Mass Media and Multimedia Convergence: a Research Proposal for Evaluation of Online Newspapers
22
diversity of journalism s cicom+ ecrea ( ( Ramón Salaverría(ed) Conference proceedings 84-8081-082-3 ISBN
Transcript of Mass Media and Multimedia Convergence: a Research Proposal for Evaluation of Online Newspapers
diversityofjournalisms
cicom+ecrea( (
Ramón Salaverría(ed)
Conference proceedings
84-8081-082-3 ISBN
2
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of the ECREA Journalism Studies Section and 26th International Conference of Communication (CICOM)
at University of Navarra, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011
Ramón Salaverría (ed.)
3
Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra Carretera del Sadar s/n 31080 Pamplona (SPAIN) http://www.unav.es/servicio/publicaciones/
Cover design: María Egúzkiza
Production: !"#$%&'()*)+,"-.)/$0121 Conference web address: http://www.journalismstudies.eu/pamplona2010
Th3s3 Proceedings have been published with the help of the research project “Evolución de los cibermedios españoles en el marco de la convergencia. Multiplataforma e integración periodística” [The Development of Spanish Cybermedia in the Convergence Context: Multiplatforms and Journalistic Integration] (ref.: CSO2009-13713-C05-03), funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain).
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of the ECREA Journalism Studies Section and 26th International Conference of Communication (CICOM) at University of Navarra, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011, edited by Ramón Salaverría, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
ISBN: 84-8081-082-3
Published in Pamplona, June 2011
4
Index
Presentation ........................................................................................................ 8
Papers (sorted by main author’s surname) ....................................................... 11
News Continuity in On-Air and Online Broadcasts on General-Interest Radio Stations in Spain: Analyzing the Three Main Midday News Stories in the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 Seasons Avelino Amoedo, María del Pilar Martínez-Costa & Elsa Moreno ..................... 11
Towards Converging Media Structures? Bernd Blöbaum, Eva Kanthack & Hannah Middendorf ..................................... 24
Maps of the Technologies Available in the Phases of the Communication Process María Ángeles Cabrera González, Pedro Antonio Rojo Villada & Ana Isabel Bernal Triviño ........................................................................................... 41
Follow-Up of Two Main Spanish Political Figures During a Month of Campaigning Prior to Local Elections in May, 2011, Using Nostracker-System Francisco Campos Freire & María Dolores Fernandes del Pozo ...................... 59
News Games and Mobile Journalism: A Proposal for a Theoretical Rapprochement Milton Cappelletti Júnior .................................................................................... 72
The News Production Process about the U.S. Embassy Cables: How ‘The Guardian’, ‘The New York Times’ and ‘El País’ Covered and Released the Documents Provided by WikiLeaks Miguel Carvajal, José Alberto García Avilés & José Luis González Esteban ... 83
5
Getting Personal: Personification vs. Data-Journalism as an International Trend in Reporting about Wikileaks Andrea Czepek ................................................................................................... 94
Narratology of (online) news Javier Díaz Noci ............................................................................................... 109
iPad Journalism with the Eyes of Editorial Staff and Readers Merja Drake ...................................................................................................... 128
Mass Media and Multimedia Convergence: A Research Proposal for Evaluation of Online Newspapers Manuel de la Fuente, Germán Llorca, Lluís Codina & Javier Díaz Noci ......... 137
Changing Relations in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 2005-2010: A Comparison of Coverage and Mutual Representation in Aruban, Curaçaoan and Dutch Newspapers Birgit G. H. Kreykenbohm ................................................................................ 152
The Journalistic Message within the Convergence Framework: A Case Study Analysis of Hypertextual News Stories in Quality Online Media Ainara Larrondo, Javier Díaz Noci & Irati Agirreazkuenaga ............................ 164
Balance as a Source of Misinformation. A Study of the Coverage of the Copenhagen Summit on Climate Change in the Spanish Press Bienvenido León ............................................................................................... 182
The Diversity of Scholarship on Journalism. How Journalism Journals Reflect Theories, Methods, and Topics of Journalism Research – a Content Analysis (2008–2009) Martin Löffelholz & Liane Rothenberger .......................................................... 197
6
Media and Journalists in Twitter: Corporatizing the Personal and Personalizing the Professional (Preliminary Analysis) Alberto López-Hermida Russo & Cecilia Claro Montes ................................... 211
A Multifaceted Study of Online News Diversity: Issues and Methods Emmanuel Marty, Nikos Smyrnaios & Franck Rebillard .................................. 228
The Growing Impact of Video in Online News Genres Samuel Negredo .............................................................................................. 243
Updating a Traditional Role? The AFP News Agency Confronted by the Diversity of Challenges in the Digital Era Jérémie Nicey ................................................................................................... 254
Content Analysis applied to Digital Media: A Comparison of News in ‘The Guardian’, ‘Clarín’, and ‘Asahi Simbun’ Javier Odriozola & Guillermo López ................................................................. 261
European Representations of the Basque Sovereignist Plan Cristina Perales, Ludivine Thouverez & Laura Filardo .................................... 270
Making Sense Out of Newspaper Humour – The Swine Flu Pandemic in Portugal Gonçalo Pereira Rosa ...................................................................................... 281
Online News Comments: A Sense of Community from an Ethical and Legal Perspective Carlos Ruiz, Javier Díaz Noci, Pere Masip, Josep Lluís Micó, David Domingo & Koldo Meso .................................................................................... 299
Audience Participation Motivated by Media Politics: First Data About a Newly Introduced Participatory TV Channel in Germany Annika Sehl & Michael Steinbrecher ................................................................ 315
7
Tradition and Innovation in Online Journalistic Genres Ana Serrano Tellería ........................................................................................ 338
The Development of Local Online Journalism in South-Western France: the Case of ‘La Dépêche du Midi’ Nikos Smyrnaios & Franck Bousquet............................................................... 347
Verlagsgruppe Passau, Orkla Media and Mecom – Different Business Strategies on Polish Press Market Adam Szynol .................................................................................................... 359
Changing News Formats in Online Newspapers Panu Uotila ....................................................................................................... 369
Convergence at Dutch Regional Newspapers: An Explorative Study Marco van Kerkhoven & Piet Bakker ............................................................... 378
Abstracts ......................................................................................................... 390
List of authors ................................................................................................ 454
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Mass Media and Multimedia Convergence: A Research Proposal for Evaluation of Online Newspapers
Manuel de la Fuente*, Germán Llorca*, Lluís Codina**, Javier Díaz Noci** * University of València, Spain ** Pompeu Fabra University, Spain Abstract This paper analyses the content of Spanish online media through a specific database. The study is a result of the project “Evolución de los cibermedios españoles en el marco de la convergencia. Análisis del mensaje” [“Evolution of Spanish online media facing convergence Message and content analysis”] (CSO2009-13713-C05-04), financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. We focus on the process of data collection, which includes the selection of the media corpus, the evaluation of websites, the application of methodology, the creation of databases and the contrast of results according to homogenous patterns. This process intends to propose a new model for content analysis originating in the multidisciplinary fields of the members of the research group (Linguistics, Semiotics, Documentation and Media Studies). Prior to the content analysis, a data gathering protocol was applied during the second semester of 2010 covering four weeks and twenty-five of the most relevant online media. Fifteen of these media were Spanish, while the rest were chosen amongst the most representative international online newspapers (notably France, Italy, England, Argentina, Brazil and the United States) so as to carry out a comparative analysis of their contents. The results will be contrasted with a second data collection to be undertaken in October 2011. The corpus of research – which includes the three most relevant news in each newspaper and its homepage – will help design an accurate mapping of online media writing strategies. Keywords: Evaluation. Online news Introduction Since the aim of this project (coordinated with another four sub-groups dealing with different aspects of Spanish online journalism and convergence) is to analyze the Spanish online media, we will concentrate on several of them, chosen from the case database developed by the SEJ2006-14828-C06 research project, in which I coordinated a sub-group from the University of the Basque Country, and applying a convergence formula developed based on point assignment and developed by Xosé López, Xosé Pereira, Teresa de la Hera and Idoia Portilla (vide A methodological tool: An index to calculate the level of convergente of a medium, http://prezi.com/48942/view/#64), as represented in this table.
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In order to advance in the universe election, and taking into account some elements of representativity (type of media, geographical distribution, etc.), the subgroup we currently lead preliminary proposes these media: • El País.com • El Mundo.es • RTVE.es • 20 Minutos.com • Tele 5 .es • Sur .es • La Vanguardia .es • La Voz de Galícia .es • El Correo digital.com • Diario de Navarra .com • Vilaweb .cat ( a native media) ! LaInformación.com (a native digital media)
We will compare the Spanish media with some other representative media from different countries, as recommended by the Spanish research institutions (vide my own book chapter 'Perspectivas de la investigación y docencia universitarias de la comunicación periodística', 2008): advanced countries (the United States, Canada and Japan), some Latin-American countries (Chile, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil), and countries from the European Union, specially those of the Mediterranean area. For those reason, and also for language-knowledge reason, we will limit ourselves to several countries, and not will abuse of Spanish language media. We will try, for
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exemple, to explain if stylistic, rhetorical, hypertextual or narratological rules can be consider universal or are part of come different languages. As a secondary hypothesis, we advance that is more in common than there is different in all the countries and languages analyzed.
Finally, the media were: Asahi.com (Japan; English version), BBC.co.uk/news (United Kingdom), Clarín.com (Argentina), Folha.com and Globo.com (Brazil), LeMonde.fr and Rue89.fr (France), Público.pt (Portugal), Guardian.co.uk (United Kingdom) and New York Times (United States of America). Once definitely decided which are those media, we have applyed a morphological catalogation record, and an evaluation of the general quality of those media, as we propose in the following pages. These tools are being applied to the comparative study we are carrying on in Brazil and Spain as well (PHB2006-2005, 2007-2010) As a third preliminary step to accurately define the study universe, we will apply Lluís Codina's evaluation tool, (for this tool, please consult http://www.lluiscodina.com; a previous versions applied to online media can be found in the chapter written by Dr Codina in Díaz Noci & Salaverría, 2003). This tool will give us a quality vision of the media to be studied before practising any other deeper analysis of them, and give us an introductory frame and the first results of the subject. We will specially focus on the influence of Web 2.0 or, even so, Web 3.0. Dr Codina will expose those lines in his paper presented to the I Congress on Cyberjournalism and Web 2.0 in Bilbao, November 2009. We consider this is a useful tool to explain in a general and comparative form –and also in a longitudinal way, since it will be apply successively to the same media every year- with scholarly purposes, using a series of standardized criteria categorized by groups.
The evaluation has been carried on by the authors, under the supervision of professor Codina, in order, needless to say, to achieve comparable data. During the current study, intercoder reliability tests based on Cohen’s kappa coeficient (Cohen, 1960) were performed with satisfactory results.
Website evaluation Evaluation of digital resources is a discipline of Documentation Sciences which was born sometime in the 1990’s, when the World Wide Web was conformed for the first time as a reliable and valuable resource for scholars and professionals of information. This discipline was born, then, linked to the analysis of those websites considered interesting for the scholarly world, with the spirit of giving the analysts and researchers a group of intellectual tools able to measure the quality and reliability of a webpage or any other Web-accessible resource. During the last years, some major changes have occurred in this discipline:
1. The application of these tools is not reduced to just documentalists and librarians, and some other scholars –i.e., people involved in the analysis of usability of scholars facing the research on digital media, in general, and online journalism, in particular.
2. Tendence to fomalization and operationalition of quality criteria. This means, basically, that criteria are articulated in two levels, parameters and indicators (or guidelines and check points). So do we in this proposal.
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3. A relative agreement is set up, concerning a central core aspects qhich give quality to a website or online publication. Normally information architecture, accessibility and visibility are considered.
4. As times change, we need to consider and propose new parameters, indicators, guidelines and check points for every website typology or research purpose.
The tool
After reviewing all the different versions of the tool, from 2003 (as it was proposed by Lluís Codina in the mentioned handbook) to the necessities of our current project (2010-2012), we decided to maintain the three great parts of groups or original criteria: content and information access; visibility and macronavigation; and usability, but the list of concrete indicators was carefully revised, so that some of them were eliminated –they were redundant or were not of application to online journalistic media, since the tool was proposed to be applied to any kind of website- and some other indicators were added, because from the proposal of the original tool in 2003 to our days news applications, and especially the so called Web 2.0 have appeared.
One of our main goals is, precisely, to explain to which extent the analyzed media are adapted to these new times, so a number of indicators about the use of the new tools and services were added. The concrete indicators and it classification appears in the tables with the results of the application of the tool in the second part of 2010 at the end of this paper.
Another part, on interactivity, was considered of kind importance, so it was segregated from this proposal. Another paper presented by Lluís Codina and Javier Díaz Noci to this ECREA Journalism Studies Conference 2011 explain the development of the interactivity evaluation. Qualification system For every indicator or check point, we have considered at least three different qualifications systems. The second one, as we explain later on, is converted from absolute values –very different and dissimilar- to 1 to 4 scale, so the different parts of the study could be converted to numeric values. Symbol Explanation 0 | 1 Presence / ausence indicator. Value for summatory N Numerical result after measuring or applying a test. Base value for
a ranking once completed all the measures and tests for every website we analyze, and converted to comparable scale before using for sumatory.
0-3 In some cases . We have traed to reduce this cases to 0 | 1 binary scale, decomposing the questions posed in this kinds of parameters. 0 : Ausence of the evaluated funcionality. 1 : Functionality is present, but in a limited degree 2 : Funcionality preset with relatively broad options but able to be strenghtened
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3 : Level of relative excellence for this funcionality. Used as a value for summatory.
Ranking Quartils 1-4, being 4 the fourth part of analyzed websites with highest values, and 1 the fourth part with lowest values. Used as a value for summatory.
Results The results of this first evaluation wave can be seen in the tables we present below, dividid into general media and Spanish media –the universe of our research. Results are not very different in all the online newspapers –those which come from a printed version-, approximately 50 points, but are considerable lower in Spanish native online media, curiously, and Spanish radio-television websites. LeMonde.fr is the best qualified media we analyze (57 points), and LaVanguardia.com the best one in Spain (55 points). Folha.com is the one with lowest punctuation (35 points)I n the world and the website of a regional or autonomic television of Andalusia, Canal Sur, the lowest one in Spain (31 points). Section by section, in the general media we analyze BBC and LeMonde.fr are the ones with best punctuation in information access the lowest ones. Nevertheless, Publico.pt and Asahi.com present the poorest archive retrieval systems, and BBC and LeMonde.fr the best ones. Navigation is consistent in all the media we analyze. Público and Le Monde present the best positioning, but Clarin.com is better than Público.pt in numerical parameters. Asahi.com and Folha.com present the weakest results in this respect.
Accessibility is, in general, clearly low in all the media, since personalization options are already poor.
Regarding to Spanish media, we have divided them into three categories: online newspapers, native online media and audiovisual media (radio and television). Newspapers, as we have already mentioned, have gained the best qualifications. ElMundo.es, ElPaís.com and Lavanguardia.es are the best situated ones in information access; their search engines and retrieval systemas are very good, with one difference: El Mundo and El País are relatively young media, produced both of them from the beginning (also the printed version, we mean) with digital means; La Vanguardia, instead, was first published in 1881 and has done a considerbale effotr to offer all the historial archive, in searchable pdf, on the web. Like other media (Folha is one of them, Guardian the other one) with historial archives, they offer a double search system. Navigation is consistent in all the Spanish newspapers, with an average value of 12. Positioning is very homogeneous as well. Accessibility, on the other hand, is extremely poor, and the number of errors is consdierable, especially in La Voz de Galicia and La Vanguardia. This last medium, must be mentioned, has changed in 2011 their design and this afirmation needs to be modulated with further application of our tool. Curiously, qualifications of native media in Spain are lower than those of the previously studied newspapers, in both cases (Vilaweb.cat, the oldest one, and LaInformación.com, born in 2009) they are below 50 points –before the avegrage puntuation of internationl media as well. They bare consistent, as all the rest of the media are, in navigation, but very wak in archive –a question that, regarding to digital preservation of those native media, is a very important one. Positioning and social web use is correct (LaInformación.om, created by the former director of Prisacom, the firm
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created by Prisa, editor of El Páis and ElPaís.com, to develop their impressive information architecture, Mario Tascón) but quality of the source, accessibility and adaptation do not give the best results. Finally, Spanish audiovisual media have been analyzed. With the exception of RTVE.es, the website of the national radio and television (50 points) all the other are below it and two of the below 40 points). Positioning and accessibilty and adaptation aret he worst sections. Archive, with the exception again- of RTVE.es is another weak point. Making a long story short, online newspapers, especially the oldest ones –with a huge paper archive that have been digitised in several cases- are the firm better adapted to the Web. Results are very similar in the group of international reference newspaper and in the Spanish groups, with better results for the three ones most read in printed version –and, in the first two cases the most accessed ones on the Net: ElMundo.es, ElPaís.com and LaVanguardia.es. On the extreme, public national audiovisual media –at least, BBC and RTVE- show good results, far from the poor ones of the private Spanish channels websites and CanalSur.es. And, curiously, native online media (at least, the two Spanish ones) are on the middle. Further research, an ampliation of the universe with the inclusion of more audiovisual and native media will confirm or refute these first preliminary results.
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28 R
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de th
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oup
Dive
rsity
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ourn
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s. P
roce
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gs o
f ECR
EA/C
ICO
M C
onfe
renc
e, P
ampl
ona,
4-5
July
201
1
145
Spa
nish
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s
PAR
AM
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IND
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1. IN
FOR
MA
TIO
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CC
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S
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2.
PO
SITI
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CIA
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EB
2.
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rese
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nel ?
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book
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Dive
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ourn
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s. P
roce
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gs o
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EA/C
ICO
M C
onfe
renc
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ampl
ona,
4-5
July
201
1
146
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QU
ALIF
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48
52
54
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29 R
elat
ive
posi
tion
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de th
e gr
oup
Dive
rsity
of J
ourn
alism
s. P
roce
edin
gs o
f ECR
EA/C
ICO
M C
onfe
renc
e, P
ampl
ona,
4-5
July
201
1
147
2. N
ativ
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line
med
ia
PAR
AM
ETE
R
IND
ICA
TOR
La
Info
rmac
ión.
com
Vi
law
eb.c
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1. IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N A
CC
ES
S
1.1.
Arc
hive
D
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the
med
ium
hav
e an
arc
hive
with
pre
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ditio
ns?
1 1
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ther
e an
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mpo
ral l
imit
to c
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lt an
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evio
us e
ditio
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1 0
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it to
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acc
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to th
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glo
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site
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pos
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2. P
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anne
l ?
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cebo
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1 1
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rs c
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ogs?
0
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er s
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tos
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0 0
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o ne
ws
adm
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mm
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? 1
0
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ey a
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mou
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men
ts (a
t lea
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1 0
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m h
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an o
wn
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1
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TOTA
L 2.
1.
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2.2.
Num
ber i
ndic
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s30
Num
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with
Yah
oo S
ite E
xplo
rer u
sing
the
optio
n: E
xcep
t fro
m th
is d
omai
n +
4 2
30 R
elat
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posi
tion
insi
de th
e gr
oup
Dive
rsity
of J
ourn
alism
s. P
roce
edin
gs o
f ECR
EA/C
ICO
M C
onfe
renc
e, P
ampl
ona,
4-5
July
201
1
148
Onl
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RL
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geR
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4
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xa)
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hoo’
s in
dex?
(mea
sure
d w
ith Y
ahoo
Site
Exp
lore
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4
How
man
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17
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222
20
3.
AC
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DA
PTA
TIO
N A
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QU
ALI
TY O
F TH
E S
OU
RC
E
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senc
e/au
senc
e Is
it p
ossi
ble
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dapt
the
type
siz
e?
0 0
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it p
ossi
ble
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dapt
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our a
nd c
ontra
st o
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font
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0 0
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ther
e a
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kip
navi
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ww
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Dive
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s. P
roce
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EA/C
ICO
M C
onfe
renc
e, P
ampl
ona,
4-5
July
201
1
149
3. A
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visu
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PAR
AM
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R
IND
ICAT
OR
C
aden
aser
.com
C
anal
Sur.e
s R
tve.
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cinc
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m
1. IN
FOR
MA
TIO
N A
CC
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S
1.1.
Arc
hive
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the
med
ium
hav
e an
arc
hive
with
pre
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nt e
ditio
ns?
1 0
1 1
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ther
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mpo
ral l
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onsu
lt an
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evio
us e
ditio
n?
1 0
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ther
e an
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it to
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22
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2.
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SITI
ON
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EB
2.
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rese
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nel ?
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book
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Dive
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ourn
alism
s. P
roce
edin
gs o
f ECR
EA/C
ICO
M C
onfe
renc
e, P
ampl
ona,
4-5
July
201
1
150
TO
TAL
2.1.
4
2 3
3 2.
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umbe
r ind
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r of l
inks
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RL,
mea
sure
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lore
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tion:
Exc
ept
from
this
dom
ain
+ O
nly
this
UR
L 4
1 2
2
Pa
geR
ank
(Goo
gle)
4
3 4
4
Traf
fic R
ank
(Ale
xa)
24
11
H
ow m
any
page
s ex
ist i
n Ya
hoo’
s in
dex?
(mea
sure
d w
ith Y
ahoo
Site
Exp
lore
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31
24
H
ow m
any
subs
crip
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hav
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N
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4
NA
How
man
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llow
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aceb
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2
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4
TOTA
L 2.
2.
15
10
16
15
TO
TAL
2 19
12
19
18
3.
AC
CE
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TY, A
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N A
ND
QU
ALI
TY O
F TH
E S
OU
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3.1.
Pre
senc
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senc
e Is
it p
ossi
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to a
dapt
the
type
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0 0
0 0
Is
it p
ossi
ble
to a
dapt
col
our a
nd c
ontra
st o
f the
font
s?
0 0
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Is
ther
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link
to s
kip
navi
gatio
n?
0 0
0 0
D
o vi
sual
ele
men
ts h
ave
met
adat
a (a
lt o
long
desc
)?
0 0
1 1
Is
ther
e an
y pe
rson
aliz
atio
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tion?
0
0 0
1
TOTA
L 3.
1.
0 0
1 2
3.2.
Num
eric
indi
cato
rs
Num
ber o
f aut
omat
ic m
ista
kes
in th
e ho
mep
age
usin
g TA
W te
st (w
ww
.taw
dis.
net)
2 2
3 1
N
umbe
r of a
utom
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mis
take
s in
the
hom
epag
e us
ing
W3c
’s (X
)HTM
L co
de v
alid
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1
2 3
4
Num
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f aut
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e ho
mep
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usin
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3c’s
(X)H
TML
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val
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3 4
2 1
TO
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3.2
6 8
8 6
TO
TAL
3 6
8 9
7
TOTA
L Q
UAL
IFIC
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N44
31
50
39
31 R
elat
ive
posi
tion
insi
de th
e gr
oup
Diversity of Journalisms. Proceedings of ECREA/CICOM Conference, Pamplona, 4-5 July 2011
151
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