Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.2.1 - 1.2.13 26.4.2017

मुण्डकोपनिषद ्Muṇḍakopaniṣad1《髡发奥义书》

First Muṇḍaka: Second Khaṇḍa

n n n sg nom m pl loc ~an n pl acc kavi m pl nom

1. tad etat satyaṃ mantreṣu karmāṇi2 kavayo that this truth in the hymns works the wise

n pl acc √paś impf 3rd pl n pl acc f sg loc ind √tan pp adj n pl acc yāni apaśyanṃstāni tretāyāṁ3 bahudhā santatāni4 |

which they saw those in three Vedas variously are spread

n pl acc √car pres 2nd sg adv [bahu] adj m pl nom

tāni ācaratha niyatam satya-kāmā those you practise always truth-desiring

m sg nom 2nd pl gen m sg nom adj m sg gen m sg loc eṣa vaḥ5 panthāḥ6 sukṛtasya loke ||

this your path of good-deeds in world

This is the very truth – Those ritual karmas that the sages saw in the (Vedic) mantras,

are variously spread and shown in the three Vedas;

practise them always – you truth-desiring ones.

This is your path of good deeds in the world.

汉译文、译注：《五十奥义书 （修訂本）》徐梵澄译，中国社会科学出版社 2007

第一书 下篇

此也即彼是，事物之真理；

智者所常见，诗颂中法仪，

乃在三一世7，多方覃敷8遗。

专志求真理，常行谅毋亏；

善业世界中，汝路由此之。（一）

1 muṇḍaka [m] the shaven-headed

2 sacrificial works

3 the three Vedas of Rik, Yajus and Saman; alternatively the Tetra Age

4 √tan to spread, manifest, show, display; tata [pp]

5 =yuṣmākaṃ ppn 2nd pl gen

6 fr. pathin [m] (strong stem pánthan older pánthā, middle pathi, weak path), declined like ~as

7 “三一世”谓上古之第二纪。另解：此“三一”(Treta) 非说世而为三《韦陀》。

8 【笔者：“覃”：深入、延及；“敷”：铺陈；“敷衍”：传播】

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ind pres 3rd sg ~is f sg nom adj pp m loc m sg loc 2. yadā lelāyate9 hi arciḥ10 samiddhe11 havya-vāhane12 |

when flickers fire well-lit when the sacrificial fire

ind m du acc ind +acc ~ī f pl acc cau opt 3rd sg tadā ājya-bhāgauāv13antareṇa14āhutīḥ15 pratipādayet16 ||

then ghee-(two)portions in between oblations should be made to render

When the sacrificial flame is well-lit and flickers, then two ghee-potions

(for Darśa and Paurnamāsa) in between oblations should be rendered.

火焰初炽盛，

祀燎方明扬。

在两斟灌间17，

敬信颂献享。（二）

9 √lul to move to-and-fro, lelāya [denom], lelāyate quiver, tremble, shake

10 √arc to worship, adore; arci [m] arcis [n/f], mainly Vedic; ray, flame, light

11 √indh/√idh to kindle, iddha [pp adj] shining

12 lit. the carrier of oblations to the gods; √hu to offer an oblation by casting into a fire, havya [fpp] what is to be offered i.e. an oblation;

√vah conduct offerings to the God (Agni); samiddhe … havyavāhane ‘when the sacrificial fire is well-lit’ 13

ājya [n] ghee, bhāga [m] portion, allotment 14

(with acc) within, between, amidst, during 15

In the Darśa and Paurnamāsa sacrifices connected with the Agnihotra, two oblations are offered in the Āhavanīya fire in the northern

and southern portions of it, with the invocation ‘agnaye [dat] svāha 尚享’ and somāya [dat] svāha’. These portions are called Ajyabhāga,

while the middle portions where the whole remaining oblations are offered is called Āvāpasthāna. 16

prati-√pad to render, padyate [pres], padayati [cau] 17

新月祭或满月祭中，于祀神火之南北两分间，当斟酥油灌献二次，祝曰：“奉于火神，尚享！奉于梭摩，尚享！”然后致其余

诸灌献于火中央。Āvāpasthāna.

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.2.1 - 1.2.13 26.4.2017

m sg gen n sg nom adj n sg nom adj n sg nom 3. yasya agnihotram adarśam apaurṇamāsam

he whose fire ritual no new-moon-rites no full-moon-rites

adj n sg nom adj n sg nom m √vṛj pp n sg nom a-cātur-māsyam18an-āgrayaṇam19atithi-varjitam ca |

no 4-autumn-months rites no first-fruit rites guest -shunned

√hu pp n sg nom adj n sg nom ~i m sg inst √hu pp n sg nom a-hutam avaiśvadevam20 avidhinā hutam

not offered Vaiśvadeva not by rules offering

saptama num ord adj m pl acc m sg gen m pl acc √hiṃs pres 3rd sg ā-saptamānṁstasya lokān hinasti ||

up to- seventh his worlds he destroys

He, whose Agnihotra is without the new-moon rite (Darśa), the full-moon rite (Paurnamāsa),

the four-autumn-months rite (Chaturmasya), the first-fruit rite (Āgrayaṇa);

is unattended by guests; is without offering to birds and beasts (Vaiśvadeva);

(and) offering not done to rules; destroys up to (his) seventh worlds21.

火祀礼虚行，

而无新月祭，

亦无月圆祭，

复无秋雨祭22，

又无尝新祭23，

且无宾客享，

终无所牺牲，

不施十方神24，

行之不如仪，——

是皆足以毁，

彼之七天界25。（三）

18

cāturmāsya [n] name of sacrifice - ‘four atumn months rite’; māsa [m] month 19

fr. agra [adj] first, foremost 20

including the feeding of birds and animals 21

the seven worlds are: Bhūr, Bhuvar, Svar, Mahar, Jana, Tapas, Satya 22“秋雨祭”，义是秋间四月中之祭祀。

23“尝新祭”，收获新果实后之祭祀。

24 施食鸟兽也。

25“七天界”: Bhūr, Bhuvar, Svar, Mahar, Jana, Tapas, Satya. 参 Taitt.Ār.10.27-28。另说则为七世界，上及曾祖，下及曾孙，与己为七。

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f sg nom f nom sg f sg nom f sg nom rpn f f sg nom

4. kālī karālī ca mano-javā26 ca su-lohitā27 yā ca su-dhūmra-varṇā28 | Black Fierce Mind-swift Deep-red who Smoke-colour

f sg nom f sg nom f sg nom pmp f pl nom num car f pl nom sphuliṅginī29 viśvarūci30 ca devī31 lelāyamānā32 iti sapta-jiḥvāḥ ||

Scintillating All-shine goddess flickering seven-tongues

“Kālī, Karālī, Manojavā, Sulohitā, Sudhūmravarṇa, Sphuliṅginī and Viśvarūci” –

the seven flickering tongues (of fire).

黑，猛，意速火，

大赤，烟色火，

闪花，遍明火，

动摇为七舌33。（四）

26

manas [n] mind, java [adj] swift 27

√ruh to be red 28

dhūmra [adj] grey, varṇa [m] colour 29

√sphul/sphur ; sphuliṅgin [adj] sparkling, having sparks of fire 30

viśva [adj] all, √ruh to shine 31

√div to shine; viśvarūci devī The All-shine Goddess 32

√lul to move to-and-fro, lelāya [denom], , lelāyate [pres] 33

“七舌火”原名: Kāli, Karāli, Manojāva, Sulohitā, Sudhūmravarnā, Spulingini, Viśvaruci。“意速”者，速如意之谓。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.2.1 - 1.2.13 26.4.2017

m pl loc nom pres 3rd sg pmp m pl loc 5. eteṣu yaḥścarate34 bhrājamāneṣu35

when these he who performs when shining

ind ~ i f pl acc pcl adj pmp f pl nom yathākālaṁ ca āhutayāḥohi ādadāyan |

at the proper time oblations indeed receiving

m sg acc √nī pres 3rd pl f pl nom f sg gen ~i f pl nom

taṁ nayanti etāḥ sūryasya raśmayo36 him take these sun’s rays

ind m pl gen ~i m sg nom m sg nom yatra devānām patiḥreko’dhivāsaḥ37 ||

where god’s Lord -one abode

He who offers oblations at the proper time when these (flames) are shining – indeed

the receiving sunrays38 (will) lead him to where the abode of the One-Lord of Devas is.

诸火明盛时，

其人行祀事，

如时奉斟灌；

此等39为日光，

导彼往臻至，

一神主居处。（五）

34

Vedic for carati √car to perform, move 35

√bhrāj to shine; eteṣu [loc] … bhrājamāneṣu *loc+: *loc+ of circumstance =‘when’ 36

raśmi usually [m] exceptionally [f] 37

adhivāsaḥ √vas to dwell, vāsa [m] abode 38

oblations received in the form of sunrays 39

“此等”谓祭祀致火焰。

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2nd sg imp acc f pl nom ~as adj f pl nom 6. ehi40yehi iti tam āhutayaḥ suvarcasaḥ41

‘Come! Come’ him oblations brilliant

f sg gen ~i f pl inst m sg acc √vah pres 3rd pl

sūryasya raśmibhir yajamānaṁ42 vahanti | sun’s by rays the sacrificer carry

f sg acc f sg acc pap f pl nom pap f pl nom

priyāṁ vācam abhivadantyaḥoarcyantyaḥ43 pleasant word uttering praising

m sg nom 2nd pl gen adj m sg nom adj m sg nom [tatpu] m sg nom

eṣa vaḥ44 puṇyaḥ sukṛtaḥ45obrahma-lokaḥ || this your meritorious well-earned (of) Brahma -world

“Come! Come!” – To him the brilliant oblations say,

and carry the sacrificer by the sun’s rays,

addressing and praising him with the pleasant words:

“This is your auspicious and well-earned Brahma-world.”

“尔来兮！来兮！”

灌燎如是语；

承此献祀者，

与日光高举。

美语赞之言：

“此汝善行修，

梵皆福德所！”（六）

40

√i to go ā-ihi [2nd sg imp] ‘you come!’ 41

√varc to shine 42

√yaj to sacrifice 43

√arc to praise, adore; [pap stem] arcat 44

note use of pl. ‘you’, inconsistent with the subject ‘sacrificer’ in [sg] 45

√kṛ kṛta [pp] done

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.2.1 - 1.2.13 26.4.2017

m pl nom m pl nom adj m pl nom m pl nom

7. plavā46 hiyete adṛḍhā47 yajñarūpā48 rafts these frail ‘rite-forms’

adj pl nom √vac pp n sg nom m pl loc n sg nom

aṣṭādaśaouktam avaram yeṣu karma | 18-fold is said inferior on which action

n sg nom adj spv pl nom √nand 3rd pl √muh/√muhya m pl nom etatcchśreyo49 ye’bhinandanti mūḍhāḥ

“this best” those rejoice/proclaim fools

[dvanda] n sg acc pl pcl pcl pcl √i pres 3rd pl jarā-mṛtyuṁ50 te punaḥreva api51 yanti ||

old age and death they again just so again go to

These eighteen constituents52 are frail rafts,

on which sacrificial karma is considered inferior.

“This is best!” The fools proclaim and rejoice.

They just go again and again into old age and death.

十八祭祀相53，

中表低下业，

如筏不坚牢。

而有愚痴人，

以此为殊胜，

老死反复遭。（七）

46

√plu to float 47

√dṛḥ to make firm, dṛḍha [pp] firm, a~ flimsy, frail, fragile 48

(the 18) constituents of sacrifice 49

Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary: usually comparative but also superlative ‘the best’ 50

jarā [f] mṛtyuḥ [m] 51

punar api again and again 52

The 18 constituents of sacrifices are the 16 priests, the sacrificer and his wife. 53

此有二说：十六祭司主祀者夫妇共十八人，为“十八祭祀相”。另说四《韦陀》各分三 (Saṃhita, Brāhmaṇa, Sūtra)，加《韦陀》

六支（见前 1.5）为十八分。

Muṇḍakopaniṣad 1.2.1 - 1.2.13 26.4.2017

f sg loc m sg loc √vṛt pmp m pl nom 8. avidyāyām antare vartamānāḥ

in ignorance in the midst being

ind m pl nom paṇḍit m pl acc pmp m pl nom

svayaṁ dhīrāḥ paṇḍitam manyamānāḥ54 | oneself the wise the learned thinking

ppp m pl nom √i pres 3rd pl m pl nom jaṅghanyamānāḥ55 pariyanti mūḍhāḥ

are being repeatedly hurt wander about fools

√andh m sg inst pcl ppp m pl nom ind m pl nom andhena iva nīyamānā56 yathā andhāḥ ||

by the blind like being led just as the blind

Being in the midst of ignorance, (yet) thinking themselves as wise and learned men,

the fools, being repeatedly hurt, wander about like the blind being led by the blind.

中外无明内，

私智以恕量。

自视为学者，

彼等诚愚狂。

如盲导盲者，

颠顿劳彷徨57。（八）

54

manyate [pres or pass], so although manyamāna can be [pmp] thinking or [ppp] being thought of, context here determines the former 55

√han to kill hanyate [pass], jaṅghanyate [intensive pass] here [ppp] formed from passive stem+māna 56

nīyate [pass], here present passive participle [ppp] is formed from passive stem+māna 57

此乃常见之一颂，文同而微异，见《羯书》2.5；《弥书》7.9。

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f sg loc ind √vṛt pmp m pl nom

9. avidyāyām bahudhā vartamānā in ignorance in various ways being

nom pl adj m pl nom pres 3rd pl m pl nom

vayaṁ kṛtārthā58 iti abhimanyanti bālāh | we ‘fulfilled-goal’ consider boys (=childish people)

n sg acc ~in m pl nom pcl pres 3rd pl m sg abl yat59karmiṇo na pravedayanti rāgāt60

that the sacrificers not know due to attachment

ind adj m pl nom adj m nom pl √cyu pres 3d pl tena āturāḥ kṣīṇa-lokāḥ61ścyavante ||

thus afflicted ‘exhausted-world’ sink down (to lower births)

Being in ignorance in various ways,

the foolish consider: “We are goal-fulfilled”.

Due to attachment, the sacrificers know not that (self-nature).

Thus afflicted, merit-exhausted, they sink down (to lower births).

多方缚无明。

居中自矝诩：

“我生志已遂！”

其人似童竖。

作业为祀事，

贪执良未悟，

福果销尽时，

还堕浮生苦。（九）

58

kṛta [pp] done, artha [n] aim, purpose, goal, meaning 59

glossed: ātmatattvam [n] self-nature 60

√rañj rāgaḥ [m] attachment 61

√kṣi to exhaust, kṣīna [pp] exhausted, kṣīṇaloka exhaustion of the enjoyments of this world attained by good deeds (puṇya)

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[dvanda] n sg nom ppp m pl nom adj spv n sg nom 10. iṣṭa-pūrtaṁ62 manyamānāḥ63 variṣṭhaṁ64

sacrifice-charity are being thought of most excellent

pcl pn-adj n sg acc adj cpv pres 3rd pl √muh/√muhya m pl nom na anyat śreyo vedayante pramūḍhāḥ |

no other better know/understand the highly deluded

m sg gen n sg loc m pl nom adj n sg loc ger

nākasya65 pṛṣṭhe66 te sukṛte67’nubhūtvā68 of heaven on upper-side they in good deed having experienced

m sg acc m sg acc adj m sg acc pcl √viś pres 3rd pl

imaṁ lokaṁ hīnataraṁ69 vā viśanti || this world more inferior or enter

Sacrificial and charity works are being thought of as most excellent.

The highly deluded know none other better.

Having experienced (their fruits) in the heights of good-deed heaven,

they enter this world or to (one) more inferior.

敬事与善事70，

以为胜无上，

更胜非所知，

彼等庸以妄。

天外得乐欣，

善业于以偿，

此世还下生，

低界或投向。（十）

62

iṣṭa [m] sacrificial ritual, pūrtaṁ [n] charitable work, 63

pl. form is used, seems to treat iṣṭa-pūrtaṁ as pl.? 64

[superlative] cf. śreyaṃ [comparative] 65

nāka [m] vault of heaven 66

pṛṣṭhaṃ [n] back, height, ridge, top, upper-side 67

√kṛ kṛta [pp] done, su-kṛta [adj] well-done, sukṛte [loc] adj for pṛṣṭhe contextually result of good deeds 68

Vedic for anubhūya [ger] having experienced, here [ger] used without an [acc] but contextually “having experienced the result of their

good deeds” 69

√hā hīna [pp] -tara [cpv] 70

“掘井，池，塘等，并建筑庙宇，施食及造园，此皆善德事。——事火并苦行，诚实奉韦陀，敬客及拜神，此乃虔诚事”。

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[dvanda] adj f du loc m pl nom √vas pres 3rd pl n sg loc 11. tapaḥ-śraddhe71 ye hi upavasantiyaraṇye

austerity-faith those who dwell in forest

√śam pp m pl nom adj m pl nom n √car f sg acc pap (as verb) m pl nom śāntā vidvāṁso72 bhaikṣya-caryāṁ73 carantaḥ74 |

calm learned alms-visits moving about

m [tatpu] n sg inst pl adj m pl nom √yā pres 3rd pl sūrya-dvāreṇa75 te virajāḥ76 prayānti

(of) sun -by means they desire-free go forth

pcl √mṛ adj m sg nom m m sg nom adj m sg nom ~an m sg nom yatra amṛtaḥ sa puruṣo hi avyaya ātmā77 ||

where immortal ‘the’ Puruṣa immutable self

Those who live in austerity-and-faith in the forest,

calm and learned, moving about on alms-visit(s);

they go forth desire-free by way of the sun,

to where Puruṣa is – the immortal and immutable Self.

安静修学者，

乞食兼自任78，

苦行兼敬信，

生活在闲林；

遂由日光道79，——

此辈无垢尘，——

往彼永生居，

不变之神人80。（十一）

71

tapas [n] austerity/penance, śraddha [f] faith 72 fr. vidvas [adj] learned, wise; strong base is vidvāṃs; Macdonell Sanskrit Grammar for Students §89, §157 73

√car to perform, caryā [f] going about, wandering, visiting; bhaikṣyacaryāṁ the vow of mendicancy 74

√car to move about 75

dvāra [n] a way, means, medium (door, gate, passage, entrance), dvāreṇa [ifc] by means of 76

virajas [m] Vedic for virajasaḥ [m pl nom] free from dust, passion, desires 77

Refers to Satyaloka (world of Brahmā), attained by those on the path of Kramamukti (gradual attainment) as opposed to those on

Jīvanmukti (this-life attainment). krama gradual順次 78

学者往往必抛弃一切，守乞食之誓愿，bhaikṣacaryā，所谓“比丘行”也。 79

“日光道”即“天乘道”。参《唱书》5.10.1；《大林书》6.2.15。 80

“垢尘”谓欲念。“永生居”，即“永生者”之所在。“彼”即不变无灭之“神人”或“神我”或“性灵”。

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√ikṣ ger m pl acc √ci cita pp (adj) m pl acc m sg nom

12. parīkṣya lokān karmacitān brāhmaṇo having examined world karma-acquired Brāhmana

n sg acc opt 3rd sg √as pres 3rd sg pp m sg nom m sg inst

nirvedam81āyāt82nna astiyakṛtah kṛtena | dispassion would arrive at is not uncreated by doing

n sg nom [tatpu] n sg acc m sg nom m sg acc pcl opt 3rd sg tad vijñāna-arthaṁ83 sa gurum eva abhigacchet

that for knowledge sake he guru just so should approach

[bahu] adj m sg nom adj m sg acc adj m sg acc samit-pāṇiḥ84 śrotriyaṁ brahma-niṣṭhaṁ ||

sacrificial fuel in hand well versed in Vedas Brahman-based

Having examined the karma-acquired world, a Brāhmana

would arrive at dispassion (because) that which is not made, is not (made) by doing.

For the sake of knowledge one should approach, with Samit in hand,

a guru well-versed in the Vedas and established in Brahman.

梵学人谛观，

修业85所得界，

必不动其意。

“彼”非创造成，

必非由业致。

故当往寻师，

多闻敬梵者，

捧薪求教义。（十二）

81

nirveda √nir-vid get rid of, do away with; complete indifference, disregard of worldly objects (asceticism) 82

ā-√yā to arrive 83

arthaṃ ‘object, purpose’ often used adverbially as [ifc] in [acc] =for the sake of 84

√idh to shine, samidh [adj] flaming, burning, -samit in compound, -pāṇi [m] hand 85

“修业”即行业，祭祀，敬事，善事等。

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m sg dat ~vant m sg nom √sad pp (adj) m sg dat ind

13. tasmai sa vidvān upasannāya86 samyak for him learned approached properly

√śam śanta pp adj m sg dat √śam adj m sg dat praśāntacittāya śama-anvitāya87 |

calm-minded possessing mental calmness (controlled senses)

n inst n sg acc n sg acc perf 3rd sg n sg acc yena akṣaram puruṣaṁ veda88 satyam

by which imperishable Puruṣa one knows truth

pra-u~ perf 3rd sg f sg acc ~tas adv f sg acc provāca tāṁ tattvato brahmavidyām89 ||

proclaims/imparts that in essence Brahma-vidyā

The learned imparts to him – who has approached (the guru) properly,

who is calm-minded with controlled senses –

the Brahma-knowledge in essence,

by which one comes to know the imperishable Puruṣa and Truth.

心思既安定，

念虑静以沏90,91，

缘彼求道人，

如礼就明哲。

乃以大梵明，

如实为彼说。

由知彼神我，

至真非变灭。（十三）

86

√sad sanna [pp] upasanna approached 87

śama [m] mental calmness, anu-√i =anvita [pp] accompanied by, possessing 88

perfect in present sense 89 reads: sa vidvān provāca / tasmai samyak-upasannāya praśāntacittāya śamānvitāya / tāṁ brahmavidyām tattvataḥ / yena akṣaram

puruṣaṁ satyam veda 90【笔者：“沏”水声、流疾、冲击、冲泡；似与原文 praśāntacittāya，śamānvitāya (字根皆为 √śam“平和”)不符。“澈”？】

91 初二句乃得名师后之境界。

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Grammatical Abbreviations

<masculine feminine neuter> <singular dual plural> <1st

2nd

3rd

person>

<nominative accusative instrumental dative ablative genitive locative vocative>

<present imperfect perfect periphrastic-perfect aorist future periphrastic-future >

<imperative optative conditional subjunctive injunctive>

<passive causative desiderative intensive denominative>

<adjective adverb indecline numeral comparative superlative>

<adjective adverb preposition indeclinable particle prefix suffix comparative superlative>

<numeral cardinal ordinal > <locative absolute, genitive absolute>

<compound: o (ibc) start of cpd,

o (ifc) end of cpd, tatpuruṣa, karmadhāraya, bahuvrīhi, dvanda, upapada>

<pronoun: ppn personal, dpn demonstrative, rpn relative, ipn interrogative,

rfpn reflexive, pn-adj pronominal adjective>

<participle: pap present active, pmp present middle, ppp present passive;

psap past active, pp past passive;

fap future active, fmp future middle, fpp future passive;

pfap perfect active, pfmp perfect middle

gerund (absolutive/indeclinable past participle) infinitive>