Abstract 797 Micro-CT Analysis of Cavities by Students Trained Haptically or TraditionallyB.F.A Quinn, S. Dunne, N. Wilson, M. Woolford and M.J. Cox

Funders• UK Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) Research Programme (within ESRC)

• UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

• UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)

• UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)

Award Number: RES-139-25-03872

Objective• To compare the volume which remains after removal of artificial caries from plastic teeth for two dental student cohorts trained on either•Traditional Phantom Heads with plastic teeth or• Haptically trained in a Virtual Reality Simulator (hapTEL™)

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Confounders in Simulation studiesas identified by Clark (1992),Keane (1991),Feldman et al (2004), Van Nortwick et al (2010)• Different instructional methods• Different information content• Novelty of the newer media• Volunteer rather than full cohort• Frequently supplemental teaching• Lack of standardization of tasks• Low statistical power

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hapTEL™ Workstation3D Display Monitor

Haptic handpiece

Foot Controls

Haptic Device

Shutter glasses

Audio speakers

Camera

Pod

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Study Design (Large scale trial)

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hapTEL • Removal of virtual decayed material on a virtual tooth located in a jaw• Three sessions: as many attempts as they wish within a given time per session

• Removal of artificial decayed material on a plastic tooth• Three sessions: Two attempts per session

Traditional

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Occlusal and schematic cross-sections of Plastic Teeth

September December

Methods of Analysis• All assessment cavities were graded anonymously by 5 expert teachers

• For this pilot study 10 teeth from each cohort and 10 non-prepared teeth were Micro-CT imaged for volumetric analysis

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Screen shot of Micro-CT image

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Micro-CT ScansHaptic-trained Non-prepared

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Micro-CT ScansHaptically Trained Traditionally Trained

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ResultsN=10 for each group

Mean Volume of plastic tooth in mm³ remaining

Non-Prepared 540.01Gp1 Traditional 498.78Gp2 HapTEL 503.96

Teeth were randomly chosen for this pilot. Inclusion criteria were that there were no pulpal exposures and all caries had been removed.

The hapTEL had 93.32% of remaining tooth structure versus traditional trained had 92.36%

Conclusions for Pilot Study• hapTEL trained were more conservative cavities but not statistically significant

• hapTEL trained students exhibited transferable skills to the traditional phantom head

• Micro-CT affords objective assessment of the cavities14

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Next phase of research• Micro-CT image the remaining teeth (N=144)

• Compare the subjective tutor assessments to the objective Micro-CT results

• Compare the log files of the hapTEL trained students to their Micro-CT results

• Analyse the surface/textural differences of the prepared teeth between the two cohorts

References• Clark, R., 1992. Dangers in the Evaluation of

Instructional Media. Academic Medicine, Volume 67, pp. 819-820.

• Feldman, L., Sherman, V. & Fried, G. M., 2004. Using Simulators to Assess Laparoscopic Competence: Ready for Widespread Use?. Surgery, January, 135(1), pp. 28-42.

• Keane, D., Norman, G. & Vickers, J., 1991. The Inadequacy of Recent Research on Computer-Assisted Instruction. Academic Medicine, Volume 66, pp. 444-448.

• San Diego, J, Cox, M.J., Quinn, B.F.A., Newton, J.T., Banerjee, A., & Woolford, M. (2012). Researching haptics in higher education: The complexity of developing haptics virtual learning systems and evaluating its impact on students’ learning. Computers and Education. 59. 156-166

• Van Nortwick, S. S. et al., 2010. Methodologies for Establishing Validity in Surgical Simulation Studies. Surgery, 147(5), pp. 622-630.

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