*KURAに登録されているコンテンツの著作権は，執筆者，出版社（学協会）などが有します。*KURAに登録されているコンテンツの利用については，著作権法に規定されている私的使用や引用などの範囲内で行ってください。*著作権法に規定されている私的使用や引用などの範囲を超える利用を行う場合には，著作権者の許諾を得てください。ただし，著作権者から著作権等管理事業者（学術著作権協会，日本著作出版権管理システムなど）に権利委託されているコンテンツの利用手続については，各著作権等管理事業者に確認してください。

Title Morisaki Kazue's Diasporic Interventions in Language

Author(s) Yuki, Masami

Citation IJOS ＝ International Journal of Okinawan Studies, 2(2): 31-40

Issue Date 2011

Type Journal Article

Text version publisher

URL http://hdl.handle.net/2297/38445

Right Copyright © 琉球大学国際沖縄研究所 International Institute forOkinawan Studies at the University of the Ryukyus｜許可を得て登録

http://dspace.lib.kanazawa-u.ac.jp/dspace/

MorisakiKazue'sDiasponclnterventionsinLanguage

Ｓｅ吋可・娼囎・阯旺鋲・皿㎡血皿岫韮伽

三一口口口Ｉ一言一口一口一三三・州岬

肌唖恥・雌Ⅷｉ

》・唖拙軸岬・姻晒唖岫

唾侭》州州恥恥

狗似Ｗ伽硴

．ａ１１ｔ，

》岬咽岫恥ｉ耐艸州血鋤伽剛

ｅ↑》．ｌ

価”た由企肋哩

・ｕＣｅ配伽ｔ

Ⅷ伽醍仙川

恥》

川僻加・川ⅧＳ２ｔ

岬刎叱剛函ｅＶｌｔｔ

岬州伸佃仙州恥

０ａ・１ｒ・１

正邪睡仙加

州伽硴・叫岫，ｅｅｅ，Ｃｉａ

刷祓噸岫如

》鋤恥州恥‐

咽昭．Ⅳ粕ａ随ｇ

岬卿砿》柚岬岬

皿癖唾酔川・鴫．Ⅳｈｌ，Ｏｍａｍ誕祓

鋤伽峅吋州岫唖

畑ｈＯ旧虹ｉ

●利■曇４口■し

ｄｋｌｎｂ

沈汕皿ＭＣＳＳ

函川呼州・油Ｓ

ｅＳ

州恥

ｅに．Ｓｐ

ｄａｍ配Ｏ・

瓢皿Ｏｅ１ｌｅｎ

ｅｌＣｈｍｌ

●君■具

哩聰・伽剛皿佃、伽巾．、ｍ妬．皿曲虹

32

developherobservationsandthoughtsonissuesoflanguageandidentity.Ontheotherhand,herinterestinoralhistory-theStylisticdependenceonothervoicesbymeansofquotationandtranscription-alsoseemstorepresentherdesirenottoimposeherviews

butto"waittohearwhat[fOreignnessofadifferentcultureandlanguage]wouldsayto[her]''(Morisaki,･.Seinohajimari''42).QUotingandtranscribingothersmayworkasa

strategyfbrallowingthemtomanifestthemselves,andinthiswayoralhistorycanbe

regardedasacarefilllyandstrategicallychosenmethodofapproachingothers.

Itisherresistancetobothidealizationofaplace-basedlanguageofintimacyandtoun-selfrefiectivecriticismofamodemlanguagethatcharacterizesMorisaki'sworkas

trulydiasporic.TbacertainextentMorisakiisphysicallydiasporicfOrherbeingasec-

ond-generationcolonistbornandraisedinKorea.Inheressayentitled6@TwoLanguagesandTwoSouls,''Morisakidescribesherbirthasa@6crime''duetoherpoliticallyandhis-toricallyconvolutedposition:

TbtalkaboutKoreaisaburden.Itmakesmefeelsoheavy-hearted,Ihardlyknowhowtobegin.IwasborninMikasa-cho,Thegu,Kyongsangpukto’Korea.

Sensingthatyourbirth-notthewayyoulivedyourlife,butthefactofhavingbeenborn-wasinitselfacrimeisnotsomethingyouspeakabouteasily....Itdoesmejustaslittlegoodtothinkthatlwasonlyachild,thatlwasn'tborninKoreabecauselwantedtobe.

ItistheveryfactthatIwasbominthatlandwithouthavingchosentodoso,thatlabsorbeditsculture,whichinturngaveshapetomybeing,thatgivesrisetomydilemma.IiinditimpossibletoremainoIJectiveaboutKoreaortheactivitiesofKoreans;IIosemycompo-sure.ThehairofmyKoreanmotherandmyKoreannannywhocarriedmeontheirbacks

stickstomylips.Itfillsmymonthwithmemorieslneverwouldhavehadhadwepartedinadifferentway.EachstrandismorefilledwiththecontentsofmysoulthanwordswilleverknOw・Ihavenotthepowertocompromise・Wordsareshrunken,unabletocontainthefUll-

ness.Korearaisedme,fedmeatitsbreast.(Morisaki,&GTwoLanguagefl53)2)

Morisaki'saffectionfbrKoreaisobvious.3)ThedescriptionofhermemoryofKorea,

whichissoconcretethatshecouldnotthinkofthewomenwhomsheaffectionately

calledher&6Koreanmother''andher@6Koreannanny''withoutthefeelingoftheirhairon

herlips,demonstrateshowpeopleandtheenvironmentinKoreashapedandcoloredMorisaki'schildhood・Ifwecalltheplaceofourchildhoodselffbrmation@6home,

99

Korea,inwhichshe@Gabsorbeditsculturewhichinturngaveshapeto[her]being,''is

nothingbuthome.ButMorisaki'ssenseofbeing@6raised''byKoreanevercorrespondsto

hersenseofwhosheis,becausethehistoricalfactofherbeingasecond-generatiOncoIo-nistdoesnotallowhertoseeKoreaasherhome.

Moresothaninherpersonalbackground,Morisaki'sdiasporicidiosyncrasyismost

clearlydisplayedinherattitudetowardlanguage.HerawarenesSofnothavingherhome

ineitherKOreaorJapanoranywhereelsefbrmsabasisofherdiasporicperspectiveoflanguage.Insteadoflamentingtheabsenceofhome,Morisakioperatesherawarenessof

absenceinawaythatdevelopsacriticalperspectivefromwhichtoseekanall-加clusive

language,alanguagethatwouldallowherdiasporicbeingaswell.

35

MorisakiKazue'sDiasporiclnterventionsinLanguage

TherearemainlythreesignificanttopoifOrMorisaki'sliteraryexplorationsoflan-

guage.TheyareKorea,Okinawa,andMunakata.Asisdisplayedinher2004bOoktitle,

I"oc/zje"o"bi:Kα"肋k",Ok加αw",M""αkam[AJourneytoLife:Korea,Okinawa,

Munakatal,thosethreeplacesprovidegroundfromwhichMorisakiseeksanun-institu-

tionalizedwayoflife.Morisaki'sessayonYoron-aplacewhichsheperceivedasbeing

inthesamecategoryasOkinawa-isanexampleofhowsuchplaceshaveunsettling

effectsonconventiOnalnOtionsoflanguage.MunakataislocatedinnorthernKyushu,a

townclosetowhatwasoncethelargest-scalecoal-nningregioninJapan・Morisakilived

inacoal-miningtowninnorthernKyushufromthelatel950sthrOughthel970s,devel-

opingherliteraryactivismonlanguageandculturebymeansofhercontactwiththe

peculiarcultureofcoalminers.Munakataisalsoclosetocoastalvillageswhereshefre-

quentlyvisitedtolearnaboutfemaleabalonediversandtheiropenrelationshipswith

others,relationshipsthatMorisakifindssimlartothoseoffemalecoalminerswhose

eroticselfandsocialselfarenotseparatedastheyareinmodernsocieties.Koreais,asl

havementioned,whereMorisakiwasbornandraised;itistheplacewhichnurturedher

language-@6aJapaneselanguagefOranOverseasterritory''(Morisaki,MinshukOtoba''

28).ItisthesamelanguagethatherKOreancontemporarieswerefOrcedtouse,andMori-

sakidescribessuchalanguageas@6asystemoflanguagewhichdoesnothaveahOme

outsidethelanguageitself''(Morisaki,@GMinshukotoba''29).Itisindeedalanguagelived

bypeoplelikeMorisaki,yetunlikethelanguageinYoron,itdoesnotoriginateintheconcrete.

Allthoseplaces-Okinawa/Yoron,thecoal-miningregion,thecoastalvillages,and

KoreaasJapan'scolony-areconsideredtOhavesufferedfromJapan'smodemization

thatadvancedfromthelatenineteenthcenturyonward.Morisaki'sattentionisdirected

nottovictimizationaspectsofthoseplacesbuttheirpeculiarculture,whichseemstohave

evadedbeingappropriatedbyanationalisticideology・Usuallyplacessuchascoal-mining

towns,isolatedcoastalvillages,andremoteislandsareperceivedasmarginalized,

exploited,neglected,andtherebyvictimizedinthecourseofthenation'smodemization

andindustrialization.ItisnotuncommOntodescribethosemarginalizedpeopleand

placesasvictimsofmodernization,especiallyinapostcolonialdiscourse.Idonotdeny

thatsuchaviewhelpsillunnatethatwhichwaspreviouslyconcealedorhiddenina

moderndiscourseofpOwer.However,asisdemonstratedbySpivak'sobservationthatl

mentionedattheopeningofthisessay,ifapostcolonialviewmerelyreplacesacolonial

view,stillonesinglestorydominatesindividualandsocietalperceptionsofotherpeople

andcultures.ThisaccompanieswhatNigerianwriterChimamandaNgoziAdichiecalls

66thedangerofasinglestory.''InherTEDspeech,Adichiestates:

Itisimpossibletotalkaboutthesinglestorywithouttalkingaboutpower・Thereisa

word,anIgboword,thatlthinkaboutwheneverlthinkaboutthepowerstructuresofthe

world,anditifnkali.''It'sanounthatlooselytranslatesto｡6tobegreaterthananother.''Like

oureconomicandpoliticalworlds,storiestooaredefinedbytheprincipleofnkali・Howthey

aretold,whotellsthem,whenthey'retold,howmanystoriesaretold,arereallydependent

36

onpower.(Adichie,nopage)

Whetherbeingjustornot,having｡telling,andbelievinginasinglestoryisdangerousinthatitcannotbefreefromaparticularpowerstructure・HavingmanystOries,Adichieargues,helpsalleviatesuchdangerifnotannihilateit.

Inasimlarvein,Morisaki'sattitudetowardmarginalizedpeOpleandplacesallows

fOrdifferentstories,approachingthe/jvedworldofthosewhoareofteninterpretedashistorically,socially,andpoliticallyvictimized.Thereisnodoubtthatastoryoftheirbeingvictimizedisinawayanillustrationoftheirreality,anditisnotalwayseasytodistinguishwhatislivedbynativesfiFomwhatisconceptuallyperceivedbynon-natives.WhatlwishtoemphasizeasanotablecharacteristicofMorisaki'sapproachis.herdesire

toun-institutionalizeconceptuallyestablishedviewsofpeopleandplaces.

Herattempttomakeherownconceptualrealmun-institutionalizedisrecognizedin

herpositiveacceptanceof"I)se"ceasherepistemicfOOting.AccordingtoJapanesecriticandtranslatorFUjimotoKazuko,amajorcharacteristicofMorisaki'sworkisfOundinthe

writer'skeenawarenessofabsence-absenceofhome,identity,andevenlanguagewithwhichtoarticulateherself(Fujimotol47).Suchaconsciousnessofabsenceisatoncea

burdenandstrengthfOrMorisaki,asisdiscussedinasubtlewayinthefbllowingpassagefromher@6TwoLanguages,TwoSoulf:

Twodifferentandoverlappingculturescolormyperceptionof66I.''Thisisnoself-protectivesubterfuge.@T'isinnatelyacomprehensiveexpressionofthehistoricalstructureoftheindividual.Thewordisthuscompromisedoftwoappositivedynamcs-thereductivedynamicthatdistinguishesbetweentheindividualselfandothersandtheextensivedynamicthatencompassestheareaofsharedexperiencethatexistsbetweenselfandtheotherandthatnecessitatestheinclusionwithin@T'ofanindeiinitenumberofotherswithoutwhom@T'

wouldhavenomeaning.Ordinarily,asitisusedineverydayparlanceinJapan,thelatterfUnctionofthewordisclosertothesurface.Throughittherangeofresponsibilitytheindi-vidualmustacceptfOreverydaylifeismoreorlessambiguouslydefined.

IcametoJapanafterthewarandlearnedthattheJapaneseusedtheword@T'aroundtheaxisofthelatterfmction.InmylifeinKoreamyuseofthewordhadbeenbiasedinfavorofthehrmerfmction.IthoughttomyselfquizzicallythattheJapanesewereapeopleunabletograspthefUllfUnctionalrangeof@6I.''(Morisaki,"TwoLanguagerl54-55)

ThispassageillustrateswhereMorisakiculturallyandlinguisticallylocatesherself:she

seesJapanratherobjectivelywithoutmakingherselfconceptuallyassimlatedasJapa-

nese､4)Suchastancewouldbepositivelyevaluatedascosmopolitaninthepresentcontext

ofglobalization,butapositivemoodistotallyincompatiblewithMorisaki'spositionfrom

whichshereilectsonherpastlifeasasecond-generationcOlonist・Moreover,althoughthe

quotedpassageshowsthattheJapaneseusageof､6I''appearedstrangetoMorisaki,who

"absorbed[Korean]culture,whichinturngaveshapeto[her]being,"itdoesnotimply

thatMorisaki'sattitudeisrootedinKoreanculture.Rather,Morisaki'sgeopoliticalrecog-

nitionofherbackgrounddoesnotallowhertorelyonKoreanvalues,assheclaimsthat

she"[has]simplylostthemeanstoexpresswhatthereistosay''(Morisaki*GTwoLan-

37

9

MorisakiKazue'sDiasporiclnterventionsinLanguage

guage5'154).Thus,Morisakisufrerstheabsenceofalanguagewithwhichtoarticulate

herthOughts,herfeelings,andherSelf.Butatthesametime,theconsciousnessofabsence

workspositively,providingatabularasafbrMorisaki,whoseeksaplacefifomwhichto

approachothersandotherculturesinawaythatevadesinstitutionalizedthinking.

WhatmakesMorisaki'sperspectiveonlanguageuniqueisherscrutinyofpower

structuresamongthevariousregionallanguages.Usually,scholarlyattentiongoesto

hierarchicaldifferencesbetweenregionallanguagesandhomogeneous,standardlan-

guages,butMorisakipointsoutthesimilarhegemonicstructureworkingamongregional

languagesaswell.Inher@GMinshukotobanohassei''ITheBirthofPeople'sLanguage],

Morisakidiscussesthreeregionallanguages:anOkinawanlanguage,thatofacoal-

miningtowninKyushu,andtheJapaneseusedbyKoreansduringJapan'soccupation.

TheyareallusuallycOnsideredlanguagesusedbyvictims,yetMorisakidoesnotview

themthatway.Instead,shepointsoutthecomplexstructureofvictimizationwithin

regionallanguagesaswell.FOrinstance,observinghowpeoplefromOkinawawere

treatedonthemainland,sheclaims,.6Becauseoftheirspokenlanguage,thosewholeft

OkinawafOrtheJapanesemainlandhavebeenoppressedandsegregatedinmanydiffer-

entplaces,eveninaplacelikeacoal-miningtOwninKyushuwherenobodyisnative''

(Morisaki,.GMinshukotoba''32).SucharecOgnitionisseeninheressayregardingthe

open-airburialinYoron,too・MorisakiseesherinfOrmant-anoldwomanwhousedtoliveinYoronandwhomovedenmassewithothersaroundl900toworkattheMitsui

MiikecoalmnesinKyushu,Japan'slargestcoalmine,whichplayedamajorroleinpro-

mOtingthenation'sindustrializationfromthel880suntilotherfOssilfUelstookoverin

thel950s-asnotsomuchavictimofmodernizationasavictimoflinguisticsegrega-

tion.Morisakiasks"ifthegreatestsufferingin[theoldwomanandherhusband'sllives

aftertheirrelocatingtothemainlandisnotbeingabletoutterYoron'snativewordsof

celebrationシ〃肋e加肋e〃肋e加肋e,infrontofstrangers,ratherthanthecapitalistic

exploitation''(Morisaki,"Seinohajimari''29-30).

Likethis,MorisakipOintsoutthestructureofvictimswithinvictims.Yet,again,her

attentionisnotdirectedtowardssuchachainofvictimization,assheclaims:@6AfUn-

damentalbasisonwhichtofacethepowerthatsuppresseslanguagesisnOtmerely

concernedwiththepowerconfigurationofacentrallanguagevs.regionallanguages

(Morisaki,"Minshukotoba"39).Herinterestisnotinthepowerstructureoftheoppress-

ingvs.theoppressed,whetheritisbetweenaregionallanguageandastandardlanguage

orbetweenregionallanguages.Instead,Morisaki'sattentionisOrientedtowardsalarger

linguisticmatrixwithinwhichdifferentlanguageswouldnegotiateandaccepteachother.

ThefbllowingpassageregardingpoliticalandgeneralperceptionsofOkinawaillustratesherstanceassuch:

...didthemainland'sperceptionofOkinawadifferfromthedonnantpower'sperception

ofOkinawa？．．、didthegeneralpublicreallytrytofacepeopleinOkinawaindependently

andintegratethemeaningoftheiranti-powerprotestwiththeirownhistoryaswellasthatof

Okinawa？Unlesstheydidso，theycouldnotovercometheirnarrownesstocreateaworld

38