Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic

-WMINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENTOF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

SK99K0193

I I I

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENTREPORT

SLOVAK REPUBLIC1997

3 0 - 4 3

Ministry of the Environmentof the Slovak Republic

State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997

Publishers

Composers

Co-opeeration

Published

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT - THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 1997

MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLICNamestie tudovfta Stiira 1, 812 35 Bratislava, SlovakiaSLOVAK ENVIRONMENT AGENCYTajovskeho 28, 975 90 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia

RNDr. Jozef KLINDA, Ing. Zuzana LIESKOVSKA and collective

Branches of the MZP SR, Centres of SAZP and other institutions listed as sources

Ing. Pavol CIKATRICIS, RNDr. Jozef KLINDA©1998 EM DESIGN - Ing. Milos SABLATURA, Rakos 12, 960 01 Zvolen

Juraj BOBULA, Lubor CACKO, Jozef KLINDA, Roman LEHOCKY,Peter SEVEC, Miloslav BADIK, SAZP archive

EM DESIGN & KO-PRINT

I

1 000 pcs

118

ISBN 80-88833-13-2


about the Slovak Republic

SK99K0194

The Slovak Republic \v;is established on January I -'1993 after the peaceful split of the former Czechoslovakia imotwo independent sovereign countries. The country lies in theheart of the Central Europe with geographical centre ofEurope being situated on its territory.

Total population of the Slovak Republic is 5 387 650,lhai represent population density 109.9 inhabitants per km'(as of December 3 1st, 1997).

According lo the Act of the NC SR No. 221/1996 Coll. on Territorial and Administrative Divisionof the SR, the country is divided into 8 regions and 79 districts. Within this broader administrative divi-sion there arc 2 875 municipalities including 136 towns.

Table 1 Population size by region (as of December 31st, 1997)

Territory

Slovak RepublicBratislava region (BA)Trnava region ( IT)Trenai l region (TN)Nilra region (NR)Zilina region (ZA)Banska livslrica region (BU)I'resov region (I'K)kosiee region (IslO

TerritoryArea

kin2

49 0342 0534 14.S4 5016 3436 78N9 455K 9') !

() 753

Population density

inhabitantsper km2

109.9301.4152.513?. ft1 13.1101 .ft70.2Sd.4

112.7

Number cifiiulepciulent

i n ii ii i c i p D l i t i e s

2 87572

249

275347314515(><>>45 S

Average numberinhiib. per

municipality

1 S74.0X 592.72 207.52 219.52 079.02 195.91 2S9.21 K.N.9

1 757.7

A\eiage si/.e olmunicipality

km2

17.05

2S.5I

16.6616.37

IS.2S

21.61

1X.56

I.V55"l?Ti~

N n l e : N u n i h c i " o C u u l c p c m l c i i l n u i i ] i c i p ; i l i t i c s d i K ' s m i l i n c l u d e B i ; i l i s h i \ a ; incl K o s i c c l i n \ n / o n e s . Source: Si: SR

Natural migration of the Slovak population caused an increase in total population by 7 thou-sands inhabitants. Registered total increase in the population was 8.7 thousands inhabitants.

Figure 1 Population increase (1993-1997)

25000 ._

\ O20000

I 5000

10000

5000

0

natural increase

Source: Sli SR

Total area of the Slovak Republic territory in 1997 was 4 903 455 ha. In terms of the totalregion area, Banska Bystrica region was the largest region and Bratislava region was the smallest. Thehighest percentage of agricultural land was in Nitra region. On the other hand, Zilina region was theregion with the smallest proportion of agricultural land. In terms of forest land, Zilina region enjoyedthe highest percentage of it. On the contrary, Nitra region had the smallest proportion the foresi landwithin the territory of Slovakia. Bratislava region recorded the highest percentage of build-up land asopposed to Banska Bystrica region with the smallest build-up land proportion.


Table 2 Land use by region (as of December 31st , 1997) in ha

Region

BA'ITTNNRZABBPRKH .Total

Arable

land

77 605

264 774

105 221

408 107

70 491

171 677

163 955

210 294

1 472 124

Hop-

gardens

-

184815260----

1 25')

Vineyards

5 0664 737

6912317

3 589

243 007

28 809

Gardens

4 530

8 277

8 356

14 340

6 138

11 425

11 079

13 738

77 883

Orchards

1 3672 6653 0025 326444

1 9212 5071 736

18 968

Permanent

grassland

7 623

13 935

69 766

29 560

172 398

232 177

209 845

110 287

845 591

Agricultura

land

96 191

294 572

187 229

469 910

249 471

420 789

387 410

339 062

2 444 634

Forest

land

75 467

65 127

220 092

95 867

373 498

460 961

439 929

265 432

1 996 373

Water

bodies

5 636

14 472

6 232

15 722

12 786

7 937

14 245

16 280

93 310

Build-

up land

13 975

25 759

22 899

34 104

24 476

32 419

31 028

33 924

218 584

Total area

205 323

414 773

450 081

634 335

678 835

945 501

899 308

675 299

4 903 455

Note: Oilier land category included in llic total area is nol listed separately in the table Source: SU SR


SK99K0195

Integrated EnvironmentalMonitoring and Information

SystemThe Concept of the Environmental Monitoring within

the territory of the Slovak Republic and The Concept of theIntegrated Environment Information System of the SlovakRepublic were accepted and confirmed by the GovernmentOrder No.449/1992. The state monitoring system covering thewhole territory of Slovakia is the most important and consistsof 13 Partial Monitoring Systems (PMSs).

Table 3 Partial Monitoring Systems

Partial Monitoring System

AirWaterBiota (Fauna and Flora)WasteSettlementLand useGeological factorsSoilForestXenobiotics in food and animal feedPressures on population caused byenvironmental factorsRadiation and other physical fieldsMeteorology and Climatology

PMSGuaranteed by

MZPSRMZPSRMZPSRMZPSRMZPSRMZPSRMZPSRMPSRMl' SRMZSRMZ SR

MZSRMZP SR

I'MS Centre

Slovak llydromctcorological Institute, BratislavaSlovak Mydrometeorological Institute, BratislavaSlovak Environment Agency, Banska BystricaSlovak Environment Agency, Banska BystricaSlovak Environment Agency, Banska BystricaSlovak Environment Agency, Banska BystricaGeological Service of the SR, BratislavaSoil Fertility Research Institute BratislavaForest Research Institute, ZvolcnFood Research Institute, BratislavaState Health Institute, Bratislava

Slate Health Institute, BratislavaSlovak 1 lydromctcorological Institute, Bratislava

Source: MZI'SR

The above listed PMSs are managed accor-ding to the concept of the Sectoral InformationSystem (SIS) of the MZP SR which was estab-lished by the National Council Act No. 261/1995Coll. on the SIS. The SIS consists of 18 subsystems:

1. Management of the SIS development of the MZP SR2. Internal SIS of the MZP SR3. Cross-sectional SIS of Administrative Activities4. Cross-sectional SIS of Economic and Administrative Activities5. Cross-sectional SIS of Specialist Activities6. Cross-sectional SIS of Scientific and Technological Information7. Environmental SIS8. Territorial SIS9. SIS of Monitoring

10. SIS of the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute11. SIS of the Slovak Environment Agency12. SIS of the Geological Service of the SR13. SIS of the Slovak Environmental Inspectorate14. SIS of the Administration of the Slovak Caves15. SIS of the Administration of National Parks of the SR16. SIS of the State Environmental Fund17. SIS of Environmental Departments of State Administration18. Communication System of the SIS, sectoral network

Table 4 Budget of PMSs - overview (mil Sk)

Yeari 994199519961997

financial resources60.6

71.463.1

1 19.2

Source: MZPSR


Environmentalpublications and periodicals

of the MZP SR

CERVENAMtnych *ut»v itiOin • f Kvticltov Sfl • CH

ENVIRO iAKCJT

NATIONALENVIRONMENTAL

ACTION PROGRAMME

AGENDAS[

•- ' •

Atlas Atlasgeotermalnej, ,of;Geotherrnal

energie EnergySlovenska of Slovakia

PROGRAMODPADOrtHO HDSPODARSTVASlOTtHSKEJ BEPUBLIHrDO RQKU200a


Total Emissions of Basic Polluting SubstancesEmissions of basic polluting substances within the territory of the Slovak Republic are regularly monitored and

the results are updated in a database called "The Register of Emissions on Air Pollution Sources (REZZO) ; this

data has been recorded since 1985 by SHMU in Bratislava. The register is divided into 4 categories according to ihe

output, size and type of the source of the emissions:

REZZO 1 - stationary units for fuel combustion with a total thermal output of more than 5 MW (large pollution

sources with the heaviest impact on the environment). In addition to these, selected technologies are included. This

database comprises continually recorded data since 1985 with 982 facilitators of pollution sources being registered.

REZZO 2 - stationary units for fuel combustion with a total thermal output of 0.2 to 5 MW (medium pollution

sources with medium impact on the environment. Also include are certain selected technologies. The third data update,

completed in 1996, was carried out in co-operation with environmental offices within the period 1993-1996.

REZZO 3 - stationary local units for fuel combustion with small pollution sources with a total thermal output of less

than 0.2 MW. This database is being annually updated with emissions calculations based on the emission factors and

total fuel consumption data.

REZZO 4 - mobile units, regardless of their output. The COPERT Method, recommended by 'The Convention on

Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva 1979) 'for its member states, is used for emission data calculation.

Data for 1996 are available.

Between 1996 and 1997, emission reductions in all fundamental polluting substances were recorded.

Table 5 Emissions of fundamental polluting substances (in thousand tonnes)

PollulingsubstanceSO,NO,SI'MCO

1989

569.022226.622320.991491.028

1990

538.977226.739299.368488.698

1991

441.89021 1.980229.608439.110

1992

377.634191.709

177.481

382.271

1993

323.175183.863143.318408.345

1994

235.763173.015

87.301

374.682

1995

236.386180.95088.978

404.639

1996

224.199139.55166.977

373.315

1997

199.228123.12360.290

345.975Source: SI IMU

Table 6 Total emissions of fundamental polluting substances (1997)

Source category

REZZO 1

REZZO 2*

REZZO 3

REZZO 4*

TOTAL

SO2

thous. t176.564

10.57712.087

199.228

%88.7

5.36

100.0

NOS

thous. I

70.5833.96

5.177

43.403

123.123

%57.3

3.2

4.2

35.3

100.0

COthou.s. I

141.636

12.03738.029

154.273: 345.975

%40.9

3.5

11.0

44.6

100.0

SI'Mllious. 1

36.6469.478

14.166

60.290

%60.815.7

23.5

100.0* tlata from 19% Source: SI IMU

Figure 2 Emissions of SO2

600

500

Figure 4 Specific territorial emissions of NOX (tonnes per km2)

Source: SHMU

Prt

o

W3

O

O

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

oo

Note: Following records from The Convention on SO, Emissions Reduction (Helsinki 1985 ; accession of the for-mer Czechoslovak Socialist Republic notified in 1986 and succession of the Slovak Republic notified in Oslo 1994)the SR is obliged to reduce emissions of SO2 by 60% (by the year 2000) , by 65% by 2005 and by 72% by 2010- all values in comparison to 1980 values Source: SHMU

Figure 3 Specific territorial emissions of SO2 (tonnes per km2)

Source: SHMU

Figure 5 Emissions of NOX

250

200

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Note: According to the Protocol of "The Convention on NOX Emissions Reduction (Sofia 1988, accession ofthe former CSSR in 1988, succession of the SR in 1994) the main aim of the SR is to stabilise NOX emis-sions values by the year 1994, based on 1987 data on NOX emissions Source: SHMU

o*

-a

colCO-

Figure 6 Emissions of SPM

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SHMU

Figure 7 Specific territorial emissions of SPM (tonnes per km2)

Source: SHMU

Figure 8 Specific territorial emissions of CO (tonnes per km2)

Figure 9 Emissions of CO

Source: SHMU

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SHMU

l]1 - 5[ 5 - 1 0

CO

nW

O3

J

o

cr


Total Emissions of Greenhouse GasesAccording to the summary for 1996, the total amount of CO2 anthropogenic emissions reached

46 mil tonnes (in 1990 it was 60 mil tonnes, in 1988 more than 61 mil tonnes).The CO2 retained in for-est ecosystems hovers around the level of 6 mil tonnes and since 1990, a moderate increase has been reg-istered.

Methane emissions have reached the level of 320 thousand tonnes (in 1990 it was more than 400thousand tonnes). N2O total emissions have been estimated at 8 thousand tonnes (as opposed to 13thousand tonnes in 1990). Greenhouse gases emissions peaked at the end of 1980's. Between 1990 and1994 a 25% decrease was registered. Since 1994, a slight increase in the amount of emissions has beenrecorded.

Figure 10 Individual sources and their percentage contribution to greenhouse gases emissions

Source: SHMU

Total Emissions of Volatile Organic CompoundsBased on the summary relating to year 1996, total emis-

sions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) reached 104 074tonnes (compared to 148 724 tonnes in 1990).

Table 7 Total emissions of VOC, sectors of their production division

Sector

Paintings ami adhesive utilisationChemical treatment and degreasing

Exploitation, transport and crude oilrefinementFuel distributionIndustrial organic chemistryIncineration & combustion processesFood-processingIndustrial production and metal processingWasteAgricultureIndustrial productsTransportTotal

Emissions 1990

tonnes3 2X1.1

() 650.5

22 386

3 623.96 436.7

1 1 4654 001.316248 298

6518 278

42 499148 724

%22.064.47

15.05

2.444.337.712.691.095.580.445.57

28.58100

Emissions 1993

tonnes1l) 34')10 36617313

3 673,63 51 8,911 3173 541,32 1361 572,5436

8 27842 161

123 663

%16.592.87

14.84

3.153.029.703.041.831.350.377.10

36.14100

Emissions 1996

tonnesi<; 122

12 108

12 657

3 8081 3863 8892 5252 108

526436

8 27837 231

104 074

%IS

1212

41422108

36100

Source: SHMU

10


Table 8 Air quality standards for selected polluting substances

Polluting substance

Particuhite matterSulphur dioxideSulphur dioxide and particulatcmatterNitrogen oxidesCarbon monoxideOzoneLead in participate matterCadmium in particulate matterMa [odours substance

Expressed as

SO,SO2+p.p.

NO2

CO

O.i

I'b

Cd

Air quality standards (flg.m"')AQSV

6060

80

0.50.01

AQS,,150

150250*

1005 000

nuisl nol occur in concenlra

AQS,,,,

110

AQSS

500

500

20010 000

ions to he public nuisance* Caleulaled aridinielic sum of bnlli componenl's daily averages conecnlration

F.xplanal ion of symbols:

AQS; average annual concentration of the polluting substance

Average concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of one year. The result is givenin the form <>/ an arithmetic mean calculated from average daily concentrationsAQSt: average daily concentration of the polluting substanceAverage daily concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a pan of 24 hours. Average dailyconcentration is also understood as the mean of at least 12 (periodical) average concentration levels recorded every 30 minutes with-in a span of 24 hours (arithmetic mean)AQSHh: average 8-hour-concentration of the polluting substance

Average 8-hour-concentration is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of 8 hoursAQSj average 30-minute-concentration oj the polluting substance

Average 30-minute-concentralion is a mean concentration level recorded at a designated point within a span of 30 minutesLimiting criteria: AQSj and AQSsfor parliculate matter, SO,, NOX and CO cannot be exceeded in the course of the year in morethan 5% of cases. - '

Local Air Pollution

32 local and 7 regional air pollution monitoringstations were in operation within the territory of theSlovak Republic in 1997.

11


Figure 11 Localization of air pollution monitoring stations

PrešovKrompachy *

Rudňanv • * Vranov nad • HumennéJ Topľou • •

StrážskeJClsaVd Štúrova »z« . . , . , ,

í I d a . Galaktická •Milhostov

Handlová»Bystričany* L.£>

Lovca** Žiar nadHronom

Trnavskémýto Turbínová

námestieMamatevova

i Source: SUMU© Regional stations - HMI.LP - monitoring network

0 Other regional stations

• Local monitoring stations1 area of Bratislava2 area of Košice3 area of Banská Bystrica4 area of Žilina5 area of Ružomberok

Sulphur DioxideDaily ambient air limit of sulphur dioxide (an average daily concentration) was exceeded only in

the Horná Nitra region - station Handlová: 2.5% of days within a year.

Figure 12 Average annual concentrations of SO2 at the selected monitoring stations(AQS 60 Mg per m3)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Uralisi;

Trnavskí

Mýto

Kosii* -

PodhraiiiiYii

• 1992

El 1993

D 1994

E! 1995

U 1996

• 1997

Source: SHMU

Nitrogen oxidesAQS(j level of an average daily concentration of 100 mg per m3 was most frequently exceed i

Bratislava 38.5% of days within a year. Average annual concentrations exceeded the yearly AQS; imissiolimits of 80 /u,g per m3 in Bratislava, Banská Bystrica and Žilina.

12


Figure 13 Average annual concentrations of NOx at the selected monitoring stations (AQSy 80jug per m3)

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

• 1992

01993

• 1994

• 1995

01996

111997

Bralislava

TmavskcMvlo

KoSicc - I'rcsovodhnidnvi'i

Source: SHMU

Particulate MatterParticulate matter daily concentrations exceeded the AQS(I limit of 150 ̂ g per m3 most frequently

in Kosice 6.6% of days within a year. Paniculate matter air pollution exceeding the annual AQS; imissionlimit of 60 ng per m3 was recorded in some regions of the Central Slovakia and in Kosice.

Figure 14 Average annual concentration of particulate matter at the selected monitoring stations(AQSy 60 jag per m3)

• 1992

IS 1993

• 1994

BI995

01996

01997

I'rcsuv

Source: SHMU

Air Pollution Indices (API)More complex classification of air pollution is available through the air-pollution-indices-assess-

ment, based on the cumulative effect of selected pollutants. According to the air-pollution-indices-clas-sification, 11 out of a total number of evaluated monitoring stations were classified as those with heavypollution (pollution index 2 or more) which means a decrease of 1 station as opposed to year 1996.

Evaluation of the air pollution level, following the approved indices classification, was based on thehighest value of a pollution indices values most often equal to those of the daily air pollution index

13


Table 9 Air pollution indices for year 1997

Area

Bratislava

Station

MamateyovaKamenné námTurbínová ul.Trnavskémýto

SenicaBanskáBystricaRužomberokŽiar nad

HronomHorná Nitra

Žilina

HnúSťaKošice

Veľká IdaPrešovKrompachyStrážskeVranov nadTopľouHumenné

nám. SlobodySásováSihoťŽiar nadHronomLovčicaPrievidzaHandlováBystričanyVeľkáOkružnáVlčince

PodhradováŠtúrova

APIyNOx0.70.60.71.3

0.41.20.90.50.3

0.30.60.30.31.0

0.70.40.30.80.40.60.40.40.5

0.2

so20.30.4

. 0.60.3

0.40.40.20.5. .0.3

0.50.71.00.70.5

0.40.30.30.40.70.40.60.20.3

0.2

PM0.80.60.80.7

0.61.00.6

-• 1 . 0

0.8

0.21.00.60.51.1

1.20.70.51.01.50.40.60.60.6

0.6

total1.81.62.12.3

1.42.61.72.01.4

1.02.31.91.52.6

2.31.41.12.02.61.41.61.21.4

1.0

API,,NO,

1.00.81.32.6

0.72.42.01.00.6

0.51.30.50.51.7

1.40.80.51.30.60.80.80.60.8

0.3

so20.40.40.60.3

0.60.40.30.60.5

0.60.71.30.80.6

0.50.40.30.40.90.30.60.20.2

0.2

PM0.60.40.60.5

0.50.80.41.30.6

0.20.90.50.50.9

1.00.60.40.71.20.30.60.40.5

0.4

total2.01.62.53.4

1.83.62.72.91.7

1.32.92.31.83.2

2.91.81.22.42.71.42.01.21.5

0.9

API,NO,

0.70.50.81.7

0.41.41.10.60.4

0.30.70.30.31.1

0.80.50.30.80.40.50.40.40.5

0.2

so20.10.10.20.1

0.20.20.10.20.2

0.20.30.40.30.2

0.20.10.10.10.30.10.20.10.1

0.1

PM0.20.20.20.2

0.80.20.20.40.2

0.10.30.20.10.3

0.40.20.10.30.50.10.50.20.2

0.5

total1.00.81.22.0

0.71.91.41.20.8

0.61.30.90.71.6

1.40.80.51.21.20.71.10.70.8

0.8Source: SHMU

Regional Air Pollution

Regional Concentration of Sulphur Dioxide and SulphatesIn 1997 regional concentration of sulphur dioxide (SO2-S) ranged between 1.15 /xgS per m3

(Chopok) and 7.81 /i.gS per m3 (Mochovce). Compared to the previous year, the values for sulphur dioxideconcentration have decreased at a majority of the monitoring stations excluding Mochovce and Liesek.The upper limit of the concentration range is equal to 78% of the sulphure dioxide critical concentrationlevel value (the critical value for forests and natural vegetation landcover is lOjugS per m3 and 15 /igS perm3 for agricultural crops).

In 1997, concentration of sulphates in atmospheric aerosol recorded by all regional monitoring sta-tions showed a reduction when compared to 1996. The lowest sulphates concentration was at the Chopokstation 0.69 /xgS per m3. On the contrary, the highest concentration was recorded at the Mochovce station1.94 /j,gS per m3. The percentage sulphates content in the total atmospheric aerosol volume was between11-16%.

Regional Concentration of Nitrogen OxidesConcentration of nitrogen oxides monitored at regional stations, stated as N02-N, varied from 1.3

to 3.8 ,ugN per m3. The lowest average concentration level of 1.3 /xgN per m3 was recorded at the Chopokstation, whereas the highest concentration level of 3.81 p,gN per m3 was recorded at the Topol'niky sta-tion in lowland territory of Slovakia.

In 1997 the critical concentration level of nitrogen oxides (9 /igN per m3 applied to all ecosystems)was not exceeded at any of regional monitoring stations.

Heavy Metals in Particulate MatterAt the majority of monitoring stations, heavy metals concentrations in atmospheric aerosol are

lower than in 1996. This data applies to the majority of heavy metals with the exception of the Chopokstation where only a decrease in the concentrations of copper, zinc and vanadium was recorded.

14


Table 10 1997 Heavy metals concentrations in particulate matter - data supplied by the regionalmonitoring stations

ChopokMochovccTopoPnikyMilhostovSlarinaStarA Lesna

Liesck

I'MHR.m "-1

14.4

37.0

33.150.426.226.640.1

l'bng.m •'

4.217.420.531.117.530.820.2

Mn"S-m"'

3.37.1

7.0

8.2

4.0

5.116.5

Cung.m -'

1.83.64.65.6

3.4

7.66.0

Ctlng.m"3

0.20.40.60.7

0.5

0.6

0.6

Zn"S-m '•'

6.623.925.937.8

21.5

85.733.5

Ning.m J

3.12.50.8

2.4

1.6

1.34.1

Vng.m -1

0.62.23.52.5

1.6

1.42.5

Crng.m -1

1.70.81.31.0

1.(1

0.7

2.6

Source: SHMU

Analyses of atmospheric precipitation as well as pHmeasurement's indicate a slight decrease in acidity at the major-ity of monitoring stations.The pH value interval of monthlyprecipitation, fluctuated between A.4 (Chopok) and 5.8(Milhostov). This trend was not observed at Chopok and inBratislava where pH values indicated a slight decrease. Theamount of the precipitation varied from 524 mm (Milhostov)to 993 mm (Chopok).

Average ozone concentrations recorded on the territoryof Slovakia within the period of 1973 to 1993 indicated anincrease of approximately 1 ,ug per in1 per year. Since 1990, nosignificant changes within the whole of the Central Europeanregion have been obse'rved.

The annual average ground level ozone concentrationsmeasured in urban and industrial zones in 1997 fell into inter-val of 30-52 fxg per m\ On the rest of the Slovak territory,depending on altitude, values rose to 78 /zg per m3 (the Chopokhilltop station).

Within the whole Slovak territory, ozone exposure indexes AOT40 regarding agricultural crop andforest ecosystems were exceeded. At the upper tree line, the value doubled. Some stations recorded con-centrations higher than 180 /xg per nr' (information available to public); concentrations exceeding 360/xgper m3 (warning value for public) were not recorded.

15


Water

Precipitation and Runoff Conditions

In 1997, total precipitation on the Slovak Republic territory reached value of 756 mm which re-presents 99% of standard.

Table 11 Average total precipitation on the territory of the Slovak Republic (1997)

Month

[mm]

% of standard

Surplus (+)/Delicit(-) [mm]

Rainfall periodcharacteristics

I.

19

41

-27

VS

II.

36

86-6

N

III.

22

47

-25

VS

IV.

50

91

-5

N

V.

78

103

2

N

VI.

89

1033

N

VII.

184

204

94

MV

VIII

50

62

-31

S

IX.

38

60

-25

S

X.

43

70

-18

S

XI.

109

176

47

VV

XII.

38

72

-15

S

Year

756

99-6

N

N - normal MV - extremely high rainfall S - dry VS - very dry VV - high rainfall Source: SHMU

Slovak rivers belong to 2 sea catchment areas:• the Black Sea catchment area that includes 10 subcatchment areas - the Danube, Morava, Vah, Hron,

Ipel', Slana, Hornad, Bodva and Bodrog (96% of the Slovak territory)• the Baltic Sea catchment area - 1 subcatchment area - the Poprad (4% of the Slovak territory)

Average annual water discharge value ranged from 50% to 120% of standard.

Table 12 Average amount of rainfall and runoff in the following catchment areas (1997)

Catchment areaSubcatchmentarea

catchment area|km2|averageprecipitation|mm|% of standardrainfall periodcharacteristicsannual runoff|mm|% of standard

Dunaj*Morava

2 282

690

101N

145

123

*Dunaj

1 138

539

86S

61

169

VahVah

14 268

893

106N

407

114

Nitra

4 501

672

97N

131

83

HronHron

5 465

721

92N

200

63

*Iper

3 649

568

83S

69

44

Slana

3217

655

83S

145

69

Bodrog a HornadBodva

858

695

95N

107

50

Hornad

4414

708

104N

207

91

*Bodrog

7 272

736

104N

201

86

*Poprada

Dunajec

1 950

984

117V

517

140

SR

49 014

756

99N

247

94' watercourses and all above mentioned data take into account only the Slovak part of their catchment area Source: SHMU

16


In 1997, registered volume of water inflow into the Slovak territory overcame that of 1996 by1 027 mil m3. Total amount of water being accumulated in existing reservoirs in 1997 equals 179.6 mil m3.Total volume in existing reservoirs was increased by 87.1 mil m3 as of the end of 1997.

Table 13 Total hydrological balance (Slovak territory)

Hydrological balance

RainfallAnnual inflowAnnual runoffAnnual runoff from the territory of the SRWater management balanceTotal abstraction in the SREvaporation from water reservoirs and damsDischarge into surface watersImpact of water reservoirs

Total volume in water reservoirs as of 1st Januaryof the following year% of supply volume in accumulation water reservoirs

Volume |mil m3]

199641 12765 46579 99612 842

199737 05866 49278 23012 106

1 359.8

46.8971 160.314

144.878Accumulation

857.3

69

1 369.93546.42

1 114.62179.6

Accumulation944.4

76Source: SHMU

Surface Water ExploitationIn 1997 surface water abstraction recorded in the Slovak Republic reached the amount of 811.55

mil m3 that represents a decrease by 2.2% in comparison to the previous year. Industry with its 690.759mil m3 of water being abstracted is proved to be the major Slovak water abstractor. However, in 1997 aslight decline in water abstraction for industrial purposes (representing 1.7%) was observed, as comparedto 1996. Also water discharge in 1997 showed a slight decline by 3.9%.

Table 14 Surface water exploitation in the Slovak Republic (mil m3)

Year

1997

Publicwater

supplies73.843

Industry

690.759

Irrigation

46.91

Agriculture(excluding irrigation)

0.036

Total

811.55

Discharge

1 114.62Source: SHMU

Figure 15 Surface water exploitation in the SR in the period 1980-1997 (mil m3)

Surface Water QualityIn 1997, quality of surface water in Slovakia was monitored at 254 basic and 6 special sampling

sites. At the basic sampling sites, the following indicators were monitored: oxygen demand indicators

17


(A-group), basic chemical indicators (B-group) and additional chemical indicators (C-group), biologicaland microbiological indicators (E-group). At selected places, also heavy metals (D-group) andradioactivity indicators (F-group) were monitored. Assessment process was carried out in compliancewith STN 75 7221 Standard. This standard recognises 5 water quality classes - from category I (veryclean water) to category V (extremely heavily polluted water).

Table 15 List of monitored surface water sampling sites (1997)

Catchment area

DunajV i h : • • • • • . • •• '••• . -

• H r o n • • • • • . . . • • • ' . . . •: • : "

: :.

:. . ' - . . • • . .. • • '

Bodrog a HornddTotal

Sampling sitesBasic

44' :'5652

102254

Special-5.16

Monitored length(km)

855.51 422.51 269.61 746.95 294.5

Source: SHMU

The River Danube Catchment AreaThe River Danube catchment area includes the River Danube, Maly Dunaj and Morava sub-

catchment areas. Monitored length 855.5 km represents 21.3% of total length of all watercourses belong-ing to the River Danube catchment area on the territory of the SR.

Table 16 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the cetegory V (1997) (km)

Quality category V

A — groupB - groupC - groupD - groupE - groupmonitored lengthassessed length

SubcatchmentDunaj (Danube)

38.0183.0179.1

Morava33.3579.9533.35

1.8

356.5259.15

Maty Dunaj31.931.931.9

31.9316.0259.8

Indicators used for classification:A - group: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5X chemical oxygen demand (CODc), O2B - group: specific conductivity, soluble solids (SS), insoluble solids (IS), N-NH4, N ^ , P,oUiC - group: extractible non-polar substances (ENP^v), SO4 'D — group: ZnE - group: coliform bacteria, saprobic index

Source: SHMU

The River Vah Catchment AreaThe River Vah catchment area includes the River Vah and Nitra subcatchment areas . Monitored

length of 1 422.5 km represents 17.9% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to the River Vahcatchment area.

Table 17 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V

A - groupB - groupC-groupE - groupmonitored lengthassessed length

SubcatchmentVah

29.1118.927.9

106.11021.1755.5

Nitra25.8

129.247.648.3

401.4286.0

Indicators used for classification:A - group BOD j , CODM,,, CODcr, O2

B - group IS, N-NH4, P^ui, pHC - group ENPuvE - group colifonn bacteria, saprobic index

Source: SHMU

18


The River Hron Catchment AreaThe River Hron catchment area includes the River Hron, Ipel',and Slana subcatchment areas.

Monitored length of 1 269.6 km represents 21.6% of the total length of all watercourses belonging to theRiver Hron catchment area.

Table 18 Assessed length of watercourses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V

A — groupB - groupC-groupD-groupE — groupmonitored lengthassessed length

SubcatchmentHron

109.241.4

301.9528.9337.8

Ipel'5.3

17.617.5

88.7463.7224.4

Slana

54.460.7

155.2277.0179.9

Indicators used for classification:A - group CODCr

B - group IS, N-NH4, PtMh NorB.

Source: SUMUC- group ENI'uvE - group coliibrm bacteria

The River Bodrog and Hornad Catchment AreaThe River Bodrog and Hornad catchment area includes the River Bodrog, Tisa, Hornad, Bodva,

Poprad and Dunajec subcatchment areas . Monitored length of 1 746.9 km represents 19.5% of the totallength of all watercourses belonging to this catchment area.

Table 19 Assessed length of watercorses with water quality belonging to the category V (1997) (km)

Quality category V

A - groupB - groupC — groupD — groupE - groupmonitored lengthassessed length

SubcatchmentBodrog

33.8223.4

87.6551.4761.6571.8

Tisa

5.2

5.25.25.2

Hornad17.2

323.88.1

116.5406.5673.3485.3

Bodva

19.7

17.279.2

127.497.7

Poprad

72.3

76.3162.5139.5

Indicators used for classification:A - group BOD5, CODCr, O2

B - group pH, IS, Fc, Mn, N-NH4, P,olil|C - group SO,2'

Source: SHMUD - group Hg, Zn, CuE - group coliform bacteria, saprobic index

Groundwater LevelsIn 1997, average annual water levels in the SR varied in

comparison to their long-term average levels. Excluding thesouthern parts of Slovakia, average annual levels were close tothe long-term average levels. In the River Morava, Poprad,Laborec and Torysa catchment areas the difference wasbetween -20 cm and +30 cm; in the lower Vah area and Nitracatchment areas it was between -20 and +50cm; in the middle and upper Vah areas differences werebetween -60 and +40 cm; in the Hornad catchment area it was between -60 and +20 cm and in the

19

Table 20 Percentage of the water quality classes according to sampling sites on the monitored watercourses

too

Water qualitycategory according

to the STN75 7221 standard

I

II

in

IV

V

Total

year

199319941995199619971993199419951996199719931994199519961997199319941995199619971993199419951996199719931994199519961997

Aoxygen demand

indicators

Number*00000

8074

1149594

1179684

10510836312932435831131215

291232240244260

%00000

27.53247.53936.240.241354341.512.4132.1

13.116.519.9135.44.95.8

100100100100100

Bbasic chemical

indicators

Number*0000000000

5250

1141071126153747970

178129525878

291232240244260

%0000000000

17.92247.543.843.1212330.82.4

26.961.25521.723.830

100100100100100

cadditional chemical

indicators

Number*5048545163

7566656675363329283991636273623922302621

291232240244260

%17.22122.520.924.225.82827.12728.812.41412.111.51531.32725.829.923.913.41012.510.78.1

100100 ^100100100

E>heavy metals

Number*163326

5526342625513517121822152138401812242719

1629199

105108

%9.9331.95.6

342934.424.823.131.539

7.211.416.713.61621.236.23712.41324.225.717.6

100100100100100

Ebiological and

microbiolog. indicators

Number*0000060211

45332220227053

1199399

17014697

130138291232240244260

%000002.100.8 /0.4 '0.4

15.5149.28.28.5

24.12349.638.138.158.46340.453.353

100100100100100

Fradioactivity

indicators

Number*116522

1675

1220

14 .2462220000000

3019141828

%36.73235.711.17.2

53.33735.766.771.43.3

2114.322.221.4

6.71014.30000000

100100100100100

*- number of sampling sites Source: SHMU


Ondava catchment area it was up to 40cm.In Southern Slovakia average annual water levels recorded were mostly lower than their corre-

sponding long-term average annual values. In the River Hron, Ipel' and Slana catchment areas valuesranged mostly from -50 or even -70 cm to 10-30 cm. In the River Bodrog catchment area only loweraverage annual levels (from -60 to -90 cm) were registered.

Springs EfficiencyIn 1997, average annual spring efficiency values within the territory of Slovakia varied consider-

ably. A significant difference was recorded mainly between the south of Slovakia and the rest of its terri-tory. In most parts of Slovakia (excluding southern areas) average annual spring efficiency values wereclose to long- term average annual spring efficiency values or they exceeded them. On the contrary, insouthern areas values recorded were significantly lower than long-term average values, reaching only40-90 % of total value (the Slana catchment area).

Groundwater ExtractionIn 1997, decrease by 5.9% (as compared to 1996) in groundwater extraction was recorded. The

amount of groundwater being extracted in 1997 reached 15 774.4 1 per sec. Total groundwater extractionin 1997 represents only 21.3% of total groundwater supply available on the territory of the SR.

Table 21 Groundwater exploitation in the SR

Year

1997 Ls-1

Public watersupplies

12 400

Food-processingindustry

373

Industryexcluding

food-processing

978

Agriculture &livestock

576

Cropproducts,irrigation

16

Socialsphere

346

Other

1 084Source: SIIMU

Decline in exploitation was also reflected in the assessment of total values being recorded in thefollowing years. Ratio of accessible amount of groundwater and exploited amount in 1996 equalled to4.42. In 1997, the value increased to 4.7.

Figure 16 Groundwater extraction in the SRin the period 1980-1997

25O0O ,

1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

El extraction in I per sec Source: SI IMU

Following the assessment of groundwater exploitation according to the purpose, it is possible tosay that Slovakia has recorded a water demand decline in all monitored spheres of life. However, in 1997groundwater extraction for the purposes of irrigation and agricultural crop production as well as for thepurposes of social sphere insignificantly increased. The most significant decrease was recorded in publicwater supplies (-785 1 per sec as related to 1996 value).

21


Groundwater QualityGroundwater quality in the SR has been monitored since 1982 with a focus on 27 important

water management areas. In total, 291 monitoring stations within established monitoring networkgathered data with twice-a-year monitoring frequency.

The Zitny ostrov area belongs to one of the largest groundwater resource areas in the CentralEurope region. Logically, a great emphasis is placed on the Zitny ostrov groundwater quality standardthus creating a separate part of the Slovak groundwater monitoring network. In 1997, quality was mon-itored at 46 monitoring objects located in 4 areas with a frequency between 2 - 1 2 times a year.Groundwater sample analyses were carried out for the basic group of indicators, general organic sub-stances and special organic substances with regard to vulnerability and sensitivity of particular regions,bacteriological and biological analyses were not included.

Laboratory analyses results were evaluated in compliance with STN 75 7111 Standard 'DrinkingWater' through comparison of measured and limit values for all analysed indicators.

In the River Vah alluvium limit values as stated in STN 75 7111 Standard were most frequentlyexceeded for the following chemical elements and substances: Fe, ENPUV (Extractable Non-polarSubstances), nitrates, Mn, sulphates. In the River Vah - its lower part also CODMn, chlorides, volatile phe-noles released together with vapour and NH4

+ were exceeding limit values of their concentrations. Withregard to specific organic substances, TCE (1,1,2-trichloroethane) - at Sokolovce was detected. Excessiveoccurrence of Al was recorded in Zlien and Horenicka Horka.

The River Bela alluvium belongs to those Slovak regions with satisfactory groundwater quality.Excesive concentrations were detected only in Vavrisovo (Fe).

Groundwater samples gathered from the River Orava alluvium showed excessive concentrations ofFe, ENPuv and nitrogen compounds (NO,', NO2", NHi)

+).In the Kysucka kotlina basin groundwater resources continual contamination by ENP has been

observed. Unfavourable groundwater redox potential characteristic for this area demonstrates relativelyfrequent excessive amount of Fe and Mn limit values. In Rakova, excessive occurrence of Ai was recorded.

In the Turcianska kotlina basin area the most frequently recorded concentrations were those ofFe, ENPnv and Mn. In certain areas, also excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds in Kost'any,Socovce, and Ivaneina were recorded.

Groundwater quality standard in the Strazovske Vrchy hills is consistently high. However, exces-sive content of ENPm, present in groundwater should not be ignored. In Hradiste and Diviaky nadNitricou excessive concentration of Fe and Al were registered.

Groundwater quality standard of the River Nitra alluvium changes when comparing the upperriver area to the middle river area. The upper river area enjoys a high groundwater quality standardexcluding Opatovce and Novaky. The quality of groundwater in the middle river area is to a high extentaffected by human activities. Increased content of ENPiiv, CODM , Fe, Mn, sulphates, chlorides andammonium ions was due to agricultural and industrial activities. Excessive occurrence of phenols wasfairly frequently recorded. Regarding chlorinated hydrocarbons, excessive amounts of TCE (in Novaky)and HCB (hexachlorobenzene) in Banov were found.

The characteristic features of groundwater in the Solosnicko-Pernecka quarternary alluviumarea are excessive concentrations of nitrogen compounds (caused by agriculture production) and Fe, Mn(unfavourable redox potential). As for organic substances groundwater contamination, excessive con-tents of phenols were recorded in Plavecky Mikulas, Plavecke Podhradie and Pernek. Comparing to 1996,groundwater quality standard monitored in 1997 improved. Excessive values of ENPuv and specific organ-ic substances were not recorded and as for Mn concentration it showed a decrease in the amount presentin groundwater. Groundwater bound to Mesozoic carbonatic complex of this area has satisfactory physi-co-chemical properties.

22


Groundwater of the River Danube surrounded area (from Komarno to Sturovo) shows increasedmineralization caused by soil salinization, present only locally. Limit values were most frequently exceed-ed in the cases of Fe, Mn, phenols and sulphates. Locally, also higher contents of ENPuv, Cl, CODMn andMg were registered. In monitored groundwater, continual contamination caused by chlorinated organicsubstances was detected (Komarno - TCE contamination and Muzl'a - HCB contamination).

In the River Hron alluvium, anthropogenic contamination effects on groundwater are reflected inexcessive ENPuv, Fe, Mn concentrations (in some cases also of inorganic nitrogen forms). Excessive con-centrations of Al, Cr and As were detected in the area between Ziar nad Hronom and Zeliezovce.

Groundwater of the Nfzke Tatry Mesozoic shows fairly high quality standards, with the exceptionof ENP content.

IIV

Groundwater of the Neovolcanics area ranks among those of the highest quality standards beingmonitored within the territory of the SR and within the framework of the groundwater quality monitor-ing system.

Groundwater oxygen regime in the Krupinica and Litava valleys is considered to be inappropriateand is linked to increased Mn, Fe, NH4

+ and H2S content. As in 1996, higher ENPiiv content was detect-ed once again.

Groundwater quality in the River Ipel' alluvium is affected by the redox potential conditions ofthe environment and by athropogenic activities in this area. Higher Fe, Mn, and NH4

+ content is directlylinked to the above mentioned factors. Excessive ENPuv concentrations were also detected. Continuing inthe trends from the previous years, decreased nitrates and sulphates concentrations were again recorded.Increased Al ( heavy metal) concentrations were locally registered - such as in Bol'kovce.

In groundwater of the River Slana alluvium, high content of nitrogen compounds (NGy, NO2',NH4

+), sulphates, chlorides, Mn and Fe was recorded. ENPuv concentration still persists despite itsdecrease in comparison to 1996 value. Higher Al content were detected in some areas such as Betliar andRoznava.

Comparing to previous years, groundwater quality in the River Poprad alluvium remained stabile.Most frequently recorded excessive concentrations were those of groundwater quality indicators (such asFe, Mn, NO.,", NH4

H), resulting from redox potential conditions of the environment and from agricultur-al activities. Excessive Al contents were registered nearly at all monitored sites.

Groundwater in the River Hornad alluvium is persistently contaminated mainly by nitrogen sub-stances. Apart from that, increased Fe and Mn content raises concern amount specialists. Higher TCEcontent was recorded in Hutnfky - Sokol'any (81.7 g per 1) . Excessive ENPUV and heavy metals concen-trations were not detected.

Groundwater of the River Bodva alluvium is characterised by higher values of Fe, Mn, NH4+, H2S

that point out to a low content of dissolved oxygens. As for chlorinated hydrocarbonbs excessive con-centrations were recorded for 1,2-dichloroethane (in Budulov), 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene (in Moldavanad Bodvou) and 1,1,2-trichloroethene (in Budulov). Regarding heavy metals, excessive Al concentra-tions were found in Budulov and Buzica. Higher ENPUV contents were observed only in Buzica.

Groundwater quality standard of the Slovensky kras karst Mesozoic is relatively high thanks tohigh oxygen content.

Groundwater in the River Ondava alluvium area is very often not suitable for drinking purposesdue to excessive Fe, Mn, Al and ENPuv contents. In comparison to 1996 number of samples with higherNH4

+ concentration decreased.In the River Torysa alluvium, groundwater samples did not comply with STN 75 7111 Standard

because of excessive values of ENPiiv, nitrates and Al being recorded. However, comparing to 1996,groundwater quality standard improved as for content of nitrates and specific organic substances. Alsoexcessive Mn and Fe concentrations were not registered. Pecovska Nova Ves ranks among the most con-taminated areas within the River Torysa alluvium.

23


Groundwater quality standard in the River Cirocha and Laborec alluvium is determined byreduction environment of the alluvium and by negative impact of anthropogenic pollution in this area.As a consequence, increased Fe, Mn, ammonium ions and nitrites concentrations were recorded. Nitrateslimit value was exceeded only in the case of groundwater sample taken from Michalovce - Topol'any(54.26 mg per 1). In comparison to 1996 higher trace elements contents were not detected. ENPuv con-tent was detected only in Michalovce-Topofany.

In the Medzibodrozie and River Ronava alluvium reduction conditions in their groundwateraquifers persisted and caused increased content of some water quality indicators such as ammonium ions,Fe and Mn. Due to anthropogenic pollution limit values of the following indicators were exceeded:• A l in S o m o t o r , P l e s a n y , C e r h o v ••••..

• Hg in Vel'ky Hores• Ni in Plesany• ENPuv in Somotor.

In Bratislava area groundwater contamination by sulphates, specific organic substances, ENPUV,phenols and chlorinated hydrocarbons still persists. The main contamination causing source is petro-chemical industry.

Regarding in situ measured groundwater quality indicators within the Zitny ostrov territory, dis-solved oxygen content did not comply with the limits set in all monitored sites; in some cases ground-water temperature (44 analyses), conductivity (17 analyses) and pH (4 analyses) did not meet the crite-ria.

With regard to other chemical elements, compounds and substances excessive values were record-ed for Fe, Mn, ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, CODMn, sulphates and fluoranthene. Excessive con-centrations of volatile phenoles released together with vapour and those of ENPuv were also detected. Alconcentrations were exceeded 4 times (Kalinkovo 721 291, KFucovec 736 692, Kvetoslavov 724 192,Ol'dza 601 192). From the organic substances group, excessive concentrations of the following com-pounds were recorded during analysing process:• benzo(e)pyrene (in Dobrohost', Dvorniky, Gabcikovo, Most pri Bratislave, Slovnaft, Kolarovo)• dichlorophenols (in Vel'ke Blahovo 729391)• 1,4-dichlorobenzene (in Gabcikovo)• benzene (in Vel'ke Blahovo)• l,l,dichloroethene (in Vel'ke Blahovo, Vlky)• hexachlorobenzene (in Vel'ky Meder).

When assessing groundwater quality standard on the ground ofSTN 75 7111 we must conclude that unfavourable results still prevail.As in the previous years, most frequent groundwater contaminants areENPuv, Fe and Mn. Frequent excessive Fe concentrations result frominadequate oxygen regime which causes heavy metals activation. Thisfact results from environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact.Regarding other indicators, most frequently recorded excessive concen-tration, were those of the following substances: inorganic nitrogenforms, chlorides, sulphates, H2S and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Alsoobserved was frequent Al occurrence. From trace elements, Hg, Ni, Asand Cr were only seldom detected.

Results of analyses have shown that in all monitored areas thegroundwater quality standard is affected by anthropogenic factorsexcluding areas with low concentrations of industrial zones and condi-tions not suitable for agricultural purposes.

24


Contamination of Waste Water discharged intoWatercourses

In 1997, further slight decrease in the amount of wastewater discharge into the Slovak watercourses was observed.In numbers it represents a change from 1 139 980.643 thousand m3 per year to 1 108 538.075 thousandm3 per year. Equally, a decline in total amount of all assessed indicators, that is most obvious in treat-ed waste water, was registered.

Table 22 Contamination of waste water discharged into watercourses

Discharged wastewater

Treated

Untreated

Total

Volume(thous.m3.year"')

799 588.513

308 949.562

1 108 538.075

IS(t.year"1)

24 857.19

12 149.2

37 006.39

BOD5

(t.year'1)

18 167.08

4 434.41

22 601.49

COD C r

(t.year"1)

58 127.37

10 743.92

68 871.29

ENP(t.year-')

498.67

66.01

564.68Source: SHMU

Regarding the presence of nutrients in waste water only the amounts of ammonium-nitrogen wereanalysed. Amounts being discharged into different catchment areas on the territory of Slovakia are shownin the following chart.

Table 23 Discharged amount of N-NH4+ in waste waters in the following catchment areas (tonnes

per year)

N-NH4+

19961997

Danube535.1533.9

Vah3 137.4

2 966.3

Hron499.3487.1

Bodrog and Hornad1 079.11 030.5

SR5 250.95 017.8

Source: SHMU

Public Water-Supply and Sewerage SystemsIn 1997, the total number of inhabitants being supplied with water from public water supplies

reached 4 343.247 thousand which represents 80.8%. In T9'96Tit was 4 287.752 thousand inhabitantswhich equals to 79.7%.

The length of water supply network excluding service pipes was 22 040 km , that is 349 km morethan in 1996. The length of water supply network per capita with direct water supply was 5.07 m (5.05 min 1996). The number of service pipes reached 612 454 pcs which represents increase by 7 558 pcs incomparison to 1996. The length of service pipes system increased by 12 km thus reaching 4 898 km.The number of metering units rose by 4 533 pcs to the total number of 593 113 in 1997 (in comparisonto 1996). The total capacity of utilised water resources was 32 512 litre per sec in 1997. Comparing tothe state in 1996 it represents an increase by 478 1 per sec. In 1997, water management facilities 446.457mil m3 of drinking water which represents decrease by 14.077 mil m3 comparing to 1996.

25


Figure 17 Supplying with drinking water from public water supplies (%)

RO

2 "2 78IE| 77

| 76

^ 75

74

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

•'•••••• Source: SU SR

Figure 18 Average water consumption in household (litre per capita per day)

2 0 0 ' 8 3 - ' ITOl171 S

I I I I I I II9')l 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: 50 SR

Percentage of population connected to the public sewerage system increased by 39.98 thousand (com-pared to 1996) thus reaching 2 892.938 thousand inhabitants which equals 53.7% of the total population.

The length of sewerage network reached 5 940 km, which is an increase by 151 km (compared to1996). Per capita it means 2.05 m (2.02 m in 1996).

The total number of sewerage pipes rose to 187 765 pcs (174 667 pcs in 1996). The total length ofsewerage pipes system was 1 490 km (1 447 km in 1996).

The number of waste water treatment plants rose by 15 reaching 296.In 1997, the amount of waste waters discharged into watercourses via public sewerage system was

506.832 mil m-\ in 1996 it was 543.711 mil m3. It shows decrease by 36.879 mil m3.In 1997, the amount of treated waste waters discharged into public sewerage system reached

483 518 thousand m3. Treated waste water percentage was 95.4% as opposed to 93.5 % in 1996.

Figure 19 Percentage of population connected to public sewerage system.

54

5X5c

.2 53

f 515S. 52

| 51.5

I 5Ig 50.5

50

49.5

51.551.2 ^ _

I I I

53.7

• i l l1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: SO SR

Table 24 Amount of waste water discharged to public sewerage system

YearAmount of waste water(mil m3)Amount of treated waste water(mil m3)Percentage of treated wastewater (%)

1991558.4

508.2

90.8

1992542.0

492.4

91.0

1993550.4

460.3

83.6

1994557.6

494.4

88.7

1995551.1

503.9

91.4

1996543.7

508.3

93.5

1997506.8

483.5

95.4

Source: SU SR

26


i i

^^Z'^yi <,'!(

Drinking Water Quality

In 1997, 204 236 analyses of specified water quality

indicators in a total number of 13 794 samples taken from

3 090 sampling sites of distribution network were carried out

by VaK laboratories.

No significant changes between yeas 1996 and 1997 occurred in the quality standard of drinking

water produced and supplied to consumers by VaK . Percentage of drinking water samples not comply-

ing with the STN 75 71111 Standard 'Drinking Water' did not exceed the level of 5 %. Indicators most

considerably contributing to this percentage were identical to those of previous years and their limit va-

lues are specified in the above mentioned standard. The indicators with the highest limit value occurred

only in the minimal number of cases and indicators with limit value of acceptable risk were not present

at all.

Epidemiological Safety Indicators

In order to safeguard the purity of drinking water microbio-

logical and biological indicators of water quality must be regular-

ly monitored. Problem-causing indicators in 1997 were:

• cesspit (thermotollerant) coliform bacteria

• coliform bacteria

• enterococcus (cesspit streptococcus)

• psychophilic and mesophilic bacteria

• living organisms.

Table 25 Drinking water epidemiological safety indicators - results of monitoring in 1997 (in the SR)

Indicator

Cesspit coliform bacteriaColiform bacteriaEnterococcusMesophilic bacteriaPsychophilic bacteriaLiving organisms

Number ofanalyses11 75012 79012 58812 79312 7794 440

% of analyses complying with STN•'s ..,., standard

97.7394.3198.1398.4299.7298.27

Source: VUVH

Chemical Safety IndicatorsWith reference to inorganic water quality indicators in 1997, limit values of the following indica-

tors were most frequently exceeded: nitrates, manganese, iron, ammonium ions, nitrites. To a lesserextent drinking water pH and CODMn caused problems.

27


Table 26 Drinking water inorganic quality indicators - the results of analyses carried out in 1997 (SR)

Indicator

NitratesManganeseIronAmmonium ionsNitritesWater pHCOD M n

Number ofanalyses8816

6 770

9 188

8 59910 300

9 026

10 568

% of analyses complying withSTN standard

99.0799.08

97.94

99.7499.74

97.08

99.82Source: VUVH

With regard to drinking water quality organic indicators, limit values specified in STN were not excee-ded, however, the frequency of their determination is significantly lower than it is with inorganic substances.

Within the group of radiological safety indicators total bulk activity Alpha and bulk activity of Radon222 were analysed . Total bulk activity Beta did not exceed limit values.

Table 27 Drinking water radiological safety indicators - results of analyses in 1997 (SR)Indicator

Total bulk activity AlphaBulk activity of Radon 222

Number of analyses

186167

% of analyses complying with STNstandard

95.1689.82

Source: VUVH

DisinfectionChlorination is currently the dominating method of disinfection. Limit value for active chlorine

content present in treated water is 0.3 mg per 1. In distribution network the minimal value of active chlo-rine should be 0.05 mg per 1.

In 1997, the percentage of non-compliant samples regarding the active chlorine content variedfrom 12 to 42%. Majority of analysed samples contained less than 0.05 mg per 1 of active chlorine or thepresence of active chlorine was not detected at all. These values concern samples taken from the distri-bution network.

Despite the fact that almost 40% of analysed samples taken from the distribution network con-tained less active chlorine than required, microbiological water quality complied with STN.

Geology

Endogeneous and exogenetic geological factors as mainfactors causing lithospheric changes significantly affect globaldevelopment of the Earth. These geofactors (objects andprocesses) can be divided into two categories - geobarriersand geopotentials - resulting from their impact on environ-mental quality changes. Geobarriers can cause:• direct threat to population (life losses)• efficiency and durability decrease regarding technical works• decrease in safety of technical works operation• damage to geological and nature environment inter-related to technical works impact.

One of the most promising geopotentials of the SR is represented by geothermal energy.

28


Table 28 Volume of geothermal energy accessible (MW)

Verified155

Renewable resourcesPredicted

85

total: 561

Possible321

total:

Verified29

6 354

Non-renewable resourcesPredicted

445

total: 5 793

Possible5 319

Source: MZP SR

List and content of geofactors being monitored within the framework of CMS (Partial MonitoringSystem) Geological Factors are stated below.

Table 29 Structure of Partial Projects monitored within the framework of CMS 'Geological Factors'

of;

si

[02i:

03!

' • , •

. • • • •

04̂

I*-- ! . • • ; . "

0?

06

W.

08;

OS

•13; ]

•• Name of snbprojects -'Landslides and otherslope deformation

Koston processes:•:,y >::'%

Weathering proce«e«

• • • • . • . . . . • • • . • • • . ; • . ' • : • • : ;

Physical and chemical/;. :; sagging: of the basement••SollSfitV.':'••,.?-:•=;;• >fiy-:••".v V; J ,

' ; V - : 7 v ; . ; . . ' ••-'•-;••. •'•::: .-:y-.:'y-

Impact of mining 5 ; j sxactivities on the ?;;S;: i

• environment :;:; £:;;;; j;;j;:;ii

• . .'"•«•:• • : ; ; i :^" : i :i': :' ::-S'Sir";*:'':V i s '

Changes $V; ;:.:;<;•.Sfcjianthropbgeneouj;: i ;

The;stabflift,qf;:;i::.::':;';S:;Kbasement rocka under;historical monuments ;

Searching and;-;;;.' j; •;;:;; > •documenUtiod of the

anthropogeneous :

Tectonic and seismic

Sno^cpverôality-j'î-;:

moiUto]ring:ff:':':v::l''i:::KK

Monitoring of seismic •;:•;•events in fliieMfSS^WjActive stroini-sediment

Partial infoinaiaapiiWiljs y s t e m ' ' * : ; * i s ; ^ S : ; - : ?

" '_:• ;••• y:«'; :ii 5r;ft::Is»ne of concernMonitoring of areas sensitive to crashlandslides and research of the quality ofrealising remediation actions for theirminimisation

Research of evolution, tendency and dynamicof the processes influencing me recentgeomorhologic relief of the SR

Problems of the stability of line engineeringstructures after cutting of rock massifs - fromthe poit of view of supplies of weatheredmaterial released from unprotected rockblocksStability of the areas consisting of thick layersof loess in which as a consequence ofdrenching and/or vertical additional loadoccurs desintegration of 1heir structure andreduction of their volumeDetermination and monitoring of damages inthe environment arising from mining activities(subsidence processes, changes inhydrological current, chemical composition ofwater and soil etc.)

Study of changes occured in the fine-grainedsediments of settling pits of various origin

Study of gravitational slope events, evaluationof causes of their origin and specification ofother secondary factors (i.e. climate etc.)affecting these eventsDocumentation of "hidden1 anthropogeneousdeposits filled by waste of various origin inthe sites of previous mining activities

Study and evaluation of movement activity ofgeological structures and relative ratemovement along the faults

Country - wide evaluation of chemicalcomposition of the snow cover on the territoryof the SR from the point of view of their impacton groundwater reserves, chemicalcomposition of groundwater, soil acidificationand contamination of the environment of the SR

Continuous registration of seismic events onthe territory of SlovakiaFocus on effects of human activities on thequality of active stream sediments andevaluation of their impact on the quality ofsurface waterIS2PSR

Locality• Western Carpathian flysch sediments territory (Harvelka,

KlieStini, Liptovsld Mara, OkolifcniS a Oravsky Podzamok)• Neogene depressions: (Hlohovec a ViStuk),• Neovolcanic areas and Core Mountains (Slanske vrchy

Mountain: Velicalzra, KoSicky Klecenov, Sokof)• Harmanec, Liptovske" Man'a$ovcc-Huty, Banska Stiavnica• Myjavska pahorkatma Upland, Hornonitrianska kotlina

Basin, Krupinski planina Plateau• Kohut zone of Vepor area, Flysch belt, Klippen belt,

Central Carphatian Pateogene• PreSovska kotlina Basin, V^chodoslovenskd panva BasinMalinec, Kostelec pri Ducovom, Cervena skala near Podbiel,LiptovskJ Hradok, Banska1 Stiavnica, Liptovske MatiaSovce -Huty, Nova1 Bystrica, Bratislava - Sldviiie udolic Valley,Harmancc, Lipovnfk - Jablonov n. Tun'iou, Slarina, Demjata

• TmavskS pahorkatina Upland• Nitrianskapahorkatina Upland

• Localities with considerable level of disruption of theenvironment: Rudnany-PoraC, Banska Stiavnica, Smolnik,Novoveska Huta, Bind-Zavadka, Slovinky-Gelnica,JcBava-Lubcnlk-Burda-Ploski, KoSice-Bankov, Handlovaand Cigcl' brown coal-fields, Pezinok, Spania dolina Valley,Liptovska Diibrava, Roinava ore-field, Ni&a Slana,Novaky coal-mine, Baiâ Dolina-Modry Kamefi coal mine,HnuSl'a-Mutnik

• Ash from the power station Novaky: Zemianske Kostol'any,BystriJany-Chalmovd, Chalmova

• Sludge and sediments coming from the extraction andprocessing of ore minerals in the locality Banska Stiavnica:slime beds (tailings) 7 iien and Lintych

• Industrial sludge from the Duslo Sala chemical plant: slimebeds (tailings) Amcrika and RSTO

Strecno Castle, SpiJsky hrad Castle, Skalka Cloister, Plavecand Lietava Castle

• Great Bratislava area• area of Zitny ostrov zone• selected areas of the Middle Slovakia region (Stiavnicke1

and Krcninicke vrchy Mountains, Starohorske vrchyMountains, Nizke Tatry Mountains - North and South),etc...

Institutions and seismic stations of the Geophysical Instituteof the Slovak Academy of Sciences: ZST (Bratislava), MOD(Modra),MB (Hurbanovo), SRO (Srobarova), VYH(Vyhne), SPC (Skalnati Pleso), KOS (KoSice)Approximately 44 sampling sites: Bratislava-Slovnaft andZeleznd studienka, Pernek, Skalica, Stary Hrozenkov,Trcnfianskc Jastrabic, Homolka, Nitra, Patincc, Opavski horaMount, BanskJ Studenec, Lehfltka pod Brehy, Handlova -Nova Lehota, Podhradie pri Novikoch, Martinski hole,Vratna dolina Valley, OSSadnica, Lokca, Ruzomberok,T'.upcianska dolina Valley, Donovaly, Homy Tisovnik atd'.Seismic stations of the Geophysical Institute of the SlovakAcademy of SciencesIt is proposed to establish the monitoring network with 47reference sampling sites

Geological Service of the SR Bratislava

Zdroj: GS SR

29


Maintenance of Old Mining WorksDuring inventory process (1992-1996) o:

mining works the following objects were registc203 shafts, 4 971 mine adits, 6 sludge pits, 4 200 pand ping drifts, 6 025 pit heaps and 1 142 gangwa)mining drifts 16 547 objects altogether on the terriof the SR. Documentation for each of the above ntioned objects has been elaborated; it containsfollowing information:

• localization• geological data• technical data

• other important data referring to the object includdata on its impact on the environment.

This information pack is available in a digital form (at scale 1:10 000). Special-purpose mapsscales 1:50 000 and 1:400 000 have been prepared. At present, MZP SR is preparing data regarding stpliers' selection for maintenance and destruction of old mining works with recorded negative impactsthe environment.

Table 30 Fuel deposits (1997) Table 32 Non-metallic ore deposits (199

Raw material

GasolineNon-bitumen gasesNon-paraffin oilSemi-paraffin oilNatural gasAnthraciteBrown coalLigniteUranium oreBitumen sediments

Number of depositsI*82

49

391

13831

II*6036

2417611

I* - deposits included in Hie balanceII* - deposits with tree balance resources

Table 31 Ore deposits (1997)

Source: CIS SR

Type of ore

Sb oresSn oresComplex Fe oresMn oresCu oresNi, Co oresHg oresOther oresPoly-metallic oresPyriteWolfram oresGold and silver oresFe oresMolybdenum ores

Number of deposits1*11

1124

24151

1542

1252

11*314031(10601630

I* - deposits included in the balanceII* - deposits with free balance resources

Source: GS SR

Raw material

AnhydrideAsbestosBaryteBentoniteCast basaltDecorative rockDiatomitcDolomitellalloysiteRock saltKaolinKaolinitic clayKaolinitic sandsCeramic materialsQuartzQuart/.iteMagncsiteTalcPearlitePyriteGypsumSialitic raw materialsBuilding rockGravel sands and sandsBrick clayTech. usable mineral crystalsLimestone-unspecifiedHigh-content limestoneCalcateous marlZeoliteFoundry sandsRefractory clayTotal

Number of deposits1*546

16

5

202

1723516

278

10

126544

141744283

1241245

2010

566

II*522

145

182

1723216

208

!l)103504

131673773

123113577

495Source: GS SR

H* - deposits with free balance resources

30


In 1997, in total there was 49.9% of agricultural land and 51.1% of non-agricultural land in the SR.In comparison to 1996 agricultural land area increased by 189 ha, forest land area increased by 3 007 haand build-up area by 22 441 ha. The other area decreased by 25 000 ha.

Table 33 Total area of the main land categories (state as of December 31st, 1997)

Land categoryAgricultural landForest landWater bodiesBuild-up landOther landTotal area

Area (ha)2 444 6341 996 373

93 310218 584150 554

4 903 455

% of total area49.940.7

1.94.43.1

100.0Source: UGKK SR

Year 1997 was the first year of the second stage of the statesoil monitoring system. Soil samples were gathered from all sitesof the basic monitoring network that means 312 monitoring siteson agricultural land and from 21 key monitoring sites. Currentlythe analyses of the gathered samples are being carried out.Therefore, the listed data regarding the amount of contaminantsare related to soil contamination in 1996.

31


Table 34 The highest allowed concentration of some hazardous substances in soils l) (in mg. kg1

of dry matter)Hazardous substance

MetalsAsBaBeCdCoCrCuHgMoNiPbSeSnV

ZnInorganic substances

F(total)S(su)phidic)

Br(total)

A

29500

30.8

2013036

0 .3 - - • • • - -

I3585

0.820

120140

5002)

220

Al

5.0X

X

0.3X

10.020X

X

10.030.0

X

X

X

40.0X

X

X

X

B

301000

205

50250100

240

100150

550

200500

1 0002050

C

502 000

3020

300800500

10200500600

20300500

3 000

2 000200300

Notes: Source: VUPU1) values valid for the given standard soil (25% of loam fraction and 10 % of organic material out in the content of the total

content)2) the simultaneous analysis of the fluorine water soluble forms must be carried out and the threshold value of the possible

toxicity is the value greater than 5 mg. kg"1

A - reference value; soil is not contaminated if the substance concentration is less than this reference value. If theconcentration is equal or greater than this reference value, the substance concentration is higher than the backgroundvalues valid for the observed site or the values are higher than the sensitivity threshold of the relevant analytical analysis

Al - reference value related to value A and valid for the assessment of the hazardous substance extractions with 2M HNO3

B - indicative value means that the soil contamination was analytically proven. The further study and the contaminated sitecontrol is required if the cause, area and contamination can have a negative impact on human health or on othercomponents of the environment

C - sanitary indicative value ; if the substance concentration value is equal or greater than this sanitary indicative value,the immediate analytical mapping of the pollution extent in the referred site is required followed by the proposal fordecontamination. If values are within the range of B or C similar procedure should be followed.

Figure 20 Soil contamination categories in the SR - statistics

0 C - heavily contaminated soils

KB - contaminated soils

DA, Al - soils exposed

• O - soils without contamination

Figure 21Soil contamination map

C-0.4%. B-l.4%

A,Al-28.7%

Source: VUPU

Source: VUPU and SAZP

Soil with low contamination [Contaminated soil |Heavily contaminated soil |Soil contaminated by MgCO3 (magnesite) I

category A, Alcategory Bcategory C

32


On the Slovak territory the relations between occurrence of some trace elements and the soil attri-butes are rather complicated, especially in mountain ranges proximity, due to the endogenneous geo-chemical anomalies. However, the results of monitoring indicate that the soils in the SR are contamina-ted by hazardous substances at relatively low level. Note that the greatest part of the category A, Al(category with the largest area) is represented by forest land. Soils with significant contamination repre-sent only 1.4% of the category B and 0.4% of the category C.

The analyses of mobile and potential mobile forms of trace elements are very important in relationto the risk assessment of their possible penetration entry into the food chain and biological circulationwith negative impacts on mankind and the environment. The order of trace elements share bound byplants in comparison to total accessible content is as follows: Cd > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cr.Due to this fact, Cd and also Zn and Ni are the trace elements of extra importance. Zn and Cu are clas-sified at mainly lower levels as micronutrients rather than contaminants. The mobility of Cr is very low.

Figure 22 Cadmium content (extraction with 2M HNO3) in the upper soil horizon in the SR

<0.1 ppm• 0.1 -0.2 ppm• 0.2-0.3 ppmlH 0.3 -0.4 ppm

Source: VUPU

Figure 23 Plumbum content (extraction with 2M HNO3) in the upper soil horizon in the SR

P I 0.4-0.5 ppm• 0.5-0.6 ppmB >0-6 PPm

H < 10 ppm HO 30-40 ppm• 10-20 ppm S 40-50 ppm• 20-30 ppm H > 50 ppm

Source: VUPU

33


/ i»;':;/; j *;'.} v 5 '4/'iy --Vri1! l!^

The graph represents the both increase and decrease inthe soil reaction in CaCl2 since 1994 monitored on the keysites. Significant decrease of pH in CaCl2 observed during1995 and 1996 was replaced by an increase of pH to 76% in1997.

Figure 24 pH changes in CaCl on key sites

19941996

1997

decrease of pH

increase of pH

Source: VUPU

Considering total acreage of agricultural land in the SR,presently 40% out of total, are soils heavily affected by watererosion. As for deflation 5% of agricultural land would fallinto category of mild intensity and only 2% would belong tothe strong erosion intensity category. For these numbersbeing low and insignificant in the overall context, this erosionform currently is not subject of the monitoring.

34


Flora and Fauna

National Strategy of Biodiversity Protection in the Slovak Republic was approved by theGovernment of the SR on April 1st 1997 and by the Slovak National Council on July 2nd 1997, follow-ing the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992) from May 19th 1993.

The evaluation of potentionally endangered and threa-tened species of wild growing plants is based on the study byMarhold K. & Hindak F. (eds.), 1998 called: 'Checklist ofnon-vascular and vascular plants of Slovakia.' (Veda, pub-lishing house of SAV, Bratislava, 687 pp.). The Checklist was

compiled within a framework of the state project order No. 5305/025 called 'Biodiversity of Slovak Flora'.Also international project 'Kartierung der Flora der Slowakei' coordinated by the Austrian Academy ofSciences was used as supportive material during the elaboration process.

Table 35 Endagered flora species in 1997

Group

Cyanophytes andAlgaeLower FungiHigher FungiLichensBryophytesVascular Plants

Total number of taxonsWorld estimation

50 000

80 00020 00020 00020 000 .

Slovakia2 989

12952 4691508

9054 178

Endangered (1UCN categories)Ex

1003039

E

2012961

173

Vm

00

321

V

4624961

263

R

70100195297

I

18169170

Ed

127Source: BU SAV

35


Figure 25 Statistics comparing total number of plant taxons toendangered taxons

Total number

Endangered taxons- IUCN catagorisation

Vascular plants Uryophytcs Higher fungi

Source: BU SAV

Figure 26 Endangered taxons within IUCN categorisation- Vascular plants

Source: BU SAV

Figure 27 Endangered taxons within IUCN categorisation - Bryophytes

Legend:

Ex - extinctE - critically endangeredV - vulnerable / endangeredR - rareI - indeterminatedVm - very sensitiveEd — endemic species

40

35

30

25

% 2 0

Ex Vm V R I

Source: BU SAV

In 1997, 4 319 to date known sites with presence of rare and endangered species were monitoredand presence of species was confirmed. 536 sites were recorded for the first time and 32 sites were with-drawn from the inventory.

The total number of species under state protection remained unchanged since 1958 (the Regulationof the Deputy of Education and Culture No.21/1958 Coll. from December 23rd 1958 on Protected Speciesof Plants and Protection Conditions). In total, legislative protection is applied to 127 taxons on species andsubspecies level, one family and 9 genuses (252 taxons of vascular plants altogether).

In the period of 1983-1996, 57 proposals of the specific protection regime plans were elaborat-ed mainly for critically endangered plant species. In 1997, plans of the specific protection regime for thefollowing species were completed:• Anacamptis pyramidalis• Juncus sphaerocarpus• Carex buxbaumanii

36


Table 36 Specific protection regime plans elaboration

Year

19831984198519861987198819891990

Number ofspecies

4

663343

3

Number of updatedregime plans

------18

-

Year

1991199219931994199519961997

Number ofspecies

74

71423

Number of updatedregime plans

16-

20----

Source: SAZP

In 1997, SAZP-COPK transferred to new sites or rescued the following species:• Nuphar luteum - 5 individuals• Sagittaria sagittifolia - 10 individuals• Hippuris vulgaris - 5 individuals

In 1997, no major changes occurred in the categorisationof animal groups according to the level of danger (compared to1996 and 1995), excluding mammals were theupdated RedChecklist was prepared following the new IUCN classification(Stollmann et al. 1997).

Table 37 Endangered fauna species

Higher taxonsMolluscaAraneaEphcmcropteraOdonataOrthopteraHeteroptcraColeopteraHymenopteraLepidoptoraDipteraPiscesAmphibiaReptiliaAvcs

Number oftaxons256879112

69122787

6 4984 30035194 635

782120

352

Ex3

110

800

60000

10002

E2688

81063

1166

580

107426

V10

137

18

73

21420

85123510117

26

R14

157186

11105887126185

8039

37

I7

180

16

2205

43123

3'ft

00

23

K33

0

0140

1615

169

14000

Total63

414

44

4756

1291504

1981 047

47452120

114

%25.647.139.368.145.916.423.14.6

29.71.0

57.710010032.4

Legend: Ex - extinct£ - critically endangeredV - vulnerable/ endangeredR - rare1 - indeterminaledK - insufficiently known

Source: MZI> SR

37


Table 38 Complex statistics on mammal species of Slovakia - classification based on the level ofdanger as suggested in the Red Checklist

CategoryNumber of taxons

%

Ex22.3

CR11.2

EN67.0

vu1315.1

LR:cd67.0

LR:nt4

4.6

LR.Ic1214.0

DD1011.6

NE3237.2

Total86

100.0Legend: Ex - extinct taxon

CR - critically endangered taxonEN - endangered taxonVU - vulnerable taxonDD - insufficiently known taxon

LR - less endangered taxoncd - taxon requiring protectionnt - almost endangered taxonlc - the least endangered taxonNE - unclassified taxon

Source: SAZP

In the network of 3 rehabilitation stations (RS) and 12 emergency rescue centres (PZZ) man-aged by nature conservation and landscape protection bodies, 334 injured or otherwise handicapped ani-mals were treated (261 in PZZ and 73 in RS). 178 animals were released back into wilderness (146 fromPZZ and 32 from RS).

With the intention to improve nesting and living conditions of animal species there were 77 arti-ficial nests (UHP) for storks and 54 for birds of prey installed. 83 artificial bird boxes (UHB) wereinstalled for bird species (63) and for bats (20). At the same time 7 generation sites for Amphibia wereprepared.

With regard to in situ animal protection, nature conservation and landscape protection organisa-tions carried out 419 transfers of individuals. Within the re-introduction and restitution programmeframework further 156 individuals of protected and endangered species were taken care of (6 re-intro-duction, 150 restitution) and placed into suitable biotops in the wilderness.

4 protected and endangered animal species (listed below) were transferred into special breedingcentres managed in co-operation with nature protection bodies with the intention of securing theirfuture. The species are:

• Emys orbicularis• Otis tarda• Falco peregrinus Tunst.• Falco cherrug Gray5 individuals were released into the wilderness.

'< 4

38


Nature and Landscapeprotection

Natural Heritage

In accordance with the NCSR (National Council of the Slovak Republic) Act No.287/1994 Coll. onNature and Landscape Protection, the system of complex nature and landscape protection has beendesigned based on five levels of protection .

I. level of protection- the territory of the SR not included in anyof the higher levels of protection

II. level of protection - Protected Landscape Area (PLA)III. level of protection - National Park (NP)IV. level of protection - Protected Site (PS)V. level of protection - Nature Reserve (NR)

- Nature Monument (NM)- National Nature Reserve (NNR)- National Nature Monument (NNM)

In 1997, 56 protected area proposals were elaborated and 15 new NR with total area of 3 214 ha,5 NM with total area 86 ha and 3 PS with total area of 129 ha were designated. With regard to large-scaleprotected areas 2 new national parks were designated, namely NP Muranska Planina Plateau with atotal area of 20 318 ha (former PLA) and NP Poloniny with the total area 29 805 ha (formerly part ofPLA Vychodne Karpaty). The law on their designation came into effect on October 1st, 1997.

Furthermore, 3 protected sites were withdrawn from the list of protected areas of Slovakia.

Table 39 Categories of Protected Areas in the SR (as of December 3Lst ,1997)

Category

Protected Landscape ArejiNational ParkProtected Site-Nature ReserveNational Nature ReserveNature MonumentNational Nature Monument

Number

157

17434722921445

Area of protected territory(ha)

598 5X5243 219

4 397.744713 885.438082 121.89071 377.0270

55.3181

Area of protective zone(ha)

-238 124

2 263.2476318.4179

3 162.2489232.6567

26.6225Source: SAZI', S NP SR

Within the 4th and 5th levels of protection, 270 protected areas with a total area of 19 805 ha arelocated within designated PLA boundaries, 192 protected areas with a total area 63 691 ha are locatedwithin designated NP boundaries and their protective zones. 547 protected areas lie outside designatedPLA, NP and their protective zones. Protected areas belonging to the 4th and 5th levels of protection sta-tistics based on 3 categories according to the level of potential danger are listed in the following table.

39


Table 40 The Categories of Protected Areas as of December 31st, 1997

Category

NNRNRPSNNMNM

Number

22934717445

214

Area *(ha)

82 12213 8854 398

551 377

OptimalNumber1501814730

118

Area69 147

9 9211334

22938

ThreatenedNumber

77161961593

Area12 9523 9052 092

33421

DegradedNumber

25

31-3

Area2359

972-18

*area excluding protective zone Source: SAZP, SNPSR

Figure 28Protected Areasof the SR

nutiona! parkp ot te hn 1 c | e aforest Source: MZPSR

• national nature monumenta nature monument• national nature reserve '-. nature reserveA protected site

Category Optimal Protected Area referers to all pro-tected areas where subject of protection is not threatened byhuman activities and develops according to protectionobjectives. Category Threatened Protected Area refers toall protected areas where subject of protection is being negatively affected by human activities to suchextent that without regulation measures its existence is threatened. Category Degraded Protected Arearefers to all protected areas where changes, respectively destruction of natural ecosystem were causedeither by human activities or evolution.

From the total number of 1 009 small-size protected areas:• 41 fall into category Degraded (representing 1% of the total

area)• 442 fall into category Threatened (19% of the total area)• 526 fall into category Optimal (80% of the total area)The most serious situation is in the group Protected Site where:• 17.82% of areas fall into category Degraded (22.10% of the

total area)• 55.17% of areas fall into category Threatened (45.57% of the

total area).In the group Nature Reserve 46.39% (28.13% of the total

area) fall into category Threatened. In the group Nature Monument 43.35% (30.59 of the total area) fall intocategory Threatened. Protected Tree group includes 463 trees growing outside forest and their clumps.

Nature protection bodies have so far elaborated 24 inventory reasearch theses and 8 specific pro-tection regime plans which form base for practical protection measures.

40


Cultural Monuments

Fundamentals of historical settlements in the countryare represented by immovable cultural monuments. In com-parison to 1996, total number of immovable cultural monu-ments rose in 1997 by 314 monuments.

Table 41 Cultural Monuments - their structure and categories

Category

Architectural monumentsArchaeological monumentsHistorical monumentsHistorical gardens and parksFolk architecturemonumentsTechnical monumentsArt work monumentsTotal

Year19926 888

3281 478

3171 534

418649

11 612

19936 999

3441 478

3201 508

423660

1 1 732

1994 19957 098

3621 419

3311 516

434739

11 899

7 028362

1 416332

1 526

435739

12018

19967 247

3641 417

3341 537

437742

12 078

19977 353

3661 419

3351 721

446752

12 392Source: Nl'KC

In 1997, total number of movable cultural monuments in evidence reached 28 359.The total number of cultural monuments include 94 castles and mansions, 430 manor houses and 72national cultural monuments.

Table 42 Legislative Protection of Cultural Monuments

Cultural Monument

DesignatedWithdrawn

Year199212549

19938717

19946422

199510813

1996123

12

1997328

14Source: NPKC

Regarding technical state, 27% of cultural monuments were in unsatisfactory state or in very badconditions requiring immediate action and 7% of cultural monuments were undergoing reconstruction.

Table 43 Technical State of Cultural Monuments in 1997

StateIn good conditionsSatisfactoryUnsatisfactoryIn bad conditionsUnder reconstructionTotal

Number3 9414 2752 588

686902

12 392

%323421

67

100Source: NPKC

In accordance with the NCSR Act No. 27/1987 Coll. on State Conservation of CulturalMonuments, owner of the cultural monument is obliged to carry out maintenance and reconstruction attheir own expense. The MK SR annualy provides funding covering cultural monuments' reconstruction.This is done through the State Cultural Fund called 'Pro Slovakia'.

41


Table 44 State Cultural Fund 'Pro Slovakia' funding provided for cultural monuments recon-struction

YearNumber of projectsTotal funding in Sk

199453

20 750 000

199546

26 400 000

199668

29019 180

199722

12 200 000Source: MK SRTSFK SR

Table 45 Protected Parks

RegionBanska Bystrica regionBratislava regionKoslce regionNitra regionPrcSoY regionTrencin regionTrnava regionZilina region

Total

Number of protected parks7618

10382

270Source: NPKC

Slovak Contributionto the World Heritage

By the end of 1997, World Heritage (WH) Committeebased in Paris included 552 sites (properties) into the UNESCOWorld Heritage List. Four sites inscribed into the list can befound on the territory of the Slovakia:1. the Vlkoh'nec Folk Architecture Reserve2. the National Cultural Monument Spissky Castle and its neigh-

bouring historical monuments - the Spisska Kapitula Historical Town Reserve, Spisske Podhradie HistoricalZone and the Church of the Holy Ghost in Zehra

3. the Banska Stiavnica Historical Town Reserve and its neighbouring technical monuments4. the caves of the Slovensky kras karst and Aggtelek kras karst

Other properties proposed for inscription to the WH List:1. the Kysuce - Orava Switch-back Railway2. the Ravines of the Slovak Paradise and the Dobsinska ice caveProperties from tentative list for nomination:A. Natural heritage properties (together with Poland)1. the Belianske Tatry NNR -

Bielovodska dolina valley NNR2. the Prielom Dunajca NNRB. Cultural heritage properties1. Inclusion of the Levoca Historical

Town Reserve into the WHS of the Spissky Castle and its surroundings2. Wooden churches in the Beskydy (together with Poland)3. Wooden Protestant church and the historical centre of Kezmarok4. Medieval murals in the churches of Gemer region and Abov5. Bardejov Historical Town Reserve6. Kosice Historical Town Reserve

42

Figure 29 Historical Town Reserves and Folk ArchitrectureReserves, Zones and the WH Sites in the SR

(author: J. Klinda and col.)

World Heritage Sites (4)

Properties nominated as WHS (2)

Cultural Properties from tentative list for nomination as WHS (6)

Natural Properties from tentative list for nomination as WHS (2)

& Historical town reserves (18)

Jk. Folk architecture reserves (10)

® Historical and folk architecture zones (84)


SK99K0198

ENVlRONtffl

AKTUALIZACIAWIRONMENTAUEJ REOK)•IALIZACIE SIO/ENSK*ttKONANAVROKUOT/

IEGH

The State of theEnvironment in Selected

Regions

There are five levels of the quality of environment thatwere defined by the new environmental classification basedon the complete assessment of the state of air, groundwater,surface water, soil, rock environment, biota and other factors:

Table 46 Basic criteria of environmental regional classification of the Slovak Republic accordingto the number of population and area

Quality

levelI. and II.

III.IV.V.

Specification of quality

High quality environment, satisfactory environment

Moderately deteriorated environment

Deteriorated environment

Heavily deteriorated environment

Population of SR

number2 379 000

964 000

752 000

I 262 000

5 357 000

%44.5

18.0

14.0

23.5

100.0

Area <if SR

km2

36 824

7 306

2 795

2 109

49 034

%75.1

14.9

5.7

4.3

100.0

Source: SAZP

Endangered territories of Slovakia according to theenvironmental classification are the territories where theenvironmental quality reaches levels IV. and V. at thesame time. The percentage of population living in these ter-ritories is approx. 33.2% and they occupy 9.5% of the totalarea of the Slovak Republic. These territories are usuallylinked to large urban and industrial areas. The territoriesbelonging only to the level IV. of environmental quality arenot a part of defined areas. There are approx. 233 000inhabitants living on these territories. The following settle-

ments together with their own urban areas belong to this group: Senica, Surany, Sahy, Zeliezovce, Levice,Nova Bafta, Lucenec, Svit and Presov.

Table 47 The following endangered territories in Slovakia were selected

Endangered region

1. Bratislava region2. Trnava-Galanta region3. Upper Nitru region4. Upper Povazie region5. Middle Pohronie region6. Middle SpiS region7. Middle Gemer region8. KoSice region9. Middle Zemplin regionTotal

Number ofpopulation491 000162 000179 000162 000170 00087 00056 000

267 000207 000

1 781 000

Area(km2)710384519183371364401658

1 OSl

4 671

Source: SAZP

44


Figure 30 Quality of the environment in the Slovak Republic

Qualify of the environment1" degree - high quality environment

] 2nd degree - suitable quality environmenti 3'" degree - moderately deteriorated environmentI 4'" degree - deteriorated environment

m 5"'degree - heavily deteriorated environment

While the territories with heavily deteriorated environment in Bratislava, Trnava-Galanta, HornaNitra and Kosice regions are relatively compact, the other are not. They create a mosaic, divided by sig-nificant natural barriers that partly eliminate the negative impact.

This region consists of the capital city of the SR area, that means Bratislava Districts I.-V. and theparts of near-by districts of Malacky, Pezinok and Senec. The number of inhabitants is 491 000, numberof settlements is 17 and only Bratislava is a municipal industrial and administrative agglomeration. Theendangered area of Bratislava region occupies 710 km2.

Air PollutionTable 48 The largest sources of air pollution in Bratislava endangered region according to theemissions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)

Basic characteristics of main producers of airpollution and pollutants• The emission of basic pollutants from allsources in the Bratislava endangered regionwas 33 757 tin 1997• The industry and transport are the princi-pal pollution sources• Slovnaft a.s. Bratislava has a contributionof approx. 83.9% of the total amount ofbasic pollutants from all the large sources inthe region

Pollution source

Slovnaft a. s.BratislavaZHZ 5. p. Bratislava,Vylircvna BratislavaJuli7X-Z 5. p. Bratislava,Heating Plant IIMaladorcx a.s.BratislavaIstroclicm a. s.BratislavaOLO a. s. Bratislava,Municipal WasteIncinerator

SPM1996

1 181.3

103.9

16.9

36.8

31.9

105.4

19971 264.0

41.2

23/i

18.7

10.7

100.5

SO,1996

24 006.0

] 645.3

108.7

640.5

130.5

73..1

199721 924.2

621.2

206.6

312.3

190.5

74.2

KO,1996

3 836.7

309.9

243.6

110.3

15.0

110.3

19974 460.6

158.2

262.9

65.5

II.1

111.5

CO1996

784.6

25.2

7(..5

9.2

1.2

0.3

1997702.6

23.2

77.9

8.2

1.5

0.3

45


• Slovnaft a.s. Bratislava emitted considerable volume of other pollutants, esp. benzene (314 t in 1996 and 312 t in

1997) and inorganic compounds of hydrochloric acid (19 t in 1996 and 1997) excluding basic pollutants.

The toulene emissions produced in Slovenskd Grafika a.s. Bratislava reached 277 t in 1997.

Water PollutionTable 49 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Bratislava endangered region accor-ding to the selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997

Basic characteristics of the quality of surface

watercourses at the checkpoints in 1997

• Danube-Bratislava middle course: the group

of oxygen demand indicators reached quality

category II, groups of basic and additional

chemical indicators reached category III and

biological and microbiological indicators

reached quality category IV. The concentra-

Pollutionsource

Slovnarta.s.WWTPIstrochema.s. WWTP

Slovnarcbl. 17- ISVaK-WWTPVrakufiaVaK-\V\VITPclrialka

I1OD51 per year

199ft72.43

638.94

751.78

283.82

f.2.25

I9M7N7.5K

805.68

415.69

249.60

88.95

CODC r 1 per year

1996316.90

1 904.77

1 433.08

1 753.40

303.49

19973.S4.-19

2 2C5.99

1 351.01

1 533.26

.17O.f.2

SS 1 per year

19964 75.1.46

19 136.10

20 556.45

26 427.17

6 162.70

19974 3X7.94

15 998.65

2 020.49

23 771.58

6 196.87

[S t per year

1996217.30

172.80

! 644.52

1 135.30

3-10.65

199787.58

197.82

1 616.59

1 010.29

281.67

WWTP- Waste Water Treatment Plant Source: SIIMU dons of zinc reached category II and other

heavy metals category I

• Estuary of Mldka watercourse: the group of oxygen demand indicators and the group of basic and additional chemical

indicators reached category V and biological and microbiological indicators reached quality category IV. High concentra-

tions of organic substances and nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were recorded

• The upper course of the River Maly Dunaj: the group of oxygen demand indicators reached quality category II and the

group of basic chemical indicators reached category HI. The group of heavy metals and biological, microbiological and addi-

tional indicators reached quality category IV.

Soil PollutionAccording to the Soil Fertility Research Institute (VUPU) monitoring, the soil in Bratislava endan-

gered region did not reach the level of heavily contaminated soil.

Waste ManagementThe principal method of waste treatment in Bratislava region is incineration in the city, incinera-

tor that is going to be upgraded and reconstructed. The incineration residues (solid particular matter,clinker) are treated at the landfill site of the construction category III. near Pezinok. A serious problemof this area is the environmental impact of old unregistered landfill sites in various city districts. One ofthe most dangerous is gudrone landfill site in Devinska Nova Ves and also the waste from former CHZJD(Chemical works) in the natural bed in Mlynsky arm of the River Maly Dunaj near Vrakufia. The prob-lem of remediation of these landfill sites has not been solved yet. The largest waste producer in this areais Slovnaft a.s. Since the incinerator in this plant does not fulfill the demands of emission limits, the con-struction of the new incinerator with the capacity of 12 000 t.p.a. is prepared.

The region occupies the area of Podunajska Highland with the part of Trnava and Podunajska Plainwith the parts of Galanta and Sal'a districts. The axis of this region is broad flood plain of the River Vah.

46

PoUatfoa source :

Duak>8^.SaEVZEZJ..p.Brat*lava,Heating plant :TrnavaCUKOS»^.SUdlajviJovoSugar Factory S. p.Tnara

• SPM199«674.750.3

19Z0

1997632.0a o j

220.4

28J

SO,

2 479.276S.8

230.9

454.9

19S72 293.7

281.9

196.7

467.8

: ' N O , •1.-:.1

I9SS2 0S7.7

I82J

70.2

80.6

19971672.5

107.1

62.1

83.1

CO1996102.524.4

10Z9

62

\m94.7214

86.5

6.3

Source: SHMU

The environmental impact is mostly from agriculture (food production), energy and chemical industries.In this endangered region, there are 162 000 inhabitants living in 20 settlements, out of which five aremunicipal. The region occupies the area of 384 km2.

Air PollutionTable 50 The largest sources of air pollution in Trnava-Galanta region according to the emissionsof basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)

The basic characteristics of main producers of air

pollution sources and pollutants

• The emission of basic pollutants from all sources

in this endangered region was 9 840 t in 1997

• From other pollutants, Duslo Sal'a a.s. emitted

ammonia (341 tonnes per year in 1996 and 1997)

' The secondary source of air pollution caused by

SPM pollutants is the leach sludge pit.

Water PollutionTable 51 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Trnava-Galanta endangered regionaccording to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997

Basic characteristics of the quality of surface water-

courses at the checkpoints in 1997

• Vdh-Hlohovec: quality category IV caused by the

considerable number of coliform bacteria

• The improvement was indicated in the area of

Selice where the River Vdh leaves the endangered region. The quality level changed from the category V to category TV in

the case ofENP indicator which indicates petroleum products pollution. Other indicators reached category III

• The most heavily polluted are the Horny Dudvdh and Trndvka tributaries - in most cases in category V. Trndvka pod

Trnavou belongs to the long-term watercourses with the heaviest organic pollution in the watershed of the River Vdh.

Soil PollutionDespite the fact that production in Nickel Metallurgical Works a.s. in Sered' stopped, the residues

still contaminate the soil (Ni, Cr) as a result of environmental impact caused by the leach waste bank thatcontains poly-metallic dust with the high concentrations of Ni, Cr, Co and Fe.

Waste ManagementMost of the landfill sites for bulky municipal and industrial waste built in this endangered area are

without proper insulation from the bedrock. Duslo a.s. Sal'a is also the source of hazardous waste whichis treated in the factory incinerator together with hazardous waste from other sources.

Table 52 Landfill sites in Trnava-Galanta endangered region

Pollution Source

Doslo a. g. SatiCUKOS i J-.O.SlidlroviiSovDZiVsKitaavn

BOD,tperyear19M

173.11S6.6

672.7

1997183.9188.9

174.5

CODfv t per year

630.7243.6

1 125.7

1S975663144 2

353.4

SS t per year1996

11004.0308.3

3 614.9

19979 226.3

343.7

191.7

IS t per year1996133.0246.9

411.8

1S97120.3276.7

191.7

District

Galanta

Sal'aTrnava

Industrial waste landfill ofconstruction category ID.

In accordanceto the

governmentalregulation No.

606/92 CoU.

-

-1 (outside the

region)

Specialconditionsissued in

accordance to§15 Act No.238/91 CoIL

1

1-

Operated by

•CUKOSSladkovi£ovo s.r.o.

•Duslo Sara a.s.•Chemolak a_s.Smolenice

Municipal landfill of construction category III.

In accordanceto the

governmentalregulation No,

606/92 Coll.

2

12

Specialconditions

issued inaccordance to

§15 Act No.238/91 CoIL

1

14

Under thereconstruction

/lathepreparation

1

11

Sludge pitsIn

accordanceto Act. No.327/96 Coll.

1

1-

Source: SAZP

47


Pollution source

SEa.s. ENONovaky, o.z.

NCHZ a.s. (Chemicalplanl) Novaky

HormmitrianskcMines a.s. BanaCigcr

SPM

1996] 110.0

667.0

68.0

1997902.5

47S.5

36.4

SO,

199645 900.0

26.0

218.0

199744 425.5

19.8

249.0

NO,1996

4 186.0

109.0

33.0

19973 939.7

53.1

36.')

CO

1996690.0

48.0

111.0

1997647.0

49.4

13.7

This region is negatively influenced by mining, energy and chemical industries. The region includesHorna Nitra basin stretching from Prievidza to Topolcany with the heart of pollution in Novaky andZemianske Kostol'any. This part influences Prievidza, Partizanske and Topolcany districts. There are179 000 inhabitants in 31 settlements (five are municipal) living in the stressed environment. Areaoccupies 519 km2.

Air PollutionTable 53 The largest sources of air pollution in Horna Nitra region according to the emissionsof basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)

Basic characteristics of main producers of air

pollution and pollutants:

• In 1997, the emission of basic pollutants

from the largest sources in this endangered

region was 50 908.5 t

• Novaky power station finished the recon-

struction of blocks 1,2 ENO B in order to desulphurize the emissions. This reconstruction will contribute to the decrease

of 30-40 000 t.p.a. of sulphurdioxide emissions in 1999 when this device will work at total power

* Novaky Chemical Plant a.s. Novdky produced other special pollutants esp. the carbide and calcareous dust, chlorine,

vinyl chloride, ethyleneoxide and propyleneoxide.

Water PollutionTable 54 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Horna Nitra endangered region accord-ing to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



• Since the high concentration ofENP and con-

siderable amount ofcoliform bacteria, the quali-

ty of water at the checkpoint Opatovce nad

Nitrou is in the category IV

• At Chalmova checkpoint, the water quality

reached category V because of high concentrations of IS and ENPm. The oxygen demand indicators with microbiological

indicators reached quality category IV in this part of the watercourse. The contamination caused by Hg, Pb, As and Cu

was also serious

• The most heavily polluted tributary of the River Nitra is Handlovka in the quality category V.

Soil PollutionHorna Nitra region is heavily contaminated by anthropogenic sources (Novaky surroundings). The

arsenic content reached concentrations from 61 mg.kg'1 to more than 100 mg.kg'1. Extremely high arsenic

Pollution source

HomnnitrianskeMines a. s. BanaCigar

NCHZa.s.Novakysi; a.s. I;NONovaky, 0.7..ScVaK Prievidza

BOD^t per year

1996

0.00

437.68

16.52

205.30

1997

0.0

319.2

9..1

182.1

COD (> t per year1996

36.';

1 984.3

111.5

877.0

1997

4U.I

1 426.9

7<>.X

537.2

SS t per year1996

(1.0

22 326.8

95(1.2

2 108.1

1997

0.(1

16215.7

X94.7

1 220.0

IS t per year1996

460.8

210.6

2112.4

236.0

1997

564.08

227.23

206.18

162.06

48


concentrations are in the south of Novaky under the sedimentary reservoir of fly ash produced inZemianske Kostol'any power station. This reservoir is on the flood plain of the River Nitra which wasflooded by this waste when the dam of this reservoir was damaged in 1965. Except this hazardous ele-ment, there are also high concentrations of Cd, Sr, Al and Fe in this area. The estimate of contaminatedarea is 19 000 ha.

Waste ManagementSince the municipal waste in Horna Nitra endangered region is treated at the landfill sites that

comply with the legislative criteria, the situation of waste management is much more better than it wasin the past. The most serious problem is still the waste produced in heat-producing devices in ZemianskeKostol'any power station. This waste is partly used for the production of prefab parts and the rest isdeposited at the landfill sites for fly ash (Chalmova, Bystricany). NCHZ a.s. Novaky is also the source ofthe variety of waste esp. of carbide lime. Novaky and Handlova mines deposit the mining waste in wasterock banks.

Table 55 Landfill sites in Horna Nitra endangered region

District

Prievidza

Partizanskc

Industrial waste landfillof construction category III.

In accordanceto the


606/92 Coll.

1

Specialconditions


§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

2

Operated by

•UNO ZcmianskeKostol'any,Cercnany villase.

•Cebo Moldinga.s. Slovakia, ,Parlizanskc

Municipal landfill of construction category 111.

In accordanceto the


606/92 Coll.

3

1

Specialconditions


§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

2


/ In thepreparation

1

Sludge pitsin

accordanceto Act. No.

327/96 Coll.

4

Source: SAZP

HornePovazie(Upper Povazie)

This region is not compact and is situated in the north - west of Slovakia. The region occupies theagglomeration of Zilina in Zilina basin and the industrial zone of Ruzomberok in Liptov basin. Theendangered region includes the territory of Istebne with the local environmental impact. The regionreaches Zilina, Ruzomberok, Dolny Kubin, Martin and Liptovsky Mikulas districts. The environmentalimpact is caused by energetic, chemical, machine, metallurgical and pulp and paper-making industries.The region is also exposed to the long-range transfer of pollutants from Ostrava and Katowice industrialzones. In this endangered region, there are 162 000 inhabitants living in 14 settlements, three are muni-cipal. The region occupies the area of 183 km2.

49


Pollution source

S<v«roiloYc(ulc4 :Pulp and PaperPftldncPluil 1.1.Rniombeml (SCP)

PcrafcUCbcsUolPlot i * iHfctt (PCH23

PUnt huntSEZJ.p. Heartingl'Unl M«rUnOFZa.«.I««lmt(plants in IitciiaiandSirolci)

SPM

1596

678.9

0.1

207.8

57.7

771.6

1997

1 073.7

0.1

202.5

56.4

572.9

S O ,1996

2 656.9

185.2

4 210.5

4 360.0

819.1

1S97

2 476.0

232.4

3 388.5

4 638.5

1 387.3

N O ,

1996

1280.2

173.0

1049.6

660.7

1 162.2

19*7

1 195.9

237.4

995.1

623.9

931.3

CO

1996

1 989.6

0.4

145.4

130.8

1 718.5

15J7

2 183.2

0.6

137.4

130.9

2 611.4

Source: SI1MU

Air PollutionTable 56 The largest sources of air pollution in Home Povazie region according to the emissionsof basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)


pollution and pollutants

• The emission of basic pollutants in 1997

was 4 700 tonnes from ten largest sources of

air pollution in this endangered region

• The construction of electrostatic precipitator

in devulcanizing pan in SCP a.s. Ruzomberok

was finished in 1997. The next emission

reduction is expected after the construction of

gas-steam process and after the reconstruction of waste cauldron used for wood stuff. The factory also carried out the tech-

nological change of pulp-bleaching process that will come to operation in 1998:

• The heating plants in Zilina and Martin will introduce gas to the selected heating units

• The ratio of natural gas combustion to fuming oil combustion with high content of sulphur has increased to 70:30.

Water PollutionTable 57 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Home Povazie endangered regionaccording to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



• The endangered area is in the territory of

the River Vdh watershed

• The watercourse of the River Vdh at the

checkpoints from Cierny Vdh dam to Liskovd

is in the quality category II according to oxy-

gen demand indicators. According to the

group of basic chemical indicators the watercourse is in category III caused by water pH and locally by the volume of IS

• The volume ofcoliform bacteria from the Biely Vdh checkpoint as far as Vazec and Vdh - Liskovd indicates quality cate-

gory IV in this part of the River Vdh watercourse

• In 1997, higher presence of coliform bacteria than in 1995-1996 period was registered, thus putting the Hubovd stretch

of the river into the category V of quality.

Soil PollutionThe largest sources of soil pollution in this region are chemical and metallurgical industries

(Istebne, Zilina, Martin) and other unspecified sources as well (Ruzomberok, Liptovsky Mikulas sur-roundings). The soil in Dolna Orava near Istebne belongs to the area with the highest impact of chrom-mium imissions. The content of Crf>+ is 1.746 mg.kg-' and this represents 1.877% of the harmful contentof chrommium.

Waste ManagementThere are good conditions for bulky municipal waste disposal in Home Povazie region. The land-

fill sites selection for the construction category III. is in progress or has just finished. The selection is inaccordance to the Act No. 127/194 Coll. Elimination of the old environmental impacts is still a seriousproblem. The improvement of waste management was indicated in the industrial factories that arefocused on the waste reduction and on the reutilization of waste and the building of new landfill sites(SCP a.s. Ruzomberok, OFZ a.s. Istebne, PCHZ a.s. Zilina).

Pollution source

SCP a. >. Svpni

SCP a.s. Cefpap

OFZ a. s. Istebae

PCHZ us. 2jlma

ScVaK ! .p , o xRuiomberok

SeVaKS.p. 2ilinaScVaK l .p, o xL.MikuKJScVaK S.p, ox,Martin-Vriitlcy

BOD, tper year19S6

272.02

139.74

23.29

103.99529.81

125.12440.70

150.36

1997188.4

104.7

22.3

153.1399.4

140.3471.6

87.9

CODrv t per vear19M

715.1

505.9

62.6400.2

4471.7

571.1932.6

508.2

1997603.0

244.2

65.0

477.4

4S98J

808.01 567.6

528.6

SStperywI99*3 657.20

819.50

1244.67656.94

22 840.26

5 408.6210 058.83

4450.66

19973 217.97

96134

919J27

768.0120 728.57

6 202.949310.73

4 541.61

IStperyeftT

1996480.05

42.73

167.41

82.511622.39

161.45338.11

150J6

1997387.02

47.77

135.92128.74

1S92J6

335.83595.28

223.36

50


Table 58 Landfill sites in Home Povazie endangered region

District

Dolny Kubin

LiptovskyMikulasMartinRuzomberok

Zilina

Industrial waste landfill ofconstruction category III.

Inaccordance

to thegovernmental

regulationNo. 606/92

Coll.

-

-

-1

-

Specialconditions issuedin accordance to

§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

2

1

11

-

Operated by

•OFZ a.s.Islebne, Siroka

•Koi zavody (LeatherManufacturer)

•Ekopolis a.s.•SCI' a.s.Ruzomberok

-


In accordanceto the


606/92 Coll.

-

1

11

1


§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

1

2

-

1


/ In thepreparation

-

-

-1

-

Sludge pitsin


327/96 Coll.

1

-

2

-

1

Source: SAZP

This region is situated in the watershed of the River Hron in Ziar and Zvolen basins. The regionoccupies the area of Ziar nad Hronom, Zvolen and Banska Bystrica districts. The pollution is caused bymetallurgic and wood-processing industries. In this endangered region there are 170 000 inhabitantsliving in 18 settlements, three are municipal. The region occupies the area of 371 km2.

Air PollutionTable 59 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredne Pohronie region according to the emis-sions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)


pollution sources and pollutants

* The emission of basic pollutants from the 13

largest sources of air pollution in this endan-

gered region was 25 294.8 tonnes of basic

pollutants (it is approx. 2 OOOt less then inSource: SHMU 1 QQC)

• Compared to the year 1996, there was a slight increas ofSPM emission in 1997 with the exception ofZSNP a.s. Ziar

nad Hronom (68.3 t less)

• The increase of sulphur e dioxide was indicated in all of these sources with the exception of Stredoslovenske cementdrne

a.s. B. Bystrica (the highest increase by 1 1011 in SEZ s.p. Heating Plant Zvolen)

• In total, NOX emissions decreased by 72.1 t in 1997

• Compared to the year 1996, the total volume of CO emissions was 168.9 t more.

The increase of sulphur dioxide emissions in the heating plant in Zvolen in 1997 was caused bythe combustion of the fuel with high concentration of sulphur (Slovak lignite). The introduction of gasin K6 heating unit was carried out in 1997 but the plans for desulphurization and denitrification were not

Pollution source

ZSNP a. s. Ziar nadHronom(AluminiumWorks)

SEZ5. p. HeatingPlant ZvolcnBucina a. s. ZvolcnStredoslovcnskCCement 1'Iant a.s.Banska Bystrica

SPM1996

'108.2

33.5

211."

S4.K

1997

339.9

47.1

212.2

77.X

SO,1996

2 170.7

2 787.5

0.3

147.8

1997

2 588.3

3 8SS.7

10.3

71.0

NO,1996

389.9

685.8

37.9

K49.8

1997

421.7

682.0

245.8

541.8

CO1996

1 1 171.4

85.5

1,1-1.7

3KO.8

1997

10M0.5

95.3

832.fi

372.'J

51


realized. The change of aluminium production technology in ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom in 1997 causedthe decrease of fluorine and tar emissions with the content of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Compared to1995, in the years of 1996 and 1997 the rapid increase of carbon monoxide emissions was indicated (in1995 - 959 t, in 1996 - 11 171 t, in 1997 - 10 640 t) but the ratio of the volume of CO emissions to thevolume of aluminium produced has showed decreasing trend.

Figure 31 The trend in emissions of fluorine and polycyclic hydrocarbons in Ziar basin

1000

v 600

1 400

2 200

0

199! 1995 1996 1997

D Fluorine

• Polycyclichydrocarbons

Source: ZSNP a.s.Ziar nad Hronom

Pollutionsource

Biotika a.s.SlovenskaUurrfaFermas s.r.o.SlovenskaUuocaZSNP a.s. Ziarnad HronomHarmanecW papier-ne a.s. [Paper Hill)

Budina a.s.ZvolenPreqleika. a. s.ZarnovicaStVaK s.o.BanskaBvstricaStVaK i .p.,o.z. Zvolen

BODs t oer vear

1996185.8

53.1

38.6

116.3

34.4

14.5

1 092.9

110.4

1997190.0

36.3

32.1

131.2

27.2

16.3

794.8

78.8

CODcf t Der vear

1996587.2

310.9

450.3

445.6

107.3

47.1

2 876.1

536.1

1997715.4

182.9

235.9

508.2

95.7

50.8

2 384.4

315.4

SS t oer vear

19961 012.6

1 673.6

2 862.8

525.1

306.0

190.0

6 219.5

2 231.2

1997996.9

1 647.8

1 667.3

450.9

179.7

129.8

6 975.8

2 554.4

IS t Der

199676.7

137.2

1 351.0

58.1

54.3

12.3

1 006.6

149.8

vear

1997129.0

86.7

375.3

44.3

44.0

13.8

724.1

118.3

Source: SHMU

Water PollutionTable 60 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredne Pohronie endangered regionaccording to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



• The endangered area is in the territory of the

River Hron watershed

• The water quality according to oxygen

demand indicators at the checkpoint in Budca is

between the category II and the category III

• For high CODCr from the checkpoint in Budca

to the checkpoint in Kalnd nad Hronom, the

water quality reached category IV and in some

parts, for high content of IS, reaches quality cat-

egory V.

The increased concentrations of heavy metals (Hg, Pb and Cu - quality category II, Zn-IV) were indicated at the check-

points in Ziar nad Hronom, in Zarnovica and in Tekovskd Breznica. High values ofENP and coliform bacteria were mea-

sured in the whole area. These values correspond to the quality categories IV and V.

Soil PollutionThe most serious soil damage was caused by the emissions of industrial production emitted in Ziar

basin and in Banska Bystrica surroundings. Ziar basin is under the impact of fluorine emissions esp. thearea close to ZSNP a.s. in Ziar nad Hronom. The concentrations of water-soluble fluorine reaches from 35mg.kg*1 near the source to 5 mg.kg"1 in the south-east of the source. The area of contaminated soil in Ziarnad Hronom - Lovcica - Trubi'n - Stara Kremnicka - Dolna Trnavka is 9 048 ha. It is necessary to establishspecial methods of soil exploitation in this area, to eliminate wheat growing for food production and cere-al fodder crops. A small area with the high concentration of mercury is situated south to Harmanec.

Waste ManagementSince the municipal waste is treated in the landfill sites of construction category III., the waste

management in the Stredne Pohronie endangered region is good. The new regional landfill site for themunicipal waste for Banska Bystrica and villages near-by is to open in 1998. The largest sources of indus-trial waste are ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom and Petrochema a.s. Dubova. ZSNP a.s. Ziar nad Hronom has

52


completed the construction of bentonite wall that would prevent any discharge of red and brown sludgefrom the sludge pit.

Table 61 Landfill sites in Stredne Pohronie endangered region

District

B. BystricaBrezno

Zarnovica

Ziar nadHronomZvolen


Inaccordance

to thegovernmental


Coll.

-1

2

1

-


accordance to§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

-1

-

-

Operated by

-

•Pctrochema a.s.Dubova,

• Ironworks a.s.Podbrczova

•Izomal a.s. NovaBaiia,

•TS Nova Bafia•ZSNP a.s. Ziar nadHronom

-

Municipal landfill of construction categoryIII.

Inaccordance

to thegovernmenta1 regulationNo. 606/92

Coll.

-1

1

I

1



1

-

-


/In thepreparation

1

-

-

Sludge pits inaccordance to

Act. No.327/96 Coll.

-

2

1

Source: SAZP

The Stredny Spis region mostly occupies the area of Gelnica and Spisska Nova Ves districts. Thenegative impact on this region is caused by mining and the treatment of complex copper and iron ore.The region has three principal sources of pollution and these are the industrial zones in Rudriany,Krompachy and Spisska Nova Ves. The environmental impact also includes the environmental problemsof old mining and machine industry production in the territory of Prakovce, Slovinky and Gelnica. In thisendangered region, there are 87 000 inhabitants living in 21 settlements, three are municipal. Theregion occupies the area of 364 km2.

Air PollutionTable 62 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredny Spis region according to the emissionsof basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (in t per year)

Basic characteristics of main producers of air pollutionand pollutants

• In 1997, the decrease ofS02 emissions in Kovohutya.s. Krompachy was caused by the lower concentra-tions of sulphur in the input concentrate. The increaseof SPM emissions compared to the year 1996 was

caused by expansion of the production. The decrease of pollution is expected due to 1998 after the start of environmen-tally friendly production technology* The largest source of heavy metal pollution is Zelba a.s. Spisska Nova Ves, plant in Rudnany. Little improvement ofheavy metal contamination was caused by the decrease in extraction and production after 1992.

Pollution source

Kovohuty a.s.KrompRchyZelba U.S. SpiSskaNovi Ves,0. z. Rudilany

KiniS a.s.S[ii!skii

Nova Ves

SPM

1996187.4

14.5

147.3

1997296.0

10.9

140.9

SO,

1996

9O08.0

60.9

399.0

19977 236.0

43.3

229.7

NO,

199689.9

8.5

95.0

1997

98.9

6.1

28.S

CO

19961 024.5

21.1

190.0

1997689.2

11.5

66.6

Source: SHMU

53


Pollution source

Kovohuty a.s.KnrnipachvSK/.a.s.Krompachy

Zclba Rudnany

VVaKSpiSskaNovS Vcs

BOD5 t per year

!9964.0

5.4

0.1

153.3

19973.9

5.(.

O.I

75.2

CODCr t per

19966.5

8.')

O.S

425.S

19978.4

15.1

1.0

292.5

SS t per year

1996317.2

2-K..4

39.5

1788.1

[997

306.3

268.5

52.9

2 172.8

IS t per year

1996

19.0

J2.2

0.5

212.9

199720.4

36.2

0.9

83.6

Water PollutionTable 63 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredny Spis endangered regionaccording to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



• The endangered area is in the territory of the

River Hornad watershed

• The watershed is under the impact of high con-

centrations of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Zn) that are

the extraction and treatment waste and this is the

cause of the quality category V of this watershed

• The volume ofcoliform bacteria is the cause for the quality category V too.

Soil PollutionThere is the heterogeneous soil contamination by mercury and other heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn)

that are waste from the extraction and treatment companies. The area of contaminated and degraded agri-culture land is approx. 9 000 ha. The considerable concentrations of Hg reached the levels above A, B andalso C in the surroundings of Rudnany and Gelnica. High concentrations of magnesium are in the acidsoils in the area near Krompachy, Kluknava, Richnava, Hnisovce and Slovinky. The concentration of cop-per in the area of Krompachy, Kluknava and Mnisok nad Hnilcom is above the indication limit C.

Waste ManagementThe regional landfill site of the construction category III., which is possible to expand, is used for

the municipal waste treatment. Another landfill site for municipal waste treatment near Spisske Vlachyis under the long-term reconstruction. There are a lot of large and small unregistered landfill sites formunicipal waste treatment in this endangered region. The clearance of these landfill sites is slow becauseof problematic financial situation.

Table 64 Landfill sites in Stredny Spis endangered region

District

SpiSska NovaVes


Inaccordance

to thegovernmental


Coll.


§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

7

Operated by

•SEZ a.s. Krompachy,•Kovohuty a.s.Krompachy,

•ZZS Prakovce,•NPZ Rudnany


In accordanceto the


606/92 Coll.

1


§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

7


/ In thepreparation

1

Sludge pitsin


327/96 Coll.

3

Source: SAZ!>

54


Stredny Gemer(Middle Gemer)

Region

Pollution source

Slovinag a. s.Lubenik

Slovak MagnesiumWorks (SMZ) a. s.JelSava

Zclba a. s. SpiSskaNova Vcs, 0. z.Sidcril Niina Slana

Slovcnske luSobnezavody (SLZ) a. s.HiuiSfa

SPM

1996135.4

166.0

297.2

177.3

1997

130.O

154.9

152.3

13.1

SO,1996

69.1

232.1

2 709.0

30.ci

1997

25.9

21.4

2 787.0

11.3

NO,

1996494.7

333.5

307.1

38.1

199744S.9

233.7

304.7

14.1

CO

19961 077.S

133.7

2 066.2

32.2

19971088.5

163.8

2 129.0

13.5

Source: S1IMU

The region of Stredny Gemer is surrounded by Muran valley stretching from Revuca, Lubenik andJelsava valley, by Rimava valley stretching from Hnust'a to Hacava and finally by Slana valley stretchingfrom Nizna Slana to Slavec. The whole region is a part of Revuca Highland connected to Roznava basinand occupies the regions of three districts: Rimavska Sobota, Revuca and Roznava. The environmentalimpact on this region is caused by the extraction and treatment of mineral raw materials and by chemi-cal industry. In this endangered region, there are 56 000 inhabitants living in 19 settlements, three aremunicipal, under the environmental impact. The region occupies the area of 401 km2.

Air PollutionTable 65 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredny Gemer region according to the emissionsof basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)

Basic characteristics of main producers of air pol-

lution and pollutants:

• The emission of basic pollutants from the four

largest sources of air pollution in this endangered

region was 7 692 t in 1997, that means the

decrease by 608 t compared to the year 1996

• The decrease of the volume of SO2 emissions

(210.7 t less than in 1996) in SMZ a.s. Jelsava

was caused by the change of fuel (now the gas is

used)

• The decrease of SPM emissions (145 t less than in 1996) came in Siderit Nizna Slana when the new electromagnetic

separator started working

• The technical and technological measures on air protection and also reduction or even abandonment of some technolo-

gies in SLZ a.s. Hnust'a, caused the decrease of the volume of basic pollutants by 226 t (it is less then in 1996)

• The solid pollutants from SMZ a.s. Jelsava and Slovmag a.s. Lubenik contained high concentrations of Mg and from

the point of hygiene were significant the concentrations of Cd and Pb as well.

Water PollutionTable 66 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredny Gemer endangered regionaccording to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



• The high values of CODCr at the checkpoint

bellow Jelsava in the watercourse of the River

Muran in the last year were the reasons for the

change of water quality category to the catego-

ry HI

• To the lower quality level were also put the

waters in the River Rimava watershed at the

Pollution source

Ferrous Ore Mines (ZRB)S.p. Nizna SlanaSlavoSovcc Paper Mill a.s.

Slovmag a.s. Lubenik

Slovcnskc luCobnczavody (SI.Z) a.s. Hnuffa- channel 600

SLZ a.s. llnusTa -deepchannel

SLZa.s. HnusTa-WWTP

Slovcnskc' MagnesiumWorks a.s. (SMZ) JelSava

BODVC

1996

33.3

67.2

1.3

16.5

31.3

16.5

3.2

tper

1997

24.3

r.o.o0.9

10.1

20.5

4.7

1.1

CODCr t peryr;r

1996

122.2179.1

6.0

32.S

63.3

29.9

17.4

1997

82.0170.0

3.5

37.7,

73.3

37.8

4.6

S S t p

1996

2 343.3

526.2112.0

87.4

r year

1997

2 604.1

469.9

65.9

78.3

192.4

35.7

76.3

lStpc

1996

137.558.2

3.8

7.0

24.1

10.5

6.4

r year

1997

141.0

46.0

2.2

9.0

35.5

7.2

2.3

Source: S11MU

55


checkpoint bellow Hacava because of the high content of IS, Mn and Fe (IS - category V, Mn- category III). The high val-ues ofENP and bacteriological indicators were the reasons for the change of water quality category to categories IV and V

• The waters in the River Stand watershed are in the quality category III - V because of their pollution by the industrialproduction in SLZ a.s. Hnust'a, Paper Mill a.s. Slavosovce, SMZ a.s. Jelsava and Slovmag a.s. Lubenik

• The new mechanico-chemical WWTP started working in 1997 and 30-50 % of treated water is reutilized during pro-duction. When the project of reconstruction of charcoal production was completed in SLZ a.s. Hnust'a, the production ofwaste water was 600 - 800 t of BOD5 lower.

Soil PollutionThe soil quality was degraded esp. by solid pollutants of MgO, Fe2Ov CaO, SiO2 with the high con-

tent of magnesium, cadmium and lead. Magnesium is not a dangerous trace element but the consider-able volume of this element near the plants for magnesium production can cause direct physical damageto soil. The considerable reduction of soil production is evident in the soil of category 3 and 5. Soil of ca-tegory 5 is degraded in some territories to such extent, that the production is impossible. The damage ofthe forest land is also indicated in the area of 16 728.7 ha (levels A-D) of endangered forest land. The soilcontamination by heavy metals such as As, Ni, Cu, Hg, Mn near Nizna Slana was caused by mining andthe treatment of mineral raw materials.

Waste ManagementThere is only one registered regional landfill site for the treatment of bulky municipal waste. Large

factories treat their waste in accordance to the legislation. The environment impact is caused by the min-ing and the treatment production in Slovmag a.s. Lubenik and SMZ a.s. Jelsava.

Table 67 Landfill sites in Stredny Gemer endangered region

District

Reviica

RimavskaSobota


Inaccordance

to thegovernmental


Coll.-

1


accordance to§15 Act No.238/!M Coll.

2"

Operated by

•Slovmag a.s.Lubenik,

•SMZ a.s.! Inust'a

•SLZ a.s. Hnust'a


In accordanceto the


606/92 Coll.

-

1

Specialconditions


§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

3

-


/ In thepreparation

1

-


Act. No.327/96 Coll.

-

landfill sites of construction category I. Source: SAZP

Kosice region occupies the major part of Kosice basin that includes four districts of Kosice City andthe southern part of Kosice-Surrouding District. The region is heavily polluted by metallurgy and energyindustries. There are 267 000 inhabitants in 19 settlements, Kosice is the only municipal settlementunder the environmental impact in this endangered region. The region occupies the area of 658 km2.

56


Follutloa loarce

VS2s.a.KoSieefSte*lWork»)SB a. s. HeatEnergy, plant inKfliiceCentre for WasteTreatment a.r.o. (CZO)Xnikc -Incinerator

Cement Works"nirfia nadBodvoa

STM

199610 3S3.O

126.6

55.6

53.9

1997102SS.2

121.6

822

55.3

SO,

199616 07O.O

1 701.8

19.9

231.6

1997IS 049.0

2 566.4

48.3

123.0

NO.:1996

16 075.0

IB02.4

73.4

430.9

199713 600.0

2 165.0

94.2

206.7

CO1996

75 018.O

183.1

145.2

151.1

199783 822.0

61.9

42.7

109.5

Air PollutionTable 68 The largest sources of air pollution in Kosice region according to the emissions of basicair pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)


pollution and pollutants:

• The emission of basic pollutants from the


gered region was 128 413 t in 1997, that

means 3 871 t more compared to the year

1996. The SPM emissions decreased by

65 t, SO2 by 2 287 t, NOX by 2 475 t but

the CO emissions increased by 8 539 t

• The total volume of emissions produced in VSZ a.s. Kosice in 1997 was 3 220 t more than in 1996. This increase was

caused by the increase of CO emissions (8 804 t more then in 1996). The decrease of emissions was indicated in the case

ofS02 (3 021 t less) and in the case ofNOx (2 475 t less)

• The increase of coal combustion with the decrease of natural gas combustion caused the increase ofSO2 andNOx in SE

a.s. Tepelna energetika, Kosice o.z.

• The increase of SPM, SOV NOX compared with the year 1996 was shown by the Centre for Waste Treatment (CZO)

s.r.o. Kosice- incinerator of municipal waste. This state is caused by the absence of the second level treatment.

Water PollutionTable 69 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Kosice endangered region accordingto selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



* Although the volume of coliform bacteria

decreased, this amount is still the reason for the

water quality category V in the River Bodva.

High concentrations of zinc caused water quality category V at the checkpoint in Moldva nad Bodvou

• For coliform bacteria volume, the River Horndd reaches the quality category V. The concentrations of mercury are in

the interval of quality category III - V.

Soil PollutionThe soil in Kosice basin is in the A, Al category, that means not contaminated soil with possible

negative impact on the environment. The area of former Kosicky Magnezit s.p. Tahanovce indicates thelong-term magnesium contamination of soil. The acidification of soil within and near the area of VSZ a.s.Kosice caused the destruction of mineral constituents and organic part of the sorption content of the soilcolloidal complex. There are still significant deposits of sulphrum and heavy metals, the principal are Mn,Mg, Cr, Al, As and Pb as well as Fe.

Waste ManagementThe treatment of bulky municipal waste in Kosice endangered area is carried out by the incinerat-

ing and by the depositing in landfill sites. The municipal waste incinerator in Koksov-Baksi is due toreconstruction and modernization. VSZ a.s. Kosice is the largest source of assorted waste (other, special,hazardous). The industrial waste is in various forms of consistency and has various physical and chemi-cal properties. The principal is metallurgy and machine industries waste. The serious environmentalproblem is the hazardous waste landfill site that belonged to the former Tesla in Moldava nad Bodvou.This waste consists of glass and metals contaminated by mercury. The landfill site is outside the factoryin Mokrance surroundings.

Pollution aoaree

\St a.1.KoikeWaKi-p.KoSice

BOD< 1 per yewIMC

94.2

1 182.6

199792.4

819,9

COD,, tpcrytar1996

693.0

2956.5

1997924.0

1 803.9

SS t per yew19967 320.8

14191.2

19977 392.0

15 455.8

IS t per year1996

373.2

2 759.4

1997369.6

2 254.8

Source: SHMU

57


Table 70 Landfill sites in Kosice endangered region

District

Kosice-City

KoSice-Surroundings


In accordanceto the

governmentalregulationNo. 606/92

Coll.2

-

Specialconditions

issued inaccordance to§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

3

I

Operated by

•CZO KoSicc,•VSZ a.s. Kosice•Tesla Moldavanaci Hodvou


In accordanceto the

governmentregulationNo. 606/92

Coll.-

1

Specialconditions

issued inaccordance to§15 Act No.238/91 Coll.

-

5

Under thereconstruction /

In thepreparation

-

1

Sludge pitsin


327/96 Coll.

4

-

Source: SAZP

This endangered region is marked off by the towns Vranov nad Topl'ou, Humenne and Michalovcewith- the centre around Strazske. The region goes south esp. to Vojany and Trebisov settlements. Theregion occupies the area of Humenne, Vranov nad Topl'ou, Trebisov and Michalovce districts. The pollu-tion is mainly caused by the chemical and energy industries. In this endangered region, there are 207 000inhabitants living in 57 settlements, eight are municipal. The region occupies the area of 1 081 km2.

Air PollutionTable 71 The largest sources of air pollution in Stredny Zemplin region according to the emis-sions of basic air pollutants from 1996 to 1997 (t per year)


pollution and pollutants

• The emission of basic pollutants from the


gered region was 74 484 t in 1997, that means

2 659 t less than in 1996

• The slight decrease of SPM emissions was

indicated in 1997 with the exception of Vojany

power station, which produced 2 017 t moreSource: SI IMl'I . . , r 1 • r \ • •

emissions because oj the increase of electricity

production

• The total volume of SO2 emissions from the largest sources was 3 380 t more then in 1996. The increase ofSO2 emis-

sion by 465 t was indicated in Chemko a.s. Strazske and by 256 t in Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou

• The total volume of NOx and CO emissions slightly decreased, compared to the year 1996

• The emissions of chlorine, mercaptan and hydrogene sulphide (Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou), ammonia, formalde-

hyde, acetaldehyde, cyclohexane, cyclohexanone and alkylalcohol (Chemko a.s. Strdzske) were also important.

Pollutionsources

SE a. s.TowerStationVojany(EVO)

Chemko a.s.StrafakeBukdza a.s.Vranov nadToprouChcmcs a s.tlumenn£Potravlnarskykomblna! a.s.TrcbiSov

SPM

19968 580.')

642.6

363.4

<>72.2

20.1

199710 607.0

580.6

369.3

569.1)

11.4

SO,

199625 578.fi

8 039.5

2 948.0

2XS1.I

232.2

199722 [177.0

9 404.5

3 204.0

2 332.0

181.0

NO,

199617 587.7

2 7S7.7

761.0

676.1

74.3

199717 302.0

1 000.0

806.0

758.0

210.8

CO

1996722.X

2 608.3

344.4

612.4

11.3

1997729.0

2 641).]

344.0

447.0

9.7

58


Fdliitfoa loarce

Bvk&x ».i.VnmovnidToprovCbemko tta.Str0»keFotraviairtkykombuiii Ll.TrcbSoT

W«KS.p , cz .MkbOovc.

BOD, t1956

295.7

138.S

31.5

500.2

425.7

per yew1997

297.9

133.6

34.5

488.8

381.6

CODp, t p*r yeir19962 534.9

735.9

108.2

8SS.7

922.4

19972 904.7

847.9

125.9

879.9

901.9

SStperye*r199610 213.3

3 188.8

421.0

913.8

2 188.7

199710001.6

3 753.8

439.9

684J

1873.2

IS t p«rye*r1996

549.2

360.0

45.7

432.8

319.3

1997532.0

213.7

48.3

342.2

3122

Water PollutionTable 72 The largest sources of surface water pollution in Stredny Zemplin endangered regionaccording to selected indicators of discharged pollutants in 1996 and 1997



• For the high concentrations of mercury, the

River Laborec is put to water quality category

IV - V. Coliform bacteria in all checkpoints

put the group of biological and microbiologi-

cal indicators to category V - as a consequence

-. —-f of improper water treatment in WWTP in

Michalovce and WWl'P in Humenne

• The water quality in the River Latorica and

Uh tributaries running from Ukraine was in the quality category III - V. The category V was caused by coliform bacteria

• The River Ondava watercourse bellow Vranov nad Topl'ou is in all assessed groups of indicators in the categories IV -

V. This quality level is caused by CODCr> IS, ENPuv, zinc and coliform bacteria indicators.

Soil PollutionThe soil in this region is under the long-term impact of emissions from various sources. The acid-

ification is apparent from the past production of Vojany power station and Chemko a.s. Strazske. The soilis in the category O-A not contaminated - risk soil according to the Soil Fertility Research Institute sur-vey. The contamination by petroleum products was caused outside the territory of Slovakia (Ukraine) bythe accidents that led to the contamination of the Rivers Uh and Latorica (in 1993 and 1994).

Waste ManagementAll district towns in this region have problems with the waste treatment. This situation is caused

by the lack of landfill sites capacities and by the lack of appropriate landfill sites. The assessment of theenvironmental impact in Michalovce and Michalovce surroundings forced to find a new area for the newregional landfill site.

The largest producers of waste - hazardous including (Chemes a.s. Humenne, Chemko a.s.Strazske, Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou, Vojany power plant) solved the problem of waste managementby the construction of their own landfill sites, incinerators and sludge pits so the waste management inthese companies is in accordance to the legislation (except Bukoza a.s. Vranov nad Topl'ou). There is awaste separation plant operating in Michalovce.

Table 73 Landfill sites in Stredny Zemplin region

District

Michalovce

Uumenne

Vranov nadTopl'ou

Trebisov

Industrial waste landfillof construction category HI.

In accordanceto the

governmentalregulation No.606/92 CoIL

3

1

-



-

1

-

Operated by

•Vojany PowerStation,

•Chemko a.s.Stra&ke

•Nafta a.s. Gbcly•Chemes a.s.Humenne

•Bukoza a.s.Vranov nadTopl'ou

-

Municipal landfillof construction category HI.

1°accordance to

thegovernmental


CoU,1

0

2

0


accordance to§15 Art No.238/91 ColL

2

1

0

1


/In thepreparation

2

1

1

1


Act No.327/96 CoU.

2

-

-Note: Thia chart contains only the district landfills thai are within Ihc endangered area. Source: SA^P

59


SK99K0199

tate of the Environment •Causes and Consequence',

Economic Developmentand Technologies

In 1997, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Slovak Republic equalled to 653.9 billion Sk incurrent prices. In comparison to 1996 GDP growth reached the level of 6.5%. Year-to-year GDP growthindex came up to 113.6 . All economic spheres contributed to its growth. From industrial fields withmajor contribution to environmental problems industry attained growth index of 106.5 and agricul-ture&forestry sector growth index of 106.0.

Table 74 GDP according to main economic sectors

Total GDPAgriculture and forestryIndustryConstructionMarket servicesOther

GDP percentage share (%)1993100

6.636.8

6.728.021.9

1994100

7.430.65.0

41.615.4

1995100

5.628.6

4.641.020.2

1996100

5.226.3

4.741.422.4

1997100

4.828.2

5.343.418.3

Source: SU SR

Industrial contribution to GDP in 1997 was 28.2%. Incomparison to 1996, industrial commodities output in 1997increased by 5.9%. Considering industries with significantnegative impacts on the environment, the output growth inthe following sectors is important:

• processing industry - growth by 6%• mining and quarrying - growth by 9.9%• electricity generation and distribution - growth by 4.4%.In 1997, continuing in trends of previous years, principal shares in industrial output were as follows:• metal processing - 16%• machinery and vehicle production - 15%• food processing - 14.1%.

60


Less important contributors to total industrial output were:• leather processing industry - 0.9%• wood-processing industry - 1.5%.

Table 75 Basic indicators of industrial output development (statistics including only enterpris-es with more than 25 employees)

Sector

Industry and energyMining and quarryingProcessing industries including:Food-processing industryTextile and fabric industryLeather-processing industryWood-processing industryPulp / paper-making industryCoke production, crude oil refining, nuclear fuelsChemical industry- rubber productionMetal-processing industryMachinery and vehicle productionOthersElectricity, gas and water production and supply

Commodities production(mil Sk) - 1997

475 71311478.

413 6726691814 6004 2577 308

26 18837 53856 26676 25471 56852 77550 563

Index1997/19961

105.9109.9106.0105.495.070.8

105.610.0

108.8100.1109.7108.0111.7104.4

Sector's share in commoditiesproduction (%)-1997

2.487.014.13.10.91.55.57.9

11.816.015.011.210.6

'index calculated from fixed prices (excluding consumption and VAT) Source: SO SR

Industrial activities have considerably high, mostly negative impact on the main components of theenvironment. Main negative effects of industrial production on the Slovak environment are listed below:• air pollution• water pollution• soil contamination• mineral environment damage• post-accident risk <•• industrial waste production• reduction of agricultural land.

Regarding waste waters discharge, positive trend meaning reduc-tion of total volume (by 71 603 thousand m3 in comparison to 1994)was recorded. This trend also regards decline in a level of pollution forthe following pollutants (amounts compared to 1996):

• IS (Insoluble solids) by 1 605 tonnes• BOD5 (Biochemical oxygen demand) by 182.9 tonnes• CODCr (Chemical oxygen demand) by 1 915.3 tonnes• ENP (Extractable non-polar substances) by 92 tonnes.

Table 76 Volume of discharged industrial waste waters (1997)

Industrial wastewater-

Treated

Untreated

Total


305 303.156

272 795.022

578 098.178

IS(t.year"1)

8 349.51

8 925.78

17 275.29

BOD5

(t.year"1)

7 136.16

1 073.81

8 209.97

CODCr

(tyear'1)

22 574.97

2 576.54

25 151.51

ENP(t.year'')

150.36

24.70

175.06Source:SHMU

In the area of basic pollutants emissions produced during technological processes the decline intotal amount of SO2, NOX and solid substances was recorded. However, CO production was increased by12 249 tonnes, compared to 1996.

61


Table 77 Industrial sectors contribution to waste production - excluding other waste (tonnes)

SectorMining and quarryingFood-processing industryTextile and fabric industryLeather-processing industryWood-processing industryPulp / paper-making industryCoke production, crude oil refining, nuclear fuelsChemical industry- rubber productionMetal processingMachinery and vehicle productionOthersElectricity, gas and water production and supplyTotal

Waste volume21 058

165 62215 78014 86046 15158 928

224 543236 951333 206291 575

1 851148 644

1 559 169Source: SA2P

Table 78 Emission released into air during technologic processes - classification based on indus-trial sectors (REZZO1) . Results given in tonnes (1997)

Kind ofproduction

Metallurgy-ferrous metalsMetallurgy-non-ferrous metalsChemicalindustryCement & LimeworksWood-processingindustry pulp /paper-makingindustryCrude oilrefineryOther industryTechnologicalprocesses fromREZZO 1 total(REZZO 1)

SPM

Amount7 718

568

1 648

1 689

779

163

140113 966

36 646

(%)21.06

1.55

4.50

4.60

2.13

0.44

3.8438.11

100.00

SOj

Amount8 372

8 248

569

321

2 297

3 609

1 38824 804

176 564

(%)4.74

4.67

0.32

0.18

1.30

0.7914.05

100.00

NO,

Amount4 408

169

1629

3 193

1796

4 506

3 59919 300

70 583

(%)6.24

0.24

2.31

4.52

2.54

6.38

5.1027.34

100.00

CO

Amount80 447

11 214

2 652

18 747

341

3 737

2 521119 659

141 636

(%)56.80

7.92

1.87

13.23

0.24

2.63

1.7884.48

100.00Source: SHMU

•},) I

In 1997, 439 mines were in operation on the territory ofthe SR. Mineral resources exploitation took place at 607exclusive mineral deposits of which 379 deposits were withexploitation site regarded as protected deposit area. This num-ber included:• 5 coal deposits• 31 crude oil and natural gas deposits• 22 ore and magnesite deposits• 321 non-metallic ore deposits.

62


The statistics shows that 107 exclusive mineral deposits were only with protected deposit sitesbeing approved and 61 exclusive deposits were undergoing approval procedure. As of December 31, 1997,167 exclusive deposits were not exploited including:• 10 coal deposits• 5 crude oil and natural deposits• 26 ore and magnesite deposits• 126 non-metallic ore deposits.

Besides exclusive deposit exploitation was in progress also at 224 non-limited mineral deposits.In 1997, stabilisation trend in mining prevailed. In some cases such as coal mining and magnesite

exploitation a slight increase was recorded. From the total amount of coal mined approx. 85% was usedfor energy production, 15% was distributed in a form of graded coal.

In 1997, from the total amount of 64 483 tonnes of crude oil exploited 4 214 tonnes were of non-paraffin oil and 44 934 tonnes were of semi-paraffin oil.

In 1997, a decline by 27 677 thousand m3 in natural gas exploitation was recorded (as comparedto 1996). Ptruksa - the most important natural gas deposit allows even propane-butane extraction of1 023 tonnes a year which covers demand of East Slovakia region and partly also that of Central Slovakiaregion.

Ore exploitation in 1996 took place at branch enterprise Rudnany Zelba shared comp. with head-quarters at Spisska Nova Ves (complex baryte-siderite-sulphide ores). In 1997, the total production atZelba rose by 9.5 kilotons, in comparison to 1996. However, total concentrate production fell by 3.7 kilo-tons. At branch enterprise Siderit - Nizna Slana monomineral siderite replacement ores were mined.Non-ferrous ores were mined only by the Slovak Mining Comp. s.r.o.. Hodrusa-Hamre. In 1997, it pro-duced 66.3 kilotons of gold ore and 1.75 kilotons of concentrates. Programmes following reduction oftotal ores output were under way in Rudne Bane, State Mining Comp. Banska Bystrica and Spisska NovaVes State Mining Comp.

Table 79 Mineral resources exploitation (as of December 31,1997)

Raw material Units ExploitationFuelsBrown coal and ligniteCrude oil including gasolineNatural gas

ktkt

thous. m3

4 297.664.48

289 431.0

OresComplex Fe, Cu, Hg oresFe oresGold and Silver oresOres (total)

ktktktkt

106.14962.166.3

1 134.54Non-metallic oresMagnesiteRock saltBentoniteZeoliteTalcGypsum and AnhydrideQuartzite

ktkt

thous. m3

thous.m3

ktkt

thous. m3

1 580.7105.247.2

5.6-

102.08.3

Building materialBuilding rockGravel sands and sandsBrick clayLimestone

Limestone for specific purposes

High-content Limestone

thous. m3

thous. m3

thous. m3

thous. m3

ktthous. m3

ktthous. m3

kt

5 022.56 255.1

457.6312.5

1 406.3970.9519.0

1 230.02 867.3

Source: HBU SR

63


Figure 32 Total exploitation of selected minerals in the SR (kilotonnes)

» Brown coaland lignite

A Ores

K— Magnesite

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

year Source: HBU SR

Natural gas storage and retrograde exploitation of active resources from Lab underground storagetank complied with regime curves for exploitation and sinking.

Figure 33 Trends regarding underground storage total natural gas and exploitation from aquifers.

• Stored amount

• Total exploitation

Source: HBU SRI99I 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

year

Thermal Energy Generation and Gas UtilizationDomestic electricity consumption reached 28 629 GWh which represents decrease by 253 GWh

comparing to 1996. Total amount of electricity generated in 1997 was 24 547 GWh which is a decreaseby 743 GWh. In the context of foreign balance it means 4 082 GWh which represents increase by 490GWh in comparison to 1996.

No significant change between years 1996-1997 occurred in percentage of various power plantscontribution to the total output.

Figure 34 Percentage of various types of power plants con-tribution to the total electricity generated volume in 1997

44%

18%

• NPS

• UPS

• TPS

Source: MH SR

64


When comparing years 1996 and 1997 we can say that only insignificant changes occurred in thepercentage of various power plant types related to the total electricity produced.

Table 80 Produced and imported amount of electricity in the SR in 1997 (GWh)

Grip generation, SEv REP, :ZE t- including:': :''^X";: f; ;

S l o v a k E l e ( ^ c i t y C o n ^ ; : ( S E ) :::::; i::; •,^[l\fyj: yi •. »''

R e g i o n a l E n e r g y S u p p l y i n g C o m p l ; ; ( R E P ) • ? • ; ; ; : : : \

Power plants linked: to ^independent industrial' unite

I m p o r t from a b r o a d •-...::'•'•• •'"••'••'' ' • " :

E x p o r t a b r o a d . ; . : : : ; :

I n d e p e n d e n t p r o d u c e r s y ' : •:: .••.•.:;;.• •/••.•;:;••;, ̂ ^ . - ^ ;:; : k

Total wtheSR ;] --Xr-X

GWh

24 547

21171

630

2 744

6 825

2 743

2

31372

Index 1997/1996

97.06

96.20

106.06

102.05

114.80

116.57

-

100.44

Source: SE a.s

Table 81 Power plants installed output in the SR (MW) - type classification

Indicator

Nuclear power stations (NPS)

Thermal power stations(TPS)Hydroelectric flow powerstations (HPS)Hydroelectric repumpingpower stations (HPS)Total

1995

SR1 760.00

2 981.14

1 640.27

735.16

7116.57

SE1 760.00

1 989.14

1 633.66

735.16

6 118.62

1996

SR1 760.00

2 995.31

1 640.27

735.16

7 130.74

SE1 760.00

2 017.80

1 633.66

735.16

6 146.62

1997

SR1 760.00

2 995.31

1 640.27

735.16

7 130.74

SE1 760.00

2 017.80

1 633.66

735.16

6 146.62

Index 19W1996

SR100

100

100

100

100

SE100

100

100

100

100Source: SE a.s.

Table 82 Comparison of electricity generated in the SR - technology based

Nuclear power stations

Thermal power stations

Hydroelectric powerstationsPower stations linked toindependent industrialunits

Total generation ; : .

Including: SSE

• / • • • " : V ; Z S E ^ •••••';. , ;

Foreign balanced:

Consumption - total

1996

(GWh)

11 261

6 862

4 478

2 689

25 290

344

251

3 592

28 882

% of total electricitygenerated

28.99

23.76

15.5

9.31

87.56

1.19

0.87

12.44

100.00

1997

(GWh)

10 797

6 697

4 309

2 744

24 547

387

245

4 082

28 629

% of total electricitygenerated

37.71

23.39

15.05

9.58

85.74

1.35

0.86

14.26

100.00

1997/1996

Index

95.88

97.6

96.23

102.05

97.06

112.5

97.61

113.64

99.12

Source: SE a.s.

Table 83 Fuel and energy consumption in 1997 - sectoral split - agriculture, forestry, trans-portation, industry and Construction

Fuel and energyAnthracite, brown coal, cokeM o t o r a n d h e a t i n g o i l i : ^ ; v : ' ^ :: :.:: ; •:•.•'•;•'••' .••••'

H e a t i n g o i l s ; • ;' ' • • ' : ' • • • ' • > : ' > • : . : •-• • v :•:•• . : ' : ' . V ' ' : "

: N a t U r a I . g a S ' : : ' < : . V . : V 1 : ^ 1: ^ : . V v V . . : - 1 : : . ' •. " • / • i ' - - - i - . :

: - : . • > ; • : : . • . • : • : . : • • • • ? . : : :•::; :

E l e c t r i c i t y : - ; : : i v ' •,'••' : ' " V : ' : '•:••••••• - r ^ y ' ^ r / ' v - : " :::.':-

• T h e r r n a l . e n e r g y : ' . : v v / ^ ' ^ ; : . ' •• • • • ' : • • ; • ; • ; • •; : ' : : ; ' > : , , ; • • • . . . • • • . • : .

Volume11 745 thous.t

824 thous.t675 thous.t

5 439 mil m3

21 201 GWh133 368 TJ

Source: Su SR

65


Table 84 Primary energy resources used in the SR (1997) - based on the fuel categories

Fuel categories

Solid

Liquid..:;; ...• u:;:y.: . :

F l u i d , ; ; . • : : • : : ? • • : • • : ' - : : , ^ : : . . ^ y '

TJ

209 460

120 453

235 187

Source: SU SR

With installed output of 6 147 MW, SE a.s. secures 86% of total Slovak electricity generation.Nuclear power stations generate 51% of total annual electricity production supplied by SE a.s. Thermalpower station produced 29% and hydroelectric power station contribute by approx. 20%.High percentage of electricity generated by nuclear and hydroelectric power stations minimalizes theamount of emissions released into air.

In total, emissions of basic pollutants decreased comparing to 1996 by 2 407 tonnes of solid sub-stances, 16 169 tonnes of SO2, by 5 150 tonnes of NOX and 2 655 tonnes of CO.

Table 85 Air pollution related to energy production in the SR (REZZO1 - statistics for 1997 in tonnes)

Method ofgenerationREZZO1totalEnergy generationincluding:SystematicIndustrialMunicipal

SPMAmount36 646

22 680

12 6398 4111 630

. . ( % ) • • .

-

61.89

34.4922.954.48

SO*Amount176 564

151 760

72 77059 43719 553

(%)-

85.95

41.2133.6611.07

NO,Amount70 583

51 283

25 13519 2416 907

-

72.66

35.6127.269.79

COAmount141 636

21 977

4 69215 1022 183

-

15.52

3.3110.661.54

Source: SHMU

Table 86 Proportional comparison of emissions of systematic and other energy generation (years1996-1997, in tonnes)

Indicator

Energy generationtotal includingSystematic energygenerationPercentage %Industrial andmunicipal sourcesPercentage %

SPM1996

25 087

11030

44.014 057

56.0

199722 680

12 639

55.710 041

44.3

SOZ

1996167 929

78 514

46.889415

53.2

1997151 760

72 770

47.978 990

52.0

NO,1996

56 433

26 555

47.129 878

52.9

199751283

25 135

49.026 148

51.0

CO1996

24 632

5 035

0.419 597

79.6

199721 977

4 692

21.317 285

78.6Source: SHMU

For information about waste generation related to electricity, gas, water production and supply seesection Industry within this chapter.

As of the end 1997, the total length of operated domestic gas distribution networks was 21 503km (19 152 km) in 1996; the length of long-distance networks was 5 580 km (5 340 km in 1996) of totallength (21 503 km) and distribution network accounted for 15 923 km of the total length (13 812 km in1996). In 1997, 226 new villages were linked to the existing distribution network thus increasing thetotal number to 1 419 villages.

Table 87 Natural gas consumers chart

Number of consumers

P o p u l a t i o n ;: .;•:; •'•'•••:'

Small consumers

Major consumers

Total

906 889

27 697

3 448

938 034

1993

951 049

29 571

3 750

984 370

y:: :T994;>:;,

996 177

31349

4 063

1 031 589

1044 123

32 991

4 244

1 081358

1996

1 100 878

35 216

4 503

1140 597

1997

1 164 172

39 621

4 781

1 208 574

Source: SPP §.p.

66


The Slovak Republic with its forest cover of 40.65 %(1 990 603 ha) belongs to one of those European countrieswith the highest proportion of forests set against the overall .country area. In European context only Scandinavian states ofFinland (77%) and Sweden (69%) and Austria (46%) inCentral Europe enjoy higher forest cover. Timber land (land intended for growing forest species) occu-pies 1 919 911 ha (96.45% of forest land fund). In the context of prevailing forest functions and fromthem resulting management methods the forests are divided into 3 categories:• commercial forests (1 296 005 ha, 67.50%)• special-purpose forests (334 777 ha, 17.44%) with special functions• protection forests (289 129 ha, 15.06%) securing principle ecological and conservation functions.

Figure 35 Forest categories according to acreagein the SR (%)

15.06%

M Commercial forests

H Special-purpose forests

H Protection forests

Source: Lesoprojekl Zvolen

Table 88 Proportion of stand types in the SR

Stand typeDwarf-pine forestSpruce forestFir forestPine forestOak forestBeech forestMixed Oak-Beech forestMixed Beech-Oak forestRobinia (Locust) forestMixed Spruce-Fir-Beech forestMixed Beech-Fir-Spruce forestOthers

%1.11

19.960.496.567.36

21.017.334.621.80

14.4112.296.06

Source: Lcsoprojckt Zvolcn

Proportion of broad-leaved and coniferous forests in the SR is as below:• broad-leaved forests - 57.55 % of the total forested area• coniferous forests - 42.45 % of the total forested area.

At the moment, trend in tree species representation favours higher percentage of broad-leavedspecies in forest ecosystems thus creating more favourable preconditions for achieving ecological stabi-lity of forest stands.

67


More complex view on tree species representation is given in the statistics of stand type represen-tation as this also reflects tree species mixture, combination and their spatial distribution.

Table 89 Spatial tree species distribution in the SR

Tree speciesSpruceFirPineLarchDwarf-pineOther coniferous speciesConiferous totalOakTurkey oakBeechHornbeamMapleAshElmRobiniaBirchLime-treeAlderDomestic poplar speciesHybrid poplar speciesWillowOther broad-leaved speciesBroad-leaved total

%27.10

4.397.642.281.020.02

42.4511.202.40

30.045.601.681.190.051.741.340.340.710.370.580.110.20

57.55Source: Lesoprojekt Zvolcn

Age structure of the Slovak forests is not optimal and is being described as unbalanced. Regardingproportion of age categories in the Slovak forested areas, percentage of age categories 1-4 (forest standsbetween 1-40 years of age) is subnormal (30.52%), percentage of age categories 5-9 (forest stands between41-90 years of age) is on the contrary higher than optimal percentage (50.93%). Older mature forest standswith age limit 91 and over (age category 10 and more) have proportion lower than optimal (18.55%).

Effective management and forest protection measures taking into consideration ecological aspectsare made possible thanks to existing forest transport system (LDS) allowing optimal access to all forest-ed areas. The most important component of LDS is forest haulage road system with its length of 20 645km in 1997 (10.4 m per ha of forest land). Total length of skidding roads and lines was 15 037 km(7.6 m per ha).

In 1997, the total area of 13 239 ha was afforested of which 11 562 ha was artificial regenerationand 1 677 ha was down to natural regeneration.

Total growing stock was 390 mil m3 of timber to the top of 7 cm o.b. without bark which representsincreased by 6 mil m3 (384 mil m3 in 1996). Total 1997 volume of harvested timber was 5 944 thou-sand m3 (coniferous species - 3 686 thousand m3, broad-leaved species 2 258 thousand m3). Incidentalfelling reached 3 396 thousand m3 which represents 57.1% of total volume of harvested timber.

Figure 36 Percentage of incidental felling in total volume of harvested timber (SR)

1988 !')89 \V)0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: MP SR, Lesoprojekt Zvolen

68


Abiotic harmful factors are consideredto be principal causes of incidental felling.Range of damages caused by their activity in1997 is as follows:• windthrow hazard• snow• frost deposit

forest firesdroughtunknown cases

- 2 082 thousand m3

58 thousand m3

- 100 thousand m3

10 thousand m3

- 145 thousand m3

- 118 thousand m3.

Table 90 Proportion of damages caused by main abiotic harmful factors (1988-1997) in thousandm3 of timber

Year

1988198919901991199219931994199519961997

Windthrowhazard825

I 3371 480849827666794823

1 9972 082

Snow

1761651671241067051124013358

Frost deposit

146574510126121182100

Drought

584266172149201179257430145

Total

1 2051 6011 7581 1551 094943

1 4851 3422 7422 385

Source: LVU Zvolcn

Main biotic harmful factors contributing to incidental felling:bark - beetle species and woodwormleaf-eating and sucking insectsrotstracheomycosisgame

- 644 thousand m3

- 14 thousand ha- 18 thousand m3

- 57 thousand m3

0.64 thousand ha.

Other harmful factors contributing to forest damage are ambient air quality, grazing and tourism,/olume of timber damaged by ambient air quality reached 381 535 m3 in total. Out of this number sprucelamage accounted for 79% , fir damage 16%, oak 2%, pine 2%. In comparison to 1996, total damagesaused by ambient air quality are lower by 0.4%.

Monitoring plays an important part in forest health state monitoring. In 1997, Forestry Researchnstitute (LVU Zvolen) carried out 11th monitoring cycle within 16 x 16 km monitoring network indu-ing 11 permanent monitoring sites.

According to the monitoring results for 1997 (based on damage levels and % of defoliation) 18%f trees fell into category 0 - Healthy trees (0-10 % defoliation) and 82% of trees fell into the categoryinge 1-4 (11-100 % defoliation) out of which 31% of trees showed signs of heavy damage. 1% of trees•ere considered to be dying or already dead.

According to survey, broad-leaved species are more resistant to harmful factors than conifers. Theast damaged broad-leaved species appear to be hornbeam (6.1%) and beech (13.5%). The most suf-ring and sensitive species with the highest percentage in the categories 2-4 are fir (59%) and spruce•4%). From broad-leaved species the least tolerant species appears to be oak (41.9%).

69


Table 91 Forest health state monitoring results (1987-1997)

Year

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

Species

coniferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotalconiferousbroad-leavedtotal

Percentage of trees according to damage level (%)01126191433259

20151423201441301531248

28208

201581914121513132218

I364742333936323836304539473842444042424343414543404644475753455551

2412232432332493742472534341724332327462533443136463238372630382128

31157956946856433756333545523212322

410010

;

212101

1-4897481866775918085867780865970856976927280928085928186888587877882

2-4S32739532839594249563241392128412934502837513642523542412834422331

3-41257105710579775448674447S6634424423

Legend describing damage levels:0 - 0-10 % without defoliation - healthy trees1 -11-25% slight defoliation - slightly damaged trees2 -26-60% medium defoliation - medium damaged trees

1 Source: LVU Zvolcn3 - 61-99% heavy defoliation - heavily damaged trees4 -100% dying or already dead trees

Comparison of dynamics of forest health state changes between year 1996-1997 (expressed bylevel of defoliation) in 24% of trees the health state improvement was recorded, 58% trees no changeswere observed, in 18% of trees the health state deteriorated.To conclude, we can say that a slightimprovement in the health state of Slovak forest was observed in comparison to 1996. The differencerepresents 6%. Broad-leaved species in general show higher resistance and more tolerance to harmful fac-tors.

In 1997, agriculture contribution to GDP was 28 867mil Sk in current prices which represents 4.41% of total GDP,as opposed to 4.7% in 1996.

In 1997, a slight decline in the total acreage of arable land was recorded but, on the contrary, per-manent grassland area increased by a few hectares.

70


Table 92 Structure of agricultural land fund as of January 1st, 1998

Land category

Agricultural land in totalArable land

Hop-gardensVineyardsGardensOrchardsPermanent grasslandTotal SR area

Area(thousand ha)

19962 444.01 475.0

1.029.078.019.0

842.0.4 903.46

19972 444.631472.12

1.2628.8177.8918.97

845.594 903.46

Percentage(%)

199610060.35

0.041.183.190.77

34.45-

199710060.22

0.051.183.190.78

34.59-

Source: UGKK SR

In annual production, trend in decreasing numbers of livestock, swine, sheep and horses wasdetained. The only exception to this trend were numbers of goats and poultry that continued to growfollowing the trend from previous years.

Table 93 Livestock statistics 1997 (in pcs)

CategoryCattleSwineSheepGoatsPoultryHorses

1995929 000

2 076 000428 000

X

13 382 000X

1996891 991

1 985 223418 823

26 14714 147 177

9 722

1997803 398

1 809 868417 337

26 77814 221 713

9 533x - data not available Source: SU SR

In 1997, an increase in area of complex cultivated patterns was recorded only in case of cereals, oilproducing plants, sugar beet and vegetables. However, a significant decrease in complex cultivated areaof potatoes, edible legumes and root forage plants was observed.

Total volume of industrial fertilizers consumption rose in 1997 by 19.7 % comparing to 1996.Use of pesticides showed a decreasing trend as in previous years.

Table 94 Consumption of fertilizers in 1996 / 1997 (tonnes)

Fertilizers

SR total

Calcareous

854 233.21

Nitrogenous

88 016.58

Phosphate

24 493.60

Potassium

20 477.40

Industrialfertilizers total132 987.68

Manure

7 961 988.65Source: SO SR

Figure 37 Consumption of industrial fertilizers in the SR (in tonnes of pure nutrient)

3O. 300000

C

o

1993

Source: SU SR

71


Table 95 Consumption of NPK fertilizers per 1 ha of agricultural land (in kg of pure nutrients)

Fertilizer type

Nitrogenous

Phosphate

Potassium

Industrial fertilizers intotal

Consumption per 1 ha of agricultural land1995

30.6

7.8

6.645.0

199632.8

8.8

7.3

48.9

199737.7

10.5

8.8

57.0

Source: §11 SR

Table 96 Consumption of pesticides in 1997 (tonnes)

TypePesticides - totalInsecticides -totalChlorinated HydrocarbonPhosphorus organic compoundsCarbamate insecticidesPyrethrum insecticidesMineral oil insecticidesother insecticidesBiological pesticides

Herbicides - totalPhenol- group AcidsTriazinesAcetamidesCarbamatesDinitroanilineMineral oilsOther herbicides

Fungicides - totalOther chemicals - totalMordantsDesiccators and defoliatorsMorphoregulatorsChemicals limiting harvest lossesRodenticidesRepellentsTenzidesAdditivesAntitranspirantsSoil remediation substances

Consumption3 512.5

159.20.1

83.113.942.1

6.512.21.3

2 523.4658.6356.3527.2131.472.3

2.5775.1506.4323.5

92.6115.078.814.39.80.24.76.80.40.9

Source: UKSUP

In 1997, agriculture produced 4.18 mil tonnes of waste in total (data represents summary of agri-cultural waste, game management and related services waste excluding other waste).

Comparing to 1996, total amount of discharged waste water fell by 84 thousand m3.Simultaneously the decrease of CODCr and BOD5 and increase of IS and ENP were registered.

Table 97 Amount of discharged wastewater related to agriculture activities

Waste waterproduced byagricultureTreated

Untreated

Total


2 375.343

67.160

2 442.503

IS(t.year1)

122.33

5.48

127.81

BODS

(t.year"1)

86.89

5.78

92.67

CODCr

(t-year1)

297.65

21.22

318.87

ENP(tyear"1)

1.390.01

1.40Source: SHMU

HydromeliorationNo change between 1996 and 1997 was recorded.

Table 98 Transformation of principal melioration facilities in the SR (ha)

SRIrrigation system

320 091

Drainage system458 500

Source: VUZH Bratislava

72


Transport NetworkIn 1997, transport network of the SR included 17 629 km of roads and motorways of which

218.9 km were motorways. As for railway transport network there were 3 673 railway tracks out ofwhich 1 516 were electrified railway tracks. The length of navigable watercourses remainedunchanged 182 km of which channel length represented 38.45 km.

The amount of passengers carried by road vehicles fell by 17 310 passengers. Similar trend wasobserved in railway transport with the number of passengers decreased by 3 703 persons. A sharp declinewas recorded in number of persons carried by air. Increased by 1 thousand carried passengers was record-ed by shipping. In case of freight all type of transport excluding shipping recorded an increase.

Table 99 Freight and passengers shipping

Type of transportRoad transportcarried passengers (in thousands)efficiency - (mil persons per km)freight shipping (in thous. tonnes)efficiency in (mil tonnes per km)Railway transportcarried passengers (in thousands)efficiency - (mil persons per km)freight shipping (in thous. tonnes)efficiency (in mil tonnes per km)Shippingcarried passengers (in thousands)efficiency - (mil persons per km)freight shipping (in thous. tonnes)efficiency (in mil tonnes per km)Air transportcarried passengers (in thousands)efficiency - (mil persons per km)freight shipping (in thous. tonnes)efficiency (in mil tonnes per km)

1993

825 6771144537 826

5 464

86 7272 948

64 82514 304

1347

1 399843

34210375.920.5

1994

761 43910 57428 465

4 910

99 1014 548

58 95312 236

1517

1 416846

6 78094

7.420.3

1995

722 51011 19132 043

5 158

89 4714 202

60 77613 674

1387

1 6611 468

111 388153

1.850.4

1996

699 75811 09734 745

5 171

74 2943 752

58 06612017

805

1 4131 597

125 104193

3.10.4

1997

682 1489 969

41 1083 779

70 5913 057

59 37712 373

814

1 3281 519

177231

1191

Source: SU SR

Continual increase in a number vehicles was again recorded in 1997.

Table 100 Number of vehicles according to the categories (as of December 31s t, 1997)

IndicatorTotal number of vehicles including:

Passenger cars

Vans

Lorries / trucks

SpecialBuses

19971 623 305

1 135 914

14 061

89 019

45 97611 235

Source: SU SR

73


Figure 38 Total number of registered vehicles

• • • I I Iyear

19% IW7

Source: SO SR

Figure 39 Trends in the selected vehicle categories

3

§> 1000000

• passenger cars

• vans

• lorries/trucks

• special

IS buses

Source: §U SR

Emissions from Traffic

During 1997 only the summary of 1996 emission situation in traffic was elaborated.

Table 101 Emissions from traffic (1996)Sector

Road transport• Passenger cars• Light lorries• Heavy lorries• MotorbikesOther means oftransport• Railway transport• Shipping• Air transportTotal

NO,(t)

37 760153141 066

21 34337

5 643

3 5812011

5143 403

CO(t)

152 446119 161

4 54711 65917 0791 827

754431642

154 273

NMVOC(t)

36 62322 181

7404 8008 902

609

320183106

37 232

SO2

m1 971

339

189144

6.372 310

NH3

(t)161

161

CO2

(thous.t)3 8221 600

2491 891

83341

20011426

4 164

CH4

(t)1 158

19

127

1 177

N2O(thous. t)

234

135

8649

369Source: SHMU

Figure 40 Trends in traffic emissions

1995 1996

Source: SHMU

74


199S 1996

Source: SHMU

NMVOC

1987 1990 1994 1995 1996

Source: SHMU

Traffic NoiseTraffic noise pollution assessment is a part of 'Risk Factors in the Environment' chapter.

Traffic Generated WasteIn 1997, traffic generated waste - belonging into the category of special waste - reached following

volumes:• ground transport, pipe system transport 51 222.3 tonnes• shipping 210.7 tonnes• air transport 124.7 tonnes.

Public Health

In 1997, average life expectancy at birth reached 68.91 for men and 76.73 for women. A slightincrease in the average life expectancy results from a positive trends observed in a baby death rate.Comparing to the rest of Europe on average life expectancy of the Slovak population is lower (men by6-7 years, women by 4-5 years).

World wide analyses carried out to date have shown that the impact of environmental pollution onhuman health is not significant. This fact has also been confirmed in Slovak conditions. Life expectancyof mail population in 3 most polluted districts (Bratislava - city, Kosice - city and Prievidza) was the hig-hest in the whole Slovakia. On the Slovak territory in general we can observe considerable differences ina life expectancy. The difference can be as high as 6 years between individual districts of Slovakia.

75


Figure 41 Average life expectancy at birth - female population - in the Slovak districts (1993-1995)

Source: SU SR

Figure 42 Average life expectancy at birth - male population - in the Slovak districts (1993-1995)

69-7168-6967-6866 - 67

• • 64 - 66Source: SU SR

The shortest life expectancy is recorded in districts with low percentage of male population withuniversity or high school education background, on the contrary with high percentage of male populationwith only basic school education. The mentioned phenomena points out to a direct link between lifeexpectancy and differences in life-style.

Short life expectancy of the Slovak population is caused mainly by high death rate of middle-agepopulation group. In 1997, according to the statistics for the Slovak Republic, 52 124 men and womendied. In 3 quarters of cases diseases of cardiovascular system and cancer are to blame. Other categoriesof diseases namely diseases of respiratory tract, alimentary tract, urinary system and reproductive systemas well as outside causes of death contributed to the total death-rate by less than one quarter.

Figure 43 Basic factors influencing the death-rate of the Slovak populationDiseases of cardiovascular system

76


tumors

19% I9')7

Source: UPK.M

Statistically, the highest long-term death-rate among the Slovak population is that caused by cir-culatory system diseases. In 1997, 28.5 thousand of patients died of this cause. As for age group andgender, male population is most severely affected in the age group of 70-79 years. Comparatively, themost severely affected age group among female population appears to be that of 70-89 years. Fromdiseases included in this category, heart attack and cerebrovascular diseases are the prevalent causeof death. The second most frequent cause of death occurring among the Slovak population is cancer andtumors, momentarily showing an increasing trend. In 1997, 1.3 thousand of people died of these caus-es. The most affected age groups are:• Male population between 65-74 years of age• Female population between 65-79 years of age

The following types of cancer are the most common: trachea, bronchi and lung tumors and cancer,malignant cancer of stomach and large intestine. A slight increase in occurrence of respiratory diseases wasregistered. In 1997, 3.7 thousand of persons died of this cause (50.4 % of males, 49.6% of females).

The male population death rate is most obvious in groups between 65-84 years of age. As forfemale population, it is the group of 75 years of age and more. The typical death causing diseases arechronic pneumonia and influenza.

Figure 44 Causes of death in 1997

Alimentary Iract diseases

4.2% Others

Injuries ;IIKI poisonings •

7.1%

Respiratorydiseases

7.2%

Cancer and tumors

21.7%

Circulatorydiseases

54.7%

Source: 50 SR

In statistics, rather than the total death rate comprising death in all age groups, indicator showingpremature death (0-64 year interval) is more significant. In the Central Europe, premature cardiovascu-lar deaths serving also as the principal indicator of the total death-rate which has been dependent on thesocietal-political organisation since the second half of 1960-ties. In democratic societies (Germany,Austria and Switzerland), the cardiovascular diseases death rate was showing a continual decrease. Onthe contrary, in geographically close countries of the Central Europe (Hungary, Poland, the formerCzechoslovakia) it showed a steady, significant growth. The trend in premature oncological diseasesdeaths was also unfavourable. Differences in prematurely occurred death caused by widespread diseasescontinue to exist in the Central region to these days.

In the long-term prospect, positive trends in baby death rate were observed, in percentage almost

reaching the level common for developed countries. In 1997, 514 babies died before reaching their first

77


year. In comparison to 1996 this number is lower by 101 cases. The similar statistics in 1993 showed 525more deaths in this category. Before reaching 28 days of their life, 321 babies died as compared to 415in 1996.

Table 102 Public health - selected indicators

IndicatorLife expectancy at birth• Male• FemaleLive-births per 1 thousandinhabitantsDead before reaching 1" year ofage per one thousand live birthsBaby death rateDeaths in totalDeaths per one thousandinhabitants

1992

67.5676.2214.1

12.6

8.453 432

10.0

1993

68.3576.6613.8

10.4

7.552 707

9.9

1994

68.3476.4812.4

11.2

7.451 386

9.6

1995

68.476.311.5

11.0

7.952 686

9.8

1996

68.876.611.2

10.2

6.951 236

9.5

1997

68.9176.7311.0

8.7

5.452 124

9.7

Source: SU SR

78


Environmental RiskFactors and PressuresPhysical Risk Factors

In 1997, input of the air-dose-equivalent (PDE) remained constant as compared to previousyears. PDE value ranged from 88 to 184 nSv per hour (average value - 124 nSv.h"1)- The average annualeffective-dose within Slovakia calculated from the data mentioned above equalled to 811mSv.

Table 103 Average radiation exposure (1997)

Author

Spumy (1997)SURMS(1997)

H,

inSv. h"1]

124.8124.0

Ka

[nSv. h l]

108.4107.8

E

[jiSv per year]

811811

Measuring device

GM Tube STS 6FAG 621 B

Hx - input of air-cffcctivc-dosc per hourK°- input of air-photon-radiation -dose per hour

E - effective dose per year Source: UPK.M

Air ContaminationIn 1997, the trend set in 1996 continued as continued deviations in artificial radionuclides air con-

tamination. As for artificial radionuclides, only those of 137Cs were detected. In 1997, their values rangedrrom 0.25 to 0.95 /xBq.nr3. In analysed samples, also natural radionuclides 7Be (100 - 5 000 juBq.nr3) and10Pb (40 - 1300 ,uBq.m"3) were present and detected. In the period 1993 - 1997, a gradual decrease in37Cs volume activity was recorded. 7Be volume activity did not show any significant year-to-year varia-ion. However, seasonal maximal and minimal values were recorded within a year period.

able 104 137Cs air volume activity (1993-1997)

YearNumber of samplesSamples exceeding MDAMinimal valueMaximal valueAverage value

Unit

ruBqnv1!ruBqm-3l[uBqm-3!

19932373.49.15.8

19942916

I.I13.84.5

19952920

0.57.31.7

199632170.4

2.91.4

199731150.250.950.60

MDA - minimal delectable activity Source: UPKM

mtamination of the Environment ComponentsComponents of the environment were contaminated with 137Cs nuclides gradually falling out from

: upper atmosphere layers. Surface fallout activity was measured in samples gathered within a period)ne month. 137Cs values ranged from 2 to 2 500 mBq per m2 (average value - 280 mBq per m2). Surface'. drinking water contamination was lower than 0.02 Bq per 1 (minimal detectable activity) in all)rd.ed cases. Tritium contamination was also measured and recorded and its values ranged from 8 tobq per 1 (average value - 17 Bq per I).

79


Table 105 137Cs activity in the individual components of the environment (1997)

ComponentAirFallout-monthlySoilWaterWater (tritium)

UnitBq.m"3

Bq.m'2

Bq.kg'Bq.r'Bq.K1

Average5.7 E-072.8E-01

not recorded4.0 E-031.7E+01

Band2.5 E-07 - 9.5 E-072.0 E-03 - 2.5 E+00

not recorded1.0 E-03-3.0 E-02

8E+00-4.65E+02Source: UPKM

Food ContaminationWith regard to artificial radionuclides, only 137Cs radionuclide was detected in food samples

analysed. Its content fell in the majority of samples below the level 0.5 Bq per kg.

Table 106 137Cs activity in food and agricultural products (in Bq per kg or Bq per 1)

ProductMilkBeefPorkGamePoultryCerealsPotatoesVegetablesFruitForest berriesGrassMushrooms

TypeFreshFreshFreshFreshFresh

dry matterdry matterdry matterdry matter

FreshFresh

dry matter

Average1.22 E-21.80E-011.62E-013.26E+006.12E-027.58E-021.58E-021.94E-027.07E-02

*1.50E-01

Minl.OOE-035.00E-022.50E-022.50E-01

<0.005<0.005<0.005<0.005O.005<0.005

5.00E-023.00E-01

Max1.50E-016.50E-011.05E+004.25E+017.50E-011.15E+00

5.00E-027.50E-021.00E+008.50E+01

4.50E-012.50E+01

Source: UPKM

"I M l> I ', i '

Radon and its radioactive decay products represent themost significant source of human radiation exposure (approximately43 % of annual radiation effective equivalent). For this reason a spe-cial attention is paid to natural radioactivity and potential radon risk.Natural radioactivity is the most usually calculated in Gamma radia-tion dose input.

Data recorded on the territory of Slovakia (63.3 nGy per hour) exceeded set the European limit.Average concentrations of K reached 2.52 %, Th 9.4 ppm and U 3.3 ppm. The highest concentrations ofU are common for rocks of Permian ages in which also uranium ore mineralisations are present(Novoveska Huta, Povazsky Inovec, hronicum system of the Nfzke Tatry Mountains).

In 1997, the study 'Radon Risk Assessment from Geological Bedrock of Towns with PopulationExceeding 10 000 and District Towns with Medium and High Radon Risk' was completed.Simultaneously, radon risk map at scales 1: 500 000 and 1: 200 000 including the whole territory ofSlovakia was created. High potential radon risk was recognised in Spissko-gemerske rudohorieMountains area (Smolnik, Rozriava, Hnilcik, Poproc, Medzev, Hnilec, Novoveska Huta), in Horehronskepodolie basin, in Bratislava, Kosice, Banska Bystrica, Kremnica and their surrounding areas as well as inthe town of Levice, Roznava, Zilina, Partizanske, Bytca and mainly Pezinok. High radium and radon val-ues were recorded in water samples taken from different thermal and mineral springs (e.g. Oravice,Besenova, Plavnica). However, the highest occurrence of waters with high radon values was registered inwaters coming from core areas (such as Male Karpaty Mountains, Povazsky Inovec Mountains, Tn'bec

80


Mountains, etc.) and in waters of Veporske and Stolicke crystalline Mountains.Importance of radon health risk in indoor facilities (work places and living areas) is stated for dif-

ferent radon volume equivalent activity intervals (EOAR) and is based on representative survey results.The survey was conducted by UPKM and included 2 745 housing units and 650 nursery schools and edu-cational facilities, serving as sample material. The above mentioned data represents approximately 1.5 %oof the Slovak housing fund. According to the survey results given in cartographic form it is possible to saythat weighted arithmetic mean (AP) EOAR calculated from the population distribution is equal to 48 Bqper m3. When comparing samples of family houses and blocks of flats the following differences wererecorded: family houses - AP - 125 Bq per m3, GN (geometric mean) - 73 Bq per m3 and blocks of flats -AP - 22 Bq per m3, GN - 14 Bq per m3 (EOAR). The maximal recorded value of EOAR is 1 500 Bq per m3

and the average radon decay products inhalation effective dose in indoor facilities per capita is 3 mSv.

Table 107 EOAR values recorded in indoor facilities (SR)

EOAR-3

[Bq.m ]<20

20-199200 - 599600 - 999

> 1000

Number of flats

7281651

336273

Number of flatsto/ I

26.560.212.21.00.1

Source: UPKM

According to the Regulation of the MZ SR No. 406/1992 Coll. on existing developments, so-calledaction level (400 Bq per m3), is recommended. This regulation allows the executive bodies to decide uponintroduction of corrective measures. In case of new indoor facilities development so - called reference level (100Bq per m3) is used. This level has been set for areas with medium or high risk of the radon content in soil air.

Table 108 Districts with the highest average EOAR values and average annual radon and itsdecay products exposure effective dose in indoor facilities (per capita)

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

District

Ro2navaKoSice-vidiekSpiSska NovaVesRimavska SobotaStara CubovnaVel'ky KrtfsTrebiSovNitraKomarnoLevice

EOAR

[Bq.m'3l120119

9487877972

-716665

E[mSv]

7.57.45.95.45.44.94.54.44.14.1Source: UPKM

Figure 45 Average annual radon and its decayproducts inhalation effective dose in indoorfacilities - based on district division(per capita)

mSv• 0.0-1.9• 2.0-3.9• 4.0-5.9• 6.0-7.9

Source: UPKM

81


In 1997, total amount of generated radioactive wasteproduced in V-1, V-2 and A-1 nuclear power stations inJaslovske Bohunice is presented in the following table.

Table 109 Generation of radioactive waste (RAO)

Concentrates

Sorbents

Solid RAO

Air technical filters

Total amountSalt contentTotal activityTotal amountTotal activityBurnableRefractoryTotal

V - 1263 m3

61.7 t5.3.10" Bq

--

121 mJ

61.8 m3

182.8 m3

9.7 m3

V - 2123 m3

29.5 t1.3.10'° Bq3 m3

2.5.109Bq38.75 m3

16.5 m3

55.25 m3

7.9 m3

A - 15 m3

0.3 t2.10" Bq0.86 m3

2.1014Bq

267 m3

267 m3

Note: increased amount of liquid and solid RAO in nuclear power station V-1 is due to undergoing reconstruction Source: UJD SR

The Slovak State Health Institute (SZU SR) is responsiblefor dealing with the problem of noise pollution. According tothe 1997 statistics on noise pollution, this was monitored in 46towns and villages with the total population of, 1 357 598.Railway traffic impact was tested only in the town of Trnava(71 783 inhabitants).

Table 110 Percentage of population affected Ipy road and railway traffic noise based on the equi-valent noise levels (L Aeq) excess in dB (A)

Noise level

> 55 dB(A)

> 60 dB(A)> 65 dB(A)> 70 dB(A)> 75 dB(A)

% of population affected by road trafficnoise

19.69

15.626.481.00

0.07

% of population affected by railway trafficnoise

1.27

1.260.4600

Source: SZU SR

Noise level of 65 dB (A), as given by results of medkal research, represents a level where negative impacts onhuman autonomic nervous system start. According to the Regulation of the MZ SSR No.14/1977 Coll. allowednoise limits are as follows: 60dB (A) - day-time and 5OdB (/M - night-time

82


Table 111 Results of the noise pollution monitoring in the selected towns based on the equiva-lent levels of the road traffic noise

Place

Dunajska StredaLeviceNov6 ZamkyNitraPezinokTopoPcanyTmavaBanska BystricaBardejovCadcaLiptovsky MikulaSLuCeneoMartinPovazska BystricaZvolenZilinaKoSiceRimavska SobotaPresovSenicaVranov nad Topl'ouDubnica nad Vahom

% of population affected by road traffic noise in dB(A)

> 55 dB(A)10.81612.205

1.3719.7452.9403.503

11.0218.1721.6209.675

' 6.5874.265

12.7959.036

12.3115.573

43.0358.036

20.4497.0624.1323.293

> 60 dB(A)7.2163.4490.6498.0822.1633.3989.1095.8401.4206.0595.9422.940

10.4767.1367.5684.871

28.8016.235

13.2594.0923.2772.235

> 65 dB(A)4.1320.5040.1723.9621.6833.2283.5513.5760.3001.5284.9800.4847.0265.9803.2934.620

13.5361.6704.8420.8462.2051.360

> 70 dB(A)0.5920.0720.0031.1830.2401.59900.74600.7920.4800.00542.20900.0631.6893.5750.0741.92100.0700

> 75 dB(A)000000.1190000000.353000.1080.33800.092000

Source: SZU SR

Chemical Risk Factors, <

The new chemical legislation was prepared under the supervision of MH SR, incollaboration with MZ SR, MZP SR, MP SR, MO SR, MV SR, UBP SR, the Slovak

Association of Industrial Ecology and the Association of Chemical, PharmaceuticalIndustry. This legislation was based on the Government Decree No.533/1994 and 100/1995.

This is the act on chemical substances and products, which principles were negotiated and approved by theSlovak National Council Committees in January 1997. The juridical act wording was submitted for approvalto the Governmental Legislative Council on December 1, 1997. The relevant act creates legal preconditionson the unification in registration, classification, labelling and packaging of the chemicals and the chemicalproducts that are produced, imported and placed on the market in the SR. This also includes monitoring ofalready existing substances and their risk reduction, assessment of the chemicals potential impacts on theenvironment and results from conclusions accepted at international level (OECD and EU legislation).

83


PMS Xenobiotics in Foodstuffs and Animal Feed consists of 3

partial systems: Co-ordinated Purpose-oriented Monitoring

System (KCM), Consumption Monitoring System (MSK), and

Monitoring of Game and Fish (MLZ),

Year 1997 was the second year of the second 5-year-cycle of partial system KCM carried out since 1991. Its main objective was to identify mutual correlationamong agricultural soil contamination, irrigation water, feed water and plant and animal production.Since 1991, the total amount of 13 133 samples have been analysed; 1 017 (7.7%) samples have exceed-ed limit values of at least one of the monitored contaminants. When regarding the samples of soil andanimal products, the most significant excess of set limit values was observed in case of fluorine and cad-mium. In the analysed samples of feed water, animal feed and plant products, the excess of nitrate limitvalues was recorded. The contamination of irrigation water was caused mainly by nitrites. Cadmium isconsidered as being the most significant contaminant from the group of monitored chemical elements.From a total amount of 4 748 soil samples being analysed since 1991, in 496 cadmium content exceed-ed set limit values which represent 10.4 % of all samples. According to assessment of the average amountof cadmium present in soil, the highest average values were registered in Cadca, Tvrdosin and Levice dis-tricts. The second most cogent chemical element is mercury. From a total amount of 4 578 soil samplesanalysed since 1991, mercury content limit value was exceeded in 301 cases (6.6%).

Since 1993, Partial system MSK aiming at gathering data about food contamination within con-sumers network has been in operation. Analyses of organic and inorganic contaminants, medicines, addi-tives and radionuclides are carried out in each group of commodities. The total amount of analysis donethrough MSK reached 46 880 (3 026 samples).

The highest values of weekly intake into human body were calculated for the following chemicalelements:• nickel - 0.88 mg per person per week• chromium - 0.37 mg per person per week• lead - 0.34 mg per person per week• arsenic - 0.17 mg per person per week.x 4

Occurrence of the samples with excessive heavy metal content was minimal. Samples not meetingset criteria were most numerous in case of cadmium (beer, table salt, pork, drinking water), nickel (vege-table oil, butter, vine) and chromium (vegetable oils, table salt). Occurrence of the samples with exces-sive heavy metal content was recorded mainly in Kezmarok and Kral'ovsky Chlmec areas. In Nitra area,unlike other areas, higher average values of nitrates present in vegetables were registered.

In 1995, for the first time, monitoring of xenobiotics presence in fish and wild animal organismswas carried out in the selected areas of different Slovak regions. Partial system MSK focuses on the moni-toring of contaminants and their penetration into organisms of wild animals and fish, as fish serve as anatural water quality bioindicator and form a part of human diet. Excessive values of risk elements wererecorded in Kosice region (Kosice - surrounding area, Trebisov, Spisska Nova Ves) and Presov region(Bardejov and Humenne). Most frequently recorded excessive values were those of cadmium, mercury,lead and copper.

84


Table 112 Amount of samples, samples with excessive limit values and number of analyses car-ried out within the partial monitoring system xenobiotics in the food chain

subsystem

KCMMSKMLZ

Number ofanalyses

24 13514 2913 509

Number ofsamples

2 706743355

Number of samples withexcessive limit values

14723

110

Percentage of sampleswith excessive limit

values%

5.53.1

30.9Source: VUP

The Ozone LayerDepletion

The Slovak Republic succeeded the for-mer Czechoslovakia into the Vienna

Convention for the Protection the OzoneLayer (Vienna, 1985) and Montreal Protocol on

Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal, 1987), joined the world-wide effort concerningthe Earth ozone layer protection. Taking into consideration the fact of ever growing trend in the ozonelayer depletion, the Montreal Protocol signatories consented upon tightening measures on their meetingin London (1990), Copenhagen (1992), Vienna (1995) and Montreal (1997).

The Slovak Republic became the signatory of the London Amendment on April 16, 1994 afterapprovals of the Slovak Government (Decree No.272, April 1993) and the Slovak National Council(Decree No.393,17th February, 1994). It became the signatory of the Copenhagen Amendment onJanuary 9th, 1997 after receiving approvals from the Slovak government (Decree No.535, July 15th, 1997)and the Slovak National Council (Decree No. 732, October 2nd, 1997).

Following the Montreal Protocol Amendments and changes resulting from the London andCopenhagen Amendments, consumption of the monitored and registered substances of group IAmendment A - perchlorfluorhydrocarbons, group II Amendment A - halons, group I Amendment B-other perchlorfluorhydrocarbons, group II Amendment B - tetrachlormethane, group III Amendment B-1,1,1-trichlorethane in the Slovak Republic should be since January 1st, 1996 completely stopped. Onlyrecycled, regenerated and stocked substances are allowed to be in further use. The only exception to thisrule, is when these substances are used for laboratory and analytical purposes.

According to the Copenhagen Amendment to the Montreal Protocol (1992) which was furtherelaborated in Vienna (1995), the production and consumption of substances in group C.I. (chlorfluorhy-drocarbons) should be equal to 0.5% of calculated level of the starting year 1989 during the next decade.Production of these substances during the next decade is strictly limited to servicing purposes, with thecommitment of their total elimination by the year 2020. Methylbromide consumption (E.I.group) shouldin accordance with the Montreal Protocol changes (1997) decrease by 25% by the year 1999; by 50% bythe year 2001; by 70% by the year 2003 with its total elimination by the year 2005. The initial year of thisintention was 1991. Since January 1st 1996, production and consumption of the group C.II. substancesis banned (bromfluorhydrocarbons).

85


The Slovak Republic fully complies with the principal commitment as given in the MontrealProtocol, accepting all its changes. Calculated consumption of the group C.I. limited production (chlor-fluorhydrocarbons) in accordance with the Copenhagen Amendment (using ozone depletion potentials -ODP) is lower than 6% of the allowed calculated consumption level of these substances. Methylbromideconsumption in 1997 reached 56% of consumption allowed.

Table 113 Consumption of substances under control (1992-1997) (t)

Group ofsubstances

AI -freons , : . .

A I I -halbris:: i: •:

BI*: -iireons : :

B n * - C C l 4 : : ; • : : : :

BHI*-i;l.l trichloroethaneC p : V : ; - : • • : , : : : • • :

CH-HBFC22B1E** - HBrTotal : :

1986/89

Initialconsumption

1 710.58.10.1

91.0

200.1

49.7

10.02 019.5

1992

Consumption

609.62.50.0

251.8

107.3

971.2

1993

Consumption

986.92.00.1

250.0

180.0

1 419.0

1994

Conanmption

229.40.00.0

315.4

136.7

717.5

1995

Consumption

3.79.2' 0.0

0.0

0.6

69.4

37.2

449.2

1996

Consumption

1.2"0.00.00.0

0.0

61.0

14.39.6

86.1

1997

Consumption

2.05°0.00.0

0.16"

0.1"

59.9

0.05.6

61.811989-starting year

*• 1991 -starting yearSource: MZP SR

1) consumption of A.I., B.H. and B.HI substances in two consecutive years 1996,1997 represents import of thesesubstances on analytical and laboratory purposes in accordance with the general exception to the Montreal Protocol.

Note 1: In 1996, besides the above mentioned substances, 250 tonnes of recycled tetrachloromethane and 20 tonnes regeneratedfreon CFC12 were imported. However, amount of these substances is not calculated towards total consumption as given by validmethodology. Data concerning consumption of C.L, C.ll. and E substances from the previous years is not available.

Note 2: In 1997, besides the above mentioned substances, 40 tonnes of used freon CFC12 were imported. Following the methodo-logy valid, this amount is not calculated towards consumption. 2.16 tonnes of methylbromide were also imported for the purposesof medicine and drug production and were received by Slovakofarma Pharmaceutical Comp. This amount is not calculated towardstotal consumption.

Since September 1993, monitoring of the total atmospheric ozone over the territory of Slovakiahas been conducted by SHMU monitoring station located in Poprad - Ganovce. This station also moni-tors intensity of UV-B radiation. The average annual total atmospheric ozone value in 1997 was 323Dobson units (D.U.). This represents 5% decrease in comparison to the long-term average value (1962-1990) - data obtained from Hradec Kralove (the Czech Republic), but used for the territory of Slovakiaas well. All monthly averaged values were lower, too; in March and May 8% decrease was recorded. Thesituation in July and August was more favourable than in the previous years, with negative deviation ofmonthly average values ranging from 2 to 3%. Weekly average values remained under the long-term averagevalues.

Intensity of UV-B radiation on the Earth surface is characterised by distinctive daily and yearlypattern depending on the Sun elevation above horizon. The route of the sunlight is dilated through theozone layer at the lower Sun elevation. Therefore, the harmful radiation is more effectively reduced. Thehighest values are being recorded in the period of May-August during sunny days, at noon. In May andJune 1997, the average ozone value was 8% below normal. Despite this fact, the harmful UV-B radiationflow density exceeded the value of 175 mW per m2 which is considered to be high. The UV-B flow den-sity is assessed by DIFFEY biological efficiency spectrum. The limit value of 175 mW per m2 was exceed-ed only during several days from the end of June to the first half of August. It was caused by prevalentcloudy weather conditions.

86


Figure 46 Total atmospheric ozone level over the territory of Slovakia (1997)

400

S 340 —!

13 17 21

-Average value 1962 -1990

25 29

Week• Weekly average

33

- i 35

37 41 45 49 53

• Deviation Source: SHMU

Waste

In 1997, total amount of waste generated in the SR equalled 19.8 mil tonnes out of which 10.1 miltonnes were of other waste, 9.7 mil tonnes were of special waste including 1.8 mil tonnes of municipalwaste and 1.5 mil tonnes of hazardous waste. Data for statistics was collected by District Offices - sec-tions of the environment and elaborated by the Slovak Environment Agency (SAZP) - the WasteManagement Centre in Bratislava using the Regional Information System on Waste (RISO).

Table 114 Waste generation in 1997 (mil tonnes)

Waste

Other

Special

Including : Municipal

Hazardous

Total

Amount

10.1

9.7

1.8

1.5

19.8

Source: OU

87


Figure 47 Trend in waste generation based on category classification (mil tonnes)

mil t1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Source: OU

In accordance with valid legislation, data collection concerning other waste production was notperformed in 1997. The above mentioned value represents professional estimate based on 1995-96 datacomparison.

In compliance with new valid Waste Catalogue (the Regulation of the MZP SR No. 19/1996 Coll.on Waste Categorisation), 1992-1997 comparison in total waste generation is possible only with regardto changes stated in and approved by this regulation. In concrete terms, straw and manure have beenexcluded from the total waste generation as they are directly utilised in agriculture; also soil from con-struction sites (trenches) is excluded. These exclusions refer to waste generated in 1995 in total amountof 8.6 mil tonnes. Another legislative change concerned transfer of animal faeces, dung and liquid manurefrom other waste category to special waste category (amount of 5.4 mil tonnes).

Compared to 1996, total waste generation in 1997 slightly decreased (by 0.4 mil tonnes) whichrepresents 2 % of total amount. Other and special waste production remained more or less stable. Thetotal production of special waste fell by 0.4 mil tonnes (3.9%).

From the total volume of special and hazardous waste generated, more than 54.6% was utilized.The most common disposal methods of the mentioned waste were landfill disposal followed by bio-logical treatment and physico-chemical treatment, incineration and storage.

Waste LandfillsDisposal of municipal waste on land is still the major disposal root in the SR. In 1997, 540 land-

fills were operated in Slovakia, out of which 124 fully complied with set technical standards. From thetotal amount of special and hazardous waste, 2.3 mil tonnes were deposited at landfills. This number rep-resents 25.6% of total volume of special and hazardous waste being generated. 5 new landfills (ZlateMoravce, Michalovce, Spisska Bela, Slavosovce and Zilina region landfill) were under construction in1997. Landfills at Brezova pod Bradlom, Dolny Bar, Zlkovce, Cerova and Pezinok were open in 1997 forthe first time. The process of closing down and reclamation of landfills further continued.

88


Table 115 Special and hazardous waste treatment in 1997 (tonnes)

Methods of treatment of special andhazardous waste

Physico-chemical

%

Biological

%

Incineration

%

Landfill disposal

%

Other methods

%

Recycling

%

Storage

%

Methods not specified

%

Total

Total

337 245.37

3.61

783 784.26

8.40

188818.18

2.02

2 389 940.00

25.61

252 488.97

2.71

5 095 344.60

54.60

161406.30

1.72

123 810.98

1.33

9 752 126.20

Waste amount

Special excludinghazardous

1 983.22

0.03

450 346.72

5.74

119 801.60

1.53

2 066 949.30

26.33

57 211.36

0.73

4 928 211.20

62.79

116 314.90

1.48

108 030.98

1.38

8 249 732.1

Hazardous

335 262.25

22.59

333 437.54

22.47

69 016.55

4.65

322 990.69

21.77

195 277.61

13.16

167 133.45

11.26

45 091.40

3.04

15 780.00

1.06

1 502 394.1Source: OU

Waste IncinerationCompared to 1996, the amount of waste being incinerated in 1997 decreased by 110 thousand

tonnes. This decrease resulted from unsatisfactory technical conditions of incineration plants and fromintroduction of tighten emission limits. In Slovakia, 38 out of 78 existing incineration plants are used forhospital waste disposal. The main disposal centres for municipal waste are Bratislava and Kosice inci-neration plants. In 1997, 188 818 tonnes of special and hazardous waste were incinerated. This numberrepresents 2.02% of total waste volume. In 1997, preparation for reconstruction of the municipal wasteincineration plant in Bratislava, started. Reconstruction of hazardous waste incineration plants atSlovnaft a.s. Bratislava and Duslo a.s. Sal'a is under ongoing discussion.

Waste StorageIn 1997, 161 thousand tonnes of waste were stored (1.72 % of the total waste volume). This volu-

me represented the kind of waste for which incineration and disposal facilities are non-existent inSlovakia as yet.

Waste RecyclingMost waste contains significant amount of valuable materials which can be recovered and reused

in production processes. According to RISO data, 54.6% (5.1 mil tonnes) of the total volume of specialand hazardous waste is being recycled or utilised in another way. High percentage of utilised wasteresults from a high degree of livestock breeding waste utilisation (4.2 mil tonnes).

Other important kinds of waste suitable for recovery and reuse are scrap iron, waste paper andwaste glass. To a lesser extent, waste is being used as secondary raw material such as rubber waste, wastetyres, non-ferrous metal scrap, waste textiles, waste, plastics, waste oils and sawdust.

Iron scrap is being reused in VSZ Holding a.s. Kosice and Iron Works a.s. Podbrezova which used1 250 thousand tonnes of iron scrap (1997). Iron scrap consumption estimated amount being used in engi-neering in 1997 was 50 thousand tonnes. The total iron scrap consumption in the SR reached 1 300 thou-sand tonnes (1997). For processing purposes, 159 thousand tonnes were imported from abroad. The exportof iron scrap represented 214 thousand tonnes which fully complied with the EU association agreement.

89


Waste paper is reused by JCP a.s. Stiirovo, PT a.s. Zilina, HP a.s. Harmanec and SCP a.s.Ruzomberok. In 1997, above mentioned companies used 115.6 thousand tonnes of waste paper. Importfrom abroad represented 71.5 thousand tonnes. The Slovak export amounted to 5 324 tonnes.

Skloobal a.s. Nemsova, specialized in waste glass processing, used 31.6 thousand tonnes of wasteglass (1997). 22.8 thousand tonnes of waste glass were provided by household collection, 8 799 tonneswere imported.

In 1997, Mach Trade Company based in Sal'a processed 6 955 tonnes of waste lead accumulators.

Situation in waste management was assessed on the grounds of municipal waste managementstatistics. In 1997, the total amount of municipal waste generated was 1.8 mil tonnes. In comparison to1996, the increase by 0.1 mil tonnes was caused by GDP growth as well as by life-standard improvement.

Per capita, 313 kg of waste per year was generated, out of which 7.88 kg of the individualcomponents were selected. A slight increase (by 9.2%) was recorded in the amount of the secondaryraw material obtained from municipal waste, mainly waste glass, waste metals and bio-waste. Municipalwaste management expenditure per cap per municipality reached 127.49 Sk on average and the cost ofwaste separation was 8.99 Sk .

According to municipal waste management analyses, prevalent part of above mentioned waste isbeing disposed via landfills operated in compliance with valid legislative regulations. However, whencompared to 1996, the amount of waste being disposed using this method decreased by 19% which iscaused by gradual introduction of waste separation in municipal sphere. Waste management benefitsfrom the fact that waste production has been restricted as a consequence of growing public awareness inthe area of waste separation.

Table 116 Waste separation in SR municipalities in 1997 (tonnes)

Kind of waste

SR total

Paper

Glass

Textiles

Plastics

Metals

Bio-waste

HazardouscomponentsOthers

Amount of waste

42 379.6

8 140.9

12 127.0

238.8

752.7

12 575.3

7 963.6

103.9

477.4

Being used asSecondary raw material

39 162.7

8 021.9

12 090.5

229.1

670.2

12 423.8

5 579.6

80.6

67.0

Energygenerationmaterial774.2

52.1

0

6.0

0

0

610.7

0

105.4

Other methods ofrecycling

2 442.7

66.9

36.5

3.7

82.5

151.5

1 773.3

23.3

305.0

Source: SU SR

90

Table 117 Municipal Waste Management (tonnes)

Denomination of waste

Municipal waste total including:

Household waste

Other waste similar to householdwaste from municipalities

Separately sorted household wastecontaining injurants

Ceespool waste

Bulky waste from households

Bulky waste from municipalities

Street litter

Green waste

%

Amount ofwaste

77 5767.0

907 606.6

226 482.5

1 484.0

324 462.3

83 188.0

81 788.3

66 435.7

84 319.6

100

Including

Being recycled as

Secondaryraw material

36 423.5

27 726.8

1 951.7

169.7

1714.1

2 650.3

1 574.1

76.7

560.1

2.05

Composting

63 165.8

2 144.3

368.2

-

24 370.9

576.6

366.1

1 299.9

34 039.8

3.6

Energygenerationmaterial

951.5

446.6

3.1

6.6

-

119.0

311.0

7.5

57.5

0.05

Methods of disposal

Landfills

Withinmunicipality

area

469 190.3

243 250.2

66 360.4

269.8

2 613.1

39 829.6

34242.7

40 777.4

18 307.1

26.4

Outsidemunicipality

area

772 533.8

531018.8

104 212.4

880.0

9 823.0

36 407.0

44 247.7

23 027.3

22 917.6

43.5

For energyproduction

153 534.2

95 193.7

51211.7

0.1

-

2 211.0

448.6

605.1

3 864.0

8.6

Incineration

Without energyproduction

7 668.9

3 546.8

306.5

2.5

30.57

633.7

352.3

269.4

2 557.1

0.43

Other methods

272 299.0

4 279.2

2 068.5

155.3

262 400.6

760.8

245.8

372.4

2 016.4

15.3

f-T

no

nW

n

3

Source: M^P SR


In 1997, the MZP SR issued 150 permissions for import, export and transit of waste. Out ofthis number, 99 permissions referred to waste import, 15 permissions regarded hazardous waste exportand 36 permissions were issued for transit of waste through the territory of the SR.

In 1997 (regarding already existing processing facilities), the import of the following commoditieswas permitted - scrap iron, waste paper, waste copper and waste glass - with the intention of their utili-zation as secondary raw material. In some cases, insufficient number of existing facilities dealing withhazardous waste disposal and its recycling causes the need to export this waste abroad. The MZP SRissues hazardous waste export permissions in accordance to the Basel Convention on the Control ofTransboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (1989).

Hazardous waste export permissions are issued on the grounds of officially written import per-mission issued by the relevant state administration environmental authorities of the country of wasteimport. There must be a guarantee that hazardous waste will be treated in accordance to regulations onenvironmental protection.

In 1997, hazardous waste export was permitted into 7 countries: Belgium, the Czech Republic,Finland, France, Norway, Austria and Germany. Waste import and export in the above mentioned cases issubject to the Regulation of the MH SR No. 302/1995 Coll. on Condition for Official Permission for Importand Export of Commodities and Services in wording of the Regulation of the MH SR No. 101/1996 Coll.,the Regulation of the MH SR No. 158/1996 Coll. and the Regulation of the MH SR No. 23/1997 Coll.

Year 1997 was the first year of the second phase (the year period 1997-2000) of the SlovakRepublic Waste Management Programme realization (POH SR). POH SR main objectives and meas-ures until the year 2000 were specified on the grounds of complex analysis and the first phase progressevaluation. Approved objectives and measures reflected current economic situation in Slovakia and esti-mated economic development in the context of its results achieved in individual spheres of waste mana-gement. Year 1997 was also important in terms of the SR's international recognition in the field ofwaste management.

Table 118 List of Hazardous Waste Export permissions issued in 1997 (tonnes)

Denomination of wasteLead drossLight metal dross containing AlFilter dust containing non-ferrous metalsWaste lead accumulatorsWaste barium saltsWaste transformer, heat carrying and hydraulic oils containing polychlorinated biphenyls(PCB) and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCT)Waste devices and equipment containing PCBOther waste containing PCBWaste aromatic aminesWaste catalystsPCB and PCTTotal

Amount100

13 500600900

18.2321.7

246.510

50100

1015 856.4,

Source: MZP SR

92


Attached to SAZP, Waste Management Centre based in Bratislava, the first Regional Training Centrefor the Basel Convention and worldwide technology transfer implementation (RSC) was establishedfollowing the selection process administered by the Basel Convention Secretariat. Within the frameworkof UNEP / SBD No. BS 3100/97-01 project, RSC administers a 2-year educational project focused on fur-ther education of managers working in the field of waste management. This project is open to 19 Centraland Eastern European countries undergoing economic transformation process. RSC is also involved inactivities supporting implementation of environmentally friendly methods of hazardous waste manage-ment.

Table 119 List of waste import permissions issued in 1997 (tonnes)

^Denorolnation^fwast^S'^^r-SK

^WMte-doiorate->:-:i"':J^Hv-i.i:N^:':vi:^JW?;j:;;i:;^*^i: ' :x<x- ^x- -> • .x'^-x yy 'pyWaste chromium-magnesite ^W a s t e g l a s s s u i t a b l e f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s i n g ^ \ ; ' • :\ ' '",'•'•• •••'•'•••;,.,••

'Waste:plasteri'":-:'^-'->':=W';-^.':^s.' •M--^,:-?:i^-:H>^:~ ^^yy-yy^sryyJ l r o n ' s c a ] ^ ' v ^ S i ^^Scrap iron including means of transport and iMeliinery:(patticularly locomotives, vehicle:railway fleet; aircraft, vessels) meant as secondary raw material' • ' '• :'':>;•:": ' ": '. •':•••Waste from ihactiiningnot contaminated by hann&l substances- ^ ' ^ : " i: -

^ W a s t e ^ ' a l l o y s ^ c b m p b u n d s ' - ' - ' . ' ' : ; ' ^ ' " ^ - 1 ' ' ^ . x : y - ' : x ^ : - " x : : ' " " :-:;::v---''-:'-:.:';.\'. •"".: ' : ! '•'-

-Wastecopper ,a l loys ,compounds ,:; i ': '^'.-:^- ;vA:v: •';"'••:/:'::'.::"; :' P ' • • '•':••.:' -: ' • : ••'•

• W a s t e from c a b l e s - ;ri:^'$x ^'^'x-m^x^- '•>;';-,:'viy.;x::M:. ••{^•'•'^•'•''ix: "xyy-:xf'' x \

Waste transformer, heat carrying and hydraulic oils not contaminated by PCB and PCT. .• • W a s t e p o l y e f t y l e n e ' : / ' ' - ' - - - - : •••-• • ^ • ' • ' . • ^ " x x ^ x : , : v : " : * - • ' y - y ; x x ' x y ; , x x - , : > , - : : .

Waste tyres and their cuttings : . :^:

T e x t i l e s a n d f a b r i c r e s i d u e s : : :yx xx\xrx[: .• >y. ' .xx:. •-..•..... • :- :-. •, • •• . /, . ...

W a s t e g a r m e n t s , r u g s , t e x t i l e T : ? ' x y . x y x x *:•,-.;••;: :••.:;•-;,: , • ' . ' : : - x \ \ : y • - • • , . y x , x ] ' ••••:/•••

T o t a l - • • : • • • : ; • - y x x x >••:•••] x x , , . x x ; . : y . - : - A , . . • . , ; ; • • ! : . . : ; : . • • • : - : • • • . , • • • • • - • • • • • . • • ;

' Amount115 500

5006 000

21 8502 500

200420 220

16 0001146023 951

27016001 0002 580

3452 500

626 476Source: M2P SR

Table 120 Permitted amounts of hazardous waste import and export in 1997 (tonnes)

• C o u n t r y •• ; - • • • ^ r ' :'••'•' '' l'>':' :'x:: xXxxx

B e l g i u m :: : " ' • • ' : :-':" "••'x

:Belarus : • ̂ xxx/xx-x-xxy. xyyy.ryx.jxx:.TheCzechR«pubUc':;^:;:^v-w:-;M.:.-^-!-:;::....:A:;• Finland"' .^y' x•;::;• xyxx-xyK'.yyxyxxy:••France'''1::: •^^yyx:xyyy-- xyayyyx.,xx:

• • T h e N e t h e r l a n d s • ' : • " x ' } : . ' • ' • : ' • • : : : x ' . x y x : } : :

C r o a t i a '".••• - i - - - : ' - •.;•••••. •' .. • • . • y x . x . : . . : . . : .:, :..• !:

^ L i t h u a n i a •- : ^ : ^xxy.:Xx . •;;:•.•.••••,••:••: ••

^'Hungary ••x^xyxyxxy,. ;••;; :-yxy;:r,- <:,u, •

: : N o r w a y ' ; : " ' --xxx,:;->;.'::"> -y ; ^ - x y y • y x "•P o l a n d ' , :•' : ' '• .:;:;:.:•••' : . • : ; r - . . - . : . - . : :'•'••• •. : : ." ' . . . v : -

•Austria' '":::;:" :-.":'- - xx^^xyx^yy-x >x" R u s s i a n f e d e r a t i o n T ::xxx-yxx,i: r •,?>« ••.•,..• ..,-;;.-

:Slovenian ; v: ' '''•:xxyyxr..yyxy:.xyyy,::y:^

Germany-^C'-V;""-::'?:':-' '^'nxyyxy.yxx^. •y.y.'• S w i t z e r l a n d ...-'.•'"• - x \ : : x \ ' : , ; • . - : - - j • • . • . . • , „ •

Italy :^: x:>y'~ 'x^.xxyyx.yxx- yxxxyx'x-Ukraine'̂ '-:'".-:":::;: xyyyytyy -xy.x'xxxyj-x-Great Britairiir^'v-V^K ''^xx-xxiyy -iy-^oMy^xy-yyyyyyyyxyxyyy^y..^

Wasteimport.

3 200171 260

.505730

2 500600

132 300-

49 1501090

18 81570

60 2005030

185 92155

626 476

Waste export600

-2 618.2

300200----

10 000-60--

2 078.2

---

15 856.4Source: MtP SR

93


Natural and TechnologicalHazards

In 1997, the trend in a number of accidents being recorded and causing water quality deteriora-tion and contamination showed more or less stable development. According to data provided by theSlovak Environmental Inspectorate (SIZP), the main factors threatening water quality were as follows:

• Low working and technological discipline (35 cases)• Unsatisfactory facilities conditions caused by insufficient maintenance (10 cases)• Inappropriate technical design of facilities (4 cases)• Transport and haulage (28 cases)The main substances contributing to water quality deterioration were:• Oil products (50 cases)• Alkali (10 cases)• Livestock faeces (8 cases)• Waste waters (11 cases)• Toxic substances (5 cases)• Insoluble substances (8 cases)• Pesticides (1 case)• Sillage fluids (1 case)From the total number of cases of alarming ground-water quality deterioration recorded, in 14 caseswater was contaminated and in 32 cases water qua-lity was threatened.

Figure 48 Trends in alarming water quality deterioration

number of accidental events

surface water

A groundwater

Source: SIZP° n I

1989 1991 1992 1993

year1994 1995

94


In comparison to 1997, the number of fires recordedin the SR increased by 1 145 and direct cost of damagesincreased by 586 908 000 Sk . The death toll increased by 6persons and the number of injured persons fell by 12 cases (all comparing to 1996 statistics).

Most fires occurred in March (2 196), April (1 492) and August (1 028). Increased incidence offires during springtime was caused mainly by annually re-occurring fires accompanying dry grasslandfiring activities and human outdoor activities with nature. Higher fire risk in August resulted from post-harvest agricultural activities such as firing of straw residues left on the fields. The most common originof fires was negligence and carelessness of adult population (6 305 cases). Technological accidents resul-ting from faulty material and construction caused 1 609 fires. 874 fires were initiated by children. 609fires can be written down to arsoning activities and 302 fires to unsatisfactory conditions of heating unitsand stacks/chimneys.

The highest occurrence of fires was recorded in Banska Bystrica and Presov regions - 1 588 cases .The lowest number of fires was in Trnava region - 883 cases.

Table 121 Number of fire accidents, cost of damages, rescued material values, death toll andnumber of injured persons (1992-1997)

Year

1992

19931994199519961997

Number of fireaccidents

3 908

6 3546 9607 6399 462

10 607

Cost of damages(thousand Sk)

245 716.4

491 306.3280 971.1558 423.9342 461.4930 443.9

Rescued materialvalues (thousand Sk)

2 139 089.0

2 209795.02 020 964.82 989 076.72 365 331.63 231081.0

Death toll

68

4938596167

Injured

183

181153202167180

Source: UPO MV SR

95

State of the Environment Report - the Slovak Republic 1997SK99K0201

Environmental Protection

Economics of EnvironmentsProtection

Financial support and funding for the purposes of environmental protection is provided from Statebudget of the Slovak Republic (SR SR) through budgetary provisions of selected ministries andthrough the State Environmental Fund of the SR (SFZP SR). The contribution of particular Ministriesto the total amount of capital investment (1 825 485 thousand Sk in 1997) was as follows:• the Ministry of the Environment (MZP SR) - 1 071 983 thousand Sk (58.7 % of total)• the Ministry of Agriculture (MP SR) -377 139 thousand Sk (20.7 % of total)• the Ministry of Health (MZ SR) - 113 695 thousand Sk (6.2 % of total)• the Ministry of Defence (MO SR) - 141 300 thousand Sk (7.7 % of total)• the Ministry of Education (MS SR) - 34 397 thousand Sk (1.9 % of total)• the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs and Family (MPSVaR SR) - 5 993 thousand Sk (0.3 % of total)• the Ministry of Economy (MH SR) - 33 008 thousand Sk (1.8 % of total)• the Ministry of Transport, Post and Telecommunication (MDPaT SR) -175 thousand Sk (0.0% of total)• the Ministry of Justice (MS SR) - 22 293 thousand Sk (1.3 % of total)• the Ministry of Culture (MK SR) - 9 800 thousand Sk (0.5 % of total)• the Ministry of Finance (MF SK) - 5 726 thousand Sk (0.3 % of total)• the Office for the Strategy Development of Society, Science and Technology of SR (USRSVT SR)- 9 976

thousand Sk (0.6 % of total).Financial contribution of the above mentioned Ministries to the total capital investment (excluding

MZP SR) amounted to 753 502 thousand Sk which represented 41.3 % of total investment.

Table 122 Environmental investments of the SR Ministries coming from the State budget and theState Environmental Fund (SFZP) - in thousand Sk

SectorMinistry

MZPSRMPSRMSSRMPSVaR SRMOSRMKSRMZSRMHSRMVSRMSSRMDPaT SRMFSRUSRSVT SRTotal

WWTPseweragesystem

364 79555 70010 005

-37 352

-1 000

506-

2 433175

5 726-

477 692

other WMactions

260 137321 439

1 500-

85 235----

13 903---

682 214

Wastemanagement

103 872-----700

19 464-

300

-9 176

133 512

Air protection

343 179-

10 7885 993

187139 800

111 99513 038

-17 761

--800

532 067

Total

1 071 983377 139

22 2935 993

141 3009 800

113 69533 008-

34 397175

5 7269 976

1 825 485

%

58.720.7

1.30.37.70.56.21.8-

1.90.00.30.6

100.0WWTP - waste water treatment plantWM - waste management

Source: relevant Ministries

96


'/.•;

In 1997, 1 037 applications for SFZP financial supportwere approved (compared to 1 023 applications in 1996). Onthe grounds of issued approvals, agreements on SFZP financialsupport totalling 1 184 427 thousand Sk were signed (asopposed to 1 224 336 thousand Sk in 1996). Financial supportfor selected spheres was as follows:

Table 123 SFZP SR financial support according to the spheres

SpherePublic water suppliesWaste water treatment plants andsewerage systemAir protectionWaste managementNature conservationOther water management facilitiesOther activitiesResearch and promotionTotal

Number209252

25912076234949

1037

Thousands Sk228 915364 795

343 179103 87234 45831 22247 25830 728

1 184 427Source: SFZP SR

Financial resources for reduction of direct damages on the environment caused by serious acci-dents were released after official approval of the Minister of the environment. In 1997, 298 350 thousandSk were spent on dealing with 4 emergency situations directly endangering the environment (comparedto 1 762 007.80 Sk spent in 6 cases in 1996).

Environmental protection expenses classed as investment subsidies amounted to 990 176 220.76Sk. The state as of December 31st, 1997 represented additional subsidies from 1996 resulting from thelack of financial resources available at the end of 1996, using subsidies allocated in 1997 and subsidiesbalance from the final calculation.

Table 124 Allocated and actually spent financial provisions provided by SFZP SR in 1997 and1996 (thousand Sk)

Kind of activity

Public water suppliesWaste watertreatment plants andsewerage systemAir protectionWaste managementNature conservationOther watermanagement facilitiesOther activitiesResearch andpromotionAccidentsTotal

Year 1996Financialresourcesprovided

221 995

398 198

337 360147 284

8 72532 218

35 17623 380

17621 226 098

Financial resources actuallyspent

Investmentsubsidies

215 646

361714

318 067140 066

-17 937

35 862-

5911 089 883

Non-Investmentsubsidies

-

-

--

18 643-

-

21547

-

40 190

Year 1997Financialresourcesprovided

228 915

364 795

343 179103 87234 45831 222

47 25830 728

2981 184 725

Financial resources actuallyspent

Investmentsubsidies

189 364

326 906

261 31492 174

-

16915

56 565-

754943 992

Non- Investmentsubsidies

-

--

22 799-

-

23 383

-

46 182Source: SFZP SR

97


Economic instruments of the environmental protection are understood as a part of economymanagement instruments complex leading to effective exploitation of natural resources and pollutionreduction. The following table shows total capacities of the selected economic tools applied in 1997 (incomparison to 1996 in million Sk).

Table 125 Revenues from the selected economic instruments

Type of payment in million Sk 1997 1996 Difference RecipientPayments for pollution

Penalties for air pollutionPenalties for waste water dischargePenalties for waste disposal

392195174

412234220

-20-39-46

SFZP SRSFZP SRSFZP SR

Payments for natural resources exploitationPayments for groundwater extraction

Payments for surface water extractionPayments for water supply from publicwater suppliesTaxes for occupied agricultural landTaxes for occupied forest landReimbursement for mining facilities andexploited mineralsExploited minerals separately

4.6*305.7940

2 674

86833

138134

13*129.5915

2 352

567125

130126

-8.4+ 176.2+ 25

+ 322

+ 301-92

+ 8+ 8

SFZP SRSVFwatershed administrationwater supply and sewerageadministrationSFOZPPFSFZL

SRSR

* Past period debts for payment for groundwater extraction were demanded on the grounds of judicialpayments was paid back in the first quarter of 1995 from the Ministry of Agriculture (in 1996).

proceedings (in 1997) and part ofSource: fc

Table 126 Penalties imposed by Environmental State Administration Authorities (thousand Sk)- SFZP SR as recipient

Penalties / SectorAir protectionWater protectionWaste managementNature conservationTotal

19972 0838 769

10731852

22 435

19966 3469 705

15 0688 452

39 571

Difference-4 263

-936-4 337

- 7 600

-17 136

Source: SFZP SR

98


Environmental law

In 1997, preparation of legislative framework and policy making process regarding environmentalissues further continued in effort to approximate them to the EU valid legislative system. The followinggenerally valid regulations were enacted:• 229/1997 Coll. THE ACT which amends the Act No. 50/1976 Coll. on Territorial Planning, and on

Building Order (the Building Act), in wording of later provision• 46/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic which declares binding part of the

territorial plan of large territorial area of Kosice region• 47/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on Pieniny National Park• 182/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on the Nizke Tatty National Park• 258/1997 Coll. THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on Poloniny National Park• 259/1997 ColL THE GOVERNMENT ORDER of the Slovak Republic on Muranska planina National Park• 41/1997 Coll. REGULATION of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic on ascertain-

ing of amounts of contaminating substances and data on meeting specified limits of contamination• 268/1997 Coll. REGULATION of the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic on the Fuel

quality requirements, operative inventory management and range, kind and way of providing informa-tion to the air protection authorities.

The following generally valid obligatory judicial regulations were proposed and elaborated:• Water Act proposal• Ozone Layer Protection Act proposal• State Environmental Fund Act proposal• State Geological Administration and Geological Services Act proposal (Geology Act)• Access to Environment Information Act proposal• Waste Act proposal• Territorial Planning and Building Order Act proposal (Building Act)

99


Environmental ImpactAssessment

In 1997, in accordance to the Act of the NC SR No. 127/1994 Coll. On Environmental ImpactAssessment, 160 proposed activities, facilities and constructions were assessed. 43 were subject to sur-vey procedure and 117 were subject to obligatory assessment.

In 1997, assessment procedures were completed for 69 constructions, facilities and activities. Withregard to insignificant environmental impact MZP SR decided that 21 proposed actions would not bereviewed in accordance to legal framework. The most numerous group from among the assessed pro-posed actions included 19 proposals concerning waste management, 14 proposals on road and motorwayconstruction and 7 proposals concerning water facilities construction.

During the period oflegal procedures, final provisions issued by MZP SR complied in all cases withthe proposed measures on reduction of negative environmental impacts.

Environmental Assessmentand Eco-labelling .

The Slovak Government adopted the National Programme of Environmental Assessment andEco-labelling (NPEHOV) by the Resolution No. 97 from February 6, 1996. Once organisation andadministration network was established, this national programme was officially declared by the SlovakMinister of the environment of the SR on April 15, 1997 and published together with its initial directives.Initial directives concerned the following groups of products:• Directive No. 0001 - 100% cotton bed linen• Directive No. 0002 - toilet paper from 100% recycled fibres• Directive No. 0003 - paper tissues made of recycled fibres• Directive No. 0004 - plastic products containing waste plastics• Directive No. 0005 - water soluble coatings

100


• Directive No. 0006 - water soluble adhesives and binders• Directive No. 0007 - electric household washing machines.Right to use label 'Environment Friendly Product 0001' was given to the product:• 100% cotton bed linen of Technoconsulting - TEXICOM s.r.o. Ruzomberok.Right to use 'Label Environment Friendly Product 0002' was given to the following products:• Toilet paper up to 25 grams per m2 "Z" two-ply Harmasan 'Lekno' and 'Brectan'• Toilet paper more than 25 gram per m2 "Z" one-ply Harmasan 'Myval', 'Divy mak', 'Encian' of

Harmanecke papierne a.s. Harmanec.Right to use label 'Environment Friendly Product 0005' was given to the following products:• Dispersed acrylic mate paint Ekokryl mat V 2045• Dispersed acrylic lustrous paint Ekokryl lesk V 2062• Paint Farmal V 2073 of Chemolak a.s Smolenice.The right to use label 'Environment Friendly Product' terminates at the end of 1999.

Environmental ManagementSystems

Following the trend in other developed countries, theSlovak Republic is trying to establish an effective system focu-sing on the monitoring of environmental impacts of producers,manufacturers and other organisations, together with products,technologies used and services provided.

Apart from the environmental legislation and other systematic measures, EnvironmentalManagement Systems (EMS) are being gradually introduced. These systems represent generally appli-cable method of organisation management linking together environment protection principles, generalprinciples of organisation running with objective of achieving environmental and economic goals.

VSZ OCEL. spol. 8 r. o.Oiwzny zavod Sludena valcovrta

044 54Slovenska republic

J i •• s i.

Main principles for EMS introduction into companiesand organisations are formed by ISO 14000 group of stan-dards called Environmental Management and issued by theInternational Organisation for Standardization CommitteeISO/TC 207. In December 1996, Technical NormalizationCommittee TNK NO 72 called Environmental Managementwas officially declared by the Slovak Institute of TechnicalNormalization attached to UNMS Bratislava. The TNK is under

101


supervision of the Ministry of the Environment. Within its responsibilities the following standards werereviewed in 1997:• STN EN ISO 14001 - Environmental Management Systems (Specification completed with manual)• STN EN ISO 14004 - Environmental Management Systems (General instructions comprising principles,

systems and supporting techniques)• STN EN ISO 14010 - Environmental Auditing (General principles)• STN EN ISO 14011 - Environmental Auditing (Auditing procedures, EMS Auditing)• STN EN ISO 14012 - Environmental Auditing (Qualification criteria for environmental auditors).The above mentioned standards will be issued in 1998.

ISO 14001 Standard is the certification standard forEMS implementation and certification. As it is not an obligato-ry standard, it was designed in a way that it can be applied inany size and type of organisation and type of organisationtaking into consideration various geographical, cultural andsocial conditions. Efficiency of the implemented system is ver-ified by certification auditing. Certification auditing results areused by certification organisation in the process of issuing offi-cial certificates.

Table 127 In 1997, in compliance with ISO 14001 Standard the following Slovak organisationswere issued with certificates

OrganisationMATADOR a.s. PuchovSLOVNAFT a.s. BratislavaDivision Cold Rolling VSZ OCEC s. r.o. KoSice

Certificate issued15Ih May 199718th July 199726th August 1997

Certifying bodyDET NORSKE VERITAS NetherlandsSQS SwitzerlandRW TUV Germany

Accreditation of EMS Certification Authorities in the Slovak ConditionsTechnical Committee for Accreditation of EMS Certification Authorities (TVA-COE) attached to

the Slovak Accreditation system started to work on January 1, 1997.Within its responsibilities, TVA-COEhas elaborated accreditation methodolo-gy based on EN 45012, ISO/IEC Guide61 and EAC Guide 5 Standards, andmeeting the EARA international criteria,a group of assessors and environmentalauditors for accreditation and certifica-tion procedures was formed.

102


Environmental Education

The Government of the SR approved the Environmental Education Conceptionby the Resolution No. 846 from 25th November, 1997 focusing at

• pre-school and school environmental education improvement• general environmental education• informing citizens about the environmental

situation• environmental education of the state adminis-

tration staff• international co-operation in environmental

education.In April 1997, International Exhibition of

Equipment and Technologies for the Envi-ronment Protection and Conservation ENVIRONitra took place for the second time. This eventis being annually organized to celebrate EarthDay'.

III. year of International Festival of Films, TV Programmes and Videos ENVIROFILM (orientedon environmental issues) has become a permanent part of the activities organized on the occasion of theInternational Environment Day. International jury reviewed 72 films from 19 countries with a mainaward being given to the Danish film 'Pachnuci hrniec s rybami' directed by Steen Jensen. Films partici-pating in the 4-day festival were presented to more than 4 500 people in both Banska Bystrica and Zvolen.

Within its programme, festival also includ-ed conferences on Landscape - Mankind -Culture and Conservation and on possibleexploitation of karst environment for medi-cal purposes. Seminar on environmentaleducation problems was designed forteaching staff; seminar 'EnvironmentalManagement' focused on the NationalProgramme of Environmental Assessment

/ r ^^H|^H£?*^^_ *" WMk£^!&l!%M a n ^ Eco-labelling,' seminar on the EffectiveManagement of Pol'ana PLA - Biosphere

Reserve was aimed for nature conservation-

ists. Public-oriented ones were 'Green dis-

103


cussions' on various environmental topics such as:• environmental situation• natural resources exploitation and protection• international aspects of speleotherapy in the Slovak Republic.

Inge Aarhus, co-ordinator of the Committee forEnvironment and Nature Conservation assisting preparation ofthe Lillehamer Winter Olympic Games 1994 presented resultsof its work.

Several exhibitions were organised within ENVIRO-FILM framework. The exhibition called Green World - thelargest one and for the first time organised biennially and oninternational level - attracted highest number of visitors andreceived positive comments from the public. 4 564 paintings

and other works of art from 281 schools from Slovakia, Russia and Greece were received for the compe-tition. The following exhibitions offered a new perspective onenvironmental education and environmental issues:• Attractions of Banska Bystrica organized in co-operation with

the Central Slovak Museum• Ozone Layer Protection and Water protection and its Effective

Extraction organized by SHMU• Otis tarda and its protection• Photographic exposition called Fauna, Flora and Landscape of

the Strazovske vrchy Hills and the Sul'ovske skaly Rocks NNR.Upon festival completion, presentation of festival films

carried on in 9 other towns of Slovakia, helping to raise publicawareness of environmental issues.

The first Environmental Education Centre (EEC)Poniklec in Manfnska Tiesnava attached to the SlovakEnvironment Agency was established by the MZP SR with theprospective of setting up EEC centres in all regions of Slovakia.The EEC main objective is to draw attention to environmentaleducation problems and to raise public awareness of environmental issues. Their activities should beadjusted to specific regional conditions.

Periodical magazine of the SlovakAcademy of Sciences (SAV) called TheEnvironment, periodical magazine Protec-ted Areas of Slovakia and popular magazineENVIROMAGAZIN continued to be pub-lished by SAZP.

O

104


International Co-operation

International Organizations

Within the UN framework, the Slovak Republic partici-pated in the following activities:UN European Economic CommissionUN Industrial Development OrganizationUN Development ProgrammeUN Human Habitat OrganizationUN Environment Programme

- UNEEC- UNIDO-UNDP- HABITAT-UNEP

UN Commission on Sustainable Development - CSDThe SR participated in all relevant activities of the UNEEC co-ordinated by the Environmental Policy

Committee, especially in relation to preparation of the Pan-European Conference of the Ministers of theEnvironment held in June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). The Slovak delegation took part in the Pan-EuropeanConference of the Environment and Transport Ministers in Vienna in November 1997.

Projects on the environment improvement, co-ordinated by the Slovak Centre of Cleaner Productionand in co-operation with UNIDO, were implemented in the selected stressed regions of Slovakia.

UNDP established the programme called CAPACITY 21 to support the conclusions of the UNConference on Environment and Development in 1992. This programme should assist countries with estab-lishment of capacities for continuous sustainable development. The Programme CAPACITY 21 for the SRwas signed by the UNDP and the Slovak Government in May 1997. Its main objective is to establish a net-work supporting environment assessment, emphasizing continuous sustainable consciousness of citizensand to support participation of specialised subjects in the EIA (Environment Impact Assessment) process,that are aimed towards application of sustainable development principles in the Slovak conditions.The Slovak delegation took part in the session of the UNEP Governing Council as its member. The UNEPexecutive director Elisabeth Dowdeswell officially visited the SR in September 1997.The Slovak delegation took part in the session of the UN Commission for Sustainable Development in Apriland June 1997. It took part in the separate session of the UnitedNations General Assembly on Sustainable Development.

In March 1997, the Minister of the Environment of theSR took part in the structure dialogue at the extended sessionof the EU Ministers Council of the Environment and theMinisters of the Environment from the associated countries inBrussels. In September 1997, he took part in the consultativemeeting with the EU Director of the Environment and Nuclear

105


Safety and Ministers of the Environment from the associated countries inBrussels. In 1996, the OECD Committee on Environmental Policy declaredthat the SR is able and prepared to act in accordance with the OECD mem-bership obligations in the environment sphere. After that, in 1997, the branchactivities of the Ministry of the Environment of the SR were concentrated onpreparation of the 4th Pan-European Conference of Environment Ministersin the Danish Aarhus.

International Conventionsand Other Forms of

Multilateral Co-operation

Within the framework of the Basle Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes and their Disposal, Regional Training Centre (RTC) for Central and Eastern Europewas established and it has operated since February 1997. The main activity of RTC is oriented towards:• training• information technology (Clearing House).

The task of RTC is to organize training courses for 19 Central and Eastern European Countries:Albania, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Croatia, the FederalYugoslav Republic, Lithuania, Latvia, Republic of Macedonia, Hungary, Moldavia, Poland, Romania,Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Ukraine. By the end of 1997, RTC organized thefollowing courses:1. Implementation of the Basle Convention into the national legislation; juridical and institutional aspects

of implementation along with the transfer principles of hazardous waste and its prevention (2-6 June1997)

2. Identification of hazardous waste, its inventory, classification and characterization of hazardous fea-tures (20-21 October 1997)

3. Control Information Systems on Waste (1-5 December 1997)According to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the SR took part in

discussions of the steering committee of the organisation and its support workgroups.In September 1997, the Slovak delegation took part in a jubilee meeting of the Montreal Protocol partici-pating countries held in Montreal (Canada).

Following the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially asWaterfowl Habitats (RAMSAR, 1971), the Slovak National Co-ordinating Secretariat continued to worktowards agreed engagements.

Within the framework of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFauna and Flora (CITES), Washington 1973, the Slovak National Co-ordinating Secretariat continued itsactivities including completion of the annual national report.

Within the framework of the Convention on Biodiversity, implementation of the project fundedfrom the Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds continued. The Convention on the Conservation ofEuropean Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern, 1979) was realized.

In December 1997, at the 3rd UN Framework Convention on Climate Changes in Kyoto, the Slovak

106


delegation accepted the commitment to reduce greenhouse gases production by 8% by the year 2010, ascompared to 1990.

In September 1997, following the initiative of the Polish Minister responsible for the environment,10 ministers of the Central and Eastern European Countries signed so-called Torun Declaration onEnvironmental Protection Co-operation.

In October 1997, state secretary of the MZP SR participated in the 11th Conference of the ministersresponsible for urban planning (CEMAT) and presented the Conception of Urban Planning in theSlovak Republic.

Bilateral Co-operationDuring 1997, the following bilateral agreements were

signed:• Agreement between the Government of the Slovak Republic

and the Turkey Government on co-operation in environmentprotection (Ankara, 2.4.1997)

• Agreement between the Government of the Slovak Republicand the Government of the Republic of Germany on co-opera-tion in environment protection (Bratislava, 14.7.1997)

• Agreement between the Ministry of the Environment of theSlovak Republic and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment of Cuba on co-operation inenvironment protection (Havana, 22.3. 1997)

• Agreement on co-operation in geology between the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republicand the Ministry of the Environment Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry of Poland (Stetin,25.6.1997)

• Agreement between the Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic and the Ministry of theEnvironment Protection of Belarus on co-operation in environment protection (Bratislava, 8.7.1997).

InternationalProgrammes and Projects

The Ministry of the Environment of the SR co-ordinatesand participates in the multilateral and bilateral projects finan-cially supported by the foreign grants. In 1997, the co-operationcontinued in the following projects:1. Phare - National Programme2. Phare MCPE - Multinational Co-operation Programmeon Environment

3. Phare CBC - Cross-border Co-operation Programme4. Phare DISAE - Development of the Implementation Strategies for Approximation in the Environment5. projects in co-operation with the World Bank's GEF - Global Environmental Facility6. projects guaranteed by UNESCO7. projects guaranteed by UNEP8. projects guaranteed by UNIDOand other projects in co-operation with Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Japan, Canada, Korea,Luxembourg, Norway, Austria, Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Ukraine, USA and Great Britain.

107

World Natural Heritagein Slovakia Gombasecka

cave -

Jasovskacave

- Silickaradnica cave

Jolkyito BaradloY

StordDomlco

VfCHOD

VCHOD

Kannrtnd iJefl

W m indidqfcfi pflQod

' SudxS dwdbo

Ochtinskaaragonite cave

Cave

Excursion trail

Periodicalwatercourse

Domicacave

108


APIAPId

APIs

API*AQS,

AQS

AQS,

AQS81,AOT40

a.s.BOD5

BUSAV

CBCCITES

CODCMSColl.COPK

CSD

CSSRdBD.U.DISAE

Alphabetical List ofAbbreviations

Air pollution indicesDaily air pollution indicesShort-term air pollution indicesAnnual air pollution indicesAverage daily concentration of the pollut-ing substance; it is a mean concentrationlevel recorded at a designated point with-in a pan of 24 hours. Average daily con-centration is also understood as the meanof at least 12 (periodical) average concen-tration levels recorded every 30 minuteswithin a span of 24 hours (arithmeticmean)Annual average pollutant concentrationas arithmetic mean average 24-hour con-centrationAverage 30-minute pollutant (shortterm) concentrationAverage 8-hour pollutant concentrationAccumulated exposure over threshold 40ppbshare companyBiochemical oxygen demandBiological Institute of the SlovakAcademy of ScienceCross-border Co-operation ProgrammeConvention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna andFloraChemical oxygen demandPartial Monitoring Systemcollection of lawsNature and Landscape Protection Centre

UN Commission on SustainableDevelopmentCzechoslovak Socialist RepublicdecibelDobson's unitDevelopment of the ImplementationStrategies for Approximation in theEnvironment

EMEP

ENP

EOAREU

FAR

GDP

GEF

GSSRGWh

ha

HABITATHBUSR

HTR

IS

ISZPIUCN

krajkt

km2

LVU

MCPE

MDPT SR

MFSRMHSR

mil m3

mil tonsMKSR

MOSR

MPSR

European Monitoring and EvaluationProgrammeExtractible non-polar substancesAverage Concentration of Radon Activitythe European UnionFolk Architecture Reserve

Gross Domestic ProductGlobal Environment FacilityGeological Service of the Slovak RepublicGiga Watt hourshectarUN Human Habitat OrganisationMain Mining Office of the SlovakRepublicHistorical Town ReserveInsoluble solidsInformation System of the EnvironmentWorld Conservation Union (InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources)administrative regionkilotonnessquare kilometresForestry Research InstituteMultinational Co-operation Programmeon EnvironmentMinistry of Transport Post andTelecommunications of the SlovakRepublicMinistry of FinanceMinistry of Economy of the SlovakRepublicmillion cubic metresmillion tonnesMinistry of Culture of the SlovakRepublicMinistry of Defence of the SlovakRepublic

Ministry of Agriculture of the SlovakRepublic

109


MPSVaR SR

MSSR

MSSRMW

MZSRMZPSR

NCM

NCSR

NO2-NNP

NPKC

NPEHOV

NMNRNNMNNROECD

OROOUpcsPCBPCT

PDEpHPLA

PMPMSPOHSR

PS •RAMSAR

RAOREC

REPREZZO

RIS

RISOSAZPSAZP-COPK

SAVSESeVaK

SO2-SSFKSFOZPPF

Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs andFamily of the Slovak RepublicMinistry of Education of the SlovakRepublicMinistry of Justice of the Slovak RepublicMegaWattMinistry of Health of the Slovak RepublicMinistry of the Environment of theSlovak RepublicNational Cultural MonumentNational Council of the Slovak Republic(NR SRINitrates-NNational ParkNational Monuments and LandscapeCentreNational Programme of EnvironmentalAssessment and EcolabellingNature MonumentNature ReserveNational Nature MonumentNational Nature ReserveOrganisation for Economic Cooperationand Developmentspecific protection regimeDistrict Officepiecespolychlorinated biphenylspolychlorinated terphenylsair-dose-equivalentacidity in pHProtected Landscape AreaParticulate matterPartial Monitoring SystemWaste Management Programme of theSlovak RepublicProtected SiteConvention on Wetlands of InternationalImportance, Especially as WaterfowlHabitatsRadioactive wasteRegional Environmental Centre for theCentral and Eastern EuropeRegional Energy Supplying CompanyRegister of Emissions on Air PollutionSourcesBranch Information SystemRegional Information System on WasteSlovak Environment AgencyCentre of Nature Conservation andLandcape Protection of the SlovakEnvironment AgencySlovak Academy of SciencesSlovak Electricity CompanyNorth Slovakia Water and SewageCompanySulphates-SState Cultural Fund 'Pro Slovakia'State Fund of Conservation and

SFZL State Fund of Forest ReclamationSFZP State Environmental FundSHMU Slovak Hydrometeorological InstituteSIZP Slovak Environmental InspectorateSk Slovak crown (currency)SNP SR Administration of the Slovak National

ParksSPM ' Solid particulate matters.p. state companySR Slovak Republics.r.o. company limited by guarantee (Ltd.)SR SR State budget of the SRSPP s.p. Slovak State Gas EnterpriseSS Soluble solidsSTN Slovak Technical StandardStVaK Central Slovakia Water and Sewage

CompanySU SR Statistical Office of the Slovak RepublicSZU SR State Health Institute of the SRSVF State Watermanagement Fundt tonnesUGKK Office of Geodesy Cartography and

Cadastre of the SRUJD Nuclear Regulatory Authority of the SRUKSUP Central Control and Testing Institute of

AgricultureUN United NationsUNCEP UN Conference on Environment and

DevelopmentUNDP UN Development ProgrammeUNEEC UN European Economic CommissionUNEP UN Environmental ProgrammeUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural OrganisationUNIDO UN Industrial Development OrganisationUPO MV SR Office of Fire Protection of Ministry of

Interior the SRUPKM Preventive and Clinical Medicine

InstituteUSRSVT SR Office for the Strategy Development of

Society, Science and Technology of theSlovak Republic

VaK Water and Sewerage CompanyVAT Value Added TaxVOC volatile organic compoundsVUP Food Research InstituteVUPU Soil Fertility Research InstituteVUVH Water Research InstituteVUZH Research Institute of IrrigationVVaK East Slovakia Water and Sewage

CompanyWHS World Heritage SiteWWTP waste water treatment plantZE Power plants linked to independent

industrial unitsZsVaK West Slovakia Water and Sewage

Company

Reclamation of Agricultural Land Fund

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Text to pictures

Front SIMILAR AND DIFFERENTcover: • Circus aeruginosus

• Aquilegia vulgaris• Seat of the President of the SR - Grassal-kovich Palace in Bratislava restored• The highest peak of Slovakia - theGerlach Peak (2655 m a.s.l.) in TANAP

Page 1: SYMBOLS OF THE SLOVAK LANDSCAPE• Devin NCM - a Slavic castle - part ofBratislava• Museum of the Slovak National Uprisingin Banska Bystrica with surrounding area -NCM

Page 2: BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVER-SITY• Krivafi (2494 a.s.l.) in TANAP• Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica• Pulsatilla alba

Page 3: SLOVAKIA - THE COUNTRY IN THECENTRE OF EUROPE• Litvorove Lake in Bielovodska ValleyNNR (TANAP)• St. Juraj Romanesque rotunda NCM inSkalica"(llth century)

Page 4: REGIONS AND THEIR CENTRES• Bratislava (HTR): Old City Hall andRoland's fountain• Nitra (HTR): Nitriansky castle NCM• Banska Bystrica (HTR): Square with theTown castle NNM• Kosice (HTR): St. Alzbeta CathedralNCM• Presov (HTR): St. Mikulas parochialchurch• Zilina (HTR): Budatfnsky castle• Trencin: (HTR): Trenciansky castle NCM• Trnava (HTR): St. Mikulas Cathedral

age 5: • Chopok regional monitoring station in-cluded in EMEP network

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• Environmental publications and periodi-cals of the MZP SR

POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLE• Still the biggest source of SO2 air pollu-tion in Slovakia - SE a.s. Power PlantNovaky

CONSEQUENCES OF CO2 EMISSIONGROWTH - CLIMATE CHANGES• Earth warming caused by greenhouseeffect

POLLUTANTS CONCENTRATIONS INTHE ATMOSPHERE OF REGIONS DIF-FER - IN QUANTITY AND ALSO INCOMPOSITION• We cannot still be satisfied with theimmission situation in Upper Nitra• It managed to survive

WERE THE FLOODS IN 1997 CAUSEDBY CLIMAT CHANGES?• Where remained the middle of the Mora-va river before its mouth to the Danuberiver?

LET US PROTECT STRATOSPHERICOZONE AND LET US PROTECT OUR-SELVES BEFORE TROPOSPHERICOZONE• Impacts of tropospheric ozone andstratospheric ozone quantities on a manand other organisms are different.

WATER - THE PRIORITY NUMBER ONE• Studenovodske waterfalls in the Studenavalley NNR in TANAP

• Water means life - Danube floodplainsPLA

GROUND WATER SHOULD NOT BEUSED FOR ECONOMIC PURPOSES• Micinske travertines NNR - ground waterspring

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Page 21: • Dobsinska Ice Cave NNM with an under-ground glacier - a Small Hall

Page 24: • Outlet of mining water into the stream ofthe Upper Nitra area (Cigef)

Page 25: WATER CLEANING BECOMES A NECES-SITY WITH TIME• Waste water treatment plant for ourhouses

Page 27: DO WE SUFFICIENTLY USE NATURALCURATIVE SPRINGS?• Curative water springs for patients ofBardejovske spa (colonnade)

POTABLE WATER IS FOR DRINKING• Krater NR - a small lake in VysneRuzbachy spa

Page 28: RELIEF FORMS ARE CONDITIONED BYROCKS - LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY ISDEFINED BY RELIEF• Stonefall in the Somoska NNR in theCerova highland PLA

Page 30: LANDSCAPE AND MAN• Unhealable wound after limestone min-ing in the Plesivska plateau in the Sloven-sky kras PLA opposite Gombasek

Page 31: SOIL - A NURTURER• ,,Semi-desert" in the Camovsky brookwatershed• Stands damaged by soil contaminationcaused by animal production excrementsnear to Cenkovo• Soil to be analysed, decontaminated andfertile

Page 34: WHERE DID THE EVERLASTING RELA-TION TO SOIL REMAIN?• Ziarska hollow and its "old environmen-tal load"• Forest residues on contaminated soilabove Jelsava• A tourist trail can also look like this -constantly wider and deeper

Page 35: HARMONY MEANS LIFE• Dependence of plant and animal realm(Vanessa c-album)• Fritillaria meleagris

Page 36: PROTECTED PLANTS IN PROTECTEDAREAS IN DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES• Gentiana asclepiadea in Janosikova kolkarenNNR in Vel'ka Fatra PLA• Adonis vernalis in Devfnska Kobyla NNR• Iris pumila in Zoborska forest-steppe NNRin Ponitrie PLA

Page 37: • Nuphar luteum in Torozlin NR

ENDANGERED AND PROTECTEDFAUNA SPECIES

• Bison bonasus

• Ablepharus kitaibelii

Page 38: • Falco cherrug• Otis tarda

Page 39: 30lh ANNIVERSARY OF PIENAP• How will PIENAP cope with the openingof the international pedestrian and cycliccrossing Szczawnica - Lesnica through theDunajec prielom?

NOMINATION TO THE WORLD HERI-

TAGE• Will the Dobsinska Ice Cave become theWorld Heritage Site in 1999?

Page 40: LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY• Ostra rock NR in the Slovak Paradise NP• Krasna Horka castle NCM in Slovak KarstPLA

Page 41: RESTORATION OF CULTURAL MONU-MENTS CONTINUES• Town castle in the Kremnica NCM (HTR)• Fil'akovsky castle CM - in the Cerovahighland PLA

Page 42: THE MOST VALUABLE MONUMENTS OFNATURE AND MAN IN THE COUNTRY -WORLD HERITAGE SITES

• WHS St. Ghost church NCM in Zehra(1275)• WHS Vlkolfnec FAR• WHS Spisska Kapitula HTR with St.Martin romanesque Cathedral• Bardejov HTR - square after the renova-tion

Page 43: SITES FROM A TENTATIVE LIST FORINSCRIPTION TO THE WORLD HERI-TAGE LIST• Switch-back forest railway in Kysuce PLAand Horna Orava PLA - 1• Wooden articular church in Kezmarok(1717)-3• Kyjatice church NCM (13th century) - 4• St. Kozma and Damian wooden churchNCM in Venecia-Lukovo (1709) - 2

Page 44: UPDATED ENVIRONMENTAL REGION-ALIZATION OF THE SR CAME INTOTHE WORLD

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• A team of authors conducted by PeterBonus, director of SAZP-COKOO in Koikeunder the supervision of SEKPO MZP SRduring the presentation of the environmen-tal regionalization of the SR• Mountain landscape under the Tatra Page 63:• Lowland landscape of Podunajsko

Page 45: TWO FACES OF THE 9 ENDANGEREDAREAS IN THE SR• 1) Bratislava region- Hviezdoslavovosquare / Petrzalka Page 64:

Page 46: • 2) Trnava-Galanta region - HTR Trnava /former nickel smelter in Sered'

Page 48: • 3) Upper Nitra region - Bojnice castleNCM / non-reclamated spoil banks in Page 67:Horna Nitra

Page 49: • 4) Upper Povazie region - Besefiovsketravertines NM / atmosphere inRuzomberok

Page 51: • 5) Middle Pohronie region - BanskaBystrica HTR / red sludge pit in Ziar hollow

Page 52: • Zvolen castle

Page 53: • 6) Middle Spis region - Spisska Nova Veswith the highest church in the SR / metal-lurgical industry in Krompachy

Page 54: • WHS Spissky castle NCM

Page 55: • 7) Middle Gemer region - NCM earlyGothic church in Kraskov from the 13th cen-tury / Rimava banks between Hacava andMiitnik

Page 56: • 8) Kosice region - HTR Kosice / VSZ a.s.Kosice metallurgical works

Page 58: • 9) Middle Zemplfn region - Zatinsky luhNR in Latorica PLA / Chemko a.s. Strazskechemical factor/

Page 60: CONSEQUENCES, WE SHALL NOT GETRID OF WITHIN A SHORT PERIOD OFTIME• An area of black spoil heaps near Sered'in the Trnavskogalantska endangered area

PREVENTION IS CHEAPER THAN CON- Page 74:SEQUENCES REMOVAL• Cement works in Lietavska Liicka

Page 61: • Polluted environment in Rimava valley inthe Central Gemer area

Page 62: • It did not survive

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HIDDEN SCARS IN THE COUNTRY DONOT ACHE SO MUCH• Long-standing mining of rose marble inTuhar

SHALL WE AGAIN MINE GOLD IN SLO-VAKIA?• Sporadic particles of gold in antimonitefrom Magurka in the collections of theNational Museum in Prague

CAN WE STILL IMAGINE OUR LIFEWITHOUT ELECTRICITY?• Nuclear power plant injaslovske Bohuni-ce ensured in 1997 still 37.7% of the totalenergy consumed

THE VERY LAST NATURAL FORESTS OFLOWLANDS AND HOLLOWS• Alder stand in Ruzinske jelsiny NR• Rozsutec NNR in Mala Fatra NP• Belianske Tatry NNR in TANAP - bio-centre of biospheric importance

CALAMITY WITHOUT A COMMENTARY• Residue of forest stand in the Green lakevalley in TANAP

In the Central Slovakia after the whirlwind(8 July, 1996)

NEITHER THE AGRICULTURAL LAND-SCAPE SHOULD STAY WITHOUT TREES• In the Zilina hollow

ACROSS THE LAST MARSH ECOSYS-TEMS• In the Gortva floodplain in Dubna withbifurcation or without it already?

AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPLOITATIONCAN BE VARIOUS• Incorrect - sludge-drying bed of SEZ, I.p.Heating company Zilina

A CONNECTION TO BRATISLAVA'SHEART• Through a new bridge from Petrzalkadirectly to the President Palace - a realitythat has to be reckoned with during thereconstruction of the area under theBratislava castle.

IT DID NOT MANAGE TO RUN ACROSS• Roads - barriers for migrating animals(Lepus europaeus)

WHAT TYPE OF TRANSPORT IS ENVI-RONMENTALLY MOST ADVANTAGE-OUS?• Railway transport should have green light

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Page 75: • Water transport (Gabakovo water dam ) Page 94:

HOW AND IN WHAT ENVIRONMENTDO WE LIVE?• Free measuring of blood cholesterol andsugar during the international exhibitionENVIRO Nitra 97

Page 78: SHALL WE PASS A BILL ON OZONELAYER PPROTECTION ?• How did the ozone hole originate in 1979to 1990?

Page 79: WHAT DO THE MEASUREMENTSSHOW?• Nuclear safety must be of the first priori-ty and must reach 100% level.

Page 80: • Radon risk

Page 82: • Radioactive waste

AT HOW MANY DECIBELS WILL SHEFROWN AND AT HOW MANY BOLT ?• An amusing billboard in Petrzalka - adelight not only for ears abut also for eyes

Page 83: WITHOUT ENVIRONMENTAL RISK• If it only was possible also in nature

Page 84: WHAT IS OUR SITUATION WITHINEUROPE?• Toxic heavy metals monitoring - a condi-tion for being incorporated in EU

Page 85: UV-B RADIATION IS A MENACE TOLIFE ON THE EARTH• Will the stratospheric ozone layer protectus against it? Till when?

Page 87: HOW THESE WASTES ORIGINATED ISWELL KNOWN, HOW TO DISPOSETHEM WE DO NOT KNOW SO FAR• Central Gemer endangered area - Jelsava• Waste dump under the Tatra mountains

Page 88: • Recyclable waste paper

Page 90: THIS IS NOT OUR NOTION OF THE SEP-ARATED WASTE COLLECTION• Containers for separated waste collectionstored near Zvolen without being used

Page 92: BEWARE OF HAZARDOUS WASTETRANSPORT• Waste import, export and transit requiresa strict control according to the Basel con-vention.

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IS IT STILL WATER?• In the Central Pohronie endangeredAREAFLOODS ENDANGER WATER QUALITYIN WELLS• Flood on the Morava river in 1997 affect-ed also Slovakia (in Devin)

NUMBER OF FIRES INCREASED IN THESR FROM 1992 TO 1997 ALMOSTTHREE TIMES• Fire risk - Earth!• This time Petrzalka, "the third largestcity of the SR", was on fire.

WILL COLLECTORS BE USED TO ALARGER EXTENT ALSO IN SLOVAKIA?• Environment in Cyprus and Turkey isbenefiting from them already. Will ourenvironment and at the same time familyand company budget profit from them, too?

MONEY - THERE WILL PROBABLY BENEVER ENOUGH OF THEM IN THESTATE ENVIRONMENTAL FUND (SEF)• In 1998 the SEF should be divided intotwo parts - returnable and unreturnable

WHO WILL PAY THE FINE ?• Polluter pays!

NEW NP WERE DESIGNATED ANDBORDERS OF THE OLD ONES WERECHANGED• Low Tatras NP with new borders since1997

CONTRASTS UNDER THE CONSTRUC-TIONAL SUPERVISION• Modern town houses in Lucenec and oldtown houses in Spisska Sobota HTR (a partof Poprad).

Page 100: THE EIA ABBREVIATION BECAME COM-MON ALSO IN OUR COUNTRY• One of the first assessed investments -water dam Zilina

ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PROD-UCTS FROM SLOVAKIA• First examples of environmentallylabelled products

Page 101: MANY FORMS OF ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT• A stand of the MZP SR sector is waitingfor the exhibition opening• EMS implementation in VSZ OCEL s.r.o.metallurgical works in Kosice confirmed

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Page 102: • EMS certification in MATADOR a.s.Puchov• Harmasan toilet paper - 100% recycling

Page 103: ENVIROFILM 97 - A CONTRIBUTION TOTHE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION INSR• Number of participating countries is onthe increase

SHOW CAVES• Entrance hall of the Ochtinska aragonitecave NNM - WHS

ENVIRO NITRA '97 INTERNATIONALEXHIBITION - A SOURCE OF INFORMA-TION AND INSTRUMENT FOR BUSI-NESS DEVELOPMENT• In the exhibition hall of the MZP SR sec-tor

A RARE CLUB OF YOUNG ENVIRON-MENTALISTS IN PETRZALKA• Young environmentalists from the pri-mary school at Benadicka street inBratislava

Page 104: ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION• Recycled paper production demonstration(Enviro Nitra International Exhibition1997)• A touching interest of blind persons inthe World Heritage emblem on the boardsituated in the information centre inVlkolinec FAR• Children learning the nature - Sul'ovskerocks NNR in Strazske hills PLA

Page 105: UNO PAYS PERMANENT ATTENTIONTO GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROB-LEMS• UNO centre in New York - venue of the5th meeting of UN Commission forSustainable Development the SR is a mem-ber of, too.

BEFORE BECOMING THE EU MEMBER• In front of the European Parliament inBrussel

Page 106: EU flag in front of the EU building inBrussel

WILL SLOVAKIA BE ELECTED TO THEWORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE?• Moments of expectation during votecounting after the second ballot at theGeneral meeting of contractual countries tothe World Heritage Convention in Paris in1997 with the participation of 153 states.

Page 107: INTENSIFICATION OF MULTILATERALAND BILATERAL FRIENDLY RELATIONSLEADS TO EUROPEAN INTEGRATION• We have a common interest in Moravafloodplain water and ecosystems protectionwith Austria.

APPROVED STRATEGY OF BIODIVERSI-TY PROTECTION CONCERNS ALSO ME• Lynx lynx

Page 108: WORLD NATURAL HERITAGE IN SLO-VAKIA PRESENTS ITSELF• Jasovska cave NNM• Domica cave NNM• Ochtinska aragonite cave NNM• Gombasecka cave NNM and Silicka icecave NNM• Big friends of a man - small bats

Page 109: NUMBER OF SHORT CUTS IS ON THEINCREASE• Bubo bubo in Vefka Fatra PLA

Page 111 NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGEOF SLOVAKIA• Stratenska cave in Slovak Paradise NP

: ON A GOTHIC RO UTE• Gothic dominating characteristics of theSpis rural landscape - Spissky Stvrtok

Page 118: LAST BUT NOT LEAST• WHS Ochtinska aragotite cave NNM• WHS Spissky castle NCM• WHS Vlkolinec FAR• WHS Banska Stiavnica HTR - Old castle

Back MAN AND NATUREcover: • Papilio machaon

• Also mushrooms need protection(Langerniannia gigantea)• Do not let it become desolated again - acastle in the Somoska NNR in Cerova high-lands PLA attracts daily attention of foreignvisitors• Limestone Sugar loaf in Zadielska valleyNNR in the Slovak Karst PLA

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Table of Contents

• BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC 3

• INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND INFORMATION SYSTEM , 5

• COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 7AIR 7

Emission Situation 7Ambient Air Quality 11Atmospheric Precipitation 15Tropospheric Ozone 15

WATER 16Surface Water .". 16Groundwater Resources 19Waste Water 25Drinking Water 27

GEOLOGY 28Geological Factors 28

SOIL 31Area Statistics 31Soil Contamination 31Soil Reaction and Active Extractable Aluminium 34Soil Erosion 34

FLORA AND FAUNA 35National Strategy of Biodiversity Protection 35Flora 35Fauna 37

• NATURE AND LANDSCAPE PROTECTION 39NATURAL HERITAGE 39CULTURAL MONUMENTS 41SLOVAK CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD HERITAGE 42

• THE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN SELECTED REGIONS 44Bratislava Region 45Trnava - Galanta Region 46Horna Nitra (Upper Nitra) Region 48Home Povazie (Upper Povazie) Region 49Stredne Pohronie (Middle Pohronie) Region 51Stredny Spis (Middle Spis) Region 53Stredny Gemer (Middle Gemer) Region 55Kosice Region 56Stredny Zemplin (Middle Zemplfn) Region 58

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• STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT - CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES 60ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNOLOGIES 60

Gross Domestic Product - GDP 60Industry 60Mineral Resources Exploitation 62Power Plant Engineering, Gas Engineering, Heat Production 64Forestry 67Agriculture 70Transport 73

PUBLIC HEALTH 75

• ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS AND PRESSURES 79PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS 79

Radiation 79Radon and its Radioactive Decay Products 80Radioactive Waste (RAO) 82Noise 82

CHEMICAL RISK FACTORS 83Chemical substances 83Xenobiotics in the food chain 84

THE OZONE LAYER DEPLETION 85WASTE 87

Waste Generation 87Waste Management 88Municipal Waste Management 90Import, Export and Transit of Waste 92

NATURAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS 94Water Quality Deterioration as a Result of Various Accidents 94Fire Risk 95

• ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 96ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 96

State Budget 96Slovak State Environmental Fund 97Economic Instruments 98

ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 99ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 100ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ECO-LABELLING 100ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 101

EMS Standardisation 101EMS Certification 102

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION 103

• INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 105INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS 105

United Nations Organisation 105EUandOECD 105

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND OTHER FORMS OF MULTILATERAL CO-OPERATION 106BILATERAL CO-OPERATION 107INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS 107

• ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 109

• TEXTS TO PICTURES I l l

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Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic

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Transcript of Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic