workers should be local. Women should be given preference for employment as far as feasible and practical and ensure that at least 15% of the unskilled workforce shall be women (Norplan, 2002). Compensation and rehabilitation as per the Resettlement Plan (RP) 202 Contractor‟s temporary land use and housing acquisition and compensation to affected people is one of the most important impacts of any construction project if its progress is not to be hampered. The mitigation measures are: avoid involuntary displacement; compensation resettlement according to agreed Entitlements Policy and RP; make arrangements for a “grievance redress committee” to look into the grievances; restore temporary sites to their natural or stable conditions as per agreements with the land



owners; plant exposed areas of temporary sites with endemic vegetation; make sure that the proponent reports in writing that temporary areas have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works; provide employment opportunities to the affected people; provide all possible assistance to the displaced people until they are settled; provide disturbance and rehabilitation costs; protect the traditional rights of the local people; compensate for any loss of crops, trees and other natural resources and establish a technical committee to assess the compensation for damages caused by vibrations of construction equipment and vehicles (photographs of the damaged structures should be taken and compared to the baseline photographs taken before construction). Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructure 203 Construction activities could have adverse impacts on community services and infrastructure. Any adverse impacts to community assets that could be disturbed by construction activities, such as, temples, bridges and irrigation channels, electricity poles, telephone lines, drinking water pipes, sewerage lines, roads, etc. will be mitigated, compensated, reinstated or relocated to the satisfaction of the community. When excavating trenches for the installation of new sewers or water supply pipes in heritage sites (e.g. Patan and Kathmandu Darbar Squares) manual labour shall be employed and the use of mechanical equipment avoided. Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities 204 Alcohol abuse, gambling, prostitution and other social disharmony are likely to arise in the construction site. There will be an influx of workers from outside to the project site with their immediate family members, increasing crime and stress. This will create unwanted congestion and exert pressure on the limited local resources. The mitigation measures to be carried out are: prohibit gambling and alcohol consumption in construction camp sites; instruct the outside workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights etc.; and provide security in camps. Health and safety 205 There could be adverse impacts on the health and hygiene of the workers due to unsafe working conditions, accidents, fire hazards, transmission of communicable diseases etc. to mitigate these adverse impacts, provide regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce; launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards; make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites; make available personal protection equipment (PPE) to all construction workers and compensate for the loss of life or any type of injuries; and provide insurance to the workers. Health and safety training for all site personnel is very important. Another significant impact is the effect on people and communities if water supplies are closed down for extended periods during works on the pipe networks. If water supply is unavailable to the people for a long time, there could be health risks. If water supply has to be stopped, advance notice to the affected people should be given and alternative provisions of potable water arranged.

i. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)

206 The potential occupational health and safety impacts/hazards and mitigation measures for the laying of drinking water pipes and sewers in trenches are given in Table 18. Before construction begins the contractor will inform and provide training to its workers on the potential occupational health and safety impacts/hazards and mitigation measures to be used during construction. The training must be done in Nepali (or local language of the workers) with handouts distributed and information posters. As most of the workers would



be uneducated, pictorial presentations should be used during the training depicting the hazards and the mitigation measures.

ii. Community Health and Safety

207 In addition to the construction workforce, the contractor should be aware of the adverse health and safety impacts of the construction works on communities along the construction areas. The impacts and mitigation measures are included in Tables 16 and 17. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures and are summarized below:

1. Poor drinking water quality supplied and polluted drinking water sources. 2. Pollution of air on agricultural land, vegetation, houses and humans due to dust and

vehicular emissions. 3. Wastewater pollution on land, humans, receiving waters and the environment. 4. Limited water quantity supplied. 5. Nuisance due to traffic noise and vibrations. 6. Nuisance from odours from wastewater treatment plant and sludge drying beds. 7. Land pollution due to flooding of sludge drying beds. 8. Traffic accidents and traffic jams. 9. Possibility of the spread of communicable diseases among the community due to

poor sanitation and living conditions, sexual transmission and vector-borne infections in construction labour camps.

10. Possibility of the spread of vector-borne diseases due to stagnant water pools (creating mosquito breeding habitats) during construction.

11. Spread of food borne diseases due to street side hawkers (selling unsanitary food) along the construction sites.

12. Inconvenience to the public and businesses due to road diversions. 13. Possibility of accidents to the people of the community due to trench excavations.

Dislocation of archaeological artifacts 208 Kathmandu Valley has a rich and varied cultural heritage including many temples, stupas and shrines. The archaeological and cultural sites should be protected and in case of relocation, the local communities must be consulted. There is a risk that any work involving ground excavation could uncover and damage archaeological and historical remains. If there are any chance finds, work has to be stopped immediately and the Chief District Officer contacted immediately and the findings reported in writing to the Department of Archaeology within 35 days, according to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 and Rules, 1989. 209 The Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989) mentions:

”4.1.1 Pursuant to Sub- section (5) of Section 3 of the Act, any person or Association willing to install telephone and electricity, to dig the land for drinking water and sewerage, to construct and repair the road, to shoot a film, cinema, to celebrate festival and fare, to dance or to park vehicles or to place the poster and photograph, shall have to submit an application to the Department, for its approval in format as prescribed in Schedule- 1 (Annex 12).

4.3.2 If the Local Officer found any information of finding of any archaeological object in his working District he shall have to fill the description of such object in the form as prescribed in Schedule-4 (Annex 12) within 35 days from the date of finding of such object, and, if possible, the photograph of such project also shall have to be sent to the Chief Archaeology Officer”.



210 Two areas fall under the UNESCO Heritage sites (Kathmandu Durbar Square, sub-zone A 3.3 and Patan Durbar Square, sub-zone A 8.2) where distribution networks and wastewater improvements are planned. Prior permission will have to be taken from the Department of Archaeology as stated in The Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989) Section 4.1.1 above.

Traffic management 211 Traffic congestion and temporary disruption to local access due to open trenches, excavation across roads or road closures due to construction could have impacts on pedestrians, vehicles and businesses. To mitigate this, Traffic Management Plans should be developed for areas along the construction works which are of utmost importance to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public notifications of construction activities, schedules, routings, and affected areas including road closures via VDCs should be made. Erect signage in Nepali and English languages. Use steel plates or other temporary materials across trench facilities in key areas such as footpaths or livestock routes; arrange for pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas; and arrange for night-time construction for activities in congested/ heavy day-time traffic areas. Arrange for onsite “grievance handling”. Undertake trench closure and facilitate rehabilitation as quickly as feasible. Coordinate with the Kathmandu Metropolitan Traffic Police Division, the authority in charge of traffic management. Obtain permission from the Department of Roads for digging in the main urban roads and from the municipalities (Lalitpur Sub-Metropolis and Kathmandu Metropolis) for digging in inner urban roads.

3. Operational Phase

a. Water Supply System

212 Health problems could occur due to inadequate supply of potable water to the people. Adequate treatment of water (including chlorination) should be done before distribution. Water quality monitoring (according to the National Drinking Water Quality Standards 2006) should be done regularly and residual chlorine checked daily at taps. Regular inspection of pipes for leakage and maintenance should be done. 213 Flushing of drinking water pipes could have adverse impacts on surface water due to suspended solids, residual chlorine and other contaminants. To minimize the impacts, discharge the flush water into the municipal storm water drain and minimize erosion of erosion-prone areas. 214 The potential impacts of the proposed water supply and sewerage project are summarised in Tables 16 and 17, respectively. The major concerns are the potential impacts of sewerage management, since there is little experience in proper wastewater management in Nepal. This project should become a model for well designed, implemented and operated sewerage schemes.



Table 18: Potential OHS (occupational health and safety) impacts and mitigation measures during pipe laying (water and sewers)

SNo. Potential Adverse Impact Mitigation Measures 1 Delivery and unloading of pipes and fittings: pipes may move/roll

or be tampered with by others. - Provide secure stockpile for pipes and fittings; unload and stock pipes strictly in accordance the manufacturers‟

recommendations and minimize height of pallets/stockpile; use correct manual handling techniques and mechanical aids where possible; carry pipes close to the ground while moving and control lifted weights.

2 Injury to a member of the public during pipe delivery. - Provide fencing and/or barricades as per site risk assessment. Apply signage and pedestrian control. - Devise and implement system for site inspection and security. - Ensure security and equipment necessary to minimise vandalism.

3 Traffic can cause personal injury to the public, contractors and employees; and vehicle accidents.

- Traffic control plan to be developed and areas kept clean and clear of obstacles.

4 Slips, trips and falls, strains and sprains; manual handling injuries such as back damage.

- Conduct site inspection to ensure access/space is adequate for the task activities.

5 Existing underground services can cause explosion, electrocution, and damage services.

- Inform site in-charge before you dig/excavate; check relevant authority (e.g. power, water, telephone) records for existing location of services.

- If in doubt use the experienced service of people in the locality. When using hand prodders to locate pipes, they must never be driven into the ground by hammers or other implements.

- Confirm location of services by “Pot holing” techniques.

6 Excavation by plant and equipment will create noise, falling objects, damage to existing surfaces, material spillage and injuries by moving parts.

- Operations of plant by licensed personnel. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) – hardhat, high visibility vest, hearing protection etc.

- Maintain a safety working area around the moving plant. - Protect surfaces from plant movements. Ensure plant noise control. Maintain clean-up equipment on site. - Maintain (specified) spillage control equipment. - Employ observers where appropriate.

7 Falling objects during storage of materials during excavation. - No materials to be placed or stacked near the edge of any excavation. - No load to be placed or moved near the edge of the excavation where it is likely to cause collapse of side of work.

No load handling/movement across excavation. No rollable objects stored uphill from excavation. 8 Overhead and underground power cables can cause

electrocution during excavation. - Determine location of underground services. If underground power cables are located in the vicinity, exercise

extreme care while excavating. Consider any restriction on kinds of tools and equipment that may be required and comply with the requirements.

9 Sloping ground can cause the falling of rolling objects. - Maintain good house keeping (remove debris, trip hazards, site tidiness). - Select locations to minimise potential for movement. Stack materials at level below excavation. - Secure/retain potential falling/rolling objects.

10 Trench collapse and falling objects. - Support / bench / batter excavation. - Keep safe distance from edge of trench. Materials not to be placed or stacked near the edge of trench. - No load to be placed or moved near the edge of trench where it is likely to cause collapse of the trench. - All trenches to have safety barricades when left open for a period of time. - Provide submersible pump to dewater trenches where ground is water-charged. - Use personal protective equipment. No load/personnel movement across trench.



11 Falling into trenches. - Install a shoring system. Where possible backfill trenches. - Erect 1.8 metre (min) security fence if open excavation is to be left unattended, or cover open excavation with steel

plating if left unattended. - No personnel movement across trench.

12 Other risks associated with confined spaces such as gases etc.

- Where trench/conduit is considered to be a confined space, use experienced trained personnel. - No smoking and use of mobile phone use, and avoid sparking.

13 Trip hazard; dust – eye injury; environmental damage due to storage of fill.

- Secure fill stockpile. Provide a dedicated area for fill. - Watering of material. - Provide necessary environmental protection measures. - Cover fill when unattended or unable to be watered.

14 Manual handling (shovelling) can cause Strains and sprains; injuries such as back damage.

- Manual handling awareness. - Adequate rest periods allowed, job rotation, minimise repetitious twisting and shovelling.

15 Contaminated soil can cause impact on health of persons. - Use protective clothes/shoes/gloves. 16 Defective materials can cause injuries. - Visual inspection of materials by experienced persons.

17 Storage of hazardous materials can cause injuries and illnesses. - Handling and storage to be done carefully under guidance. 18 Earth mounds can cause engulfment and dust can cause eye

injuries. - Control operation of mobile plant by competent person. - Watering of material. - Control slopes. - Delineate earth mounds. - Warning signage. - Cover when unattended or unable to be watered.

19 Pipes may move/roll or be tampered with by others causing injury - Provide secure stockpile area for pipes and fittings. - Unload and stack pipes strictly in accordance with the manufacturers‟ recommendations. - Minimise height of pallets / stockpile. - Secure pipes to prevent movement irrespective of slope of surface, secure pipes to prevent movement e.g. sand

bags. - Place against fixed objects which will prevent the movement of pipes. Orientate/select position to minimise potential

for movement e.g. place pipes normal to slope of ground. - Place pipes in secure compound if site left unattended. - Minimise waiting time for pipes on site prior to laying. Identify high risk locations in advance, e.g. sloping or soft

ground. - Ensure availability of sand/gravel bags/pegs/timber or other materials for retaining or securing pipes.

20 Accessing trenches/conduits can cause collapse of trench and falling objects; and electrocution if using power tools in water environments.

- Use shoring system. - String only sufficient pipes for day‟s work. - Return all pipes not laid at end of day to secure stockpile areas.

21 Personal injury due to working plant and equipment. - Use only maintained equipment fitted with yellow flashing lights and reversing alarms. - Maintain a safe distance from working plant. - Wear PPE including high visibility clothing and hard hat etc. - Perimeter fencing - Place trained personnel on the look-out. - Have a first aid kit at the site.



22 Injuries due to lifting pipes and swinging loads. - Correct manual handling techniques. - Use mechanical aids where possible. - Maintain control of loads when lifting and moving. - Carry pipes close to ground while moving if mechanical aid is used.

23 Delivery pipe/joint failure may cause body injuries during pressure testing of pipes.

- Use only competent person to perform the task. - Adequately secure connecting pipes (safety pins for lever couplings). - To prevent joint or pipe section failure, fix brackets close enough together to prevent excessive movement. - Don‟t exceed pipe operating pressure, ensure pipe is of correct diameter. - Ensure pipe is not damaged. - Ensure adequate support where a change in direction or reducer occurs. - Pressure for air testing must not exceed 32kPa.

24 Injury due to failure of existing pipeline under pressure when cutting existing pipelines.

- Use PPE. - Ensure adjacent stop valves are operational/closed. - Secure adjacent valves against movement. Relieve pressure in system.

25 Injury from high water pressure. Burns during welding. Electrocution during house connection services.

- Use PPE. - Relieve pressure in system. - Care with torch and PPE.

- Earth straps and insulating gloves to be used as services are used for household earthing.

- Always ensure pipes are cleaned back to bare metal prior to fitting the bridging straps to ensure a direct electrical contact between the pipes and the strap.

26 Public hazards due to inadequate compaction; construction refuse; inadequate re-surfacing during site restoration. High hydraulic/pneumatic pressures during site restoration can cause injury due to pipe blowouts of plugs.

- Compaction to specified standard; clear site of debris and refuse; re-surface without leaving gaps or uneven surfaces and erect fence around hazardous areas until they are safe and restored.

- Ensure plugs and compressors are installed and secured against movement; release air before removing plugs and

clear area of pipe ends being tested. 27 Inadequate training, consultation, planning and improvisation can

cause task specific injuries due to inexperience, inadequate consultation or failure to provide appropriate equipment.

- All personnel on-site to be trained and kept aware, should be suitably qualified and competent supervision to be provided on-site.

28 Misuse of equipment/fire hazards can cause fire/explosions. - Care to be taken when refuelling machinery with petrol to ensure engines aren‟t running and there are no naked flames in the vicinity; oxy-acetylene and gas equipment must be used strictly in accordance with the manufacturers safe operating procedures.

- All personnel working on the site are to be trained in the correct operation of the tools and equipment they are using.

- All tools and equipment are to be serviceable and in safe condition. - All electrical tools are to be fitted with current test tags. - Fire extinguishers are to be located on site. - No work during high fire danger unless dry vegetation is cleared and/or watered down prior to carrying out hot work. - Avoid driving or parking motor vehicles on long dry grass as the heat generated by the exhaust could start a fire.



29 Exposure to ultra violet light, glare can cause skin cancer, sunburn, eye damage

- Use of protective clothing, sunscreen, flap on hard hat and proper sunglasses.

30 Weather conditions (e.g. hot, cold, wet, flooding/inundation, electrical storms, high winds) can cause dehydration and dizziness.

- Supply adequate drinking water in work area. - Provide protection from UV rays. Use of PPE.

31 Slippery surfaces can cause slips and falls. - Non-slip safety footwear to be worn on all worksites. - Extreme care when working in wet and slippery areas. - Personnel should never run on worksite.

32 Untidy site can cause slips and falls. - Keep worksite clean and tidy at all times. 33 Materials stored may be dislodged and fall onto people

or property particularly when site is unattended. - Materials to be stored in a safe manner.

34 Public safety make be at risk due to pipes or drums accidentally rolling onto the roadway causing an accident or may be rolled by unauthorised persons particularly when site is unattended causing injury to persons.

- All materials to be secured by blocks or wedges, sandbags or other means. - All pipes not laid during the course of a day are to be returned to the stockpile and secured appropriately.

35 Public safety may be at risk due to improper storage of plant. Store/park plant and equipment off site and in a secure area. 36 Nuisance due to excavated soil. Deterioration of air quality due

to dust. Safe disposal and re-use of excavated soil. Remove waste soil as soon as it is excavated. Sprinkling of water to avoid dust.

37 Soil erosion, silt runoff and settling of street surfaces. Water could get polluted; land values degraded and be a nuisance to pedestrians. Street surfaces would settle, bringing about ponding of water.

Precautionary measures should be taken during construction. Proper backfilling of excavated trenches should be done and construction activities should be, as far as possible, avoided during the rainy season. Temporary diversions and sign boards for pedestrians to be provided.

38 Workers and the public are at risk from accidents on site - Prepare and implement a site health and safety plan that includes measures to: o exclude the public from all construction sites o ensure that workers use protective equipment o provide health and safety training for personnel o follow documented procedures for site activities o keep accident reports and records - As far as possible, the local people (who know the local conditions) should be hired.

39 Local residents and sites of social/cultural importance may be disturbed by noise, dust and impeded access

- Carry out the work as quickly as possible to minimise disturbances. - Consult residents; inform them of work in advance.

40 Pollution of water distributed can cause health hazards. - Locate distribution pipes away from drains to avoid infiltration of drain water.



215 Hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and groundwater pollution due to failure of the sewerage system could have adverse impacts to human health and the environment. The system will have to be carefully designed and operated. The project design should include stand-by generators for pumping stations. 216 Health and safety hazards to workers could occur from toxic gases and hazardous materials which maybe contained in sewage flow and exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge. The workers should be trained in the management of OHS hazards and provided with PPE. 217 Discharge of hazardous materials and illegal disposal of industrial waste discharges into sewers, could damage the wastewater system and be dangerous to workers. Monitor that the existing industries do not illegally discharge their effluents into the sewer system. Regulations should be developed and enforced by the Ministry of Environment (to control illegal waste discharges into the sewers).

Residual Impacts 218 No matter what mitigating measures are used, some residual negative impacts will remain throughout the life of the project as given in Table 19.

Table 19: Residual negative impacts

SNo. Impacts Residual Impacts 1 Due to relocation of

squatters from existing property of KVWSMB

1. Hurt sentiments at leaving land occupied for many years. 2. Have to start anew and get established again in a new

environment. 2 Due to soil erosion, and soil

and water quality deterioration

3. 100% of soil erosion, and soil and water quality cannot be mitigated.

3 Due to air pollution 4. Some dust and vehicular emissions will escape and have minimum impacts on agricultural land, vegetation and the people.

4 On the biological ecosystem 5. Unwanted activities (e.g. hunting, fishing etc.) can still occur beyond control.

5 On social life 6. Unwanted activities (e.g. drinking, illicit activities in temporary camps etc.) can still occur beyond control.

6 Due to noise pollution 7. Some unavoidable noise disturbance during peak construction periods.

7 Due to incomplete treatment of wastewater

8. Fluctuations of loading rates in the wastewater treatment plant could reduce its efficiency as designed thereby reducing the effluent quality.

9. Load shedding which is very frequent in Nepal and the unavailability of fuel for the standby generators (due to frequent bandhs) would also decrease the efficiency of treatment.

8 Due to odours from the wastewater treatment plant and sludge drying beds

10. Buffer zones around the wastewater treatment plant and sludge drying beds will not mitigate odours 100%. Some odour will still prevail around.

9 Due to incomplete water treatment and shutoff of the water supply system

11. Nepal is dependent on alum and bleaching powder from India for the treatment of water and frequent transportation bandhs could exhaust the chemical stocks. So it is important that ample chemicals should be kept in stock for emergencies.



Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures 219 Potential environmental measures that shall be taken by KUKL before the project commences are:

Training and awareness programs in health and sanitation, occupational health and safety measures (OHS), community health and safety and usage of water and its importance (water cost, savings, reuse, recycle, water pollution etc.) to the general public; and

Technical training of supervision staff on plumbing, chlorination, water testing, pump maintenance and repair, treatment plant operation and electrical works for water supply and sewerage projects.

220 Sufficient human resources should be trained in maintaining the water and sewerage systems and treatment plants. The efficiency of the treatment plants should be well recorded by regularly monitoring the water and wastewater characteristics.

221 There are many environmental youth clubs in the Kathmandu Valley. They should be mobilized to monitor the environment in the areas near wastewater effluent outfalls and report problems to KUKL.

222 KUKL, with the help of academic institutes, should finance research on the feasibility of using of sludge for agriculture and in brick-making, as practiced in other countries, which would reduce the environmental problems.

223 Every wastewater treatment plant should have a basic laboratory for the analysis of wastewater and a dedicated, trained and qualified laboratory technician.

Trans-boundary and Cumulative Impacts

224 There will be no environmental trans-boundary and cumulative impacts e.g. air pollution, abstraction of water, loss of habitat or pollution of international waterways. Environmental and socio-economic impacts have already been mentioned earlier. Concrete sewer pipes can be manufactured locally which will be a boost to the local construction industries.

225 The project will help in the development of the employment opportunities and enhance the local labour skills in pipe laying for future works in Nepal.

E. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT SITUATIONS

1. Without the Project / Zero Option

226 The rapid urbanization and population growth have brought uncontrollable deterioration of the environment of the Kathmandu Valley. The untreated domestic wastewater is on the increase polluting surface waters and groundwater. The drinking water quality and quantity have also decreased bringing adverse impacts to human health, physical and chemical environment (BOD and TSS increasing above the threshold levels), and the biological environment and the ecosystem (aquatic life). Aquatic life in the rivers of the Kathmandu Valley has almost disappeared and the holy rivers have become “unholy” and literally open sewers. The water quality downstream has also been affected thereby decreasing the Quality of Life. The adverse impacts on the social and cultural environment will be: increase in water borne diseases; unusable river water for irrigation and other



purposes; loss in aesthetics (due to smell etc.), cultural values and deterioration of cultural sites (ghats, temples and shrines). 227 Tariffs are very low in the Valley and there is little scope for increasing the tariff until the water supply is regular, sufficient and safe for drinking. As the tariff is low and the availability of supply is low the revenue is very low due to low consumption of water. The consumers presently bear high costs to purify the water consumed since alternative water sources for domestic use are often polluted. Consumers also bear high costs for ground water pumping and rely on tankers due to little or no supply of water. The inequity of supply affects the poor severely who need to spend considerable time fetching and carrying water, using shallow tubewell, polluted streams or relying on public stand posts. 228 Without adequate quantity and quality of drinking water and the treatment of the wastewater, lives of the people of the Kathmandu Valley and its environment would get worse. The Kathmandu Valley is deteriorating in terms of social life, health hazards, income poverty and environmental consequences. If all the negative consequences are valued in terms of the economic value this will be a huge economic loss to the nation.

2. With project

229 With the project, the people of the Kathmandu Valley will have a minimum 2 hours of potable water every day and the wastewater treated. Untreated wastewater will no more flow into the holy rivers thereby making the rivers clean and improved. There is also the possibility of using the treated wastewater for agriculture and reuse. There will be a dramatic decrease in diseases and improvement in the health of the people (thereby, the Quality of Life) and the ecosystems. Tourism, one of the main industries, will flourish because of the environmentally friendly Valley. 230 Three options on wastewater treatment have been assessed, namely a) disposal of domestic and industrial waste water directly downstream of Chovar Gorge through a trunk sewer; b) release of partially treated waste water containing 130mg/L of BOD5 to Bagmati and its tributary Rivers in Kathmandu with the impacts; and c) release of fully treated wastewater containing 50 mg/L of BOD5 to the Bagmati River and its tributaries in Kathmandu.

231 The wastewater collection networks feeding the existing 4 KUKL wastewater treatment plants will be cleaned, rehabilitated and extended, where practical, to include recent urban areas. The treatment technologies of the plants will be upgraded in order to cater for the larger population that has developed since originally constructed.

232 Different wastewater treatment technologies were compared in relation to land availability and population to be catered for. In consideration of available skilled human resources and power provision, oxidation ditches or tower bio-filters were considered suitable. These treatment processes can be designed in conjunction with a number of other process units (e.g. UASBs) to complement the main process and to meet the effluent standards required.

233 The water supply pipes have been routed along the roads in such a way so as to avoid agricultural land as much as possible. Minimum use of machinery and maximum use of human labour will be used for construction. The construction schedule has been planned to avoid the rainy season as much as possible. 234 Different pipe materials for the distribution of water were considered and compared. To minimize pressure head loss in pipelines uPVC or HDPE pipes have been selected for house connections and ductile iron for larger diameter pipes.



235 However, quantifying environmental and health benefits is difficult because of the need for data to establish the magnitude of the impacts of the improvements and to separate out the effects of an improved sewerage system from other factors such as personal hygiene habits, housing standards, water quality, health department campaigns, etc.

236 Compared to the zero-option (no project at all) the proposed options will bring a positive environmental change and improve the public health of the project area population by bringing safe water to consumers and improving the wastewater management system in the Valley.

F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

237 The ADB safeguard policy statement (SPS), covering both environmental and social safeguards, requires stakeholder consultations. Also Rule 7 of EPR 1997 (Nepal) states: “Provided that, whilst preparing the report of EIA, the proponent shall organize a public hearing about the proposal at the area of VDC or Municipality where the proposal is to be implemented and collect opinions and suggestions”.

238 Public consultation is the process of exchanging information with those persons and organisations with a legitimate interest in a project and/or who are likely to be affected by the project (stakeholders). It is a two-way process that informs and involves the community in developing a project, and informs the proponent about issues and concerns, which can then be addressed in project design. Information disclosure involves stakeholders in monitoring the development and implementation of a project and fosters openness in decision-making by presenting documents and other project materials for public scrutiny.

239 Consultation and disclosure involves consultation with stakeholders at an early stage of EA preparation, and throughout project implementation. As a minimum, stakeholders should be consulted regarding the scope of the environmental study before work has commenced in earnest, and should then be informed about the likely impacts of the subproject and proposed mitigation once the draft IEE or EIA report is under preparation. The report should record the views of stakeholders and indicate how these have been taken into account in project development.

240 Information is disclosed through public consultation and more formally by making documents and other materials available in a form and at a location in which they can be easily accessed by stakeholders. This normally involves making draft reports available (in the local language) at public locations in the community and providing a mechanism for the receipt of comments and making documents available more widely. All safeguards documents must be endorsed by the Executing Agency and ADB encourages governments to upload all documents onto their own website. For Category A and B-sensitive projects, SEIAs and SIEEs are made available to the public through the depository library system, and are placed on the ADB website no later than 120 days prior to the Board considerations. The full EIA and IEE (B-sensitive) is also made available to interested parties upon request. For other category B projects, the environmental analysis is posted on the ADB website as part of the RRP. The full IEE reports are also made available to the interested parties upon request.

241 Public consultation and involvement should be given highest priority in the implementation of mitigation measures. Public consultation should take place and on the basis of decision of the consultation meeting, implementation of mitigation measures should be prioritized and should be carried out with the involvement of the local people.



242 Public consultations were held in the entire process of EIA study of MWSP. These processes have taken place for BDS (Bulk Distribution System), DNI (Distribution Network Improvement) and WSI (Wastewater System Improvement) for the Kathmandu Valley and the results are documented. 243 Monitoring is one of the components of EMP. Monitoring of physical, biological and socio-economic parameters of the environment of the project site should be carried out. The outcomes of the monitoring activities should be maintained in a database. The results of monitoring should also be disclosed in the form of demonstration, charts, figures, graphs, and samples, etc., to the local people, school students and other interested stakeholders. In the process of compliance monitoring of the project construction, local people and construction workers should be consulted.

244 Several consultations were held in the Kathmandu Valley in different wards with different heterogeneous groups. The project objectives were explained and people were requested to give their opinions and suggestions.

245 The Project Affected People of Kathmandu Valley have been informed from time to time about the construction of reservoirs, water transmission lines, the water treatment plant and land acquisition together with the project‟s resettlement, rehabilitation and compensation modalities. MWSP had formed a NGO committee comprising of donors, MWSDB, and NGOs, which held monthly meetings in Kathmandu.

246 Similarly, the MWSP staff attend regular discussion forums organized by NGOs;(e.g. Sunday Forum of WAFED, discussion forum held by NGO for Urban Water and Sanitation, Nepal Vasa Misha Khala, Society of Business and Professional Women, Society of Public Health Engineers-Nepal, Nepal Engineering Council, Nepal Engineering Association, Melamchi Concern Group, FM radio programme etc.).

247 In addition, MWSP disseminated project information through different media (print and electronic media, press release, interaction forums, and newsletters both in Nepali and English languages) and prepared a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in 2001. During the preparation process of RAP numerous consultations were made at different levels of society (including local stakeholders, experts, government officials).

248 A number of household surveys and community consultations have been undertaken in the Kathmandu Valley as part of the preparation and design of the Melamchi Water Supply Project to determine water sector priorities and needs of the public in general and specific communities. Table 20 provides a summary the findings.



Table 20: Summary of household water use surveys in Kathmandu Valley

A. Household water use survey (December 2003) Sample Size 300 households in urban areas 86% of the population satisfied with the quality of water supplied by KUKL 94% were not satisfied with the quantity of water supplied 78% were discharging wastewater into municipal drain directly 15% discharged their wastewater into a septic tank 9% discharged septic tank effluent into municipal drains B. TA. 6219 –REG: Survey of Water Demand in the DNI Demonstration Area,

University of Tokyo, February 2008 Survey done during May 2005 (dry), July – August 2005 (wet) and March 2006 (winter). Sample

Sizes Min Bhawan (Demo-Scheme area) = 422 HHs Anam Nagar & Chabahhil (Control groups) (256+259) = 515 HHs

General Comment: Low quality service of KUKL (low pressure, intermittent and irregular supply, haphazard meter reading etc.). Due to the low pressure of water, people use electric pump for sucking water from main. The following are the extent of water sucking from the pump in different sample area:

Study area Dry season Wet season Winter season Min Bhawan 74.2 % 50.4 % 67.2 % Anam Nagar 69.2 % 68.5 % 71.6 % Chabahhil 26.3 % 20.3 % 32.3 % 17.6% HHs had insufficient water from KUKL or just enough for drinking and cooking purposes

in the wet season, which jumped to 86.2% in the dry season. 80.3% and 12.4% HHs were satisfied with the quantity of water of KUKL during wet and dry

season respectively. 60% of the HHs were satisfied with its quality of water throughout the year 249 A baseline survey has recently been completed by the University of Tokyo, as part of TA4893-NEP supported by PPIAF, which studied the KUKL services to customers in the Kathmandu Valley to provide guidance on present water use and future demands. 250 The Implementing Agency (PID) will extend and expand the consultation and disclosure process during the detailed design stage and the implementation (construction) of the project. To hear and document the views and concerns and suggestions of the affected people, stakeholders and the public so that these can be incorporated in the subproject design as and where appropriate.

251 Several meetings, workshops, and focus group discussions (Table 21) were held with stakeholders, mainly technical persons to keep them abreast of the TA and to get feedback so as to include them in the CIAMP. The details of the consultations are given in the Supplementary Report: TA Consultations. PID will also make copies of the IEE report and any other project reports for interested people available in the Nepali language.



Table 21: Meetings, workshops, consultations and focus group discussions held

SNo. Date Topic

1 8 July 2009 Inception consultative workshop 2 17 July 2009 Focus Group Discussion on wastewater management in

Kathmandu Valley 3 23 July 2009 Focus Group Discussion on population projections and water

demand 4 14 August 2009 Focus Group Discussion on asset condition survey and water

supply zoning 5 30 August 2009 Steering Committee meeting 6 16 September 2009 Focus Group Discussion on conceptual wastewater master

plan options 7 22 October 2009 Focus Group Discussion on selected DNI pilot area 8 29 October 2009 Focus group discussion on draft CIAMP 9 5 November 2009 Meeting on CIAMP

10 13 January 2010 Presentation and discussion meeting on PPTA progress, draft CIAMP and interim feasibility reports

11 13 January 2010 Focus group discussion on wastewater 12 1 March, 5 March 2010

17 March 2010

a. Consultations with UNESCO staff Mr. Tap Raj Panta and Ms. Nipuna Shrestha

b. Consultation with Mr. Bhim Prasad Nepal, Chief, National Archives, Department of Archaeology

13 8 March 2010 Consultation with Assistant Warden, Mr. Manoj Kumar Shah, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park

14 21 April 2010 KUKL Consultative Workshop on the Project Loan Feasibility Study

15 13 May 2010 Consultative Workshop on the Project Loan Feasibility Study 16 17 May 2010 Consultation with Mr. Amit Pradhan, Communication Officer,

IUCN, Nepal 252 In addition, the TA 4893-NEP Resettlement Team undertook a survey of 219 households (including squatters and encroachers, businesses and shops) in the Distribution Network Improvement (DNI) pilot area to obtain further information on community water sector needs. Results of the survey are included in the Resettlement Plan.

253 Consultations (Annex 10) have been made with the UNESCO office in Kathmandu who advised the Project to “...make necessary coordination with the Department of Archaeology throughout the initial planning to implementation stages. The Ancient Monument Preservation Act for the Protected Monument Zones would be the basis for the safeguard activities within the Protected Monument Zones (Annex 12)”.

254 Mr. Bhim Prasad Nepal, the Chief of the National Archives, the Department of Archaeology, who was involved in the drafting of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2049 (1989), considered that an Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) would not be necessary for the Project since all works would be done in the existing public roads. However, an application should be made by KUKL/PID to the Department of Archaeology with detailed drawings of the proposed work according to the prescribed format (Annex 12) for obtaining permission to proceed.



255 Consultations were held with Mr. Manoj Kumar Shah, Assistant Warden, Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park for the rehabilitation of the existing 80 year old reservoir, laying of 800 mm pipe, Mr Shah mentioned that the procedure would be for KUKL/PID to write to the Warden of the Park with the detailed drawings for permission. The warden will send his comments to the Department of National Parks and Wildlife and KUKL/PID will have to follow it up with the Department who will issue the permit.

256 Consultation was held with Mr. Amit Pradhan, Communication Officer, IUCN, Nepal and he advised that the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation is the authority to give permissions for construction works within the national parks. G. GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM

257 The Grievance Redress Mechanism as proposed in the Resettlement Plan is also relevant here. The Safeguards Unit of PID will be responsible to address the issues and problems raised by the local communities regarding the loss of assets, water and sanitation etc. during the implementation of the project. The PID Safeguards Unit shall ask the Resettlement / Social Development and Environment Specialist of the Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) to assist in the handling of grievances and the community level stakeholders should be encouraged to help in the handling of grievances at the project sites. Grievance resolution procedure 258 As shown in the Grievance Redress Mechanism (Figure 5) the affected person / community will submit grievances / complaints to the Local Consultative Group (LCG). The LCG will try to solve the grievance at the project level. If the grievance cannot be solved at the project level, LCG will submit it to the Safeguards Unit/PID. The Safeguards Unit/PID with the assistance of the Resettlement, and Environment Specialist will help in resolving the grievance. If the grievances cannot be solved by the Safeguards Unit/PID, it will be referred to the Managing Director of PID. If the grievance cannot be resolved by the Managing Director, it will be referred to the KUKL Board of Directors. The proposed grievance redress procedure will be as follows:

Collect grievances/complaints from the affected persons/community. LCG will resolve the grievances at the project level and if it cannot, it will be referred

to PID for resolution; The Safeguards Unit/PID and DSC will make field visits to verify the grievances. The grievances will be assessed and if required solutions will be recommended. If

the grievances are not resolved, they will be referred to PD, PID; If the grievances still cannot be resolved, PD/PID will refer them to the Board of

Directors, KUKL. 259 A Local Consultative Group will be formed representing the whole subproject area. The LCG will be represented by persons from the Kathmandu Metropolis, the KUKL branch office, PID, women‟s groups, local water user‟s committee/group, etc. The LCG‟s role will be very crucial during the planning and implementation of project activities. The group will look into the following matters: During planning and management 260 The LCG will be consulted during construction works and informed about the modality of project implementation. Their views will be considered in every stage of project implementation.



During implementation 261 LCG will:

observe/monitor the works carried out by the contractor;. participate in the workshops/consultations organized by PID before and during

project implementation; and. participate in grievance resolution procedures.

Figure 5: Grievance Redress Mechanism

KUKL Board of Directors

Project Implementation Directorate (PID

Grievances/Complaints Redress grievances

Local Consultative Group

AFFECTED PERSONS/ COMMUNITIES

Technical Division

Safeguards Unit Resettlement/Social,

Environment Specialists, Legal

Officer

Design Supervision Consultant (Social/Resettlement

Environment Specialist)



H. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

262 The basic objectives of the EMP are to:

to ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements will actually be carried out at different stages of project implementation and operation - pre-construction, construction and operation and maintenance;

recommend a plan of action and a means of testing the plan to meet existing and projected environmental problems;

establish the roles and responsibilities of all parties involved in the project‟s environmental management;

describe mitigation measures that shall be implemented to avoid or mitigate adverse environmental impacts and maximizing the positive ones;

ensure implementation of recommended actions aimed at environmental management and its enhancement; and

ensure that the environment and its surrounding areas are protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, other stakeholders and safeguard the interests of the common people.

263 A Safeguards Unit within the Project Implementation Directorate (PID) should be established and be headed by a Senior Environmental Engineer with adequate support staff.

264 EMP Consultants as proposed in the Environmental Management Plan of the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation (Subproject-2) by PMU/KUKL (April 2009) to assist KVWSMB/KUKL for effectively carrying out the Environmental Management Plan during the construction of the Project would not be necessary. It is suggested that the Loan 1820-NEP Subproject-2 Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC) employ a full time environmental engineer/specialist to carry out the EMP. The TOR of the Environment Specialist is annexed (Annex 9).

1. Mitigation and monitoring

265 Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures have been dealt in detail in Section D and Tables 16 and 17.

266 A detailed self-explanatory environmental monitoring program is presented in Tables 22 and 23. The Table lists the environmental impact, its mitigating measures; the parameters to be monitored (including location, measurement and frequency) and the cost. The program will evaluate: (i) the extent and severity of the adverse environmental impacts as compared to what was predicted, (ii) how effective the mitigating measures were and compliance with the regulations and the (iii) overall effectiveness of the EMP.

267 The environmental monitoring of the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement Project includes field supervision and reporting of project activities prior to and during the project construction and operation in order to ensure that the works are being carried out in accordance to the approved design and that the environmental mitigation measures are fully implemented in accordance with the EMP. To help timely identification of the actions needed for correction, a system of monitoring (Figure 6) has been proposed involving i) front line monitoring ii) monitoring by the government line agencies or independent monitors and iii) auditing through the involvement of government agencies, donor agencies and independent auditors. The following monitoring mechanism has been proposed (EMP, April 2009, PMU/KUKL):



Table 22: Monitoring Requirements (Water Supply)

Impacts / Project Activities

Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost

Design Phase

1. Soil erosion and slope instability

Incorporate drainage system in final design

Review if, detailed drainage systems with plans have been designed

Design document, Technical specifications

None DSC/KUKL/PID and experts as required

Twice (once after first draft and once before final approval)

DSC cost

Incorporation of measures to stabilize unstable areas

Review if measures to stabilize unstable areas have been incorporated in the design




DSC cost

Incorporate suitable measures and sites for handling excessive spoil materials

Review if provisions for proper disposal of excess materials have in incorporated in the design Review suggested sites




DSC cost

2. Vegetation clearance Develop design which requires minimum vegetation clearance

Review if minimal clearance of vegetation with alternatives has been considered.



Once before final approval

DSC cost

3. Design for sludge disposal

Incorporation of sludge reduction measures in design and identify feasible disposal sites

Review if designs for sludge management have been made and the suggested disposal sites.




DSC cost

3. Health and safety of community and workers


Review information for errors and quality

Notes and sketches None DSC/KUKL/PID and experts as required


DSC cost

Pre-Construction Activities

1. Delineating of Project area

Delineate project land and prepare the list of project affected people (squatters) and resources

Review records of loss of private properties, affected people and resources and cost implications

All the project sites Area of land, number of affected people , houses and resources and total costs

KVWSMB/KUKL/PID Once Not available

2. Acquisition Compensation Resettlement

Prepare RP Notify the people Provide compensation

Implement RP

Number of SPAF and PAF

Compensation payment

Resettlement and rehabilitation -based on RP

All the 5 reservoir sites See if all payments and arrangements have been made to the satisfaction of the squatters.

KVWSMB/KUKL/PID As required Not available

4. Approval of Prepare the details of Details of acquisition needs Approval from DSC Project Office/Site Office See if contracts have been KVWSMB/KUKL/PID Once None




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost temporary site contractor‟s temporary

land use and other private properties and discuss with owners Submit to DSC Follow RP for temporary acquisition

Compensation based on RP signed with the land owners to their satisfaction

5. Permits and Approval Consult with the people/VDCs/and other committees and obtain required permits and approval and Agreement for (i) temporary acquisition of land and properties (ii) disruption of water supply, (iv) working in uninhabitated Forest Department Land, national parks and heritage sites, and (v) cutting trees

Letters of Approval, Permits and submitted to DSC for information /action

Project Office/Site Office

Whether approvals have been received from authorities

KUKL/PID/DSC/Contractors

Once

None

6. Pegging of project area

Pegging of all constructions site and labor camp

Maintain records of trees and other properties likely to be affected

Correct pegging according to design

Records of vegetation and other properties maintained

Project site Demarcation done Contractors and DSC Once Contractor cost

7. Public consultation and awareness programs

Make the stakeholders feel they are part of the project and it belongs to them.

Arrange meetings, workshops and group discussions to disseminate project final plans and activities

Project sites No. of meetings, awareness programs held KUKL/PID/DSC As required

throughout the Project duration

PID cost ($ 600,000)

8. Workforce camps Establish workforce camps with sanitary amenities at designated sites only

Ensure workforce camps are established within designed area with sanitary facilities and first aid facilities

Project site Visual inspections of wastewater disposal, solid waste management, noise and air pollution, health of workforce, potable drinking water, kerosene availability

Contractors and DSC Monthly Contractor‟s cost




Monitoring Plan


9. Job opportunity Employ local people (not under age 14) especially SPAF, PAF and women in jobs Settle wage rate based on DWEC and provide the list of employees to DSC

Number of SPAF, PAF, local persons employed, number of under-aged people employed. Whether the wage rate is at par with DWEC

Project site List of employees (SPAF, PAF, local people), age of employees, wages

Contractor and DSC During construction every month

None


1.Change in Hydrology and Morphology of streams and rivers


Ensure that irrigation canals are not blocked due to construction activities. Ensure that existing flows of stone spouts are not disturbed due to construction activities.

Cross sections of river before construction and during construction upstream (at the quarry site, upstream and downstream) and river discharge

Visual inspection, discussion with locals, discharge measurements before and during construction

Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur along the construction lengths

Cross-section of river, discharge

Discharges before and during construction

DSC/Contractors

During construction every month

Regularly

Contractor‟s costs

2. Soil erosion and slope stabilization

1a. Separate stockpiling of topsoil for further use; spoil disposal at designated and stabilized sites; excavated areas‟ backfill to be compacted and include replacement of topsoil; adopt cut and fill approach; avoid work during the rainy season as much as possible; mulching to stabilize exposed areas; use bioengineering techniques (e.g. re-vegetating areas promptly); provide channels and ditches for post-construction flows;

Cut and fill balance

Drainages systems

Stockpiling of top soil for its re-use

Bio-engineering measures

Management of excessive spoil materials

Project Site

Visual inspections and the local people‟s views if excavation and other site works have caused soil erosion; proper stockpiling of excavated soils have been done or not; whether spoils have been disposed in approved areas or not and whether the contractor has taken mitigation measures or not..

Contractor/DSC

During construction

(Daily/ Weekly)

Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost lining of steep channels and slopes (e.g. use of jute matting); prevent off-site sediment transport using settlement ponds, silt fences. 1b. Use of settling basins at reservoir sites; use of straw for filtering of small discharges; routine inspection and monitoring of larger discharges to water courses. 1c. Use of temporary bunds; use of catchment basins below steep reservoir sites. 1d. Construction to be done in the dry season only; use of river diversions with bundings; pile driving and foundations at pipe bridge sites to be bunded off from river.

1e. Local wells and springs to be bunded from temporary spoil dumps; local wells and spring fed spouts or kuwas to be monitored particularly downhill of reservoir excavations plus temporary supply provided if flow is affected; permeable base and side backfill required at deeply excavated reservoir sites or an alternate source of drinking water provided at the existing location.




Monitoring Plan


3. Water pollution Avoid camping facilities within the drainage area.

Provide designated areas with collection bins for wastes.

Provide toilet facilities and prohibit open defecation in open areas.

Storage of construction aggregates, hazardous, and toxic materials in safe areas and proper disposal of chemical containers, packaging materials, plastic bags etc.

Prohibit washing of vehicles next to rivers and streams.

Provide training to workforce on safe handling of toxic materials and OHS measures during construction.

Water quality and health status of workers before and during construction.

Streams and rivers of project site

Baseline water quality of receiving water (complete physical, chemical and bacteriological tests). Health of workers in camp.

KUKL/PID/Contractor/ DSC

Once in a month

Contractor‟s cost




Monitoring Plan


4. Effect in Air Quality Dust suppression on roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals. Cover earth stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags. Routine monitoring of dust (TSP). Limit vehicle speed. See that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS. Regular maintenance of vehicles. Provide proper ventilation in confined working areas.

Air quality analysis Implementation of dust control procedures Vehicle maintenance records; renewal of “green stickers”.

Project location Project location Project location

PM10, SPM Visual inspection if water is sprinkled or not. Check maintenance records and “green stickers”.

Contractor/ DSC Contractor/ DSC Contractor/DSC

During construction/ every week During Construction/ every day Before construction and during construction(half yearly)

Contractor‟s cost

5. Noise Level and vibration

Monitoring of noise levels regularly at site.

Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise.

Limit the speed s of vehicles.

Ban the use of power horns in vehicles.

Regular maintenance of equipment.

Prohibit the operation of crushing plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM. Compensate the damages caused by vibrations.

Baseline noise level Adoption of noise level control measures as specified Photographs of buildings before construction; photographs of cracks during construction

Project Site Project Site Project Site

Sound level (dBA); feedback from nearby residents.

Contractor/ DSC KUKL/Contractor/ DSC KUKL/PID Contractor /DSC

Every week Before and During Construction

Contractor cost PID cost

6. Solid Waste Problem Store all materials, toxic, non-toxic and hazardous materials in safe place (warehouse).

Production and management of solid waste

Project site Check amount of solid waste generated and if solid waste management is carried out efficiently.

KUKL/Contractor/ DSC During the construction period

Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan


Collect, segregate and dispose waste at designated areas


1. Vegetation Clearance

Prohibit the use of fuelwood and timber collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to workforce. Stockpile the felled trees and take permission from concerned authority for its use Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree.

Cutting of only the specified and marked trees; use of timber and wood; availability of LPG/kerosene; trade on NTFPs; plantation @ 25 tree saplings per cut tree

Project Site

Check records of trees cut and planted; whether LPG/kerosene is available in camp sites.

Contractor/DSC

Regularly None except for the cost of planting saplings and to be nurtured for 5 years (@$ 600 per tree)

Construction Phase: Socio-economy

1. Compensation to affected people

Avoid involuntary displacement. Provide employment opportunity to the affected people. Provide all possible assistance to the displaced people until they are settled. Provide disturbance and rehabilitation costs. Resettlement according to agreed Entitlements Policy and RP. Arrangement of a “grievance redress committee”. Protect

Compensation and Rehabilitation measures as specified implemented or not.

Employment of affected people.

Project Site Project Site

Check records of payments and discuss with affected people. Verify record of employment.

KVWSMB/KUKL / PID/Contractor /DSC/Grievance redress committee

As required

KVWSMB cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost traditional rights of locals. Compensate for any loss of crops, trees and other natural resources. Establish technical committee to assess compensation for damages caused by vibration. Temporary sites should be restored to natural or stable conditions as per agreement with land owner. Exposed areas of temporary sites planted with endemic vegetation. Proponent report in writing that temporary areas have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works.

Construction sites utilized.

Project site

Visual inspection of restored sites and reaction of the local people/landowner as to whether satisfactorily done or not.

KVWSMB/KUKL / PID/Contractor /DSC

End of construction/leasehold

Contractor cost

2. Reinstatement of damaged infrastructures and services


Reinstatement of damaged infrastructures

Project Site Field observation to visually assess if disturbed community assets are reinstated.

KUKL/ PID/Contractor /DSC/

Once construction in the area is over.

Contractor cost

3. Crime and community stress

Prohibit gambling and alcohol consumption in camp sites. Instruct the outside workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights etc. Provide security in camps.

Situation of social disharmony

Awareness program

Project Location Crime records and causes; camp issues; enforcement of remedies; security situation in camps.

Contractor /DSC Once a month None

4 Health and hygiene Provide regular health The use of safety equipment by Project Site Health records; records of Contractor/ KUKL/ Every week Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, training in community health and safety, OHS measures, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards. Make available first aid kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites.

workforce

The provision of health measures and training

Awareness program

Signs and posters

Compensation for health

outbreak of diseases; maintenance of health clinic; health complaints; number of awareness programs launched; number of persons trained.

KVWSMB/DSC

5. Archaeological and cultural heritage sites

a. Protect archaeological and cultural heritage sites In case of relocation, consult local community

b. inform the Chief District Officer who has to report the findings in writing to the Department of Archaeology within 35 days, according to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 and Rules, 1989.

c. Use manual labour for digging trenches and avoid heavy equipment

Protection of cultural heritage sites

Involvement of local people

Project site Field observation of archaeological and cultural sites and number of chance finds to proper authorities.

Contractor/SE/ KVWSMB/KUKL/DSC

Every month Contractor cost

6. Demolition Remove all unnecessary structures and reinstate the area to its original condition

Removal of temporary facilities

Reinstall to original condition

Project site Visual field observation and feedback from the locals.

Contractor/ KUKL/PID/DSC Once after completion of construction

Contractor cost

7. Traffic Management Develop a traffic plan to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public

Working schedules and traffic plans. Information about construction schedule to the local people

Project site Visual observation of traffic; complaints from travelers and locals; existence of signage and effectiveness

Contractor/DSC Every week Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost notification of construction activities, schedule, routing, and affected areas including road closures via VDCs. Erect signage in Nepali and English languages. Use of steel plates or other temporary across trench facilities in key areas such as foot trails or livestock routes; arrange for pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas. Arrange for night-time construction for activities in congested/ heavy day-time traffic areas.

Undertake trench closure and facitilate rehabilitation as quickly as feasible.

of speed control and diversion measures.

Operation Phase Quality and quantity of drinking water supplies

Treatment (including chlorination) of water before distribution. Water quality checks to be done regularly and residual chlorine to be checked daily at taps. Regular inspection of pipes for leakage and maintenance; implement a leak detection and repair program.

Quality of potable water supplied

Reservoirs, Distribution Network, and public standposts

Residual chlorine, turbidity, colour, odour, pH

KUKL

Daily.

KUKL cost

Pipe flushing

Discharge flush water into municipal storm water drain; minimize erosion of erosion-prone areas.

That flush water is discharged into the storm water drain and does not cause erosion.

At flushing points along the pipelines

Visual observation

KUKL

As and when required

KUKL cost

Health and safety Provide trainings to workers on OHS

Number of trainings given Plant sites Quizzes and interviews KUKL Once a month KuKL cost



Table 23: Monitoring Requirements (Wastewater)


Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost Design Phase

1. Soil erosion and slope instability

Incorporate drainage system in final design

Review if detailed drainage systems with plans have been designed




DSC cost

Incorporation of measures to stabilize unstable areas

Review if measures to stabilize unstable areas have been incorporated in the design




DSC cost

Incorporate suitable measures and sites for handling excessive spoil materials

Review if provisions for proper disposal of excess materials have in incorporated in the design Review suggested sites




DSC cost

2. Vegetation clearance Develop design which requires minimum vegetation clearance

Review if minimal clearance of vegetation with alternatives has been considered.



Once before final approval

DSC cost

3. Design for sludge disposal

Incorporation of sludge reduction measures in design and identify feasible disposal sites; prepare sludge management plan; formulate a Sludge Management Plan (acceptance of collected septage as additional loading (quantity and quality) of the septage to be considered in design parameters)

Review if designs for sludge management have been made and the suggested disposal sites. Design parameters for extra loading from septage


None Design considerations

DSC/KUKL/PID and experts as required DSC/KUKL/PID and experts as required

Twice (once after first draft and once before final approval) Twice (once after first draft and once before final approval)

DSC cost

Health and safety of community and workers


Review information for errors and quality

Notes and sketches None DSC/KUKL/PID and experts as required


DSC cost

Solid waste increases debris in sewers

Provide and test the efficiency of the imported Continuous Deflective Separators (CDS)

Influent and effluent characteristics of the CDS

Before the inlet to the WWTP

Visual inspection DSC/KUKL/PID and experts as required

Once a week KUKL cost




Monitoring Plan


Treatment plant efficiency Provide O&M manuals in Nepali with sketches

Provision of O&M manuals Treatment Plants Inspection DSC/KUKL/PID Twice (once after first draft and once before final approval)

DSC Cost

Pre-Construction Activities 1. Delineating of Project area

Delineate project land and prepare the list of project affected people (squatters) and resources

Review records of loss of private properties, affected people and resources and cost implications

All the project sites Area of land, number of affected people , houses and resources and total costs

KVWSMB/KUKL/PID Once Not available

2. Acquisition Compensation Resettlement

Prepare RP Notify the people Provide compensation Implement RP

Number of SPAF and PAF Compensation payment Resettlement and rehabilitation -based on RP

All the 5 reservoir sites See if all payments and arrangements have been made to the satisfaction of the squatters.

KVWSMB/KUKL/PID As required Not available

4. Approval of temporary site

Prepare the details of contractor‟s temporary land use and other private properties and discuss with owners Submit to DSC Follow RP for temporary acquisition

Details of acquisition needs Approval from DSC Compensation based on RP

Project Office/Site Office See if contracts have been signed with the land owners to their satisfaction

KVWSMB/KUKL/PID Once None

5. Permits and Approval Consult with the people/VDCs/and other committees and obtain required permits and approval and Agreement for (i) temporary acquisition of land and properties (ii) disruption of water supply, (iv) working in uninhabitated Forest Department Land, national parks and heritage sites, and (v) cutting trees

Letters of Approval, Permits and submitted to DSC for information /action

Project Office/Site Office

Whether approvals have been received from authorities

KUKL/PID/DSC/Contractors

Once

None

6. Pegging of project area

Pegging of all constructions site and labor camp Maintain records of trees and other properties likely to be affected

Correct pegging according to design Records of vegetation and other properties maintained

Project site Demarcation done Contractors and DSC Once Contractor cost

7. Public consultation

Make the stakeholders feel they are part of the

Arrange meetings, workshops and group discussions to

Project sites No. of meetings, awareness programs held

KUKL/PID/DSC As required throughout the Project

PID cost ($ 600,000)




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost and awareness programs

project and it belongs to them.

disseminate project final plans and activities

duration

8. Workforce camps Establish workforce camps with sanitary amenities at designated sites only

Ensure workforce camps are established within designed area with sanitary facilities and first aid facilities

Project site Visual inspections of wastewater disposal, solid waste management, noise and air pollution, health of workforce, potable drinking water, kerosene availability

Contractors and DSC Monthly Contractor‟s cost

9. Job opportunity Employ local people (not under age 14) especially SPAF, PAF and women in jobs Settle wage rate based on DWEC and provide the list of employees to DSC

Number of SPAF, PAF, local persons employed, number of under-aged people employed. Whether the wage rate is at par with DWEC

Project site List of employees (SPAF, PAF, local people), age of employees, wages

Contractor and DSC During construction every month

None


1.Change in Hydrology and Morphology of streams and rivers

Quarrying/mining activities in river/streams for extraction of construction materials shall not be done so as to change the river cross sections and longitudinal profiles. Ensure that irrigation canals are not blocked due to construction activities. Ensure that existing flows of stone spouts are not disturbed due to construction activities.

Cross sections of river before construction and during construction upstream (at the quarry site, upstream and downstream) and river discharge Visual inspection, discussion with locals, discharge measurements before and during construction

Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur along the construction lengths

Cross-section of river, discharge Discharges before and during construction

DSC/Contractors

During construction every month Regularly

Contractor‟s costs

2. Soil erosion and slope stabilization

1a. Separate stockpiling of topsoil for further use; spoil disposal at designated and stabilized sites; excavated areas‟ backfill to be compacted and include replacement of topsoil; adopt cut and fill approach; avoid work during the rainy season as much as possible; mulching to stabilize

Cut and fill balance Drainages systems Stockpiling of top soil for its re-use Bio-engineering measures Management of excessive spoil materials

Project Site

Visual inspections and the local people‟s views if excavation and other site works have caused soil erosion; proper stockpiling of excavated soils have been done or not; whether spoils have been disposed in approved areas or not and whether the contractor has taken mitigation

Contractor/DSC

During construction (Daily/ Weekly)

Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost exposed areas; use bioengineering techniques (e.g. re-vegetating areas promptly); provide channels and ditches for post-construction flows; lining of steep channels and slopes (e.g. use of jute matting); prevent off-site sediment transport using settlement ponds, silt fences. 1b. Use of settling basins at reservoir sites; use of straw for filtering of small discharges; routine inspection and monitoring of larger discharges to water courses. 1c. Use of temporary bunds; use of catchment basins below steep reservoir sites. 1d. Construction to be done in the dry season only; use of river diversions with bundings; pile driving and foundations at pipe bridge sites to be bunded off from river. 1e. Local wells and springs to be bunded from temporary spoil dumps; local wells and spring fed spouts or kuwas to be monitored particularly downhill of reservoir excavations plus temporary supply provided if flow is affected; permeable base and side backfill required at deeply excavated reservoir sites or an alternate source of

measures or not..




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost drinking water provided at the existing location.

3. Water pollution Avoid camping facilities within the drainage area. Provide designated areas with collection bins for wastes. Provide toilet facilities and prohibit open defecation in open areas. Storage of construction aggregates, hazardous, and toxic materials in safe areas and proper disposal of chemical containers, packaging materials, plastic bags etc. Prohibit washing of vehicles next to rivers and streams. Provide training to workforce on safe handling of toxic materials and OHS measures during construction.

Water quality and health status of workers before and during construction.

Streams and rivers of project site

Baseline water quality of receiving water (complete physical, chemical and bacteriological tests). Health of workers in camp.

KUKL/PID/Contractor/ DSC

Once in a month

Contractor‟s cost




Monitoring Plan


4. Effect in Air Quality Dust suppression on roads or at open sites by sprinkling water as required at regular intervals. Cover earth stockpiles using plastic sheets or cement jute bags. Routine monitoring of dust (TSP). Limit vehicle speed. See that vehicles comply with the National Vehicle Mass Emission Standards, 2056 BS. Regular maintenance of vehicles. Provide proper ventilation in confined working areas.

Air quality analysis Implementation of dust control procedures Vehicle maintenance records; renewal of “green stickers”.

Project location Project location Project location

PM10, SPM Visual inspection if water is sprinkled or not. Check maintenance records and “green stickers”.

Contractor/ DSC Contractor/ DSC Contractor/DSC

During construction/ every week During Construction/ every day Before construction and during construction(half yearly)

Contractor‟s cost

5. Noise Level and vibration

Monitoring of noise levels regularly at site. Fit mufflers in vehicles to control noise. Limit the speed s of vehicles. Ban the use of power horns in vehicles. Regular maintenance of equipment. Prohibit the operation of crushing plants and construction vehicles between 7 PM to 6 AM. Compensate the damages caused by vibrations.

Baseline noise level Adoption of noise level control measures as specified Photographs of buildings before construction; photographs of cracks during construction

Project Site Project Site Project Site

Sound level (dBA); feedback from nearby residents.

Contractor/ DSC KUKL/Contractor/ DSC KUKL/PID Contractor /DSC

Every week Before and During Construction

Contractor cost

PID cost

6. Solid Waste Problem Store all materials, toxic, non-toxic and hazardous materials in safe place (warehouse). Collect, segregate and dispose waste at designated areas

Production and management of solid waste

Project site Check amount of solid waste generated and if solid waste management is carried out efficiently.

KUKL/Contractor/ DSC During the construction period

Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan


Construction Phase: Biological Environment 1. Vegetation Clearance

Prohibit the use of fuelwood and timber collection. Prohibit illegal collection of NTFPs and trade. Provide LPG/kerosene to workforce. Stockpile the felled trees and take permission from concerned authority for its use Plant and rear tree saplings at the rate of 25 saplings for each felled tree.

Cutting of only the specified and marked trees; use of timber and wood; availability of LPG/kerosene; trade on NTFPs; plantation @ 25 tree saplings per cut tree

Project Site

Check records of trees cut and planted; whether LPG/kerosene is available in camp sites.

Contractor/DSC

Regularly None except for the cost of planting saplings and to be nurtured for 5 years (@$ 600 per tree)

Construction Phase: Socio-economy

1. Compensation to affected people

Avoid involuntary displacement. Provide employment opportunity to the affected people. Provide all possible assistance to the displaced people until they are settled. Provide disturbance and rehabilitation costs. Resettlement according to agreed Entitlements Policy and RP. Arrangement of a “grievance redress committee”. Protect traditional rights of locals. Compensate for any loss of crops, trees and other natural resources. Establish technical committee to assess compensation for damages caused by vibration. Temporary sites should be restored to natural or

Compensation and Rehabilitation measures as specified implemented or not. Employment of affected people. Construction sites utilized.

Project Site Project Site Project site

Check records of payments and discuss with affected people. Verify record of employment. Visual inspection of restored sites and reaction

KVWSMB/KUKL / PID/Contractor /DSC/Grievance redress committee KVWSMB/KUKL / PID/Contractor /DSC

As required End of construction/leasehold

KVWSMB cost Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost stable conditions as per agreement with land owner. Exposed areas of temporary sites planted with endemic vegetation. Proponent report in writing that temporary areas have been vacated and restored to pre-project conditions before acceptance of the works.

of the local people/landowner as to whether satisfactorily done or not.

2. Reinstatement of damaged infrastructures and services


Reinstatement of damaged infrastructures

Project Site Field observation to visually assess if disturbed community assets are reinstated.

KUKL/ PID/Contractor /DSC/

Once construction in the area is over.

Contractor cost

3. Crime and community stress

Prohibit gambling and alcohol consumption in camp sites. Instruct the outside workforce to respect the local cultures, traditions, rights etc. Provide security in camps

Situation of social disharmony Awareness program

Project Location Crime records and causes; camp issues; enforcement of remedies; security situation in camps.

Contractor /DSC Once a month None

4 Health and hygiene Provide regular health checkups, proper sanitation and hygiene, training in community health and safety, OHS measures, health care, and control of epidemic diseases to the workforce. Launch awareness programs concerning human trafficking and the possibility of spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS using brochures, posters, and signboards. Make available first aid

The use of safety equipment by workforce The provision of health measures and training Awareness program Signs and posters Compensation for health

Project Site Health records; records of outbreak of diseases; maintenance of health clinic; health complaints; number of awareness programs launched; number of persons trained.

Contractor/ KUKL/ KVWSMB/DSC

Every week Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost kits, ambulance and fire extinguishers in camp sites.

5. Archaeological and cultural heritage sites

a. Protect archaeological and cultural heritage sites In case of relocation, consult local community b. inform the Chief District Officer who has to report the findings in writing to the Department of Archaeology within 35 days, according to the Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 and Rules, 1989. c. Use manual labour for digging trenches and avoid heavy equipment

Protection of cultural heritage sites Involvement of local people

Project site Field observation of archaeological and cultural sites and number of chance finds to proper authorities.

Contractor/SE/ KVWSMB/KUKL/DSC

Every month Contractor cost

6. Demolition Remove all unnecessary structures and reinstate the area to its original condition

Removal of temporary facilities Reinstall to original condition

Project site Visual field observation and feedback from the locals.

Contractor/ KUKL/PID/DSC Once after completion of construction

Contractor cost

7. Traffic Management Develop a traffic plan to minimize traffic flow interference from construction activities. Advance local public notification of construction activities, schedule, routing, and affected areas including road closures via VDCs. Erect signage in Nepali and English languages. Use of steel plates or other temporary across trench facilities in key areas such as foot trails or livestock routes; arrange for pedestrian access and sidewalks and parking areas. Arrange for night-time

Working schedules and traffic plans. Information about construction schedule to the local people

Project site Visual observation of traffic; complaints from travelers and locals; existence of signage and effectiveness of speed control and diversion measures.

Contractor/DSC Every week Contractor cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost construction for activities in congested/ heavy day-time traffic areas. Undertake trench closure and facitilate rehabilitation as quickly as feasible.

Operation Phase

Discharge of industrial wastes to WW treatment System

Train workers in OHS hazards and provide PPE; monitor illegal discharge of industrial wastes to the system and enforce strict regulations in coordination with the Ministry of Environment.

Observation

Nearby Industries

Visual observation

KUKL/MOE

Once a month

KUKL cost

Sludge disposal

Dispose sludge at designated areas; impervious clay liners or geo-fabrics to be used on the bottom of the sludge bed; implement OHS plan; proper (covered) transportation systems to be provided for septage; regular O&M (and lime spreading on the drying beds; provide a buffer zone around the sludge drying bed; provide proper drainage to avoid flooding

Monitor groundwater and water quality of nearby streams; odour.

Project sites

Visual observation (e,g. smell, aesthetics); DO, COD, pH of nearby streams and wells.

KUKL

Once a month

KUKL cost

Wastewater release

Treat wastewater to meet the effluent standards before releasing it to natural surface sources; regular monitoring the quality of the treated wastewater and that of the receiving water.

Quality of treated waste water that will be released to River

At the site and downstream of waste water release

Influent BOD/COD, pH; effluent BOD/COD, pH

KUKL Regularly during operation

KUKL cost

Overflow flooding

Careful design and operation of wastewater system; provide stand-by generators for

Standby generators in operating conditions with sufficient fuel.

Treatment plants Visual observation

KUKL Once a month

KUKL cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost pumping stations. To ensure proper O&M, training of operators to be provided for regular inspection, cleaning and maintenance of plant and sewers.

Trainings conducted

View training records

Once a year

Sewer cleaning

KUKL to ensure operation and maintenance staff of sewerage system are fully aware of the hazards in running the system by training of operation and maintenance staff in hygiene procedures to avoid infection from wastewater and sludge handling and health and safety procedures against exposure to hazardous gases; workers to be inoculated against infectious diseases and kept under medical supervision; emergency procedures to be developed by KUKL; protective clothing to sewer cleaning workers.

Trainings provided Medical records of workers Visual observation whether protective clothings are used

Along sewer cleaning points (manholes)

Visual Observation

KUKL

Once a month

KUKL cost

Sewer line system operation

Workers / operators likely to be working in sewers and confined spaces to be provided safety equipment / gas detectors with awareness and safety training. Explosive gases generated in the sewage treatment process (e.g. methane /

Availability of safety equipment and protective clothing and provision of safety training

Treatment plants Visual observation and checks; review of complaints and actions taken

KUKL Once a month KUKL cost




Monitoring Plan

Environmental Impact Mitigating Measures Parameters to be monitored Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost carbon monoxide) to be collected and either flared or used for power generation. Fire extinguishers and training to be provided. Workers who come in contact with raw or partially treated sewage and sludge to be provided with protective wear (e.g. gum boots, gloves and face masks). Provision of sufficient O&M staff and equipment for cleaning; system to register public complaints (Grievance Redress Mechanism) and urgent clearance of system blockages.

O&M Staff availability; and existence of Grievance Redress Mechanism

Health and safety Provide trainings to workers on OHS

Number of trainings given Plant sites Quizzes and interviews KUKL Once a month KuKL cost



KVWSMB and KUKL have been established. The Safeguards Unit of the Project should report the Environmental Monitoring results of project implementation to KVWSMB and KUKL through PID.

Monthly progress reports on EMP implementation should be submitted to PID, and ADB. The Senior Environmental Engineer of the Safeguards Unit should oversee the

environmental monitoring activities undertaken by DSC. PID should be routinely informed on the status of the EMP implementation. The DSC Environmental Engineer/Specialist should carry out monitoring of the EMP

components and parameters as specified in the EMP TOR which should be made available to DSC, and produce a monitoring report, which should be included in the monthly progress report.

DSC should prepare a monthly EMP monitoring report and should submit to KVWSMB and PID/KUKL, and

The Construction Contractor is responsible for implementing the approved Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan; and prepare a monthly progress report and submit it to KVWSMB and PID/KUKL through DSC.

268 Construction and operation phase monitoring of the mitigating measures will mainly consider the following impacts due to:

269 Construction Phase: Soil erosion, sedimentation and slope stabilization; spoil-tip protection and management; stock taking of species of urban vegetation during vegetation clearance along pipeline alignments and re-plantation; change in hydrology and morphology of streams and rivers; water, air and noise (vibration) pollution; solid waste; land intake and compensation; reinstatement of damaged structures and services; crime and community stress; health, safety and sanitation of the work force and camps; archaeological and cultural sites and chance finds; and traffic management.

270 Operation Phase: Discharge of industrial wastes to wastewater treatment systems; wastewater treatment operations; sludge disposal; quality of drinking water supplies; pipe flushing and wastewater release to receiving waters.

271 Some of the baseline monitoring surveys (to be done by DSC) that are required before the construction starts so as to compare them to that during and after the construction works are:

Monitoring of Air Quality and Noise Level of the Project: Monitoring of air quality and noise levels (including vibrations) should be conducted before and during the rehabilitation and construction of water supply pipes and sewers and documented in the monthly EMP progress reports.

Water Quality Analysis of the Bagmati, Manohara and other rivers at different locations: The project construction activities add to the pollution of the rivers. Water quality at different locations should be analyzed according to the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards and Guidelines in order to examine the physical, chemical and biological quality of the water on a weekly and monthly basis and should be documented in the monthly EMP progress report.

Monitoring of springs, spouts and other water sources of the Kathmandu Valley: Kathmandu Valley has several, water spouts, springs, drinking water supply and wells at various places being used daily by the urban people. Some of them have already dried up because of the severe encroachments and some of them are still functioning and serving the local people as sources of water. During rehabilitation and installation of new pipelines, the existing spouts and other water sources may be disturbed. In order to examine the



continuity of the flow of the spouts and springs of Kathmandu Valley during the dry season, they should be monitored and information included in the monthly progress report.

a. Environmental Procedures and Institutions

272 The Ministry of Environment (MOE) is in charge of environmental control and management for all sector agencies. The Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW) has the overall responsibility for environmental monitoring of all water supply and sewerage projects. In case of an EIA, it has to be finally approved by MOE. In case of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE), the final approval lies with MPPW.

273 There is a provision for 75 Environmental Inspectors (one for each district) in the Environmental Protection Act (1997). However, there are at present only 4 Environmental Inspectors in the Ministry, who, due to lack of resources and equipment have not been able to monitor the adverse impacts of projects on the environment. An organisation and management Task Force has been formed to look into the creation of a Department of Environment and the report of the Task Force is awaited. After the report is submitted, it will have to be endorsed by the Cabinet before it becomes effective. Only then will the 75 Environmental Inspectors be hired and the Department of Environment established with laboratory equipment etc. (Personal Communication, Mr. Tandukar, Chief Administrator, MOE, 28 February 2010).

274 Some clearances are required to be taken before the Project commences:

In the forest regulations, if the project “will result in clear cutting of national forest” or “falls within protected area”. The Forest Act, 1993 Article 68 mentions that in order to implement any project with “priority status” and “with no other alternatives than to use the forest”, “only in such situation and conditioned that there will not be any adverse environmental effect by implementing such schemes”, the Government of Nepal may give permission to use some part of forest (organized forest/conserved forest/community forest/lease hold forest) to implement such projects. The Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation (2009) also requires that all the costs related to the clearing off the forest, its transportation to the approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself. It is mandatory to plant 25 saplings for every tree cut and maintain/nurture them for 5 years. If the proponent cannot nurture the saplings, the proponent will provide the total cost involved to the National Parks and Wildlife who shall rear/nurture the saplings for 5 years. The clearance is sought from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife. The new water supply pipeline to the reservoirs in the Nagarjun Park will follow the existing track/footpath so as to avoid the cutting of trees. If during the detailed design, it is found that tree cutting is unavoidable, then the above procedures will be followed,

The existing 3,600 m3 Balaju reservoir (Annex 11), 80years old with cracked walls and a settled roof) is to be demolished and a new one constructed under Loan 1820 which lies within the Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park. Clearances to construct the reservoir and the laying of feeder and service water pipes will have to be sought from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation through the Warden of the Park.

The Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989) mentions:

”4.1.1 Pursuant to Sub- section (5) of Section 3 of the Act, any person or Association willing to install telephone and electricity, to dig the land for drinking water and sewerage, to construct and repair the road, to shoot a film, cinema, to celebrate



festival and fare, to dance or to park vehicles or to place the poster and photograph, shall have to submit an application to the Department, for its approval in format as prescribed in Schedule- 1 (Annex 12).

Two areas fall under the UNESCO Heritage sites (Kathmandu Durbar Square, sub-zone A 3.3 and Patan Durbar Square, sub-zone A 8.2) where water distribution networks and wastewater improvements are planned (Annex 13). Prior permission will have to be taken by PID (as early as possible so that there is no delay of construction works) as stated in The Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989) Section 4.1.1, as stated above.

275 Table 24 defines the roles of different organisations and groups in environmental monitoring:

Table 24: Institutional/organizational responsibilities in environmental monitoring

SNo. Organization Roles and Responsibilities Pre-construction phase Construction phase Operation phase

1

Ministry of Environment

review and approve EIA reports and approve all mitigation measures.

review monthly monitoring reports.

review monitoring report to examine: (i) whether or not all recommended measures have been implemented, (ii) effectiveness of these measures, (iii) implementation of compliances, and (iv) employment of an independent third party monitoring consultant once a year.

project auditing after two years of operation.

2 Donor Agencies

review IEE Reports, review final project design and tender documents,

instruct IEE implementation from the donor‟s point of view at the construction stages,

review environmental monitoring report to: (i) examine whether all mitigation measures are implemented (ii) effectiveness of these measures (iii) compliance condition and environmental covenants and (iv) conduct independent auditing.




3 Ministry of Physical Planning and Works (MPPW)

review IEE document and submit to donors; approve IEE report,

review design and tender documents in order to examine whether or not mitigation prescriptions are included, and instruct KUKL.

review EMP Report (i) to ensure EMP implementation (ii) effectiveness of the implementation measures (iii) compliance, and (iv) monitoring of construction twice a year.

review bi-annual monitoring reports, and

annual site inspection.

4 Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB)/ Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) and Projection Implementation Directorate (PID)

appoint PID, review final design and tender documents and forward them to MPPW,

instruct PMU to update RAP and get it approved,

establish „Safeguards Unit/Utility Management Coordination Sub-committee /appoint Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC)

obtain all necessary permissions and permits, notify, carryout land acquisition, and

select contractor, award and review EMEP document prepared by the contractor and approve it.

conduct frontline monitoring on (i) mitigation implementation (ii) effectiveness (iii) enhancement programs (iv) appoint monitoring team (v) ensure public participation (vi) RAP implementation (vii) environmental compliance and (viii) prepare quality monitoring report to submit to MPPW/MOE.

ensure smooth operation of water supply and sewerage systems

5 Design and Supervision Consultant (DSC)

incorporate all provisions of EMP in the final design,

incorporate all mitigation measures in the tender documents,

assist in site inspection during land intake, and

baseline monitoring of air and water quality, noise level and vibrations and overall environmental status of the project area.

approval of construction works,

monitoring of the contractor‟s performance on EMP implementation/ mitigation effectiveness/impact monitoring,

labour employment as per regulations,

instruct contractor for corrective actions,

impose fine/or null payment in case of non-compliance, and

prepare monthly monitoring report/participate in inspection.

periodic monitoring of air




quality, water quality and noise and vibration levels at the project area,

monitoring of impacts on physical, biological and socio-economic components of the environment in the project area,

conducting trainings and Community Awareness and periodic meetings with stakeholders, and

submit monthly and biannual progress reports, including monitoring results and mitigation activities.

6 Construction Contractor

prepare EMEP for contracts,

select temporary land use sites, and

assist the supervising engineer in joint site inspection of KVWSMB/KUKL for approval.

get permission to start work from DSC,

ensure that all prescriptions of EMP are included in the work activities,

ensure employment opportunities for the locals and maintain records of employment, and submit to the Supervising Engineer,

carry out corrective measures as recommended by DSC,

participate in monitoring and inspection,

prepare an operational manual to submit to DSC,

provide training to the monitoring personnel, and

submit monthly reports on EMP compliance to DSC.

7 Beneficiary Community

ensure that hazard dumping of all wastes is controlled.

ensure public participation during project construction and operation.

assist other stakeholders in environmental management and related activities.

implement activities to support maintenance of the water and wastewater systems.




9 Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP)

keep records on water and hygiene related diseases.

water quality surveillance.

b. Mechanisms for Feedback and Adjustment

276 The feedback mechanism of the reporting should be conducted as under the tiered monitoring system as described in Figure 6 (EMP, 2009, PMU/KUKL). Depending upon the results of monitoring, necessary adjustments will be made to the overall implementation of the EMP. 277 The effectiveness of mitigation measures and monitoring plans will be evaluated through a feedback reporting system. Adjustments in the EMP will be made if necessary. If EMP modification is requested by the contractors and/or KUKL, the proposals will be reviewed in detail. If the modifications are approved in principle, specific modifications will be submitted by the contractors to DSC for further review and revisions made if necessary.

278 The responsible institutions/individuals/stakeholders etc. will be responsible with the help of qualified staff and monitoring equipment for monitoring the performance of the mitigation measures and the environmental impacts of the Project. Complaints will be immediately looked into through the grievance redress mechanism mentioned earlier. The data generated from the project components by the Environmental Specialist of DSC will help in developing environmental and socio-economic indicators to be used in the measurement of the project impacts which will be shared with KUKL and concerned bodies monthly.

c. Reporting Procedures

279 The reporting system should be based on site supervision to see whether mitigation measures are carried out according to the Monitoring Plan. The Construction Contractor should develop an Environmental Mitigation Execution Plan (EMEP) based on the EMP. The EMEP should be approved by PID/KUKL and DSC. DSC is responsible for checking the monthly progress reports submitted by the Contractor and field verified whether or not the Contractor has complied with the approved conditions as stated in the EMEP. 280 DSC should then prepare a environmental monitoring report based on the monthly report submitted by the Contractor and submit to PID/KUKL for review. PID/KUKL should forward the monitoring report to DSC for review by its Environmental Specialist. The report is developed based on field inspection, investigation, consultation and information given in the monitoring report. 10 copies of the reports should be submitted to PID/KUKL every month, which should be distributed to the responsible agencies for review. The Environmental Specialist of DSC should then review the comments and suggestions from the various authorities and act accordingly.

281 Monthly progress reports, including bi-annual and annual reports on the implementation of EMP should be produced on a regular basis. The monthly progress report should contain information on the works carried out and the results of all monitoring and investigation works performed during that particular month. The report should also include cases of compliance and non-compliance and the corresponding further mitigation



measures to be adopted to correct the non-compliances and also include the outcome of the monitoring, important issues identified and the measures to be undertaken to ameliorate them.

d. Procurement plan and cost estimates

282 Costs of all mitigation measures during the construction phase will be included in the tender and contract documents and will be borne by the contractors. 283 The Safeguards Unit to be established will consist of an Environment Specialist, a Social Specialist and a Legal Specialist. The Environment Specialist will head the Safeguards Unit. The TORs of the Specialists are attached in Annex 14.

284 Costs for the operation phase trainings of KUKL staff will be borne by the Project as a whole. The training requirements and costs will be determined by the CBP Team (Capacity Building and Private Public Partnership Support Team) which will be implemented before construction starts in 2012. The training costs will be included in the contract of the contractors.

285 A domestic Community Awareness and Participation Consultant (CAPC) firm will be hired to facilitate community awareness and participation programs over the 5 year loan period. The cost for the public awareness specialist, support team, and IEC (Information, Education and Communication) materials has been estimated as $600,000.

286 An independent Third Party Monitoring environmental consultant will be hired once a year for the duration of the Project as part of the Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation Consultant package to monitor whether the EMP of the Project has been effectively implemented. The cost for the environmental monitoring has been estimated at $10,000.

287 All the costs related to cutting of trees (if there are any), their transportation to a approved location and works related to environmental mitigation shall be borne by the project itself. The new water supply pipeline to the reservoirs at Balaju WTP in the Nagarjun National Park will follow the existing track/footpath so as to avoid the cutting of trees. If during the detailed design, it is found that tree cutting is unavoidable, it is mandatory to plant 25 saplings for every tree cut and maintain them for 5 years. The cost for the cutting and nurturing of 1 tree for 5 years has been estimated as $600.

288 A lumpsum amount of $10,000 has been allocated if an Archaeological Impact Assessment has to be conducted.

289 The annual and total environmental cost for 5 years is given in Table 25.

Table 25: Annual Environmental Costs

No. Item Cost per year (US$)

Total Cost (US$)

1 Cost of public awareness campaign and IEC 120,000 600,000 2 Monitoring EMP of project by a third party environmental consultant 2,000 10,000 3 Conducting an Archaeological Impact Assessment (if required) Lumpsum 10,000 4 Safeguards Unit a. Environmental Specialist @$ 1,071 per month 12,852 64,260 b. Social Safeguard Specialist @ $ 930 per month 11,160 55,800 c. Legal Specialist @ $ 930 per month 11,160 55,800 Total Cost 157,172 795,860



e. Work Plan

290 The EMP implementation schedule is given in Figure 7 for a period of 5 years. Most of the activities have been scheduled on a continuous basis. 291 Under the General Manager of KUKL, there is a Technical Division (headed by a Deputy Technical Manager). Under the Technical Division, there are 10 Branch Offices in the Valley headed by a Deputy Manager each. Before operation, KUKL/PID/DSC, with the help of the Safeguards Unit and the Technical Division of KUKL will develop detailed work plans for implementing mitigation measures and monitoring plans based on the EMP. These plans will be incorporated into the project contracts which will then be submitted to the relevant Branch Offices to help in supervising the works. 292 Before construction, KUKL/PID will develop detailed responsibilities and requirements for contractors and will provide detailed cost estimates of mitigation measures and environmental monitoring in the construction contracts. KUKL/PID will also detail the responsibilities of their environmental management offices and prepare their work schedules. 293 Before operation, KUKL/PID will develop detailed work plans for environmental management and monitoring during operation based on the EMP. These work plans will be submitted to the concerned persons to help them supervise implementation.



Figure 6: Monitoring system for Loan 1820-NEP Subproject-2: Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Sanitation Project (KVWSSP)

Source: EMP 2009, PMU/KUKL (modified)

1. Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board and KUKL

2. Joint Review Mission of donor agencies

Policy at

Strategic Level

3. Project Implementation Directorate (PID)

4. Safeguards Unit/(Social and Environmental Monitoring) Domestic Panel of Experts, if required by ADB

KVWSSP Implementation

Level

5. Environmental Specialist of DSC to implement, monitor construction activities and prepare the EMP monitoring report according to the EMP TOR

Design and Supervision

of Construction

6. Contractor‟s Environmental Engineer to fill out the form provided by DSC daily and weekly and prepare the environmental compliance report

Construction contractors



Figure 7: EMP implementation schedule



I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

294 Overall, the impacts of the Project will be very positive, befitting the environment and the people. Some negative impacts are anticipated during implementation but in specific areas and for short duration (dust, noise, traffic problems, access to buildings etc.). It is expected that the adverse environmental impacts of the planned water supply and sewerage project for the Kathmandu Valley will in general not be significant and can be easily and reasonably cheaply mitigated and prevented through mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the design, construction and operation phases.

295 If the Project is properly implemented and environmental issues are duly considered, there will be a significant improvement in the health of the environment and people due to the water supply and wastewater improvements due to the proposed Project and thereby an increase of the quality of life. The quality of the river waters in the Valley will also improve, when the wastewater is treated.



Literature Reviewed

ADB (2009), Safeguards Policy Statement, Asian Development Bank, Manila

ADB, ICIMOD (2006), Environment Assessment of Nepal. Emerging Issue and Challenges. Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989), Department of Archaeology, GON Aviyaan Consulting (P) Ltd, (2008), Mapping of Slums, Squatters and Standposts in Kathmandu Valley Binnie and Partners (1973), Master Plan for the Water Supply and Sewerage of Greater Kathmandu and Bhaktapur, WHO, UNDP Project, Nepal CBS (2001), Statistical Year Book of Nepal 2001, Central Bureau of Statistics Climatological Records of Nepal 1991-1994, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Kathmandu, Nepal, May 1997 CEMAT (2000), Report on Surface Water Quality Monitoring Works of Kathmandu Valley, Urban Water Supply Reforms in the Kathmandu Valley Project Environmental Protection Act 1997 and Environmental Protection Rules 1997 (and amendment 20 Aug 2007), Ministry of Environment. Dixit, Ajay and Upadhya, Madhukar, Jan 2005, Augmenting groundwater in Kathmandu Valley: Challenges and possibilities, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation DWIDP/SILT/ERMC/TECHDA (2005), Preparation of Water-Induced Hazard Maps of Bagmati River Basin EMP, April 2009, PMU/KUKL ENPHO (2009), Test of Raw Water at KUKL Sources within the Kathmandu Valley, Final Report, ENPHO, May 2009 Forest Act, 1993, GON Gautam, C (2006), Action Plan for Air Quality Management in Kathmandu Valley, MOEST HFA (1991), Kathmandu Valley Urban Development Plans and Programmes, Government of Nepal, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Halcrow Fox and Associates ICIMOD (2007), Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book (http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/rising.detail.php?article_id=28619&cat_id=27). http://guthi.net http://www.nepalnews.com.np/contents/englishweekly/sundaypost/2003/mar/mar16/2ndpage.htm) Hunter Water Corporation (2006), Potential OHS Impacts and Mitigation Measures During Pipe Laying ICIMOD, MOEST, UNEP (2007), Kathmandu Valley Environmental Outlook ITECO (2003), Feasibility Study and Detailed Engineering Design to Update Master Plan for Bagmati Area Sewerage Project

http://guthi.net/



JICA (1990), Groundwater Management Project in the Kathmandu Valley, Final Report MOE (2006), A Guide to Streamlining of Environmental Impact Assessment Approval Process, Regulating and Monitoring Capacity Building for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Hydropower Project in Nepal. KUKL Annual Report 2008 MOEST (1997), Environment Protection Act and Rules 1997 MOEST (2005), Ambient Air Quality of Kathmandu Valley 2003-2004 Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan 1993 National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 (2029 B.S.), GON National Trust for Nature Conservation Act 1982 (2039 B.S) Nepal National Water Quality Standard and National Water Supply Standard Guidelines (2006). (in Nepali language) NORPLAN (2002), The Adit Access Roads Contract MDS/AAR001, MWSDB, Vol. 2 NWSC (2001), Annual Report 2001, Nepal Water Supply Corporation Pradhan, B., Gruendlinger, R., Fuerhapper, I, Pradhan, P., Pradhanang, S., (2005), Knowledge of Water Quality and Water-borne Diseases in Kathmandu Valley. In Munawar, M (ed.), Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management; Special Issue of the Great Himalayas: Ecology, Health and Management, 8(3): 277-284 Shah J., Nagpal, T (eds.) (1997), Urban Air Quality Management Strategies in Asia: Kathmandu Valley Report, World Bank Technical Paper No. 378 Shrestha, Rajman, 2006, Urbanization and changes in cropping pattern in Kathmandu Valley, Journal of Science and Technology, Vo. 7 Solid Waste Management National Policy, 1996 US EPA, 1974, Information on levels of environmental noise requisite to protect public health and welafare with an adequate margin of safety, Publication No. 550/9-74-004, Washington DC, March 1974 Vibration regulation law 64 of 1976, Japan (www.env.goijp/en/laws/air/vibration/index.html Working policy on construction and operation of development projects in protected areas (2065 B.S), Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, GON www.dnpwc.gov.np (Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Nepal) www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARD&p_id=10625

http://www.env.goijp/en/laws/air/vibration/index.html

http://www.dnpwc.gov.np/

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARD&p_id=10625



Annex 1: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA)

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions: This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to

be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a

Regional Department. This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions

are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify

potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Sector Division:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA…

Densely populated? In many areas of the Kathmandu Valley, the average urban density exceeds 40,000 to 45,000 persons per km2 and at the core of Kathmandu the density exceeds 80,000 per km2. Although Kathmandu Valley only covers 0.43% of the total area of Nepal, it has about 7% of the total population.

Heavy with development activities?

Mostly in established residential areas.

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

Cultural heritage site

The Kathmandu Valley has a number of historic cities. Sensitive cultural sites may be located adjacent to the roadway where works will take place.

Protected Area

There are no environmentally sensitive areas within the project area. The project will occur primarily within the Kathmandu Valley urban boundaries.

Wetland

Mangrove

Estuarine

Buffer zone of protected area

Special area for protecting biodiversity

Bay

WATER SUPPLY

NEP: Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement

SAUD



SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Will the Project cause…

pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater discharge from communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff?

The intakes are located in isolated intact watersheds. Additional water treatment is included under the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820). The distributed water is to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards as per the approved EMP for the Project.

impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites?

The project will ensure the following: (i) consultations with any government agency or NGOs (including UNESCO) with responsibility (and jurisdiction) over cultural/archaeological sites, (ii) permissions received from the same, (iii) construction guidelines in EMP; (iv) chance finds requirements. Potential adverse impacts during construction will be addressed through EMPs. All mitigation requirements will be included in the contract documents. Any regulations during construction will be included and monitored through the EMP.

hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water pumping?

To avoid ground subsidence and over exploitation, KVWSMB is undertaking a Groundwater Management and Regulation Policy Preparation study (ADB SDP Loan 2059) that will establish processes to regulate and control or prohibit the extraction and use of groundwater within the Kathmandu Valley. The ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) will replace / install flow & water depth instrumentation on all ground water tubewells for extraction monitoring.

social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ?

No displacements required. Lands for service reservoirs were previously acquired under the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) and monitored through implementation of approved RP. Temporary impacts to businesses may occur during construction and are to be addressed through specific measures, including compensation, in the EMP. Any IR impacts identified will be addressed through the resettlement planning process.

conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground waters?

Conflicts in abstraction addressed through the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) RP. The approved RP provides allowances for water mill and irrigation users affected by the project, as well as the Social Uplift Program (SUP) targeted at affected communities. The ongoing Project is closely monitored by ADB and any conflicts are managed through corrective actions in coordination with the Government.

unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)?

Addressed through the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820). Any distributed water to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards as per the approved EMP for the Project.

delivery of unsafe water to distribution system?

Water will be treated under the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) which will construct WTPs and water quality improvement works including supply and replacement of laboratory equipment.



SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS inadequate protection of intake works or wells,

leading to pollution of water supply? The ongoing Melamchi Project (Loan 1820)

includes fencing and other protection works of water intakes to prevent pollution of water supply.

over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and ground subsidence?

Salination due to salt bearing strata is not a problem in the Kathmandu Valley. To avoid ground subsidence and over exploitation, KVWSMB is undertaking a Groundwater Management and Regulation Policy Preparation study (ADB SDP Loan 2059) that will establish processes to regulate and control or prohibit the extraction and use of groundwater within the Kathmandu Valley. The ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) will replace / install flow & water depth instrumentation on all ground water tubewells for extraction monitoring.

excessive algal growth in storage reservoir? Storage reservoirs are only for treated water. The water is chlorinated and the reservoirs covered to prevent algal growth

increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of community facilities?

The project will improve the existing wastewater collection and treatment systems by rehabilitating existing treatment plants and expanding the sewerage network, as well as providing a septage treatment facility. All wastewater to meet Government standards for treatment.

inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants?

Disposal of sludge to be done at designated sites as per the approved EMP of the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820).

inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances and protect facilities?

Noise impacts to be monitored as per the approved EMP of ongoing ADB Melamchi Project(Loan 1820).

impairments associated with transmission lines and access roads?

Good construction practices to mitigate transmission line impairments and to be specified in the EMP. A section-wise approach will also limit impairments to traffic and businesses during construction.

health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for receiving, storing, and handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals.

Handling of hazardous materials associated with treatment facilities addressed in the approved EMP of ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820).

health and safety hazards to workers from the management of chlorine used for disinfection and other contaminants?

dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

No IR impacts envisioned. Lands for service reservoirs were previously acquired under the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) and monitored through implementation of the approved RP. Temporary impacts to businesses may occur during construction and are to be addressed through specific measures, including compensation, in the EMP. Any IR impacts identified will be addressed through the resettlement planning process.

social conflicts between construction workers from other areas and community workers?

The contractor will be encouraged to hire local workers from the local labor force.

noise and dust from construction activities?

Good construction practices to mitigate noise and dust and to be specified in the EMP.

increased road traffic due to interference of construction activities?

Traffic management plan to form part of the EMP.

continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations?

Good construction practices to mitigate soil erosion and silt runoff and to be specified in the EMP.



SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M

treatment processes (especially mud accumulations in filters) and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems?

Any distributed water to comply with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards and addressed in the approved EMP of the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820).

delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive due to inadequate attention to feeding of corrective chemicals?

accidental leakage of chlorine gas?

The ongoing MWSP subproject 1 design includes provision of gas detectors, alarms, automatic water sprinklers, PPE, showers for staff and training in case of accidental leakage of chlorine gas. Under MWSP subproject 2 Calcium hypochlorite (Bleaching powder) is used for disinfection of water.

excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water users?

Conflicts in abstraction addressed through the ongoing ADB Melamchi Project (Loan 1820) RP

competing uses of water?

Addressed in ongoing Loan 1820. The approved RP for Loan 1820 provides allowances for water mills and irrigation users affected by the project, as well as the Social Uplift Program (SUP) targeted at affected communities. The ongoing Project is closely monitored by ADB and any conflicts are managed through corrective actions in discussion with the Government.

increased sewage flow due to increased water supply

The project will improve the existing wastewater collection and treatment systems to meet increased sewage flows by rehabilitating existing treatment plants and expanding the sewerage network, as well as providing septage treatment facility. All wastewater effluents to meet Government treatment standards. Sludge disposal to be addressed in EMP.

increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and washing) and sludge from wastewater treatment plant



Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional Department.

This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii) indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title: Sector Division:


A. PROJECT SITING Is the project area

Densely populated? √ Rehabilitation of sewerage network will be in urban areas. Extension of interceptors will be in non-populated areas.

Heavy with development activities? √ In established residential areas

Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas? √ None in project area

Cultural heritage site √ Precautions to be indicated in the EMP

Protected area √

Wetland √

Mangrove √

Estuarine √

Buffer zone of protected area √

Special area for protecting biodiversity √

Bay

√

B. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Will the project cause…

impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites?

√ Precautions to be indicated in the EMP

WASTEWATER IMPROVEMENTS

Kathmandu Valley Water Supply and Wastewater System Improvement TA-4893-NEP

SAUD

Wastewater, page 2




interference with other utilities and blocking of access to buildings; nuisance to neighboring areas due to noise, smell, and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?


dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people √ Only agricultural land to be acquired.

impairment of downstream water quality due to inadequate sewage treatment or release of untreated sewage?

√ Wastewater treatment included in Project. Will need to be expanded in future.

overflows and flooding of neighboring properties with raw sewage?


environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally disposed in sewers?

√ Sludge treatment and disposal to be included in design of project

noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works? √ Precautions to be indicated in the EMP

discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in damage to sewer system and danger to workers?

√ Appropriate regulations to be enforced.

inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and protect facilities?

√ Adequate alleviation measures to be included in project designs.

social conflicts between construction workers from other areas and community workers?

√ Contracts to include social clauses

road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation during the rainy season?

√ Precautions to be indicated in the EMP. Excavation during monsoon to be limited.

noise and dust from construction activities? √ Precautions to be indicated in the EMP

traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and wastes?

√ Traffic management and precautions to be in EMP

temporary silt runoff due to construction? √ Precautions to be indicated in the EMP

hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?

√ Project design to include stand-by generators for pumping stations

deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge disposal or direct discharge of untreated sewage water?

√ Precautions to be taken as part of project design

contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge disposal on land?

√ Appropriate regulations to be enforced.

health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and hazardous materials which maybe contained in sewage flow and exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge?




Annex 2: National Drinking Water Quality Standards (2062 B.S.)

Type Parameter Unit Maximum

Concentration Limits

Remarks

Physical

Turbidity NTU 5 (10)

pH - 6.5-8.5*

Color TCU 5 (15)

Taste & Odor - Should not be objectionable

Total Dissolved Solids Mg/L 1000

Electrical Conductivity μs/cm 1500

Chemical

Iron Mg/L 0.3 (3)

Manganese Mg/L 0.2

Arsenic Mg/L 0.05

Cadmium Mg/L 0.003

Chromium Mg/L 0.05

Cyanide Mg/L 0.07

Fluoride Mg/L 0.5 - 1.5 *

Lead Mg/L 0.01

Ammonia Mg/L 1.5

Chloride Mg/L 250

Sulphate Mg/L 250

Nitrate Mg/L 50

Copper Mg/L 1

Calcium Mg/L 200

Zinc 3

Mercury 0.001

Aluminum 0.2

Residual Chlorine Mg/L 0.1 - 0.2 * Only for system using chlorine.

Micro Biological

E. coli MPN/100 ml 0 Total Coliform MPN/100 ml 0 (95 % in Sample)

* These values suggest minimum & maximum limit. ( ) The value inside bracket is valid if there is no alternative.



Annex 3: Tolerance limits for wastewater to be discharged into inland surface waters from combined wastewater treatment plant (generic standards)

Characteristics Tolerance Limit Total Suspended solids, mg/L, Max 50 Particle size of total suspended particles

Shall pass 850-micron Sieve.

pH 5.5 to 9.0

Temperature

Shall not exceed 40 degree C in any section of the stream within 15 meters down-stream from the effluent outlet.

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5 days at 20 degree C, mg/L, Max 50

Oils and grease, mg/L, Max 10

Phenolic compounds, mg/L, Max 1

Cyanides (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.2

Sulphides (as S), mg/L, Max 2

Radioactive materials:

a. Alpha emitters, c/ml, Max 7-Oct

b. Beta emitters, c/ml, Max 8-Oct

Insecticides Absent

Total residual chlorine, mg/L 1

Fluorides (as F), mg/L, Max 2

Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max 0.2

Cadmium (as, Cd), mg/L, Max 2 Hexavalent chromium (as Cr), mg/L, Max 0.1

Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 3

Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.1

Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max 0.01

Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, Max 3

Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.05

Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5

Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, Max 50 Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, Max 250

Silver, mg/L, Max 0.1



Annex 4: Environment Related Acts and Regulations in Nepal

Acts

1) Ancient Monuments Protection Act, 1956 2) Civil Aviation Act, 1958 3) Aquatic Animals Protection Act, 1960 4) Plant Protection Act, 1964 5) National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Act, 1987 6) Public Road Act, 1974 7) Trust Corporation Act, 1976 8) Tourism Act, 1978 9) King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Act, 1982 10) Soil & Watershed Conservation Act, 1982 11) Nepal Petroleum Act, 1983 12) Nepal Electricity Authority Act, 1984 13) Mines & Mineral Act, 1985 14) Pashupati Area Development Trust Act, 1987 15) Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Act, 1987 16) Town Development Act, 1988 17) Kathmandu Valley Development Authority Act, 1988 18) Nepal Water Supply Corporation Act, 1989 19) The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990 20) Pesticides Act, 1991 21) Village Development Committee Act, 1991 22) District Development Committee Act, 1991 23) Municipality Act, 1991 24) Water Resources Act, 1992 25) Forest Act, 1992 26) Electricity Act, 1992 27) Motor Vehicle & Transportation Management Act, 1992 28) Labour Act, 1992 29) Industrial Enterprises Act, 1992 30) Nepal Tourism Board Act, 1996 31) Environment Protection Act, 1996 Rules

1) National Parks & Wild Life Conservation Rules, 1973 2) Plant Protection Rules, 1974 3) Wild Life Reserve Rules, 1977 4) Himalayan National Park Rules, 1979 5) Mountaineering Rules, 1979 6) King Mahendra Nature Conservation Trust Rules, 1984 7) Petroleum Rules, 1984 8) Khaptad National Park Rules, 1987 9) Ancient Monuments Protection Rules, 1989 10) Solid Waste (Management & Resource Mobilization) Rules, 1989 11) Water Resources Rules, 1993 12) Pesticides Rules, 1993 13) Labour Rules, 1993 14) Electricity Rules, 1993 15) Forest Rules, 1994 16) Buffer Zone Management Rules, 1995 17) Royal Bardiya National Park Rules, 1996 18) Conservation Area Management Rules, 1996 19) Vehicle & Transportation Management Rules, 1997 20) Environment Protection Rules, 1997



Annex 5: Schematic Plans for Kodku, Sallaghari and Dhobighat WWTPs


Appendix 9 - IEEPage 119



Annex 6: National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nepal

Parameters Units Averaging Time

Concentration in Ambient

Air, maximum Test Methods

TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) μg/m3

Annual -

24-hours* 230 High Volume Sampling

PM10 μg/m3

Annual - 24-hours* 120 Low Volume Sampling

Sulphur Dioxide

μg/m3

Annual 50 Diffusive sampling based on weekly averages

24-hours** 70 To be determined before 2005.

Nitrogen Dioxide

μg/m3


24-hours** 80 To be determined before 2005.

Carbon Monoxide

μg/m3

8 hours** 10,000 To be determined before 2005.

15 minute 100,000 Indicative samplers ***

Lead

μg/m3

Annual 0.5

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, analysis of PM10 samples****

24-hours -

Benzene

μg/m3


24-hours - *Note: 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive days **Note: 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies. This will be done before 2005 ***Note: Control by spot sampling at roadside locations: Minimum one sample per week taken over 15 minutes during peak traffic hours, i.e. in the period 8am - 10am or 3pm - 6pm on a workday. This test method will be re-evaluated by 2005 ****Note: If representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of the year.



Annex 7: Recommended noise exposure limits for the work environment (adopted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

S.No.

Noise Exposure (dBA)

Permissible exposure (Hours and Minutes)

1. 85 16 hrs. 2. 87 12 hrs. –18 min. 3. 90 8 hrs. 4. 93 5 hrs – 18 min. 5. 96 3 hrs.-30 min. 6. 99 2 hrs. – 18 min. 7. 102 1 hr. – 30 min. 8. 105 1 hr. 9. 108 40 min. 10. 111 26 min. 11. 114 17 min. 12. 115 15 min. 13. 118 10 min. 14. 121 6.6 min. 15. 124 4 min. 16. 127 3 min. 17. 130 1 min.

Source: Marsh, 1991

Recommended Average Equivalent Sound Levels for Protecting the Public Health and Welfare

S.No.

Land Use Measure To Protect Against Activity Interference and Hearing Loss

Effects (dBA)

1. Residential including farm residences

Leq (24) 55

2. Commercial Leq (24) 70 3. Hospitals Leq (24) 55 4. Industrial Leq (24) 70 5. Educational Leq (24) 55 6. Recreational

Areas Leq (24) 70

7. Farmland and general unpopulated land

Leq (24) 70

Source: U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 1974 Note: Leq (24) = Equivalent Sound Level in decibels for 24 hours.



Annex 8: Recommended Standards for Vibration from Construction Sites

Type of Restriction Area Classified Standard Value I & II 85 dBA Work Prohibited Time I 7.00 P.M. - 7.00

A.M. II 10.00 P.M. - 6.00

A.M. Maximum Working Duration I 10.00 hrs. per Day II 14 hrs. per Day Maximum Consecutive Working Days

I & II 6 Days

Working Prohibited Days I & II Saturdays & Holidays

Source: Vibration Regulation Law 64 of 1976, Japan Notes: 1. Area I, stands for areas to which one of the following descriptions applies: Areas where maintenance of quiet is particularly needed to preserve the residential

environment. Areas which require maintenance of quiet since they are need for residential purposes. Areas need for commercial and industrial as well as residential propose which are in

need of measures to prevent vibration pollution since a considerable number of houses are located.

The neighbourhood of schools, hospitals and the like. Area II stands for areas where there is a need to preserve the living environment of in

habitants and other than Area I. 2. Vibration level shall be measured at the boundary line of the specified

construction work site. Recommended Limits for Road Traffic Vibration

Area Day time

Night time

Applicable areas

I 65 dB 60 dB Areas where maintenance of quiet is particularly needed to preserve a good living environment and where quiet is called for us as they are used for residential purpose.

II 70 dB 65 dB Areas need for commercial and industrial as well as residential purposes where there is a need to preserve the living environment of local inhabitants and areas mainly serving industrial proposes which are in need of measures to prevent the living environment of local residents from deteriorating.

Source: Vibration Regulation Law 64 of 1976, Japan Note: Vibration level shall be measured at the boundary line of the road.



Annex 9: Terms of Reference DSC Environment Specialist

A. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. The specific objectives of the Environment Specialist‟s services are to:

Ensure that all mitigation measures and monitoring requirements outlined in the Environmental Management Plan are carried out for different stages (detail design / pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases).

Ensure that the environment of the sites and the zones of influence are protected and developed to meet the needs of the local people, the stakeholders and safeguard national interests.

Undertake implementation activities as outlined under the Scope of Work. B. SCOPE OF WORK

1. General 2. The overall role of the EMP Environment Specialist is to implement EMPs and report directly to PID/KUKL on the level of compliance. The EMP Environment Specialist will be familiar with the IEE reference documents and the Project and its environmental and social requirements in order to review the IEE and EMP prepared for the Project. 3. The Environment Specialist will monitor the contractual activities and see that the mitigation plan is executed in an environmentally sound manner to ensure that the suggested mitigation measures as outlined in the EMP are satisfactorily implemented. The Environment Specialist shall have the full responsibility for the professional quality of the supervision with respect to progress, quality of materials and works, and mitigation measures used.

4. The EMP Environment Specialist will supplement the regular supervision by PID/KUKL staff and a Third Party Monitoring .

5. The Environment Specialist will be responsible for planning and monitoring of mitigation measures to be carried out. A thorough participatory design process, with collaborating institutions (local governments, NGOs, line agencies, etc.), and local communities is of prime importance to the acceptance (feeling of ownership) by the local affected people and sustainability of the mitigation measures.

2. Tasks

6. The key tasks of the Environment Specialist shall include, but not be limited to: Task 1: Design / Pre-construction Phase

Conduct initial site visits and meetings with the PID staff and contractor (when engaged). The purpose of this meeting would be to brief on any key findings, correct any factual inaccuracies, raise any remaining issues and questions, and discuss possible corrective actions, if considered necessary.

The site visit shall:

- Cover the right-of-way (ROW).



- Visit contract work sites and associated infrastructure upgrades. - Visit representative heritage and ecological areas. - Meet with representative NGO‟s, and community and/or municipal leaders. - Meet with other parties responsible for compliance monitoring and review relevant

monitoring records. Review and suggest for the continuous betterment of the EMP activities. Suggest additional items (not mentioned in the reports), after field visits, that have to

be mitigated and monitored i.e. identify discrepancies and omissions. Assist the Community Awareness and Participation Consultant (CAPC) in preparing

public awareness campaigns. Monitor EMP activities. In coordination with the contractors prepare a schedule of EMP monitoring activities,

including the mobilization of human resources and time frame. Prepare field monitoring checklists for each contract package. Produce an overall estimate of the costs involved for mitigation measures with

designs, drawings, estimates and bill of quantities (only for civil and bio-engineering works) and get it approved by PID/KUKL.

Task 2: Activities During the Construction Phase of the Project

Produce periodic reports to confirm:

- That construction activities for the Project are being conducted in all respects in compliance with the EMP; and

- That the contents of the IEE are those made public by MPPW or, where such contents have been amended, that such amendments have been followed in the field.

The Environment Specialist is to prepare questionnaires, list of records required to

be made available, prioritized interview lists, and prioritized field observation inspection requirements submitted to PID/KUKL, MPPW and ADB for information.

Visits to Project work sites include:

- Compiling reports, liaising and conferring with other parties responsible for

environmental compliance monitoring, with the affected populations, and with NGOs.

- Lead regular site meetings with PID/KUKL, Environment Specialists, Contractors etc. and prepare the minutes from such meetings (based on a standardized format).

Monitor the contractors‟ environmental/social compliance, and make sure that all

mitigation activities are implemented properly as stipulated in the contract specifications.

Prepare a monitoring program suitable to determine the impacts and implement it to

the satisfaction of PID/KUKL.

Environment protection clauses are included in the contract documents. The EMP Environment Specialist will monitor the Contractor‟s implementation of such environment protection clauses, will issue field instructions as necessary, and will monitor the implementation of such field instructions:



- Monitoring of the Construction Contractors‟ performance on meeting provisions of the Contract Documents and the EMP.

- Monitoring of the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. - Instructing the Contractors on needed actions and corrective measures to

comply with the EMP. - Assisting the CAPC and PID/KUKL in maintaining good relationships with

people‟s consultative groups. - Participating in the site monitoring carried out by PID/KUKL, the public, etc. - Preparing monthly monitoring reports with a list of compliance and non-

compliance works with recommendations. - Assisting in verifying the claims for compensation received from the public,

arising from Project activities.

Prepare an EMP compliance assessment report with a list of compliance and non-compliance works with recommendations. The report shall assess the compliance of the different actors with their obligations under the EMP and comment on the Contractor‟s quarterly reports relating to environmental, biophysical, socioeconomic, socio-cultural, health, safety or similar issues. The Environment Specialist and Contractors should identify any new issues that emerge as work progresses and implement the mitigations measures. Drafts of the reports shall be submitted to ADB through PID/KUKL within 5 working days The report will be finalized at the direction of PID/KUKL.

There could be possible adverse impacts that may arise with the expected influx of

people to the Kathmandu Valley Project sites as they either accompany construction workers or seek to provide goods and services to them. This may have a significant potential negative implication on the physical and social environment of the Kathmandu Valley. The Environment Specialist assess the issue and develop a plan on how it should be handled and its implementation closely monitored by PID/KUKL.

Advice PID/KUKL on suitable procedures and locations for the safe disposal of surplus excavated spoil and/or any biologically contaminated material. Check the contractors licences / agreements and compliance for disposal of waste materials.

Review existing information, carry out field survey and prepare separate reports on:

- Impact of disposal of spoil and sludge on the environment (soil and water quality). - Impacts of the Project on Bio-diversity (flora and fauna).

Task 3: Other Tasks 7. In certain instances, the PID/KUKL may (i) request further information from the Environment Specialist at any time concerning any report produced, and (ii) seek further advice with respect to other matters that may arise in connection with the Project. If any requests should occur, the Environment Specialist will be provided with a scope of work on which to base a budget. The budget must be approved by PID/KUKL prior to proceeding with providing the requested incremental information or advice. 8. The training program delivered under this contract by the Environment Specialist is to be specifically focused on mitigation and monitoring carried out to improve the environment. It is envisaged that the training program will be carried out early in the contract period primarily for the benefit of the PID/KUKL staff, contractors and community.

9. The training program shall include but not be limited to the subjects of:



Nepal‟s environmental regulations and ADB‟s environmental guidelines, policies and auditing requirements, including “Safeguards Policy Statement” (SPS), 2009;

Monitoring and reporting; Preparation of monitoring checklists; Project management and administration; and Environmental management.

10. To make environmental management transparent as well as receptive, regular reporting of the EMP monitoring (contract package-wise) will be made on the PID/KUKL website. 11. The Environment Specialist shall prepare monthly monitoring reports (with dated photographs) of the components. The report will include the activities carried out in detail and actions taken against the non-compliance of EMP during the reporting period. Quarterly reports will also have to be prepared, summarizing the activities and an annual report. The Monthly Report will be submitted within 7 days of the end of each month. The Quarterly and Annual Reports will be an accumulation of the information in the Monthly reports and will be submitted within 15 days. 12. Besides regular reporting, the Environment Specialist shall inform and consult with the designated representative of PID/KUKL without delay in case of major events threatening the successful and timely completion of the works. The Environment Specialist shall participate in monthly progress/coordination meetings with PID and make a short presentation on progress, problems, remedial actions proposed, and any other matters that should be considered in the meeting.

13. The Environment Specialist will also provide timely component information for project use in the MIS format established by the PID. Submittals and reports will be generally submitted in both hard copy and electronic media. C. ENVIRONMENT SPECIALIST REQUIREMENTS Qualifications 14. The Environment Specialist shall have experience in bio-physical, socio-economic, socio-cultural, health and safety auditing of urban infrastructure projects. Familiarity with Nepal‟s environmental regulations and ADBs‟ environmental guidelines, policies and auditing requirements is essential.

15. The expected minimum qualifications of the Environment Specialist are:

Basic Bachelor‟s degree in the appropriate field. An advanced degree (Master‟s) is desirable.

A minimum of 10 years professional relevant work experience including environmental auditing, environmental regulations, and/or environmental compliance of construction projects. Experience should include being responsible for the completion of work, project organization and management duties. The candidate should have experience of monitoring or implementation of environmental, socio-economic, and other related mitigation measures.

Ability to prepare concise records and reports in English and Nepali. Advanced skills in effective communication, including public and agency

communication. Summary of Tasks



16. His/her tasks to be performed shall be, but not be limited to:

Work as part of the DSC Team Report to PID/KUKL and other component managers as per the requirements

through DSC. Plan, coordinate and administer all EMP activities. Produce and circulate periodic progress reports. Collect information from all the staff and other sources and disseminate it among

staff and PID/KUKL. Organize regular meetings. Proactively carry out activities described in the scope of work as far as relevant. Anticipate the likely environmental impacts of carrying out various subprojects and

proactively plan to take necessary action so that implementation is not delayed. Assist during the detailed Design Phase. During the Construction Phase, monitor compliance of the environmental

management plan or any other environmental issues. Provide training programs involved in the project implementation. Training will include

environmental considerations during construction and operation. Duration of Services 17. The Environment Specialist will require a commitment till the Project completion date (about 5 years). Extension or reduction of the term will be determined by the construction schedule and can be adjusted or terminated by PID/KUKL. The performance of the Environment Specialist will be evaluated by PID/KUKL.



Annex 10: UNESCO consultations



Annex 11: Balaju reservoir and Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park

Source: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, GON, 2010

Source: Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, 2009



Annex 12: Schedules 1 and 4 of the Ancient Monuments Preservation Rules 2046 (1989)

Schedule-1

(Relating to Sub- rule 4.1.1) Department of Archaeology …………………………………. I am / We are going to carry out the following construction work in …………… monuments conserved zone, located in …………………of……………..District, ……..Zone, within the Following time period. Therefore, I/ We have field this application for obtaining the approval of the Department. I am / We are ready to bear any punishment, as per the prevailing laws, if construction work is made other than written in this application. Description of the construction work, which is going to be carried out within the monuments conserved areas and tentative time period to complete the construction: - …………………………………………………………………… Of the applicant, Name and Surname – Signature – Date – Permanent Address–- TemporaryAddress–



Schedule-4 (Relating to Sub-rule 4.3.1)

The Description of Archaeological Object Form-2 Zone: District:

SNo. Archaeological Object Archaeological Object Found Remarks Name Material

Composition Oldness (probable year)

Measurements (length, width, thickness etc.)

VDC/Municipality Ward no.

Village Tole Description of area

The Local Officer: Date: Modified by the Ancient Monument Conservation (First Amendment) Rules, 2049 (1992):



Annex 13: Heritage Sites: Kathmandu Darbar Square and Patan Darbar Square, respectively



Annex 14: PID SAFEGUARDS UNIT

TOR of Specialists Background PID requires an Environment Specialist, a Social Safeguard Specialist and a Legal Specialist for the Safeguards Unit to be established for a period of two years (extendable). Qualifications 18. The Specialists shall have experience in construction projects. Familiarity with Nepal‟s environmental regulations and ADB‟s environmental guidelines, policies and auditing requirements is essential. 19. The expected minimum qualifications of the Specialists are:

Basic Bachelor‟s degree in the appropriate field. An advanced degree (Master‟s) is desirable.

A minimum of 5 years professional relevant work experience including environmental auditing, environmental regulations, and/or environmental compliance of construction projects. Experience should include being responsible for the completion of work, project organization and management duties. The candidate should have experience of monitoring or implementation of projects.

Ability to prepare concise records and reports in English and Nepali. Advanced skills in effective communication, including public and agency communication.

Tasks Environment Specialist The Environment Specialist should have experience relating to the implementation of Environment Management Plans and Environmental Monitoring. The Environmental Specialist‟s services will include, but will not necessarily be limited to, the following:

(i) review the Environment Management Plan Implementation and all monitoring reports and issues raised therein and any environmental problems (physical, biological and social) encountered or identified during the course of construction. Coordinate with other team members, especially with the social expert, in working out recommendations to resolve issues;

(ii) ensure that the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) continues to provide an adequate basis for assessing the effectiveness and timelines of mitigation and monitoring measures throughout the construction period;

(iii) assess whether appropriate measures have been taken, as prescribed in the IEE and EMP;

(iv) ensure that specific mitigation and monitoring measures related to all construction activities are being undertaken in a timely and adequate manner, and that the feedback mechanisms that will allow monitoring results to influence environmental management are functioning properly;



(v) assess the effectiveness of the public consultation process together with the Social Development Specialist; and

(vi) assess the effectiveness of all other mitigation measures, including measures required that may have been unforeseen during the IEE preparation.

a.

Social Safeguard Specialist

The Social Safeguard Specialist, should have experience in the resettlement plan implementation and social mitigation measures as per the requirements. The Social Safeguard Specialist‟s service will include, but not necessarily limited to, the following:

(i) review implementation of environment enhancement programs as well as their monitoring results and work closely with other unit members in recommending measures for resolving issues identified;

(ii) ensure that construction works are progressing to the satisfaction of the affected communities and provide solutions to grievances according to the Grievance Redress Mechanism;

(iii) review whether the availability and accessibility of health and safety facilities provided by the contractors for Project personnel is adequate; and

(iv) any unforeseen social impacts arising from the direct or indirect impacts of the Project are adequately addressed.

Legal Specialist

The Legal Specialist should have experience in consensus building among a large number of stakeholders with differing interests in the Projects. His/her services will include, but not necessarily limited to, the following:

(i) review issues raised by the Project communities and visit sites for first hand information and consultation with the affected persons on any issues raised to arrive at a reasonable solution;

(ii) advice on potential conflict areas and disputes, possibly early, before a “molehill becomes a mountain”;

(iii) recommend procedures and measures for resolution of disputes or issues related to Project implementation or operation and;

(iv) suggest measures for the amicable settlement of grievances and disputes.

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