I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

Sea urchin fishery in the Philippines has been a major yet

underdeveloped source of income for coastal fishers. Since the

1970s, the value of the sea urchins' roe as a delicacy has been

appreciated in the country. Sea urchins have been collected for

local consumption as well as the export market. Unfortunately,

constant exploitation due to the increasing demands of both local

and export markets brought about the collapse of the sea urchin

population during the early 1990s. This in turn resulted in the

loss of a major livelihood for some fishers, who were dependent

on the said fishery (Pante et al. 2006).

Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) or “salawaki” is known to be

abundant in Barangay Tubajon and mainly considered as important

for human consumption or food. The practice of gleaning of sea

urchin existed as far as anyone can remember. Fishing effort

levels vary among different people which composed mostly of

females. Gleaners spend about four to six hours of gathering T.

gratilla daily, depending on the time when low tide occurs. Between

four to six hours, each gleaner can collect 150-200 individuals

which can yield roe to fill almost three pocket-sized bottles1

called “lapad”. Then these bottles are sold to middleman or

“compradors”. Some of the gatherers sell on the bottle for P35.00,

while others sell it for P80.00, depending on the seasonal

abundance of sea urchin. At this rate, many fishers (88%), can

gather as many as >100,000 urchins in a month. Most of the

gleaners of T. gratilla receive a daily income of at least P100.00,

even on a part time gathering activity, bringing home an income

of at least P3,000.00 a month (Onga, 2005). The people or

gatherers in the area observed that T. gratilla are very abundant

during full moon and exhibit a monthly cycle in gonad size. And

they collect T. gratilla in large quantities without setting a size

limit, so that even small ones are gathered. The uncontrolled and

non-selective harvesting of spawning stocks result to low

recruitment. Low recruitment may lead to the decline of the

urchins’ population and inevitably will lead to the collapse of

its fishery in the area.

There are several studies that have been conducted to

determine periodicity in spawning in T. gratilla but during full moon

and new moon only. No studies however have been carried out on

the periodicity of spawning of the species in all lunar phases

and its reproductive potential in the area.

2

1.3 Hypothesis

The study hypothesizes that the spawning and reproductive

potential of sea urchin T. gratilla vary among lunar phase.

1.4 Objective of the Study

The study generally aims to determine the lunar periodicity

of spawning and reproductive potential of T. gratilla.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. To determine the gonad maturity stages of T. gratilla in

every lunar phase.

2. To determine the Gonad Index and fecundity of T. gratilla in

each lunar phase of the month.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study provides basic information to the fisher-folks and

local government agencies needed for the formulation of sound

management plan for the resource.

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

3

The study focus only on the gonadal maturity, determination

of Gonad Index of sea urchin T. gratilla and fecundity (for

reproductive potential) of matured female urchins in the

intertidal flat of Brgy. Tubajon, Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental.

The sampling time depends on the gleaners in each lunar phase of

the month (New Moon, First Quarter, Full Moon, and Last Quarter)

for three months. The only prevailing environmental parameters

that were determined and measured are the water temperature and

salinity.

1.7 Defining Terms

Fecundity is the number of eggs in the ovaries that will matureduring a particular spawning season (Cailliet et al.1986).

Gonad Index is the percentage of the total body weight of the urchin that is made up by the gonad (James and Siikavuopio, 2012).

Lunar Periodicity also termed as the lunar cycle where severalbrooding species have been observed to release larvae(Fan et al. 2002).

Reproductive Potential is the offspring production per unit timeeach female would achieve if unconstrained by mateavailability (Ahnesjo et al. 2000).

Spawning is a term to describe the release of eggs and sperm intothe water column (Lowerre-Barbieri et al.2009).

4

Test Diameter is the measurement from the center of an ambulacrumto the opposite interambulacrum of a sea urchin(Lawrence, 2007).

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Study Organism

Sea urchins are sea creatures that live in oceans all over

the world. Tripneustes gratilla belong to Kingdom Animalia, Phylum

Echinodermata, Class Echinoidea, Family Toxoneustidae and Order

Temnopleuroida. Sea urchins are found across the ocean floors

worldwide, but rarely in the colder, polar regions. Sea urchins

are commonly found along the rocky ocean floor in both shallow

and deeper water and sea urchins are also commonly found

inhabiting coral reefs.

Sea urchins are omnivorous animals and therefore eat both

plants and animal matter. The sea urchin mainly feeds on algae on

5

the coral rocks, along with decomposing matter such as dead fish,

mussels, sponges and barnacles (a-z animals’). Sea urchins have a

water vascular system. Their spherical shape is typically small,

ranging from 3 cm to 10 cm in diameter, and their bodies are

covered with a spiny shell. The shells within the test of these

creatures are made up of packed, fitted plates of calcium which

protect them from being damage. As for the spines outlining their

shell, these are movable and help the sea urchin to camouflage or

protect itself from predators. Sea urchins can vary greatly in

color. Some of the most frequently seen colors are black, red,

brown, purple and light pink. On the bottom side of a sea urchin

there are five teeth that these organisms use to ingest algae and

break down other foods they consume to survive. These five teeth

continually grow throughout the sea urchin’s life. On the outside

of their body, they also have hundreds of transparent “tube feet”

that emerge which allow them to stick to the bottom of the ocean

or to move at a very slow pace. Their tube feet are much longer

than the spines outlining their shells and they are also used by

the sea urchin to trap food and in respiration (by tree of life

web projects). Sea urchin, T. gratilla is one of the valuable coastal

resources that commands high price exploited for local

consumption and the foreign market. Mostly found within the

6

intertidal zone along the coral and seaweed/sea grass beds

(Manuel et al. 2013).

Population Structure

Unlike populations of many terrestrial species, marine

population species have high dispersal potential and few barriers

to gene flow and the allopatric divergence is slow (Palumbi et al.

1994). The causes of speciation in the sea are rarely obvious,

because geographical barriers are not conspicuous and dispersal

abilities of marine organisms, particularly those of species with

planktonic larvae, are hard to determine (Lessios et al. 2001).

Various species of sea urchins have a wide range of distribution;

from equatorial to Arctic and Antarctic seas and from shallow to

deep sea (Fujisawa, 1989). And they are usually seen in the

intertidal flats and in seagrass beds or kelp forest were their

foods are abundant.

The role of herbivores and sea urchins in particular, in

structuring shallow temperate subtidal reef systems has been

documented in different systems and regions around the worlds

according to Shepherd, 1973; Lawrence, 1975 as cited by Idjadi et

al (2010). Diadema are effective at enhancing scleractinian coral

recruitment and growth of an area which has been partially

7

dominated by algae and thus could be used as important

manipulative tool for returning reefs to a coral dominated state,

especially on reefs that are severely overfished (Idjadi et al.

2010).

Lunar Periodicity

Fertilization is the essential process by which most

sexually reproducing individuals begin. Though the mechanism of

fertilization varies across kingdoms and between species, in all

cases, one male gamete and one female gamete must meet in order

to combine their genetic material in the conception of a

genetically unique offspring (Briggs and Wessel, 2006). There is

a belief that the size of certain marine invertebrates, chiefly

molluscs and echinoderms, varies with the phases of the moon is

found in the literature of classical Greece and Rome and of the

middle ages, and is held to-day in the fish markets around the

Mediterranean and in the Red sea. Suez and Alexandria said that

sea urchins, mussels and crabs are “full” at full moon and

“empty” at new moon. The gonads varies in bulk with the phases of

the moon because it undergoes cycle of growth and development

corresponding with each lunation throughout the breeding seasons.

During new moon a fresh crop of genital products is being formed.

8

As the time passed these forming germ cells advance in

development and together with the visible size of the genital

glands increases slightly once more. Just before full moon

ovaries and testes are at their greatest bulk, filled with eggs

and sperm which are pawned into the sea at the time of full moon.

The shrunken gonads then gradually fill again with ripening

sexual products to be shed at the next full moon (Munro Fox,

1924).

Gonad Index

The G.I. of urchins in the wild can vary hugely and can be

less than 1%, or, as high as 20% while for cultured sea urchins

G.I. values can be as high as 35%. Factors that affect G.I. are

food availability, environmental conditions (e.g. daylight

period, water temperature and presence/absence of water currents)

and the reproductive cycle of the urchin (Arafa et al. 2011).

Management

Echinoids are more effective than fishing at reducing algae

and enhancing coral recruitment as sea urchin zone has high

percent benthic cover of hard corals and has high survivorship of

juvenile corals compare to algal zone (Idjadi et al. 2010).

9

According to Fujisawa (1989) as he cited Knowlton (1992), the

presence or absence of a single herbivore in the case of sea

urchin has been linked to the changes in the relative abundance

of coral and algae. On Jamaican reefs, Diadema appears to be a

extremely large player by removing macroalgae and indirectly

promoting growth, recruitment and survival of corals (Idjadi et al.

2010)

The key intrinsic biotic factor to roe production is algal

food availability. The energetics approach to urchin-algal

ecosystems may therefore become a key urchin management tool in

predicting roe production. Important abiotic factors affecting

roe production are first, site-specific criteria of exposure,

substrates, and depth for algal growth, and second, the influence

of season on algal growth and sea urchin gonad cycle (Caddy,

1989).

Economic Importance

Sea urchins have been used as livelihood of many people

specially the fisher folks and the gleaners, for example,

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is actually used in many seafood recipes.

And commonly found in sushi known as “uni”. It also considered a

delicacy in some countries, especially japan. Other sea urchin

10

colourful tests are used such as accessories, vases, wallets and

etc. (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus – purple sea urchin).

Study of sea urchin in the Philippines

During the first quarter of 2000 in a small embayment in

Eastern Mactan Island, Central Philippines the density,

intensity, and spatial pattern and size frequency distribution of

the sea urchin, T. gratilla (Linnaeus) were being studied and the

highest mean density was found in the sandy substrate with

seagrasses. And the perceived threats to its distribution is the

combination of human (I.e., overexploitation, beach development,

loss of seagrass habitats) and ecological pressures (i.e.,

diurnal shifts in temperature, changes in salinity due to the

monsoon and desiccation effects during low tides) (Dy et al. 2013).

Currently the population of T. gratilla have been overfished in the

Philippines (Lawrence and Agatsumo, 2013).

In 1993 the Bolinao Marine Laboratory of the University of

the Philippines Marine Science Institute opened a T. gratilla

hatchery at the reef flats of Bolinao, Pangasinan. Their goal was

to take the pressure off of the wild stock. Each year the

hatchery would produce roughly 40,000 collector urchins. Most of

11

the sea urchins were then used to reseed protected areas and

allow the population to increase (Marinebio.org).

From 1988 to 1992, the reef flats of Bolinao, Pangasinan

supported a thriving sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla) fishery that

generated multimillion-peso earnings per annum for the country.

It was also the source of livelihood for thousands of coastal

fisher families. However, uncontrolled and non-selective

harvesting of spawning stocks inevitably led to the collapse of

the fishery in 1992. Despite the imposition of a moratorium on

commercial harvesting, no significant natural recruitment has

been observed in the past few years (Research and Development Bar

Digest, 2012).

Some studies are conducted at Brgy. Tubajon, Laguindingan,

Misamis Oriental which showed that T. gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

mainly considered as important for human consumption. The people

observed that T. gratilla are very abundant during full moon and

exhibit a monthly cycle in gonad size. According to Pates (2003),

the distribution pattern of sea urchins in Tubajon, Laguindingan

Misamis Oriental is clumped. He also reported that the salinity,

water temperature and substrate type didn’t affect the abundance

of sea urchin T. gratilla in the area, and observed that they were

found in sandy-muddy and sandy area except those portion that was

12

totally exposed during low tide, and area near the tail of the

mangal community.

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Description of the Collection Area

Tripneustes gratilla samples will be collected from the intertidal

flat of Barangay Tubajon and outside the Marine Protected Area.

Barangay Tubajon is a coastal barangay that lies in the northern

part of Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental. It is geographically

positioned at 08° 37' 17.3'' N and 124° 28' 10.4'' E. Barangay

Tubajon is 29 kilometers west of Cagayan de Oro City and is

accessible via land and water transportation.

13

Figure 1. Map showing the collection site in Tubajon,Laguindingan Misamis Oriental.

3.2 Description of study organism

Tripneustes is a pantropical genus that extends into the

subtropics. The genus was traditionally believed to include three

species with non-overlapping distributions: the white sea urchin,

T. ventricosus, found on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean; the brown

sea urchin, T. depressus (Aggasiz 1863), in the eastern Pacific

Ocean only; and the collector sea urchin, T. gratilla (Linnaeus

1758), in the central and western Pacific Ocean as well as the

Indian Ocean (Pena, et al. 2010). They can reach 10 to 15

centimetres (4 to 6 in) in size and with spines separated by dark

areas covered only with fine pedicellariae (Pena, et al. 2010,

14

Schoppe, 2000). Their color varies from white, bright orange,

yellow and red to black, violet or greenish (Schoppe, 2000).

Figure 2. Collector Urchin- Tripneustes gratilla.

3.3 Entry protocol

Letters are sent to the office of the Municipal Mayor of

Laguindingan and to the Barangay Captain of Tubajon to inform the

local government unit regarding the study particularly on sea

urchin T. gratilla sample collections from the area. A personal visit

to these local executives was done to further explain the purpose

of the activities as well as gather information regarding the

existence and abundance of the resources in the area.

15

3.4 Sample Collection

Collection of samples was done once during each lunar phase of

the month for three months starting July 2014 to September 2014.

This are done during daytime and timed during low tide. Tripneustes.

gratilla individuals were bought from the gleaners in the area.

Samples are placed in a pail and are brought to the laboratory

for measurements and gonad maturity analysis. At least 30

individuals of T. gratilla were sampled every lunar phase.

3.5 Laboratory

3.5.1 Measurement of body weight and test diameter

The total wet-weight of sea urchin was measured to the

nearest grams (g) using a digital weighing scale. Test diameter

was measured to the nearest millimeter (mm) with the jaws of

calipers positioned between spines while making sure that the

measurement is from the center of an ambulacrum to the opposite

interambulacrum and the sea urchin is not tipped (Lawrence,

2007).

3.5.2 Gonad Maturity stages

Sea urchin was dissected simply by removing its Aristotle

Lantern to expose its roe and gonadal maturity stages were

16

determined by ocular observation coupled with microscopic

analysis. Gonadal stages were based on the modified work of Perez

et al 2009 (Table 1).

Table 1. Gonadal stages of sea urchins modified from Perez et al.

2009

Gonadal Stages Male Female1. Immature The gametes look

pale-soft tissue.The gametes look pale circular with large distinct nuclei.

2. Mature Extreme milky sperm and appears as whitefluid.

Egg/ova are uniform perfectly spherical bodies with small but distinct nuclei and are yellow gold in color.

3. Spent The gonads are almost empty, although small clusters of sperm may be found.

The gonads appear empty, containing only a small number of relict ova.

3.5.3 Gonad Index

Gonad indices provide an index of how much spawning had

occurred (Gaudette et al. 2006). The size of a sea urchin gonad is

measured as Gonad Index (G.I.). This is simply the percentage of

17

the total body weight of the urchin that is made up by the gonad.

To accurately assess the G.I. of an individual urchin the whole

urchin were weighed (total wet weight of sea urchin), the gonads

are removed and cleaned and then also weighed (wet weight of

gonad). The G.I. can then be calculated using the following

formula (James and Siikavuopio, 2012)

Gonad index (%) =Gonadweightofseaurchin(g)Totalweightofseaurchin(g)

× 100

3.5.4 Fecundity

Fecundity is used to calculate the reproductive potential

of a stock and survival form of eggs to describe a sea urchins’

spawning. To estimate the fecundity of T. gratilla, mature ovaries

were fixed in Gilson’s fluid and stored in an individual

container. Fecundity was determined by gravimetric method. The

total numbers of eggs in each ambulacrum are weighed and random

samples of about 0.01g are weighed and counted out. The total

number of eggs in the ovaries are obtained from the equation

F=nGg where F= fecundity, n= number of eggs in the subsample, G=

total weight of the ovaries, g= weight of the subsample in the

same units (FAO, 1974).

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3.7 Determination of environmental parameters

Water temperature and salinity are done in-situ using an

alcohol filled thermometer and a refractometer, respectively.

Temperature readings were taken from where the sea urchins will

be collected and few drops of water sample are placed on the

glass surface of the refractometer to determine ambient salinity.

3.8 Statistical Analysis

The two way analyses of variance (ANOVA) are used to test

the significant differences of Gonadal maturity percentage, G.I.

values, and fecundity among lunar phases. This test were

conducted using SPSS (version 11.0), a statistical package for

social sciences.

19

IV. LITERATURE CITED

Ahnesjo, I., C. Kvarnemo, and S. Merilaita. 2000. Using potentialreproductive rates to predict mating competition among individuals qualified to mate. (Abstract only)

Arafa, S., M. Chouaibi, S. Sadok, and A. El Abed. 2011. TheInfluence of Season on the Gonad Index and BiochemicalCompositiion of the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus fromthe Golf of Tunis.

Briggs, E., and G. M. Wessel. 2006. In the beginning… animalfertilization and sea urchin development. Developmentalbiology 300: 15-26.

Caddy, J. 1989. Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Their assessmentand Management.

Cailliet, G. M., M. S. Love, and A. W. Ebeling. 1986. Fishes: Afield and laboratory manual on their structure,identification and natural history. Wadsworth PublishingCompany. Belmont California. 105-106 pp.

Dy, D. T., F. A. Uy, and K. P. Pacifico. 2013. Distribution ofTripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus) (Echinodermata: Echinodea) in asmall embayment of eastern Mactan Island, Cebu, CentralPhilippines. Dept. of Biology. Volume 185, Issue 2, pp 1951-1967. (Abstact Only)

Fan, T-Y., J-J. Li, S-X. Le, and L-S. Fang. 2002. Lunar Periodicity of Larval Release by Pocilloporid Corals in Southern Taiwan. Zoological Studies 41(3): 288-294

FAO. 1974. Manual of fisheries Science Part 2- Methods of Resource Investigation and their Application. FAO, Rome. 243pp.

20

Fujisawa, H. 1989. Differences in temperature dependence of earlydevelopment of sea urchins with different growing seasons.Department of Biology, Faculty of Biol. Bull. 176: 96-102.

Gaudette, J., R. A. Wahle, J. H. Himmelman. 2006. Spawning eventsin small and large populations of the green seaurch in S. droebachiensis as recorded using fertilization assays. AmericanSocietyofLimnologyandOceanography,Inc.

Hainimaa, S., and P. Hainimaa. 2004. Effect of the female size onegg quality and Fecundity of the wild Aquatic Salmon in the sub-arctic river Teno. Boreal Environment Reaserch 9: 52-62.

Hagen, N. T., I. Jørgensen, E. S. Egeland. 2008. Sex-specific seasonal variation in the carotenoid content of sea urchin gonads. Aquat Biol. Vol. 3: 227–235, 2008 doi: 10.3354/ab00084.

Idjadi, J. A., R. N. Haring, and W. F. Precht. 2010. Recovery ofsea urchin Diadema antillarum promotes scleractinian coralgrowth and survivorship on shallow Jamaican reefs.. Vol.403: 91-100.

James, P. and S. Siikavuopio. 2012. A guide to the Sea UrchinReproductive Cycle and Staging Sea urchin Gonad Samples.ISBN 978-82-7251-976-5.

Kasim, M. 2009. GRAZING ACTIVITY OF THE SEA URCHIN TRIPNEUSTESGRATILLA IN TROPICAL SEAGRASS BEDS OF BUTON ISLAND,SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, INDONESIA. Journal of CoastalDevelopment ISSN : 14105217 Volume 13, Number 1

Lawrence J. M. 2007. Edible sea urchins: Biology and Ecology.Elsevier B .V. Volume 37

Lessios, H. A., B. D. Kissing, and J. S. Pearse. 2001. PopulationStructure and Speciation in Tropical seas: GlobalPhylogeography of the Sea Urchin Diadema antillarum. Pages 955-975 (Abstract only).

Lowerre-Barbieri, S. K., N. Henderson, J. Llopiz, S. Walters, J. Bickford, and R. Muller. 2009. Defining a spawning population (spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus) over

21

temporal, spatial, and demographic scales. Vol. 394: 231–245, 2009 doi: 10.3354/meps08262.

Manuel, J. I. Jr., V. V. Prado, E. V. Tepait, R. M. Estacio, G.N. Galvez, and R. N. Rivera. 2013. Growth Performance of theSea Urchin, Tripneustes gratilla in Cages Under La UnionCondition, Philippines. VOLUME – V, ISSUE – 1, 2013, ISSN2094 – 1749.

Munro Fox, H. 1924. Lunar Periodicity in Reproduction. Proc. R.Soc. Lond. B 1924 95, doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 1924.0004

Onga, K. A. C. 2005. Impacts of fishery on population structureof sea urchin T. gratilla (Linnaeus) (Echinodermata: Echinodea)in Tubajon, Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental and CapayasIsland, Lopez Jaena, Misamis Occidental. UndergraduateThesis Paper. Page 34,35.

Palumbi, S. R., E. C. Metz, R. E. Kane, and Yanagimachi. 1994.Fertilization Between Closely Related Sea Urchins Is Blockedby Incompatibilities During Sperm-Egg Attachment and EarlyStages of Fusion. Biol. Bull. 187: 23-34

Pante, M. J. R., T. L. P. Dela Cruz, and J. J. J. Garvida. 2006.Growth Performance and Initial Heritability Estimates forGrowth Traits in Juvenile Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla.

Pates, G. S. 2003. Relative Abundance and Distribution of seaurchins in the intertidal flat of Punta Sulawan, Tubajon,Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental. Undergraduate thesis paper.Page 24.

Pena, M., H. A. Oxenford, C. Parker, and A. Johnson. 2010. Biology and fishery management of the white sea urchin, Tripneustes ventricosus, in the Eastern Caribbean. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Rome.

Perez, A.F., C. Boy, E. Morriconi, and J. Calvo. 2009.Reproductive cycle and reproductive output of the sea urchinLoxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from BeagleChannel, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. DOI 10.1007/s00300-009-0702-6.

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Web References

A-Z animals’ – http://a-z-animals.com/animals/sea-urchin/

MarineBio.org - http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=2128

Research and Development Bar Digest (Official quarterlypublication of the Bureau of agricultural research).Copyright © 2012 - http://www.bar.gov.ph/digest-home/digest-archives/133-2000-2nd-quarter/3423-apr-june2000-sea-urchin-tripneustes-gratilla-research-project

Strongylocentrotus purpurstus – purples sea urchin – https://sites.google.com/a/uw.edu/strongylocentrotus-purpuratus-purple-sea/home/economic-values.

Tree of life- http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouseid=4881

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V. GANTT CHART

ActivitiesMonths

2014 2015M A M J J A S O N D J F M

FullProposalProposaldefenseEntry

ProtocolPreparationof materials

DatacollectionProgressreport

Writing ofManuscriptDefense

FinalRevision of

PaperHardbound

24

VI. BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

Items Quantity Price(Php)

Amount(Php)

Maintenance and OperatingExpenses

A. Materials

Electric Weighing scale 1pc Available n/aMicroscope 2pc Available n/a

Petri Dish 5pc Available n/a

Knife 3pc Available n/a

Vernier caliper 1pc Available n/a

Gilson’s Fluid Available n/a

Plastic cups 30 pc 60x3 180

Styrofoam box 2pc 150 300

B. TransportationFare back and forth (from Naawan to Tubajon) 230x12 2,760

C. Office Supplies

Ballpen 10pcs. 6 60

Bond Paper 1ream 250 250

Paper clip 50pcs 0.5 25

25

Pencil 5 5 25

D. Committee Fee

Gleaners 50x12 600

E. Computer Rental 15/hour 1,000

Printing1,500page

s 1 1,500

Hardbound 5book 250 1,250F. Advisory and Panel MembersFee 1,000

TOTAL 8,950

VII. DATA SHEET

Name of Collector: Collection Number:Date and Time of Collection:Location:

Water Temperature: Salinity:

SampleNumber

Sex

TestDiameter(millimeter)

BodyWet-weight(grams)

GonadMaturity

GonadWeight(grams)

Fecundity

123456789

26

101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

27