www.degruyter.com/ijsl

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE

ISSUE EDITORSMaryam BorjianCharles Häberl

GENERAL EDITOROfelia García

‘SINGLES’ EDITORFlorian Coulmas

SPECIAL ISSUEMIDDLE EASTERN LANGUAGES IN DIASPORIC USA COMMUNITIES

2016 · ISSUE 237ISSN 0165-2516 · e-ISSN 1613-3668

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2016 · ISSUE 237

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE

GENERAL EDITOROfelia GarcíaThe Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA E-mail: ogarcia@gc.cuny.edu

‘SINGLES’ EDITORFlorian CoulmasUniversity of Duisburg-Essen, Germany E-mail: florian.coulmas@uni-due.de

SLSLC EDITORBernadette O’RourkeHeriot-Watt University, UK E-mail: b.m.a.o'rourke@hw.ac.uk

FOUNDING EDITOR (1974-2015)Joshua A. Fishman

E. AnnamalaiUniversity of Chicago, USAYoshiyuki AsahiNational Institute for Japanese Lan-guage, TokyoMatthias BrenzingerUniversity of Cape Town, South AfricaDavid M. BunisHebrew University of Jerusalem, IsraelNikolas CouplandCopenhagen University, Denmark and Cardiff University, UKXu DamingUniversity of MacauPaulin DjitéUniversité FHB, Côte d'IvoireRosalie FinlaysonUniversity of South Africa UNISANelson FloresUniversity of Pennsylvania, USAFederica GueriniUniversità degli Studi di Bergamo, ItalyRainer Enrique HamelU. Autónoma Metropolitana, MexicoPatrick HeinrichCa' Foscari University of Venice, ItalyChristine HélotUniversity of Strasbourg, FranceFrancis M. HultLund University, SwedenHerbert IgboanusiUniversity of Ibadan, NigeriaKendall KingUniversity of Minnesota, USA

Joseph Lo BiancoUniversity of Melbourne, AustraliaLeketi MakalelaUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Jo-hannesburg, South AfricaJohn MaherIntern. Christian University, JapanFrancisco Moreno-FernándezUniversity of Alcalá, SpainFinex NdhlouvuUniversity of New England, Armidale, AustraliaTope OmoniyiRoehampton University, UKRicardo OtheguyGraduate Center, CUNY, USARakhmiel PeltzDrexel University, USAMark SebbaLancaster University, UKElana ShohamyTel Aviv University, IsraelDick SmakmanLeiden University, the NetherlandsMauro ToscoUniversity of Turin, ItalyGuadalupe ValdésStanford University, USALi WeiUniversity College London, UKKutlay YagmurTilburg University, the Netherlands

EDITORIAL BOARD 2016–2020

ABSTRACTED/INDEXED IN Baidu Scholar, Celdes, CNKI Scholar (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), CNPIEC, De Gruyter – IBR (International Bibliography of Reviews of Scholarly Literature in the Humanities and Social Sciences), – IBZ (International Bibliography of Periodical Literature in the Humanities and Social Sciences), EBSCO – Communication Abstracts, – Com-munication and Mass Media Complete, – SocINDEX, – TOC Premier, – Discovery Service, Elsevier – SCOPUS, ERIH PLUS (European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences), Gale/Cengage, Google Scholar, INIST Institut de l’Information Scientifique et Technique, J-Gate, Journal-TOCs, Linguistic Bibliography Online, Linguistics Abstracts Online, MLA International Bibliography, Naviga (Softweco), Primo Central (ExLibris), ProQuest – Deep Indexing: Technical Information, – Illustrata: Arts and Humanities, – Illustrata: Natural Sciences, – Illustrata: Sociology, – International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS), – Linguistics & Language Behavior Abstracts (LLBA), – Periodicals Index Online, – Social Services Abstracts, – Sociological Abstracts, – Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (WPSA), ReadCube, ResearchGate, SCImago (SJR), Summon (Serials Solutions/ProQuest), TDOne (TDNet), UB Frankfurt – BDSL Bibliographie der deutschen Sprach- und Liter-aturwissenschaft, – OLC Linguistik, WorldCat (OCLC).

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ISSN 0165-2516 ∙ e-ISSN 1613-3668

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RESPONSIBLE EDITORS Ofelia Garcia, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016-4309, USA, E-mail: ogarcia@gc.cuny.edu; Florian Coulmas, IN-EAST Institute of East Asian Studies, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47048 Duisburg, Germany, E-mail: florian.coulmas@uni-due.de

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Contents

Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in DiasporicUSA communitiesIssue Editors: Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl

Ofelia García, Florian Coulmas and Bernadette O’RourkeEditorial 1

Maryam Borjian and Charles HäberlIntroduction: At the intersection of language and social variables: the caseof Middle Eastern languages in the United States 3

Christina Michelle Weaver and George A. KirazTuroyo Neo-Aramaic in northern New Jersey 19

Talar Chahinian and Anny BakalianLanguage in Armenian American communities: Western Armenian and effortsfor preservation 37

Habib Borjian and Daniel KaufmanJuhuri: From the Caucasus to New York City 59

Jaffer Sheyholislami and Amir Sharifi“It is the hardest to keep”: Kurdish as a heritage language in the UnitedStates 75

Mehdi Bozorgmehr and Maryam Moeini MeybodiThe Persian Paradox: Language use and maintenance among IranianAmericans 99

Sharon AvniHebrew learning ideologies and the reconceptualization of American Judaism:Language debates in American Jewish schooling in the early 20thcentury 119

IJSL 2016 | Issue 237

Zeena ZakhariaLanguage, conflict, and migration: Situating Arabic bilingual communityeducation in the United States 139

Bahar Otcu-Grillman“Speak Turkish!” or not? Language choices, identities and relationshipbuilding within New York’s Turkish community 161

Book Review

Hanan KashouMunther Younes, Makda Weatherspoon and Maha Saliba Foster. ‘ArabiyyatAl-Naas (Part One): An elementary course in Arabic 183

2016 | Issue 237 IJSL