Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Chap 8

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā《中論頌》 Chapter 8 02.12.2016

कर्मकारकपरीक्षा ऄष्टरं् प्रकरणर् ्नागारु्मन कृत √kṛ n m √īkș f sg nom num ord n n sg nom m sg voc √kṛ pp

karma-kāraka-parīkṣā aṣṭamaṃ prakaraṇam nāgārjuna kṛta action -agent -examination eighth exposition Nāgārjuna 龍樹 composed

《第八品業與作者的考察》1

Examination of Action and Agent

सद्भूतः कारकः कर्म सद्भूतं न करोत्ययर््।

कारको नाप्यसद्भूतः कर्ामसद्भूतर्ीहते॥१॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − − − ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− sadbhūtaḥ kārakaḥ karma sadbhūtaṁ na karotyayam |

− ‿

− − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

kārako nāpyasadbhūtaḥ karmāsadbhūtamīhate ||8.1||

sat-√bhū pp adj m nom m sg nom ~an n sg acc adj n sg acc √kŗ pres 3rd sg dpn m sg nom

sadbhūtas2 kārakas karma sadbhūtam na karoti ayam | substantive agent action substantive performs this

m sg nom adj m nom n sg acc adj n sg acc √īh 1Ā pres 3rd sg

kārakas na api asadbhūtas karma asadbhūtam īhate ||8.1|| agent non-substantive action non-substantive performs

決定有作者，不作決定業；

決定無作者，不作無定業。

這實有的作者，不作實有的業；

非實有的作者，也不作非實有的業。

This substantive agent does not perform a substantive action; nor does a non-substantive agent perform a non-substantive action.

1 <觀作作者品第八>《什》

2 sadbhūtaḥ *adj+ what is really true, i.e. real and existing, with separate existence; sat-bhūta *tatpu cpd+ ‘state of being existent’


सद्भूतस्य क्रिया नािस्त कर्म च स्यादकतृमकर््।

सद्भूतस्य क्रिया नािस्त कताम च स्यादकर्मकः॥२॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − ‿

− − ¦ ‿

− ‿

− sadbhūtasya kriyā nāsti karma ca syādakartṛkam |

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

sadbhūtasya kriyā nāsti kartā ca syādakarmakaḥ ||8.2||

pp (noun) m sg gen f sg nom √as (+gen) n sg nom opt 3rd sg kartṛ -ka sfx adj m nom

sadbhūtasya3 kriyā4 na asti karma ca syāt akartṛkam | the substantive (has) act of doing has action wd be without a doer

f sg nom kartṛ m sg nom -ka sfx adj m nom

sadbhūtasya kriyā na asti kartā ca syāt akarmakaḥ ||8.2|| act of doing doer without an action

決定業無作，是業無作者，

定作者無作，作者亦無業。

實有的[作業]沒有造作行爲, 作業也就會是沒有作者。

實有的[作者]沒有造作行爲, 作者也就會是沒有作業。5

The substantive (i.e. action) has no act of doing, and the action would be without a doer.

The substantive (i.e. doer) has no act of doing, and the doer would be without an action.6

3 sadbhūtasya … asti *gen+√as+ =’have’, ‘a substantive ….. has’

4 MW: doing, performing, performance, act, action, undertaking, activity, work, labour

5 實有者自有真實的體性，這就不能成立造作的意義《福》；實有 sadbhūta 出現兩次，《青目》、《無畏》認爲前者指作業，後者指作者,《佛護》、

《般日燈》、《明句》正好相反《葉》；歐陽竟無編：“定是則無作，成無作者業；定是則無作，成無業作者”據《福》 6 something substantive is by itself real and does not result from an act of doing; the first ‘substantive’ refers to ‘action’ and the second

refers to ‘agent’ according to《青目》and ABh, but BP, PP and PSP have the order reversed (Trans. of above note)


करोित यद्यसद्भूतोऽसद्भूतं कर्म कारकः।

ऄहतुेकं भवेत्कर्म कताम चाहतुेको भवेत्॥३॥

(Śloka Pathyā) ‿

− ‿

− ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

− karoti yadyasadbhūto'sadbhūtaṁ karma kārakaḥ |

‿ −

‿ − ¦

‿ − −

‿ ¦¦ − − − − ¦

‿ −

‿ −

ahetukaṁ bhavetkarma kartā cāhetuko bhavet ||8.3||

pres 3rd sg adj m sg nom adj m sg acc ~an n sg acc m sg nom

karoti yadi asadbhūtas asadbhūtam karma kārakas | performs non-substantive non-substantive action agent

-ka sfx adj n sg nom √bhū opt 3rd sg n sg nom m sg nom adj m sg nom

ahetukam bhavet karma kartā ca ahetukas bhavet ||8.3|| without cause wd be action doer without cause

若定有作者，亦定有作業，7 作者及作業，即墮於無因。

如果非實有的作者，作非實有的業,

那麽作業會是無因的,作者也會是無因的。8

If a non-substantive agent does perform a non-substantive action,

the action would be causeless and the doer would (also) be causeless.9

7《什》譯的《青目》本與《明句》和藏譯諸本不符，可以重構作 karoti yadi sadbhūtaḥ sadbhūtaṁ karma kārakaḥ 《葉》

8 因爲非實有就是不具備造作行爲，而行爲是業和作業的因《葉》據《佛護》、《明句》

9 this is because a non-substantive something has no act of doing, which is the cause of action and end result (Trans. of above note)


हतेावसित कायं च कारणं च न िवद्यते।

तदभावे क्रिया कताम करणं च न िवद्यते॥४॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − ‿

‿

¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − ‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− hetāvasati kāryaṁ ca kāraṇaṁ ca na vidyate |

‿ ‿

− − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ ‿

‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− tadabhāve kriyā kartā karaṇaṁ ca na vidyate ||8.4||

hetu m sg loc -āva- pap sg loc fpp n sg nom n sg nom √vid pass

hetau asati kāryam ca kāraṇam10 ca na vidyate11 | cause there being no outcome (secondary) cause ‘there is’

n m sg loc f sg nom m sg nom n sg nom

[tad-abhāve]12 kriyā kartā karaṇaṁ ca na vidyate ||8.4|| (of) that -in the absence act of doing doer means

若墮於無因，則無因無果，

無作無作者，無所用作法。

在無因的情況下，結果和助因不會有。

彼13不存在時，造作、作者和手段14都不會有。

Being without a cause, there will be no outcome and (secondary) cause.

That15 being absent, there will be no act of doing, doer and means.

10

secondary- or subordinate-cause, or simply =cause; “助因”或“緣”《葉》 11

MW: √vid 6P ‘to find, obtain’; Rig Veda etc. (esp. in later language) vidyate *pass+ ‘there is, there exists', often with na, 'there is not‘ 12

*tatpu cpd+ first member pronoun ‘tad’ used in base form regardless of case, gender or number; in *gen+ sense: ‘(in the absence) of

that’; ‘that’ may refer to ‘cause and outcome’ according to《青目》Abh, PSP or just ‘outcome’ according to BP, PP (see note 13); ‘d’ is first reduced to ‘t’ (Skt Grammar §27), which becomes ‘d’ before vowels 13

指因與果《青目》、《無畏》、《明句》，單指果《佛護》、《般若燈》據《葉》 14

karaṇa 手段《三枝》，作具、能作、工具《葉》 15

see note 12


धर्ामधर्ौ न िवद्येते क्रियादीनार्संभवे।

धर्े चासत्यधर् ेच फल ंतज्जं न िवद्यते॥५॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ ‿

− − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

dharmādharmau na vidyete kriyādīnāmasaṁbhave | − − − − ¦

‿ − −

‿ ¦¦

‿ − − − ¦

‿ −

‿ −

dharme cāsatyadharme ca phalaṁ tajjaṁ na vidyate ||8.5||

dvanda cpd m du nom pres 3rd du f ādi f pl gen m sg loc

[dharma-adharmau] na vidyete [kriyā-ādīnām]16 asaṁbhave] | right-and-wrong (deeds) ‘there are’ of act-of-doing-and the rest there being no formation

m sg loc m sg loc m sg loc n sg nom adj n sg nom

dharme ca asati adharme ca phalam [tad-jam]17 na vidyate ||8.5|| being no right-and-wrong (deeds) karmic effect that-born

若無作等法，則無有罪福，

罪福等無故，罪福報亦無。

造作等不形成時，善[行]、惡[行]不會有。

沒有善行、惡行時，從彼生起的果報也不會有。

Without the formation of act of doing and the rest, there will be no right-and-wrong (deeds). Without right and wrong (deeds), there will be no karmic effect from them.

16

*bahu cpd+ used as substantive 17

*tatpu cpd+ first member pronoun ‘tad’ used in base form regardless of case, gender or number; in *gen+ sense: ‘(born) of that‘; ‘d’ is first reduced to ‘t’ (Skt Grammar §27), which becomes ‘j’ before voice ‘j’


फलऽेसित न र्ोक्षाय न स्वगामयोपपद्यते।

र्ागमः सवमक्रियाणां च नैरथमक्यं प्रसज्यते॥६॥


− ‿

‿

¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

− phale'sati na mokṣāya na svargāyopapadyate |

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

mārgaḥ sarvakriyāṇāṁ ca nairarthakyaṁ prasajyate ||8.6||

n sg loc -e’- n sg loc √mokṣ m sg dat m sg dat pres 3rd sg

phale asati na mokṣāya na svargāya upapadyate | being no karmic effect for release for heaven be tenable/possible

m sg nom pron adj f pl gen niṣ m n sg nom √sañj/saj pres 3rd sg

mārgas [sarva-kriyāṇām]18 ca [nair-artha-kyam]19 prasajyate ||8.6|| path all of acts of doing no -meaning -‘ness’ results in (error)

若無罪福報，亦無大涅槃，

諸可有所作，皆空無有果。

如果沒有果報,導向解脫、升天之道不會有，

[而]會導致一切造作成爲無意義[的過失]。

There being no karmic effect, the path for release and for heaven is untenable, and (the mistaken view of) pointlessness of all acts of doing will follow.

18

*karma cpd+ first member sarva *adj+ 19

*tatpu cpd+ nair *niṣ in cpd+, kya from ka, +iya *sfx+ forms *n+ abstract noun; cf. aikya *n+ ‘oneness’


कारकः सदसद्भूतः सदसत्कुरुते न तत्।

परस्परिवरुद्ध ंिह सच्चासचै्चकतः कुतः॥७॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− ‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ ‿ ‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− kārakaḥ sadasadbhūtaḥ sadasatkurute na tat |

‿ −

‿ ‿

¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

parasparaviruddhaṁ hi saccāsaccaikataḥ kutaḥ ||8.7||

m sg nom adj m sg nom √as pap (noun) n sg acc √kṛ 8Ā pres 3rd sg n sg acc

kārakas sadasadbhūtas sadasat kurute na tat | agent existent-non-existent the existent-non-existent produces that

adj √rudh adj n sg nom n sg nom n sg nom ind ind (from ka abl)

paraspara-viruddham20 hi sat ca asat ca ekatas21 kutas ||8.7|| one another opposing the existent the non-existent in one body how, in what manner

作者定不定，不能作二業，

有無相違故，一處則無二。

既實非實的作者不作既實非實的[業],

實與非實兩相違，如何能成爲一體？

A substantive-non-substantive agent does not produce that existent-non-existent (action). How (could) the mutually opposing existent and non-existent be in the one body?

20

paraspara-viruddham *karma cpd+, first member paraspara *adj+ ‘one another’, which itself a *karma cpd+ first member ‘para’ *adj+ 21

-tas *prep adv, abl+ ‘from one and the same, in one body, all together’


सता च क्रियते नासन्नासता क्रियते च सत्।

कर्त्ाम कर्म प्रसज्यन्ते दोषास्तर्त् त एव िह॥८॥


− − ‿

¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − ‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− satā ca kriyate nāsannāsatā kriyate ca sat |

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

−

kartrā karma prasajyante doṣāstatra ta eva hi ||8.8||

adj pap m sg inst pass 3rd

sg (+nom) adj n sg nom pap n sg inst pass 3rd

sg (+nom) pap n sg nom

satā ca kriyate na asat na asatā kriyate ca sat | by existent is done non-existent by the non-existent is done the existent

kartṛ m sg inst n sg nom √sañj/saj pres 3rd pl m pl nom pcl pl -a e- pcl

kartrā karma22,23 prasajyante doṣās tatra te eva hi ||8.8|| by doer action result in (error) errors therein those in that case

有不能作無，無不能作有，

若有作作者，其過如先說。

非實的業不被實有的作者所作，實有的[業]也不被非實的[作者]所作。

要是如此，那裏就[會]有[前述]那些過失[被]導致。

Non-existent action is not done by an existent doer. The existent (i.e. action) is not done by the non-existent (i.e. doer). If that were the case, those (aforesaid) errors (would) follow therein.

22

‘karma’ is emended from ‘sarve’ in Poussin edition according to Tibetan edition《葉》 23

reads: satā kartrā asat karma na kriyate ca, asatā sat na kriyate ca


नासद्भूतं न सद्भूतः सदसद्भूतर्ेव वा।

करोित कारकः कर्म पूवोकै्तरेव हतुेिभः॥९॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ ‿

‿

− − ¦ ‿

− ‿

− nāsadbhūtaṁ na sadbhūtaḥ sadasadbhūtameva vā |

‿ −

‿ − ¦

‿ − −

‿ ¦¦ − − − − ¦

‿ −

‿ −

karoti kārakaḥ karma pūrvoktaireva hetubhiḥ ||8.9||

adj m sg acc adj m sg nom adj m sg acc

na asadbhūtam na sadbhūtas sadasadbhūtam eva vā |

non-substantive substantive substantive-non-substantive

√kṛ pres 3rd

sg m sg nom n sg acc ind pp adj pl sg inst ind m pl inst karoti kārakas karma pūrva uktais24 eva hetubhis ||8.9||

performs agent action by previously explained as by causes

作者不作定25，亦不作不定，

及定不定業，其過先已說。

實有的作者不作非實的業或既實非實的[業],

有如先前諸因[的論述]所闡明的那樣。

A substantive agent does not perform a non-substantive action, or likewise a substantive-non-substantive (action), as previously explained by (the exposition of) causes.

24

√vac ukta *pp+ 25“《什》譯與現存《明句》梵本及諸藏本不符”《葉》; 歐陽竟無：「番梵下有三頌 (8.9-11)。一云：作者若是定，不作不決定，俱定不定業，因如

上說故。二云：作者若不定，亦不作決定、俱定不定業，因如上說故。三云：作者定不定，亦不作決定，或不決定業，因如前當知。」據《福》


नासद्भूतोऽिप सद्भूतं सदसद्भूतर्ेव वा।

करोित कारकः कर्म पूवोकै्तरेव हतुेिभः॥१०॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ ‿

‿

− − ¦ ‿

− ‿

− nāsadbhūto'pi sadbhūtaṁ sadasadbhūtameva vā |

‿ −

‿ − ¦

‿ − −

‿ ¦¦ − − − − ¦

‿ −

‿ −

karoti kārakaḥ karma pūrvoktaireva hetubhiḥ ||8.10||

adj m sg nom adj m sg acc adj m sg acc

na asadbhūtas api sadbhūtam sadasadbhūtam eva vā | non-substantive substantive substantive-non-substantive

√kṛ pres 3rd

sg m sg nom n sg acc ind pp adj pl sg inst m pl inst karoti kārakas karma pūrva uktais eva hetubhis ||8.10||

performs agent action by previously explained by causes

《什》譯無對應

非實的作者不作實有的業或既實非實的[業],

有如先前諸因[的論述]所闡明的那樣。

A non-substantive agent does not perform a substantive action, or likewise a substantive-non-substantive (action), as previously explained by (the exposition of) causes.


करोित सदसद्भूतो न सन्नासच्च कारकः।

कर्म तर्त् िवर्ानीयात्पूवोकै्तरेव हतुेिभः॥११॥


− ‿

‿

¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ ‿

− − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

− karoti sadasadbhūto na sannāsacca kārakaḥ |

− ‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

karma tatra vijānīyātpūrvoktaireva hetubhiḥ ||8.11||

pres 3rd sg adj m sg nom adj n sg acc adj n sg acc m sg nom

karoti sadasadbhūtas na sat na asat ca kārakas | performs existent-non-existent existent non-existent agent n sg acc ind √jñā opt 3rd sg ind pp adj pl sg inst ind m pl inst

karma tatra26 vijānīyāt pūrva uktais eva hetubhiḥ ||8.11|| action therein one shd understand by previously spoken thus by causes

作者定不定，亦定亦不定，

不能作於業，其過先已說。

既實非實的作者不作實有的、非實有的業；

於此，應當以先前諸因[的論述]所闡明的那樣[來]理解。

An existent-and-non-existent agent does not perform an existent or a non-existent action. Therein, one should understand thus as previously explained by (the exposition of) causes.

26

emended from ‘tat tu’ in accordance with Tibetan edition《葉》


प्रतीत्य कारकः कर्म तं प्रतीत्य च कारकर््।

कर्म प्रवतमते, नान्यत्पश्यार्ः िसिद्धकारणर््॥१२॥


− ‿

− ¦ ‿

− − ‿

¦¦ − ‿

− ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− pratītya kārakaḥ karma taṁ pratītya ca kārakam |

− − ‿

− ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

karma pravartate nānyatpaśyāmaḥ siddhikāraṇam ||8.12||

ger (+acc) m sg nom n sg acc m sg acc ger (+acc) m sg acc

pratītya kārakas karma tam pratītya ca kārakam | dependent on agent action that dependent on agent

n sg nom √vŗt pres 3rd

sg pron adj n sg acc √dṛś pres 4P pl √sidh f n sg acc karma pravartate na anyat paśyāmas [siddhi-kāraṇam]27 ||8.12||

action comes forth other we see of establishment -cause

因業有作者，因作者有業，

成業義如是，更無有餘事。

緣於作業而有作者，緣於作者

作業生起。我們見不到其他成因。

Dependent on action there is agent, dependent on agent action comes forth. We (can) see no other cause of (their) establishment.

27

*tatpu cpd+ first member siddhi in *gen+ sense, ‘(cause) of establishment’


एवं िवद्यादपुादानं वु्यत्सगामक्रदित कर्मणः।

कतुमश्च कर्मकतृमभयां शेषान् भावान् िवभावयेत्॥१३॥

(Śloka Pathyā)

− − − − ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − ‿

¦ ‿

− ‿

− evaṁ vidyādupādānaṁ vyutsargāditi karmaṇaḥ |

− − ‿

− ¦ ‿

− − − ¦¦ − − − − ¦ ‿

− ‿

−

kartuśca karmakartṛbhyāṁ śeṣān bhāvān vibhāvayet ||8.13||

pcl √vid opt 3rd sg n sg acc vi-utsarga m sg abl ind karman n sg gen

evam vidyāt upādānam vyutsargāt28 iti karmaṇas | as such one shd understand grasping thru refutation thus of action

kartṛ m sg gen n m m du abl √śiṣ m pl acc √bhū m pl acc √bhū cau opt 3rd

sg kartus ca [karma-kartṛbhyām]29 śeṣān bhāvān vibhāvayet ||8.13||

of doer thru action-and-doer remaining things wd cause to reveal

如破作作者，受受者亦爾，

及一切諸法，亦應如是破。

應通過[對]作業與作者的破斥，如此理解「取」。

通過[對]作業與作者的如是[考察]，其餘的事物當會被顯明。

As such, one should understand grasping thus: through the refutation of action and doer. And through such (exposition of) action and doer, one would make the remaining things revealed.

28

MW: renunciation, resignation 29

karma-kartṛ *dvanda cpd+

Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Chap 8

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Transcript of Mūlamadhyamakakārikā Chap 8