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Marxan Good Practices

Handbook

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23 June 2008

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Editors

Jeff A. Ardron, Hugh P. Possingham & Carissa J. Klein

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Contents

FOREWORD................................................................................................................... VIII

1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 Overview of Systematic Conservation Planning .................................................................1

1.1.1 What is systematic conservation planning?....................................................................1 1.1.2 Eight stages of systematic conservation planning..........................................................2 1.1.3 Why use a systematic approach?...................................................................................4

1.2 Where Marxan fits into Systematic Conservation Planning ................................................5 1.3 What is Marxan? .................................................................................................................6 1.4 Global use of Marxan ..........................................................................................................8

2 IS MARXAN THE RIGHT TOOL? ................................................................................12 2.1 Why use Marxan? .............................................................................................................12

2.1.1 Questions Marxan can help answer .............................................................................12 2.1.2 Questions Marxan cannot answer ................................................................................13

2.2 Advantages of using Marxan.............................................................................................14 2.3 Limitations of Marxan ........................................................................................................15 2.4 Time required to use Marxan ............................................................................................16 2.5 Marxan requirements beyond the technical minimums ....................................................17

3 KEY CONCEPTS.......................................................................................................18 3.1 Comprehensiveness .........................................................................................................18 3.2 Efficiency...........................................................................................................................19 3.3 Spatial arrangement: compactness and/or connectedness..............................................19 3.4 Flexibility............................................................................................................................20 3.5 Complementarity ...............................................................................................................20 3.6 Selection Frequency versus “Irreplaceability” ...................................................................21 3.7 Representativeness ..........................................................................................................22 3.8 Adequacy ..........................................................................................................................22 3.9 Optimisation, decision theory and mathematical programming ........................................23

4 ADDRESSING ECOLOGICAL OBJECTIVES THROUGH THE SETTING OF TARGETS..24 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................24 4.2 Conservation Features and Targets .................................................................................25 4.3 Setting Meaningful Targets ...............................................................................................26

4.3.1 How coarse and fine filter targets work together ..........................................................26 4.3.2 How much is enough? ..................................................................................................28 4.3.3 Expert advice and peer review .....................................................................................29 4.3.4 Conservation status as a proxy for target-setting .........................................................31 4.3.5 Existing protection levels ..............................................................................................31 4.3.6 Legal framework or mandate ........................................................................................32 4.3.7 Trans-regional planning ................................................................................................32

4.4 Targets and Trade-Offs.....................................................................................................32 4.4.1 Iterative planning...........................................................................................................32 4.4.2 Weighting targets through the species penalty factor...................................................33 4.4.3 Adjusting targets based on pragmatic considerations..................................................34

4.5 Challenges ........................................................................................................................35 4.5.1 Gaps in quality and coverage of spatial data................................................................35 4.5.2 Gaps in scientific knowledge ........................................................................................35

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5 RESERVE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................... 37 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................37 5.2 Connectivity.......................................................................................................................38 5.3 Minimum Clump or Patch size ..........................................................................................39 5.4 Replication and Separation...............................................................................................40 5.5 Shape (edge to area ratio) ................................................................................................41 5.6 Cost................................................................................................................................... 42 5.7 Adaptive reserve network planning...................................................................................43 5.8 Other Challenges ..............................................................................................................45

5.8.1 Difficult ecological issues..............................................................................................45 5.8.2 Limitations of Marxan in addressing ecological objectives...........................................46

6 ADDRESSING SOCIOECONOMIC OBJECTIVES........................................................ 47 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................47 6.2 Defining Socioeconomic Objectives .................................................................................48 6.3 Data issues .......................................................................................................................49 6.4 Linking with Marxan Parameters.......................................................................................50

6.4.1 Incorporating socioeconomic objectives into the objective function.............................50 6.4.2 Addressing multiple socioeconomic goals....................................................................51

6.5 Evaluating results/Indicators of Performance ...................................................................51 6.6 Research and Development Priorities ..............................................................................53

7 ASSESSING AND MANAGING DATA ......................................................................... 54 7.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................54 7.2 What data are you seeking? .............................................................................................55

7.2.1 A note on sourcing data................................................................................................55 7.3 Assessing data quality, completeness and sample bias ..................................................56 7.4 Data compilation and preparation – things to keep in mind..............................................58 7.5 Surrogates and ecological classification systems.............................................................60 7.6 Handling data with Temporal Influences...........................................................................63 7.7 Data management and maintenance................................................................................64

7.7.1 Data sharing protocols and rRe-use of value-added data............................................65 7.8 Determining the appropriate size and shape of the planning unit ....................................66 7.9 Number of Planning Units .................................................................................................67 7.10 Summary...........................................................................................................................70

8 ENSURING ROBUST ANALYSIS ............................................................................... 71 8.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................71 8.2 Good Practices in the use of Key Marxan Input Parameters............................................72

8.2.1 Planning unit status [influence of locking areas out or in] ............................................72 8.2.2 Planning unit cost .........................................................................................................73 8.2.3 Boundary cost...............................................................................................................73 8.2.4 Conservation feature abundances................................................................................74 8.2.5 Conservation targets ....................................................................................................74 8.2.6 Cost threshold...............................................................................................................75

8.3 Calibration – adjusting the parameters of marxan............................................................76 8.3.1 Conservation feature penalty factor (SPF) ...................................................................77 8.3.2 Iterations .......................................................................................................................79 8.3.3 Number of restarts ........................................................................................................80 8.3.4 Annealing parameters ..................................................................................................81 8.3.5 Boundary length modifier (BLM)...................................................................................81 8.3.6 Importance of calibration ..............................................................................................82

8.4 Sensitivity Analysis ...........................................................................................................83 8.4.1 A basic framework ........................................................................................................83

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8.4.2 Examples of quantitative sensitivity analysis................................................................86 8.5 Exploring different scenarios.............................................................................................90

9 INTERPRETING AND COMMUNICATING OUTPUTS...................................................91 9.1 Marxan outputs .................................................................................................................91

9.1.1 Screen output................................................................................................................92 9.1.2 Tabular outputs .............................................................................................................92 9.1.3 Other tabular output files (screen log, scenario details, and snapshot) .......................97 9.1.4 Spatial outputs ..............................................................................................................97 9.1.5 Snapshot files ...............................................................................................................99

9.2 Interpreting the Solution....................................................................................................99 9.2.1 Internal review.............................................................................................................100 9.2.2 External review ...........................................................................................................101

10 USING MARXAN IN MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PLANNING PROCESSES ......................104 10.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................104 10.2 Involving Stakeholders in the Planning Process .............................................................105

10.2.1 Strive for broad representation of stakeholders .....................................................105 10.2.2 Prepare a stakeholder engagement plan at the onset ...........................................106 10.2.3 Use a range of multiple stakeholder engagement methods...................................107 10.2.4 Engage crucial stakeholders at the outset once overall process objectives have been defined ............................................................................................................................107

10.3 Involving Stakeholders with Marxan ...............................................................................110 10.3.1 Introduce Marxan according to the level of involvement ........................................110 10.3.2 Translate stakeholder goals and values into Marxan objectives and parameters .112 10.3.3 Systematically generate alternative scenarios .......................................................113 10.3.4 Incorporate communication into initial planning .....................................................114 10.3.5 Target the outputs and interpretation for each stakeholder audience....................115 10.3.6 Understand the difference between “best” solution and selection frequency ........115 10.3.7 Explain the meaning behind the maps ...................................................................116 10.3.8 Ensure that cartographic styles do not mislead the reader ....................................116 10.3.9 Select communicators who understand the technical aspect as well as the perspective of the target audience...........................................................................................117

10.4 Summary of good practices ............................................................................................117

APPENDIX 1: RESULTS OF MARXAN USER SURVEY .....................................................120 A1-1 Methods...............................................................................................................................120 A1-2 Results.................................................................................................................................120 A1-3 Conclusions .........................................................................................................................124

APPENDIX 2: LITERATURE CITED, REFERENCES & RESOURCES .................................127 A2-1 Literature cited.....................................................................................................................127 A2-2 Other References ................................................................................................................140 A2-3 Some Online Resources......................................................................................................145

APPENDIX 3 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................146

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 4.1: Species Area Curve (from Pryce et al, 2006 ...............................................................28 Table 7.1: Suggested checklist for assessing datasets being sourced/used ................................57 Table 7.2: Summary of Planning Unit choices in various studies..................................................68 Table 7.3: Some common data limitations and ways of dealing with them ...................................70 Figure 8.1. Flowchart for running Marxan with calibration and sensitivity testing. ........................76 Figure 8.2: Cumulative distribution function...................................................................................78 Figure 8.3: Iteratively calibrating individual SPF values ................................................................79 Figure 8.4: Available trade-off between minimizing cost and minimizing boundary length ...........82 Figure 8.5: Effect of excluding groups of conservation features....................................................87 Table 8.1. Area and perimeter of Marxan solutions for three conservation targets.......................88 Table 8.2. Multivariate correlation analysis for three selection frequency outputs ........................89 Table 9.1: Summary of output files ................................................................................................92 Figure 9.1 Percent change in area and perimeter of a best solution compared to BLM ...............96 Figure 9.2: Actual legend (left) and how these colours are perceived by a colour-blind individual98Figure 9.3: Prioritization of the results of Okanagan Ecoregional Assessment...........................103 Table A1.1 Study area details (n=61) ..........................................................................................121 Table A1.2 Marxan options ..........................................................................................................122 Table A1.3 Data inputs ................................................................................................................123 Table A1.4 Cost ...........................................................................................................................124 Table A1.5 Strengths and weaknesses of Marxan as expressed by survey participants............125 Table A1.6 Suggestions for inclusions in a good practices handbook ........................................126

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List of Boxes

Box 1.1: Minimum set reserve design problem........................................................................5 Box 1.2: Marxan, is it an algorithm, decision support tool, software, or a model?........................6 Box 1.3: Brief History of Marxan ............................................................................................7 Box 1.4: Moving Beyond Scoring...........................................................................................8 Box 1.5: Use of Marxan for planning MPAs in the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary....9 Box 1.6: Use of Marxan by The Nature Conservancy.............................................................10 Box 1.7: Use of Marxan in the rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.........................11 Box 2.1: Using other tools in conjunction with Marxan ...........................................................14 Box 2.2: Steps in running a Marxan analysis ........................................................................17 Box 3.1: The whole is more than the sum of the parts............................................................20 Box 3.2: What is simulated annealing?.................................................................................23 Box 4.1: One approach for scaling coarse filter targets ..........................................................27 Box 4.2: Expert questionnaire to assist in setting targets........................................................29 Box 4.3: Tracking “optional features” in the analysis ..............................................................31 Box 5.1: Accounting for varying degrees of fragmentation the landscape.................................42 Box 6.1: Methods for incorporating socioeconomic information into Marxan.............................49 Box 6.2: Defining conservation “costs” in Marxan. .................................................................52 Box 7.1: Correcting Data for Observation Effort ....................................................................61 Box 7.2: An example of Detectability Errors..........................................................................63 Box 7.3: File Management ..................................................................................................65 Box 8.1: Sensitivity analysis on a summed solution (selection frequency) spatial output ...........85 Box 9.1: Interpreting results & prioritization.........................................................................102 Box 10.1: Engaging stakeholders in a Marxan analysis........................................................108

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Foreword !

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1 Introduction

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1.1 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMATIC CONSERVATION PLANNING

1.1.1 What is systematic conservation planning?

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1.1.2 Eight stages of systematic conservation planning2

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1.1.3 Why use a systematic approach?

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1.2 WHERE MARXAN FITS INTO SYSTEMATIC CONSERVATION PLANNING

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1.3 WHAT IS MARXAN?

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1.4 GLOBAL USE OF MARXAN

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2.1.2 Questions Marxan cannot answer

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2.2 ADVANTAGES OF USING MARXAN

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d\h3!D6!6Z6a6!6!W((!,$$*-#).!,P"L!7">*!U-3)-*!1*+"2%'*+I6!

2.3 LIMITATIONS OF MARXAN

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

G$)0#(*!JC!A+!?)*@),!#$(!R.'$#!:%%"m! ! ! PU! !

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?)*@),!$)+!+(/(*)"!%0(*)#.%,)"!".4.#)#.%,+6!d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

2.4 TIME REQUIRED TO USE MARXAN

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a)#)!9&)".#5! +$%&"-!;(! )++(++(-3!-)#)!')0+! .-(,#.2.(-3! ),-! +&**%')#(+!-(/("%0(-!)+!*(9&.*(-!H+((!K;&$(*%![0!,++*++)-!!&-#!5&-&!)-!!\&(&I6!a)#)!0*(0)*)#.%,!1),!#)8(! +(/(*)"! 4%,#$+3! -(0(,-.,'! %,! #$(! )/).");.".#5! ),-! 9&)".#5! %2! #$(! -)#)6! a)#)!0*(0)*)#.%,!.+!(++(,#.)"!*(')*-"(++!%2!#$(!)00*%)1$!#%!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!-(+.',6!

\,-(*+#),-.,'!$%7!?)*@),!*(+0%,-+!#%!)!*),'(!%2!8(5!0)*)4(#(*+!H(6'6!#$(!;%&,-)*5!"(,'#$!4%-.2.(*3! 0"),,.,'! &,.#! <1%+#>I! #)8(+! #.4(! ),-! (@0(*.4(,#)#.%,6!\+(*+! +$%&"-!1%,-&1#! #$%*%&'$! +(,+.#./.#5! ),)"5+(+! #%! #(+#! #$(! .,2"&(,1(! %2! .,0&#! 0)*)4(#(*+! %,!?)*@),!%&#0&#+!H+((!K;&$(*%!X0!Q-+2%)-!!1"=2+(!,-&39+)+I6!:$%*%&'$!+(,+.#./.#5!),)"5+(+!)*(!.40%*#),#!;(1)&+(!()1$!*(+(*/(!-(+.',!0*%;"(4!.,/%"/(+!)!-.22(*(,#!+#&-5!)*()3!),-!,%!#7%!0*%;"(4+!)*(!)".8(6!A,!%#$(*!7%*-+3!0)*)4(#(*+!#$)#!7%*8!2%*!%,(!+#&-5!7.""!,%#!,(1(++)*."5!#*),+")#(!#%!),%#$(*!+#&-56!

?)*@),! .+! %,(! 1%40%,(,#! %2! )! ")*'(*! 0"),,.,'! 0*%1(++! ),-! #$(! #.4(! .#! #)8(+! #%! &+(!?)*@),!7.""!;(!)!2&,1#.%,!%2!#$.+!0*%1(++6!\"#.4)#("5!#$(!2.,),1.)"!),-!#.4(!1%44.#4(,#!*(9&.*(-! #%! &+(! ?)*@),! (22(1#./("5! 7.""! -(0(,-! %,! #$(! "(/("! %2! (@0(*#.+(3! -)#)!)/).");.".#53!)4%&,#!%2!-)#)3! 2%*4)#!%2!-)#)3!,&4;(*!%2!0*)1#.#.%,(*+!),-! #$(!0"),,.,'!1%,#(@#3!),-!#$(!-('*((!%2!+#)8($%"-(*!.,/%"/(4(,#!),-!0&;".1!1%,+&"#)#.%,6!T&."-.,'!.,!#.4(!2%*!),)"5+.+!),-!#$%&'$#2&"!1%44&,.1)#.%,!%2!#$(!*(+&"#+!.+!1*&1.)"6!!

!

G$)0#(*!JC!A+!?)*@),!#$(!R.'$#!:%%"m! ! ! PY! !

2.5 MARXAN REQUIREMENTS BEYOND THE TECHNICAL MINIMUMS

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

A2! #$(!0*%=(1#!&,-(*! 1%,+.-(*)#.%,!-%(+!,%#!$)/(!4&1$! *()-."5! )/).");"(! +0)#.)"! HMAWI!-)#)3! #$(,! )00*%)1$(+! %#$(*! #$),! &+.,'! +0)#.)"! %0#.4.+)#.%,! 0*%'*)44(+! +&1$! )+!?)*@),!+$%&"-!;(!1%,+.-(*(-6!^%*!(@)40"(3!)!<a("0$.1>!)00*%)1$!&+.,'!(@0(*#+!2)4.".)*!7.#$!#$(!)*()!1%&"-!;(!)!;(##(*!.,/(+#4(,#!%2!#.4(!),-!4%,(53!)"#$%&'$!+&1$!0*%1(++(+!#(,-!#%!;.)+!+.#(!+("(1#.%,!#%!)*()+!7$(*(!0(%0"(!$)/(!8,%7"(-'(6!

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R&,,.,'!)!?)*@),!),)"5+(+!.+!),!.#(*)#./(!0*%1(++!.,/%"/.,'!4),5!+#(0+6!:50.1)""5!+#(0+!.,1"&-(O! HPI!-./.-.,'! #$(!+#&-5!)*()! .,#%!0"),,.,'!&,.#+O! HJI!1*()#.,'!)!MAW!-)#);)+(!%2!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+O! H`I! 0*(0)*.,'! #$(! ?)*@),! .,0&#! 2."(+O! HeI! *&,,.,'! ?)*@),!+.4&")#.%,+!),-!+1(,)*.%+O! HUI!*(/.(7.,'!),-!),)"5+.,'! #$(!*(+&"#+O! HYI!1%,+&"#.,'!7.#$!+#)8($%"-(*+O!HQI!)--.,'!,(7! .,2%*4)#.%,O!HLI!*(2.,.,'! .,0&#!0)*)4(#(*+O!HbI!*("*&,,.,'!?)*@),O!!HPKI!0*.,#.,'!4)0+O!),-!HPPI!1%44&,.1)#.%,!#$(!*(+&"#+6!?%*(! .,2%*4)#.%,!%,!#$(+(!+#(0+!1),!;(!2%&,-!.,!#$(!,(7!?)*@),!4),&)"6!

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3 Key Concepts

F(**.(!!6!V."+%,345!E&'$!D6!D%++.,'$)436!:)*)!M6!?)*#.,37!E(-"(5!W6!M*),#$)46

4:$(!\,./(*+.#5!%2!]&((,+"),-3!T*.+;),(!6:$(!\,./(*+.#5!%2!]&((,+"),-3!G(,#*(!2%*!!00".(-!N,/.*%,4(,#)"!

a(1.+.%,!!,)"5+.+!7\,./(*+.#5!%2!T*.#.+$!G%"&4;.)3!G(,#*(!2%*!!00".(-!G%,+(*/)#.%,!R(+()*1$!

5G%**(+0%,-(,1(C!N"4)."C!!867."+%,J &96(-&6)&!

!

ABSTRACT

I;*%*!&%*!&!%&-!*!"4!42-#&>*-(&3!'"-+*%8&()"-!$3&--)-!!$%)-')$3*+!&-#!(*%>+<!H-!(;)+!';&$(*%!:*!

#*4)-*!(;*+*!$%)-')$3*+!&-#!(*%>+!$%*#">)-&(*39!2+)-!!)#*&+!)-!5&%!23*+!&-#!O%*++*9!@PNNNB!&-#!

O"++)-!;&>!*(!&3<!@PNNTB<!I;*!:&9+!)-!:;)';!(;*+*!$%)-')$3*+!&-#!(*%>+!&%*!%*3*8&-(!("!5&%.&-!

&%*!(;*-!#)+'2++*#<!I:"!$%)-')$3*+!]!'">$%*;*-+)8*-*++!&-#!*44)')*-'9! "!&%*!(;*!>"+(!'*-(%&3!("!

"2%!2-#*%+(&-#)-!!&-#!2+*!"4!5&%.&-!=*'&2+*!(;*9!&%*!*>=*##*#! )-!(;*!>)-)>2>!+*(!$%"=3*>!

@+**!A".!/</BD!:;)';!)+!:;&(!5&%.&-!)+!$%)>&%)39!#*+)!-*#!("!+"38*<!H(!)+!$")-(*#!"2(!(;&(!&!+)-!3*!

$3&--)-!! 2-)(! #"*+! -"(! =9! )(+*34! ;&8*! &-! )-(%)-+)'! '"-+(&-(! 8&32*D! =2(! %&(;*%! )(+! 8&32*! )+! &!

%*43*'()"-!"4!)(+!'"-(%)=2()"-!("!(;*!-*(:"%?^+!"8*%&33!"=C*'()8*+D!&-#!(;2+!'&-!';&-!*!#*$*-#)-!!

"-!8&%)"2+!-*(:"%?!'"-4)!2%&()"-+<!

!

3.1 COMPREHENSIVENESS

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bbKI6! !!1%40*($(,+./(! *(+(*/(! +5+#(4! .+! ,%#! #(1$,.1)""5! 0%++.;"(! ;(1)&+(! +0)#.)"! -)#)! %,! )""!)+0(1#+! %2! ;.%-./(*+.#5! )*(! ,%#! )/).");"(! 2%*! ),5! *('.%,6! :$(! $%0(! .+! #$)#! .2! 1(*#).,!2()#&*(+! )*(! 1%40*($(,+./("5! *(0*(+(,#(-! H(6'6!$);.#)#! #50(+3!/)+1&")*!0"),#+3!;.*-+!%*!;.%0$5+.1)"! -%4).,+I! #$(,! #$(5! 7.""! )1#! )+! *()+%,);"(! +&**%')#(+! 2%*! #$(! *(+#! %2!;.%-./(*+.#5!HR%-*.'&(+!),-!T*%%8+!JKKLI6!

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3.2 EFFICIENCY

!,!(22.1.(,#!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8! .+!%,(! #$)#!4((#+! #$(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!%;=(1#./(+! 2%*! #$(! "()+#!0%++.;"(!1%+#6!N22.1.(,15!.+!.40%*#),#!;(1)&+(!.#!2)1.".#)#(+!2&#&*(!(@0),+.%,!%2!)!*(+(*/(!+5+#(4!#$*%&'$!#$(!*(+%&*1(2&"!&+(!%2!2&,-+!H#$(*(2%*(!0%#(,#.)""5!)""%7.,'!4%*(!#%!;(!').,(-! 2%*! #$(! +)4(! 1%+#I! ),-! .+!4%*(! ".8("5! #%! ;(! -(2(,+.;"(! .,! ".'$#! %2! 1%40(#.,'!.,#(*(+#+6!!

?)*@),!2.,-+!+%"&#.%,+!#%!#$(!4.,.4&4!+(#!0*%;"(4!7$(*(!#$(!%;=(1#./(!.+!#%!4.,.4.+(!#$(!1%+#!%2!#$(!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!7$."(!4((#.,'!)""!#$(!;.%-./(*+.#5!1%,+#*).,#+!HT%@!P6PI6!E(,1(! (22.1.(,15! .+! )! 1%*(! %;=(1#./(! %2!?)*@),6!^*%4! )!0*)1#.1)"!0(*+0(1#./(3! #$(!&+(*!,((-+! #%!)++.',!)!1%+#! #%!()1$!0"),,.,'!&,.#6! A,!)!+#),-)*-!)00".1)#.%,!%2!?)*@),3! #$(!1%+#!%2!)!0"),,.,'!&,.#!1%&"-!*(0*(+(,#!#$(!1%+#!%2! .#+!0&*1$)+(!),-i%*!4),)'(4(,#3!%*!#$(!1%+#+!)++%1.)#(-!7.#$! "%+#!(1%,%4.1!-(/("%04(,#i&+(! HZ).-%%!(#!)"6!JKKYI6! A,!4%*(!#$(%*(#.1)"!)00".1)#.%,+!%2!?)*@),3!)*()!$)+!;((,!&+(-!)+!)!+&**%')#(!2%*!1%+#6!A,!+%4(!1)+(+!#$(!1%+#!%2!)!0"),,.,'!&,.#!$)+!;((,!&+(-!#%!*(2"(1#!;*%)-(*! .++&(+!+&1$!)+!#$*()#6!N.#$(*!7)53!?)*@),!7.""!#*5!),-!)/%.-!1%+#"5!0"),,.,'!&,.#+3!.2!)"#(*,)#./(+!)*(!)/).");"(6!E%7(/(*3! +%4(#.4(+! 1%+#"5! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+! #$)#! )*(! (++(,#.)"! 2%*! 4((#.,'! #$(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!%;=(1#./(+!1),,%#!;(!)/%.-(-6!

3.3 SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT: COMPACTNESS AND/OR CONNECTEDNESS

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`6PI6! :$(!?)*@),!0)*)4(#(*3! T%&,-)*5! d(,'#$!?%-.2.(*! HTd?I3! 0(*4.#+! #$(! *(+(*/(! -(+.',(*! #%! 0")1(!4%*(!%*!"(++!.40%*#),1(!%,!#$(!1%40)1#,(++!%2!#$(!*(+(*/(!+5+#(4!*(")#./(!#%!.#+!1%+#!H.6(6!#%! .,2"&(,1(! #$(!-.*(1#.%,!%2! #$(!-(+.',! #%7)*-+! #$(!<+.,'"(! ")*'(>!),-!)7)5! 2*%4! #$(!<+(/(*)"!+4)"">!-(+.',!0*.,1.0"(I6!!

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:$(! 4%+#! 1%,1(0#&)""5! .40%*#),#! 2")7! %2! +1%*.,'! 4(#$%-+! 2%*! -(+.',.,'! *(+(*/(!,(#7%*8+! .+! #$)#! #$(5! -%! ,%#! -()"!7.#$! #$(! 1%,1(0#! #$)#! 2%*! *(+(*/(! ,(#7%*8+! X! #$(!<7$%"(! .+!4%*(! #$),! #$(! +&4!%2! #$(!0)*#+>6!E%7(/(*3!?)*@),!-%(+6! A,! (++(,1(! )! +.#(!1),,%#!;(!/)"&(-!.,!.+%")#.%,!H7$.1$!.+!7$)#!+1%*.,'!+5+#(4+!-%I!X!#$(!1%,#*.;&#.%,!%2!)!+.#(!#%!#$(!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!1),!%,"5!;(!/)"&(-!7$(,!7(!8,%7!7$)#!%#$(*!+.#(+!%11&*!.,!#$(! *(+(*/(! ,(#7%*86! :$.+! %11&*+! 2%*! #7%! 4).,! *()+%,+6! ^.*+#3! 7(! )*(! .,#(*(+#(-! .,!*()1$.,'! #)*'(#+! 2%*!-.22(*(,#!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+6! A2!)!,(#7%*8!)"*()-5!4((#+!)""! #$(!#)*'(#+! 2%*! )""! #$(! 2()#&*(+! .,! )! +0(1.2.1! +.#(3! #$)#! +.#(!7.""! )--! ".##"(6! W(1%,-3!7(! )*(!.,#(*(+#(-!.,!1%40)1#!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8+6!E(,1(!#$(!/)"&(!%2!)!+.#(!7.""!;(!")*'(*!.2!"%#+!%2!.#+!,(.'$;%&*+!)*(!)"*()-5!.,!#$(!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*86!!,!.+%")#(-!+.#(!.+!"(++!/)"&);"(3!&,"(++!.#+!,(.'$;%&*+!)*(!&"#.4)#("5!'%.,'!#%!;(!.,1"&-(-6!A#!.+!1*.#.1)"!#%!&,-(*+#),-!#$)#!+.#(+3!)"%,(3! $)/(! ,%!7("""-(2.,(-! /)"&(! X! ;&#! #$(!7$%"(! +5+#(4! -%(+! $)/(! )!7("""-(2.,(-!/)"&(!)11%*-.,'!#%!/)*.%&+!1*.#(*.)6!:$.+!.+!#*&(!.,!4),5!+.#&)#.%,+!.,!".2(!X!2%*!(@)40"(!7$(,!1$%%+.,'!)!+0%*#.,'!#()4!H)!+%11(*!#()4!,((-+!-(2(,-(*+3!4.-2.("-(*+3!),-!+#*.8(*+!#$)#!1%40"(4(,#!()1$!%#$(*I3!%*!7$(,!;&5.,'! #$(!7((8"5!+$%00.,'!H;*()-!4)5!;(! #$(!1$()0(+#!2%*4!%2!1)*;%$5-*)#(!),-!0*%#(.,3!;&#!0(%0"(!1),!,%#!"./(!%,!;*()-!)"%,(I6!

3.4 FLEXIBILITY

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bbJI6!^"(@.;.".#5!.+!*(-&1(-3!$%7(/(*3!7$(,!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!7.#$!*)*(!2()#&*(+!)*(!"%+#!2*%4!#$(!0*%1(++3!2%*!7$)#(/(*!*()+%,+6!!

^"(@.;.".#5! .+! )! 1$)*)1#(*.+#.1! %2!?)*@),! ;(1)&+(! #$(!4%+#! 1%44%,"5! &+(-! )"'%*.#$4!

.,+.-(! #$(! #%%"3! +.4&")#(-!),,()".,'3! 2.,-+!4),5!'%%-! +%"&#.%,+! #%! ")*'(!),-! 1%40"(@!0*%;"(4+6! !--.#.%,)""53! ;(1)&+(! +.4&")#(-! ),,()".,'! 1),! '(,(*)#(! #$(+(! +%"&#.%,+!9&.18"53! .#!1),!;(!&+(-! #%!(@0"%*(!)!/)*.(#5!%2!+1(,)*.%+!7.#$!-.22(*.,'!1%,+#*).,#+!),-!0)*)4(#(*+6!

3.5 COMPLEMENTARITY

D"),,.,'!&,.#+! 1%40"(4(,#!()1$!%#$(*!7(""! .2! #$(! +0(1.(+!%*!$);.#)#+! #$(5! 1%,#).,!)*(!9&.#(! -.22(*(,#3! +%! #$(.*! .-(,#.2.1)#.%,! 0*%/.-(+! )! 1%4;.,)#.%,! %2! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+! #$)#!

G$)0#(*!`C!F(5!G%,1(0#+! ! ! JK! !

#%'(#$(*!)1$.(/(! #$(!&"#.4)#(!'%)"!%2! 1%40*($(,+./(,(++! .,! #$(!4%+#!(22.1.(,#!4),,(*!HB&+#&+!),-!W)*8)*3!JKKJI6!G%,+(9&(,#"53!#$(!0*%1(++!%2!0"),,.,'!*(+(*/(!+5+#(4+!+$%&"-!;(!.,2%*4(-!;5!7$)#!.+!)"*()-5!1%,#).,(-!7.#$.,!#$(!(@.+#.,'!*(+(*/(+!HF.*80)#*.18!PbL`O!S),("V*.'$#!(#!)"6!PbbP3!D*(++(5!(#!)"6!Pbb`I6!:$(!0*.,1.0"(!%2! 1%40"(4(,#)*.#5! .+!)"+%!.40%*#),#!;(1)&+(! #$(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,!/)"&(!%2!(/(*5!0"),,.,'!&,.#! .+!-5,)4.1!),-!7.""!1$),'(!)+! #$(!*(+(*/(!+5+#(4! .+!(+#);".+$(-! H?)*'&"(+!),-!D*(++(5!JKKK3!W#(7)*#!(#!)"6!JKK`I6!!

:$(!)"'%*.#$4+! #$)#!?)*@),!&+(+! #%!2.,-!'%%-!+%"&#.%,+! #%! #$(!*(+(*/(!-(+.',!0*%;"(4!

&#."._(! #$(! 0*.,1.0"(! %2! 1%40"(4(,#)*.#53!7$.1$! .,! *(+(*/(! ,(#7%*8! -(+.',! .+! ),%#$(*!*()+%,!7$5!<#$(!7$%"(!.+!4%*(!#$),!#$(!+&4!%2!#$(!0)*#+6>!!

3.6 SELECTION FREQUENCY VERSUS “IRREPLACEABILITY”

T*%)-"5! +0()8.,'! #$(! .**(0")1();.".#5! %2! )! 0"),,.,'! &,.#! *(2"(1#+! $%7! .40%*#),#! .#+!.,1"&+.%,! .+! .,! #$(! *(+(*/(! +5+#(4! #%!4((#! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! %;=(1#./(+6! ^%*! (@)40"(3! .2! )!0"),,.,'! &,.#! .+! (++(,#.)"! 2%*! )! 1%40*($(,+./(! *(+(*/(! +5+#(4! ;(1)&+(! .#! 1%,#).,+! )!&,.9&(!%11&**(,1(!%2!)!2()#&*(3!),-i%*!.+!(++(,#.)"!#%!4((#!#$(!0*("+0(1.2.(-!#)*'(#!2%*!)!2()#&*(3!#$(,!#$)#!0"),,.,'!&,.#!4.'$#!;(!1%,+.-(*(-!.**(0")1();"(6!

D*(++(5!(#!)"6!HPbbeI!2.*+#!-(2.,(-!#$(!.**(0")1();.".#5!%2!)!0"),,.,'!&,.#!)+!#$(!2*)1#.%,!%2!)""!#$(!2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+!#$)#!*(9&.*(!#$)#!0"),,.,'!&,.#6!E%7(/(*3!#$.+!2%*4&")#.%,!7)+!*(+#*.1#(-!#%!+4)""!-)#)+(#+!-&(!#%!1%40&#)#.%,)"!1%,+#*).,#+6!d)#(*3!^(**.(*!(#!)"6!HJKKKI!-(/("%0(-! )! 0*(-.1#%*! %2! .**(0")1();.".#5! 2%*! ")*'(! -)#)+(#+6! A**(0")1();.".#5! .+! %2#(,! )!,&4;(*! ;(#7((,! _(*%! ),-! %,(6! A2! )! 0"),,.,'! &,.#! .+! (++(,#.)"! 2%*! )! 1%40*($(,+./(!*(+(*/(! +5+#(4! ;(1)&+(! .#! 1%,#).,+! )! &,.9&(! %11&**(,1(! %2! )! 2()#&*(! %*! #$(! %,"5!*(4).,.,'!)*()!"(2#!#%!)1$.(/(!#)*'(#+!2%*!#$)#!2()#&*(!#$(,!.#+!.**(0")1();.".#5!7.""!;(!%,(6!!

d(+".(!(#!)"6! HJKK`I!)*'&(+! .,!*(")#.%,! #%! .**(0")1();.".#5!),)"5+(+! #$)#!<+&1$!),!),)"5+.+!%22(*+! ),! (22(1#./(! 7)5! #%! '"(),! /)"&);"(! .,2%*4)#.%,! );%&#! 0*.%*.#5! )*()+3! 7$."(!)18,%7"(-'.,'! #$(! &,1(*#).,#5! .,$(*(,#! .,! #$(! -(".,()#.%,! %2! #)*'(#+3! 4%-("!)++&40#.%,+3! ),-! %#$(*! 0)*)4(#(*+o!!,! ),)"5+.+! ".8(! #$.+! 1),! ;(! &+(-! #%! 0*.%*.#._(!4)*.,(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 0"),,.,'! ),-! .40"(4(,#)#.%,! )1#./.#.(+! )1*%++! )! ;*%)-! *('.%,3!.,-.1)#.,'! 7$.1$! )*()+! 7.#$.,! #$(! *('.%,! 1%,+.+#(,#"5! 1%,#*.;&#(! #%! 4((#.,'! #$(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!'%)"+6>!

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

G$)0#(*!`C!F(5!G%,1(0#+! ! ! JP! !

3.7 REPRESENTATIVENESS

:$(*(! .+! 4&1$! 1%,2&+.%,! );%&#! #$(! #(*4! *(0*(+(,#)#./(,(++! ),-! .#+! *(")#.%,+$.0! #%!1%40*($(,+./(,(++6! A-()""53! #$(! 0)*#+! %2! ()1$! ;.%-./(*+.#5! 2()#&*(! H(6'6! +0(1.(+! %*!$);.#)#+I!0*%#(1#(-!.,+.-(!)!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!+$%&"-!;(!*(0*(+(,#)#./(!%2!()1$!2()#&*(!),-!#$(*(2%*(! 1%/(*! #$(! *),'(! %2! /)*.)#.%,! .,! ()1$! 2()#&*(6!V(! -(2.,(! .#! $(*(! .+! )! *(+(*/(!,(#7%*8! #$)#!1)0#&*(+! #$(!H%2#(,!&,4)00(-I!/)*.)#.%,!7.#$.,!)!2()#&*(!HD%++.,'$)4!(#!)"6!JKKUI6!!

R(0*(+(,#)#./(,(++! .+! 1"%+("5! *(")#(-! #%! #$(! .-()! %2! 1%40*($(,+./(,(++! ;(1)&+(! .2!7(!-(2.,(!;.%-./(*+.#5!)#!)!2.,(*!+1)"(!H(6'6!1")++.25!)!$);.#)#!.,#%!.#+!1%40%,(,#!#50(+I3!#$(,!1%40*($(,+./("5! +)40".,'! #$(! 2.,(*! $);.#)#! #50(+! .+! (9&./)"(,#! #%! *(0*(+(,#.,'! #$(!1%)*+(*!$);.#)#!#50(6!:$(!);.".#5!#%!)1$.(/(!*(0*(+(,#)#./(,(++!.+!.40%*#),#!#%!1%,+.-(*!.,!#$(!-)#)!1%"")#.%,!0$)+(6!

!! ;)+.1!?)*@),! ),)"5+.+! -%(+! ,%#! #50.1)""5! -()"!7.#$! #$(! .++&(! %2! *(0*(+(,#)#./(,(++!7.#$.,! )! './(,! 2()#&*(! ")5(*6![,(! +.40"(! 7)5! %2! *(0*(+(,#.,'! 2()#&*(+! ;(##(*! .+! #%!+&;-./.-(! #$%+(! 2()#&*(+! .,#%! +(/(*)"! +&;"2()#&*(+! X! ()1$! %2! 7$.1$! 4)5! ;(!'(%'*)0$.1)""5! %*! ;.%0$5+.1)""5! -(2.,(-6! ^%*! (@)40"(! #$(! ,%*#$(*,! (,-! %2! )! +0(1.(+g!*),'(!1%&"-!;(!%,(!2()#&*(3!),-!#$(!+%&#$(*,!(,-!),%#$(*!2()#&*(6!W.4.")*"5!#$(!7(#!(,-!%2! )! +0(1.(+g! *),'(! 1%&"-! ;(! %,(! 2()#&*(! ),-! #$(! -*5! (,-! ),%#$(*6! :$.+! .+! -.+1&++(-!2&*#$(*!.,!K;&$(*%!W0!1*+*%8*!\*+)!-!K"-+)#*%&()"-+6!

!,%#$(*!2()#&*(!%2!?)*@),!.+!#$)#!.#!1),!(,+&*(!)!4.,.4&4!+(0)*)#.%,!-.+#),1(!;(#7((,!0)*1("+!),-! #$.+!4.'$#!$("0!#%!4)@.4.+(!#$(!1$),1(+!#$)#!)!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!*(0*(+(,#+!'(%'*)0$.1!/)*.)#.%,!.,!()1$!2()#&*(6!:$.+!.+!-.+1&++(-!2&*#$(*!.,!#$(!?)*@),!?),&)"!)+!7(""!)+!.,!K;&$(*%!W0!1*+*%8*!\*+)!-!K"-+)#*%&()"-+6!

3.8 ADEQUACY

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p!a),.("+%,!PbbP3!R%;(*#+!PbbLI6!W0)#.)"!-(+.',!1*.#(*.)!1),!;(!(.#$(*!'(,(*.1!%*!+0(1.(+"+0(1.2.1!),-!0%#(,#.)""5! .,2%*4(-! ;5! 4(#)0%0&")#.%,! #$(%*53! 0%0&")#.%,! /.);.".#5! ),)"5+.+3!;.%'(%'*)0$53!),-!"),-+1)0(!(1%"%'5!HD*(++(5!(#!)"6!JKKQI6!!

!-(9&)15! .+! %,(! %2! #$(!4%+#! 2&,-)4(,#)"! 1%,1(0#+! %2! *(+(*/(! ,(#7%*8! -(+.',! ),-!1%,+(*/)#.%,! ;.%"%'5! .,! '(,(*)"3! ;&#!7$."(! .,2%*4)#.%,! %,! )-(9&)15! 1),! ;(! &+(-! .,!?)*@),3! +&1$! .,2%*4)#.%,! .+! '(,(*)""5! &,)/).");"(! ),-! &,1(*#).,6! !-(9&)15! 1),! ;(!1%,+.-(*(-!.,!?)*@),!.,!+(/(*)"!7)5+!#$%&'$!.#!.+!,%#!)!4)=%*!+#*(,'#$!%2!#$(!#%%"O!(6'6C!

G$)0#(*!`C!F(5!G%,1(0#+! ! ! JJ! !

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! !!4.,.4&4!0)#1$!)*()!1),!;(!+0(1.2.(-6!!

! :$(! ;%&,-)*5! "(,'#$!4%-.2.(*! 1),! ;(! &+(-! #%! 1"&40! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+! ),-! 1*()#(!*(+(*/(+!7.#$!"%7!(-'(!#%!)*()!*)#.%6!!

! M(%'*)0$.1!+0)1.,'!),-!*.+8!+0*()-.,'!1),!;(!(,+&*(-!#$*%&'$!*(0".1)#.%,!),-!#$(!4.,.4&4!-.+#),1(!2&,1#.%,!.,!?)*@),6!!

! :$(!0"),,.,'!&,.#!+#)#&+!1),!;(!&+(-!#%!"%18!.,!)*()+!#$)#!)*(!PKKj!1*.#.1)"!#%!+0(1.(+!0(*+.+#(,1(! H(6'6! +%&*1(+3!7."-".2(! +#)'.,'! )*()+3! ;*((-.,'! )*()+3! (#1I! ),-! "%18! %&#!)*()+! #$)#! )*(! $.'$"5! #$*()#(,(-! ;5! &,4),)'();"(! #$*()#+! #%! #$(! 0(*+.+#(,1(! %2!;.%-./(*+.#5!H(6'6!)*()+!7.#$!$.'$!-(,+.#5!%2!.,/)+./(!+0(1.(+I6!

3.9 OPTIMISATION, DECISION THEORY AND MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING

[0#.4.+)#.%,! .+!)!0*%1(++!7$(*(;5!7(!#*5!#%!2.,-!#$(!;(+#3!%*!/(*5!'%%-3!+%"&#.%,+!#%!)!7("""-(2.,(-!0*%;"(46!:$(*(!.+!)!")*'(!;%-5!%2!4)#$(4)#.1)"!#(1$,.9&(+!#$)#!1),!-("./(*!%0#.4)"! %*! ,()*! %0#.4)"! +%"&#.%,+6!a(1.+.%,! #$(%*5! .+! ),5!4)#$(4)#.1)"3! (1%,%4.1! %*!+%1.)"! +1.(,1(! #$)#! $("0+! &+! 4)8(! -(1.+.%,+6! R%&'$"5! +0()8.,'3! 4)#$(4)#.1)"!0*%'*)44.,'! 2.#+! .,+.-(! #$(! 2.("-! %2! %0#.4.+)#.%,3! ),-! %0#.4.+)#.%,! .,+.-(! #$(! (/(,!;*%)-(*! 2.("-!%2!-(1.+.%,! #$(%*56!W.4&")#(-!),,()".,'! HT%@!`6JI! .+! #$(!)"'%*.#$4! .,+.-(!?)*@),!#$)#!.+!&+(-!#%!2.,-!'%%-!+%"&#.%,+!#%!#$(!4.,.4&4!+(#!0*%;"(4!HT%@!P6PI!),-!.+!)!4)#$(4)#.1)"!0*%'*)44.,'!)"'%*.#$46!

!

J'F!736)!U*$(!+%!%+@/"$(#,!$&&#$"+&2L!!!

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q7$.1$! .+! #$(!0*%;"(4! )++%1.)#(-!7.#$!'*((-5!4(#$%-+!%2!*(+(*/(!+("(1#.%,!HF.*80)#*.18!(#!)"6!PbL`I6!

?%*(!%,!+.4&")#(-!),,()".,'!1),!;(!2%&,-!.,!#$(!?)*@),!?),&)"3!)+!7(""!)+!#$(!Gd\h!7(;+.#(C!$##0Cii77764%+).1"1%,+(*/)#.%,6%*'i1"&_i4)*@),P6$#4"!!

G$)0#(*!`C!F(5!G%,1(0#+! ! ! J`! !

4 Addressing Ecological Objectives through the

setting of Targets

d%&.+(!d.(;(*8,(1$#345! B(22!!6!!*-*%,36!R)"0$!V(""+37!Z)#)".(!G6! T),38!?(*/5,!dr##(*39!B%+(!d6!M(*$)*#_3Q!a)/.-!B6!Z.1%"+%,R

4^.,-.,'! W),1#&)*5! 6D)1.2.1!?)*.,(!!,)"5+.+! ),-! R(+()*1$!!++%1.)#.%,! 7\,./(*+.#5! %2! T*.#.+$!G%"&4;.)3!

G(,#*(!2%*!!00".(-!G%,+(*/)#.%,!R(+()*1$!8\,./(*+.#5!%2!T*.#.+$!G%"&4;.)3!^.+$(*.(+!G(,#*(!9?0&4)"),')!

:%&*.+4!p!D)*8+!!'(,15O!W1.(,#.2.1!W(*/.1(+!QVV^"G),)-)!RZ)#&*(!G%,+(*/),15!%2!G),)-)!

5G%**(+0%,-(,1(C!N"4)."C!d%&.+(6d.(;(*8,(1$# +%&#$7(+#2%%-),--*.,861%4!

ABSTRACT

K*-(%&3! ("!>**()-!!(;*!*'"3"!)'&3!"=C*'()8*+!"4!&!%*+*%8*!-*(:"%?! )+!(;&(! )(+!+$&()&3!'"-+*%8&()"-!

(&%!*(+! &%*! &#*E2&(*39! #*(*%>)-*#! &-#! >*(<! I;*%*! &%*! &! -2>=*%! "4! &$$%"&';*+! ("! +*(()-!!

'"-+*%8&()"-!4*&(2%*!(&%!*(+!)-!5&%.&-D!#*$*-#*-(!"-!(;*!*'"3"!)'&3!"=C*'()8*+!&-#!(;*!&8&)3&=3*!

)-4"%>&()"-<!U4(*-D!)(!)+!&$$%"$%)&(*!("!+*(!=%"&#!+'&3*!%*$%*+*-(&()"-!(&%!*(+!4"%!;&=)(&(!"%!=)"("$*!

'3&++)4)'&()"-+! (;&(!'"8*%! (;*!*-()%*!%*!)"-! @(;*!'"&%+*! 4)3(*%BD!&-#! (;*-!+*(!&##)()"-&3! (&%!*(+! 4"%!

+$&()&339!#)+'%**(!)-#)8)#2&3!4*&(2%*+!@(;*!4)-*!4)3(*%B<!O%"$"%()"-&3!(&%!*(+!4"%!'"&%+*!4)3(*%!4*&(2%*+D!

+2';!&+!;&=)(&(!'3&++)4)'&()"-+D!'&-!=*!+*(!(;*!+&>*!4"%!&33!'3&++*+!4"%!(;*!4*&(2%*!@*<!<!/N`BD!"%!'&-!

=*!+'&3*#!#*$*-#)-!!"-!(;*!"8*%&33!&=2-#&-'*!"4!*&';!4*&(2%*!'3&++D!:)(;!%&%*%!"-*+!!)8*-!;)!;*%!

$%"$"%()"-&3! (&%!*(+! (;&-!>"%*!&=2-#&-(!"-*+! @+**!A".!V</B<!a"%! )-#)8)#2&3! 4)-*! 4)3(*%! 4*&(2%*+D!

>)-)>2>! 8)&=3*! $"$23&()"-! +)G*+! &-#! +$*')*+F&%*&! '2%8*+! '&-! ;*3$! #*4)-*! (&%!*(+D!:;*-! +2';!

)-4"%>&()"-!)+!&8&)3&=3*!@+**!7*'()"-!V<L<PB<!b)!;*%!(&%!*(+!+;"23#!=*!+*(!4"%!4*&(2%*+!"4!$&%()'23&%!

'"-+*%8&()"-!'"-'*%-!@#*4)-*#!2+)-!!*.$3)')(!'%)(*%)&!+2';!&+!%&%)(9D!#*'3)-*D!&-#!(;%*&(B<!Q.)+()-!!

$%"(*'()"-!>*&+2%*+!@+$&()&3!&-#!-"-"+$&()&3B!+;"23#!)-432*-'*!;":!(&%!*(+!&%*!+*(D!&-#!*.)+()-!!

3*!&3! 4%&>*:"%?+!&-#!$"3)()'&3!'">>)(>*-(+!>&9!'"-(&)-!!*-*%&3!(&%!*(+!&+!&!%*E2)%*#!+(&%()-!!

$")-(<!,!(%&-+"%*!)"-&3!$*%+$*'()8*!:)33!"4(*-!)-432*-'*!(&%!*(+D!*<!<!&!4*&(2%*!(;&(!)+!%&%*!)-!"-*!

$3&--)-!!%*!)"-!>)!;(!=*!'">>"-!)-!&-!&#C&'*-(!%*!)"-D!&-#!(;*%*4"%*!=*!(%*&(*#!#)44*%*-(39!4%">!

&!4*&(2%*!(;&(!)+!!3"=&339!%&%*<!H-!&3>"+(!&33!'&+*+D!*.$*%(!?-":3*#!*!&-#!"$)-)"-!:)33!=*!8&32&=3*!

)-! ;*3$)-!! ("! #*4)-*! (;"+*! (&%!*(+! "%! (&%!*(! %&-!*+! (;&(! &%*!>"+(! 3)?*39! ("! &';)*8*! *'"3"!)'&3!

"=C*'()8*+!@+**!7*'()"-!V<L<L!&-#!A".!V<PB<!c;*%*!(;*%*!)+!+">*!2-'*%(&)-(9!"-!(;)+!>&((*%D!)(!'&-!

=*!;*3$423!("!*.$3"%*!&!%&-!*!"4!(&%!*(+!("!#*8*3"$!#)44*%*-(!+'*-&%)"+<!

4.1 INTRODUCTION

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

G$)0#(*!eC!!--*(++.,'!N1%"%'.1)"![;=(1#./(+!#$*%&'$!#$(!+(##.,'!%2!:)*'(#+! Je! !

1*+*%8*!\*+)!-!K"-+)#*%&()"-+IO! ),-3! $%7! #%! .,1%*0%*)#(! +%1.%"(1%,%4.1! %;=(1#./(+! H+((!K;&$(*%!T0!,##%*++)-!!7"')"*'"-">)'!U=C*'()8*+I6!

T*%)-!'%)"+!),-!+0(1.2.1!%;=(1#./(+e!%2!)!0*%=(1#!+$%&"-!;(!+#)#(-!)#!#$(!%&#+(#3!),-!#$(,!&+(-! #%! 2%*4&")#(! #$(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 0"),,.,'! 0*%;"(46!?%/.,'! 2*%4! '(,(*)"! '%)"+! #%!9&),#.2.);"(! +0(1.2.1! %;=(1#./(+! .+! ),! .40%*#),#! +#(0! .,!&+.,'!?)*@),3!7$.1$! 1),!-()"!7.#$!+%4(!+0(1.2.1!%;=(1#./(+!(@0".1.#"5!),-!(@)1#"53!;&#!%#$(*+!*(9&.*(!.,#(*0*(#)#.%,3!%*!*(9&.*(!+%4(! .4)'.,)#.%,6!G(,#*)"!#%!#$.+!0*%;"(4!+0(1.2.1)#.%,! .+!#$(!-(#(*4.,)#.%,!%2!2()#&*(!#)*'(#+6!!

4.2 CONSERVATION FEATURES AND TARGETS

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`Kj!%2!.#+!%*.'.,)"!(@#(,#3!%*!%,(!%11&**(,1(6U!!!

E%7! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+! ),-! #)*'(#+! )*(! .,1%*0%*)#(-! .,#%! )!?)*@),! ),)"5+.+! .+! )!*(2"(1#.%,!%2! #$(!(1%"%'.1)"!%;=(1#./(+!%2! #$(!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*86!^%*!(@)40"(3! .2! #$(*(! .+!)!*(0*(+(,#)#.%,!%;=(1#./(!#%!.,1"&-(!#$(!2&""!*('.%,)"!*),'(!%2!$);.#)#+!7.#$.,!#$(!,(#7%*83!#$(,!)!*('.%,)"!$);.#)#!1")++.2.1)#.%,! ")5(*!7%&"-!;(! .,1"&-(-! .,!#$(!),)"5+.+!7.#$!()1$!1")++!.,1%*0%*)#(-!)+!)!+0(1.2.1!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(3!2%*!7$.1$!#)*'(#+!7%&"-!;(!+(#!H(6'6!PKj!%2! ()1$!$);.#)#! #50(! H+((!T%@! e6PI6! A2! ),%#$(*!%;=(1#./(! .+! #%! )-(9&)#("5!0*%#(1#! )!0)*#.1&")*"5! (,-),'(*(-! 4)44)"3! #$(,! #$(! +0(1.(+! .#+("2! 4.'$#! ;(! .,1"&-(-! )+! ),!)--.#.%,)"! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(3!7.#$! #$(!4.,.4&4!/.);"(!0%0&")#.%,! +._(!)+!)! #)*'(#6!!"#(*,)#./("53!.#!4.'$#!;(!4%*(!)00*%0*.)#(!#%!&+(!)!$);.#)#!%2!.40%*#),1(!#%!#$(!+0(1.(+!)+!)!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(! H(6'6! 2%*)'.,'!$);.#)#I3!),-!+(#!)! #)*'(#!%2!)!'./(,!,&4;(*!%2!$(1#)*(+6!

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

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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4.3 SETTING MEANINGFUL TARGETS

4.3.1 How coarse and fine filter targets work together

G%)*+(! 2."#(*! 2()#&*(+!)*(! #$%+(! #$)#!1%/(*!4%+#!%*!)""!%2! #$(!0"),,.,'!)*()!),-!&+&)""5!*(0*(+(,#! $);.#)#+3! ;.%4(+3! %*! $.'$(*! "(/("! +0(1.(+! 1%44&,.#.(+6! ^%*! (@)40"(3! )!*(0*(+(,#)#.%,!#)*'(#!%23!+)53!JUj!2%*!)!/('(#)#.%,!1")++!4)5!0*%#(1#!),!(+#.4)#(-!QUj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e6PI6!

G$)0#(*!eC!!--*(++.,'!N1%"%'.1)"![;=(1#./(+!#$*%&'$!#$(!+(##.,'!%2!:)*'(#+! JY! !

!

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4.3.2 How much is enough? Viability assessments, species-area curves, and

expert opinion

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4.3.3 Expert advice and peer review

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!

SECTION 2 - ECOLOGICAL TARGETS

Measure Target (range) Comments/ Justifications

The type of measure that will be used to capture the marine feature (e.g. Percent of current extent of feature in study area, percent of current population, number of occurrences).

The amount of the feature required for meeting the BCMCA's 4 ecological objectives: (1) Represent the diversity of BC's marine ecosystems (2) maintain viable populations of native species; (3) sustain ecological and evolutionary processes; (4) build a conservation network that is resilient to environmental change. Ranges should span minimum to preferred amounts.

SECTION 3 - ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Minimum Patch Size

Replication Separation Distance

Other Ecological Considerations

Comments

Minimum size of patch/population needed to ensure population viability.

How many unique patches are needed to ensure long-term population persistence/to safeguard against disturbances?

The minimum distance that distinct patches of a feature should be from one another (consider dispersal distances).

e.g. connectivity, ecosystem linkages, dynamics, special management considerations.

SECTION 4 - SOURCES OF FLORA DATA AND PRE-PROCESSING

Dataset/Layer Description GeometryProvider, Custodian

Extent Key Fields/ Attributes

Spatially georeferenced data that captures the location of the features. Preference will be given to digital data. This list need not be inclusive but should represent the best available data for science-driven analyses.

Brief description of dataset.

Geometry type (point line or polygon)

Data provider/ reference

Geographic Extent of Database

Descriptive information stored with the spatial data.

SECTION 5 - PRE-PROCESSING

Pre-Processing

How should this dataset (or combined datasets) be processed/prepared for use in Marxan?

SECTION 1 - FEATURES

Marine Feature Rationale

List the unique species/ecological features from this dataset (ex. species, families, groupings of species or of species habitats) that require individual consideration in the BCMCA. You may also wish to delineate features by season/ region or both.

Justification for classifying features or treating them separately.

!

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4.3.4 Conservation status as a proxy for target-setting

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4.3.5 Existing protection levels

A2! )! &+(*! <"%18+! .,>! (@.+#.,'! +0)#.)""5! 0*%#(1#(-! )*()+3! 1&**(,#! 0*%#(1#.%,! "(/("+! 2%*!2()#&*(+!7.#$.,!#$%+(!)*()+!7.""!;(!)11%&,#(-!2%*!.,!),!),)"5+.+6!

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

G$)0#(*!eC!!--*(++.,'!N1%"%'.1)"![;=(1#./(+!#$*%&'$!#$(!+(##.,'!%2!:)*'(#+! `P! !

4.3.6 Legal framework or mandate

?),5! 1%&,#*.(+! )*(! +.',)#%*.(+! #%! 1%,/(,#.%,+! %*! +&;=(1#! #%! "('.+")#.%,! #$)#! *(9&.*(! )!1(*#).,! 0*%0%*#.%,! %2! 0)*#.1&")*! +0(1.(+! i! $);.#)#+! #%! ;(! 0*(+(*/(-! H(6'6! #$(! N&*%0(),!G%44&,.#5g+! T.*-+! ),-! E);.#)#+! a.*(1#./(+I6! :$.+! 7.""! 0*%/.-(! )! +#)*#.,'! 0%.,#! 2%*!+(##.,'!(1%"%'.1)"!#)*'(#+3!)+!7(""!)+!4)8.,'!#$(4!-(2(,+.;"(!0&;".1"5!),-! .,!)!1%&*#!%2!")7O!$%7(/(*3!1)&#.%,! .+!)-/.+(-3!)+!)! "(')"! #)*'(#!4)5!,%#!4)#1$!7$)#! .+!(1%"%'.1)""5!*(9&.*(-6! A2! #$(*(! )00()*+! #%! ;(! )! -.+1*(0),15! .,! #$.+! *(')*-3! *&,,.,'! #7%! +(#+! %2!+1(,)*.%+!H#$(!<"(')">!),-!#$(!<(1%"%'.1)">I!1),!$("0!/.+&)""5!-(4%,+#*)#(!#$(!-.22(*(,1(+!.,! #$(! 0%++.;"(! +%"&#.%,+! #%! +#)8($%"-(*+! ),-! -(1.+.%,"4)8(*+6! d.8(7.+(3! +%4(!%*'),.+)#.%,+!$)/(!4.++.%,!+#)#(4(,#+!#$)#!1%44.#!#$(4!#%!1(*#).,!#)*'(#+6!!').,3!#$(+(!1),!;(!*&,!)"%,'+.-(!#)*'(#+!;)+(-!%,!0*%=(1#"+0(1.2.1!(1%"%'.1)"!)++(++4(,#+3!)+!7(""!)+!#$%+(!1*()#(-!;5!%#$(*!+#)8($%"-(*+3!'%/(*,4(,#!0%".153!%*!"(')"!*(9&.*(4(,#+6!

4.3.7 Trans-regional planning

Z%#.,'!#$(!0*%0%*#.%,)"!.40%*#),1(!%*!-('*((!%2!(,-(4.+4!%2!)!+0(1.(+!7.#$.,!)!+#&-5!*('.%,! 4)5! )++.+#! .,! +(##.,'! #)*'(#+! ),-! .,! (-'("4)#1$.,'! %2! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 0"),+3!0)*#.1&")*"5!.2!#$(!*('.%,+!2%""%7!)-4.,.+#*)#./(!*)#$(*!#$),!(1%"%'.1)"!;%&,-)*.(+3!%*!.,!(1%"%'.1)"!*('.%,+!7$(*(!.#!.+!,%#!0%++.;"(!#%!*&,!%,(!+.,'"(!)++(++4(,#6!^%*!(@)40"(3!)!+0(1.(+! #$)#! .+!*)*(! .,!)!0)*#.1&")*!*('.%,!4)5!;(!)#! #$(!(-'(!%2! .#+!'(%'*)0$.1)"!*),'(3!),-! 7(""! *(0*(+(,#(-! H),-! 0*%#(1#(-I! .,! ),! )-=)1(,#! *('.%,C! +&1$! )! +0(1.(+! +$%&"-!'(,(*)""5!;(!'./(,!)!"%7(*!#)*'(#!#$),!)!'"%;)""5!*)*(!+0(1.(+6!\+&)""5!.#!.+!'%%-!0*)1#.1(!#%! 0*(+(*/(! +0(1.(+! .,! #$(! 1%*(! %2! #$(.*! '(%'*)0$.1)"! *),'(3! .6(6! #$(.*! <+#*%,'$%"-+O>!$%7(/(*!.,!+%4(!1)+(+!.#!4.'$#!;(!)00*%0*.)#(!#%!1%,+.-(*!#)*'(#+!2%*!+0(1.(+!)#!#$(!(-'(!%2! #$(.*! '(%'*)0$.1)"! *),'(3! .2! .#! .+! 8,%7,! #$)#! #$(! -.+#*.;&#.%,! .+! +$.2#.,'! .,! #$)#!-.*(1#.%,O!(6'6!-&(!#%!1".4)#(!1$),'(6!!

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

4.4 TARGETS AND TRADE-OFFS

4.4.1 Iterative planning

!1$.(/.,'!;*%)-!(1%+5+#(4!'%)"+3!),-!#$&+!)""!(1%"%'.1)"!%;=(1#./(+!),-!?)*@),!#)*'(#+!#$)#! 2"%7! 2*%4! #$(43! +$%&"-! ;(! 1%,+.-(*(-! 1(,#*)"! #%! ),5! (1%+5+#(4";)+(-! ),)"5+.+6!E%7(/(*3! 0*)'4)#.1! 1%,+.-(*)#.%,+! %2#(,! *(9&.*(! #*)-("%22+! #%! ;(!4)-(6! A,! (@0"%*.,'!#*)-("%22+3! .#! .+! )! '%%-! 0*)1#.1(! #%! .#(*)#./("5! (@0"%*(! )! *),'(! %2! 0")&+.;"(! #)*'(#+3! #%!

G$)0#(*!eC!!--*(++.,'!N1%"%'.1)"![;=(1#./(+!#$*%&'$!#$(!+(##.,'!%2!:)*'(#+! `J! !

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

d.8(7.+(3!.#!1),!;(!.40%*#),#!2%*!+#)8($%"-(*+!#%!&,-(*+#),-!#$)#!1$),'.,'!+%4(!#)*'(#+!4)5!,%#! .40)1#!%&#1%4(+!+.',.2.1),#"53!;(1)&+(!#)*'(#+!2%*!%#$(*!%;=(1#./(+!)*(!-*./.,'!%/(*)""!%&#1%4(+6! !W.,1(! .#! .+!%2#(,!,%#!0%++.;"(! #%!;(!1(*#).,! .2!)!0)*#.1&")*! #)*'(#!7.""!4((#! #$(! 1*.#(*.)! %2! )-(9&)15! H%2! 1%,+(*/.,'! /.);"(! 0%0&")#.%,+3! 2%*! (@)40"(I3! .#! .+!.40%*#),#! #%! 1%44&,.1)#(! %#$(*! H$.'$(*! %*! "%7(*! *.+8I! %0#.%,+! 4)5! (@.+#3! +%! #$)#!+#)8($%"-(*+!&,-(*+#),-!#$(!#*)-(%22+!H+((!K;&$(*%!/N0!6+)-!!5&%.&-!)-!523()"7(&?*;"3#*%!O3&--)-!!O%"'*++*+I6!

4.4.2 Weighting targets through the species penalty factor

D*%4.+.,'!?)*@),! +%"&#.%,+! +$%&"-! ;(! (/)"&)#(-! .,! ".'$#! %2!4((#.,'! #$(.*! (1%"%'.1)"!#)*'(#+3!),-!.,.#.)""5!#$(!#7%!4%+#!".8("5!.++&(+!7.""!;(C!!

! N&,#>">#A>#%#&($(+'&C!V$(,!,%#!)""!#)*'(#+!7(*(!)1$.(/(-3!7$)#!7)+!#$(!+$%*#2)""m!V)+! .#!(1%"%'.1)""5! i! +#)#.+#.1)""5! +.',.2.1),#m!a%(+! #$.+! .,-.1)#(! #$)#! #$(! #)*'(#!7)+!&,*()".+#.1m! W$%&"-! #$(! #)*'(#! ;(! "%7(*(-3! %*! )"#(*,)#./("53! -%(+! .,1*()+.,'! #$(!+0(1.(+! 0(,)"#5! 2)1#%*L! 1%**(1#! #$.+! +$%*#2)""m! V$)#! .40)1#! -%(+! 4)8.,'! #$%+(!)-=&+#4(,#+!$)/(!%,!#$(!,(7!?)*@),!+%"&#.%,+!%/(*)""m!!

! V=#>">#A>#%#&($(+'&C!V(*(!#)*'(#+!%/(*)1$.(/(-m!:$.+!1),!4(),!#$)#!#$(!+%"&#.%,!.+!,%#! +0)#.)""5! (22.1.(,#! ),-! #$(! )++%1.)#(-! +0(1.(+! 0(,)"#5! 2)1#%*! 1%&"-! ;(! )-=&+#(-!-%7,7)*-+6!V$)#!.40)1#!-%(+!4)8.,'!#$%+(!)-=&+#4(,#+!$)/(!%,!#$(!,(7!?)*@),!+%"&#.%,+!%/(*)""m!

!+! .,-.1)#(-! );%/(3! #$(!&+(*! 1),!-(1.-(! $%7! .40%*#),#! .#! .+! #%!4((#! #$(! #)*'(#! 2%*! )!+0(1.2.1!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(!#$*%&'$!)-=&+#4(,#!%2!#$(!+0(1.(+!0(,)"#5!2)1#%*6!A,.#.)""53!.#!%&'$#! #%!;(!+(#! #$(!+)4(!2%*!)""!2()#&*(+! .,!),!),)"5+.+6!A2!+%4(! #)*'(#+!)*(!,%#!;(.,'!4(#! 2%*! +%4(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+3! #$(+(!4)5! ;(! .#(*)#./("5! './(,! )! $.'$(*! +0(1.(+!0(,)"#5!2)1#%*!#$),!%#$(*+3!.,!%*-(*!2%*!)""!#)*'(#+!#%!;(!4(#!H+((!7*'()"-!X<L</!"!H(*%&()"-+I6!W%4(!0*)1#.#.%,(*+!4)5!$(+.#)#(!#%!-%!#$.+3!*()+%,.,'!#$)#!()1$!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(!),-!.#+!(1%"%'.1)"!%;=(1#./(!H$(,1(!#)*'(#I!.+!1%,+.-(*(-!(9&)""5!.40%*#),#6!E%7(/(*3!.#!4)5!;(!#$)#!+%4(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(+!)*(!4%*(!1%+#"5!i!-.22.1&"#!#%!%;#).,!#$),!%#$(*+3!),-!7.#$!)! 2")#!0(,)"#5! 2)1#%*! #$(.*! #)*'(#+!7.""!,%#!;(!4(#6! A2! .,1"&-.,'! #$(+(! 2()#&*(+! .+!)!,(1(++)*5!%;=(1#./(3!#$(,!#$(.*!+0(1.(+!0(,)"#5!2)1#%*!7.""!$)/(!#%!;(!.,1*()+(-!H%*3!#$(.*!1%+#+!-(1*()+(-O!%*3!#$(!2)1#%*+!2%*!%#$(*!2()#&*(+!-(1*()+(-I6!D$."%+%0$.1)""53!#$(!&+(!%2!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

L!:$(!W0(1.(+!D(,)"#5!^)1#%*! HW^DI!1),!;(!)00".(-! #%!),5!8.,-!%2!2()#&*(3! .,1"&-.,'!+0(1.(+3!;&#!)"+%! $);.#)#+3! ;.%4(+3! (#16!:%! 1")*.25! #$.+3! +%4(!&+(*+! .,+#()-!&+(! #$(! #(*4! '"-+*%8&()"-! $*-&3(9!

4&'("%6!

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

4.4.3 Adjusting targets based on pragmatic considerations

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j3! JKj3! `Kj! (#1I3! *(2"(1#.,'! -.22(*.,'! "(/("+! %2! 0*%#(1#.%,3! -.22(*.,'!1%,+(*/)#.%,!1%+#+3!),-!-.22(*.,'!*.+8+!#%!+0(1.(+!/.);.".#5!),-!(1%"%'.1)"!.,#('*.#56!

A#!4)5!;(! .40*)1#.1)"!#%!)1$.(/(!)""!(1%"%'.1)"!%;=(1#./(+6!a.22.1&"#!#*)-("%22+!%2#(,!$)/(!#%!;(!4)-(!;5!-(1.+.%,!4)8(*+!),-!0"),,(*+3!7$.1$!)*(!&"#.4)#("5!;%*,(!;5!#$(!7.-(*!+#)8($%"-(*+! ),-! 0&;".1O! .6(6! +%1.(#56! :$)#! .+! ,%#! #%! +)5! #$)#! +1.(,#.+#+! ),-!1%,+(*/)#.%,.+#+! +$%&"-! ,%#! 1%,#.,&(! #%! )*'&(! #$(.*! 1)+(! 2%*! (1%"%'.1)"! %;=(1#./(+6!D*(+(,#.,'! #%! 0"),,(*+! ),-! -(1.+.%,!4)8(*+! )! /)*.(#5! %2! %&#0&#! +%"&#.%,+! .""&+#*)#.,'!#*)-("%22+!7.#$!%#$(*!)1#./.#.(+!%*!.,#(*(+#+!.+!'%%-!0*)1#.1(6!!

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4.5 CHALLENGES

4.5.1 Gaps in quality and coverage of spatial data

:$(!(1%"%'.1)"! .40%*#),1(!%2!)! 2()#&*(!$)+! #%!;(!;)"),1(-!7.#$! #$(!9&)".#5!%2! .#+!-)#)6!V()8!%*!.,1%40"(#(!-)#)!+$%&"-!,%#!;(!<-*./.,'>!#$(!),)"5+.+6!!

A#!4)5!;(!#(40#.,'!#%!.,1"&-(!)""!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(+!2%*!7$.1$!#$(*(!.+!+%4(!-)#)3!;&#!.2! 0)*#.1&")*! -)#)+(#+! )*(! /(*5!7()83! .#!4)5! ;(! 0*(2(*);"(! ,%#! #%! .,1"&-(! #$(4! )#! )""6!E%7(/(*3!.2!)!2()#&*(!.+!*)*(!%*!%#$(*7.+(!.40%*#),#3!#$(,!0(*$)0+!.,1"&-.,'!.,1%40"(#(!%*!7()8!-)#)!7.""!;(! =&-'(-!)+!;(.,'!;(##(*! #$),!&+.,'!,%,(!)#!)""6! A,!+&1$!1)+(+3! .#! .+!'(,(*)""5! '%%-! 0*)1#.1(! #%! )++.',! #$(! 7()8(*! -)#)+(#! )! "%7(*! #$),! ,%*4)"! +0(1.(+!0(,)"#5! 2)1#%*6! A#g+! )! ;)"),1.,'! )1#6!V$)#(/(*! #$(! 1)+(3! ),)"5+#+! ),-! 0"),,(*+! +$%&"-!*(1%*-!#$(!-(1.+.%,!),-!.#+!*)#.%,)"(6!

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4.5.2 Gaps in scientific knowledge

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5 Reserve Design Considerations

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5.2 CONNECTIVITY

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5.3 MINIMUM CLUMP OR PATCH SIZE

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5.4 REPLICATION AND SEPARATION

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5.5 SHAPE (EDGE TO AREA RATIO)

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!

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0(*.4(#(*!#%!)*()!*)#.%+3!),-!%,"5! .,1%*0%*)#.,'!#$(+(!0)#1$(+!)+!)!2()#&*(! ")5(*!7.#$.,!#$(!?)*@),!)++(++4(,#6!^%""%7.,'!2*%4!#$)#3!4.,.4&4!1"&40!+._(3!1"&40!-.+#),1(3!),-!,&4;(*!%2!1"&40+!7(*(!+(#!2%*!#$)#!2()#&*(6!

5.6 COST

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

!+!4(,#.%,(-! .,! 7*'()"-! W<P! "!K"--*'()8)(93! #$(! 1%+#! +&*2)1(! 1),! (22(1#./("5! ;(!&+(-! #%!*(2"(1#!1%**.-%*+!#$)#!1%,,(1#!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+!7.#$!%,(!),%#$(*3!%*!+0(1.(+!7.#$!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+3!;5!"%7(*.,'!#$(!1%+#!/)"&(!%2!#$(!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!7.#$.,!#$(+(!.-(,#.2.(-!1%**.-%*+6!W(/(*)"!%0#.%,+!(@.+#!#%!1*()#(!)!1%+#!+&*2)1(3!+&1$!)+! "()+#"1%+#!0)#$!),)"5+.+!%*!2*.1#.%,!

G$)0#(*!UC!R(+(*/(!a(+.',!G%,+.-(*)#.%,+! ! ! eJ! !

+&*2)1(+!H*(-&1(-!4%/(4(,#!#$*%&'$!#$(!"),-+1)0(I6![,(!1),!&+(!)!2*.1#.%,!+&*2)1(!H1%+#!*)+#(*! .,! A-*.+.! %*!!*1MAWI! -.*(1#"5! )+! )!?)*@),! 1%+#! +&*2)1(!7$(*(! .,1*()+(-! 2*.1#.%,!)*()+3! %*! )*()+! &,+&.#);"(! 2%*! #$(! 4%/(4(,#! %*! 4.'*)#.%,! %2! +0(1.(+! #$*%&'$! #$(!"),-+1)0(3! )*(! 4%*(! (@0(,+./(! ),-! +%! 7.""! ;(! '(,(*)""5! )/%.-(-! -&*.,'! ?)*@),g+!+("(1#.%,!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+6!!

A,!%*-(*!#%!2)/%&*!)*()+!7.#$!$.'$!(1%"%'.1)"!.,#('*.#53!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!.,!)!$()"#$5!H"(++!-.+#&*;(-I!+#)#(!1),!;(!'./(,!)! "%7(*!1%+#!H*(")#./(!#%!#$(.*!+._(I!#$),!0"),,.,'!&,.#+! .,!&,$()"#$5!)*()+6!:$(!Z)#&*(!G%,+(*/),15!%2!G),)-)!-(/("%0(-!)! 1%+#! +&*2)1(! H1)""(-!#$(! +&.#);.".#5! .,-(@I! ;5!7(.'$#.,'! ;(#7((,! ),-!7.#$.,! )! ,&4;(*! %2! 2)1#%*+! &+.,'! )!0).*7.+(! 1%40)*.+%,! ),-! (@0(*#! (/)"&)#.%,! HT%@! U6JI! HD*51(! (#! )"63! JKKYI6!:$(!Z)#&*(!G%,+(*/),15!*%&#.,("5!&+(!(@#(*,)"!#$*()#+!#%!)!+.#(!)+!)!+&**%')#(!%2!1%+#6!:$*()#!1),!;(!)! '%%-! 0*%@5! 2%*! (1%,%4.1! 1%+#3! ),-! .2! #$(! #$*()#! 1),,%#! ;(! );)#(-! #$(,! 4)8.,'!#$*()#(,(-! +.#(+! $.'$! 1%+#+!7.""!4(),! #$(! 1$%+(,! *(+(*/(! +5+#(4! .+! "(++! ".8("5! #%! ;(!.,2"&(,1(-!;5!#$(+(!(@#(*,)"!2%*1(+6!:$(!1%+#!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!1),!;(!.,1*()+(-!.,!)*()+!#$)#!)*(!.40%*#),#!2%*!(1%,%4.1!)1#./.#.(+3!+&1$!)+!2.+$.,'3!*(")#./(!#%!)*()+!#$)#!)*(!"(++!.40%*#),#!2%*!2.+$.,'3!)+!7)+!#(+#(-!.,!#$(!A*.+$!W()!D."%#!0*%=(1#!.,!#$(!\F!Hd.(;(*8,(1$#!(#!)"6!JKKeI6!:$)#!7)53!.#!.+!0%++.;"(!#%!(@0"%*(!7)5+!%2!4((#.,'!(1%"%'.1)"!#)*'(#+!7$."+#!4.,.4.+.,'!.40)1#+!%,!%,'%.,'!$&4),!)1#./.#.(+!H+((!K;&$(*%!T0!,##%*++)-!!7"')"*'"-">)'!U=C*'()8*+I6!

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

5.7 ADAPTIVE RESERVE NETWORK PLANNING

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

.+!)!"),-!)19&.+.#.%,!0*%'*)4!#$)#!7)+!);"(!#%!&0-)#(!#$(!0"),!(/(*5!Y!4%,#$+!H[(#.,'!(#!)"6!JKKYI6!^&*#$(*4%*(3!.2!)!*(+(*/(!+5+#(4!-(+.',(-!7.#$!)!"%7!1%,+(*/)#.%,!#)*'(#3!(6'6!

G$)0#(*!UC!R(+(*/(!a(+.',!G%,+.-(*)#.%,+! ! ! e`! !

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!

J'F!936)!B#=#"'A+&2!$!1'%(!%/>;$1#!/%+&2!@/"(+A"#!;$1('>%!

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

!

Terrestrial Suitability = A * management_status + B * land_use + C * road_density + D * future_urban_potential + E * fire_condition_class

!

V$(*(!!3!T3!G3!a!),-!N!)*(!7(.'$#.,'!2)1#%*+3!1)"1&")#(-!2*%4!(@0(*#!.,0&#!),-!0).*7.+(!1%40)*.+%,3!7$.1$!1%""(1#./("5!+&4!#%!PKKj6!!

W&;"7(.'$#+3! +&44.,'! #%! PKKj3! 7(*(! )"+%! )00".(-! #%! +&;"2)1#%*+! 7.#$.,! #$(!4),)'(4(,#!+#)#&+3!"),-!&+(!),-!2.*(!1%,-.#.%,!1")++(+6!^%*!(@)40"(C!!

land_use = q * % urban + r * % agriculture + s * % mine

S)"&(+!2%*!()1$!2)1#%*!H%*!+&;"2)1#%*I!)*(!;)+(-!%,!#$(!0(*1(,#!)*()!%2!#$)#!2)1#%*!.,!#$(!0"),,.,'! &,.#6!S)"&(+! 2%*! ()1$! 2)1#%*! )*(! +#),-)*-.+(-! 0*.%*! #%! )00"5.,'! #$(!7(.'$#+!)11%*-.,'!#%!#$(!2%""%7.,'!(9&)#.%,C!

Standardised score = (score for that PU / highest score for all PU)*100

:$.+!+#),-)*-.+)#.%,!$)+!#$(!)-/),#)'(!%2!1*()#.,'!(9&)"!+1%*(!*),'(+3!7$.1$!)*(!()+."5!1%40)*);"(6!!+!)!-*)7;)183! .#!-%(+!,%#!)11%&,#! 2%*!/)*5.,'!-)#)!/)*.);.".#53!),-!7.""!#(,-!#%!%/(*"(40$)+._(!2)1#%*+!#$)#!1%4(!7.#$!".##"(!/)*.);.".#56!:$&+3!.#!.+!;(+#!)00".(-!.,!+.#&)#.%,+!7$(*(!2)1#%*+!$)/(!+.4.")*!/)*.);.".#.(+3!%*!7$(*(!#$(+(!/)*.);.".#.(+!$)/(!)"+%!;((,!+#),-)*-.+(-6!!

!"#$%&'$! #$(! +.40"(! .,-(@! &+(-! .,! #$.+! )++(++4(,#! 1),,%#! )11%&,#! 2%*! #$(! 4),5!1%40"(@! "%1)"!+.#&)#.%,+!7$.1$! .,2"&(,1(!+&11(++2&"!1%,+(*/)#.%,3! #$(!+#&-5!1%,1"&-(-!#$)#! +%4(! *()+%,);"(! '(,(*)".#.(+! +&1$! )+! #$.+!7(*(! &+(2&"! 2%*! )++(++.,'! 1%,+(*/)#.%,!%00%*#&,.#.(+!)1*%++!),!(,#.*(!+#&-5!)*()6!

!

G$)0#(*!UC!R(+(*/(!a(+.',!G%,+.-(*)#.%,+! ! ! ee! !

5.8 OTHER CHALLENGES

5.8.1 Difficult ecological issues

?),5! 1%,#(@#"+0(1.2.1! -(+.',! 1%,+.-(*)#.%,+! )*.+(! 7$(,! +#*./.,'! #%! 4((#! (1%"%'.1)"!%;=(1#./(+6! A#! .+! .40%++.;"(! #%! 1%/(*! )""! (/(,#&)".#.(+3! ;&#! $(*(! )*(! #$*((! 1%44%,!(@)40"(+C!

! :$(*(! .+! +%4(#.4(+! +#*%,'! 0%".#.1)"! 0*(++&*(! #%! )11%&,#! 2%*! #$(! (22(1#+! %2! 1".4)#(!1$),'(3!(/(,! #$%&'$! .#! .+!%2#(,!/(*5!-.22.1&"#! #%!-%! +%6!W.40"(!0*%@.(+! 1),! +#)*#! #%!)--*(++!+%4(!1".4)#(!1$),'(!1%,+.-(*)#.%,+3! #$%&'$6!^%*!(@)40"(3! .2! .#! .+!(@0(1#(-!#$)#!#)@)!4)5!4.'*)#(!#%!+0(1.2.1!)*()+3!+&1$!)+!#$(!1%%"(*!+"%0(+!%2!)!4%&,#).,!.,!),!)*()!7$(*(! #$(5!1),,%#!4.'*)#(!$.'$(*!&0! #$(!+"%0(+3! #$(,! .#! .+!0%++.;"(! #%! .,1"&-(!#$(! 1%%"! +"%0(+! )+! )! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(! ),-! +(#! )! #)*'(#! 2%*! #$(43! %*! #%!;.)+! #$(!)"'%*.#$4!#%7)*-+!+("(1#.%,!%2!#$(+(!)*()+!;5!"%7(*.,'!#$(!*(")#./(!1%+#!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+! 7.#$.,! #$(46! ^()#&*(+! %,! #$(! 0(*.0$(*5! %2! #$(.*! *),'(! 4)5! ;(1%4(! 4%*(!.40%*#),#!&,-(*!)!1".4)#(!1$),'(!+1(,)*.%6!W%4(!)*()+!4)5!;(1%4(!4%*(!0*%,(!#%!(@#*(4(!7()#$(*!(/(,#+!),-!#$&+!1%&"-!$)/(!$.'$(*!)++%1.)#(-!1%+#+!)00".(-!#%!#$(46!A,!)""!1)+(+3! #$%&'$3! #$(!&+(!%2!+&1$!0*%@.(+!)++&4(+!)! "(/("!%2! +1.(,#.2.1!1(*#).,#56!M%%-! 0*)1#.1(! 7%&"-! +&''(+#! #$)#! #$(+(! 0*%@.(+! ;(! )00".(-! %*! (40$)+.+(-! H(6'6!#$%&'$!#$(!W0(1.(+!D(,)"#5!^)1#%*5I!1%44(,+&*)#(!7.#$!#$(.*!1(*#).,#56!

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

! A,#('*)#.,'! 0"),,.,'! *()"4+3! +&1$! )+! 2*(+$7)#(*! ),-! 4)*.,(3! %*! #(**(+#*.)"! ),-!)9&)#.13!.+!),!%,'%.,'!)*()!%2!*(+()*1$6!:$(!?0&4)"),')!T.%-./(*+.#5!G%,+(*/)#.%,!D"),! H^(**)*! ),-! dr##(*! JKKQI! 1%4;.,(-! #$(! %&#0&#! 2*%4! )! 2*(+$7)#(*! ?)*@),!),)"5+.+!)+!.,0&#!2."(+!H1%+#!+&*2)1(I!2%*!)!2.,(*"+1)"(!#(**(+#*.)"!?)*@),!),)"5+.+6!:$.+!7)+! ),! )##(40#! #%! 1%4;.,(! ;%#$! 2*(+$7)#(*! ),-! #(**(+#*.)"! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 0"),,.,'!.,#%!%,(!$%".+#.1!0"),6!

G$)0#(*!UC!R(+(*/(!a(+.',!G%,+.-(*)#.%,+! ! ! eU! !

5.8.2 Limitations of Marxan in addressing ecological objectives

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6 Addressing Socioeconomic Objectives

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6.2 DEFINING SOCIOECONOMIC OBJECTIVES

A#!.+!1*.#.1)"!#%!-(2.,(!+%1.%(1%,%4.1!%;=(1#./(+!1"()*"5!+%!#$)#!)""!0)*#.1.0),#+!&,-(*+#),-!7$)#! .,2%*4)#.%,!7.""!;(! .,1"&-(-! .,!#$(!),)"5+.+6!N)*"5!(-&1)#.%,!);%&#!7$)#!?)*@),!-%(+!),-!$%7!.#!&+(+!-)#)!4)5!;(!)00*%0*.)#(!+%!+#)8($%"-(*+!8,%7!7$)#!#50(!%2!-)#)!1),! ;(! .,1"&-(-6! W%1.%(1%,%4.1! %;=(1#./(+! 7.""! ")*'("5! *(2"(1#! #$(! 0*%=(1#g+!4),-)#(!),-i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6.3 DATA ISSUES

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COST

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Cost Spatial Priorities

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6.4 LINKING WITH MARXAN PARAMETERS

6.4.1 Incorporating socioeconomic objectives into the objective function

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6.4.2 Addressing multiple socioeconomic goals

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6.5 EVALUATING RESULTS/INDICATORS OF PERFORMANCE

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6.6 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES

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7 Assessing and Managing Data

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ABSTRACT

I;)+! ';&$(*%! *.&>)-*+! &! -2>=*%! "4! )++2*+! %*3&(*#! ("! 2+)-!! &-#! &++*++)-!! #&(&! 4"%! 2+*! :)(;!

$3&--)-!!(""3+!+2';!&+!5&%.&-<!I;*!#&(&!%*E2)%*#!4"%!&-9!&-&39+)+!&%*!#*(*%>)-*#!=9!&!=%"&#*%!

+*(!"4!"=C*'()8*+!4"%!:;)';!(;&(!&-&39+)+!)+!("!+2$$"%(<!\&(&!;&8*!3)>)(&()"-+!&-#!(;*+*!-**#!("!=*!

2-#*%+(""#D! #"'2>*-(*#! &-#! '"%%*'(*#! :;*%*! $"++)=3*<!b&8)-!! &! 4233*%! 2-#*%+(&-#)-!! "4! (;*!

3)>)(&()"-+!"4! (;*!#&(&!&33":+!"-*! ("!>)-)>)G*! (;*!$%"$&!&()"-!"4!*%%"%!&-#!'"%%*'(39!&++*++! (;*!

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8&%)"2+!+"2%'*+<!,!-2>=*%!"4!'"-+)#*%&()"-+!%*3&()-!!("!(;*!2+*!"4!+2%%"!&(*+!&-#!"%!$%".)*+!&%*!

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7.1 INTRODUCTION

^*%4!#$(!%&#+(#!%2!),!),)"5+.+3!.#!.+!.40%*#),#!#%!1")*.25!+(/(*)"!0%.,#+!#$)#!*(")#(!#%!#$(!&+(!%2!-)#)6!

)6 :$(!-)#)! #%!;(!&+(-!7.#$.,! ),5! ),)"5+.+! #%! +&00%*#! )!0"),,.,'!0*%1(++!%*!0*%=(1#!+$%&"-!;(!-(#(*4.,(-!#%!)!")*'(!(@#(,#!;5!#$(!;*%)-(*!+(#!%2!'%)"+!),-!%;=(1#./(+!%2!#$(! 0"),,.,'! (@(*1.+(i0*%=(1#6! :$%+(! ;*%)-! '%)"+! ),-! %;=(1#./(+! 4)5! $)/(! ;((,!)*#.1&")#(-! .,! #(*4+! %2! ;.%-./(*+.#5! 1%,+(*/)#.%,3! +&+#).,);"(! 2.+$(*.(+3! +%1.%"(1%,%4.1!;(,(2.#+3!%*!%#$(*!0&*0%+(+! H+((!K;&$(*%!V0!,##%*++)-!!Q'"3"!)'&3!U=C*'()8*+!(;%"2!;!(;*!+*(()-!!"4!I&%!*(+!),-!K;&$(*%!T0!!,##%*++)-!!7"')"*'"-">)'!U=C*'()8*+I6!

;6 ^%*!),5!9&),#.#)#./(!),-!-)#)".,#(,+./(!),)"5+.+! .#! .+!1*.#.1)"! 2%*! #$(!0*)1#.#.%,(*! #%!&,-(*+#),-! #$(!4),5! ".4.#)#.%,+!%2! #$(!-)#)! #$)#!)*(! #%!;(! 1%40."(-!),-!)++(++! .2!

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-6 :$(!-)#)! #$)#!)*(!&+(-!2%*!7.#$.,!),!),)"5+.+! #%!+&00%*#!-(1.+.%,"4)8.,'!)*(!%2#(,!-(*./(-! 2*%4!4&"#.0"(! +%&*1(+6! A#! .+! .40%*#),#! #%! $)/(! #*)1();"(! ),-! *(0()#);"(!),)"5+.+!),-! 2%""%7!0*%2(++.%,)"!0*)1#.1(!7.#$! *(')*-+! #%!-)#)!4),)'(4(,#3!7$.1$!.,1"&-(+!0*%0(*!-%1&4(,#)#.%,!),-!4(#)-)#)!+#),-)*-+6!

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7.2 WHAT DATA ARE YOU SEEKING?

:$(*(! .+! )! #(,-(,15! .,! +%4(! ),)"5+(+! #%! .,1"&-(! )""! )/).");"(! -)#)! 7.#$%&#! 4%*(!#$%*%&'$"5!1$(18.,'!%,!$%7!)00*%0*.)#(! #$(+(!-)#)!)*(!2%*! #$(!'%)"+!),-!%;=(1#./(+!%2!#$(!),)"5+.+6!a)#)! #$)#!)*(! #%!;(!&+(-! .,!),5!?)*@),!),)"5+.+!4&+#! *(".);"5! *(2"(1#! #$(!%;=(1#./(+!),-!*(")#(-!1*.#(*.)!#$)#!$)/(!;((,!+(#!2%*!+.#(!+("(1#.%,!.2!#$(!*(+&"#+!)*(!#%!;(!4(),.,'2&"6!:$(!+(##.,'!%2!4(),.,'2&"!%;=(1#./(+!.+!-.+1&++(-!.,!K;&$(*%!W0!1*+*%8*!\*+)!-!K"-+)#*%&()"-+!),-!#$(!.++&(!%2!#*),+")#.,'!%;=(1#./(+!#%!-)#)!*(9&.*(4(,#+!.+!#%&1$(-!%,!#$(*(6!

V$(,!1%40.".,'!*(9&.*(-!-)#)!2%*!),!),)"5+.+3!*)*("5!7.""!<0(*2(1#>!%*!(/(,!$.'$!9&)".#5!-)#)+(#+!;(!)/).");"(6!:$)#!+).-3!.#!.+!7%*#$7$."(!#%!$)/(!)!+(,+(!%2!7$)#!#$(!.-()"!-)#)+(#!7%&"-!"%%8!".8(3!),-!#$(,!7%*8!2*%4!#$)#!0%.,#!#%!-(#(*4.,(!7$)#!4)5!;(!)11(0#);"(!%*!,%#6!!^%*!.,+#),1(3!7.#$!),!%;=(1#./(!#%!0*%#(1#!+0)7,.,'!)''*(')#.%,+!%2!)!2.+$!+0(1.(+3!.#!.+!-(+.*);"(!#%!8,%7!7$(*(!#$(!+0)7,.,'!+.#(+!$)/(!;((,!.-(,#.2.(-!),-!/(*.2.(-6!V$(,!#$(+(!-)#)!)*(,g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

7.2.1 A note on sourcing data

:$.+! .+!,%#! ),! (@#(,+./(! *(/.(7!%2!7$(*(! #%!%;#).,!-)#)6!:$(*(! )*(!,&4(*%&+! +%&*1(+!*),'.,'! 2*%4! .,-./.-&)"! *(+()*1$(*+3! 0((*! *(/.(7(-! 0&;".1)#.%,+3! $%"-.,'+! %2! -)#)!

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7.3 ASSESSING DATA QUALITY, COMPLETENESS AND SAMPLE BIAS

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

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! UY! !

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ITEMS TO CHECK THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR IMPLICATIONS

Data Origin

Source

Compilation

Are the data from a first hand source (raw data), or are they a secondary compilation or value-added product, from several other sources? If they came from different sources were the sampling methods comparable and have the data been standardized?

Inconsistencies mean data may not be comparable, may require standardization, or error correction

Reason for Data Collection

Sampling Strategy

Spatial and Temporal Coverage

Understand the reason and purpose data were collected for, and the method of data collection. What was the sampling protocol? Was there adequate and consistent sampling across space and time? Has data collection been biased toward one area, time period or by the collector? How comprehensive are the data relative to the project area? Are they representative, e.g. a random sample? If there was differential sampling effort then the data should be corrected for effort and should be reported per unit of effort.

Data collected for different purposes might not be appropriate for your specific analysis

There may be Spatial or Temporal biases in the data such as survey effort and sampling protocol

Data Representation

Data Classification

Data Generalization

How are the data reported and spatially represented? Are they in the form of continuous data or have they been generalized or grouped into classes or categories. What is the variability in the data reported (are there error bars associated with them)? How were the classes derived, and what is the classification accuracy? Is the way the data are represented appropriate for the purpose you require?

Data may require reclassification, normalization or other treatment

Spatial Resolution

Spatial Scale and Accuracy

How are the data represented spatially? Are they vector or raster features? At what scale (resolution and extent) were the features observed or compiled? What is the spatial resolution and accuracy for the features being represented? Are they comparable with the scale for the analysis?

Data may or may not be at a coarser or finer scale than that of the analysis

Data Currency

How current are the data? If they are dated by several years are they expected to offer an adequate representation of reality at current time? Is the feature being represented change rapidly or it is relatively stable? Are long-term means provided and with a metric of variability, e.g. standard variation, min-max?

Dated data for specific times and seasons may or may not be appropriate for present distributions.

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7.4 DATA COMPILATION AND PREPARATION – THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND

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7.6 HANDLING DATA WITH TEMPORAL INFLUENCES

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7.7 DATA MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE

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-)#)!;(1%4(!)/).");"(!%*!,(7!'%)"+!)*(!.-(,#.2.(-I6!V(!(40$)+._(!#$)#!+&1$!4(#$%-+!)*(!0)*#!%2!'%%-!0*%2(++.%,)"!0*)1#.1(+!),-!1%,#*.;&#(! #%! #$(!/)".-.#5!%2!),5!),)"5+.+6! A#! .+!0%++.;"(! #%! 1*()#(! +.4.")*"5! -(#)."(-! -%1&4(,#)#.%,! 2%*! 4),&)""5! H0%.,#"),-"1".18I!0*%1(++.,'!+%&*1(!-)#)!.,#%!?)*@),!2."(+3!;&#!;(!+&*(!#%!,%#(!)""!#$(!-(#)."+!2%*!()1$!+#(0!H.,1"&-.,'!(,/.*%,4(,#!/)*.);"(+3!(#16I!

7.7.1 Data sharing protocols and re-use of value-added data

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

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! YU! !

?%+#! '%/(*,4(,#+! $)/(! 1%44.##(-! #%! -)#)! +$)*.,'! ),-! 0*%/.-.,'! )11(++! #%! -)#)!#$*%&'$! 1%44.#4(,#+! ".8(! #$(!R.%!G%,/(,#.%,! ),-! .,.#.)#./(+! +&1$! )+![TAW! ),-! ADn!HE&(##4),,!JKKU3!JKKQ)3!;I!),-!4)5!$)/(!+0(1.2.1!.,.#.)#./(+!#%!$("0!7.#$!)*1$./.,'!),-!2)1.".#)#.,'! )11(++! #%!-)#)! H(6'6!M(%"1%,,(1#.%,+! .,!G),)-)I6!:$(! +)4(! )00".(+! #%!-)#)!'(,(*)#(-! ;5! *(+()*1$! 0*%=(1#+! #$)#! .,/%"/(!ZW^! HZ)#.%,)"! W1.(,1(! ^%&,-)#.%,3!\6W6I3!ZAE!HZ)#.%,)"!A,+#.#&#(!%2!E()"#$3!\6W6I!),-!ZWNRG!HZ)#.%,)"!W1.(,1(3!N,'.,((*.,'!),-!R(+()*1$!G%&,1."!"!G),)-)I6!

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

!"#$%&'$!7(!;(".(/(! .#! .+!1*.#.1)"! #%!+$)*(!?)*@),!%&#0&#+3! .#! .+!)"+%!1*.#.1)"! #%!0*%/.-(!&02*%,#!-%1&4(,#)#.%,!);%&#!7$)#!#$(5!*(0*(+(,#!),-!$%7!#$(5!+$%&"-!;(!.,#(*0*(#(-!H+((!K;&$(*%!_0!H-(*%$%*()-!!&-#!K">>2-)'&()-!!U2($2(+I6!

7.8 DETERMINING THE APPROPRIATE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE PLANNING UNIT

:$(*(!)*(!4),5!1%,+.-(*)#.%,+!#$)#!+$%&"-!'%!.,#%!-(#(*4.,.,'!#$(!)00*%0*.)#(!+._(!),-!+$)0(!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+6!:$(*(!.+,g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

! D"),,.,'!&,.#+! +$%&"-!;(!,%! 2.,(*! #$),! #$(!+&00%*#.,'!-)#)! H'(,(*)""5! #$(!)/(*)'(!0)#1$!+._(!%2! #$(!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+!;(.,'!4)00(-I!),-!,%!1%)*+(*! #$),!7$)#! .+!*(9&.*(-!2%*!4),)'(4(,#!.6(6!#$(!+1)"(!2%*!7$.1$!#$(!%&#0&#+!)*(!#%!;(!&+(-6!

! D"),,.,'!&,.#+! +$%&"-!'(,(*)""5!;(!%2!)!1%,+.+#(,#! *),'(!%2! +._(+! #%!)/%.-!/)*.);"(!&,.#!0*%;"(4!;.)+(+6!E%7(/(*3!+%4(!0"),,.,'!0*%1(++(+! *(9&.*(! #$(!&+(!%2!,)#&*)"!&,.#+!%2!),)"5+.+!#$)#!4)5!%2!/)*.);"(!+._(6!A2!&+.,'!7)#(*+$(-+3!2%*!(@)40"(3!;(!+&*(!#%!)-=&+#!5%&*!0)*)4(#(*+! H.6(6!,%*4)"._(! 2%*!)*()!),-i%*!0(*.4(#(*I! #%!1%40(,+)#(!2%*!+._(!;.)+(+6!

! A2! &+.,'! #$(! T%&,-)*5! d(,'#$! ?%-.2.(*! HTd?I! #%! 0*%-&1(! 1"&+#(*(-! +%"&#.%,+3!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!+$%&"-!)"+%!$)/(!)!*(")#./("5!1%,+.+#(,#!0(*.4(#(*! #%!)*()!*)#.%! H.6(63!)/%.-!4.@.,'!/(*5!"%,'!+8.,,5!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!7.#$!4%*(!1.*1&")*!0"),,.,'!&,.#+I6!

! \+.,'!4%*(3! +4)""(*!0"),,.,'!&,.#+! #%!0)*#.#.%,! #$(! +#&-5!)*()!7.""3!&0! #%!)!0%.,#3!0*%-&1(!4%*(!(22.1.(,#!+%"&#.%,+!H.6(63!+%"&#.%,+!7.#$!"%7(*!1%+#+!#%!)1$.(/(!#$(!+)4(!

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! YY! !

+#)#(-! #)*'(#+! H+((! 7*'()"-! [<_! "!J2>=*%! "4! O3&--)-!!6-)(+I6!E%7(/(*3! &+.,'! 2(7(*3!")*'(*! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+! 7.""! '(,(*)""5! )""%7! ?)*@),! #%! 0*%-&1(! +%"&#.%,+! 4%*(!9&.18"56!

! V(! )-/.+(! #%! ;(! %00%*#&,.+#.1!7$(,! 1%,+.-(*.,'! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+6!V$(*(! 0%++.;"(!4)#1$!#$(!),)"5+.+!7.#$!#$(!4),)'(4(,#!+1$(4(!%*!%;=(1#./(!;(!0"),,(-6!V$."(!.#!.+!+(,+.;"(!#%!1%,+.-(*!+._(!),-!+$)0(!2*%4!)!4%-(".,'!+#),-0%.,#3!0(*$)0+!1%,-&1#.,'!+(,+.#./.#5! ),)"5+(+! ;(#7((,! ,)#&*)"! ),-! );+#*)1#3! &,.2%*4! &,.#+3!7(! )"+%! +&''(+#!(@0"%*.,'! #$(! &+(! %2! )"*()-5"-(".,()#(-! &,.#+! #$)#!4)5! ;(! ;(.,'! &+(-! .,! 1&**(,#!4),)'(4(,#!+1$(4(+6!

!!*(/.(7!%2!/)*.%&+!+#&-.(+!),-! #$(!*()+%,+!0*%/.-(-! 2%*! #$(!1$%.1(+!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#!+._(! ),-! +$)0(! .+!0*%/.-(-! .,!:);"(! Q6J6!?),5! #$(! +#&-.(+! %&#".,(-!-%!,%#!0*%/.-(! )!*()+%,!2%*!1$%%+.,'!#$(!+._(!),-i%*!+$)0(!%2!#$(!0"),,.,'!&,.#6!:$.+!.+!".8("5!-&(!#%!#$(!")18!%2! +#*%,'! #$(%*(#.1)"!;)+.+! 2%*!&+.,'!)! +0(1.2.1! +("(1#.%,!&,.#! HW#%4+!PbbeO!D*(++(5!),-!d%'),!PbbLI6!

7.9 NUMBER OF PLANNING UNITS

:$(*(!.+!),!&00(*!".4.#!%2!)*%&,-!JK!KKK!#%!`K!KKK!%,!#$(!,&4;(*!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!#$)#!()*"5!/(*+.%,+!%2!?)*@),!1),!$),-"(!H/(*+.%,!P6L6PK!),-!()*".(*I3! #$%&'$! #$(!%0#.4.+(-!/(*+.%,!H/(*+.%,!J6KI!$)+!"(++!*(+#*.1#.%,+!),-!$)+!;((,!+&11(++2&"!)#!0*%1(++.,'!&0!#%!PKK!KKK!0"),,.,'!&,.#+6!?),5!0(%0"(!)+8C!V$)#!.+!#$(!4)@.4&4!,&4;(*!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!#$)#!?)*@),!1),!0*%1(++m!E%7(/(*3!#$(*(!.+!,%!+.,'"(!),+7(*!)+!.#!.+!-(0(,-(,#!&0%,!#$(!,&4;(*!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+3!2()#&*(+3!),-!#$(!1%40&#(*!;(.,'!&+(-!#%!*&,!?)*@),6!:$(*(!)*(!4)#$(4)#.1)"!*()+%,+!7$5!?)*@),3!7.#$! .#+!)"'%*.#$4+! #$)#! #*5! #%!-%!)!*()+%,);"(!=%;!7.#$!%0#.4)".#53!7.""!,(/(*!+&11(++2&""5!0*%1(++!")*'(!,&4;(*+!%2!D\+!),-!2()#&*(+6!

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

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! YQ! !

!

I$-"#!R36)!G/@@$><!';!!"$&&+&2!N&+(!1*'+1#%!+&!=$>+'/%!%(/,+#%!

AUTHOR/ TITLE

SHAPE SIZE REASON

Leslie et al. 2003.

Square 1-km2 and 100-

km2

No – preferred 1 km2 to 100 km

2 because solution

area decreased.

Airame et al. 2003.

Square 1 x 1 min Socioeconomic information collected at this scale because they are the CA Department of Fish and Game planning units.

Beck and Odaya 2001.

Bays/

Eco-region

Vary Goal of project was to identify priority sites (i.e. eco-regions) for conservation.

Ardron et al. 2002.

Hexagon 250 ha No

Lewis, et al. 2003.

Hexagon 30 km2 and 10

km2, reefs

Used different planning units to reflect the spatial scale of management and administrative & physical boundaries. No reason for choosing hexagon.

Chan et al. 2006.

Square 1 x 1 min Socioeconomic information collected at this scale because they are the CA Department of Fish and Game planning units.

Richardson et al.

Square 2 x 2 min No

Stewart and Possingham 2003.

Square 5 x 5 km No

Geselbracht et al. 2005.

Hexagon 1500 ha Hexagons provide more natural appearing clumps as sites have six sides shared among individual units. The size of the PU was selected to provide fine enough detail for state-wide analysis while not overwhelming processing capabilities with excessive units that may add little to analytical resolutions.

CLF and WWF 2006.

Square 5 x 5 min Size consistent with regional planning for which outputs were intended and scale and constraints of available data.

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! YL! !

AUTHOR/ TITLE

SHAPE SIZE REASON

Tallis, H, Ferdana, Z, Gray, E 2008.

Hexagon 500 Ha Hexagons,

&

Hexagons split at the shoreline to account for terrestrial and coastal features

Hexagons integrated terrestrial and near shore area selection. Reasons for size: (1) consideration of scales of input data for ecological features; (2) promoting ecological accuracy between terrestrial and coastal realms by splitting units at the shoreline thereby accounting for a natural shared boundary

Ferdana 2005.

Hexagon, and shoreline unit

750 Ha Hexagons,

&

Hexagons and Variable length shorelines

Hexagons integrated terrestrial and near shore area selection. No reason for size

Shoreline was a more natural unit with ecological boundaries

Ferrar & Lötter 2007.

DEM modeled sub-catchments

5820 ha Freshwater assessment needed to protect intact wetlands and rivers, within healthy sub-catchments

Pence, (in prep).

Segmented satellite image or landcover image (eCognition)

23 ha (range 0.25-550 ha)

Land-cover based planning units; ensuring homogenous contents of planning units (also ensure features not artificially dissected by planning unit boundaries); improves translation of product into management plan/guidelines.

Klein et al. (2008).

Sub-catchments

Average of 50 km

2 and 800

km2 in the

intensive and extensive land-use zones, respectively

To facilitate the protection of the integrity and function of ecosystem processes occurring on a sub-catchment scale.

!!!

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! Yb! !

!

7.10 SUMMARY

!

I$-"#!R37)!G'@#!1'@@'&!,$($!"+@+($(+'&%!$&,!E$<%!';!,#$"+&2!E+(*!(*#@!

LIMITATION WAYS TO ADDRESS LIMITATIONS

Data exist are not reported in a consistent form across the region

Standardize datasets between areas and correct for observation effort and detectability problems

Create sub-regions or sub-areas where data are more or less of consistent

Use site-scale data to verify and calibrate a standardized or regional dataset

Data do not exist for the feature of interest

Use an alternative/feature data that may serve as a surrogate or proxy

There are only limited data for a particular feature

Use existing data for environmental variables and model occurrence of feature. Use the limited area for which data exists to test and validate your model.

There are no data for part of the region or study area

If feasible, create and use “no data” classes in the analysis

Data are not from the same temporal time period

If the feature does not have much temporal variability over seasons or years this may be ok

If not, the data may be usable only for limited time periods, perhaps aggregated over many years

!

G$)0#(*!QC!!++(++.,'!),-!?),)'.,'!a)#)! ! ! QK! !

8 Ensuring Robust Analysis

a%&'")+! :6! ^.+1$(*345! E&++(.,! ?6! !".-.,)36! G$)*"(+! W#(.,;)1837! !"2%,+%! S6!d%4;),)38!D);"%!A6!R)4.*(_!-(!!*(""),%39!h)1$!^(*-),)3Q!G)*.++)!B6!F"(.,R

4G)".2%*,.)!W#)#(!\,./(*+.#5!Z%*#$*.-'(!6VV^"G),)-)!7N1%#*&+#!8V%*"-!V."-".2(!^&,-!9W#)#(!\,./(*+.#5!%2!

Z(7!n%*83!G%""('(!%2!N,/.*%,4(,#)"! W1.(,1(! ),-!^%*(+#*5! Q:$(!Z)#&*(!G%,+(*/),15! R:$(!\,./(*+.#5!%2!]&((,+"),-3!G(,#*(!2%*!!00".(-!N,/.*%,4(,#)"!a(1.+.%,!!,)"5+.+!

5G%**(+0%,-(,1(C!N"4)."C!2.+1$(* '(%'6&1+;6(-&3!-%&'62.+1$(* 1+&,6(-&!!

!

ABSTRACT

5&%.&-!)+!&!2+*423!(""3D!=2(!("!!*(!%"=2+(!%*+23(+!%*E2)%*+!&!+)!-)4)'&-(!)-8*+(>*-(!)-!+*(()-!!2$!

(;*!$%"=3*>D!'&3)=%&()-!!(;*!&3!"%)(;>D!&-#!%2--)-!!+*-+)()8)(9!(*+(+!"-!(;*!%*+23(+<!I;)+!';&$(*%!

$%"8)#*+!!2)#&-'*!)-!+">*!"4!(;*!-*'*++&%9!+(*$+!)-!(;&(!$%"'*++<!a"%!&!!)8*-!+"32()"-D!';*'?!(;&(!

)(! )+! 4*&+)=3*! @>**(+! &33! (&%!*(+B<! Q&';! ()>*! &! ';&-!*! )+! >&#*! ("! (;*! $%"=3*>! =*)-!! +"38*#D!

5&%.&-^+!"(;*%!$&%&>*(*%+!>&9!-**#!%*"&#C2+(>*-(<!Q8&32&(*!(;*!E2&3)(9!"4!+"32()"-+!!*-*%&(*#!

)-!(*%>+!"4!(;*!'"+(+D!"=C*'()8*!42-'()"-D!&-#!3*8*3+!"4!$%"(*'()"-!$%"8)#*#<!I*+(!;":!+*-+)()8*!(;*!

%*+23(+! &%*! ("! ';&-!*+! )-! 5&%.&-! $&%&>*(*%+D! )-$2(! #&(&! @*+$*')&339! 2-'*%(&)-! #&(&B! &-#!

'"-+*%8&()"-! (&%!*(+<! a"33":)-!! (;*+*! +(*$+! :)33! #*8*3"$! &!>2';! =*((*%! 2-#*%+(&-#)-!! "4! (;*!

$%"=3*>D!;":! (;*!8&%)"2+!$&%&>*(*%+!&-#! 4*&(2%*+!&44*'(! )(D!&-#! (;*! %"=2+(-*++!"4! (;*! +"32()"-+!

!*-*%&(*#<!

!

8.1 INTRODUCTION

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

[,1(!#$(!.,.#.)"!-)#)!)*(!)++(4;"(-3!#$(!*(1%44(,-(-!+%"&#.%,!0*%1(++!.#(*)#(+!#$*%&'$!4&"#.0"(! +#(0+! H^.'&*(! L6P3! ;("%7I6! :$(! 2.*+#! +#(0! .+! #%! 0*(0)*(! .,.#.)"! .,0&#! 2."(+! 2%*!1)".;*)#.%,!H+(##.,'!0"),,.,'!&,.#!1%+#+3!#$(!)4%&,#!%2!()1$!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(!.,!()1$!0"),,.,'!&,.#3!),-!)!#)*'(#!2%*!()1$!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(I6!:$(!-(1.+.%,+!4)-(!.,!+(##.,'!&0! #$(! 0"),,.,'! &,.#! 1%+#+3! (#16! H+((! 7*'()"-! X<P<P! "! O3&--)-!! 2-)(! '"+(I! 1),! +#*%,'"5!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! QP! !

.,2"&(,1(! *(+&"#+3! +%! '%%-! 0*)1#.1(! .,1"&-(+! +(,+.#./.#5! #(+#.,'! 2%*! (22(1#+! %2! #$(+(!-(1.+.%,+!H+((!7*'()"-!X<V!"!7*-+)()8)(9!,-&39+)+I6!

:$(! ,(@#! +#(0! .+! #%! 1)".;*)#(! #$(!4).,! 0)*)4(#(*+! 2%*! *&,,.,'! #$(!?)*@),! +.4&")#(-!),,()".,'!HW!I!$(&*.+#.1!H+((!7*'()"-!X<L!"!K&3)=%&()"-!]!&#C2+()-!!(;*!$&%&>*(*%+!"4!5&%.&-I6!:$.+!+#(0!4)5! .,/%"/(!(@#(,+./(!1)".;*)#.%,!#$(!2.*+#!#.4(!#$*%&'$!)!'./(,!0*%;"(4!;&#!%,1(!+(#3!.#!4)5!%,"5!%11)+.%,)""5!*(9&.*(!2&*#$(*!)-=&+#4(,#+!%,!+&;+(9&(,#!*&,+6!!

a&*.,'!()1$!+#(0!.,!#$(!1)".;*)#.%,!),-!+(,+.#./.#5!#(+#.,'!151"(3!.#!.+!.40%*#),#!#%!#(+#!)!*),'(! %2! /)*.);"(+! 2%*! ()1$! 0)*)4(#(*! ),-! 1)*(2&""5! (@)4.,(! #$(! *(+&"#+! ;%#$! 2%*!)1$.(/(4(,#! %2! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(! 0*%#(1#.%,! #)*'(#+! ),-! 2%*! +0)#.)"! 1$)*)1#(*.+#.1+!H(6'63!1"&+#(*.,'3!*('.%,)"!;.)+3!(#1I6!!

^%""%7.,'!#$)#!(@)4.,)#.%,3!#$(!0*)1#.#.%,(*!4)5!1$%%+(!#%!.#(*)#(!#$*%&'$!#$(!0*%1(++!)!,&4;(*!%2!#.4(+!#%!#(+#!(22(1#+!%2!Td?!%,!1"&+#(*.,'i*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!1%40)1#,(++!),-!#%! #(+#! $%7! +(,+.#./(! *(+&"#+! )*(! #%! -(1.+.%,+! 4)-(! .,! )++(4;".,'! .,0&#! -)#)6! :$(!-(1.+.%,+!4)-(! .,! 1)".;*)#.%,! 1),! +#*%,'"5! .,2"&(,1(! *(+&"#+! +%!'%%-!0*)1#.1(! .,1"&-(+!-%1&4(,#.,'! ),-! +(,+.#./.#5! #(+#.,'! %2! #$(+(! -(1.+.%,+! H+((! 7*'()"-! X<V! "! 7*-+)()8)(9!,-&39+)+I6!

!+!0)*)4(#(*+! H.6(63!Td?3! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#+3! 1%+#+3!(#16I!)*(!/)*.(-!;(#7((,!?)*@),!+1(,)*.%+3! .#! .+! &+(2&"! #%! ),)"5_(! #$(! *(+&"#+! 9&),#.#)#./("5! ),-! 9&)".#)#./("56! !!9&),#.#)#./(! ),)"5+.+! .+! &+(2&"! #%! -(#(*4.,(! .2i$%7! #$(! +1(,)*.%+! -.22(*6!!! 9&)".#)#./(!),)"5+.+! .+! &+(2&"! .,! (@0").,.,'! #$(! -.22(*(,#! 1%,2.'&*)#.%,+! %2! #$(! *(+&"#+! H.6(63!7$)#!2)1#%*+!"(-!#$(!$(&*.+#.1!#%!+("(1#!1(*#).,!)*()+I!),-!/(*.25.,'!4(),.,'2&",(++!%2!*(+&"#+6!!,!%/(*/.(7!%2!/)*.%&+!9&)".#)#./(!),-!9&),#.#)#./(!),)"5#.1)"!4(#$%-+!.+!0*(+(,#(-!.,!#$.+!1$)0#(*6!!

8.2 GOOD PRACTICES IN THE USE OF KEY MARXAN INPUT PARAMETERS

:$(!?)*@),!4),&)"!),-!K;&$(*%!V0!,##%*++)-!!Q'"3"!)'&3!U=C*'()8*+! (;%"2!;! (;*!+*(()-!!"4!I&%!*(+! ! ),-! K;&$(*%! [0! ,++*++)-!! &-#! 5&-&!)-!! \&(&! 0*%/.-(! (@#(,+./(! )-/.1(! %,!)++(++.,'! ),-! )++(4;".,'! -)#)+(#+! 2%*! &+(! .,! )! ?)*@),! 0*%;"(46! R(4).,.,'! .++&(+!*(')*-.,'!2((-.,'!#$(+(!-)#)!.,#%!?)*@),!)*(!-.+1&++(-!;("%76!

8.2.1 Planning unit status [influence of locking areas out or in]

d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

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! QJ! !

!,5#.4(!#$)#!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!)*(! "%18(-! .,!%*! "%18(-!%&#3!#$(!4)#$(4)#.1)"!+#*&1#&*(!%2!#$(! 0*%;"(4! 1$),'(+6! !2#(*! 1$),'.,'! )! D\g+! +#)#&+3! '%%-!?)*@),! 0*)1#.1(! 1)""+! 2%*!1$(18.,'!#$(!1)".;*)#.%,!HWD^3!*(+#)*#+3!Td?I6!A2!)!0"),,.,'!&,.#!7.""!)"7)5+!;(!"%18(-!.,!%*! "%18(-! %&#3! .,! +%4(! 1)+(+! .#! 1),! ;(! (@1"&-(-! 2*%4! #$(! ),)"5+.+! ;5! 1$),'.,'! #$(!9&(+#.%,! 2*%4! <+("(1#! +%4(!%2! (/(*5#$.,'! )#! #$(! "%7(+#!0%++.;"(! 1%+#>! #%! <+("(1#! +%4(!4%*(!%2!(/(*5#$.,'!)#!#$(!"%7(+#!0%++.;"(!.,1*()+(!.,!1%+#6>!:$.+!)00*%)1$!1),!*(-&1(!#$(!+._(!%2!#$(!0*%;"(4!#$)#!?)*@),!$)+!#%!+%"/(3!$%7(/(*! .#!4)5! ".4.#!#$(!)00".1);.".#5!%2!+%4(!+0)#.)"!4(#*.1+3!),-!7.""!)22(1#!#$(!+%"&#.%,+!-.22(*(,#"56!A,!0)*#.1&")*3!#$(!(22(1#!%2!#$(!Td?! .+! +&1$! #$)#!7$(,! &,.#+! )*(! "%18(-! .,3! *(+(*/(+! #(,-! #%! '*%7! )*%&,-! #$(43!7$(*()+!7$(,!#$(5!)*(!"%18(-!%&#3!#$(5!1*()#(!)!<-%,&#>!),-!#$(!+&**%&,-.,'!&,.#+!#(,-!#%!;(!+$&,,(-6!A2!(@.+#.,'!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+!)*(!"%18(-!%&#3!#$(,!#$(!&+(*!,((-+!#%!#)8(!.,#%!)11%&,#!+(0)*)#("5!#$(!2()#&*(+!7.#$.,!#$%+(!&,.#+!7$(,!1)"1&")#.,'!),5!+0)#.)"!+#)#.+#.1+6!!

8.2.2 Planning unit cost

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d?!H+((!7*'()"-!X<L!"!K&3)=%&()"-!]!&#C2+()-!!(;*!$&%&>*(*%+! "4!5&%.&-I! 1),! )"+%! ;(! &+(-! #%! +#*.8(! )! ;)"),1(! ;(#7((,! #7%! 1%40(#.,'!4()+&*(+!%2!1%+#6![,(!=&+#!,((-+!#%!;(!);"(!#%!#)8(!)!'./(,!?)*@),!+%"&#.%,!),-!1)"1&")#(!)!1%+#!2%*! .#!%,!()1$!-.22(*(,#!1%+#!.,-(@!;(.,'!&+(-6!?&"#.-.4(,+.%,)"!#*)-(%22+!1),!;(!(22.1.(,#"5!(@0"%*(-! .,!)! +.4.")*! 2)+$.%,! HW%"),8.!(#!)"6!Pbb`I6!R(4(4;(*! #$)#!0"),,.,'!&,.#!1%+#+!)*(!+&44(-!.,!#$(!%;=(1#./(!2&,1#.%,!7.#$!;%&,-)*5!"(,'#$+!),-!0(,)"#.(+3!+%!#$)#!-%&;".,'!0"),,.,'!&,.#!1%+#+!.+!4)#$(4)#.1)""5!(9&./)"(,#!#%!$)"/.,'!WD^!),-!Td?6!!

8.2.3 Boundary cost

T%&,-)*5!1%+#+!)*(!&+(-! #%!(,1%&*)'(!1"&+#(*.,'!),-! *(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!1%40)1#,(++! .,!#$(!+%"&#.%,+!'(,(*)#(-6!A,!?)*@),!+$)*(-!;%&,-)*.(+!1),!;(!.,#(*0*(#(-!)+!)!4()+&*(!%2!1%,,(1#./.#5!;(#7((,!)-=)1(,#!0"),,.,'!&,.#+6!V$(,!+("(1#.,'!0"),,.,'!&,.#+3! #$(! #%#)"!0(*.4(#(*!H4%-.2.(-!;5!#$(!Td?!),-!;%&,-)*5!1%+#I!.+!)--(-!#%!#$(!%;=(1#./(!2&,1#.%,3!),-!),5! +$)*(-!;%&,-)*.(+!7.#$!%#$(*! +("(1#(-!D\+!)*(! +&;#*)1#(-!)7)56!:$.+!7)53!)!0"),,.,'!&,.#! #$)#! 2.""+!)!-%,&#!$%"(!)1#&)""5! *(-&1(+! #$(! #%#)"!;%&,-)*5!%2!)!+%"&#.%,3!+.,1(!)""!%2!.#+!;%&,-)*.(+!)*(!+$)*(-6!A#!4)8(+!+(,+(!#%!(@0*(++!;%&,-)*5!1%+#+!.,!&,.#+!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! Q`! !

+1)"(-! +%! #$)#! ;%&,-)*5! "(,'#$+! )*(! +.4.")*! .,!4)',.#&-(! #%! D\! 1%+#+3! 1%,+(*/)#.%,!#)*'(#+3! (#16! A2! (@0*(++.,'! ;%&,-)*.(+! .,! 4(#(*+! -%(+,g#! 7%*83! #*5! 8."%4(#*(+3! %*!$(1#%4(#*(+3!%*! ),%#$(*!&,.#! #$)#! +1)"(+!7(""6! A2!&+.,'!D\+! #$)#! )*(!;)+(-!%,!/)*.);"(!&,.#+!%2!"(,'#$!".8(!-('*((+!%2!")#.#&-(!),-!"%,'.#&-(3!.#!.+!'%%-!0*)1#.1(!#%!1%,/(*#!#$(+(!;%&,-)*.(+!#%!&,.#+!%2!2.@(-!"(,'#$3!".8(!,)&#.1)"!4."(+!%*!8."%4(#*(+6!

W%4(!&+(*+!$)/(!%;+(*/(-!)! +("(1#.%,!;.)+!)').,+#!D\+!%,! #$(!(-'(!%2! #$(! +#&-5!)*()!7$(,! &+.,'! ;%&,-)*5! 1%+#+! #%! 0*%4%#(! 1"&+#(*.,'6! :$.+! .+! 0*.4)*."5! ),! .++&(! 7.#$!*(")#./("5!$.'$!/)"&(+!%2!Td?6![,(!+%"&#.%,!#$)#!$)+!;((,!&+(-!.+!#%!,%#!1%&,#!#$(!+#&-5!)*()!(-'(!)+!0)*#!%2!#$(!;%&,-)*5!%2!#$%+(!D\+!%,!#$(!(-'(6!:$.+!+%"&#.%,!1),!1*()#(!),!%00%+.#(!;.)+3!0*(2(*(,#.)""5!+("(1#.,'!#$%+(!D\+!%,!#$(!(-'(!;(1)&+(!)!")*'(!2*)1#.%,!%2!#$(.*! ;%&,-)*.(+! )*(! +(#! #%! K! ;%&,-)*5! 1%+#6! A2! (.#$(*! ;.)+! )00()*+! #%! ;(! ),! .++&(! .,!+(,+.#./.#5!#(+#.,'3!#$(,!;%&,-)*.(+!)"%,'!#$(!+#&-5!)*()!(-'(!1),!.,+#()-!;(!+(#!#%!),5!2*)1#.%,!H;(#7((,!K!),-!PI!%2!#$(.*!)1#&)"!"(,'#$6!

8.2.4 Conservation feature abundances

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g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

8.2.5 Conservation targets

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

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! Qe! !

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

8.2.6 Cost threshold

G%+#!#$*(+$%"-+!1),!;(!&+(2&"!.,!#$(!.,.#.)"!0"),,.,'!+#)'(+!#%!$("0!(@0"%*(!#$(!*),'(+!%2!1%,+(*/)#.%,!#)*'(#+!#$)#!4)5!;(!0*)1#.1)"!'./(,!8,%7,!1%+#!1%,+#*).,#+6![,(!)00*%)1$!7%&"-!;(!#%!+(#!#)*'(#+!2%*!()1$!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(!#%!PKKj!%2!)/).");"(!$);.#)#!),-!+(#!)!1%+#!#$*(+$%"-!H;)+(-!%,!'&(++(+!%2!7$)#!4.'$#!;(!0%".#.1)""5!2()+.;"(3!%*!0(*$)0+!+%4(!0(*1(,#)'(!%2!7$)#!.#!7%&"-!1%+#!#%!+("(1#!(/(*5!0"),,.,'!&,.#I6!:$(!*(+&"#.,'!+%"&#.%,+!7.""! ".8("5! 0*%/.-(! /(*5! -.22(*(,#! "(/("+! %2! 0*%#(1#.%,! 2%*! ()1$! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(6!:$(+(! -.22(*(,1(+! 1),! ;(! *(-&1(-! ;5! .,1*()+.,'! #$(! WD^! 2%*! &,-(**(0*(+(,#(-!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+! ),-i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

!2#(*! #$(! .,.#.)"! (@0"%*)#%*5! 0"),,.,'! +#)'(+3! .#! .+! ;(##(*! 0*)1#.1(! #%! (@0".1.#"5! +(#!4(),.,'2&"!0*%#(1#.%,!#)*'(#+!),-!2%1&+!%,!4.,.4._.,'!1%+#!*)#$(*!#$),!#*)-.,'!%22!#$(!0*%#(1#.%,!%2!%,(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(!)').,+#!),%#$(*6!

!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! QU! !

W+2/>#!`34)!W"'E1*$>(!;'>!>/&&+&2!H$>F$&!E+(*!1$"+->$(+'&!$&,!%#&%+(+=+(<!(#%(+&23!

!

!

8.3 CALIBRATION – ADJUSTING THE PARAMETERS OF MARXAN

W%"&#.%,+!'(,(*)#(-!;5!?)*@),!1),!;(!1")++(-!)+!(.#$(*!<2()+.;"(>!+%"&#.%,+3! #$%+(! #$)#!4((#! )""! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#+3! %*! <.,2()+.;"(>! +%"&#.%,+3! #$%+(! #$)#! 2)."! #%!4((#! %,(! %*!4%*(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!#)*'(#+6!H:$.+!4)#$(4)#.1)"!-(2.,.#.%,!%2!<2()+.;"(>!.+!%;/.%&+"5!%,"5!)!+#)*#.,'!0%.,#!2%*!-(#(*4.,.,'!7$.1$!+%"&#.%,+!4.'$#!)1#&)""5!;(!1%,+.-(*(-!0*)1#.1)"6I!:$(! 2.*+#! +#(0! .,! ),)"5_.,'! ),5! +%"&#.%,! +(#! .+! #%!-(#(*4.,(!$%7!4),5! +%"&#.%,+3! ),-!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! QY! !

7$.1$! +%"&#.%,+3! )*(! 2()+.;"(6! ^()+.;"(! +%"&#.%,+! )*(! ".+#(-! .,! #$(!w0*%;"(4x,)4(vx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s!WD^I!.,!#$(!)*;.#*)*5!&,.#+!%2!#$(!%;=(1#./(!2&,1#.%,6!

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

#*),+0)*(,#!#%!4%-(""(*+!%*!+#)8($%"-(*+6!:$(!,(@#!+#(0!7.#$!#$(!2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+!.+!#%!(@)4.,(!$%7!1%,+.+#(,#"5!?)*@),!7)+!);"(!#%!0*%-&1(!<"%7(+#!1%+#>!+%"&#.%,+6!!

:$(!%;=(1#./(!%2!1)".;*)#.%,! .+! #%!(,+&*(! #$)#! #$(! +(#!%2! +%"&#.%,+!?)*@),!0*%-&1(+!)*(!1"%+(!#%!#$(!<"%7(+#!1%+#>!%*!%0#.4&46!:$(!+.4&")#(-!),,()".,'!%0#.4._(*!.,!?)*@),!.+!0%7(*2&"3! 2"(@.;"(!),-!$.'$"5!)&#%4)#(-!q! .#! *(9&.*(+!%,"5!)! 2(7!&+(*!+(##.,'+6!:$%+(!&+(*!+(##.,'+3!$%7(/(*3!1),!$)/(!)!")*'(!.40)1#!%,!+%"&#.%,!(22.1.(,15!H^.+1$(*!p!G$&*1$3!JKKUI6!

:$(! ;)+.1! 1)".;*)#.%,! 0*%1(-&*(! .+! #%! .#(*)#./("5! +(#! ),-! 1$(18! WD^! /)"&(+! ),-! #$(!,&4;(*!%2! .#(*)#.%,+!,(1(++)*5! #%!)1$.(/(! 1%,+.+#(,#! *(+&"#+!),-!(,+&*(!)""! #)*'(#+!)*(!4(#6! :$.+! ;)+.1! 1)".;*)#.%,! +$%&"-! ;(! 0(*2%*4(-! )2#(*! ()1$! +.',.2.1),#! 1$),'(! #%! #$(!0*%;"(4!;(.,'!+%"/(-! H2%*! .,+#),1(3!)2#(*!)!+.',.2.1),#!1$),'(! .,!0"),,.,'!&,.#!1%+#+!%*!;%&,-)*5!"(,'#$!4%-.2.(*I6!!

8.3.1 Conservation feature penalty factor (SPF)

[,1(!)""!#$(!-)#)+(#+!$)/(!;((,!)++(4;"(-!),-!)*(!*()-5!#%!*&,3!#$(!&+(*!4&+#!-(1.-(!%,!WD^!/)"&(+! 2%*!()1$! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#6!:$(!WD^!0)*)4(#(*! .+! 1*&1.)"! #%!'(##.,'!'%%-!*(+&"#+6! :%%! $.'$! )!7(.'$#! *(+#*.1#+!?)*@),g+! 0(*2%*4),1(6! :%%! "%7! )!7(.'$#!4(),+!#)*'(#+!)*(!,%#!)1$.(/(-!)+!%2#(,6!WD^!/)"&(+!)*(!.,1%*0%*)#(-!.,#%!#$(!%;=(1#./(!2&,1#.%,!#$)#!?)*@),!#*.(+!#%!4.,.4._(6!:$(!+.40"(+#!2%*4!%2!#$.+!%;=(1#./(!2&,1#.%,!.+!#$(!+&4!%2!y1%+#+!%2! +("(1#(-!0"),,.,'!&,.#+z!0"&+! yWD^! s! +$%*#2)""+! 2*%4!0*%#(1#.%,! #)*'(#+z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

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! QQ! !

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:$(! .40%*#),1(! %2! 1)".;*)#.,'! WD^! /)"&(+! .+! .""&+#*)#(-! 7.#$! *(+&"#+! 2*%4! )! +)40"(!0*%;"(4! .,! ^.'&*(! L6J6! R(+&"#+! )*(! 2*%4! )! 0*%;"(4! 7.#$! bb! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+! ),-! Je!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+6! WD^! /)"&(+!7(*(! +(#! #$(! +)4(! 2%*! )""! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+6!!#!WD^tJKK!+(/(*)"!+%"&#.%,+!%&#!%2!PKK!7(*(! .,2()+.;"(! H,%#!)""!1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#+!7(*(!4(#I6! A,1*()+.,'! WD^! /)"&(+! #%! JK! KKK! )1#&)""5! .,1*()+(-! #$(! ,&4;(*! %2! .,2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+3!),-!#$(!+(#!%2!+%"&#.%,+!7)+!4%*(!(@0(,+./(!)+!)!7$%"(!H+$.2#.,'!#%!#$(!*.'$#I6!a(1*()+.,'! WD^!/)"&(+! #%! JK! *(+&"#(-! .,! )! "(++! (@0(,+./(! +(#!%2! +%"&#.%,+! ),-! +".'$#"5!-(1*()+(-!#$(!,&4;(*!%2!.,2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+6!a(1*()+.,'!WD^!/)"&(+!#%!J!*(+&"#(-!.,!%,"5!2./(!2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+6!W(##.,'!WD^!/)"&(+!#%!PK!0*%-&1(-!%,"5!)!2(7!.,2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+!),-! 0*%/.-(-! )! 4%*(! 1%,+.+#(,#"5! "%7"1%+#! +(#! %2! +%"&#.%,+! #$),! #$(! $.'$(*! /)"&(+!(@)4.,(-6!!

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,+;;#>#,!$%!E#""3!I*#!"'E#%("1'%(!%'"/(+'&!1'&%+%(#,!';!49!A"$&&+&2!/&+(%!E+(*!$!('($"!

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!

[,(!)00*%)1$! #%!1)".;*)#.,'!WD^!/)"&(+! .+! #%!+(#!WD^+! 2%*!)""!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+! #$(!+)4(!),-!.#(*)#./("5!)-=&+#!#$(4!&,#."!QKj"bKj!%2!*(+#)*#+!4((#!)""!1%,+(*/)#.%,!#)*'(#+6!:$(!0*%1(++! .+! #%! +("(1#! ),!)*;.#*)*5!/)"&(! 2%*! WD^+3!0(*2%*4! )! PKK! *(+#)*#+!%*! +%3!),-!(@)4.,(! #$(!-.+#*.;&#.%,!%2! +%"&#.%,!9&)".#5!)4%,'! #$%+(! *(+#)*#+6! A2!,%#!)""!0*%#(1#.%,!#)*'(#+!)*(!;(.,'!4(#!.,!4%+#i)""!+%"&#.%,+3!#*5!.,1*()+.,'!WD^!/)"&(+!H0(*$)0+!;5!)!2)1#%*!.,!#$(!*),'(!%2!#7%!#%!#(,!#.4(+!'*()#(*!.,.#.)""5I6!A2!)""!0*%#(1#.%,!#)*'(#+!)*(!;(.,'!4(#3!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! QL! !

#*5! -(1*()+.,'! WD^! /)"&(+! .#(*)#./("5! &,#."! #)*'(#+! )*(! ,%! "%,'(*! ;(.,'!4(#!q! #$(,!.,1*()+(!WD^!/)"&(+!+".'$#"56! A2!1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#+!1),,%#!;(!4(#3! .#! .+!)00*%0*.)#(! #%!*(/)"&)#(! #$(! #)*'(#+6!:$.+! )00*%)1$! 1),! ;(! +&11(++2&"! .2! )""! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+! )*(!'(,(*)""5! +.4.")*! .,! #)*'(#+3! );&,-),1(! ),-! +0)#.)"! -.+#*.;&#.%,6! V$(,! 2()#&*(!);&,-),1(+! %*! -.+#*.;&#.%,+! -.22(*! +&;+#),#.)""53! '%%-! 0*)1#.1(! .,1"&-(+! )#! "()+#! +%4(!.,-./.-&)"!)-=&+#4(,#!%2!WD^!/)"&(+6!

[,(!4(#$%-!2%*!.,-./.-&)""5!)-=&+#.,'!WD^!/)"&(+!.+!.""&+#*)#(-!.,!^.'&*(!L6`!H;)+(-!%,!G$(,3!0(*+6!1%446I6!:$.+!4(#$%-!1%,+.+#+!%2! 2.,-.,'!&,.2%*4!WD^!/)"&(+! 2%*!7$.1$!)""!#)*'(#+!)*(!4(#!),-!)!"%7(*!/)"&(!2%*!7$.1$!4%+#!)*(!,%#6!:$(!-.22(*(,1(!;(#7((,!#$%+(!WD^!/)"&(+!.+!#$(!*),'(!(@0"%*(-!2%*!()1$!2()#&*(6!!""!WD^+!)*(!+(#!#%!#$(!"%7!/)"&(3!),-!#$(,! 2%*! #$%+(! 2()#&*(+! 4.++.,'! #$(.*! #)*'(#+3! #$(! WD^! .+! .,1*()+(-6! :$.+! 0*%1(++! .+!*(0()#(-!&,#."!)""!#)*'(#+!)*(!4(#6!

!

W+2/>#! `37)! :(#>$(+=#"<! 1$"+->$(+&2! +&,+=+,/$"! G!W! =$"/#%! ;'>! $! %$@A"#! ;'/>";#$(/>#!

A>'-"#@3!D/&!4!/%#,!$!/&+;'>@!G!W! ;'>!$""! ;'/>!1'&%#>=$(+'&! ;#$(/>#%!O"B3!I$>2#(%!

E#>#!&'(!@#(3!D/&!6!/%#,!/&+;'>@!G!W!';!4Y!$&,!($>2#(%!%(+""!E#>#!&'(!@#(3!D/&!7!/%#,!

/&+;'>@!G!W!';!4YY!$&,!$""!($>2#(%!E#>#!@#(3!W>'@!(*+%!A'+&(!E#!#FA"'>#!G!W!=$"/#%!

-#(E##&! 4Y! X&'! ($>2#(%!@#(Z! $&,! 4YY! X$""! ($>2#(%!@#(Z3!W'>!D/&! 8K!G!W!E$%! "'E#>#,!

$2$+&K!('!6Y3!I$>2#(%!E#>#!@#(!;'>!;#$(/>#!B!'&"<K!%'!G!W%!E#>#!>$+%#,!X;>'@!6Y!('!8YZ!

;'>!;#$(/>#%!O"?!(*$(!@+%%#,!(*#+>!($>2#(%3!:&!D/&!9K!O!$&,!B!@#(!($>2#(%K!J!$&,!?!,+,!

&'(3!G!W%!;'>!J!$&,!?!E#>#!>$+%#,!X;>'@!8Y!('!QYZ3!:&!D/&!QK!?!@#(!($>2#(%!;'>!(*#!;+>%(!

(+@#K!-/(!&'&#! ';! (*#! '(*#>%!,+,K! %'! (*#+>!G!W%!E#>#! +&1>#$%#,!-<! 6Y3! :&!D/&! R! $""!

($>2#(%!E#>#!@#(3!

!

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

8.3.2 Iterations

:$(!+.4&")#(-!),,()".,'!+%"/(*!.,!?)*@),!*(".(+!%,!")*'(!,&4;(*+!%2!.#(*)#.%,+!#%!1%4(!&0!7.#$!'%%-! +%"&#.%,+6!E%7!4),5! .#(*)#.%,+! +$%&"-!%,(!&+(m!:$(! 1)".;*)#.%,!%2! #$.+!0)*)4(#(*!.+!+.4.")*!#%!1)".;*)#.%,!2%*!WD^6!:*5!)!2(7!#(+#!*&,+!7.#$!-.22(*(,#!,&4;(*+!%2!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! Qb! !

.#(*)#.%,+! ),-! 1%40)*(! #$(! 1&4&")#./(! -.+#*.;&#.%,! %2! +%"&#.%,! (22.1.(,15! 2%*! 2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+!H)+!.,!^.'&*(!L6J3!;&#!&+.,'!<W1%*(>!2*%4!sx+&46-)#I6!M(,(*)""53!)+!#$(!,&4;(*!%2! .#(*)#.%,+! .,1*()+(+3! ?)*@),! 7.""! +&11((-! 4%*(! 1%,+.+#(,#"5! .,! "%1)#.,'! )! '"%;)"!%0#.4&43!%*!)#! "()+#!;(##(*! "%1)"!%0#.4)6!^%*!)!4%-(*)#("5! ")*'(!0*%;"(43! .#!4.'$#!;(!)00*%0*.)#(!#%!+#)*#!7.#$!PKK!*(+#)*#+!7.#$!PKY!.#(*)#.%,+!),-!#$(,!1%40)*(!#$)#!+%"&#.%,!+(#!#%!PKK!*(+#)*#+!7.#$!PKQ!.#(*)#.%,+!.,!)!0"%#!+.4.")*!#%!^.'&*(!L6J6!A2!#$(*(g+!)!,%#.1();"(!.40*%/(4(,#!7.#$! PKQ! .#(*)#.%,+! H.6(63! )! "(2#7)*-! +$.2#! %2! #$(! 1&4&")#./(! -.+#*.;&#.%,!2&,1#.%,I3! #$(,! #*5! PKL! H%*! Js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

:$(*(! .+! %,(! 1)/()#! 2%*! 0.18.,'! #$(! ,&4;(*! %2! .#(*)#.%,+6! ^%*! +%4(! +4)""! 0*%;"(4+!?)*@),!1),!*(".);"5!2.,-!#$(!'"%;)"!%0#.4&4!7.#$!)!+4)""!,&4;(*!%2!.#(*)#.%,+6!A,!2)1#3!#$(!0*%;"(4!'*)0$(-!.,!^.'&*(!L6J!7)+!+%"/(-!&+.,'!%,"5!eKKK!.#(*)#.%,+6!V.#$!)+!2(7!)+!PK!KKK!.#(*)#.%,+3!?)*@),!2%&,-!#$(!+)4(!'"%;)"!%0#.4&4!.,!,()*"5!(/(*5!*(+#)*#6!A,!#$.+!1)+(3!#$(!,&4;(*!%2!.#(*)#.%,+!)1#&)""5!$)-!#%!;(!"%7(*(-!.,!%*-(*!#%!'(,(*)#(!)!-./(*+(!+(#!%2!+%"&#.%,+6!^%*!4%+#!*()".+#.1)""5!+._(-!1%,+(*/)#.%,!0*%;"(4+!#$.+!.+!&,".8("5!#%!;(!)!1%,1(*,6!!

8.3.3 Number of restarts

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d%%8! )#! #$(! +("(1#.%,!2*(9&(,15!0)##(*,+! H&+.,'!(9&)"! .,#(*/)"!1")++.2.1)#.%,I! 2%*!l!*(+#)*#+!),-!Jl!*(+#)*#+6! A2!#$(!+0)#.)"!0)##(*,!%2!+("(1#.%,!2*(9&(,15!/)"&(+!.+!,%#!1$),'.,'!)!"%#!7.#$!#$(!)--.#.%,!%2!4%*(! *(+#)*#+3! .#! .+! ".8("5! #$)#!7(!$)/(! +)40"(-! #$(! +%"&#.%,! +0)1(!)-(9&)#("56![,(!1)/()#!7.#$!#$.+!)00*%)1$!.+!#$)#!#$(!+0)#.)"!0)##(*,!4)5!-.22(*!+.',.2.1),#"5!;(#7((,!#$(!#%0!PKj!%2! "%7(+#"1%+#!+%"&#.%,+!),-!#$(!*(+#!%2!#$(!+%"&#.%,+!HG$(,3!0(*+6!1%446I3!),-!#$(! +0)#.)"! 0)##(*,! .+! ".8("5! #%! ;(! -.22(*(,#! ;(#7((,! 2()+.;"(! ),-! .,2()+.;"(! +%"&#.%,+!H^.+1$(*!p!G$&*1$3!JKKUI6!:$.+!)').,!&,-(*".,(+!#$(!'%%-!0*)1#.1(!%2!+(##.,'!&0!?)*@),!#%!'(,(*)""5!)1$.(/(!2()+.;"(!+%"&#.%,+6!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! LK! !

8.3.4 Annealing parameters

D*%0(*!+(#!&0!%2!),,()".,'!0)*)4(#(*+!.+!1%/(*(-!.,!#$(!?)*@),!4),&)"6!

8.3.5 Boundary length modifier (BLM)

:$(! T%&,-)*5! d(,'#$! ?%-.2.(*! HTd?I! .+! &+(-! #%! .40*%/(! #$(! 1"&+#(*.,'! ),-!1%40)1#,(++!%2! .,-./.-&)"! +%"&#.%,+! H?1a%,,(""! (#!)"63!JKKJO!^.+1$(*!p!G$&*1$3!JKK`I6!^%*! .,.#.)"! #(+#.,'3! "()/(! .#! +(#! #%! _(*%6!!2#(*! .,.#.)"! 1)".;*)#.%,! .+! +&11(++2&"! #$(*(! )*(!+(/(*)"! 4(#$%-+! 2%*! +(##.,'! #$(! Td?6! N/(,! *(")#./("5! +4)""! 1$),'(+! .,! Td?! 1),!+.',.2.1),#"5!)"#(*!#$(!4)#$(4)#.1)"!+#*&1#&*(!%2!#$(!0*%;"(43!),-!'%%-!0*)1#.1(!*(9&.*(+!)!1)".;*)#.%,!1$(18!2%""%7.,'!1$),'(+!#%!Td?6!

:$(!T%&,-)*5!d(,'#$!?%-.2.(*! HTd?I!1%,#*%"+! #$(!1"&+#(*.,'!%2!*(+(*/(+! .,! .,-./.-&)"!+%"&#.%,+6!D(*$)0+!#$(!4%+#! .,#&.#./(!7)5! !#%!+(#!Td?! .+!#%!+#)*#!)#!_(*%!),-! .#(*)#./("5!.,1*()+(!.#!;5!)*;.#*)*5!,&4;(*+!H(6'63!2)1#%*+!%2!#(,I!&,#."!/.+&)"!.,+0(1#.%,!%2!#$(!*(+&"#+!+$%7+! #$(!-(+.*(-!-('*((!%2!1"&+#(*.,'3!0*(2(*);"5!7.#$%&#! ")*'(! .,1*()+(+! .,!1%+#6!:$(!-.+)-/),#)'(!%2!#$.+!4(#$%-!.+!#$)#!.#!4)5!#)8(!4),5!*&,+!%2!?)*@),!#%!-.+1%/(*!)!*),'(!%2!Td?!/)"&(+!#$)#!(/(,!)22(1#!#$(!-('*((!%2!1"&+#(*.,'3!4&1$!"(++!0*%/.-(!*(+&"#+!7.#$!#$(!-(+.*(-!-('*((+! %2! 1"&+#(*.,'6! A,! ),5! 1)+(3! .#! .+!$("02&"! #%! 1%,+#*&1#! )!0"%#! %2! 1%+#!/(*+&+!;%&,-)*5!"(,'#$!.,!%*-(*!#%!#*)18!#$(!(22(1#+!%2!1$),'(+!.,!Td?!H)+!.,!^.'&*(!L6eI6!:$.+! 0"%#! 1),! )"+%! $("0! (@0").,! #$(! *(+&"#+! #%! %#$(*+! H+((! K;&$(*%! _C! H-(*%$%*()-!! &-#!K">>2-)'&()-!!U2($2(+I6!

!,%#$(*!7)5! #%!0.18!)!+#)*#.,'!/)"&(! 2%*! #$(!Td?! .+! #%!+(#! .#!+%! #$)#!;%&,-)*5! "(,'#$+!+1)"(!#%!)!+.4.")*!4)',.#&-(!)+!#$(!%#$(*!#(*4!.,!#$(!%;=(1#./(!2&,1#.%,6!A2!D\!1%+#+!*),'(!2*%4!PK!#%!UK!&,.#+3!),-!;%&,-)*5!"(,'#$+!*),'(!2*%4!`K!KKK!4!#%!YK!KKK!43!#$(*(!7.""!;(!$&'(! -.22(*(,1(! .,! #$(! 0(,)"#.(+! )++%1.)#(-! 7.#$! 4.,.4._.,'! 1%+#! ),-! 4.,.4._.,'!;%&,-)*5! "(,'#$6!!! Td?! %2! K6KKP! .,! #$.+! 1)+(!7%&"-! '(#! ;%&,-)*.(+! ),-! 1%+#+! #%! )!+.4.")*!%*-(*!%2!4)',.#&-(!H`KXYK!),-!PKXUK3!*(+0(1#./("5I6!W&;+(9&(,#!*&,+!1),!#$(,!;(!&+(-!#%!(@0"%*(!#$(!+(,+.#./.#5!%2!+%"&#.%,!+(#+!#%!-.22(*(,#!/)"&(+!%2!Td?6!!

!!#$.*-!7)5!#%!0.18!/)"&(+!2%*!Td?!.+!#%!&+(!)!7(.'$#.,'!4(#$%-!-(/("%0(-!#%!(@0"%*(!4&"#.%;=(1#./(! #*)-(%22+! .,! %0#.4._)#.%,6! :$.+! +5+#(4)#.1! 4(#$%-+! 2%*! /)*5.,'! Td?!

)""%7+!#$(!&+(*!#%!9&.18"5!-.+1%/(*! #$(!*),'(!%2!Td?!/)"&(+!#$)#!7.""!4)8(!#$(! ")*'(+#!-.22(*(,1(+!.,!+0)#.)"!0)##(*,+!%2!+%"&#.%,+!7.#$%&#!$)/.,'!#%!'&(++!)#!)00*%0*.)#(!/)"&(+!HG%$%,!(#!)"6!PbQbO!W%"),8.!(#!)"6!Pbb`3!^.+1$(*!),-!G$&*1$!JKKUI6!^.*+#3!+(#!Td?!#%!K!),-!%0#.4._(!1%+#!#%!2.,-!#$(!"%7(+#!1%+#!+%"&#.%,!0%++.;"(6!G)"1&")#(!#$(!1%+#!),-!;%&,-)*5!"(,'#$! 2%*! #$)#!+%"&#.%,!),-!0"%#! .#!)+!0%.,#!l3! #$(!4.,.4&4!1%+#!+%"&#.%,! H^.'&*(!L6eI6!:$(,!+(#!)""!1%+#+!#%!_(*%!),-!Td?!#%!P!#%!2.,-!0%.,#!n!H#$(!4.,.4&4!0%++.;"(!;%&,-)*5!+%"&#.%,I6!G)"1&")#(! #$(! +"%0(! %2! ".,(! <)>! 1%,,(1#.,'! #$%+(! #7%! +%"&#.%,+! .,! %;=(1#./(!+0)1(C! HG%+#HlI! X!G%+#HnIIiHT%&,-)*5HlI"T%&,-)*5HnII6! :$.+! .+! #$(! (+#.4)#(-! #*)-("%22!1&*/(!7.#$! #7%!0%.,#+6!\+(! #$(!);+%"&#(!/)"&(!%2! #$(!+"%0(!%2! ".,(!<)>!)+! #$(!Td?!),-!*(+(#! )""! 1%+#+! ;)18! #%! #$(.*! %*.'.,)"! /)"&(+6! A,! #$.+! (@)40"(3! #$(! Td?! 7%&"-! ;(!K6KKKLLUJU6! :$.+! /)"&(! *(0*(+(,#+! )! <+7((#! +0%#>! %,! #$(! #*)-("%22! 1&*/(! ;(#7((,!4.,.4._.,'!1%+#!),-!4.,.4._.,'!;%&,-)*5! "(,'#$6!W4)""!1$),'(+! .,!Td?!)*%&,-! #$.+!

G$)0#(*!LC!N,+&*.,'!R%;&+#!!,)"5+.+! ! ! LP! !

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!

8.3.6 Importance of calibration

M%%-!0*)1#.1(!-.1#)#(+!#$)#!#$(!+#(0+!);%/(!;(!2%""%7(-!2%*!(/(*5!1$),'(!.,!#$(!0*%;"(4!

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8.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

8.4.1 A basic framework

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j! %2! .#+! )1#&)"! );&,-),1(6! [*! 0(*$)0+! )!0*)1#.#.%,(*!$)+!'%##(,!),!)00)*(,#"5!*()+%,);"(!-('*((!%2!1"&+#(*.,'!7.#$!)!Td?!%2!l!;&#!$)+!,%! +#*%,'! *()+%,! #%!&+(!l! *)#$(*! #$),!K6U!l!%*!J!l6!W(,+.#./.#5!),)"5+.+! .+! #$(!0*%1(++! %2! 1$(18.,'! 7$(#$(*! #$(! *(+&"#+! %;#).,(-! 7.#$! -.22(*(,#! 0)*)4(#(*+! H(6'63!-.22(*(,#! /)"&(+! %2! l! 2%*! Td?I! %*!7.#$! -.22(*(,#! .,0&#! -)#)! H(6'63! 2()#&*(! );&,-),1(!/)"&(+!)#! #$(!$.'$!%*! "%7!(,-!%2! #$(!(@0(1#(-! *),'(I!0*%-&1(! +&;+#),#.)""5! +.4.")*!%*!+&;+#),#.)""5!-.22(*(,#!*(+&"#+6!!

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8.4.2 Examples of quantitative sensitivity analysis

8.4.2.1 Disproportionate effect of some targets in total cost

A,!+%4(!1)+(+!0)*#.1&")*!#)*'(#+!4)5!$)/(!".##"(!.40)1#!%,!+%"&#.%,+!7$."(!%#$(*!2()#&*(+!)*(! ")*'("5!-*./.,'! #$(! +%"&#.%,+! HG$&*1$! ),-!M(**)*-! JKK`I6! A,! %#$(*!7%*-+3! .2! #$%+(!!")##(*!#)*'(#+!)*(!+(#!#%!K3!#$(,!#$(!#%#)"!1%+#!%2!#$(!+%"&#.%,!7.""!-(1*()+(!1%,+.-(*);"56!A,!#$(+(!1)+(+!'%%-!0*)1#.1(!.,1"&-(+!"%%8.,'!0)*#.1&")*"5!1"%+("5!)#!#$(!#)*'(#+3!);&,-),1(!-)#)3!),-!+0)#.)"!-.+#*.;&#.%,!%2! #$%+(! ")##(*!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+6! A,!+%4(!1)+(+! #$%+(!.,-./.-&)"! 2()#&*(+! #$)#! )*(! -*./.,'! #$(! +%"&#.%,+!4)5! $)/(! ,&4(*.1)""5! %*! +0)#.)""5!&,1(*#).,!-)#)! %*! $)/(! )*;.#*)*5! #)*'(#+! #$)#! 1),! ;(! *()+%,);"5! 1$),'(-6! A,! ),5! 1)+(!-(#(*4.,.,'!7$.1$!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+!),-!)++%1.)#(-! #)*'(#+!)*(!-*./.,'! #$(!1%+#!%2!#$(! +%"&#.%,! +$%&"-! 4%#./)#(! )! 2&*#$(*! )++(++4(,#! );%&#! #$(! 1%,2.-(,1(! .,! +0)#.)"!-.+#*.;&#.%,!%2!#$%+(!2()#&*(+!),-!)!*("(/)"&)#.%,!%2!#$(.*!#)*'(#+6!

A,!1)+(+!7$(*(!#$(!1%+#!%2!)!0"),,.,'!&,.#!.+!)!1%4;.,)#.%,!%2!+(/(*)"!1%+#!4()+&*(+!H(6'6!#%#)"! )*()! 1%4;.,(-!7.#$! +%4(! 1%+#!;)+(-!%,! +%1.%(1%,%4.1!-)#)I3! 1%+#!4()+&*(4(,#!1$%.1(!4)5!*(+&"#!.,!-.22(*(,1(+!.,!#$(!*(")#./(!.40%*#),1(!%2!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(+!.,!#$(!#%#)"!1%+#!%2!#$(!+%"&#.%,6!A,!#$%+(!1)+(+3!.#!.+!.40%*#),#!#%!1$(18!2%*!2()#&*(+!#$)#!4)5!;(!-*./.,'!#$(!+%"&#.%,+!&,-(*!()1$!-.22(*(,#!1%4;.,)#.%,!%2!1%+#+6!!

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(*$(!#F1"/,#!$!A$>(+1/"$>!2>'/A!';!1'&%#>=$(+'&!;#$(/>#%3!\P'&#]!+%!(*#!>#;#>#&1#!1$%#K!

+&1"/,+&2! $""! ;#$(/>#%3!e#>(+1$"!-$>%! +&,+1$(#! 6!G($&,$>,!C>>'>%3!CF1"/,+&2! 1'@@'&!

=#>(#->$(#%! $&,! 1'@@'&!A"$&(%!*$,!&'! #;;#1(! '&! %'"/(+'&! 1'%(3!V&! (*#! '(*#>!*$&,K!

#F1"/,+&2! (*>#$(#&#,! =#>(#->$(#%! %+2&+;+1$&("<! >#,/1#%! (*#! ('($"! $>#$! $&,!

%'1+'#1'&'@+1!1'%(!';!%'"/(+'&%3!XW+2/>#!;>'@!D$@+>#S!X6YYRZZ!

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8.4.2.2 Geometry of network

[,(! *(")#./("5!9&.18!7)5! #%!9&),#.25! *(+&"#+! .+! #%!(@0"%*(!$%7! #$(!)*()!),-!0(*.4(#(*!1$),'(!)+!%,(!0)*)4(#(*! .+!/)*.(-! H!.*)4(!JKKUI6!:);"(!L6P! .+!),!(@)40"(!%2!$%7! #$(!)*()! ),-!0(*.4(#(*! 1$),'(!7$(,! #$(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+3! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#+3! ),-!Td?! 7(*(! .,-(0(,-(,#"5! /)*.(-6! E(*(3! #$(! )/(*)'(! ),-! +#),-)*-! -(/.)#.%,! )*(!-.+0")5(-!)1*%++!PKK! *(+#)*#+6!G$(18.,'! .2! #7%!+1(,)*.%+g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G'"/(+'&%!2#&#>$(#,!$(!(E'!,+;;#>#&(!JfH%!E+(*!1'&%#>=$(+'&!($>2#(%!';!4YaK!7YaK!$&,!

9Ya3!O>#$!$&,!A#>+@#(#>!$>#!#FA>#%%#,!$%!@#$&!g!%($&,$>,!,#=+$(+'&!$1>'%%!4YY!>#A#$(!

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BLM Conservation

Target Area (km2)

Perimeter (km)

10% 293.6 ± 1.8 893.4 ± 19.6

0 30% 881.2 ± 2.2 1977.7 ± 28.2

50% 1471.4 ± 1.1 2414.7 ± 37.7

10% 295.7 ± 1.3 264.1 ± 20.5

0.0001 30% 886.4 ± 1.6 494.4 ± 26.9

50% 1476.9 ±1.5 712.3 ± 27.5

8.4.2.3 Spatial configuration of network – measures of similarity

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

a(#(*4.,.,'!$%7!+.4.")*!#$(!+0)#.)"!1%,2.'&*)#.%,!%2!%,(!+%"&#.%,!.+!#%!),%#$(*!+%"&#.%,!H.6(6!$%7!+.4.")*!#$(!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!%2!%,(!,(#7%*8!)*(!#%!#$(!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!%2!),%#$(*!,(#7%*8I!1),!;(!-%,(!;5!1%,-&1#.,'!)!0).*7.+(!1%40)*.+%,!%2! #$(!+%"&#.%,+!&+.,'! #$(!M&$$&! +(&()+()'3! 7$.1$! 0*%/.-(+! )! 4()+&*(! %2! #$(! +.4.")*.#5! %2! #7%! ,(#7%*8+! )2#(*!*(4%/.,'! %/(*")0! -&(! #%! 1$),1(! HR.1$)*-+%,! (#! )"6! JKKYI6! :%! -%! #$.+3! #$(!0*(+(,1(i);+(,1(!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#!-)#)!2*%4!#$(!.,-./.-&)"!+%"&#.%,g+!%&#0&#!2."(!+$%&"-!;(!&+(-!)+!#$(!+)40"(!-)#)6!F)00)!+#)#.+#.1+!.,-.1)#(!#$(!-('*((!%2!%/(*")0!;(#7((,!#7%!+%"&#.%,+6! HZ%#(C! #$(!F)00)! +#)#.+#.1! .+!,%#! *%;&+#!7$(,! 1%40)*.,'! #7%! +%"&#.%,+! #$)#!/)*5!'*()#"5!.,!#%#)"!)*()3!),-!#$(*(2%*(!+$%&"-!%,"5!;(!&+(-!)1*%++!+%"&#.%,+!%2!+.4.")*!%*!.-(,#.1)"!#)*'(#+6I!

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8.4.2.4 Flexibility of scenario

:$(!,&4;(*!%2!-.22(*(,#!,(#7%*8!%0#.%,+!/)*.(+!;(#7((,!+1(,)*.%+!),-!1),!;(!9&),#.2.(-!&+.,'! #$(!+("(1#.%,! 2*(9&(,15!%&#0&#6!:$(*(! .+! "(++!/)*.);.".#5!;(#7((,!,(#7%*8+!)+! #$(!0*%0%*#.%,! %2! /(*5! 2*(9&(,#"5! +("(1#(-! 0"),,.,'! &,.#+! .,1*()+(+! H.6(6! #$%+(! +("(1#(-! .,!4%*(!#$),!LKj!%2!*(+#)*#+I!HR.1$)*-+%,!JKKYI6!^%*!(@)40"(3!%,(!+%"&#.%,!+(#!4.'$#!$)/(!JKj!%2!#$(!D\+!;(.,'!/(*5!2*(9&(,#"5!+("(1#(-6!a&*.,'!+(,+.#./.#5!#(+#.,'3!)!+&;+(9&(,#!+%"&#.%,! +(#!4.'$#!$)/(! eKj! %2!D\+!;(.,'!/(*5! 2*(9&(,#"5! +("(1#(-6!:$.+! .40".(+! #$)#!#$(*(! )*(! 2(7(*! %0#.%,+! 2%*! ,(#7%*8!-(+.',! #$)#!4((#! #$(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! #)*'(#+! .,! #$(!+&;+(9&(,#!+1(,)*.%!#$),!.,!#$(!2.*+#6!A,!#$)#!1)+(!#$(!2"(@.;.".#5!%2!#$(!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!.+!+(,+.#./(!#%!7$)#(/(*!0)*)4(#(*+!7(*(!1$),'(-!.,!+(,+.#./.#5!#(+#.,'!),-!1%,2.-(,1(!.,!#$%+(!0)*)4(#(*+!+$%&"-!;(!(@)4.,(-6!

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8.5 EXPLORING DIFFERENT SCENARIOS

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9 Interpreting and Communicating Outputs

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ABSTRACT

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'"-#2'(*#D!(;*!$%"C*'(!)+!3)?*39!("!&';)*8*!(;*!!%*&(*+(!'3&%)(9<!

!

9.1 MARXAN OUTPUTS

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G$)0#(*!bC!A,#(*0*(#.,'!),-!G%44&,.1)#.,'![&#0&#+! bP! !

9.1.1 Screen output

^%*!),)"5+(+!&+.,'!)! ")*'(!,&4;(*!%2!0"),,.,'!&,.#+3! .#(*)#.%,+3! *&,+3!%*! 1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(+3! )! +1(,)*.%! 4)5! #)8(! 4),5! $%&*+! %*! -)5+! #%! 1%40"(#(6! :$(! +1*((,! %&#0&#!H/(*;%+(!4%-(! `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

9.1.2 Tabular outputs

?)*@),!1),!0*%-&1(!)!,&4;(*!%2!#);&")*!%&#0&#+3!+$%7,!.,!:);"(!b6P6!N)1$!%2!#$(+(!2."(+!1),!;(!/.(7(-!&+.,'!)!#(@#!(-.#%*O!4%+#!1),!;(!4),.0&")#(-!.,!)!+0*()-+$((#!%*!-)#);)+(!%*!".,8(-!#%!#$(!+0)#.)"!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!#%!1*()#(!+0)#.)"!%&#0&#6!

!

I$-"#!b34)!G/@@$><!';!'/(A/(!;+"#%!

Output File Type File Name10

Solutions for each run scenario_r001.dat

Missing value information for each run scenario_mv001.dat

Best solution from all runs scenario_best.dat

Missing value information for the best run scenario_mvbest.dat

Summed solution (Selection frequency) scenariio_ssoln.dat

Summary information scenario_sum.dat

Screen log file scenario_log.dat

Scenario details scenario_sen.dat

Snapshot files scenario_snap_r00001t01000.dat

!

Solution and missing values for each run

N)1$!+1(,)*.%!7.""!$)/(!4&"#.0"(!*&,+3!%*!+%"&#.%,+!H#$(!#%#)"!,&4;(*!%2!*&,+!)*(!-(2.,(-!.,!#$(!)-$2(!$&%&>*(*%!4)3*I6!N)1$!*&,!$)+!),!%&#0&#!2."(!.-(,#.25.,'!#$(!+%"&#.%,!H*KKP6-)#3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

PK!:$(!2."(!0*(2.@!}+1(,)*.%g!7.""!#)8(!%,!7$)#(/(*!,)4(!.+!+0(1.2.(-!;5!#$(!&+(*!.,!#$(!A,0&#!D)*)4(#(*!^."(6!V$(*(!)!,&4;(*!.+!.,1"&-(-!.,!#$(!2."(!,)4(!H(6'6!+1(,)*.%x*KKP6-)#I3!.#!*(2(*(,1(+!#$(!*&,!,&4;(*!#$)#!'(,(*)#(-!#$)#!0)*#.1&")*!%&#0&#6!:);&")*!%&#0&#+!$)/(!)!6-)#!(@#(,+.%,6!^%*!#);&")*!%&#0&#+!#$)#!1),!;(!/.(7(-!+0)#.)""53!#$(!!*1S.(7!%0#.%,!.+!+("(1#(-!),-!#$(!#);&")*!%&#0&#!7.""!$)/(!)!6#@#!(@#(,+.%,6!

G$)0#(*!bC!A,#(*0*(#.,'!),-!G%44&,.1)#.,'![&#0&#+! bJ! !

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:$(! >)++)-!! 8&32*+! #);"(! 0*%/.-(+! )! 4()+&*(! %2! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 1%40*($(,+./(,(++! %*!*(0*(+(,#)#.%,3! ),-! .,1"&-(+! #$(! 2()#&*(! ,)4(3! #)*'(#3! )4%&,#! %2! 2()#&*(! $("-! .,! )!*(+(*/(!),-!7$(#$(*!#$(!#)*'(#!7)+!4(#6!A,!)!+0*()-+$((#3!#$(!4.++.,'!/)"&(+!#);"(+!1),!;(! +%*#(-! #%! .-(,#.25!7$.1$! 2()#&*(+!4(#! PKKj! %2! #$(.*! #)*'(#+3!7$.1$! 2()#&*(+!7(*(!&,-(*"*(0*(+(,#(-3! ),-! #$(! 0*%0%*#.%,! %2! #)*'(#! 4(#3! +$%7.,'! 2%*! (@)40"(3! 7$(*(!'"-+*%8&()"-!4*&(2%*!$*-&3(9!4.'$#!,((-!#%!;(!)-=&+#(-6!!

Best solution from all runs (best.dat)

!*'&);"5!#$(!4%+#!7.-("5!*(1%',._(-!),-!1%44%,"5!&+(-!?)*@),!%&#0&#+!)*(!#$(!<;(+#!+%"&#.%,>! ),-! #$(! <+("(1#.%,! 2*(9&(,15>! H-.+1&++(-! ;("%7I6! T%#$! 0*%/.-(! -.22(*(,#!.,2%*4)#.%,! #%! #$(!&+(*! ),-! 1),! .,2%*4! #$(!'*%&0! .,! 1$)*'(! %2!-(+.',.,'! #$(! *(+(*/(!,(#7%*86!!

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:$(! #(*4.,%"%'5! %2! <;(+#! *&,>!4)5! ;(! )! ;.#!4.+"()-.,'6! :$(! <;(+#>! +%"&#.%,! .+! #$(!+%"&#.%,!7.#$! #$(! "%7(+#!%;=(1#./(! 2&,1#.%,!/)"&(! H.6(6! #$(!4%+#! (22.1.(,#! +%"&#.%,I! H+((!?)*@),!?),&)"!W(1#.%,!P6UI6!E(,1(!#$(!&+(*!+$%&"-!$)/(!)!2.*4!&,-(*+#),-.,'!%2!$%7!

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Summed solution (ssoln.dat)

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9.1.5 Snapshot files

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9.2 INTERPRETING THE SOLUTION

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9.2.1 Internal review

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9.2.2 External review

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10 Using Marxan in Multi-Stakeholder Planning

Processes

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10.1 INTRODUCTION

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10.2 INVOLVING STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS

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10.2.1 Strive for broad representation of stakeholders

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10.2.2 Prepare a stakeholder engagement plan at the onset

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10.2.3 Use a range of multiple stakeholder engagement methods

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10.2.4 Engage crucial stakeholders at the outset once overall process objectives have been defined

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d.2(! D*%#(1#.%,! !1#3! 2%""%7.,'! %,(! #%! #7%! 5()*+! %2! 0"),,.,'! ;5!+1.(,#.+#+3!4((#.,'+!7(*(!+1$(-&"(-!.,!/)*.%&+!1%44&,.#.(+!7.#$!%,(!7((8!,%#.1(6!\,#."!#$(! ),,%&,1(4(,#! %2! #$(! 4((#.,'+3! +#)8($%"-(*+! 7(*(! ,%#! )7)*(! %2! #$(! 0"),,.,'!0*%1(++3!,%*!%2!#$(!,((-!2%*!)!0"),,.,'!0*%1(++6!!!$&'(!&0*%)*!(,+&(-!),-!#$(!0*%1(++!$)-!#%!;(!1),1(""(-6!A#!#%%8!+.@!5()*+!#%!*(;&."-!1*(-.;.".#5!.,!#$(!1%44&,.#56!

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

G$)0#(*!PKC!\+.,'!?)*@),!.,!?&"#."W#)8($%"-(*!D"),,.,'!D*%1(++(+! !!!PKQ!

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!

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a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

Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary

!!,(#7%*8!%2! #(,! 2&""5!0*%#(1#(-!4)*.,(! *(+(*/(+! ),-! #7%!4)*.,(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! )*()+!#$)#!)""%7!".4.#(-!2.+$.,'!7(*(!(+#);".+$(-!)*%&,-!G)".2%*,.)g+!,%*#$(*,!G$),,("!A+"),-+!.,! !0*."! JKK`6! :$(! ,(#7%*8! %2!4)*.,(! 0*%#(1#(-! )*()+! 7)+! )! *(+&"#! %2! ),! .,#(,+./(!0"),,.,'!0*%1(++! .,/%"/.,'!+#)#(!),-!^(-(*)"!)'(,1.(+3!+1.(,#.+#+3!),-!+#)8($%"-(*+6!!,!()*"5!/(*+.%,!%2! #$(!0"),,.,'! #%%"!?)*@),!7)+!&+(-!;5! #$(! +1.(,1(! )-/.+%*5!0),("! #%!.-(,#.25!)!+&.#(!%2!0%#(,#.)"!"%1)#.%,+!2%*!4)*.,(!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+6!:$(!+#)8($%"-(*+!&+(-!)!1%4;.,)#.%,!%2!(1%"%'.1)"!'&.-(".,(+!-(/("%0(-!;5!#$(!+1.(,1(!)-/.+%*5!0),("!2%*!-(+.',!%2!4)*.,(! 0*%#(1#(-! )*()+3! %0#.%,+! '(,(*)#(-! #$*%&'$! #$(!?)*@),! ),)"5+.+3! ),-! #$(.*!%7,!8,%7"(-'(3!#%!1*)2#!)!+&.#(!%2!)"#(*,)#./(!,(#7%*8+!%2!4)*.,(!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+6!:$(!+#)8($%"-(*+! &+(-! )! 1%40&#(*! 0"),,.,'! #%%"3! 8,%7,! )+! #$(! G$),,("! A+"),-+! W0)#.)"!W&00%*#! ),-!!,)"5+.+!:%%"! H%*!GA"WW!:I3! #%! /.(7!-)#)! ),-! (/)"&)#(!0%#(,#.)"!4)*.,(!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+6!!

G%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(+!7(*(!-(2.,(-!%,!#$(!;)+.+!%2!#$(!'%)"+!2%*!4)*.,(!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+3!7$.1$!7(*(!-(/("%0(-!;5!#$(!+#)8($%"-(*!7%*8.,'!'*%&06!:$(!'%)"+!.,1"&-(-!0*%#(1#.%,!%2!4)*.,(!$);.#)#+!),-!+0(1.(+3!&+(!%2!4)*.,(!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+!#%!1%,#*.;&#(!#%!+&+#).,);"(!2.+$(*.(+3!),-!4)@.4&4! "%,'"#(*4!;(,(2.#+!7$."(! ".4.#.,'!+$%*#"#(*4! .40)1#+! #%!&+(*+6!:$(!+#)8($%"-(*+!),-!+1.(,1(!)-/.+%*5!#()4!.-(,#.2.(-!%/(*!PKK!+0(1.(+!%2!.,#(*(+#6!!

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Local conservation groups in the southern Strait of Georgia

A,! 0*(0)*)#.%,! 2%*! )! 1%,+&"#)#.%,! 0*%1(++! +&**%&,-.,'! )! 0*%0%+(-! Z)#.%,)"! ?)*.,(!G%,+(*/)#.%,!!*()+! HZ?G!I! .,! #$(!+%&#$(*,!W#*).#!%2!M(%*'.)3!T*.#.+$!G%"&4;.)3! "%1)"!1%,+(*/)#.%,! '*%&0+! )*(! .,#(*(+#(-! .,! -(/("%0.,'! )! 1%,+(*/)#.%,";)+(-! _%,.,'! /.+.%,!&+.,'!?)*@),3!)!#%%"!7$.1$!.+!)"+%!;(.,'!&+(-!;5!D)*8+!G),)-)!)+!0)*#!%2!)!+5+#(4)#.1!1%,+(*/)#.%,! 0"),,.,'! 0*%1(++6! V%*8.,'! 7.#$! *(+()*1$(*+! )#! #$(! a(0)*#4(,#! %2!M(%'*)0$53!\,./(*+.#5!%2!S.1#%*.)3!G),)-)3!1%,+(*/)#.%,!+#)8($%"-(*+!')#$(*(-!%/(*!)!+(*.(+!%2!7%*8+$%0+!#%!.-(,#.25!#$(.*!'%)"+3!-(2.,(!#$(.*!%;=(1#./(+!7.#$!#)*'(#+3!1%+#+!),-!0(,)"#.(+3!),-!(@0"%*(!/)*.%&+!_%,.,'!+1(,)*.%+6!V$."(!+0(1.2.1)#.%,+!7(*(!4)-(!;5!#$(!+#)8($%"-(*+!#$(!),)"5+.+!7)+!&,-(*#)8(,!;5!#$(!*(+()*1$(*+6!a)#)!),-!*(+&"#+!7(*(!#$(,!0*%=(1#(-! %,#%! )! +1*((,! )#! #$(! 7%*8+$%0+! )""%7.,'! &+(*+! #%! -.*(1#! #$(! %0(*)#%*! #%!,)/.')#(!#$*%&'$!#$(!*(+&"#+6!

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G$)0#(*!PKC!\+.,'!?)*@),!.,!?&"#."W#)8($%"-(*!D"),,.,'!D*%1(++(+! !!!PKb!

10.3 INVOLVING STAKEHOLDERS WITH MARXAN

!H-(%"#2'*!5&%.&-!&''"%#)-!!("!(;*!3*8*3!"4!.,/%"/(4(,#!

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)&-.(,1(!

!

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

10.3.1 Introduce Marxan according to the level of involvement

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

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

PJ!^%*!(@)40"(+!%2!#*),+")#.,'!0%".15!.,#%!?D!!+0)#.)"!),)"5+.+!+((!HT*&1(!p!N".%#!JKKYO!G$),!(#!)"6!JKKYI6!

G$)0#(*!PKC!\+.,'!?)*@),!.,!?&"#."W#)8($%"-(*!D"),,.,'!D*%1(++(+! !!!PPK!

4((#!#$(!'%)"+6!!"#(*,)#./("53!%#$(*!#%%"+!4)5!;(!4%*(!)00*%0*.)#(!2%*!#$(!#)+8!)#!$),-!%*!4)5!;(!&+(-!.,!1%,=&,1#.%,!7.#$!?)*@),6!

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

! (@0").,.,'! #$(! 2&,-)4(,#)"! 0*.,1.0"(+! ),-! 1)"1&")#.%,+! %2!?)*@),P`O! 2%*! (@)40"(!4),5!+#)8($%"-(*+!)*(!(,1%&*)'(-!7$(,!#$(5!-.+1%/(*!%,(!%2!#$(!8(5!%;=(1#./(+!4)5!;(!#%!4.,.4.+(!#$(!.40)1#!%2!#$(!,(#7%*8!%,!(1%,%4.1!0&*+&.#+O!

! 1")*.25.,'! ?)*@),! /%1);&")*5! 7$.1$! 4)5! 4(),! -.22(*(,#! #$.,'+! #%! -.22(*(,#!+#)8($%"-(*+O!

! -(4%,+#*)#.,'!(@)40"(+!.,!7$.1$!?)*@),!$)+!;((,!&+(-O!!

! .,/.#.,'! +#)8($%"-(*+! .,/%"/(-! .,! ),%#$(*! *(+(*/(! ,(#7%*8! 0"),,.,'! 0*%1(++! #%!0*%/.-(!)!+#)8($%"-(*!0(*+0(1#./(O!),-!

! &+.,'!?)*@),! #%! 0*%/.-(! +%4(! .,.#.)"! ),+7(*+! #%! +%4(! ;)+.1! <7$)#! .2>! 9&(+#.%,+!0%+(-!;5!#$(!+#)8($%"-(*!'*%&06!!

^%*!(@)40"(!?)*@),!7)+!&+(-!#%!(@0"%*(!)!1%,+(*/)#.%,X;)+(-!/.+.%,!2%*!#$(!W%&#$(*,!W#*).#!%2!M(%*'.)3!T*.#.+$!G%"&4;.)!H+((!T%@!PK6PI6!D)*#.1.0),#+!7(*(!'./(,!),!%/(*/.(7!

%2!?)*@),!7.#$!(@)40"(+!7$(*(! .#!$)+!;((,!&+(-!("+(7$(*(!),-! #$(!8.,-+!%2!%&#0&#+!?)*@),!1),!'(,(*)#(6!:$.+!7)+!2%""%7(-!;5!4%*(!-(#)."(-!?)*@),!%*.(,#)#.%,!+(++.%,+!.,!+4)""(*!'*%&0+!1%/(*.,'!#)*'(#+3!1%+#+!),-!-)#)!*(9&.*(4(,#+6!

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

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

P`! A,#*%-&1#%*5! 4)#(*.)"+! 1),! ;(! 2%&,-! .,! #$(! ()*"5! 1$)0#(*+! %2! #$.+! $),-;%%83! #$(! ?)*@),!4),&)"3!#$(!?)*@),!7(;!+.#(3!),-!#$(!Gd\h!7(;!+.#(6!

G$)0#(*!PKC!\+.,'!?)*@),!.,!?&"#."W#)8($%"-(*!D"),,.,'!D*%1(++(+! !!!PPP!

)*(! #$(!?)*@),! +1(,)*.%+! #("".,'! &+m!V$)#! %#$(*! 9&(+#.%,+! -%!7(! $)/(! #$)#!?)*@),!1),,%#!()+."5!),+7(*m!

:$(!*(+#!%2!#$.+!+(1#.%,!0*%/.-(+!'%%-!0*)1#.1(+!2%*!.,/%"/.,'!+#)8($%"-(*+3!;%#$!-.*(1#"5!),-!.,-.*(1#"53!.,!#$*((!+#)'(+!%2!&+.,'!?)*@),!2%*!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!-(+.',C!

P6 -(2.,.,'!?)*@),!%;=(1#./(+O!

J6 '(,(*)#.,'!),-!(@0"%*.,'!+1(,)*.%+O!),-!

`6 (/)"&)#.,'!),-!0*%/.-.,'!2((-;)18!%,!?)*@),!%&#0&#+6!

10.3.2 Translate stakeholder goals and values into Marxan objectives and

parameters

D*.%*!#%!(4;)*8.,'!%,!),5!),)"5+.+3!.#!.+!.40%*#),#!#%!$)/(!)!1"()*!/.+.%,!%2!#$(!'%)"+!%2!#$(!0*%1(++!),-!#$(!'%)"+!%2!#$(!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!),-!%;=(1#./(+!#%!4((#!#$%+(!'%)"+!#$)#!)*(!(@0*(++(-!)+!)!?)*@),!%;=(1#./(6!!

:$(!?)*@),! )"'%*.#$4! .+! ;)+(-! %,! )!4.,.4._.,'! 1%+#! )"'%*.#$4! -(2.,(-! ;5! /)*.%&+!0)*)4(#(*+!+&1$!)+!#)*'(#+!),-!1%+#+!)++%1.)#(-!7.#$!2()#&*(!")5(*+6!G&**(,#!0*)1#.1(!$)+!-.1#)#(-!#$)#!+1.(,#.+#+!),-!(@0(*#+!$)/(!#50.1)""5!-(2.,(-!#$(!0)*)4(#(*+!%2!#$(!?)*@),!%;=(1#./(+6! A,! )! *(1(,#! +&*/(5! %2! QQ!?)*@),! &+(*+!7%*"-7.-(! .,! bQj! %2! #$(! 0*%=(1#+!%;=(1#./(+!7(*(!+(#!;5!+1.(,#.+#+i(@0(*#+6!E%7(/(*3!+#)8($%"-(*+!7(*(!.,/%"/(-!.,!+(##.,'!#$(!%;=(1#./(+!.,!`bj!%2!#$(!0*%=(1#+!H+((!,$$*-#).!/0!1*+23(+!"4!5&%.&-!6+*%!72%8*9I!),-!#$.+! 0(*1(,#)'(! 1),! .,1*()+(! )+! +#)8($%"-(*+! ;(1%4(! 4%*(! -.*(1#"5! .,/%"/(-! .,! #$(!0"),,.,'!0*%1(++6!W%4(!0)*)4(#(*+!%2!#$(!)"'%*.#$4!+&1$!)+!Td?3!0"),,.,'!&,.#!+$)0(!),-!0"),,.,'!&,.#5!+._(!)*(!;(+#!"(2#!#%!),)"5+#+6![#$(*+!+&1$!)+!*("(/),#!2()#&*(!")5(*+3!#)*'(#+! ),-! %#$(*! "%1)#.%,! 0)*)4(#(*+! 7$.1$! 1),! .,2"&(,1(! 1%+#! /)"&(+! ),-! 0(,)"#5!2)1#%*+!1),!;(!-(2.,(-!;5!+#)8($%"-(*+6!

N@0*(++.,'!#$(.*!.,#(*(+#+!),-!/)"&(!.,!),!)"'%*.#$4!1),!;(!1$)""(,'.,'!2%*!+#)8($%"-(*+6!^.*+#!%2!)""! #$(5!4&+#!1"()*"5!)*#.1&")#(! #$(.*!%/(*)""!'%)"+! 2%*! #$(! *(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!),-!#$(,!#$(+(!4&+#!;(!)*#.1&")#(-!4)#$(4)#.1)""5!.,#%!),!)"'%*.#$4!Hd(+".(!(#!)"6!JKK`I6!:$(!#.4(! ,(1(++)*5! #%! 1"()*"5! )*#.1&")#(! '%)"+!7$(#$(*! #$(5! )*(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! '%)"+3! +%1.%"(1%,%4.1!'%)"+!%*!*('&")#%*5!'%)"+!1),,%#!;(!&,-(*+#)#(-!)+!#$(5!)*(!2%&,-)#.%,!%2!#$(!),)"5+.+6!d)&,1$.,'! +#*).'$#! .,#%! #$(!-(#)."+!%2!?)*@),!;(2%*(!0*(0)*)#.%,! 1),! "()-! #%!4.+-.*(1#(-! 0)#$+! -%7,! -()-! (,-+6! A,! #$(! G$),,("! A+"),-+3! #$(! 4&"#."+#)8($%"-(*!7%*8.,'!'*%&0!+0(,#!%,(!5()*!1%,+.-(*.,'!#$(!+#)#(!%2!#$(!4)*.,(!(1%+5+#(4!),-!'%)"+!2%*!4)*.,(!*(+(*/(+!;(2%*(!(@0"%*.,'!WDNl!Z!*(+&"#+!2*%4!#$(!+1.(,#.2.1!)-/.+%*5!0),("!H+((!T%@!PK6PI! H!.*)4(!JKKUI6!W.4.")*"53! .,! #$(!W%&#$(*,!W#*).#!%2!M(%*'.)3!1%,+(*/)#.%,!'*%&0+! +0(,#!4%+#! %2! #$(! 2.*+#! #7%!7%*8+$%0+! -.+1&++.,'! #$(.*! %/(*)""! '%)"+! 2%*! #$(!*('.%,!.,!'(,(*)"!),-!_%,(+!.,!0)*#.1&")*6!N@)4.,.,'!0%".15!HT*&1(!),-!N".%#!JKKYO!G$),!(#!)"6!JKKYI3! !+#)8($%"-(*+! .,#(*(+#+!),-!+1.(,#.2.1!8,%7"(-'(!1),!)""!1%4;.,(! #%!+0(1.25!'%)"+6!

]&(+#.%,+!#%!+#)8($%"-(*+!4&+#!;(!0$*)+(-!.,!2)4.".)*!"),'&)'(!+&1$!)+C!

! V$)#!7%&"-!5%&!".8(!)!*(+(*/(!,(#7%*8!#%!"%%8!.,!JK!5()*+!#.4(m!

G$)0#(*!PKC!\+.,'!?)*@),!.,!?&"#."W#)8($%"-(*!D"),,.,'!D*%1(++(+! !!!PPJ!

! V$)#!1%,+(*/)#.%,!2()#&*(+!)*(!.40%*#),#!#%!5%&m!

! V$)#!$);.#)#+!),-!2()#&*(+!)*(!4%+#!.40%*#),#!#%!0*%#(1#m!

! V$)#!+%1.%"(1%,%4.1!)1#./.#.(+!)*(!.40%*#),#!#%!#$(!1%44&,.#5m!

! E%7!+$%&"-!(@.+#.,'!4)*.,(!0*%#(1#(-!)*()+!;(!.,1%*0%*)#(-!.,#%!#$(!,(7!-(+.',m!

! V$)#!&0"),-!),-!2%*(+$%*(!2)1#%*+!)*(!.40%*#),#!.,!+.#.,'!4)*.,(!*(+(*/(+m!

10.3.3 Systematically generate alternative scenarios

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j!%2!&+(*+!+&*/(5(-!X!+((!,$$*-#).!/0!1*+23(+!"4!5&%.&-!6+*%!72%8*9I6!!

N@0"%*.,'!#$(!&+(!%2!WDNl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

%2!4)*.,(!*(+(*/(+!Hd(+".(!(#!)"6!JKK`I6!A,!-(+.',.,'!)!,(#7%*8!%2!*(+(*/(+!.,!#$(!G$),,("!A+"),-+! Z)#.%,)"! ?)*.,(! W),1#&)*53! )! 7%*8.,'! '*%&0! %2! +#)8($%"-(*+! 7%*8(-! 7.#$!+1.(,#.+#+! &+.,'! WDNl!Z! #%! -(/("%0! ),-! (@0"%*(! %/(*! e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10.3.4 Incorporate communication into initial planning

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10.3.5 Target the outputs and interpretation for each stakeholder audience

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10.3.6 Understand the difference between “best” solution and selection

frequency

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10.3.7 Explain the meaning behind the maps

?)*@),!1),!;(!)!0%7(*2&"!#%%"!),-!.#+!4)0!%&#0&#+!1),!;(!/.+&)""5!/(*5!)00()".,'3!;&#!&"#.4)#("5! +#)8($%"-(*+!7.""!)+8! #$(!9&(+#.%,!<V$)#!-%(+! #$(!4)0!4(),m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

W#)8($%"-(*+!7.""!7),#!#%!8,%7!$%7!#$(!*(+&"#+!*(2"(1#!#$(.*!%7,!.,#(*(+#+3!),-!1%40)*(!#$.+! #%! $%7! %#$(*! +#)8($%"-(*+! %*! %#$(*! *('.%,+! )*(! )22(1#(-6!V(*(! #)*'(#+! )1$.(/(-m!V$(*(!.,!#$(!*('.%,!-%(+!)!0)*#.1&")*!#)*'(#!(@.+#m!V$5!)*(!1(*#).,!)*()+!+("(1#(-m!V$)#!.+!-*./.,'!#$(!%&#0&#m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

:);"(+!7$.1$! ),,%#)#(!4)0+! ),-! ".,8! #%!4)00(-! %&#0&#! 1),! )++.+#! .,! ),+7(*.,'! #$(!9&(+#.%,+! );%/(! ),-! (@0").,.,'! #$(! *(+&"#+6! d.,8.,'! #);&")*! %&#0&#+! %2!?)*@),! .,#%!*(+&"#!4)0+!#$*%&'$!)!MAW!.+!*(")#./("5!+#*).'$#2%*7)*-3!),-!;5!$.'$".'$#.,'!*%7+!.,!#$(!)##*.;&#(! #);"(! .+!%,(!7)5!%2! .,#(*0*(#.,'!-)#)! .,!-(0#$6!:%%"+! ".8(!Gd\h!),-!D!Za!!1),!$("0! #%!),+7(*! #$(+(!9&(+#.%,+!%,! #$(! 2"5!),-!1),! ".,8! #);"(+! #%!0"),,.,'!&,.#+! #%!),+7(*!7$)#!#)*'(#!2()#&*(+!)*(!2%&,-!.,!)!'./(,!0"),,.,'!&,.#6!Gd\h!1),!)"+%!$("0!.,!7%*8.,'! %&#! .2! )*()+! )*(! +("(1#(-! ;(1)&+(! %2! #$(! 0*(+(,1(! %2! )! 0)*#.1&")*! 2()#&*(! %*!;(1)&+(!%2!7.-(*!*(0*(+(,#)#.%,!'%)"+6!!

10.3.8 Ensure that cartographic styles do not mislead the reader

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

G$)0#(*!PKC!\+.,'!?)*@),!.,!?&"#."W#)8($%"-(*!D"),,.,'!D*%1(++(+! !!!PPY!

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:%!4.,.4.+(!#$(!*.+8!#$)#!4)0+!1),!;(!4.+"()-.,'!%*!4.+.,#(*0*(#(-!-.+#*.;&#(!#$(!4)0+!#%!)!7%*8.,'!'*%&0!%*! *(0*(+(,#)#./(+! 2*%4!-.22(*(,#! +#)8($%"-(*!'*%&0+! 2%*! 2((-;)18!),-! #%!),#.1.0)#(! *()1#.%,6!G)*#%'*)0$5! .+!)"+%!-.+1&++(-! .,!K;&$(*%!_0! H-(*%$%*()-!! &-#!K">>2-)'&()-!!U2($2(+6!

10.3.9 Select communicators who understand the technical aspect as well

as the perspective of the target audience

:$(!-.+1&++.%,!+%! 2)*!$)+! 2%1&+(-!%,!7$)#! #%!1%44&,.1)#(6!N9&)""5! .40%*#),#! .+!7$%!1%44&,.1)#(+6! A,!4),5!1)+(+!+1.(,#.+#+!%*!'%/(*,4(,#!+#)22!$)/(!;((,! *(+0%,+.;"(! 2%*!1%44&,.1)#.,'!7.#$! +#)8($%"-(*! '*%&0+6!E%7(/(*3! #$(5!4)5! ,%#! ,(1(++)*."5! ;(! #$(!4%+#!)00*%0*.)#(6!:$(!*.'$#!0(*+%,!#%!1%44&,.1)#(!#%!+#)8($%"-(*+!.+!+%4(%,(!7$%C!

! $)+!)!'%%-!*(")#.%,+$.0!H.6(6!#*&+#I!7.#$!)!+#)8($%"-(*!'*%&0O!

! &,-(*+#),-+!.#+!/)"&(+!),-!.,#(*(+#+!),-!.+!7."".,'!#%!".+#(,O!

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?%*(!%2#(,!#$),!,%#!#$.+!*(9&.*(+!)!1%44&,.1)#.%,!#()4!1%40*.+(-!%2!4(4;(*+!%2!#$(!#)*'(#! +#)8($%"-(*! '*%&0! .,1"&-.,'! +1.(,#.+#+3! ),)"5+#+! ),-! 0%".15!4)8(*+6!V$."(! #$(!?)*@),!),)"5+#!0*%;);"5!+$%&"-!0)*#.1.0)#(!%,! #$.+! #()43! .#!+$%&"-!;(!),#.1.0)#(-! #$)#!+i$(!4)5!;(!+(,+.#./(!#%!1(*#).,!1*.#.1.+4+3!),-!#$)#!),%#$(*!4(4;(*!4)5!;(!;(##(*!+&.#(-!#%!1%44&,.1)#(!-.*(1#"5!7.#$!#$(!")*'(*!+#)8($%"-(*!'*%&06!

10.4 SUMMARY OF GOOD PRACTICES

! !W#*./(!2%*!;*%)-!*(0*(+(,#)#.%,!%2!+#)8($%"-(*+6!

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Appendix 1: Results of Marxan User Survey

Z)#)".(!G6!T),!

ABSTRACT

H-!(;*! 4&33!&-#!:)-(*%!"4!PNNTD!&-!*3*'(%"-)'!+2%8*9!:&+!#*8*3"$*#!("! )#*-()49!;":!5&%.&-!;&#!

=**-!2+*#!("!#&(*D!&-#!("!)#*-()49!(;*>*+!&-#!2+*%!-**#+<!1*+23(+!4%">!(;)+!+2%8*9!;*3$*#!+;&$*!

(;*!O&'5,1,! *.$*%(!:"%?+;"$!P"W!,$%)3!PNN[D! )-!e&-'"28*%D!AKD!K&-&#&D!&-#! +2=+*E2*-(39!

(;*!:%)()-!!"4!(;)+!Y""#!O%&'()'*+!b&-#=""?!

!

A1-1 METHODS

!,! %,".,(! +&*/(5!7)+! &+(-! #%! ')#$(*! .,2%*4)#.%,! );%&#! #$(! 1&**(,#! &+(! %2!?)*@),6!A,/.#)#.%,+! 2%*! 0)*#.1.0)#.%,! .,! #$(! +&*/(5! 7(*(! './(,! #$*%&'$! #$(! ?)*@),! ".+#+(*/3!7$.1$! .,1"&-(+! )""! 7$%! $)/(! -%7,"%)-(-!?)*@),6! D)*#.1.0)#.%,! .,! #$(! +&*/(5! 7)+!/%"&,#)*56!W&*/(5!9&(+#.%,+!2%1&+(-!%,!#$(!+1%0(!),-!%&#1%4(+!%2!?)*@),!0*%=(1#+3!#$(!-)#)! ),-! 0)*)4(#(*+! )00".(-3! ),-! #$(! 0(*1(./(-! +#*(,'#$+! ),-! 7()8,(++(+! %2! #$(!0*%'*)46! a"%!>"+(! E2*+()"-+D! $&%()')$&-(+!:*%*! &33":*#! ("!>23()$3*! %*+$"-+*+D! &-#! (;*%*4"%*!>"+(!&-+:*%+!*.'**#!/NN`<!

A1-2 RESULTS

W(/(,#5"+(/(,! ?)*@),! &+(*+! 0)*#.1.0)#(-! .,! #$(! +&*/(53! .,/%"/.,'! 0*%=(1#+! 2*%4! )""!1%,#.,(,#+! (@1(0#! !,#)*1#.1)6! :$(! 4)=%*.#5! HQPjI! %2! 0)*#.1.0),#+! &+(! ?)*@),! .,! )!+1.(,#.2.1! 1)0)1.#53! 2%""%7(-! ;5! 0"),,(*+! H`PjI3! #(1$,.1)"! %0(*)#%*+! HJYjI6! S(*5! 2(7!

4),)'(*+!%*! +(,.%*!-(1.+.%,"4)8(*+!&+(-!?)*@),6!?%+#!0*%=(1#+!7(*(! 1%,-&1#(-! )#!)!*('.%,)"! +1)"(! HQejI3!7.#$! 2(7(*! )#! ,)#.%,)"! HJPjI3! .,#(*,)#.%,)"! HPYjI! %*! "%1)"! HP`jI!+1)"(+6! \+(*+! %2! ?)*@),! 7(*(! *(")#./("5! (/(,"5! +0".#! )4%,'+#! /)*.%&+! "(/("+! %2!'%/(*,4(,#!HUQj3!%*!7$.1$!JYj!)*(!2(-(*)"!%*!,)#.%,)"!)'(,1.(+3!JYj!*('.%,)"3!),-!Uj!

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T.%-./(*+.#5! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! HLLjI! ),-! (+#);".+$4(,#! %2! 0*%#(1#(-! )*()+! HQJjI!7(*(! #$(!4%+#! 1%44%,! 0"),,.,'! %;=(1#./(+6! [#$(*! %;=(1#./(+! .,1"&-(! (1%+5+#(4! 2&,1#.%,.,'!H`YjI3! *(+()*1$! H`UjI3! ),-! +&+#).,);"(! 2.+$(*.(+! HPbjI6!d(++! 1%44%,! *(+0%,+(+! 1%/(*!1%44&,.#5!-(/("%04(,#! HQjI3! *(1*()#.%,! ),-! (-&1)#.%,! Hej! ()1$I3! ),-! )(+#$(#.1! ),-!+0.*.#&)"!%;=(1#./(+!H`j!()1$I6!:$(!%;=(1#./(+!+(#! .,! #$(!?)*@),!0*%=(1#+!7(*(!0*.4)*."5!+(#! ;5! +1.(,#.+#+i(@0(*#+! HbQjI3! 2%""%7(-! ;5! -(1.+.%,"4)8(*+! HeKjI! ),-! +#)8($%"-(*+!H`bjI6!R(+&"#+!7(*(! 1%44&,.1)#(-! #%! +1.(,#.+#+i(@0(*#+! HbPjI3!-(1.+.%,"4)8(*+! HQQjI3!+#)8($%"-(*+!HUQjI3!),-!#$(!'(,(*)"!0&;".1!HJLjI!

?%+#!0)*#.1.0),#+! HYYj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g!*(1%44(,-)#.%,+! 7(*(! .',%*(-3! %*! 0*%=(1#+! 1),1(""(-! &0%,! *()"._)#.%,! %2! #$(! )*()!*(9&.*(-!2%*!4((#.,'!%;=(1#./(+6!!

:$(! +._(!%2! #$(! +#&-5!)*()+!),-!0"),,.,'!&,.#+!&+(-!/)*.(-!7.-("5! H:);"(!PI3!7.#$!),!)/(*)'(! %2! );%&#! P! 4."".%,! +9&)*(! 8."%4(#*(+6! E(@)'%,+! ),-! +9&)*(+! 7(*(! )"4%+#!(9&)""5!0%0&")*! 2%*!0"),,.,'!&,.#+! HeYj!),-!eejI3! 2%""%7(-!;5! .**('&")*!&,.#+! H`UjI6!W%4(!0)*#.1.0),#+!)"+%!.,-.1)#(-!&+.,'!#*.),'"(+6!

!

I$-"#!O434)!G(/,<!$>#$!,#($+"%!X&jQ4Z!

Study area size (km

2)

Planning unit size (km

2)

Minimum 40 0.0001

Maximum 30 000 000 10 000

Mean 955 503 260

Standard deviation 4 024 649 1502

!

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?%+#! &+(*+! )00".(-! )""! %2!?)*@),g+! ;)+.1! %0#.%,+3! ;&#! "(++! #$),! $)"2! &+(-! )-/),1(-!%0#.%,+! 2%*! (.#$(*! )""! %*! +%4(! 1%,+(*/)#.%,! 2()#&*(+! H:);"(! JI6! :$(! 4)=%*.#5! %2!0)*#.1.0),#+!&+(-!#$(!)-)0#./(!+.4&")#(-!),,()".,'!2&,1#.%,!HLPjI3!2%""%7(-!;5!)(*%&()8*!)>$%"8*>*-(!HeejI!),-!+.4&")#(-!),,()".,'!7$."(!+(##.,'!#$(!.,.#.)"!#(40(*)#&*(!HJJjI6!:$(!$(&*.+#.1!%0#.%,+!7(*(!&+(-3!;&#!7(*(!,%#!)+!0%0&")*!H*),'.,'!2*%4!PQ!#%!YjI6!

!

I$-"#!O436)!H$>F$&!'A(+'&%!

Basic options Used Not used

Boundary length modifier 89% 11%

Repeated runs 98% 0%

Planning Unit Cost 87% 13%

Boundary Cost 79% 18%

Planning Unit Status 87% 10%

Penalty factor for conservation features (spf) 88% 12%

Advanced options Used for all targets

Used for some targets Not used

Block definitions 13% 22% 65%

Cost threshold 25% 11% 64%

Separation distance (sepdistance) 5% 26% 68%

Separation number (sepnum) 4% 15% 82%

Minimum clump size (target2) 9% 30% 61%

Number of occurrences required (targetocc) 25% 27% 47%

Minimum viable population size 11% 16% 73%

!

!!/)*.(#5!%2!-)#)!.,0&#+!7(*(!&+(-!H:);"(!`I6![#$(*!-)#)!.,0&#+!#$)#!7(*(!&+(-!.,1"&-(!+.#(+! %2! 2.+$(*.(+! .40%*#),1(3! "),-! 1%/(*! 1")++.2.1)#.%,+3! +%."+! -)#)3! +0)7,.,'!)''*(')#.%,+3!"),-+1)0(!4)#*.1(+3!$5-*%"%'.1)"!2&,1#.%,+3!4)*.,(!"),-+1)0(!),-!;(,#$.1!#(**).,! 4%-("+3! ),-! #$(! %&#0&#! %2! 0%0&")#.%,! /.);.".#5! ),)"5+(+6! :$(! 4)=%*.#5! %2!*(+0%,-(,#+! &+(-! )! /)*.(#5! %2! #)*'(#+! 2%*! 2()#&*(+! HYUjI! *)#$(*! #$),! &,.2%*4! #)*'(#+6!:)*'(#+! 7(*(! +(#! ;)+(-! %,! #$(! 1%44%,,(++! %*! *)*.#5! %2! 2()#&*(+3! (1%"%'.1)"! /)"&(+3!(+#.4)#(+!%2!4.,.4&4!/.);"(!0%0&")#.%,+3!0*%0%*#.%,+!%2!%*.'.,)"!);&,-),1(3!#$(!*(+&"#+!%2!')0!),)"5+(+3!),-!+0(1.(+")*()!*(")#.%,+$.0+6!!

!

!

!00(,-.@!PC!R(+&"#+!%2!?)*@),!\+(*!W&*/(5! ! ! !!!PJJ!

I$-"#!O437)!B$($!+&A/(%!

Used Not used

Species distributions (models and/or surveys) 88% 12%

Habitat distributions (models and/or surveys) 81% 19%

Species Abundance (surveyed populations) 54% 46%

Species presence/absence (surveys) 47% 51%

Species presence only (sightings) 74% 25%

Species/habitat incomplete coverage 46% 50%

• If yes, were any estimated to cover less than 75% of the study area? 50% 30%

Geophysical data (e.g., topography, salinity, currents) 64% 34%

Habitat classifications 82% 18%

Biogeographic zones 62% 38%

Economic data (e.g., cost of land, value of fisheries) 43% 57%

Land/marine human use data 62% 38%

Traditional (indigenous) ecological knowledge 17% 83%

Local Ecological Knowledge 40% 60%

Expert Scientific opinion 64% 36%

3D data converted into 2D (e.g., topography, bathymetry) 43% 55%

Temporal data 12% 85%

Connectivity 37% 61%

Genetic information 6% 94%

Ecosystem services/processes information (e.g., pollination, carbon sequestration rates) 19% 81%

Others 18% 70%

!

:$(!4%+#! 1%44%,! -)#)!7(.'$#.,'! %0#.%,+!7(*(! #$%+(! %2! *(")#./(! .40%*#),1(! HeLjI3!(@0(*#! %0.,.%,! HeQjI3! ),-! -)#)! *(".);.".#5! HeKjI6! [#$(*! 7(.'$#.,'+! .,1"&-(-!1%44%,,(++!%2!2()#&*(+3!/&",(*);.".#5!%*!*)*(,(++!%2!2()#&*(+3!),-!#$(!/.);.".#5!*),8.,'+!2%*!#)*'(#+6!?%+#!0)*#.1.0),#+!)++.',(-!#$(!+)4(!0(,)"#.(+!#%!)""!2()#&*(+!HUeI3!7.#$!+%4(!)00"5.,'!-.22(*(,#!/)"&(+! H``jI6!V$(,!-.22(*(,#!0(,)"#5!/)"&(+!7(*(!&+(-3! #$(5!7(*(!4%+#"5!;)+(-!%,! #$(! *(")#./(! .40%*#),1(!%2! 2()#&*(+!%*! #$(! 1%,2.-(,1(! .,! #$(!-)#)+(#+6![#$(*!)00*%)1$(+!.,1"&-(!*)#.,'+!)11%*-.,'!#%!*(")#./(!/&",(*);.".#5!),-!*)*(,(++6!?),5!?)*@),!&+(*+!*(0%*#(-!&,-(*#)8.,'!+(,+.#./.#5!),)"5+(+!#%!-(#(*4.,(!7$)#!/)"&(+!#%!&+(!)+!#$(!0(,)"#.(+6!

D"),,.,'!&,.#!)*()!7)+! #$(!4%+#!1%44%,"5!)00".(-!1%+#3! 2%""%7(-!;5!(9&)"!1%+#+3!),-!(1%,%4.1! -)#)! H:);"(! eI6![#$(*! 1%+#+! )00".(-! 0*.4)*."5! *(")#(! #%! #$*()#+! #%! (1%"%'.1)"!.,#('*.#5!H.,1"&-.,'!0*%@.(+!+&1$!)+!0*%@.4.#5!#%!&*;),!)*()+3!*%)-+I6!

!00(,-.@!PC!R(+&"#+!%2!?)*@),!\+(*!W&*/(5! ! ! !!!PJ`!

I$-"#!O438)!?'%(!

Used Not used

Equal cost 55% 45%

Planning unit area 76% 24%

Economic data (e.g., cost of land, value of fisheries) 51% 49%

Naturalness 44% 49%

Expert Scientific opinion 17% 77%

Local Knowledge 14% 83%

Traditional (indigenous) ecological knowledge 9% 85%

Others 50% 47%

!

?%+#!0)*#.1.0),#+!-.-!,%#!&,-(*#)8(!+(,+.#./.#5!),)"5+(+!HYKjI6!:$%+(!#$)#!-.-!*(0%*#(-!#(+#.,'! #$(! (22(1#+! %2! 0"),,.,'! &,.#! +$)0(+! ),-! +._(+3! '*%&0.,'! -.22(*(,#! 2()#&*(+3!)-=&+#.,'! #$(!;%&,-)*5! "(,'#$!4%-.2.(*3!)00"5.,'!)!/)*.(#5!%2! 1%+#+3! 1$),'.,'! +0(1.(+!0(,)"#5!2)1#%*+3!"%18.,'!2()#&*(+!.,!%*!%&#3!*),-%4"5!-("(#.,'!-)#)3!),-!1$),'.,'!#)*'(#+!),-!(+#.4)#(+!%2!0%0&")#.%,+6!

T%#$!#$(!+("(1#.%,!2*(9&(,15!),-!#$(!%/(*)""!;(+#!*&,!7(*(!#$(!%&#0&#+!4%+#!1%44%,"5!&+(-! HL`j!),-!QQjI3!7.#$! 2(7(*! *(+0%,-(,#+!&+.,'! .,-./.-&)"! *&,+! HJQjI6!G%44(,#+!+&''(+#! #$)#! #$(*(! .+! )! 0*(2(*(,1(! 2%*! &+.,'! #$(! +("(1#.%,! 2*(9&(,15! ),-! %/(*)""! ;(+#!%&#0&#!#%'(#$(*!#%!1%40"(4(,#!%,(!),%#$(*6!

A1-3 CONCLUSIONS

D)*#.1.0),#+! ".+#(-! 4),5! +#*(,'#$+! ),-! 7()8,(++(+! %2! ?)*@),! H:);"(! UI6! :$(! 4%+#!1%44%,"5! ".+#(-! +#*(,'#$! .+! #$(! 2"(@.;.".#5!%2!?)*@),! .,!0*%/.-.,'!4&"#.0"(! +%"&#.%,+3!7$(*()+! #$(!4%+#! ".+#(-!7()8,(++! .+! .,+&22.1.(,#! '&.-),1(! 2%*! )-=&+#.,'! #$(! *(9&.*(-!+(##.,'+6!!--.#.%,)"!*(+0%,+(+!);%&#!7$.1$!?)*@),!0)*)4(#(*+!)*(!,%#!(@0").,(-!7(""!.,-.1)#(+! #$)#!4%+#! +&*/(5! *(+0%,-(,#+! 2(("! #$)#!4%+#! 0)*)4(#(*+! 1%&"-! ;(,(2.#! 2*%4!

)--.#.%,)"! (@0"),)#.%,! ),-! (@)40"(+6! A,! 0)*#.1&")*3! *(+0%,+(+! +&''(+#! #$)#! )!-(#)."(-!-(+1*.0#.%,!.+!,((-(-!%2!$%7!/)*.%&+!?)*@),!0)*)4(#(*+!.,#(*)1#6!

!00(,-.@!PC!R(+&"#+!%2!?)*@),!\+(*!W&*/(5! ! ! !!!PJe!

!

I$-"#!O439)!G(>#&2(*%!$&,!E#$.&#%%#%!';!H$>F$&!$%!#FA>#%%#,!-<!%/>=#<!A$>(+1+A$&(%!

Strengths (n=53) Weaknesses (n=49)

Flexibility / variety of options 62% Insufficient guidance for adjusting settings 43%

Handling of large amounts of data 30% Errors/bugs 39%

Near-optimal solutions 25% Preparing the input files 37%

Repeatability/transparency 19% Steep learning curve 16%

Selection frequencies output 17% Converting outputs to GIS 14%

Reputation 13% Interpreting/explaining results 14%

Speed 13% User interface 12%

Explicit targets 11% Determining input targets/features 10%

Inclusion of costs 11% how parameters interact 10%

Systematic approach 11% Defining cost parameter 8%

Ability to create graphical outputs 9% Inability to consider multiple zones 8%

Ease of use 9% Slow with complex/large problems 8%

Objective data analysis 9% Connectivity 6%

Ability to batch files 8% Data availability 6%

Ease of post-hoc analysis 8% Data management 6%

Forces evaluation of data inputs 6% Limits of planning units, features 6%

Ability to update inputs 4% Lack of a help tool 4%

Boundary length modifier 4% Manual 4%

Free tool 4% Verifying results 4%

Arc interface extensions 2% Black box 2%

Documentation 2% Data weighting 2%

Minimum area option 2% Difficult to batch 2%

User support 2% Screening out poor solutions 2%

!

D)*#.1.0),#+!4)-(!+(/(*)"!*(1%44(,-)#.%,+!2%*! .++&(+!),-!0*)1#.1)".#.(+!#$)#!+$%&"-!;(!)--*(++(-!.,!)!'%%-!0*)1#.1(+!$),-;%%8!H:);"(!YI6!:$(!4%+#!1%44%,!,((-!7)+!+((,!#%!;(! )++.+#),1(!7.#$! +(##.,'! %2! )""!?)*@),! 0)*)4(#(*+3! .,1"&-.,'! #$%+(! #$)#! +%4(!&+(*+!,%#(-!$)/.,'!-.22.1&"#5!7.#$!H.6(63!#$)#!2%*!#$(4!*(+&"#(-!.,!&,(@0").,(-!1*)+$(+I!+&1$!)+!+(0)*)#.%,!-.+#),1(6Pe

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Pe!N-.#%*+g!,%#(C!#$(+(!7.-(+0*()-!1%,1(*,+!*(")#(-!#%!#$(!+(##.,'!&0!),-!*&,,.,'!%2!?)*@),!"(-!#%!#$(!*("7*.#.,'!%2!#$(!?)*@),!4),&)"3!.,!)!=%.,#!0*%=(1#!;(#7((,!#$(!\,./(*+.#5!%2!]&((,+"),-!),-!D)1?!R!6!

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I$-"#!O43Q)!G/22#%(+'&%!;'>!+&1"/%+'&%!+&!$!2'',!A>$1(+1#%!*$&,-''.!

Setting Marxan parameters (e.g., SPF, BLM, cost, separation distance) 37%

Setting up input files / tutorial 21%

Communication and interpretation of results 19%

Ensuring robust analyses / explaining inherent biases 16%

Provide practical examples 16%

Undertaking sensitivity analyses and which parameters to test 16%

Addressing data issues (e.g., quality, coverage, management, etc.) 14%

Explanation of settings 14%

Rules of thumb for a starting point for inputs 14%

Determining realistic project goals 9%

Parameter interactions 9%

Using the annealing settings 9%

Why and when to use Marxan 9%

Explanation of errors and troubleshooting steps 7%

Known limits of Marxan (e.g., planning units, features) 7%

Engaging with stakeholders and interest through Marxan 5%

Improving the GUI 5%

Incorporating connectivity and other network design considerations 5%

Incorporating stochasticity and temporal variability 5%

Assessing solution quality 2%

Function and focus of each algorithm 2%

How far from optimal is the best solution? 2%

Improving speed 2%

Incorporating vulnerability 2%

!

!

!

!

!00(,-.@!PC!R(+&"#+!%2!?)*@),!\+(*!W&*/(5! ! ! !!!PJY!

Appendix 2: Literature Cited, References &

Resources

G%40."(-!;5!^)"8!E&(##4),,!),-!1%,#*.;&#.,'!)&#$%*+!%2!)""!1$)0#(*+!

A2-1 LITERATURE CITED

!

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h)1$)*.)+3!?6!6!),-!R%223!B6G6!JKKK6!!!$.(*)*1$.)1)"!(1%"%'.1)"!)00*%)1$!#%!1%,+(*/.,'!4)*.,(!;.%-./(*+.#56!G%,+(*/)#.%,!T.%"%'53!Pe3!P`JQ"P``e6!

h)1$)*.)+3!?6!6!),-!R%223!B6G6!JKKP6!\+(!%2!2%1)"!+0(1.(+!.,!4)*.,(!1%,+(*/)#.%,!),-!4),)'(4(,#C!)!*(/.(7!),-!1*.#.9&(6!!9&)#.1!G%,+(*/)#.%,C!?)*.,(!),-!^*(+$7)#(*!N1%+5+#(4+3!PP3!Ub"QY6!

!00(,-.@!JC!d.#(*)#&*(!G.#(-3!R(2(*(,1(+!p!R(+%&*1(+! !!!Pee!

!

A2-3 SOME ONLINE RESOURCES

Marxan main page, including links to software download and training

$##0Cii7776&96(-&6)&i4)*@),i!!

Marxan Manual and wiki (alternative site to above, PacMARA)

$##0Cii77760)14)*)6%*'i

CLUZ software download

$##0Cii77764%+).1"1%,+(*/)#.%,6%*'i1"&_i!

! Gd\h!+%2#7)*(3!!*1/.(7!+&00%*#!2%*!?)*@),!H)11(++(-!`P![1#%;(*!JKKQI!

PANDA software download

$##0Cii77764)00)4%,-%'.+6.#i0),-)x(,6$#4!

! D!Za!!+%2#7)*(3!!*1MAW!+&00%*#!2%*!?)*@),!H)11(++(-!`P![1#%;(*!JKKQI!

Sites software download

$##0Cii7776;.%'(%'6&1+;6(-&i0*%=(1#+i#,1i#%%";%@6$#4"!

! :ZG!W.#(+!+%2#7)*(3!MAW!H)11(++(-!`P![1#%;(*!JKKQI!

The Nature Conservancy ArcGIS 9.1 extension, Protected Area Gap Decision

Support Tool:

$##0Cii1%,+(*/(%,".,(6%*'i7%*8+0)1(+i4)1*6'.+iD*%#(1#(-x!*()xM)0xaWWxZ%/KY6_.0i/.(7

H)11(++(-!JK!B),&)*5!JKKLI!

C-Plan software download

$##0Cii7776&96(-&6)&ik&947)##+i10"),6$#4"!

! G"D"),3! )"+%! )! +.#(! +("(1#.%,! +%2#7)*(3! ),-! 0*%/.-(+! 2."(! ".,8)'(! 7.#$! ?)*@),!H)11(++(-!`P![1#%;(*!JKKQI!

Other site selection and related tools can be found on the EBM Tools Network

$##0Cii7776(;4#%%"+6%*'i!

H)11(++(-!JK!B),&)*5!JKKLI!

!

!

!00(,-.@!JC!d.#(*)#&*(!G.#(-3!R(2(*(,1(+!p!R(+%&*1(+! !!!PeU!

!

Appendix 3: Glossary

O"2'>+(*@)!!!4)#$(4)#.1)"! 0*%1(++! #$)#! +5+#(4)#.1)""5! +%"/(+! )! 0*%;"(4! &+.,'!7("""-(2.,(-! *&"(+! %*! 0*%1(++(+6! !?)*@),! 1),! &+(! +(/(*)"! %0#.4._)#.%,! )"'%*.#$4+! H(@)1#!)"'%*.#$43! $(&*.+#.1! )"'%*.#$43! +.4&")#(-! ),,()".,'! ),-! .#(*)#./(! .40*%/(4(,#I! #%!.-(,#.25!*(+(*/(!-(+.',!+%"&#.%,+!2%*!)!4.,.4&4!1%+#3!+&;=(1#!#%!#$(!1%,+#*).,#!#$)#!+#)#(-!%;=(1#./(+!)*(!)1$.(/(-6!!!

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