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Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin Urriversity - Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

Monitoring Variation of Some Water Quatity Parameters ofGreater-Zab River atlfraz Station During Fourteen Months

Shuokr Q.AzizDepaftment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,

University of salahaddin - Hawler, Iraqi Kurdistan Region.

Received: 281 812007Accepted: 101512008

AbstractIn this research, some physical, chemical, and biological properlies of Greater-Zab river water atIftaz

station were observed during fouleen months, October 2004 to May 2005 and May 2006 to October2006. Also flow rates of the river were studied during the mentioned pedod. Obtained results of theexperiments are tabulated, shown graphically, and compared with r,vater international standards.

Two empirical equations were achieved to show the relationships between turbidity (NTU) andelectrical conductivity (pmhos.cm-l.y with flow rate (m3 . s-r) of Greater-Zabriver.

Keywords: Greater - Zab river,Ifraz station, water quality, and flow rate.

Introductionater is naturally occurringsubstance; because; exceptin rare case, i t is not

sufficiently pure. Though the water thatcirculates in the hydrologic cycle isdistilled by natural evaporation, even asthe rain falls it dissolves carbon dioxidefrom the atmosphere [1] and [2].

Generally, in Iraqi Kurdistan bothsurface and ground water sollrces areused for different uses. Arbil theregional Capital of h'aqi Kurdistan issituated on 35o 27 N - 37 o 24 Nlatitude and 43o 15 E - 45o 14 Elongitude. The water supply of this citycomes from two main sources: 1)ground water, there are more than 416drilled wells spread over entire city [3].2) Surface water, Greater-Zab lie on theNorth West of Arbil City, figuresl and2. It is the only surface water source fordrinking and other uses.

GreaterZab originates in South ofTurkey and is pafily regulated by theBekhma dam; and It generates 13.18kmr at its confluence with Tigris 62Yoof the 25810 km2 of rivel basin is inIraq [4]. It is the main tributaly of

Tigris river. Its length from the sourceto Almakhlut village in the South ofMosul city is about 392 Krn l5l. Ifraz(1969) and New Arbil Water Project(1983) are two water treatment-plantsbuilt on GraterZab river, and ThirdArbil water treatment-plant is recentlyconstructed.

In general, geological formation ofGreater-zab river ranges from Mesozoicto Pleistocene, Jurassic consists oflimestone and shale, mainly occurs innanow strips in North West part of thisriver neal Bekhma gorge, Rekan andSindy plains. Pleistocene formationsinclude coarse deposits (pebbles,conglomerates) and fine deposits (sandand siltstone) occurs along banks ofGreater-Zab, especially where carousesIfraz site. About the climate. rainfalland temperature play a great role ofclimate together related with thehumidity. The amount of rain fullvaries from 100 mn/ year to 1200 mmlyear over the country; the rain isstrictly seasonal and regional at lateautumn and winter. High variance intemperature during summer ( may beover 40 oC) and winter (zerooC or less).

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Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University - Ha* ler . . ....... \ 'o1. 20 \o.3

Humidity ranged between 50 - 15% inwinter and falls below 30% during Mayto October. Strong winds occur inSouthern of Iraq may tum into duststorm. About soil, generally inKurdisan Region of lraq, brownmountain and hill soils are prevailwhich show the effect of higherprecipitation and eroded material ofrocks, modified by the rich plant cover.These brown soils are ferlile, since itcan support natural forest communities.The soil in the study area is rangingfrom mountain soil, litho soil , chestnutsoil and reddish brown soill6l.

A thesis written about evaluation ofTigris river water quality for differentuses l7l. A nurnber of researchersparticipated to study surface waterquality in Arbil City, sorre watersystems in Arbil province studied by[8]. Several water cources were studiedin shaqllwa District-Arbill9l. Apilot-plant constructed and 100 filter mnswere conducted on GreaterZab riverwater and compared the results with thetreated water of fubil WaterProjectf10]. Another sedimentationpilot-plant constructed and 140 testswere observed for clarifying syntheticwater in Arbil Water Ploject fordrinking purpose [11]. A reportprepared for studying watercontamination in Hujran watershed,Shaqlawa District/Arbil City U2|Studying seasonal variation of Greater-Zab river water, ground water, andwastewater in Arbil city was a researchperformed throughout one year [i3].Radioactive measurement of differentdrinking water resources were studiedin a number of Governorates inKurdistan Region t141. EvaluatedGreater-Zab river water quality fordrinking and inigation plllposes was aresearch performed by [15]. Astochastic dyramic programmingmodel developed and applied to

deterrnine the optimal operatin_e policyof the Greater-Zab river [16].

In the present u'ork it is tried toevaluate some parameters of drinkingand irrigation water qualities and fishenvironment of Greater-Zab rir-erwater; To fulfill the aims of this sfudr,.wate sample from GreaterZab aL lfrazstation was collected monttrll- duringOctober 2004 to Ma-v 2005 and \Iay2006 to October 2006. A number ofphysical, chemical, and biological testswere canied out on the collectedsamples such as: temperafure. turbidity.pH, electrical conductiviq' (EC). totaldissolved salts (TDS). total hardness(T.hardnes), total alkaliniry(T.alkalinity), calcium. ma_wresium,sodium, potassium. dissolr-ed orvgen,biochernical oxygen demand rBOD5),chloride, nitrate, phosphate. sulfate.MPN-Coli forrn, and \fPN-EColi.Also, amount of flou' (*t.r-t) rverestudied during the stud1, period theresults obtained from Directorate ofinigation and surface \\'ater in fubilCit1.. -A.nother goal of this stud)- $'as todeternrine some mathematicalrelationships betx'een turbidiry- and ECu"ith amount of flou' rate for Greater-Zab river. Several conclusions n'ere outlined as the resuits of this stud\'.

Sample collectionAt Ifraz station water samples u'ere

collected monthly from Greater-Zabriver during October 2004 to lvfa-v 2005and from ll/ay 2006 to October 2006.For chernical tests w'ater sample rvascollected by using polyethylene( 1 litrecontainer) rinsed with rvater samplethen filled and stopped. After takingsample, the sample container wasreturned back to the laboratory in darkand cool condition and according torefelence [17]. For bacteriological tests,sterile bottle (500 ml) with screw capclosures was used. All the samples

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were collected by the researcher duringthe study period.Laboratory experiments

All collected samples were analyzedfor physicai, chemical, and biologicaltests, according to reference [17]. In thelaboratory the samples were analyzedfor temperature, turbidity, pH, EC,TDS, T.hardness, T.alkalinity, calcium,magnesium, sodium, potassium, BOD5,chloride, Nitrate, phosphate, sulfate,MPN-Coli form, and MPN-E Coli.Tables 1 and 2 show the results of theexperiments. Tests were carried out inboth Sanitary Engineering Laboratory,college of Engineering, University ofSalahaddin-kbil and in waterlaboratory- fubil Water Project,Directorate of Water in Arbil Citv.

Instruments and experiment methodsFor the collected samples the

following apparatus and methods wereused in analyzing collected samples.Water temperature of the samples wasmeasured in the field, using a cleanmercury thermometer (accuracy 0.1"C). Turbidity model, WTW, Turb 550(Germany) was used for measuringturbidity. EC and pH were measured byusing Combined CCMD 625 combinedconductivity I pH meter. TDSdetermined mathematically from ECvalues. Calcium, Sodium, andPotassium were measured by usingflame photometer model, JENWAY,PFP7. Spectrophotometer model, APEI,PD - 303uv was used for measuringnitrate concentration in water samples.T.hardness, T.alkalinity, and Chloridewere determined by using titrationmethods; EDTA (0.01N),HzSO+(0.02N), andAgNO3(0.0141N)were used as titrant reagents fordetermining quantity of T.hardness,T.alkalinity, and chloride, respectivelyand according to reference ll7l.Determination of BOD5 based ondetermining dissolved oxygen at initial

time and after five days(dissolvedoxygen values determined by AzideModification Method according toreferences 1111, [18] ,and [19].Visocolor ECO-phosphate test,Art.Nr.931O84-Machery Negal wasused for measuring Phosphate values.Incubator (incubation at temperature 37oC), water bath, and autoclave wereused for testing MPN-Coli form andMPN- E Coli.

Results and discussionTables 1 and 2 and figures 3 io16,

show the results of the experimentsduring the study period (October 2$04to May 2005 and May 2006 to Oetober2006) .

Temperature is one of the mo$timportant of the physical fastorsaffecting aquatic life, because the life ofall organisms is limited by the range oftemperature of the water; also it is animportant factor in creating currentsand in affecting the density andviscosity of the water L201. Watertemperature varies from 7oC to 30 oC

(tablesl and2 and figure3). The presentresults agree with the results recordedbv [6].

The minimum and maximum valuesfor turbidity were 2.5 NTU and 100NTU, respectively. The resultsconfirmed by [6], 10.71 NTU to 15.65NTU; while [13] recorded differentranges (6.88 to 320 NTLI). It can benoticed that turbidity is high in winterseason due to surface runoff whichcauses increasing suspended solids inthe river water. Permissible tffbidityvalue in drinking water is 5 NTU [21],1221,1231, andl24l.

pH is the negative logarithm of thehydrogen ion concentration in a water,hydrogen ion activity is used to indicatethe intensity of the acidic or basiccharacter of a solution 1251. Theminimum value of pH was 6.7, whilethe maximum was 8.54(figure 5). The

tt7

Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin Urriversity - Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

same range (7.45 - 8.52) repofted by

[13], but [6] states that the pH valuesranged ftom 7.02 to 8.83. Generallyand according to [26], Greater-Zab canbe considered as class 1A (pH 6.5 -

8.5). The pH values of GreaterZabriver remain within the acceptable level(6.5 - 8.5)for drinking purposes [18],1221, and [23]. According to ll\ tnenormal pH for irrigation water rangesbetween 6.5 to 8.4; generally thepresent values of pH remains within thesafe range for irrigation. Thepermissible levels for fish water qualityaccording tol25l and [28] are 6.5 to 8.5and 6.5 to 9.5, respectively. It can besaid that the Greater-Zab water remainswithin the mentioned levels for fish.

Conductivity is the measlrrement ofthe ability of a solution to aarry anelectrical current, which intern dependsupon the presence or absence of ion insuch solution [3]. TDS is a fturction ofEC and their relationship isstraightforward. EC and TDS valuesranged between 264 to 752.prnhos.cm-land 168.96 to 481 mg.l-', figure 6.Similar values for EC (271 to 439pmhos.cm-l) and 404 pmhos.cm-lreported by [13] and 129), respectively;while the range 224 to 465 pmhos.cm-'recorded by t6l. TDS values notsurpassed 481.3 mg.l-r; this is agreewith [6] and 1131. According to TDSvalues ( less than 481.3 mg.l-t ),Greater-Zab river water acceptable fordrinkingfl87, l2I], 122f, and [23]. Forfish since TDS values iess than 1000mg.l-l , therefore the Greater-Zab wateris safe for fish[28]. Greater-Zab rwercan be considered as entirely safe forirrigation purpose, medium salinitywater, Class C2 [7] and [18], and it canbe considered as excellent to good classtype for inigation 1301.

T. hardness is the property of waterwhich prevents lather formation withsoap and produces scale in hot watersystem. It is due mainly to the metallic

ions Ca*2 and Mg*2 although Fe*2 andSr*2 also responsible 122]. Figure 7shows that T. hardness varied between160 to 286 rng CaCO3.l-r.. Similar range(170 * 246 mg CaCO3.l-') reported bY

[13]. Obtained results lie within theacceptable value for drinking purposesaccording to [18] and 1231.

The alkalinity of water is its capacityof neutralize acid. The amount ofstrong acid needed to neutraltze thealkalinity is called the total alkalinity(T. alkalinity) [31]. It can be seen fromfigure 7 that T. alkalinity values rangedbetweenl l0 to 220 mg CaCO3,l-'. Aziz2004 conftrms the present results, 146to 2I2 mg CaCOr.l-'. Other rangesreporled by [6], 120 to 281 mgCaCO:.1-l.Maximum permissible levelof T. alkalinity,for drinking water is200 mg CaCO3.1-' [18].

As shown in figures 8 and 9 calciumand magnesium concentrations variesbetween 20 to 58.2 mg .l-' and24.l5to 53.11 mg.l-', respectively.Approximately, similar ranges for bothcalcium and magnesium reported by

[13] and 1321. The present resultsremain within the pertnissible level fordrinking water according to [18] and

122).From figures 10 and 11, it can be

outlined that the minimum andmaximum figures for both sodium andpotassium were 2 to 1.2.9 mg .1-' and0.2 to 1.4 mg. l - ' , resPect ive lY.Generally, both 16l and l13l confirmthe obtained results. Sodiumconcentration lie within the safe rangefor drinking according to l18l andl24l,20 mg. l - ' .

BOD is the quantity of oxYgen usedin the aerobic stabilization of pollutedwaters and wastewaters. The standard5- day BOD value is commonly used todetennine the amount of organicpollution in sruface waters 1331. BOD5valnes ranged from 1 .3 to 4.6 ffig .l-',fignre 12; while greater range (4.5 -

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Zanco,Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University* Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

9.35 mg.f') stated by 16l. Greater-Zab river water consider as un pollutedwater, because BOD5 values are lessthan 5 mg .l-' [34].

Chloride concentration as shown infigure 13 changed from 6 to 25 mg .l-r.Approximately, similar range (10.6 to28.4 mg .1-') reporled by [13]. Theobtained results remain with theacceptable .level for drinking water( 250 mg.1-')[21], 122), 1231, and 1241.Since chloride concentration is lessthan 150 mg .1-1, therefore Greater-Zabriver water can be considered asentirely safe for inigation l7l.

Nitrate the most highly oxidized fromnitrogen compounds is commonlypresent in surface water andgroundwater, because it is the endproduct of the aerobic decomposition oforganic nitrogenous qlatter 131]. Therange of nitrate concentration duringthe study period was 1 to 23 mg .l-',figurg 13. Other ranges 0.24 to 6.7*g.ft and 0.02 to 10 mg.l-r reportedby 16l and 1131, respectively. Thehighest desirable level of . nitrate indrinking water is 50 mg .l-' l24l and

[35]. The obtained results lie in theacceptable range.

Phosphate concentration variation asshown in figure. 14 ranged between0.05 to 1.6 mg .l-'. The obtained resultsby [6], 0.08 to 0.87 mg.l-r, confitmthe present results. The average figure0.1 mg .1-' reported by l29l confirmsthe above results of phosphateconcentration.

It can be seen from figure 15 that theminimum value of sulfate is 63.57 mg.fl, while the maximum is 140.67 mg ..1r. The wider range (70 to 700 mg .l-')recorded by 16l. Since sulfateconcentration in GreaterZab water isless than 250 mg.l-r; therefore remainin the safe range L2Il, 1241, and [35].Greater-Zab water can be considered asexcellent class for irrigation accordingto sulfate content [7].

Coli forms are defined as includingall of the aerobic and the facultativeanaerobic, non spore, forming, Gram -

stain negative rods that ferment lactosewith gas production within 48 hours ofincubation at 35"C [33] and t361.Greater-Zab river water contains MPN-Coli form 9/100 ml to > 16 /100 ml,tables 1 and 2. Other range 2.21100 nilto >16/100 ml reported bY [6]which confirn the present results. Coliform organisms not more than 10/100ml be present in any sample; and aot bedetectable in 100 ml of any twoconsecutive sample [37].

Tables 1 and 2 show that the MPN-EColi varies from 0.0/100 ml to >

16/100 ml; these results confirm thatreported bV [6]. According to [24] and

[37], E-Coli count in 100 mi should bezeto.

According to flow rates of Greater -

Zab river water at lfraz station,minimum and maximum flow rateswere 79.16 to l10l.2l m3.s-t,respectively [38], table 3 and figure 16.It can be noticed from the obtained datathat the flow rates of Greater-Zab ivetincrease from October to March, due torain fall and snow melt. From March toOctober, the flow rate decreasesgradually. The pr^esent results confirmthe results (902 m'.s-'in April 1958 and64 m3.s-r in November 1958) reportedby l29l for Greater-Zab at Eski Kalakstation.

Mathematical modelCorrelation models can be used to

describe the variation of water qualityparameters in streams and rivers. Twodifferent mathematical models wereobtained for representation therelationships between the turbidity andEC versus flow rate of the CrteaterZabwater.

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Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University -

Turbidity (NTU) : 3E-15Q" - 8E-12Q' + 5E-

::, . 8E-7Q3 - 0.001Q'z + 0.06sQ + 40.517

EC(pmhos.cm-t; : Ze-t:qu - 5E-i0q' + 5E-7e4 -0.0003e3 + 0.0st6e'- :.6+l:q + 428.48. . . 2

Where a is the monthly flow rate(m3.sec-l) of Greater-Zab river 1371.The correlation coefficient (r) for theobtained mathematical models were0.4136 and 0.5479, respectively.Previous researchers achieved similarrelationships [7] and 1151.

Conclusions and recommendations1-Since turbidity values are g'eater thanthe acceptable limit (5 NTU) fordrinking water 121), 1221, 1231, and

124]; therefore Greater-Zab raw waterrequires treatment and can not be usedfor drinking directly. The raw watermust be treatable by traditionalprocesses to yield a potable watermeeting the drinking standards 1351.2-According to recommendationsmentioned by [39], it is prefer to usedirect filtration process( the coagulatedand flocculated water is directly filteredwithout being clarified in sedimentationtanks) instead of rapid filtration,because turbidity values are less than1OO NTU.3-According to BOD5, Greater-Zabriver water can be considered as notPolluted water.4-For irrigation pllrpose, Greater-Zabwater can be regarded as:i-medium salinity content (class c2) andentirely safe for irrigation accolding toTDS and chloride.ii-excellent to good according to EC,TDS, sulfate, and chloride.iii-type B and it is acceptable for almostall irrigation purposes, according toU.S. salinity laboratory [18], [27], and

[28].5-For fish and according totemperature, pH, TDS, and DO [6],

GreaterZab water is safe for fish 120],[25], and [28].6-For evaluating the quality of thewater for both drinking and irrigationpurposes and if the flow rate ofGreater-Zab is known, the forecastedvalue of some parameters such asturbidity and EC can be calculated fromthe mathematical models i and 2.

Rcfcrences1-Degremont. Water Treatment Handbook, fiftheditiorr. Halsted press. 1 979.2-Ovennan. M.Water- Solution to a Problem ofSuppfr and Demand. l " edi t ion, Aldus BooksLondon.1 968.3-Ganjo. D.G.A., Aziz, F.H., and Shekha Y.A.An attempt for Reuse of the Wastewater ofErbil City for Irrigation Purpose.Erbil,Kurdistan region of lraq. 1-Typha angustifoliaL., Macrophye as a Biological waste Removalfrom wastewater.J. of Zanco, Vol.18, No.2.2006.4-Short coutse fi'om Iraq. Water management,water supply, and planning of hydraulicstrLtctures. University of Stuttgart, Institute forHydlaulic Engineering, Stuttgart, Germany.2005.5-Al-Hamdani, A.A.B. Hydrology of Greater-Zab. M.SC. Thesis, Univ. of Baghdad. 1987'6-l\l_ Naqishbandi ,L. M. A. Limnologicalstndies on the water treatment plant in Efraz,Erbil, Kurdistarr Region, Iraq. M.SC. Thesis,Urriv. of salahaddin-Hawler. 2002.7-Abbas,W.A.A. Evaluation of Tigris riverwater quality for different uses. M.Sc. Thesis,Uu iv . of Baglrdad. 1 986.S-Rasheed, R.O. A limnological study on thesome water system in Arbil province. M.Sc.Tlresis, Univ. of salahaddin- Hawler.1994-9-Ganjo, D.G.A. and Aziz, F.H. Limnology andphy.toplankton Ecology of korre and shaqllawwater courses, Erbil, Iraq: 1-WaterMineralization and nutrient status relations.First scientific conference of Dohuk tJniv. 27-29 April. J. of DohLrk Univ. 2(2):213 - 230.

1999.10- Aziz, Sh.Q. Treatment of Greater-Zabwater by rapid filtration. M.Sc. Thesis Univ' of

salahaddin - Hawler. 2000.l1-Aziz,J.A. Effect of trays and inclined plates

on performance of sedimentationtanks.M.Sc.Thesis. Univ. of SalahaddinHawler.2002.12-FAO. HLrjran Watershed - WaterContamination str.rdy. FAO Presentation in Iraq,

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Zanco, Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University - Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

FAO Coordination of Office for Nortlrem Iraq,FAO Erbil Sub- Office. 2001.13- Aziz Sh.Q. Seasonal variation of somephysical and chemical properlies of water andwaste water in Erbil city. J. of Dohuk Univ. vol.7 No.2.2004.I 4Abdullah,R.H.,Ahmed,A.H.,andAbbas,K.A.Radioactive measurement of Different DrinkingWater Resources in a Number of Govemoratesin Kurdistan Region. J.of Zanco.Vol.18.No.1.2006.l5-Aziz,Sh.Q. Evaluation of GreaterZab RiverWater Quality atlfraz Station for Drirrking andIrrigation Purposes. J.of Zanco.Yol.18.No.3.2006.l6-Ahmad,A.R. Optimisation of MultipurposeReservoir Operation Bekme Darn, Kurdistan -

Iraq. M.Sc. thesis. LINESCO - IHE, Institutefor Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands.2007.17-American public Health Association.Standard methods for the examination of waterand wastewater. 20th edition. A.P.A.A, 1015Eighteenth street NW , Washi.1998.l8-Abawi, S.A. and Hssan, M.S.Environmental engineering - water analysis.Univ.of Mosul. 1990.l9-Best,G.A., and Ross,S.L. River PollutionStudies. first edition. Liverpool universitypress. l 977.20- Babbitt, H.E. Water Supply Engineedng.3'd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Cornpany,INc.1939.21-American Water Works Association. Water

Quality and Traetment. A Handbook of PublicWater Supplies.3'o edition. McGraw-Hill BookCompany. l97l .22-T ebbutt, T. H.Y. Prin ci pl es of Water QualityControl.2no edition. Pergamon press. 1977.23- Panchdhari,A.C. Water Supply and SanitaryInstallations- (within buildirrgs) Desigr,Construction , and Maintenance.lt' edition.Wiley Eastenr Limited. 1993.24-World Health organization. Guidelines fordrinhng water quality. 2nd edition. Volume2.Amman, Jordan. 1997.25-Roberts Alley,E.P.E. Water quality controlhandbook. Second edition MoGRAW-HILL.INC.2OOO.

26-Newman,P.J. Classification of SurfaceWater QLrality-Review of schemes used in ECmember states.ltt edition. HeinemannProfessional Publishing. I 998.27-Aytes, R.S. and West cot, D.W. Waterquality for agriculture. FAO irrigation anddrainage paper, 29Rev 1. 1985.28-Cainr Cross, S. and Feachem, R.G.Environmental health engineering in the topic:An introductory text. 1983.29-Rzoska, j. Euphrates and Tigris,Mesopotamiarr, Ecology and Destiny. Vol.38,Monogr.Biol. W.Junck, The Hague-Boston,London. i980.30-Pumia, B.C. and Lal. P.B.B. Irrigation andwater power Engineering. fifth edition. standardpublishers distribution . 19'79.3l-Bartram, J. and Balance R. Water qualitymonitoring. A practical guide to the design andimplementation of freshwater quality studiesand monitoring programs, published on behalfof TINEP & WHO. Published by E & FN spontan imprint of Chapman & hall, first edition.t 996 .32-Lamb,J.C.,III. Water quality and its Control.l" edition. John Wiley &Sons. 1985.33 -WarrenVi essmanJR. andHammer,M. J.WaterSupply and Pollution Control.4th edition.Happer &Row, Publishers, NewYork. 1985.34-I(iely,G. Environmental engineering. Firstedition. Mc Graw -hill publishing company.1997.35-Hammer,M.J. and Mark, J.H.Jr. Water andWastewatcr Technology.3'o edition. PrenticeHa l l . 1996 .36-McGhee,T.J.Water SuPPIY andServerage.6th edition. International StudentEdi t ion. 1991.37-Singh, G. and Singh,J.Water supply andsanitary engineering.Sixth edition. Lomusoffset pless, Dclhi. 2003.38-Directorate of Irrigation and Surface Waterjn Erbil City.Water quantity measurement ofrivers and springs. Monthly report August,2001.39-Rashid,M.A. Treatment of Tigris river waterby direct filtration. M.SC. thesis, university ofBaehdad .1989 .

t2l

Table 1: Results of Tests

lr}

al

()

TDS(mg.l-')

T. alkalinity(mg CaCO3.l-t)

Calcium(*e.l-t)

Nitrate(*g.l- ')

t07.53

>161100>16/100>16/100MPN-Coliform

>16/100MPN - E Coli

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Zanco, Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University- Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

Table 2: Results of 'fests

\o

N

\o

ol>,

h

\o

t\

o

b,

EC(pmhos.cm-r)

TDS(mg.l-r)

T. hardness(mg CaCO3.l-1)

T. alkalinity(mg CaCO3.l-t)

BOD5(mg.l-1)

Chloride(*g.l-t)

Nitrate(mg.l-')

Phosphate(*g.1-')

113.03Sulfate(mg.lr)

s.1/1 00

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Table 3: Flow rate of Greater - Zab atlfraz Station [38]

No. Months Flow rate ( m3.s-1)

I October 2004 79. t6

2 November 2004 83 .14

aJ December 2004 t35.07

4 January 2005 403.6r

5 February 2005 726.09

6 March 2005 lt0t.21

a April2005 8s6..9

8 May 2005 610.71

9 Mav 2006 781.86

10 June 2006 608.81

l l July 2006 296.84

t2 Auzust 2006 16s.78

13 September 2006 146.49

t4 October 2006 1s4..85

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Zanco,Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University- Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

Figure 1 : Map of Iraq - Greater - Zab river [ 38]

':"r:'ffiTffi*;. : :+*i ",:: ;" tu

Figure 2: Greater - Zab river

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Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University- Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

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Figure 4: Variation of twbidif funng shrdyperiod

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Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University- Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

6.5

- 9.0o-

. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 5: Vaiation ofpH dnng shidy?eriod

300

200 N

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Figrne 6: Variation of EC ad TDS dwing studypenod

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Zanco, Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University - Hawler ......... Vol. 20 No.3

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1 2 3 4 5 6 . 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

Figure 7: Vriation of T.Ilarftess ad T.Alleliniry d;nng smdy penod

12 13 14

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850

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Zznco,Joumal of Pure and Applied Sciences / Salahaddin University- Itrawler .'.'....' Vol' 20 No'3

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Egure 9: Variation of nngnesirtrn durit€ shryperiod

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Figrne 10: Vmiation of sodiun furing study period

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Figrne I 1 : Vaiation ofpotassiurn dning study penod

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Figure 12: Vaiation of FD5 fuing shrdy period

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Figr.u,e15: Vaiation of slfite dning studypenod

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Figrnel6 Vaiation of flow rate d:rnrg strdy period

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