A Brief History of the Establishment

of Buddhism in Monyul

Tawang and West Kameng Districts

Arunachal Pradesh India

གངསནངའལབརའང འགགཔདཔདཔ ཆདཔདཔགདཔ ངབདཔའདཔ ཐདདནནནགགན སཔརབནཔ གསཔ སངསསམས དམཔ ལགའཚལ

To him who taught that things arise dependently

Not ceasing not arising

Not annihilated nor yet permanent

Not coming not departing

Not different not the same

The stilling of all thought and perfect peace

To him the best of teachers perfect Buddha

I bow down

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We dedicate this piece of literary work to the people of Monyul At the outset we would like to profess our thankfulness to His Eminence TG Rinpoche the former minister and present Chairman and Officials of Department of Karmik amp Adhyamik Affairs Govt of Arunachal Pradesh who had set in motion the relic procession enabling public darshan Our gratitude also extends towards the Ministry of Culture Govtof India in particular the National Museum for making the darshan possible through their logistical support We would like to express our highest sense of gratitude to Shri Nabam Tuki Honrsquoble Chief Minister Arunachal Pradesh and wish to place on record our deepest appreciation for his support We would also like to render our gratefulness to the continuous assistance and support offered by the Lhengye Khang and Ladrang of the Tawang Monastery and District Administration Tawang and West Kameng Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

We have attempted to cover as much ground as possible with this booklet however as with comprehensive accounts some shortcomings will be present and for that we present our humblest apologies

For useful comments and suggestions we are indebted to Ms Jigmi Choden (APCS) Prof Dr Toni Huber Doz Dr Guntram Hazod Prof Dr Per K Soerensen and our many friends who have provided photographs that make this venture complete

གསགསམ གམང འནལདམངསལདགརབནའལནསའརམངའཨ ནཅལནནརཔདངམངའགངསག

ནཁངའགནའནབསམདནཔནརནལདམངསམསལབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས གངངམངལམཇལཁ བསནལབནགནངབལགསརངསདང བནམངའགངབནན བམམགནསམནའརབརགནངབལའཚམསའདགའབདངནདསགརགངགགངབཀའནནཁངདངདགསགརལ འམནཁངགསནསནལདམངསམསལནཔ གངངམངལམཇལཁ ནའཆརསངསའནདངམནནགསརམགནངབརརངསབགསབདདངགས གཔརདབངདནཔ ནསཁངདངང དབངངདགངཁངགསལསམནནམདདངབརམདགནངབབཀའནམངསདདངའལ འརསམཔསསགནས དནགནསདངནངསདརལགདསནགནསལདངགངདགངབ གསདངའརའཚམསརབདངནཆགསདམསཔསརངཐགཔནསདངསགསལངབདངནམཐའནལསམའདངའལབ གནདདཁགདངསའཆརདངབརགནངམཁནམངའགངཞབསཔའགསདསནལགསདངམཁསདབངབདནན བརམགནམཧམགརསནནམགདང ནབདགཅགམདགསཁགགནསཔརདངམནནགགསགནངབལབནདབང འའསརནཔལངཐགཔནསགས ན

2

1 Nature of the relics

Corporeal relics from Piprahwa (Ancient Kapilavastu)

2 Provenance

The sacred bone relics (12+10) were found in the two soapstone caskets respectively discovered in a stupa at Piprahwa in Siddharth Nagar District Uttar Pradesh

3 Proof of the authenticity of the lsquosacred relicsrdquo as established by Indian experts

Kapilavastu

Kapilavastu was the capital of the chief of the Sakyas Suddhonana father of Siddhartha At the age of twenty-nine Siddhartha renounced the pleasures of this earthly life and set out from Kapilavastu on a tireless quest for salvation

Sacred Relics

Buddha died in about 486 BC when he was eighty years of age and was cremated in

Kapilavastu Relics

Discovery of the relic-caskets

Kushinagara Distt Deoria Uttar Pradesh The Mallas of Kushinagara at first unwilling to share the sacred relics were brought to a compromise by a Brahmin named Drona One of the eight recipients of the sacred relics was the Sakyas of Kapilavastu who erected a stupa over the bodily relics of Buddha (saririka-stupa)Scholars like Buhler Barth and Rhys Davids are of the opinion that the stupa at Piprahwa is the same which according to the famous Buddhist text Mahaparinibbana sutta the Sakyas of Kapilavastu had erected immediately after the Buddharsquos demise and cremation over their share of the sacred relics

The mound at Piprahwa Distt Basti Uttar Pradesh the discovery of an inscribed casket in 1898 by WC Peppe subsequent excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India from 1971-77 which led to the discovery of two more caskets containing

3

Authenticity of the sacred relics

corroborated

i By the discovery of two more soapstone caskets one each from the northern and southern burnt brick chambers of the stupa at Kapilavastu containing a total of twenty-two bone relics

ii The discovery of about 40 terracotta seals from different levels at Piprahwa and Ganwaria are vital because the legend of Kapilavastu Well-known Buddhist sites like Nalanda Ratnagiri Kushinagar

etc Have also yielded terracotta sealings with their ancient place names Terracotta sealings of four varieties with three different legends in Brahmi character of 1st and 2nd centuries AD are as follows-1 Om Devaputra Vihare Kapilavastusa Bhikhu

Sanghasa - 22 sealings2 Maha Kapilavastu Bhikshu Sanghasa - 13

sealings3 Chu ( ) Traya Bhikshu Sanghasa - 5

sealingsiii Discovery of the remains of the main township of

Kapilavastu at Ganwaria which had its beginning in the eight century BC where the monastery referred in the legends on the terracotta sealings were constructed to enable the monks to stay

References

1 Maha-Parinibbana-suttanta translated by TWRhys Davids Buddhist suttas sacred Books of the East XI (Oxford 1881) which contains a detailed description of the events on the last few months of Buddharsquos life

2 Ibid3 WCPeppe ldquoPiprahwa Stupa containing Relics of

Buddhardquo Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1898 p573

4 Debala Mitra Buddhist Monuments Calcutta 1972p253

Courtesy National Museum New Delhi

the sacred relics (now preserved in the National Museum New Delhi) reveal the secret in identifying the ancient town of Kapilavastu

Piprahwa vase inscription

The inscription on a casket discovered by WC Peppe in 1898 considered to be one of the earliest in Brahmi script refers to the relics of Buddha and his community (Sakya) This casket is now preserved in the Indian Museum Calcutta but without any relics The inscription on the lid runs thus

lsquoSukiti-bhatinam sabhaginikanam saputa-

dalanam iyam salila-nidhane Buddhasa

Bhagavate sakiyanamrdquoItrsquos meaning according to Rhys Davids is ldquoThis shrine for relics of the Buddha the August One is that of the Sakyas the brethren of the Distinguished One in association with their sisters and with their children and their wivesrdquo

ངརར སངསསབམནའདས གངངམངབལརམརཙམངབ གངངམངབལངར

ངལ ཧ སཔནསདསསགནསཔ གངངམངབལ མགམ འངངས ར

གརབམངའསཔདདྷ གརངངང ཧ གནསཔམདནནགནས གངངམངབལ ངས+ མསའདགས འམངགསནངདཔ( - )ལབདནངགརམཁསདབངཁགནསནགངངམངབལ

དཚདནངསདགགནཔསནགནང

4

ངརར རངརར བདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས ཡབལཟསགཙང ལཁམས ལསནལསནབ སདང

དལངརརནསའགནབ ནངསདམསའརནསཐརཔདངཐམསཅདམནཔ ནམནསམདཔརརབའང

གངངམངབལརབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདསདངསཔངནལསའདས ན ཡངན ན རདངངས

གངནལསའདསགརངརམགངསངསགརམངའནབ མངའ ཡངགསའལགནངབརའདནངངརམགངལདམསམཔསགམརནགངངམངབལ ལདགཞནམསལབའམསདའདདངམཐརངངནསཔ བརབམསགངངམངབལ དལནབད ལགསལབའམསངབསལདགག ངརར ལད ལའངང ལགས སམདའལགངངམངབལམདནཡངབངས ས ཀ མདནསགས ངམཁསདབངཧལརདངབརཐདངའསཌདམཔསདངསལལལང ཧ མདན ད ལདམཔསབངསཔསམདནནཔརའདལ ཡངམ ངནལསའདསཔ མ ངའནབན དག ལགསམཔསབམནའདསངནལསའདསམགནགངངམངབལངབམས མདནནབངསསའདགངའམངབདནངབཏངར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགབསསནཔསའམངགབདནངར ནས བརདསགརགནའདསལསདདགནཁངནསབརནསམདནགངསའརརདདའལསཔསརནསསངསས གངནཔ འམངགསབདནང གངངམངབལ མསངཆརལས ལ འམསནཁངབགས དངབན ངརརབབམ དཡངངབདཧ འམངབསསར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགནསབསསནཔ འམངབདནང དགགགསདཔ ནཔ གངངམངབལདང གསརནཔ གནའདསལསངསལན འམང ངཆརལསཀ གརའམསནཁངསཔརམངདངགངངམངབལ མཇལད ཡངའམངགབས གནའ དསནgtgt བྷ ནམསབྷ ཀནམསཏདལནམཡམསལ དྷདདྷསབྷག སཡནམltltསཔ ནའརམཁསདབངའསཌད སgtgtམདནའརནདཔནཔསངསས གངདཔདངང གསནཔསངམདགསམཔདང བན དགངདངསདངབཟའམཔསན [བངས]ltltགངངམངབལམསཚདནབནདལར

དངངརརམདན ངབདངགས སབགསཕགཁངངགསནསའདགས འམང ལསནབམསགངངམངབལ ངབདང

གསཔངརརནགསདབནམདན ངསགནས ཧ དངལངགན ཡནསགནའདསལསགལན ཆསའལབ ཙམབདནངབ ན ནངཔསངསསཔསགནསནགསཅནཁགནདངརངརམགངལགསཔལའངན

གནས ངབསལ ཆས འལའགསཔགསགསལནདའརདམནསརབསདངདངགསཔ ནང ཆས འལའགསཔ ཚནབལསནགསཅནཁགགམམས ཧགགགསའདཔར

ཀ ཧཀ ལ སསངགྷས འལ དཔཁ མཧཀ ལ སངགྷས འལ དཔག ཡསངགྷས འལ དཔ

གམཔནསརབས ན ནསགངཆགསཔརའདབ ངརར ངཁགག གན ཡསཔརབདགསངབདང ནསབདནངབ ཆས འལགགསལབ བསསམཚནན གནའདསལས གནས དའནཔ བགསལདནགནསའགསཔ

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

གངསནངའལབརའང འགགཔདཔདཔ ཆདཔདཔགདཔ ངབདཔའདཔ ཐདདནནནགགན སཔརབནཔ གསཔ སངསསམས དམཔ ལགའཚལ

To him who taught that things arise dependently

Not ceasing not arising

Not annihilated nor yet permanent

Not coming not departing

Not different not the same

The stilling of all thought and perfect peace

To him the best of teachers perfect Buddha

I bow down

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We dedicate this piece of literary work to the people of Monyul At the outset we would like to profess our thankfulness to His Eminence TG Rinpoche the former minister and present Chairman and Officials of Department of Karmik amp Adhyamik Affairs Govt of Arunachal Pradesh who had set in motion the relic procession enabling public darshan Our gratitude also extends towards the Ministry of Culture Govtof India in particular the National Museum for making the darshan possible through their logistical support We would like to express our highest sense of gratitude to Shri Nabam Tuki Honrsquoble Chief Minister Arunachal Pradesh and wish to place on record our deepest appreciation for his support We would also like to render our gratefulness to the continuous assistance and support offered by the Lhengye Khang and Ladrang of the Tawang Monastery and District Administration Tawang and West Kameng Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

We have attempted to cover as much ground as possible with this booklet however as with comprehensive accounts some shortcomings will be present and for that we present our humblest apologies

For useful comments and suggestions we are indebted to Ms Jigmi Choden (APCS) Prof Dr Toni Huber Doz Dr Guntram Hazod Prof Dr Per K Soerensen and our many friends who have provided photographs that make this venture complete

གསགསམ གམང འནལདམངསལདགརབནའལནསའརམངའཨ ནཅལནནརཔདངམངའགངསག

ནཁངའགནའནབསམདནཔནརནལདམངསམསལབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས གངངམངལམཇལཁ བསནལབནགནངབལགསརངསདང བནམངའགངབནན བམམགནསམནའརབརགནངབལའཚམསའདགའབདངནདསགརགངགགངབཀའནནཁངདངདགསགརལ འམནཁངགསནསནལདམངསམསལནཔ གངངམངལམཇལཁ ནའཆརསངསའནདངམནནགསརམགནངབརརངསབགསབདདངགས གཔརདབངདནཔ ནསཁངདངང དབངངདགངཁངགསལསམནནམདདངབརམདགནངབབཀའནམངསདདངའལ འརསམཔསསགནས དནགནསདངནངསདརལགདསནགནསལདངགངདགངབ གསདངའརའཚམསརབདངནཆགསདམསཔསརངཐགཔནསདངསགསལངབདངནམཐའནལསམའདངའལབ གནདདཁགདངསའཆརདངབརགནངམཁནམངའགངཞབསཔའགསདསནལགསདངམཁསདབངབདནན བརམགནམཧམགརསནནམགདང ནབདགཅགམདགསཁགགནསཔརདངམནནགགསགནངབལབནདབང འའསརནཔལངཐགཔནསགས ན

2

1 Nature of the relics

Corporeal relics from Piprahwa (Ancient Kapilavastu)

2 Provenance

The sacred bone relics (12+10) were found in the two soapstone caskets respectively discovered in a stupa at Piprahwa in Siddharth Nagar District Uttar Pradesh

3 Proof of the authenticity of the lsquosacred relicsrdquo as established by Indian experts

Kapilavastu

Kapilavastu was the capital of the chief of the Sakyas Suddhonana father of Siddhartha At the age of twenty-nine Siddhartha renounced the pleasures of this earthly life and set out from Kapilavastu on a tireless quest for salvation

Sacred Relics

Buddha died in about 486 BC when he was eighty years of age and was cremated in

Kapilavastu Relics

Discovery of the relic-caskets

Kushinagara Distt Deoria Uttar Pradesh The Mallas of Kushinagara at first unwilling to share the sacred relics were brought to a compromise by a Brahmin named Drona One of the eight recipients of the sacred relics was the Sakyas of Kapilavastu who erected a stupa over the bodily relics of Buddha (saririka-stupa)Scholars like Buhler Barth and Rhys Davids are of the opinion that the stupa at Piprahwa is the same which according to the famous Buddhist text Mahaparinibbana sutta the Sakyas of Kapilavastu had erected immediately after the Buddharsquos demise and cremation over their share of the sacred relics

The mound at Piprahwa Distt Basti Uttar Pradesh the discovery of an inscribed casket in 1898 by WC Peppe subsequent excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India from 1971-77 which led to the discovery of two more caskets containing

3

Authenticity of the sacred relics

corroborated

i By the discovery of two more soapstone caskets one each from the northern and southern burnt brick chambers of the stupa at Kapilavastu containing a total of twenty-two bone relics

ii The discovery of about 40 terracotta seals from different levels at Piprahwa and Ganwaria are vital because the legend of Kapilavastu Well-known Buddhist sites like Nalanda Ratnagiri Kushinagar

etc Have also yielded terracotta sealings with their ancient place names Terracotta sealings of four varieties with three different legends in Brahmi character of 1st and 2nd centuries AD are as follows-1 Om Devaputra Vihare Kapilavastusa Bhikhu

Sanghasa - 22 sealings2 Maha Kapilavastu Bhikshu Sanghasa - 13

sealings3 Chu ( ) Traya Bhikshu Sanghasa - 5

sealingsiii Discovery of the remains of the main township of

Kapilavastu at Ganwaria which had its beginning in the eight century BC where the monastery referred in the legends on the terracotta sealings were constructed to enable the monks to stay

References

1 Maha-Parinibbana-suttanta translated by TWRhys Davids Buddhist suttas sacred Books of the East XI (Oxford 1881) which contains a detailed description of the events on the last few months of Buddharsquos life

2 Ibid3 WCPeppe ldquoPiprahwa Stupa containing Relics of

Buddhardquo Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1898 p573

4 Debala Mitra Buddhist Monuments Calcutta 1972p253

Courtesy National Museum New Delhi

the sacred relics (now preserved in the National Museum New Delhi) reveal the secret in identifying the ancient town of Kapilavastu

Piprahwa vase inscription

The inscription on a casket discovered by WC Peppe in 1898 considered to be one of the earliest in Brahmi script refers to the relics of Buddha and his community (Sakya) This casket is now preserved in the Indian Museum Calcutta but without any relics The inscription on the lid runs thus

lsquoSukiti-bhatinam sabhaginikanam saputa-

dalanam iyam salila-nidhane Buddhasa

Bhagavate sakiyanamrdquoItrsquos meaning according to Rhys Davids is ldquoThis shrine for relics of the Buddha the August One is that of the Sakyas the brethren of the Distinguished One in association with their sisters and with their children and their wivesrdquo

ངརར སངསསབམནའདས གངངམངབལརམརཙམངབ གངངམངབལངར

ངལ ཧ སཔནསདསསགནསཔ གངངམངབལ མགམ འངངས ར

གརབམངའསཔདདྷ གརངངང ཧ གནསཔམདནནགནས གངངམངབལ ངས+ མསའདགས འམངགསནངདཔ( - )ལབདནངགརམཁསདབངཁགནསནགངངམངབལ

དཚདནངསདགགནཔསནགནང

4

ངརར རངརར བདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས ཡབལཟསགཙང ལཁམས ལསནལསནབ སདང

དལངརརནསའགནབ ནངསདམསའརནསཐརཔདངཐམསཅདམནཔ ནམནསམདཔརརབའང

གངངམངབལརབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདསདངསཔངནལསའདས ན ཡངན ན རདངངས

གངནལསའདསགརངརམགངསངསགརམངའནབ མངའ ཡངགསའལགནངབརའདནངངརམགངལདམསམཔསགམརནགངངམངབལ ལདགཞནམསལབའམསདའདདངམཐརངངནསཔ བརབམསགངངམངབལ དལནབད ལགསལབའམསངབསལདགག ངརར ལད ལའངང ལགས སམདའལགངངམངབལམདནཡངབངས ས ཀ མདནསགས ངམཁསདབངཧལརདངབརཐདངའསཌདམཔསདངསལལལང ཧ མདན ད ལདམཔསབངསཔསམདནནཔརའདལ ཡངམ ངནལསའདསཔ མ ངའནབན དག ལགསམཔསབམནའདསངནལསའདསམགནགངངམངབལངབམས མདནནབངསསའདགངའམངབདནངབཏངར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགབསསནཔསའམངགབདནངར ནས བརདསགརགནའདསལསདདགནཁངནསབརནསམདནགངསའརརདདའལསཔསརནསསངསས གངནཔ འམངགསབདནང གངངམངབལ མསངཆརལས ལ འམསནཁངབགས དངབན ངརརབབམ དཡངངབདཧ འམངབསསར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགནསབསསནཔ འམངབདནང དགགགསདཔ ནཔ གངངམངབལདང གསརནཔ གནའདསལསངསལན འམང ངཆརལསཀ གརའམསནཁངསཔརམངདངགངངམངབལ མཇལད ཡངའམངགབས གནའ དསནgtgt བྷ ནམསབྷ ཀནམསཏདལནམཡམསལ དྷདདྷསབྷག སཡནམltltསཔ ནའརམཁསདབངའསཌད སgtgtམདནའརནདཔནཔསངསས གངདཔདངང གསནཔསངམདགསམཔདང བན དགངདངསདངབཟའམཔསན [བངས]ltltགངངམངབལམསཚདནབནདལར

དངངརརམདན ངབདངགས སབགསཕགཁངངགསནསའདགས འམང ལསནབམསགངངམངབལ ངབདང

གསཔངརརནགསདབནམདན ངསགནས ཧ དངལངགན ཡནསགནའདསལསགལན ཆསའལབ ཙམབདནངབ ན ནངཔསངསསཔསགནསནགསཅནཁགནདངརངརམགངལགསཔལའངན

གནས ངབསལ ཆས འལའགསཔགསགསལནདའརདམནསརབསདངདངགསཔ ནང ཆས འལའགསཔ ཚནབལསནགསཅནཁགགམམས ཧགགགསའདཔར

ཀ ཧཀ ལ སསངགྷས འལ དཔཁ མཧཀ ལ སངགྷས འལ དཔག ཡསངགྷས འལ དཔ

གམཔནསརབས ན ནསགངཆགསཔརའདབ ངརར ངཁགག གན ཡསཔརབདགསངབདང ནསབདནངབ ཆས འལགགསལབ བསསམཚནན གནའདསལས གནས དའནཔ བགསལདནགནསའགསཔ

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We dedicate this piece of literary work to the people of Monyul At the outset we would like to profess our thankfulness to His Eminence TG Rinpoche the former minister and present Chairman and Officials of Department of Karmik amp Adhyamik Affairs Govt of Arunachal Pradesh who had set in motion the relic procession enabling public darshan Our gratitude also extends towards the Ministry of Culture Govtof India in particular the National Museum for making the darshan possible through their logistical support We would like to express our highest sense of gratitude to Shri Nabam Tuki Honrsquoble Chief Minister Arunachal Pradesh and wish to place on record our deepest appreciation for his support We would also like to render our gratefulness to the continuous assistance and support offered by the Lhengye Khang and Ladrang of the Tawang Monastery and District Administration Tawang and West Kameng Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

We have attempted to cover as much ground as possible with this booklet however as with comprehensive accounts some shortcomings will be present and for that we present our humblest apologies

For useful comments and suggestions we are indebted to Ms Jigmi Choden (APCS) Prof Dr Toni Huber Doz Dr Guntram Hazod Prof Dr Per K Soerensen and our many friends who have provided photographs that make this venture complete

གསགསམ གམང འནལདམངསལདགརབནའལནསའརམངའཨ ནཅལནནརཔདངམངའགངསག

ནཁངའགནའནབསམདནཔནརནལདམངསམསལབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས གངངམངལམཇལཁ བསནལབནགནངབལགསརངསདང བནམངའགངབནན བམམགནསམནའརབརགནངབལའཚམསའདགའབདངནདསགརགངགགངབཀའནནཁངདངདགསགརལ འམནཁངགསནསནལདམངསམསལནཔ གངངམངལམཇལཁ ནའཆརསངསའནདངམནནགསརམགནངབརརངསབགསབདདངགས གཔརདབངདནཔ ནསཁངདངང དབངངདགངཁངགསལསམནནམདདངབརམདགནངབབཀའནམངསདདངའལ འརསམཔསསགནས དནགནསདངནངསདརལགདསནགནསལདངགངདགངབ གསདངའརའཚམསརབདངནཆགསདམསཔསརངཐགཔནསདངསགསལངབདངནམཐའནལསམའདངའལབ གནདདཁགདངསའཆརདངབརགནངམཁནམངའགངཞབསཔའགསདསནལགསདངམཁསདབངབདནན བརམགནམཧམགརསནནམགདང ནབདགཅགམདགསཁགགནསཔརདངམནནགགསགནངབལབནདབང འའསརནཔལངཐགཔནསགས ན

2

1 Nature of the relics

Corporeal relics from Piprahwa (Ancient Kapilavastu)

2 Provenance

The sacred bone relics (12+10) were found in the two soapstone caskets respectively discovered in a stupa at Piprahwa in Siddharth Nagar District Uttar Pradesh

3 Proof of the authenticity of the lsquosacred relicsrdquo as established by Indian experts

Kapilavastu

Kapilavastu was the capital of the chief of the Sakyas Suddhonana father of Siddhartha At the age of twenty-nine Siddhartha renounced the pleasures of this earthly life and set out from Kapilavastu on a tireless quest for salvation

Sacred Relics

Buddha died in about 486 BC when he was eighty years of age and was cremated in

Kapilavastu Relics

Discovery of the relic-caskets

Kushinagara Distt Deoria Uttar Pradesh The Mallas of Kushinagara at first unwilling to share the sacred relics were brought to a compromise by a Brahmin named Drona One of the eight recipients of the sacred relics was the Sakyas of Kapilavastu who erected a stupa over the bodily relics of Buddha (saririka-stupa)Scholars like Buhler Barth and Rhys Davids are of the opinion that the stupa at Piprahwa is the same which according to the famous Buddhist text Mahaparinibbana sutta the Sakyas of Kapilavastu had erected immediately after the Buddharsquos demise and cremation over their share of the sacred relics

The mound at Piprahwa Distt Basti Uttar Pradesh the discovery of an inscribed casket in 1898 by WC Peppe subsequent excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India from 1971-77 which led to the discovery of two more caskets containing

3

Authenticity of the sacred relics

corroborated

i By the discovery of two more soapstone caskets one each from the northern and southern burnt brick chambers of the stupa at Kapilavastu containing a total of twenty-two bone relics

ii The discovery of about 40 terracotta seals from different levels at Piprahwa and Ganwaria are vital because the legend of Kapilavastu Well-known Buddhist sites like Nalanda Ratnagiri Kushinagar

etc Have also yielded terracotta sealings with their ancient place names Terracotta sealings of four varieties with three different legends in Brahmi character of 1st and 2nd centuries AD are as follows-1 Om Devaputra Vihare Kapilavastusa Bhikhu

Sanghasa - 22 sealings2 Maha Kapilavastu Bhikshu Sanghasa - 13

sealings3 Chu ( ) Traya Bhikshu Sanghasa - 5

sealingsiii Discovery of the remains of the main township of

Kapilavastu at Ganwaria which had its beginning in the eight century BC where the monastery referred in the legends on the terracotta sealings were constructed to enable the monks to stay

References

1 Maha-Parinibbana-suttanta translated by TWRhys Davids Buddhist suttas sacred Books of the East XI (Oxford 1881) which contains a detailed description of the events on the last few months of Buddharsquos life

2 Ibid3 WCPeppe ldquoPiprahwa Stupa containing Relics of

Buddhardquo Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1898 p573

4 Debala Mitra Buddhist Monuments Calcutta 1972p253

Courtesy National Museum New Delhi

the sacred relics (now preserved in the National Museum New Delhi) reveal the secret in identifying the ancient town of Kapilavastu

Piprahwa vase inscription

The inscription on a casket discovered by WC Peppe in 1898 considered to be one of the earliest in Brahmi script refers to the relics of Buddha and his community (Sakya) This casket is now preserved in the Indian Museum Calcutta but without any relics The inscription on the lid runs thus

lsquoSukiti-bhatinam sabhaginikanam saputa-

dalanam iyam salila-nidhane Buddhasa

Bhagavate sakiyanamrdquoItrsquos meaning according to Rhys Davids is ldquoThis shrine for relics of the Buddha the August One is that of the Sakyas the brethren of the Distinguished One in association with their sisters and with their children and their wivesrdquo

ངརར སངསསབམནའདས གངངམངབལརམརཙམངབ གངངམངབལངར

ངལ ཧ སཔནསདསསགནསཔ གངངམངབལ མགམ འངངས ར

གརབམངའསཔདདྷ གརངངང ཧ གནསཔམདནནགནས གངངམངབལ ངས+ མསའདགས འམངགསནངདཔ( - )ལབདནངགརམཁསདབངཁགནསནགངངམངབལ

དཚདནངསདགགནཔསནགནང

4

ངརར རངརར བདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས ཡབལཟསགཙང ལཁམས ལསནལསནབ སདང

དལངརརནསའགནབ ནངསདམསའརནསཐརཔདངཐམསཅདམནཔ ནམནསམདཔརརབའང

གངངམངབལརབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདསདངསཔངནལསའདས ན ཡངན ན རདངངས

གངནལསའདསགརངརམགངསངསགརམངའནབ མངའ ཡངགསའལགནངབརའདནངངརམགངལདམསམཔསགམརནགངངམངབལ ལདགཞནམསལབའམསདའདདངམཐརངངནསཔ བརབམསགངངམངབལ དལནབད ལགསལབའམསངབསལདགག ངརར ལད ལའངང ལགས སམདའལགངངམངབལམདནཡངབངས ས ཀ མདནསགས ངམཁསདབངཧལརདངབརཐདངའསཌདམཔསདངསལལལང ཧ མདན ད ལདམཔསབངསཔསམདནནཔརའདལ ཡངམ ངནལསའདསཔ མ ངའནབན དག ལགསམཔསབམནའདསངནལསའདསམགནགངངམངབལངབམས མདནནབངསསའདགངའམངབདནངབཏངར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགབསསནཔསའམངགབདནངར ནས བརདསགརགནའདསལསདདགནཁངནསབརནསམདནགངསའརརདདའལསཔསརནསསངསས གངནཔ འམངགསབདནང གངངམངབལ མསངཆརལས ལ འམསནཁངབགས དངབན ངརརབབམ དཡངངབདཧ འམངབསསར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགནསབསསནཔ འམངབདནང དགགགསདཔ ནཔ གངངམངབལདང གསརནཔ གནའདསལསངསལན འམང ངཆརལསཀ གརའམསནཁངསཔརམངདངགངངམངབལ མཇལད ཡངའམངགབས གནའ དསནgtgt བྷ ནམསབྷ ཀནམསཏདལནམཡམསལ དྷདདྷསབྷག སཡནམltltསཔ ནའརམཁསདབངའསཌད སgtgtམདནའརནདཔནཔསངསས གངདཔདངང གསནཔསངམདགསམཔདང བན དགངདངསདངབཟའམཔསན [བངས]ltltགངངམངབལམསཚདནབནདལར

དངངརརམདན ངབདངགས སབགསཕགཁངངགསནསའདགས འམང ལསནབམསགངངམངབལ ངབདང

གསཔངརརནགསདབནམདན ངསགནས ཧ དངལངགན ཡནསགནའདསལསགལན ཆསའལབ ཙམབདནངབ ན ནངཔསངསསཔསགནསནགསཅནཁགནདངརངརམགངལགསཔལའངན

གནས ངབསལ ཆས འལའགསཔགསགསལནདའརདམནསརབསདངདངགསཔ ནང ཆས འལའགསཔ ཚནབལསནགསཅནཁགགམམས ཧགགགསའདཔར

ཀ ཧཀ ལ སསངགྷས འལ དཔཁ མཧཀ ལ སངགྷས འལ དཔག ཡསངགྷས འལ དཔ

གམཔནསརབས ན ནསགངཆགསཔརའདབ ངརར ངཁགག གན ཡསཔརབདགསངབདང ནསབདནངབ ཆས འལགགསལབ བསསམཚནན གནའདསལས གནས དའནཔ བགསལདནགནསའགསཔ

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

2

1 Nature of the relics

Corporeal relics from Piprahwa (Ancient Kapilavastu)

2 Provenance

The sacred bone relics (12+10) were found in the two soapstone caskets respectively discovered in a stupa at Piprahwa in Siddharth Nagar District Uttar Pradesh

3 Proof of the authenticity of the lsquosacred relicsrdquo as established by Indian experts

Kapilavastu

Kapilavastu was the capital of the chief of the Sakyas Suddhonana father of Siddhartha At the age of twenty-nine Siddhartha renounced the pleasures of this earthly life and set out from Kapilavastu on a tireless quest for salvation

Sacred Relics

Buddha died in about 486 BC when he was eighty years of age and was cremated in

Kapilavastu Relics

Discovery of the relic-caskets

Kushinagara Distt Deoria Uttar Pradesh The Mallas of Kushinagara at first unwilling to share the sacred relics were brought to a compromise by a Brahmin named Drona One of the eight recipients of the sacred relics was the Sakyas of Kapilavastu who erected a stupa over the bodily relics of Buddha (saririka-stupa)Scholars like Buhler Barth and Rhys Davids are of the opinion that the stupa at Piprahwa is the same which according to the famous Buddhist text Mahaparinibbana sutta the Sakyas of Kapilavastu had erected immediately after the Buddharsquos demise and cremation over their share of the sacred relics

The mound at Piprahwa Distt Basti Uttar Pradesh the discovery of an inscribed casket in 1898 by WC Peppe subsequent excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India from 1971-77 which led to the discovery of two more caskets containing

3

Authenticity of the sacred relics

corroborated

i By the discovery of two more soapstone caskets one each from the northern and southern burnt brick chambers of the stupa at Kapilavastu containing a total of twenty-two bone relics

ii The discovery of about 40 terracotta seals from different levels at Piprahwa and Ganwaria are vital because the legend of Kapilavastu Well-known Buddhist sites like Nalanda Ratnagiri Kushinagar

etc Have also yielded terracotta sealings with their ancient place names Terracotta sealings of four varieties with three different legends in Brahmi character of 1st and 2nd centuries AD are as follows-1 Om Devaputra Vihare Kapilavastusa Bhikhu

Sanghasa - 22 sealings2 Maha Kapilavastu Bhikshu Sanghasa - 13

sealings3 Chu ( ) Traya Bhikshu Sanghasa - 5

sealingsiii Discovery of the remains of the main township of

Kapilavastu at Ganwaria which had its beginning in the eight century BC where the monastery referred in the legends on the terracotta sealings were constructed to enable the monks to stay

References

1 Maha-Parinibbana-suttanta translated by TWRhys Davids Buddhist suttas sacred Books of the East XI (Oxford 1881) which contains a detailed description of the events on the last few months of Buddharsquos life

2 Ibid3 WCPeppe ldquoPiprahwa Stupa containing Relics of

Buddhardquo Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1898 p573

4 Debala Mitra Buddhist Monuments Calcutta 1972p253

Courtesy National Museum New Delhi

the sacred relics (now preserved in the National Museum New Delhi) reveal the secret in identifying the ancient town of Kapilavastu

Piprahwa vase inscription

The inscription on a casket discovered by WC Peppe in 1898 considered to be one of the earliest in Brahmi script refers to the relics of Buddha and his community (Sakya) This casket is now preserved in the Indian Museum Calcutta but without any relics The inscription on the lid runs thus

lsquoSukiti-bhatinam sabhaginikanam saputa-

dalanam iyam salila-nidhane Buddhasa

Bhagavate sakiyanamrdquoItrsquos meaning according to Rhys Davids is ldquoThis shrine for relics of the Buddha the August One is that of the Sakyas the brethren of the Distinguished One in association with their sisters and with their children and their wivesrdquo

ངརར སངསསབམནའདས གངངམངབལརམརཙམངབ གངངམངབལངར

ངལ ཧ སཔནསདསསགནསཔ གངངམངབལ མགམ འངངས ར

གརབམངའསཔདདྷ གརངངང ཧ གནསཔམདནནགནས གངངམངབལ ངས+ མསའདགས འམངགསནངདཔ( - )ལབདནངགརམཁསདབངཁགནསནགངངམངབལ

དཚདནངསདགགནཔསནགནང

4

ངརར རངརར བདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས ཡབལཟསགཙང ལཁམས ལསནལསནབ སདང

དལངརརནསའགནབ ནངསདམསའརནསཐརཔདངཐམསཅདམནཔ ནམནསམདཔརརབའང

གངངམངབལརབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདསདངསཔངནལསའདས ན ཡངན ན རདངངས

གངནལསའདསགརངརམགངསངསགརམངའནབ མངའ ཡངགསའལགནངབརའདནངངརམགངལདམསམཔསགམརནགངངམངབལ ལདགཞནམསལབའམསདའདདངམཐརངངནསཔ བརབམསགངངམངབལ དལནབད ལགསལབའམསངབསལདགག ངརར ལད ལའངང ལགས སམདའལགངངམངབལམདནཡངབངས ས ཀ མདནསགས ངམཁསདབངཧལརདངབརཐདངའསཌདམཔསདངསལལལང ཧ མདན ད ལདམཔསབངསཔསམདནནཔརའདལ ཡངམ ངནལསའདསཔ མ ངའནབན དག ལགསམཔསབམནའདསངནལསའདསམགནགངངམངབལངབམས མདནནབངསསའདགངའམངབདནངབཏངར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགབསསནཔསའམངགབདནངར ནས བརདསགརགནའདསལསདདགནཁངནསབརནསམདནགངསའརརདདའལསཔསརནསསངསས གངནཔ འམངགསབདནང གངངམངབལ མསངཆརལས ལ འམསནཁངབགས དངབན ངརརབབམ དཡངངབདཧ འམངབསསར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགནསབསསནཔ འམངབདནང དགགགསདཔ ནཔ གངངམངབལདང གསརནཔ གནའདསལསངསལན འམང ངཆརལསཀ གརའམསནཁངསཔརམངདངགངངམངབལ མཇལད ཡངའམངགབས གནའ དསནgtgt བྷ ནམསབྷ ཀནམསཏདལནམཡམསལ དྷདདྷསབྷག སཡནམltltསཔ ནའརམཁསདབངའསཌད སgtgtམདནའརནདཔནཔསངསས གངདཔདངང གསནཔསངམདགསམཔདང བན དགངདངསདངབཟའམཔསན [བངས]ltltགངངམངབལམསཚདནབནདལར

དངངརརམདན ངབདངགས སབགསཕགཁངངགསནསའདགས འམང ལསནབམསགངངམངབལ ངབདང

གསཔངརརནགསདབནམདན ངསགནས ཧ དངལངགན ཡནསགནའདསལསགལན ཆསའལབ ཙམབདནངབ ན ནངཔསངསསཔསགནསནགསཅནཁགནདངརངརམགངལགསཔལའངན

གནས ངབསལ ཆས འལའགསཔགསགསལནདའརདམནསརབསདངདངགསཔ ནང ཆས འལའགསཔ ཚནབལསནགསཅནཁགགམམས ཧགགགསའདཔར

ཀ ཧཀ ལ སསངགྷས འལ དཔཁ མཧཀ ལ སངགྷས འལ དཔག ཡསངགྷས འལ དཔ

གམཔནསརབས ན ནསགངཆགསཔརའདབ ངརར ངཁགག གན ཡསཔརབདགསངབདང ནསབདནངབ ཆས འལགགསལབ བསསམཚནན གནའདསལས གནས དའནཔ བགསལདནགནསའགསཔ

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

3

Authenticity of the sacred relics

corroborated

i By the discovery of two more soapstone caskets one each from the northern and southern burnt brick chambers of the stupa at Kapilavastu containing a total of twenty-two bone relics

ii The discovery of about 40 terracotta seals from different levels at Piprahwa and Ganwaria are vital because the legend of Kapilavastu Well-known Buddhist sites like Nalanda Ratnagiri Kushinagar

etc Have also yielded terracotta sealings with their ancient place names Terracotta sealings of four varieties with three different legends in Brahmi character of 1st and 2nd centuries AD are as follows-1 Om Devaputra Vihare Kapilavastusa Bhikhu

Sanghasa - 22 sealings2 Maha Kapilavastu Bhikshu Sanghasa - 13

sealings3 Chu ( ) Traya Bhikshu Sanghasa - 5

sealingsiii Discovery of the remains of the main township of

Kapilavastu at Ganwaria which had its beginning in the eight century BC where the monastery referred in the legends on the terracotta sealings were constructed to enable the monks to stay

References

1 Maha-Parinibbana-suttanta translated by TWRhys Davids Buddhist suttas sacred Books of the East XI (Oxford 1881) which contains a detailed description of the events on the last few months of Buddharsquos life

2 Ibid3 WCPeppe ldquoPiprahwa Stupa containing Relics of

Buddhardquo Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1898 p573

4 Debala Mitra Buddhist Monuments Calcutta 1972p253

Courtesy National Museum New Delhi

the sacred relics (now preserved in the National Museum New Delhi) reveal the secret in identifying the ancient town of Kapilavastu

Piprahwa vase inscription

The inscription on a casket discovered by WC Peppe in 1898 considered to be one of the earliest in Brahmi script refers to the relics of Buddha and his community (Sakya) This casket is now preserved in the Indian Museum Calcutta but without any relics The inscription on the lid runs thus

lsquoSukiti-bhatinam sabhaginikanam saputa-

dalanam iyam salila-nidhane Buddhasa

Bhagavate sakiyanamrdquoItrsquos meaning according to Rhys Davids is ldquoThis shrine for relics of the Buddha the August One is that of the Sakyas the brethren of the Distinguished One in association with their sisters and with their children and their wivesrdquo

ངརར སངསསབམནའདས གངངམངབལརམརཙམངབ གངངམངབལངར

ངལ ཧ སཔནསདསསགནསཔ གངངམངབལ མགམ འངངས ར

གརབམངའསཔདདྷ གརངངང ཧ གནསཔམདནནགནས གངངམངབལ ངས+ མསའདགས འམངགསནངདཔ( - )ལབདནངགརམཁསདབངཁགནསནགངངམངབལ

དཚདནངསདགགནཔསནགནང

4

ངརར རངརར བདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས ཡབལཟསགཙང ལཁམས ལསནལསནབ སདང

དལངརརནསའགནབ ནངསདམསའརནསཐརཔདངཐམསཅདམནཔ ནམནསམདཔརརབའང

གངངམངབལརབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདསདངསཔངནལསའདས ན ཡངན ན རདངངས

གངནལསའདསགརངརམགངསངསགརམངའནབ མངའ ཡངགསའལགནངབརའདནངངརམགངལདམསམཔསགམརནགངངམངབལ ལདགཞནམསལབའམསདའདདངམཐརངངནསཔ བརབམསགངངམངབལ དལནབད ལགསལབའམསངབསལདགག ངརར ལད ལའངང ལགས སམདའལགངངམངབལམདནཡངབངས ས ཀ མདནསགས ངམཁསདབངཧལརདངབརཐདངའསཌདམཔསདངསལལལང ཧ མདན ད ལདམཔསབངསཔསམདནནཔརའདལ ཡངམ ངནལསའདསཔ མ ངའནབན དག ལགསམཔསབམནའདསངནལསའདསམགནགངངམངབལངབམས མདནནབངསསའདགངའམངབདནངབཏངར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགབསསནཔསའམངགབདནངར ནས བརདསགརགནའདསལསདདགནཁངནསབརནསམདནགངསའརརདདའལསཔསརནསསངསས གངནཔ འམངགསབདནང གངངམངབལ མསངཆརལས ལ འམསནཁངབགས དངབན ངརརབབམ དཡངངབདཧ འམངབསསར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགནསབསསནཔ འམངབདནང དགགགསདཔ ནཔ གངངམངབལདང གསརནཔ གནའདསལསངསལན འམང ངཆརལསཀ གརའམསནཁངསཔརམངདངགངངམངབལ མཇལད ཡངའམངགབས གནའ དསནgtgt བྷ ནམསབྷ ཀནམསཏདལནམཡམསལ དྷདདྷསབྷག སཡནམltltསཔ ནའརམཁསདབངའསཌད སgtgtམདནའརནདཔནཔསངསས གངདཔདངང གསནཔསངམདགསམཔདང བན དགངདངསདངབཟའམཔསན [བངས]ltltགངངམངབལམསཚདནབནདལར

དངངརརམདན ངབདངགས སབགསཕགཁངངགསནསའདགས འམང ལསནབམསགངངམངབལ ངབདང

གསཔངརརནགསདབནམདན ངསགནས ཧ དངལངགན ཡནསགནའདསལསགལན ཆསའལབ ཙམབདནངབ ན ནངཔསངསསཔསགནསནགསཅནཁགནདངརངརམགངལགསཔལའངན

གནས ངབསལ ཆས འལའགསཔགསགསལནདའརདམནསརབསདངདངགསཔ ནང ཆས འལའགསཔ ཚནབལསནགསཅནཁགགམམས ཧགགགསའདཔར

ཀ ཧཀ ལ སསངགྷས འལ དཔཁ མཧཀ ལ སངགྷས འལ དཔག ཡསངགྷས འལ དཔ

གམཔནསརབས ན ནསགངཆགསཔརའདབ ངརར ངཁགག གན ཡསཔརབདགསངབདང ནསབདནངབ ཆས འལགགསལབ བསསམཚནན གནའདསལས གནས དའནཔ བགསལདནགནསའགསཔ

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

4

ངརར རངརར བདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདས ཡབལཟསགཙང ལཁམས ལསནལསནབ སདང

དལངརརནསའགནབ ནངསདམསའརནསཐརཔདངཐམསཅདམནཔ ནམནསམདཔརརབའང

གངངམངབལརབདགཅགནཔསངསསབམནའདསདངསཔངནལསའདས ན ཡངན ན རདངངས

གངནལསའདསགརངརམགངསངསགརམངའནབ མངའ ཡངགསའལགནངབརའདནངངརམགངལདམསམཔསགམརནགངངམངབལ ལདགཞནམསལབའམསདའདདངམཐརངངནསཔ བརབམསགངངམངབལ དལནབད ལགསལབའམསངབསལདགག ངརར ལད ལའངང ལགས སམདའལགངངམངབལམདནཡངབངས ས ཀ མདནསགས ངམཁསདབངཧལརདངབརཐདངའསཌདམཔསདངསལལལང ཧ མདན ད ལདམཔསབངསཔསམདནནཔརའདལ ཡངམ ངནལསའདསཔ མ ངའནབན དག ལགསམཔསབམནའདསངནལསའདསམགནགངངམངབལངབམས མདནནབངསསའདགངའམངབདནངབཏངར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགབསསནཔསའམངགབདནངར ནས བརདསགརགནའདསལསདདགནཁངནསབརནསམདནགངསའརརདདའལསཔསརནསསངསས གངནཔ འམངགསབདནང གངངམངབལ མསངཆརལས ལ འམསནཁངབགས དངབན ངརརབབམ དཡངངབདཧ འམངབསསར

རསཔ དནགསལངཧ སའརགནསབསསནཔ འམངབདནང དགགགསདཔ ནཔ གངངམངབལདང གསརནཔ གནའདསལསངསལན འམང ངཆརལསཀ གརའམསནཁངསཔརམངདངགངངམངབལ མཇལད ཡངའམངགབས གནའ དསནgtgt བྷ ནམསབྷ ཀནམསཏདལནམཡམསལ དྷདདྷསབྷག སཡནམltltསཔ ནའརམཁསདབངའསཌད སgtgtམདནའརནདཔནཔསངསས གངདཔདངང གསནཔསངམདགསམཔདང བན དགངདངསདངབཟའམཔསན [བངས]ltltགངངམངབལམསཚདནབནདལར

དངངརརམདན ངབདངགས སབགསཕགཁངངགསནསའདགས འམང ལསནབམསགངངམངབལ ངབདང

གསཔངརརནགསདབནམདན ངསགནས ཧ དངལངགན ཡནསགནའདསལསགལན ཆསའལབ ཙམབདནངབ ན ནངཔསངསསཔསགནསནགསཅནཁགནདངརངརམགངལགསཔལའངན

གནས ངབསལ ཆས འལའགསཔགསགསལནདའརདམནསརབསདངདངགསཔ ནང ཆས འལའགསཔ ཚནབལསནགསཅནཁགགམམས ཧགགགསའདཔར

ཀ ཧཀ ལ སསངགྷས འལ དཔཁ མཧཀ ལ སངགྷས འལ དཔག ཡསངགྷས འལ དཔ

གམཔནསརབས ན ནསགངཆགསཔརའདབ ངརར ངཁགག གན ཡསཔརབདགསངབདང ནསབདནངབ ཆས འལགགསལབ བསསམཚནན གནའདསལས གནས དའནཔ བགསལདནགནསའགསཔ

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

5

A Brief History of the Establishment of Buddhism in Monyul Tawang and

West Kameng Districts Arunachal Pradesh India

This paper deals with the arrival and subsequent development of Buddhism in Monyul a geographic zone encompassing the Tawang and West Kameng districts in the state of Arunachal Pradesh India1 While today the term Mon is exclusively used to designate the area of Monyul in the wider Tibetan cultural region its usage has not always implied the same meaning The term lsquoMonrsquo refers to both an ethnic group of people and to a region TibetanBhoti literature and local narrative sources are for instance not specific about the meaning of the term lsquoMonrsquo is acknowledged both as an exonym and an autonym The Tibetan scholar Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok (1988 2) states ldquoMon is an archaic Tibetan word for a low lying region with narrow valley and dense forestsrdquo2 This explanation of the term lsquoMonrsquo corresponds to what in Tshangla is known as Mun3 The name lsquoMonparsquo meaning ldquoone from Monrdquo or ldquofrom the land of lsquoMonrdquo (Monyul) is used either for the people living in the region of Monyul or for ldquoone who is from Monrdquo irrespective of the region4 lsquoMonrsquo

Introduction

It is believed that the pre-Buddhist religion in Monyul is ancient Bon however almost all the non-Buddhist practice of any kind of believes are also tend to be known as Bon nowadays In regards of the spread of Buddhism in the region it is considered introduced during the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo (d 649) initiation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 7th century He is said to have built a number of temples throughout his empire in order to suppress ldquothe demoness lying on her backrdquo (Sinmo genkyal du nyelwa) as depicted through a visual representation of conquering the Tibetan Highlands (see Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9) At the centre of

Planting the seed of Buddhism in the Early

Period

Fig 1 after Soslashrensen and Hazod 2005 208-9

is widely used in TibetanBhoti literature for almost all the Himalayan region south of Tibet However the term ldquoSouthern Monrdquo (Lhomon) is more or less a specific term referring to the Eastern Himalayan region including Sikkim Bhutan and Monyul

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

6

this concentric temple scheme is the Lhasa Jokhang On the southern border are the two temples of Kyichu Lhakhang in Paro and Jampa lhakhang in Bumthang both in modern Bhutan The Sinmo Lhakhang in Lekpo which is situated in Lekpo Tsozhi in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) across the border from Pangchen Dingdruk valley in the north-west of the Tawang district is also described as one of the sinmo-suppressing temples5 In the 7th century the Tibetan empire was divided into five or six provinces one of which was ldquothe province of Monrdquo (Monkhoe)6 Nyag Palde Bekuchog was the ldquoadministrative chief of Mon and the Indian border region in the southrdquo (lhochok mon gyagar gi khepon) as noted in the Kachem kakholma (1989 321)7 The geographical area corresponding to ldquothe province of Monrdquo is likely to be the eastern Himalayan region

There is a story about King Kala Wangpo and Queen Khadroma Drowa Sangmo that is said to have taken place during this same period8 Gyalsey Tulku (2009 43) suggested that Yultanak Mandelgang which is described as the kingdom of King Kala Wangpo in the story is in fact Mon Tsegyal However the dating of this kingdom in Khadroma Drowa Sangmorsquos biography remains inconclusive as it only says ldquoafter 1500 years of the passing away of the Buddhardquo9 which corresponds roughly to the 10th or 11th century Also the suggested date is based on the contextual mention of the six syllable formula Om mani padmarsquoi hum the mantra that was said to have been uttered by Khadroma in her motherrsquos womb Khadromarsquos father Dramze observed that it was the famous mantra of Buddhism which was at that time gaining popularity across the Tibetan plateau

In the 8th century at the suggestion of the Indian scholar Shantarakshita Emperor Trisong Detsan (742-800) invited the Indian tantric adept Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) to Tibet According to Buddhist tradition Padmasambhava

i A standard Tibetan phonetic is widely transcripted in the text and refer glossary in the end for their Tibetan spelling

ii We would like to thank Guntram Hazod Toni Huber and Kerstin Grothmann for suggestion and critical editing of this paper

(Fig 2)

(Fig 3)

was initiated by Acharya Shantarakshita to counter the hostility raised by ancient Bon against Buddhism A number of pilgrimage sites across the Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas were blessed by Padmasambhava which is significant because he is often regarded as a second Buddha Some of these pilgrimage sites are in Monyul where according to the Pemakathang Padmasambhava stayed for one year in Sharsquoug Takgo four months in Khadroi Phukpa five days each in Mon Gomdrak and Domtsang Rong seven days in Taktsang Rong and nine days in Zigtsang Rong 10 Later on the present Tak Tsangrong Gompa (Fig 2) is known to be built in the 1760s by a Bhutanese leader

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

7

(Fig 4)

Lo Namkha Wangchuk under the spiritual guidance of the 5th Tsona Gompatse Rinpoche In addition to these sites a number of other pilgrimage sites were thought to have been blessed by Padmasambhava including the cave of Mandala Phudung Takmo tsho (lake) Thangaphel tsho in Thonglek etc The guidebook Bhagajang Nechen (Fig 3) which was written in c 1810 says that the site is among the oldest in the region This text also notes that the Bhagajang site is known as the second Tsari (the holy and famous mountain sanctuary in southern Tibet) and that it was first blessed and revealed by Padmasambhava during his three-month stay at the mountain pass of Mon Sela It was later blessed by Phadampa Sangye (d 1117) and became widely known through the writings of Bodong Chokley Namgyel (1375-1451) Other eminent masters associated with the site (either directly or through a manifestation) include Jetsun Milarepa (c1052-1135) the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung

Since the 13th Century the beginning of various Tibetan Buddhist School

Dorjee (1284-1339) and Je Lobsang Drakpa (1357-1419) A number of lsquosoul lakesrsquo (latsho) such as Dorjee Phakmorsquos soul lake Lhamorsquos soul lake and Riksum Gonporsquos soul lake (Fig 4) are also old pilgrimage sites in the region11

The arrival of Lhase Tsangma from the Pugyel House12 is mentioned in the Gyalrik (on this 17th -c text see Aris 2009 [1986]) He came from Central Tibet and settled down in Lhomon in 835 where later his lineage known alternately as Jowo Babu Jar or Je spread Apart from the Gyalrik which outlines some of the secular rulersrsquo lineages for periods there is no other source that provides comparable information on Buddhist activities in the region during the late 9th to 12th centuries Although the above mentioned sources show that elements of Buddhism were present in Monyul already during the Imperial Era it had not yet been institutionalized

It is likely that the actual advent of Buddhism in Monyul did not take place until the hegemonial period (13th-17th century)13 beginning with activities related to Kyine Gompa (Fig5) It is regarded being established by the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorjee (1284-1339) in the 14th century this monastery is locally considered as the first monastery in Monyul However the visit of the 3rd Karmapa to Monyul is mentioned neither in his autobiography nor in the biography14 It is likely that the monastery was established by one of the Karmaparsquos local disciples because Tenzin Norbu (2002 204) recorded that the (Fig 5)

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

8

present Domtsangpa lineage holders were the disciples of the Karmapa The family of Upper and Lower Oene Gonchung of Ne Sarjung Gompa located in the Hro Jangdag valley are the present throne-holders of the Domtsangpa15 However Tenzin Norbu does not mention the sources for this information Gyalsey Tulku (2009 93) notes that the Jang Cene Gompa (Fig 6) was also founded by the 3rd Karmapa In the text Khepe Gaton (2006 [1565] 548-9) and in Goe

Shunupalrsquos Debther Ngonpo (1996 [1476] 478) the 1st Karmapa Duesum Khenpa (1110-1193) is recorded to have visited Monyul The texts state that ldquoin ancient times Grwa Thung King of Mon had been served as patron when Je Duesum Khenpa was meditating at Dom tshang in Monrdquo and ldquoresided in Sharsquoug Takgordquo16 So Domtsangpa descendants were likely to be disciple of the 1st Karmapa instead of the 3rd Karmapa

During the same period Thangtong Gyalpo (1385-1464) (Fig 7) Bodong Chokley Namgyal Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee the disciple of the 1st Dalai Lama Gedun Drub (1391-1474) and Lobsang Tenpe Donme (1475-1542)17 the disciple of the 2nd Dalai Lama Gedun Gyatso (1475-1542) and Pema Lingpa (1450-1521) visited Monyul and contributed to the flourishing of Buddhism in the region Thangtong Gyalpo commonly known as Lama Chaksam Wangpo in the region is highly regarded for building the Iron-Bridge in 1434 on the Tawang River (Fig 8) which is situated between the Mogtok and Khasnang valleys

(Fig 8)

(Fig 7)

(Fig 6)

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

9

(Fig 9)

However no monastic institute was yet to be known as having been founded by him According to the Thromteng Neyig the monasteries of Trimu Thongmon (Fig 9) and Tsangpu are founded by Bodong Chokley Namgyal or by Lama Riksum Gonpo18 Tashi Choeling commonly known as Lumla Gompa is a Bodong School establishment and was likely founded by ldquothe teacher and the three spiritual disciples of Bodongrdquo (Bodong yabse sum)19

During his visit to Monyul in the 15th century Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee together with Lobsang Tenpe Donme founded the Aryakdung Gompa in the Lhou valley 20 Their vision to found the monastery arose during their stay at the Drakkar retreat site where Drakkar Gompa was later founded by Thukdam Pekar the son of Tenpe Nima (1567-1619) a Drukpa Kagyu practioner in the late 16th century21 Lobsang Tenpe Donme was the son of Bekhar Jowo Dargey Thangtong Gyalpo prophesised that his son Sumpa would become a famous master22 Prior to Lobsang Tenpe Donmersquos contribution to the development of Buddhism in the region he was active in Sera and later in Tashi Lhunpo in Central Tibet where he studied under the 2nd Dalai Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme took his full monastic vows from the 2nd Dalai Lama23 He then established Lhangateng Gompa at Lhangateng Aryakdung Gompa and a retreat site at Sanglamphel in the Tawang district He also founded the Taklung Gompa at Taklung Namshu Gompa at Namshu in the West Kameng district and Tashi

Choeling Gaden Tseling in Sakteng and Merak in the district of Trashigang in eastern Bhutan Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his colleague Tsangpa Lobsang Khetsun jointly founded the Tadung Gompa in Upper Thonglek in Dakpa and the Khurcung Gompa in upper Lumla Tawang24

According to the Gawe Pelter Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer a nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Donme became the latterrsquos chief disciple and received his monastic ordination from the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso (1542-1588) He became the chief patron of the already established Geluk monasteries in the ldquoEastern Monrdquo (shar mon) region and he founded the Gaden Sungrabling in Merak which came to be known as Mon Gaden Phodrang in reference to the Dalai Lamarsquos palace in Drepung Monastery in Lhasa ndash the Gaden Phodrang The Gawe Pelter also says that Paudungpa Lobsang Tenpe Ozer secretly invited the 3rd Dalai Lama to Merak for the consecration of the monastery25 The visit was not however a secret in the biography of the 3rd Dalai Lama which states that after his religious activities in Jayul and the surrounding region ldquohe [the 3rd Dalai Lama] was invited to the direction of Tsona There he leads the monastery Mon Gaden Phodrang of the ldquoUncle and nephew lamasrdquo (lama kutsen)26 and has fully consecrated the monastery and the wishes of the ordained and common people He bestowed religious teaching on the visiting dignitaries of Monpa such as Lama Chokley Namgyal and Jowo Tenpa Tsering After that he made great virtue by bestowing the recitation transmission (shelung) of Mani recitation (yikdruk) and monkhood and laymen precepts (nyenne) etc to a number of devotees of the Mon wab region alsordquo27

The Gawe Pelter further notes that Oenpo Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen took monastic ordination from the 4th Dalai Lama Yonten Gyatso (1589-1616) and became his chief disciple Besides being the chief patron of Geluk monasteries in the region he was known to have been the first to organise the ldquobantrelrdquo (the obligatory provision of the third son in each family as a monk) in the region to strengthen Buddhism (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 103) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

10

(d1682) the nephew of Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen received his monastic ordination from the 5th Dalai Lama Lobsang Gyatso (1616-1681) and became his chief disciple He was one of the direct disciples of the 5th Dalai Lama According to an edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama in 1680 (see Aris 1980) Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso established the Gaden Namgyal Lhatse Gompa (Fig 10) in 1681 together with the Dingpon Namkha Druk of the Tsona dzong Nowadays it is commonly known as Tawang Monastery Prior to the foundation of Tawang monastery ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon lakhak nga) requested the 5th Dalai Lama to grant permission and taxation rights to establish a monastery in the region (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 126-7)28 Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso one of the greatest contributors to the development of Buddhism in Monyul passed away in Tawang in 1682

Tertonpa Pema Lingpa thrice visited Monyul in the hegemonial period On his first visit he merely passed through Dom Tsangrong on his way to Central Tibet in 1486 His second visit was in 1489 to Laog yulsum (Tawang) to attend the marriage ceremony of his brother Ugyan Sangpo and Dorjee Zompa the daughter of Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup His final visit was in 1507 when he stayed in Shar Domkha nearby Murshing in the West Kameng district at the invitation of the king of Shar Domkha

King Jophak29 Pema Lingparsquos visits to Monyul followed the establishment of Ugyanling Gompa (Fig 11) and Tsogyeling Gompa (today in ruins) by Ugyan Sangpo However according to Pema Lingparsquos autobiography (1975 [1521] 114a) Sangyeling Gompa (Fig 12) is ascribed to Lama Tulku Dorjee instead of its more common attribution to Ugyan Sangpo Desi Sangye Gyatso (1648-1706) also notes in his text that the monastery already existed prior to Ugyan Sangporsquos arrival in Monyul (1989 [1701] 138)

According to the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama Ugyanling Gompa was renovated under the supervision of Chongey Gonpo Rabten in 1699-1700 The renovation was completed at

(Fig 11)

(Fig 10)

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

11

the order of Desi Sangye Gyatso and the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso (1683-1706) in accordance with the wishes of the latterrsquos late father Lama Tashi Tenzin (1651-1697) Unfortunately the renovated Ugyanling and other monasteries including Tsogyaling and Thektse were destroyed either in 1714 by Lajang Khanrsquos army during his campaign against the Bhutanese through Tawang or by the Dzungar Mongolsrsquo campaign against the Nyingma School in 1717 (Samten 1994 393) The Mongol armies refered to as ldquoSokpo Jungharrdquo were held responsible for the destruction in local accounts It is likely that the present Ugyanling Gompa was restored after the 1752 edict issued by the 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso (1708-1757) which was reaffirmed in 1799 by the 8th Dalai Lama Jampel Gyatso (1758-1804) The 1752 edict exempted from all levies the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family and descendants from the father Lama

(Fig 12) (Fig 14)

(Fig 13) Kushangnang House

Tashi Tenzin and his mother Tsewang Lhamo the daughter of Bekhar Jowo The edict also ennobled the family descendants with the title Depa Kushang (the uncle ruler - Kushangnang House (Fig 13) The 6th Dalai Lama (Fig 14) was a descendant in the seventh generation of his paternal lineage which goes back to the Nyingmapa master Ugyan Sangpo His maternal lineage descended from a royal family

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

12

The translations are based or quoted from Soerensen (1990)

འགའབ If a person doesnrsquot consider

ངནསམནརན Death and impermanence in their heart

ངངའམསམགཁཡང Even if they seemed wise and prudent

ནལགསཔའང When it comes to meaningful things theyrsquore like a fool

གནནསངབས The cuckoo comes from Mon

གནམ སབདའལང And springtime bubbles up

ངདངམསཔདནས And when I meet with my beloved

སམསདརལངསང My body softens and my mind is eased

གར ར Peacocks from eastern India

ངལམཐལ Parrot from the depths of Kongpo

འངསསའངསལགག Though born in separate countries

འམསསསའརས Finally come together in the holy land of Lhasa

རགས ནས Over the eastern hill rises

དཀརགསལབ རང the smiling faces of the moon

མསཨམ ཞལརས In my mind forms

དལའརའརསང the smiling face of my beloved

ན ངབཏབཔ ནགན Yesterdayrsquos young sprouting shoots

དགམ ནག are withered straws today

གནསཔ ས Like the ageing body of a youth

ག ལསངབ stiff bent as a southern bow

ངངདཀར White crane

ངལགགལགཡརདང lend me your wings

ཐགངངལའ I will not fly far

ཐངབརནསབསང from Lithang I shall return

The 6th Dalai Lama is best known for his worldly behavior and poetry30 Here is few of his poems

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

13

(Fig 15-17 depicts the imprints of his head (uje) Hole pierced by Finger on stone to tie horse (chakje) and

legs (zhabje)

(Fig 15) Uje (Head)

(Fig 16) Chakje (Hole pierced by finger on the stone to tie horse) (Fig 17) Zhabje (Foot Print)

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

14

During the same period Bankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi (16th century) the disciple of Pema Lingpa was the 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche of Khyinyame Sangnak Choekhorling Gompa (Fig 18)31 The title kunden was posthumously written in the edict issued by the 5th Dalai Lama to the Khyinyame monastery The 1st Khyinyame Rinpoche was born in Tsegar Gyada village near the Kudung valley He was a colleague of Ugyan Sangpo He was based at Tsangpu Gompa where he later founded the Khyinyame Gompa (the present Gompa was renovated in the 2000s) Some of the ruined monasteries like Gangkardung Nametakmang and Thegtse Gompa were the centres of a successive lineage of the Khyinyame Rinpoche In

later years the Khyinyanme Gompa became a branch monastery of Mindroling Gompa the famous centre of the Nyingma School The present Khyinyame or Thegtse Rinpoche is the 14th reincarnation (for details see the Khyinyame Gomparsquos record)

A number of other monastic institutes and pilgrimage sites in Monyul are listed in the following paragraphs and most of them were likely to be founded after the 16th or 17th century In the Gawe Palter it is noted that Jangchub Choeling or Janggon (Fig 19) which started with 16 nuns was a retreat site for Merak Lama Similarly the other nunnery Drakmar Dungchung Rithroe which was probably initially a retreat site and later on known as the Gaden Thekchenling or Tsungon Thukje choeling (Fig 20) is noted to have been founded by Kachen Yeshi Gelek in the 16th century However Gyalsey Tulku (2009 341) notes that the monastery was built in 1826 in reference to a Kachen Lama as mentioned in the biography of Gelong Lobsang Thabkhe (1787-) the monk from Kham Trehor who renovated the Tawang monastery for the first time in 1809 (since its foundation in 1681) Even Tenzin Norbu (2002 216) assumes that Kachen Yeshi Gelekrsquos period was likely

(Fig 18)

(Fig 19)

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

15

the 14th Rabjung (sixty-year cycle) ie 1807-1866 but he does not mention his sources In addition to the above mentioned nunneries a short description of some of the later nunneries is given below

Thrompateng Nechen is one of the oldest pilgrimage sites in Monyul and is mentioned in the Ugyanling Karchak written by the 6th Dalai Lama as well as in Desi Sangye Gyatsorsquos ldquoTam nawe chuelenrdquo and the anonymous guidebook Thromteng neyik According to the local oral tradition the site was blessed by the throne of Padmasambhava a natural image of Phakchok Riksum Gonpo The monastery known as Thromteng (Fig 21) is said to have been built in the 16th century at the site of the Lama Sonam Gyaltsenrsquos retreat In local narratives Lama

(Fig 20)

Sonam Gyaltsen from Thonglek is considered to have attained enlightenment during his lifetime and is regarded as one of ldquothe three holy men of Monrdquo (monki kyebu sum) The other two refer to Dolhe Rinpoche from Pangchen Valley and Lhagyalo Rinpoche from Thempang Valley All three were contemporaries and stayed together in Central Tibet for their studies Their chief teacher was either the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso or the 4th Panchen Lama Lobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen (1570-1662) (Gyalsey Tulku 2009 311) All of them returned to Monyul after consulting and receiving omens on their last dreams Following their return to their respective regions Dolhe Rinpoche and Lhagyalo Rinpoche founded retreat sites in the Lumla and Rongnang Toemae Tso valleys (Kalaktang-Rupa

(Fig 21)

(Fig 22)

circle areas) It is likely that the present Dolhe Gompa near Lumla was built atop the retreat site of the 1st Dolhe Rinpoche The succeeding Dolhe Rinpoche was based at this Gompa The present Lhagyari Gompa (Fig 22) in the West Kameng district also developed from its original function as a retreat site into a monastery It is also ascribed to Kachen Yeshi Gelek () The current Lhagyalo Rinpoche resides at the Lhagyari Gompa

There are a number of other monastic institutions in Monyul whose foundation dates are as with the previously described monasteries difficult to determine Shakti Gompa is said to have been established by Trangpodar in the 16th century and was later taken over by Lama Sang Gyalpo (Gyalsey

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

16

Tulku 2009 331) In some of listed records of Merak Lamarsquos branch monasteries Lama Sang Gyalporsquos name is also noted He was known for building the statue of Gyalwa Jampa (Buddha Maitreya) in Shakti Gompa as well as the statue of Shakyamuni Buddha in Aryakdung Gompa Similarly Gorzam Choeten which is one of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in Monyul (Fig 23) is said to be built

in the 13th or 16th century (the dates are based on oral accounts) by Lama Sangye Telthar32 He was born and raised in Pangchen Dingdruk Valley where he was later known as Monnyon (the ldquocrazy Monrdquo) because of his eccentric tantric practices The stupa is described as an imitation of the famous Choeten Jarung Khashor (the Bouddhanath Stupa in Kathmandu) The mid-18th century is the possible period of the Sarong Gompa (Fig 24) near Zigtsang It was founded by the 1st Sarong Rinpoche who traces himself back to Phuntsok Drakpa of Sharro village a

monk of the Tawang monastery This was most likely after the 1714 Tibet-Bhutan war when Lajang Khanrsquos armies passed through Tawang to Bhutan Due to his regret in leading the army Phuntsok Drakpa decided to remain in retreat in the Sarong valley for the rest of his life The present Sarong Gompa alias Tashi Samten Choeding Gompatse was built in 1813 by the 3rd Sarong Rinpoche Tenpa Rinchen The present 5th Sarong Rinpoche is based at Sarong Gompa

(Fig 23)

(Fig 24)

(Fig 25)

In the 20th century a number of Buddhist institutions were founded in Monyul Tsona Gompatse in Bomdila West Kameng is a facsimile of Tsona Gaden Rabgyeling of Tsona dzong in Tibet and was founded in 1964 (Fig25) by the 12th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche33 The present monastic complex (Fig 26) was established in 1997 by the 13th Tsona Rinpoche The 12th Tsona Rinpoche also founded the Singsur Jangchub Choeling Gompa in Tawang (Fig 27) for nuns in the 1960s which was later renovated by the present 13th Tsona Rinpoche in the 1990s The lower Bomdila Gompa which is also known as the Thupchok Gatsalling monastic institution (Fig 28) in Bomdila is said to have been founded by the local Buddhist community in the early 1950s and was blessed by the previous Guru Tulku at that time The present Guru Tulku is the abbot of Tawang monastery

In the same century various other monasteries have been established in Monyul such as Draktse Gompa34 (Fig 29) and Sera je Jamyang Choekhorling (Fig 30) in Tawang Sangngak Choeling also

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

17

(Fig 26)

(Fig 27)

known as Chillipam Gompa35 (Fig 31) near Rupa and Gyuetoe Gompa (Fig 32) at Tenzingoan A number of Labrangs such as Rikya Samtenling36 (Fig 33) and the Labrangs of reincarnated Khenpo Ngawang Phuntsok and Lumla Gelong Dhonyoe Norbu were also founded in recent decades37

In addition to the above-mentioned institutions there are many other pilgrimage sites and temples in the district of Tawang These include Menpa Gyalam Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang (built in 1982) Ngamgon Tsunme Gompa in upper Thonglek Zhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa Jangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe Samtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe Trilam Choeshi Gompa Mogtok Jampa Lhakhang Lumla Dolma Lhakhang Jang Zangdokpalri or Mon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling Gompa of Kagyu tradition (Fig 34) and Yiga Choezin the latter became well known after a number of teaching bestowed at the Gompa by His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama in 1997 2003 and 2009 (Fig 35) In the West Kameng district there are the following Gompas Dorchod Gompa Sengye Dzong Gompa (Fig 36) and Nyukmadung Gompa in

(Fig 28) (Fig 29)

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

18

(Fig 30)

(Fig 31) (Fig 32)

(Fig 33)

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

19

(Fig 34)

(Fig 36)(Fig 35)

(Fig 37)

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

20

(Fig 38) (Fig 39)

(Fig 41)(Fig 40)

Sengye Dzong valley Lish Tsenpa Choeling Gompa Jangchub Choeling Kalachakra Temple (1983) (Fig 37) Dirang Samye Gompa (Fig 38) Mon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling- Nyingma Gompa Dirang (Fig 39) Dirang Dzong Gompa (Fig 40) Dirang Khastung Gompa and Thempang Sangyeling Gompa in Dirang-Thembang valley Pema Choeling Nyingma Gompa Zengbu Gompa (Fig 41) Tashi Choeling Gompa (Fig 42) in Rupa Shergaon valleys of Sherdukpen and Nyingthek Zangdok Palri Kalaktang town and others in the Kalaktang valley Readers are encouraged to read further details on some of the above mentioned monasteries in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 307-344)

The people of Monyul and their relationship with the spiritual masters of the Tibetan Buddhist Schools

Padmasambhava is highly venerated in all the Tibetan Buddhist schools ndash Nyingma Kagyu Sakya

Bodong Jonang or Geluk and as well as in the Bon tradition As noted in the previous section of this paper a number of monasteries temples and pilgrimage sites are associated with him Numerious Tibetan Buddhist masters blessed the region and special teacher-disciple relationships have been developed between the successive Dalai Lamas and the people of Monyul since the 1st Dalai Lama The first native master who established a particular relationship with the 2nd Dalai Lama was Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme in the 16th century It continued with relationships between the 3rd Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Ozer the 4th Dalai Lama and Lama Lobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen and the 5th Dalai Lama and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso Among the successive disciples Lama Lobsang Tenpe Donme and Merak Lama Lodoe Gyatso were the most well known disciples of the Dalai Lamas from Monyul

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

21

(Fig 42)

The birth of the 6th Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso in Tawang was one of the most significant events in terms of understanding the history of the region His activites are well remembered by local people and retold to this day Though his life was short his secret biography records his continued journey until 174638 The 7th Dalai Lama Kalsang Gyatso continued this relationship with Monyul by granting special privilege to the inhabitants of the region and to the successive descendants of the 6th Dalai Lamarsquos family in particular through an official edict in 1752 (Fig 43 the edict) The edict was reaffirmed by the 8th Dalai Lama in 1799 From here we lack information on the regional connections with the 9th to the 12th Dalai Lamas However this connection resurfaced with greater strength during the reign of the 13th Dalai Lama Thupten Gyatso (1876-1933) and the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso (b 1935) In 1910-1913 a delegation of people from Tawang and other villages headed by Gelong Kalsang Phuntso visited the 13th Dalai Lama in Kalimpong where he was in exile The latter acknowledged them and expressed his gratitude to the group It is said that he presented them with a personal letter and a (Fig 43)

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

22

(Fig 44)

religious bell which is still displayed at Tawang Monastery A copy of the letter is provided below (Fig 44 the text) Finally the 14th Dalai Lama has thus far visited Monyul five times including in 1959 when he entered India (see Fig 45-52 the flight of the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage in 1959)

This brief overview of the history of the establishment of Buddhism in Monyul is presented here according to the available works of Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991]) Tenzin Norbu (2002) and others in Tibetan and of Niranjan Sarkar (1980) Aris (1980) and others in English However all the mentioned sources have been primarily focused on the Geluk School This brief historical presentation endeavoured to also include the institutions of all the other major schools of Tibetan Buddhism that flourished in the region This paper represents an initial stage of research and the authors are fully responsible for any misinformation Meanwhile information on the respective institutions will be further elaborated upon when the relevant primary sources become available This account does not strive to be analytical in nature but rather aims to offer the first comprehensive and informative summary of these important historical sources related to the region Further research should address additional information that can be acquired from Tibetan sources and respective monastic records

Conclusion

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

23

Flight of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama and his entourage to India in 1959

(Fig 46) with Monpas at Pangchen (zimithang)(Fig 45) Flight from Tibet

(Fig 48) Guard of Honour at Tawang(Fig 47) Enroute to Tawang

(Fig 49) Guard of Honour at Bomdila (Fig 50) Civic Reception at Bomdila

(Fig 51) at Tezpur (Fig 52) with Pandit Nehru in Massori

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

24

Notes

1 See the traditional administrative region in the Appendix I and modern administrative district and its sub-division in the Apendix II

2 In Tibetan Sa bab dmarsquo zhing ri rong dog pa dang gdod marsquoi nags tshal stug pos khebs parsquoi sa khul la thogs parsquoi bod kyi brda rnying zhig yin (Chabpel Tsetan Phuntsok 1988 2)

(སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབསཔསལལགསཔ ད བངགན)3 Tshangla (ཚངསལ) is spoken in Dirang and Kalakthang circle areas in West Kameng district Arunachal

Pradesh India and in eastern Bhutan where it is known as Sharchokha (shar phyogs kha རགསཁ) Pemako (Padma bkod བད) of present-day Metok County in Nyingchi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) and Mechukha (sman chu kha ན ཁ) Tuting (mthu sting མང) and the nearby regions of the West amp Upper Siang districts Arunachal Pradesh See further on Tshangla by Andvik (2010)

4 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009) Chabga Tadrin (1993) et al 5 Yeshi Thinley (1983 137) has not given any sources for further examination of this Lhakhang6 For Monkhoe (mon khods ནད ས) see further in Ldersquou jo sras ( ས 1987 113) or in Mkhas parsquoi

dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565] 102)7 See also Hazod (2009 168)8 See Mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar for the story Yeshi Thinley (1983 134) and Gyalsey Tulku

(2009 43) also 9 In Tibetan Ston parsquoi lsquodas lo stong dang phyed rjes (ནཔ འདསངདངསས)10 In Tibetan Sha rsquoug stag sgor lo gcig bzhugs mon sgrom brag tu zhag lnga bzhugs dom tshang rong du

zhag lnga bzhugs stag tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs gzhig tshang rong du zhag lnga bzhugs mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug par zla ba bzhi (Padma bkarsquo thang 1993 607)

( གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབནགཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབ)

11 In Tibetan lho phyogs mon gyi sarsquoi gnas chen khyad par can tsrsquoa ri gnas pa bha gab yang zhes parsquoi gnas sgo thog ma slob dpon chen po padma rsquobyang gnas kyis phyes mon gyi ze lar zla bag sum bzhugs zhes pa ltar zhabs kyis bcags shing byin gyis brlabs gnyis pa pha dam pa sangs rgyas kyis gsal bar mdzad gsum pa bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal gyis yi ger spel zhing gzhan yang rje btsun mi la ras pa dang karmapa rang byung rdo rje rje blo bzang grags pa sogs grub thob skyes chen du ma dngos dang rdzu rsquophrul gyi sgo nas phebs nas byin gyis brlabs Quoted in Gyalsey Tulku (2009 336) from Bhagajang Neyig

(གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལསརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔདངཀ པརངངབཟངགསཔགསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས)

12 The brother of the last two Tibetan emperors (btsan po བཙན) - Tri Ralpachen (r 815-836) and Lang Darma (r 836-842)

13 See Cuevas (2006) on the periodization of Tibetan history14 See Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (2009 [1565]466-482) and Rang byung rdo rje (2012 1a-11b) in Karmapa Rang

byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum for details15 The present 13th Tsona Gonpatse Rinpoche was born in the Domtsangpa lineage family16 In Tibetan snyon rje dus mkhyen mon dom tshang du sgrub pa mdzad dus kyi sbyin bdag mon gyi rgyal

po grwa thung (ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང) (Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston 2006 [1565]

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

25

548-9) sha rsquoug stag sgor byon nas bzhugs ( གགརནནསབགས) (Deb ther sngon po བརན 1996 [1476] 478) See Aris (1979 101-3) for details

17 Aris (1988 113) has given 1475-1542 as the date of Lobsang Tenpe Donme which is exactly the same as that of the 2nd Dalai Lama Arisrsquos dating requires verification because in 1986 82 he says he lived for 99 years and in 1988 113 that only for 67 years Lobsang Tenpe Donme also known as Lhase Tenpe Donme is mentioned in the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama The available biography of Lobsang Tenpe Donme notes that he died at the age of 97 which would be in contrast to the age of 67 according to Arisrsquos dating See Tenpa (2013) forthcoming on the life of Tenpe Donme

18 See Gyalsey Tulku (2009 [1991] 334) for further details19 The teacher Bodong Chokley Namgyal and his disciples Jora Rinpoche Mitrul Rinpoche and Drogon

Rinpoche For details in wwwbodongorg20 Rgyal rigs (1668 [1986 30b]) notes that Argyadung Gompa was founded by Lobsang Tenpe Donme and

Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee is not mentioned in the text at all However in the Gawe Pelter the text notes that it was founded by Tsangton Rolpe Dorjee

21 The son of the Thukdam Pekar was Lama Choekyong the step- brother of Lama Rabgey who joined the Bhutanese to fight against Tibetan forces in the 1660s-70s The sons of Lama Choekyong were Druk Phuntsok and Oenpo Dorjee They were born at Drakkar however they moved to eastern Bhutan during or after the war See Aris (2009 117) for details

22 See Rgyal rigs (in Aris 2009 [1986] 45) for details23 See the biographies of the 1st Dalai Lama by Ye shes rtse mo (1433-1510) and Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (1432-

1506) and the autobiography of the 2nd Dalai Lama (Dge rsquodun rgya mtsho 1475-1542])24 For details on Lobsang Tenpe Donme see the biography in Bla ma blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me mdzad

rnam (མབཟངབནཔ ནམཛདམ) or Tenpa (2013) forth coming on the life of Tenpe Donme Cf also Gawe Pelter and Gyalsey Tulku (2009 96-101)

25 In Tibetan Rgyal ba bsod nams rgya mtsho me rag la gsang barsquoi sgo nas gdan drangs te dgon par rab gnas mdzad (ལབབདནམསམརགལགསངབ ནསགདནངས དནཔརརབགནསམཛད) Gyalsey Tulku 2009 102)

26 Khu tshan means ldquothe paternal uncle and his nephewrdquo It refers to one form of teacher-disciple relations in this case to Lobsang Tenpe Donme and his disciple Lobsang Tenpe Odzer who were blood relatives

27 In Tibetan de nas mtsho sna phyogs su dgan drangs mon dgalsquo ldan pho drang gi bla ma khu mtshan gyis thog drangs phyogs dersquoi skya ser thams cad kyi re ba yongs su tshim par mdzad bla ma phyogs las rnam rgyal dang jo bo bstan pa tshe ring sogs mon parsquoi mjal mi mang du byung bar chos kyi bkalsquo drin stsal mon wabwar tursquong skye borsquoi tshogs du ma la yig drug gi bzlas lung rab byung bsnyen gnas sogs stsal te dge barsquoi lam rgya chen por bkod pahellip(Blo bzang rgya mtsho 1991 75b180)

( ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད)

28 Although Gyalsey Tulku noted that Merak Lama was one of ldquothe five monastic estates of Monrdquo (mon bla khag lnga ནཁག) this does not agree with the other historical sources which are not studied by Gyalsey Tulku For details on this Mon bla khag lnga see Aris (1979)

29 Rgyal rigs (1668) does not give any information on Jophak the King of Domkha The King Jophak is mentioned in Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston and by Goe Shunnupal and Padma glingpa

30 See Soslashrensen (1990) and Wickham-Smith (2011) for further details on the life of the 6th Dalai Lama31 In short it is called Kyinmey Gompa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

26

32 Chhophel (2002) based on eastern Bhutanese oral traditions noted that it was Lama Zangpo (bzang po) from Tawang who constructed the stupa in 19th century

33 There used to be a summer and winter religious exchange programme between Tsona and Tawang monasteries This cross-border contact has been discontinued since 1959

34 The monastery is said to have been founded by the previous Draktse Rinpoche also known as Geshe Thupten Gyaltsen The present Draktse Rinpoche who studied at Dakpo Shedrupling is based at this monastery

35 Here is a short description of this monastery from Hall (2012 89) ldquofrom the 1980s onward Kunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche [originally from Lhodrak in Southern Tibet] became a well-known and respected lama in the region and was offered a series of temples by local leaders and communities in the West Kameng and Tawang districts In 1988 work began on the building of the Monastery complex at Chilipam and the foundations for the Zangdokpalri temple In 1997 the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited and blessed the site Other important Tibetan religious figures followed including in 2003 the then head of the rNying ma lineage Penor Rinpoche who visited to perform a long life empowerment and gave his blessings to the temple buildingrdquo

36 It was founded in 1976 during the 10th Rikya Rinpochersquos abbotcy of Tawang monastery (1968 to 1976)37 Labrang is a monastic household particularly one owned by a successive high or reincarnated lama 38 See further in Aris (1988) and Sorensen (1990) on the 6th Dalai Lama

Selected References

Andvik Erik (2010) A Grammar of Tshangla LeidenBoston BrillAris Michael (1979) Bhutan The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom Westminster Aris amp Phillipsmdash (1980) ldquoNotes on the History of the Mon-yul Corridorrdquo in Aris M and A S Sue Kyi (eds) Tibetan Studies in Honour of Hugh Richardson Westminster Aris amp Philips 9-20mdash (1988) Hidden Treasures amp Secret Lives a Study of Pemalingpa (1450-1521) and the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706) Delhi Motilal Banarsidasmdash (2009 [1986]) Sources for the History of Bhutan With a Historical Introduction by John Ardussi Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien Universitaumlt Wien amp Delhi Motilal BanarsidasBlo bzang rgya mtsho (བཟངམ 1991) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen pa bsod nams rgya mtshorsquoi rnam thar dngos grub rgya mtshorsquoi shing rta [the biography of the III Dalai Lama] (བནཐམསཅདམནཔབདནམསམ མཐརདསབམ ང) V 8 (the Collected Works (gsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok---- (1992) Za hor gyi brje ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtshorsquoi rsquodi snang rsquokhrul barsquoi zab rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du krsquou larsquoi god bzang [the autobiography of the V Dalai Lama] (ཟརབངགདབངབཟངམ འངའལབ ཟབདགསབད ལབདཔལ དབཟང) 3Vols 5 6 amp 7 (of the Collected Works (གངའམgsung rsquobum) of V Dalai Lama Vols 25) Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok Bkarsquo chems ka khol ma (བཀའམསཀལམ 1989) Lanzhou Kan sursquou mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ཀནགསདནཁང)Bodt A Timotheus (2012) The New Lamp Clarifying the History Peoples Languages and Traditions of Eastern Bhutan and Eastern Mon Wageningen the Netherlands Monpasang PublicationsChab lsquogag rta mgrin (ཆགའགགམན 1990) ldquoMon pa rigs kyi mched khungs la spyad ba (ནཔགས མདངསལདཔ)rdquo in Bod ljongs zhib rsquojug ( དངསབའག) 2 18-37

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

27

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs (ཆབལབནནགས 1988) ldquoMon yul ni sngar nas krung gorsquoi mngarsquo khongs yin parsquoi lo rgyus dpang rtags (ནལ རནསང མངའངསནཔ སདཔངསགས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 1-9Chhophel Kezang (2002) ldquoResearch Note A Brief History of Rigsum Goenpo Lhakhang and Choeten Kora at Trashi Yangtserdquo in Journal of Bhutan Studies 6 (2) 1-4 Choudhury Dutta (ed) (1980) Tawang District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shillong Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1980) West Kameng District Arunachal Pradesh District Gazetteers Gazetteers of India Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshCuevas Bryan J (2006) ldquoSome Reflections on the Periodization of Tibetan Historyrdquo Revue drsquoEtudes Tibeacutetaines 10 44-55Damdinsureng Ts (1981) ldquoThe Sixth Dalai Lama Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtsordquo in The Tibet Journal VI (4) 32-36Dasgupta Kamalesh (1971) An Introduction to Central Monpa Shillong North-East Frontier AgencyDatta S amp Tripatty B (2008) Religious History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Sources of History of Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi Gyan Pubs Housemdash (2008) Buddhism in Aruchal Pradesh New Delhi Indus PubsDgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster (དགའབ དཔལར 2012) Mon phyogs rsquodzin marsquoi char zhwa ser gyi ring lugs kyi bstan pa ji ltar dar barsquoi lo rgyus dgarsquo barsquoi dpal ster ma bzhugs so (ནགསའནམ ཆརརགགས བནཔརདརབ སདགའབ དཔལརམབགས) ff 15 Handwritten copyDge rsquodun rgya mtsho (དའནམ 1979) Rje btsun thams cad mkhyen parsquoi gsung lsquobum thor bu las rje nyid kyi rnam thar bzhugs so (བནཐམསཅདམནཔ གངའམརལསད མཐརབགས) V 1 ff TBRC W26075-I1KG1466-1-136Dotson Brandon (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History With an Annotated Cartographical Documentation by Guntram Hazod Wien [Vienna] Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenFuumlrer-Haimendorf C von (1956) Himalayan Barbary London John Murray Publ LtdrsquoGos gzhun nu dpal (འསགན དཔལ 1996) Deb ther sngon po (བརན) V- I amp II Chengdu Si khron mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང) The Blue Annals Part I amp II trans by George N Roerich Delhi Motilal Banarsidas Publ) [19491476]Rgyal sras sprul sku (ལསལ 2009 [1991]) Rta wang dgon parsquoi lo rgyus mon yul gsal barsquoi me long (ངདནཔ སནལགསལབ ང) The Clear Mirror of Monyul (Arunachal Pradesh) A History of Tawang

Monastery Dharamshala Amnye Machen InstituteHall Amelia (2012) Revelations of a Modern Mystic The Life and Legacy of Kun bzang bde chen gling pa 1928-2006 Unpublished doctoral thesis Oxford Universtiy Bodleian LibraryHazod G amp Soslashrensen Per (eds) (2005) Thundering Falcon An Inquiry into the History and Cult of Khra-rsquobrug Tibetrsquos First Buddhist Temple Wien Verlag der Oumlsterreichischen Akademie der WissenschaftenHazod G amp Dotson B (2009) The Old Tibetan Annals An Annotated Translation of Tibetrsquos First History Imperial Central Tibet An Annotated Cartographical Survey of its Territorial Divisions and Key Politcal Sites Wien Oumlsterreichische Akademie der WissenschaftenHuber Toni (2010) ldquoRelating to Tibet Narratives of Origin and Migration among Highlanders of the Far

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

28

Eastern Himalayardquo in Arslan S and Schwieger P (Hg) Tibetan Studies An Anthology PIATS 2006 Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the Eleventh Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies Koumlnigswinter 2006 Andiast International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies 297-335Kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan (ནདགའལམཚན 2013 [1432-1506]) Bla ma thams cad mkhyen pa paN chen dge lsquodun grub parsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar mdzad pa bcu gnyis pa (མཐམསཅདམནཔཔཎནདའནབཔ མཐར མཚརམཛདཔབ གསཔ) V 6 25 ff TBRC W24769-6320-131-180 Lama Tashi (1999) The Monpas of Tawang A Profile Itanagar Himalayan PublishersLdersquou jo sras ( ས 1987) Chos rsquobyung chen mo bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan or ldersquou chos lsquobyung (སའངནབནཔ ལམཚནཡངན སའང) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang (དངསགསདནཁང )Me rag mdzad rnam (རགམཛདམ 2011) Me rag bla ma bstan parsquoi sgron me yi mdzad rnam dang dgon gnas chags tshul a sam rgyal po nas khral dang sa cha dbang barsquoi lsquodzin yig mdor bsdus bzhugs so(རགམབནཔ ནམཛདམདངདནགནསཆགསལཨསམལནསལདངསཆདབངབ འནགམརབསབགས the biography of the Me rag bla ma Bstan parsquoi sgron me] ff 35 handwritten copyMizuno Kazuharu (2012) Monpa The Nature Society and People of Tawang amp West Kameng Districts of Arunachal Pradesh India JapanMkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang morsquoi rnam thar (མཁའའམའབབཟང མཐར 2007) Lhasa Bod ljongs mi dmangs dpe skrun khang ( དངསགསདནཁང )Mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (མཁསཔ དགའན 2006 [1565]) Dparsquo bo gtsug lag phreng bas brtsam dam parsquoi chos kyi lsquokhor lo bsgyur ba rnams kyi byung ba gsal bar byed pa mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston (དཔའགགལགངབསབམཔ དམཔ ས འརབརབམས ངབགསལབརདཔམཁསཔ དགའན) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང)Nanda Neeru (1982) Tawang the Land of Mon Delhi Vikas PubRgyal rigs (ལགས 1986 [1668]) Sa skyong rgyal porsquoi gdung khungs dang rsquobangs kyi mi rabs chad tshul nges par gsal barsquoi sgron me or rgyal rigs rsquobyung khungs gsal barsquoi sgron me (སངལ གངངསདངའབངས རབསཆདལསཔརགསལབ ནའམལགསའངངསགསལབ ན The Lamp which Illuminates with Certainty the Origins of Generations of lsquoEarth-Protectingrsquo Kings and the Manner in which Generations of Subjects Came into Being is contained] in Aris M (ed) Sources for the History of Bhutan Wien Arbeitskreis fur Tibetische und Buddhistische Studien 11-85Norbu Tsewang (2008) The Monpas of Tawang Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar Department of Cultural Affairs Directorate of Research Govt of Arunachal PradeshPadma bkarsquo thang (བཀའཐང 1993 [1347]) U rgyan guru padma rsquobyung ngas kyi skyes rabs rnam par thar pa rgyas par bkod pa padma bkarsquoi thang yig u rgyan gling pas gter nas bton (ན འངགནས སརབསམཔརཐརཔསཔརབདཔབཀ ཐངགནངཔསལགངལསགརནསབན A biography of the Guru Padmasambhava said to have been discovered by U rgyan gling pa (1323-1360) at Sel gyi brag rirsquoi rdzong in the Yarlung valley) Chengdu Sichuan mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ནགསདནཁང)Padma gling pa (ངཔ 1976 [1521])rsquoBum thang gter ston pad ma gling parsquoi rnam thar rsquood zer kun mdzes nor bursquoi phreng ba zhes bya ba skal ldan spro ba skye barsquoi tshul du bris pa (འམཐངགརནངཔ མཐརདརནམསར ངབསབལནབབ ལ སཔ the biography of Padma gling pa the Treasure-Revealer of Bumthang the so-called Garland of Jewels which Beautifies Everything by its light rays written in a Manner Calculated to Engender Happiness among the Fortunate compiled by Rgyal ba don grup) DelhiRang byung rdo rje (རངང 2012) Karma rang byung rdo rjersquoi gsung lsquobum (ཀ རངངགངའམ) TBRC W30541-6481-363-384Samten Jampa (1994) ldquoNotes on the Bkarsquo rsquogyur of O rgyan gling the family temple of the Sixth Dalai Lama (1683-1706)rdquo in P Kvaerne (ed) Tibetan Studies Proceedings of the 6th Seminar of the International

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

29

Association for Tibetan Studies Fagernes 1992 1 393-402Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho sde srid (དསངསསམ 1989) Thams cad mkhyen pa blo bzang rin chen tshang dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi thun mong phyi rnam par thar pa du ku larsquoi phro mthud rab gsal gser gyi snye ma ཐམསཅདམནཔབཟངནནཚངསདངསམ ནངམཔརཐརཔརལ མདརབགསལགར མ(ལ ཁངངམརབགསལགརམ du ka larsquoi kha skong gser gyi snye ma) Lhasa Bod ljong mi rigs dpe sprun khang (དངསགསདནཁང) [1701]Sarkar Niranjan (1980) Buddhism among the Monpas amp the Sherdukpens Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal Pradeshmdash (1981) Tawang Monastery Directorate of Research Shilling Govt of Arunachal PradeshShakabpa W D (2010) One Hundred Thousand Moons an Advanced Political History of Tibet (trans) D F Maher Vols 2 Leiden Boston Brill Soslashrensen Per K (1990) Divinity Secularized An Inquiry into the Nature and Forms of the Songs Ascribed to the Sixth Dalai Lama Vienna Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und BuddhismuskundeSperling Eilliot (2008) ldquoThe Politics of History and the Indo-Tibetan Border (1987-88)rdquo in India Review 7(3) Jul-Sept 223-239Bstan rsquodzin nor bu (བནའནར 2002) Sbas yul skyid mo ljongs kyi chos rsquobyung bzhugs so (སལདངས སའངབགས) Bomdila published by Buddhist Culture Preservation SocietyThub bstan cos rsquophel (བབནསའལ 1988) ldquoHin rdu btsan rsquodzul dmag gis mon khul du btsan rsquodzul byas parsquoi don dngos ( ནབཙནའལདམགསནལབཙནའལསཔ ནདས)rdquo in Nga phod ngag lsquojigs med (ངདངགདབངའགད ed) Bod kyi lo rgyus rig gnas dpyad gzhirsquoi rgyu cha bdams bsgrigs (ད སགགནསདདག ཆབདམསབགས Selected Research Materials for Tibetan History and Culture 10) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 24-43Tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho (ཚངསདངསམ 1979 [1701]) O rgyan gling rten brten pa gsar bskrun nges gsang zung lsquojug bsgrub parsquoi dus sde tshugs parsquoi dkar cag lsquokhor barsquoi rgya mtsho sgrol barsquoi gru (chen) rdzing blo bzang rsquojig rten dbang phyug dpal rsquobar ནངནབནཔགསརབནསགསངངའགབབཔ སགསཔ དཀརཆགའརབ མལབ འངབཟངའགནདབངགདཔལའབར) Thimbu Bhutan (1979 115 ff in reprint) TBRC W22201Wickham-Smith Simon (2006) ldquoBan-de skya-min ser-min Tsangs-dbyangs rGya-mtshorsquos complex confused and confusing relationship with sDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho as portrayed in the Tsangs dbyangs rgya mtshorsquoi mgu glurdquo in Cuevas B and Schaeffer K (eds) Tibet in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Leiden Brillmdash (2011) The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama Lanham MD Lexington BooksYe shes rsquophrin las (སའནལས 1983) ldquoMon gyi gzhi rtsarsquoi gnas tshul (ནགགནསལ)rdquo in Bod kyi rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha bdams sgrigs (ད གགནསསཆབདམསགས) II Bod rang skyong ljong chab srid gros tshogs rig gnas lo rgyus rgyu cha au yon lhan khang (དརངངངསཆབདསགསགགནསསཆ ནནཁང) Beijing Mi rigs dpe skrun khang (ངགསདནཁང) 132-163Ye shes rtse mo (ས 2013 [1433-1510]) Rje thams cad mkhyen pa dge lsquodun grub pa dpal bzang porsquoi rnam thar ngo mtshar rmad byung nor bursquoi lsquophreng ba (ཐམསཅདམནཔདའནབཔདཔལབཟང མཐར མཚརདངར འངབ) V 6 64 ff (pp 1-128) TBRC W24769-6320-3-130

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

30

Glossary of TibetanBhoti terms and their spellings

Aryakdung ar yags (brgya) dgung ཨརཡགས (བ) གངBabu sba bu སBankarwa Kunden Sangey Yeshi ban dkar ba sku mdun sangs rgyas ye shes བནདཀརབམནསངསསསBantrel ban khral བནལBekhar Jowo Dargey ber mkhar jo bo dar rgyas རམཁརདརསBhagajang Nechen bha ga byang gnas chen བྷགངགནསགBodong bo dong ངBodong Chokley Namgyal bo dong phyogs las rnam rgyal ངགསལསམལBon bon ན Bon po bon po ནBumthang rsquobum thang འམཐངChabga Tadrin rsquochab lsquogag rta mgrin འཆབའགགམནChabpel Tsetan Phuntsok chab spel tshe brtan phun tshogs ཆབལགཏནནགསChakhar tsukshing phyag rsquokhar btsugs shing གའཁརབགས ངChakje phyag rjes གསChaksam Wangpo lcags zam dbang po གསཟམདབངChoeje chos rje སChoeten Jarung Khashor mchod rten bya rung kha shor མདནངཁརChongey Gonpo Rabten rsquophyongs rgyas mgon po rab brtan འངསསམནརབབནDakpa dags pa དགསཔDakpo Shedrupling dwags po bshad sgrub gling གསབ དབངDalai Lama tarsquo larsquoi bla ma ལ མDebther Ngonpo deb ther sngon po བརནDepa Kushang sde pa sku zhang པཞངDesi Sangye Gyatso sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho དསངསསམDersquou jose ldersquou jo sras སDhonyoe Norbu don yod nor bu ནདརDingpon Namkha Druk lding dpon Nam mkharsquo rsquobrug ངདནནམམཁའའགDirang sdi rang རངDirang Dzong Gompa rdi rang rdzong dgon pa རངངདནཔDirang Samye Gompa rdi rang bsam yas dgon pa རངབསམཡསདནཔDolhe Rinpoche rdo lhas rin po che སན Domtsang Rong dom tshang rong མཚངངDomtsangpa dom tshang pa མཚངཔDorchod Gompa rdo rje gchod parsquoi dgon pa གདཔ དནཔDorjee Phakmo rdo rje phag mo ཕགDorjee Zompa rdo rje rsquodzoms pa འམསཔDrakkar brag dkar གདཀརDrakmar Dungchung Rithroe brag dmar gdung chung ri khrod གདཀརགངང དDraktse Gompa brag rtse dgon pa གདནཔ

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

31

Draktse Rinpoche brag rtse rin po che གན Dramze rsquobram ze འམDrepung lsquobras spung འསངསDrogon Rinpoche rsquogro mgon rin po che འམནན Drukpa rsquobrug pa འགཔDruk Phuntsok rsquobrug phun tshogs འགནགསDuesum Khenpa dus gsum mkhyen pa སགམམནཔDzong rdzong ངGaden Namgyal Lhatse dgarsquo ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse དགའནམལGaden Phodrang dgarsquo ldan pho brang དགའནངGaden Rabgyeling dgarsquo ldan rab rgyas gling དགའནརབསངGaden Sungrabling dgarsquo ldan gsung rab gling དགའནགངརབངGaden Thekchenling dgarsquo ldan theg chen gling དགའནགནངGaden Tseling dgarsquo ldan rtse gling དགའནངGangkardung Gompa gangs dkar gdung dgon pa གངསདཀརགངདནཔGawe Pelter dgarsquo barsquoi spel ster དགའབ ལརGedun Drub dge rsquodun grub དའནབGedun Gyatso dge rsquodun rgya mtsho དའནམGelong dge slong དངGeluk dge lugs དགསGeshe Thupten Gyaltsen dge shes bthub bstan rgyal mtshan དབསབབནལམཚནGoe Shunupal rsquogos gzhun nu dpal འསགན དཔལGompa dgon pa དནཔGorzam Choeten gor zam mchod rten རཟམམདནGuru Tulku gu ru sprul sku ལGyalsey Tulku rgyal sras sprul sku ལསལGyalrik rgyal rigs ལགསGyalwa Jampa rgyal ba byams pa ལབམསཔGyalwang rgyal dbang ལདབངGyuetoe Gompa rgyud stod dgon pa དདདནཔHro Jangdag hro byang dag ངདགJampa lhakhang byams pa lha khang མསཔཁངJampel Gyatso rsquojam dpal rgya mtsho འཇམདཔལམJamyang Choekhorling rsquojam dbyang chos rsquokhor gling འཇམདངསསའརངJang Cene byang ce ne ང Jang Zangdokpalri byang zangs mdog dpal ri ངཟངསམགདཔལ Jangchub Choeling byang chub chos gling ངབསངJangdag Drakkar Tsunme Ritroe byang dag brag dkar btsun marsquoi ri khrod ངདགགདཀརབནམ དJanggon byang dgon ངདནJar sbyar རJayul bya yul ལJe rje Je Lobsang Drakpa rje blo bzang grangs pa བཟངགསཔ

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

32

Jetsun Milarepa rje btsun mi la ras pa བནལརསཔJonang jo nang ནངJophak jo rsquophags འཕགསJora Rinpoche sbyor ra rin po che རརན Jowo jo bo Jowo Tenpa Tsering jo bo bstan pa tse ring བནཔངKachem kakholma bkarsquo chems ka khol ma བཀའམསཀལམKachen Lama bkarsquo chen bla ma བཀའནམKachen Yeshi Gelek bkarsquochen ye shes dge legs བཀའནསདགསKagyu bkarsquo brgyud བཀའབདKala Wangpo ka la dbang po ཀལདབངKalachakra Temple dus rsquokhor pho brang སའརངKalaktang kha legs steng ཁགསངKalsang Gyatso bskal bzang rgya mtsho བལབཟངམKalsang Phuntso skal bzang phun tshogs ལབཟངནགསKarmapa karmapa ཀ པKhadroi Phukpa mkharsquo rsquogrorsquoi phug pa མཁའའགཔKhadroma Drowa Sangmo mkharsquo rsquogro ma rsquogro ba bzang mo མཁའའམའབབཟངKham Trehor khams tre hor ཁམསརKhasnang khas nang ཁསནངKhenpo mkhan po མཁནKhepe Gaton mkhas parsquoi dgarsquo ston མཁསཔ དགའནKhurcung khur cung རངKyichu lhakhang skyer chu lha khang ར ཁངKyine bskyid gnas བདགནསKhyinyame Rinpoche khyi nyan mal rinpoche ཉནམལན Kudung sku gdung གངKunga Gyaltsen kun dgarsquo rgyal mtshan ནདགའལམཚནKunzang Dechen Lingpa Rinpoche kun bzang bde chen gling pa rin po che ནབཟངབ ནངཔན Labrang bla brang ངLajang khan lha bzang kharsquon བཟངནLama bla ma མLama Choekyong bla ma chos skyong མསངLama kutsen bla ma skhu mtshan མམཚནLama Rabgey bla ma rab rgyas མརབསLama Zangpo bla ma bzang po མབཟངLang Darma Udum Tsenpo glang dar ma u dum btsan po ངདརམ མབཙནLaog yulsum la rsquoog yul gsum ལགལགམLatsho bla mtsho མLekpo legs po གསLekpo Tsozhi legs po tsho bzhi གསབLhagyalo Rinpoche lha rgyal lo rin po che ལ ན Lhamo lha mo Lhangateng sla nga steng ངངLhasa Jokhang lha sa gtsug lag khang སགགལགཁང

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

33

Lhase Tsangma lha sras gtsang ma སགཙངམLhodrak lho brag གLhomon lho mon ནLhochok mon gyagar gi khepon lho phyogs mon rgya gar gyi khas dpon གསནགརཁསདནLish Gompa rlis dgon pa སདནཔLo Namkha Wangchuk blo nam mkharsquo dbang phyug ནམམཁའདབངགLobsang Choekyi Gyaltsen blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan བཟངས ལམཚནLobsang Gyatso blo bzang rgya mtsho བཟངམLobsang Tenpa blo bzang brten pa བཟངབནཔLobsang Tenpe Donme blo bzang bstan parsquoi sgron me བཟངབནཔ ནLobsang Tenpe Gyaltsen blo bzang bstan parsquoi rgyal mtshan བཟངབནཔ ལམཚནLobsang Tenpe Ozer blo bzang bstan parsquoi rsquood zer བཟངབནཔ དརLobsang Thabkhe blo bzang thabs mkhas བཟངཐབམཁསLodoe Gyatso blo gros rgya mtsho སམLuguthang lug dgu thang གདཐངLumla rlung la snum la ངལ མལLumla Dolma Lhakhang rlung la sgrol ma lha khang ངལལམཁངMago dmag sgo smag sgo དམག གMandala Phudung mandala phu gdung མནདལགངMechukha sman chu kha smad chu kha ན ཁ ད ཁMenpa Gyalam sman pa brgya lam ནཔབལམMerak me rag རགMerak Lama me rag bla ma རགམMindroling Gompa smin grol gling dgon pa ནལངདནཔMitrul Rinpoche mi sprul rin po che ལན Mochoed Sangdog Palri Lhakhang rmo chod zangs mdog dpal ri lha khang དཟངསམགདཔལ ཁངMogtok mog togs གགསMogtok Jampa Lhakhang mog togs byams pa lha khang གགསམསཔཁངMon mon ནMon Gomdrak mon sgom brag ནམགMon Lakhak nga mon bla khag lnga ནཁགMon Palpung Jangchub Choekhorling mon dpal spungs byang chub chos rsquokhorgling ནདཔལངསངབསའརངMon Palyul Jangchup Dargyeling mon dpal yul byang chub dar rgyas gling ནདཔལལངངདརསངMon Tsegyal mon rtse rgyal ནལMonkhoe mon khod mon khos ནད ནསMonki kyebu sum mon gyi skyes bu gsum ནསགམMonnyon mon smyon ནནMonpa mon pa ནཔMonyul mon yul ནལNametakmang nags med stag mang ནགསདགམང

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

34

Namshu nam shu ནམNe Sarjung gnas gsar byung གནསགསརངNgamgon Tsunme Gompa ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངམདནབནམ དནཔNgawang Phuntsok ngag dbang phun tshogs ངགདབངནགསNyag Palde Bekuchog gnyags bpal sde be ku cog གཉགསདཔལགNyenne bsnyen gnas བནགནསNyingma rnying ma ངམNyingthek Zangdok Palri snying thig zangs mdog dpal ri ངཐགཟངསམགདཔལ Nyukmadung Gompa smyug ma gdung dgon pa གམགངདནཔOene Gonchung dben gnas dgon chung དནགནསདནངOenpo dbon po དནOenpo Dorjee dpon po rdo rje དནPadmasambhava padma rsquobyung gnas འངགནསPanchen Lama Pan chen bla ma པཎནམPangchen Dingdruk spang chen lding drug ངནངགParo spa gro Paudungpa dparsquo bo gdung pa དཔའགངཔPema Choeling padma chos gling སངPema Lingpa padma gling pa ངཔPemakathang padma bkarsquo thang བཀའཐངPemako padma bkod བདPenor Rinpoche dpal nor rin po che དཔལརན Phadampa Sangye pha dam pa sangs rgyas ཕདམཔསངསསPhakchok Riksum Gonpo rsquophags mchog rigs gsum mgon po འཕགསམགགསགམམནPhuntsok Drakpa phun tshogs grags pa ནགསགསཔPugyel spur rgyal རལRabjung rab rsquobyung རབའངRangjung Dorjee rang byung rdo rje རངངRongnang Toemae Tso rong nang stod smad tsho ངནངདདRiksum Gonpo rigs gsum mgon po གསགམམནRikya Samtenling ri skya gsam gtan gling གསམགཏནངRikya Rinpoche ri skya rin po che ན Ruepokhar Jowo Dhondup rus po mkhar jo bo don grub སམཁརནབSakteng sag steng སགངSakya sa skya སSamtenling Gelong Khamsum Wangdue Ritroe gsam gtan gling dge slong khams gsum dbang sdud kyi ri khrod གསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དSang Gyalpo sangs rgyal po སངསལSangnak Choekhorling gsang sngags chos rsquokhor gling གསངགསསའརངSangnak Choeling gsang sngags chos gling གསངགསསངSangye Telthar sangs rgyas sprel thar སངསསལཐརSangyeling sangs rgyas gling སངསསངSanglamphel gsang lam rsquophel གསངལམའལSarong sag rong སགང

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

35

Sela ze la ལSengye Dzong Gompa seng ge rdzong dgon pa ངདནཔSera se ra རShakti shak sti གSharchokha shar phyogs kha རགསཁShar Domkha shar dom kha རམཁSharmon shar mon རནSharro shar ro རཪSharsquoug Takgo sha rsquoug stag sgo གགshelung bzlas lung བསངSherdukpen gsher stug spen གརགནSingsur Jangchub Choeling sing sur byang chub chos gling ངརངབསངSonam Gyaltsen bsod nams rgyal mtshan བདནམསལམཚནSonam Gyatso bsod nams rgya mtsho བདནམསམSongtsen Gampo srong btsan sgam po ངབཙནམSinmo genkyal du nyelwa srin mo gan rkyal du nyal ba ནགནལཉལབSinmo lhakhang srin mo lha khang ནཁངSumpa gsum pa གམཔTadung rta gdung གངTaklung stag lung གངTaktsang Rong stag tshang rong གཚངངTakmo tsho stag mo mtsho གམTam nawe chuelen gtam sna barsquoi bcud len གཏམབ བ ནTashi Choeling bkra shis chos gling བ སསངTashi Lhunpo bkra shis lhun po བ སནTashi Samten Choeding Gompatse bkrarsquo shis bsam gtan chos lding dgon pa rtse བ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔTashi Tenzin bkra shis bstan rsquodzin བ སབནའནTawang rta dbang rta wang དབང ངTenpa Rinchen bstan pa rin chen བནཔནནTenpe Nima bstan parsquoi nyi ma བནཔ མTenzingoan bstan rsquodzin sgang བནའནངTenzin Gyatso bstan lsquodzin rgya mtsho བནའནམTertonpa gter ston pa གརནཔThangaphel tsho tha nga rsquophel mtsho ཐངའལམThangtong Gyalpo thang stong rgyal po ཐངངལThektse theg rtse གThempang them spang མངThempang Sangyeling them spang sangs rgyas gling མངསངསསངThingbu Thing phu ཐངThonglek mthong legs མངགསThrompateng Nechen khrom pa steng gnas chen མཔངགནསནThromteng Neyik khrom steng gnas yig མངགནསགThukdam Pekar thugs dam pad dkar གསདམཔདདཀརThupchok Gatsalling thub mchog dgarsquo tshal gling བམགདགའཚལང

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

36

Thupten Gyatso thub bstan rgya mtsho བབནམThupten Tempa thub bstan bstan pa བབནབནཔTrangpodar sprang po dar ངདརTrashigang bkra shis sgang བ སངTrilam Choeshi Gompa khri lam chos gzhis dgon pa ལམསགསདནཔTrimu Thongmon khri mu mthong smon མངནTri Ralpachen Tri Tsukdetsen khri ral pa can khri gtsug lde btsan རལཔཅན གགབཙནTrisong Detsan khri srong ldersquou btsan ང བཙནTsangpu gtsang bu གཙངTsangpa Lobsang Khetsun gtsang pa blo bzang mkhas btsun གཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནTsangton Rolpe Dorjee gtsang ston rol parsquoi rdo rje གཙངནལཔ Tsangyang Gyatso tshangs dbyangs rgya mtsho ཚངསདངསམTsari tsa ri ཙ Tsegar Gyada rtse sgar rgya dal རདལTsenpa Choeling btsan pa chos gling བཙནཔསངTsenpo btsan po བཙནTsewang Lhamo tshe dbang lha mo དབངTshangla tshang la ཚངསལTsogyeling mtsho rgyas gling མསངTsona mtsho sna མTsona Gompatse Rinpoche mtsho sna dgon pa rtse rin po che མདནཔན Tsungon Thukje Choeling btsun dgon thugs rje chos gling བནདནགསསངTulku Dorjee sprul sku rdo rje ལTuting mthu sting མངUgyan Sangpo u rgyan bzang po ནབཟངUgyanling u rgyan gling ནངUgyanling Karchak u rgyan gling dkar chags ནངདཀརཆགསUje dbu rjes དསYabse sum yab sras gsum ཡབསགམYeshi Thinley ye shes rsquophrin las སའནལསYeshi Tsemo ye shes rtse mo སYiga Choezin yid dgarsquo chos rsquodzin དདགའསའནYikdruk yig drug གགYonten Gyatso yon rten rgya mtsho ནཏནམYultanak Mandalgang yul rta nag manDal sgang ལནགམལངZengbu Gompa gzeng bu dgon pa གངདནཔZhabje zhabs rjes ཞབསསZhitseteng Ngamdgon Tsunme Gompa zhi rtse steng ngam dgon btsun marsquoi dgon pa ངངམདནབནམ དནཔZigtsang Rong gzhig tshang rong གཟགཚངངZigtsang gzig tshang གཟགཚང

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

37

Appendix I

The Traditional Administration of 32 tsho ding in Monyul Corridor Tawang amp West Kameng

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Tawang Gonnyer

(དབངདནགར)

Gyangkhar

Dzong

(ངམཁརང)

Three Eastern3 Tsho of Nyima ( ར མགམ)

Seru tsho (བ )Lhou tsho ( )Shar tsho ( ར)

In Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Eight Western Tsho of Dakpa (བདགསཔབད)

Mukho shaksum tsho ( གགམ)Sanglung tsho (བཟངང)Khabong tsho (ཁང)Trilam tsho (ལམ)Thongleng tsho (ངགས)Pamakhar tsho (མཁར)Ungla tsho (ངལ)Sakpre (སགབས)

Six Ding of Pangchen (ངནངག)

Pangchen Shoktsan Barding Nekording (ངནགཚནབརངངམགནསརང)Pangchen Shoktsan Toeding (ངནགཚནདང)Pangchen Shoktsan Maeding (ངནགཚནདང)Lhunpo Ding (འམམམནང)Muchoe Ding ( སང)Latse Kharmending (ལམཁརནང)

One Tsho of Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Sharsquou Hro Jangdak ( ངགས)

Four Tsho of Lekpo (གསབ) Sinmo tsho (ང)

Gomri tsho (མ )Kyipa tsho (དཔ)Shanlang tsho (ཞནང)

In Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR)

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

38

Sources

The 5th Dalai Lamarsquos Edict of 1680 Thupten Choephel (1988 24-43) Yeshi Thinley (1983)

Note

Mago Thingbu and Luguthang and nearby valleys were not under the jurisdiction of Tawang Gonnyer or Gyangkhar dzong or Tsona dzong in the pre-1951 period It was under the Jora Kyishong Yabshi Samdup Phodangrsquos (7th Dalai Lamarsquos family) authority

Dzong

(ང) FortressTsho Ding (འམང)(cluster of villages valleys)

Sub-Tsho Ding Present Status

Senge Dzong

( ང)

Dirang Dzong

( རངང)

Six Tsho of Drangnang (ངནངག)

Senge dzong Nyukmadung tsho (ང གམགང)Chuk tsho (ག)Lii tsho ()Sangti tsho (སང )Dirang tsho ( རང)Namshu Thempang tsho (ནམམང)

In West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh state

Taklung Dzong

(གངང)Four Tsho of

Rongnang chu (ངནངདབ)

Toetsho Murshing Domkha and Phudung (ད ར ང མཁདངགང)Maetso Bokhar Shampong and Tsingkyi (ད མཁར མངདང ང)Shertuk tsho Sher and Tukpen (གརག གརདང གན)Rakhul tsho Rakhung and Khuldam (རལ རངསདང ལདམ)

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

39

Appendix II

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

40

Epilogue

Through the course of researching for this article it is safe to say that we have encountered a most extraordinary history that in many ways both forms the foundation and is a representation of the cultural economic social and spiritual life of the people of the region One may go so far as to say that the history of the people of Monyul is the history of Buddhism Numerous Buddhist masters had dedicated their lives to the spread of Buddhism in Monyul Therefore it is with both pride and gratitude that we recount the number of monks and nuns the region has produced

His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama has been instrumental in establishing many monasteries and Buddhist institutions in India It is with his blessings that thousands of monks and nuns from Monyul region have been fortunate to receive monastic education - leading to a number of Geshes Khenpos Lopons Shastris and other Buddhist scholars emerging successfully from different Buddhist traditions

Not enough can be said in support of His Holinessrsquo plea that we bring quality back to Buddhist pursuits It befalls on the Buddhists of the Himalayan region to preserve their rich cultural heritage

The Nalanda Buddhist tradition lays emphasis on the need to not lose touch with onersquos roots In that vein of thought Buddhist culture in the Himalayan region is rooted in the Bhoti language It is of paramount importance that todaysrsquo Buddhists ought to be equipped with the necessary ability to read and understand Bhoti the language of our Buddhist tradition We can strive towards this goal by opening more learning centres backed by dedicated teachers

It would serve well if our many learned Buddhist scholars and other persons pursue the petition for inclusion of Bhoti in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution so as to gain constitutional status - making the language more easily accessible and increasing its usage in common parlance

Our ultimate aim to summarise His Holiness is to establish a tradition of 21st century Buddhists New-age Buddhists who understand their religious tradition emphasise on quality education over quantity - more importantly secularists who respect all religious traditions - establishing a bright new world

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

41

HIS HOLINESS THE DALAI LAMAS

ABBOTS OF TAWANG MONASTERY

SNo NAMES YEARS

I Gedun Drup 1391-1472

II Gedun Gyatso 1475-1542

III Sonam Gyatso 1543-1588

IV Yonten Gyatso 1589-1616

V Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso 1617-1682

VI Tsangyang Gyatso 1683-1706

VII Kelsang Gyatso 1708-1757

SNo NAMES YEARS

VIII Jampel Gyatso 1768-1804

IX Lungtok Gyatso 1805-1815

X Tsultrim Gyatso 1816-1837

XI Khedup Gyatso 1838-1855

XII Thinley Gyatso 1856-1875

XIII Thupten Gyatso 1876-1933

XIV Tenzin Gyatso 1935-

1st Lama Lorde Gyatso2nd Nawang Tsultrim3rd Nawang Norbu4th Nawang Namayal5th Lobsang Namayal6th Loabsang Tashi7th Loabsang Gyaltsen8th Jampa Delek9th Khetsun Gyatso10th Nawang Tomden11th Sungrap Gyatso12th Palsang Gyatso13th Dakpa Yarphel

14th Kesang Khendup Kakpaql15th Serkong Dorjee Chang (Records are not available after him till 1950)16th Lama Kesang Phutsok (Nawang Phuntsok Mirba)17th Genden Rabgay Phomang18th Lobsang Rabyang Mukto19th Lobsang Sherpa Grengkhar20th Rigya Rinpoche21st Gyalsey Rinpoche22nd Tengye Rinpoche23th Guru Rinpoche The Present Abbot

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

42

TAWANG (1914)

(Photo by Capt R S Kennedy IMS)

The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (Before Renovation)The grand view of the front facade of

the lsquoDUKHANGrsquo (After Renovation)

Photo of Tawang Monastery in different times

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

43

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

44

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

45

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

46

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

47

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

48

I ཚངསལ ད ཨ ཎཅལམངའ བངང རངནམམངགས ལདངམཁར ངཁལགངགས ལ བནའགབསང རགསཔའམ རགསཁསཔ དདངཡངཨ ཎཅལམངའ ད དབཡངངགས ན ཁདངངདང འརསགནས ལདངབདསདདཔ དགསམསདགསའད ནབགས

ནལསངསས བནཔདརལམརབསབགསད

གམའརགར རགསགནསཔ མངའཨ ཎཅལངསནལ དབངདངབཀངངགསསངསས བནཔདངདནགནསདརལམརཙམབདདངསདགཔ མཁསདབངམས སདནདངའགསལནལབརངསསངགསངསངསགསཔ ངགནསཔ དདངགསངངམགགངགགཔ ལནལ གགརབདདངངགན ད ནདངམཚནདགགསལགགད ཡངད གཆཁགདངགམདདངལསགནས མངསངགནསཔརདགསབསལའལབདདནའངནསཔ ཐད འདལནཔགངགལསབངནཔམཁསདབངའགསའད བནངགནསཔ གས གགམཡངནལགལའངདདགཔ མཁསདབངཆབལགཏནནགས སབདནལ སབབདམའང ངགཔདངགདམ ནགསཚལགསབཔ སལལགཔ ད བངགན སཔའ ཚངསལ དག ན སཔདངནགགང ངགནཔསཔ ནགངཟགགམནལནསནཔ གངཟགགགཡངནལངསསདགགནཔསགངཟགགགལའངད ཆབའགགམན དངལསལ

སཔརགཟགསགས རབནངགནསཔ དགསདཔ མལཡརབན གད སདབདངགཆཁགནངའདདངངགནསཔ ཕལར རམལཡ བདང མངསའསངསདངའགལདངནལངས མསལདདའག

སནལསངསས བནཔ སནའབསལངསགསནལའང ནསསཔགདརབ རའད དངངསསངསསབནཔདངའབ ལསགང

ནལནསསཔའངརལའགརབགབནཔ ནངད བཙནངབཙནམ སདཁམསངསསངསསབནཔདརབའངབདངབནནགསའངབནཔ དབལངབསརབཙནསནགནལཉལབ དགགསརདཁམསངསཁངམངགབངསཔརགསལབརངསའགལར ཁངདངའམཐངམསཔཁངལགསཔའངབངས དགདསའལབརའདཔ ས ཁངངམགགལགཁང དབངསཔརའདགསབ དཔ གས ན ཁངཡང བསབངསཔནཔསའནལས

བདངདབགཞནཁག སདཔ ངའནགངཡངགསལའགགསབ ད ཆརངནངགངས སམཚམསཕརགསདཔ དརངངངསསཔ ངསད བནབཙན ད བསདཁམསངསདདམསསཁགའམགདདཔ ནངནསནདསཔགང ས སའང དངསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] མསལགསལནད དནལཉགདཔལགརབ གསནདངགརཁསདན སདབབཀའམསཀལམ ནངགསལརབནཕལརནདསཔའངས རམལཡའདནནམམ

ཡངསརབསབནཔ དམཁའའམའབབཟངདངལཀལདབངསཡངངདལགསལརལསལས ལཀལདབང ངལནགམལསཔ ནལསས ལཁམས སདབཔརང ཡངའབབཟང མ

ཐརསཁགསལདཔམཟད བཔངནལསའདསནས དདངངའདས སཔ བགབ པདངབ གགནངནདས ངཡངསགགཞགལགཞནག འབབཟངསམམངལགམམསཔསནཡབ དལསངསས བནཔདརབ སམཉམནཔསནབའགབནཔརསམངསཔརའདསཔརསའནལས དངལསལ དབགགཟགསགས

འརབདནབའ དངསལདངམནཔརབཙནང བཙནསབདནའངགནསདགདནའནསབདནནསསངསས བནཔལབརམཛདཔ དནངའགནམསདཔརབསཔམཟདབནཔནརགསལབརམཛདཔསངསགསབདནན སངསསགསཔརསདབདསབདནགངད མཛདཔགསདཔ ངསནསདཁབཅནལངསཁགདང མལཡ བདསགནསགངསསརགནསས ངགནསནམངརནསབབསདཔརགསཔ ངསངནལརནལདངསངགསརབ

དནའངགནས སནསབབསཔ གནསནཁག བཀའཐང ལས གགརགགབགསནམགཞགབགསམཚངངཞགབགསགཚངངཞགབན གཟགཚངངཞགདབགསམཁའའ གཔརབབསགངསདརསགཚངངདནཔ ཡསམསལམདནཔགཔ ལམནགའགདནནནམམཁའདབངགསབངསཔར

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

49

II སགཙངམ ད བཙནརལཔཅན འདས དངངདརམ འདས གནནIII དནདགའདཔ བནབནཔ ན སརགཟགསགསIV དནདདཔ ཆནལགཟགསགས

གསངའདགནསནལས ནབདནནསནསབབསཔ གནསནགཞནཁག མནདལགངདངགམམངགསདཔ ཐངའལ(ཐངག)མམསངའགཡངགནསནབྷགང དངབདནནསནལ བགམབགསབསགནསས ངནསབབསཔསགནསན གསཔསངསགས ཡངགནསནབྷགངགནསགལས གསནས གནསནདཔརཅན གནསབྷགངསཔ གནསགམབདནནའངགནས སསནལབགམབགསསཔརཞབས སབཅགངནསབབསགསཔཕདམཔསངསས འདས སགསལབརམཛདགམཔངགསལསམལ ནས སརལངགཞནཡངབནལརསཔ ནས དངཀ པརངང ནས བཟངགསཔ ནས གསབབསནམདསདངའལནསབསནསནསབབས གནསན རངཕག མདང མགསགམམན མགསམམངབགས སཔརལསལ དབགགཟགས

བརདདསགསནསརལལསསགཙངམ ཡསམསནགསབསངགངདནདརབངབའངདངརགས གསདགས ལགས དབདངརམཁསདབངས སདནདགཉམསབགནངབམསལསཔརགཟགསགལ ལགས དབདབགདཔནསབ གམབརནལདངའལབ སཁགསལགདབརསཔ གལམའརངའདདབདངགངརནལབནཔ ངརབས གགསཙམབདདགསལདངདནགནསདངགགལགཁངའབསདཔགསལ

བག སད སབདའནཁགནལདརལརནལའརསངསས བནཔདལསལངབཙནམ སདརབངབདངསམཉམདརལངཡངཕལརངད

གནསདནཔ དའབསཔནསབངནལའརསངསས བནཔརབསདརབརའདདལདནཔ བག ནངཀ པངགམཔརངངསབངསཔརའདངཀ པ མཛདམཁག འགགསལདངནངབནའནརས མཚངསཔབདམསཀ པ བམ བདཔརབདཔརརནབམགསགབཏབཔནནམམད ཆརངདགགནསགསརངདད དནགནསབདམསམཚངསཔ བདབདངམབང པ གངབད ནསནསགསལའགརལསལས ང དནཔའངཀ པགགམཔསབངསནསགསལའགའརསའངམཁསཔ དགའན [ ] དངའསབགནདཔལསམཛདཔ བརན [ ] ལས ནསམནནམཚངབཔམཛདས ནབདགནལང ནས

གགརནནསབགས སཔརནམཚངསཔ བདམསཀ པགདང བམནཔརངབནབག དངསམངསབབཐངངལ ནས དངངགསལསམལལབངདངད

འནབ ནས དསབགཙངནལཔ དངལབངགསཔདའནམ ནས དསབལསབཟངབནཔ ན ངཔ ནས མས སནལབསཔལབནནསསངསསབནཔ དརབ ངང ཡངཐངངལ སགནསམགསཟམདབངསངསགསབདངད སབདདངདནགནསགསདདད ཆརསངགགགསཟམསདབངགདཔ ཙམལབངསཔནནམམགཞནཡངངགསལསམལལམམགགམམནསངགསལསགགསམངནདནཔདངགཙངདནཔགསབཏབཔགསམངགནསགནངགསལངསགསངདནཔགགདཔ ངལ དནཔསབ སསངདནཔ ནང ད ངཡབསགམསབངསཔརའདངཡབསགམ ངགསལསམལདངརརནཔལན དངའམནན བཅས

ཡངགཙངནལཔ དངལསབཟངབནཔ ནགས ས དཨརཡགབགངདནཔ སརབས ནངབངསཔརའདང ལགས དབལསལསབནཔ ནདངདབ དགའབ དཔལར ལསགཙངནལཔ སརགསལཡངདབརགམཛདམརནངགསགསའདངལདངདནཔགསརབངསདནའལགསནགནསགདཀརངསའདའགསསརབས མགལའགབཀའབདཔ མབནཔ མ གསསགསདམཔདདཀརསཔསགདཀརདནཔབངསཔའསཔརས

གགཟགས ལསབཟངབནཔ ན རམཁརདརས སནངཐངངལསདརསགམཔམཁསནའརབ ངབནབན ཡང རནལརམབསངལས སདདསརདངགཙངབསན གདནསམསལབགརགནངབམཟདལབངགསཔ དསབངནལདབངནསབནགས མཔཡངསསདབངངངངཨརཡགགམཨརབགངགསངལམའལདནཔགསབབཏབཔདངབངངགངདངནམདནཔའག རགསབ སསངདངདགའནངདནཔགས

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

50

རགདངསགངགསའངགབཏབངགགསགཙངཔབཟངམཁསབནནམངགསད གངདནཔདངངལད རངདནཔའངགབཏབསསཔརདགའབ དཔལརདངལསལ ནས གགཟགསཔར

རཡངདགའབ དཔལརདཔའགངཔབཟངབནཔ དར བཟངབནཔ ན དནནངལབངགམཔབདནམསམ ནས ནསབནགས མཔསསརད རནདནཔམས བདགངམཛདཔམཟདརགདགའནགངརབངསཔ ནདགའནངསནཔརགསདནཔ ས འསངསདགའནངདདངམངསདགའབ དཔལརལབངགམཔགསངབ གནསདནཔ རབགནསལབསཔབདའགངལདབངངཔསམཛདཔ ངགམཔ མཐརལདབངམགགདནའནར རནརགབསནསམཛདམགསགངབམཐར བ ལས ནསམགསགདནངསནདགའནངམམཚནསགངསགསརཐམསཅད བངསམཔརམཛདམགསལསམལདངབནཔངགསནཔ མཇལམངངབརས བཀའནལན བའང གསམལགགབསངརབངབནགནསགསལ དབ ལམནརབད སགསལ

ངབམདནབཟངབནཔ ལམཚནནཔདགའབ དཔལརརབདག ལདབངངབཔནཏནམབནཔདངས རནདནབདགདངའནངགནངབཙམམཟདསངསསབནཔ འལསབནལབསགནངབགསབདའགཡངརརགམསམངབམགརརནསམཐརངསཔནནསབནགས ངག བབས རངསཔནསགནངབ བམམམགཏནགསརརགམདངམངདནནམམཁའའགམགས སདབངདགའནམལསངསགསདབངདནཔསགསཔ བངས ཡངདནཔ དམབངནནཁགས དནཔབངགཔ བཀའདབངདངལབདབངཐདཔནམགལནགངབསསལསལ ནས བདའགམངསདརགམསམ རདངསཔསདངསགགས

ཡངགརནངཔསནལངསགམངབསའགཔས རགནསནམཚངངདདདསནཔ དངདངངསགསཔ རནལགལགམངས དབངགངནསསམཁརནབ སའམསཔདངནབགནབསཔདངམཐའམར རམཁ འཕགས གདནའནསཔར རམཁ བསགརནནཔ ལབཟངརནབཟངསནངདངམསངདནཔགསགབཏབཅསགསནཡངངསགསརམནཔརསངསསངདནཔ གརནངཔ རངམ

མན རནམལསཔག དདཔདང བནདསངསསམས ངདནཔ དནབཟངནལམནལནསདཔརབནད

རལདབངངགཔསམཛདཔ ནངདཀརཆགརན ནས པརནངདནཔ ཡབམབ སབནའནགསའདརདསངསསམ དཀའདབངབནགསསམནརབབནསལམནགབརགགནངདཔགའདའགང

རགབཟངནཡངན རགངགརགངངསདམགབམགནངདངམསངགགསདནཔམངཉམསཆགསནཔསསགསལངདནཔ རལདབངངབནཔསགནངབ བམགལདབངངབདཔས རབརགནསགནངབདངའལབངསཔནནམམ མནངནལལདབངངགཔ ཡབམབདལཔཞངམཚནགནསདངའལལ ལགགསལམདསཔ བདབངགསའདདངམ དདངལ ད རབསབནཔལདབངངགཔ ངསགསའགན མཛདཔདངལངམརལནཔརགནསའརདནལམལཁགགལད རགས ནསདཀརགསལབ རངམསཨམ ཞལརསདལའརའརསངན ངབཏབཔ ནགནདགམ ནགགནསཔ སག ལསངབ ངངདཀརངལགགལགཡརདངཐགངངལའཐངབརནསབསང

ཡངབག བསབནདཀརབམནསངསསསསཉནམལགདངསགསངགསསངདནཔཡངབངསངདནཔ ཡསམསལགསརབངསགནངང ནབཟངདངསམཉམངགརནངཔ དསབངནརབདལསགང འདབསལངགའངས ངངསགཙང བགརགནངམནསངསཔསསམཚནགནསགནངབའཉནནམགརབསམངསགངསདཀརགངདངནགསདགམངགདནཔགསངསལགདཔ དནགནས མསབ དབགནསགགཆགསདསཉནམ དནཔ དད སབདགསངགསངམ དནགནསནནལངདནལགརཔདངབགསང ག ནསཔརཉནམ དནཔ མབགཟགསགས

ཡངནལངའདདནགནསལསགཞནཔ དནགནསགཞནཁགརམརཙམབདནབག ཡངན སདནགནསམང

V དནདདཔ མཀལས སབམམམགཏནགསགདམའརསཔརགཟགསགསVI ལསལསརགམསམནཁག ནངདཔརམཡངརའགལསསའངདངབཔརདདནམནཔརངསཔརདནདག བདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

51

གསདངགསརབངསངབལསདགའབ དཔལརརནངབསངཡངནངདན དངགརགམ དནསབནམབ གཙམསགམརའགསཔནསགསལབདང དངསམངསབནདནགཞནགདམརགངང དགནསསདནཔདགའནགནངངམབནདནགསསངསབཀའནསདགས སསརབས ནངབངསཔརའདངལསལས རབཀའནམསབངསཔརའད ཡངབཀའནམསདངབཟངཐབསམཁས རངམགསལབལབནནསདངང

རདབངདནཔ ད རགབཏབཔནསབང བགསངསདངརཉམསག གའནགནངམཁནཁམསརནསནཔགབནའནརས ངབཀའནམངརབངབ བས ནས གངབརའདངའངངསགཆགསགངཡངབདའགངའདབནདནལསགཞནཔ བནདནགཞནཁགགམརཙམགསལ

མངགནསན ནལདཔ གནསནགགནཔནངདཀརཆགདངདསངསསམསམཛདཔ གཏམབ བདནམངགནསགལགསཔ ནངགསལསགནསལ ངགནདངགནསགའངགནསནརབདནངགནས བགསདངའཕགསམགགགམམན རངའནའལགས གནསདཔརཅནགནཔརགསལརདཔ མངདནཔསཔ དམབདནམསལམཚན དརསརབས ནངདནཔ དབངསཔརའདངལ ངགནམངགསནསནཔ མབདནམསལམཚན གགསགགདསངསསའཕངབཔསནསགམལསགགནཔརའདགཞནམགས ངནནསསན དངམངལསལན བཅསན བསངམཔགམ དདསབགརལབསཔསདབ བསགནགལདབངངགམཔབདནམསམའམཡངནཔཎནངབཔབཟངས ལམཚན ནས མགསལསགགབནཔརའདསལསལ འདམཔགམནགགནལགསརངད ལམནའལབགསནསགབསསན དངལན མགསནསངལདངངནངདདར ངརངརང དལབགསཔརངསསདནཔདངལ དནཔམས ན ད དསདནཔ ཆགསཔནནམམངམནངཡང དའརརལ དནཔ བཀའནསདགས སབངསཔརའད ངབཀའནཆནལགཟགསགས

ངམརདནགནསགཞནཁགནལབངས སརབསནམནསགསལདཀའབབན ཡངངསགས གདནཔམངདརསཔགསཕལརསརབས ནངབངསནཔརདངསནཡངརགམ དནལགཁགགསལབ མསངསསསལབམསཔདངནཔ བཔ བནམས གདངཨརཡགགངདནཔརབངསཔནསལསལས ནངགསལ བནནལབདཉམསནཔ ངནརཟམམདན བལལམདནངཁརལསདརས མསངསས ཐརསསརབས ཡངན ནངབངསཔརའདནཡངས ངགནགབངནཔལསགཆདངདངགདབརགངཡངགསལཁམནངནཔསབ དལརནམསངསས ཐརམག ངནངགའངས ངབབ དཔབཅངཔསནནཡངསབདཡངསརབས ད ལཙམལསསཔ གནསནགཟགཚང འམདཔ སགངདནཔ སགངངགམཔབནཔནནསབངསཔསམཚནཡངབ སབསམགཏནསངདནཔསབདསགངངདང ལ རནསནཔསདབངདནཔ པགནངམཚནལནགསགསཔབདཕལར རདའགདབརདམགའཐབགངབརགབཟངནནདམགརསཔལབནརངདའདམསགསགངམཚམསབབསགནངབ ནསབངསགངརབསདགསཔསདགཔ ན

ར སརབས ནངནལསངསས བནཔནའནདནགནས ངཁགམངགགསརབངསདཔལསའརཁ ས གབདད ཡངམངམསབངངལསའམལརམདནཔདངདབང དངརངབསངབནདནགས

དང ཡསམསནངགབཏབངདནཔ གས འཁངཡངག པས དང ཡསམསནངགསརབངསགནངཡངའམལད ནངསགནསནངཔ མངདངདཁགསའམལདནཔསངསབགདགའཚལངསབདནཔ བངསཔདངར

ལངམསནསབབསངངསབགས ལ དནགནསགནངད ཆརདབངདནཔ མཁན མཚནགནསབདབནད

བནསརབས དནངདནགནསགཞན དབང འམརསཚངདནལགའཇམདངསསའརངདངངགདནཔ གནངསགསངགསསའངངསངསགསངདནཔ བནའནངད གངདཔ བདདདནཔམསདངདབང རགསརབངསཔ གབ པསགབཏབཔ བསམགཏནངདངགཞནཡངངགཞནཁག མཁནངགདབངནགས དངངལདངནདར གསནལགསརགབཏབའགསཔལསལ གགཟགསགས

བནངའདཔ དནགནསལསགཞནཔ དབངངདནགནསགཞནམངདནཔབལམ དཟངསམགདཔལཁངངངམདནབནམ དནངདགགདཀརབནམ དབསམགཏནངདངཁམསགམདབངད དལམསགསདནགགམསཔདནངལལམཁངངབཀའདདནཔདངདདགའསའནསཔ ངསམགས དང དང གངསའར བནཔལབནབནའརཔབཅསདངཡངབངངགདཔ དནཔངདནཔགམགངདནཔསདནངབསངསའརང རངངདནནདཔལལངབདརསངབསམཡསདནམངསངསསངདནསངགནངམ

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

52

VII གན གསབ དབངནསབགརགནངདནཔ དབགསགགབཏབགནངVIII དནདདཔ ཆནརགཟགསགས

དནགངདནབསསངདནངཐགཟངསམགདཔལམནདངབཅསགསདའརངའད དགལསདནགནསཁགགགསམརབས གལསལ ནས རམཛདཔ གབནངགཟགསགས

ནལམངདངད སངསསབནཔ མབརདགསབསལའལལམབདནའངགནས དངསདབརདརབངདབསབདནངམདངབཀའགདམསབཀའབདསངནང

དགསདངགངངནབཅས བསནདདདམདཔབནནལངསའངངདནགནསཁགངརབསནངགསལབབནདནགནསམངགབདནནསནསབབསད བནམདནསསནདམཔམངསནལབསནསསའལཟབགངདའངརདགསབསལསལདབངངམནདངནལམངབརསའལཟབགངའག སརབས ནངགམརརམདངབམ འལལམ ལདབངངགསཔ དསབནལལསབནཔ ནསངསགསམབཟངབནཔ ནབརངའགའལལམ མདནསལདབངངགམཔདངབམམབཟངབནཔ དར ནསལདབངངབཔདངམབཟངབནཔ ལམཚན ནསལདབངངཔདངརགམསམ བརགསངབན ཡངམབཟངབནཔ ནདངརགམསམམགས ལདབངངམམས ངསགསརབ དསབགའངནའག

རལདབངངགཔཚངསདངསམནལའངསཔ སགནས སངརབསཐད ནནས མཚརནཔགངབམཟདསགནས མངམཔསངད མཐརགསདའངགསལསབནདརསང གནངདངསཔངནའདསཔརའདངགསངབ མཐརག བརབགསཔ གསངབ མཐརནངགསལཡངའལལམ ལདབངལབཟངམས ལངགཔ བདལགནངབ བམརལདབངངབདཔསབརགནསངགནངབགསནནཡངལདབངང ནས བརགཆཁགདངསའལལམརགངཡངགསལདངསའལཟབ ད ནས བརལདབངངབ གམཔབབནམ ནས བཀའནགསབགསངདབངདནཔ དངལབཟངནགསདངལཁགགདདཔ ནས གབཅརབནསབངརགགནངབཔངདལདབངམགསའཚམསའ ག སདངལགངགནངདཔམསདབངདནཔརདའགའཚམསའག ས འས གའརདམཐའམརལདབངངབ བཔབནའནམས ནལདབརའཚམསའབཀའནངསཙམབསབནསའལཟབ དམདདབནད རནལབདགརངསདངབཙནལབསབནཔ པརལགཟགསགས

མགབམསའརནལསངསསབནཔ དརབགངརབསམརབསབདཔ རདགག སདཔ བནའནར དང

ལསལ ལགསགཞནགཆདངདབཁགདང བནདནད རནཇསར དངས ལགསཔ མབཁགནསགསབགསསནསགམབདཔནནཡངངའདམཔམས སདགསདནགགརགབམསགནངའགཔསགམའརགཆགངད སབདགཞནཡངའརབདབཔསདཡངགམ དནདནསརདགབརབགནཔསནགལ རདགགབདནབ དངགཞནགསངདདདརགའགགནངགསགནངགམ གམ ཆརནཔསནགསལཁདཔདངརའལགསདདཔསམཔསནསརསཁངགནངདངའལསགཆཁགབམརདནགནསཁགསདངངརབསམསསབདཔརདང བནརམང སགནལངརབསགལ མསམཔརབདཔལསདགསབསལདདབདངདགགསགངཡངསདནཡངབ བའགའདཔམས སདགདབཁགདངདནགནསརངད མབགགཟགསཔར

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

53

མགམརམངའད གནསའརབདའདཔགལངསལངའངཁམསདངགགངགསངགསདཔལའརདང

ལ སམསམསམབ གནསདགསབསལསམནབངབམཟདནལསའད སངསས བནཔདརབ ས གནསངབདག ནལའརསནདམམངསབནཔབལགནངབལབནལམས དགའདངངནསབདབཔ ལང ནསངསདམཔདངདའནདངདའནམམསབནདངབནཔལབསནསབཞགགནངདཔ དགརརངསབསམནནམགབསབལབསཔནསབངགརདནཔདངབགརཁངམངགགསརབངསངབལབནནལནསངདནགརཁག དགབནངགམངརབཔབགརབསངབསནངབསནལའངསདསད དནགརནསདབསམཁནཡངནབདནབཅསནངསགདལངབསསམངགའནརབནམལཡ ད གསམས རངད ད ནངབནགགངདཉམསནའནདསཔ བཀའབམཔརངསམགནསགངཔར ཡངབཔབགརགཡངདགཔདངམཁསའཕགསཔགངདས

པ གནགནཔརབནརངད གལནམསནའནདན མཁསདབངམས བནཔ སའནདདསཔ ནནསགལ ཡངམལཡ ད ད ནངབནགགང དདགགམཊདགདཔནམཐའགགདག ད གསངསས ནངབནབགརདདསཔ ཐབསསགགནམརབསནངསམགསངརབསསརབས གགཔ ནཔསངསསམནའདས སའགགནདསཔདངརདགགམཊདགགཟབ སནསནངབནགབདསཔགལནགངབརབནརདབསལདངསངསས བནཔ མཁསདབངམཔདངདམངས འདདངདནམསཔསདགགམཊ དགརབཅའམས གཏནའབསབདཔ གསནབདདསགརགངལནགསནའལབཔ འནདངནགགའཛམངངས སདཁགལསམདཔདདསཔགངགལ རངད སགསལའངའནདངརངའལབགདསཔ གལ

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

54

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1983

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

55

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1996

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

56

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 1997

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

57

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2003

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

58

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

59

Visit of His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama to Arunachal Pradesh in 2009

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

60

Rinpoches and Tulkus of Mon Region

Rev Doble Rinpoche

Rev Guru Rinpoche

Previous Rev Doble RinpocheHE The Tsona RinpochePrevious Rev Tsona Rinpoche

HE The 14th Thegtse Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Rev Bise Rinpoche

Rev Rikya Rinpoche Rev Sarong RinponcheRev Daktse Thupten Rinpoche

Rev Sije Rinpoche

Rev Tulku Tenzin GyurmeRev Lhagyari Rinpoche

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

61

HE The Tsona Rinpoche Dr Rikya Lhavoe Rinpoche Geshe Bapu Ngawang Tashi Geshe Thupten Tsering

Geshe Tenzin Dawa Geshe Ngawang Tsering Geshe Lobsang Tsondue Geshe Lama Kelsang

Geshes from Mon Region

Geshe Thupten Shakya Geshe Tenzin Tashi Geshe Tenzin Passang Geshe Tenzin Lobsang

Geshe Bapu Tenzin Engnyen Geshe Bapu Passang Tsering Geshe Jampa LekdakGeshe Jampa Lekdak

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

62

Geshe Thupten LobsangTulku Geshe Jigme Tenpai Gyaltsen

Geshe Dorjee Rinchin Geshe Thupten Wangyal

Geshe JigmeTapten Geshe Pema Norbu Geshe Jigme GyatsokGeshe Thupten Lekmon

Geshe Jigme Kelsang Geshe Thuptan Monlam Geshe Tenzin Chokyong Geshe Jigme Wangdu

Geshe Jigme Dhondup Geshe Jigme Tharpa Geshe Jigme Gyaltsen Geshe Jigme Sangpo

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

63

Geshe Jampa Kunchok Monba Geshe Jangchup Kunga Monba

Geshe Jangchup Tsewang Monpa Geshe Kelsang Chodak Monpa Geshe Lobsang ChoedharGeshe Ngawang Tsering Monpa

Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Sherap Geshe Thupten Phuntsok Geshe Dhondup Tsering

Geshe Thupten Choedhar Geshe Ngawang Dhondup Geshe Thupten Rapten Geshe Lobsang Dargey

Geshe Lobsang Tsetem Geshe Dorjee Ngodup

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

64

Geshe Langa NorbuGeshe Tashi Lama Geshe Gendun Tsering Geshe Tashi Norbu

Geshe Ngawang TseringGeshe Jampa Dhondup Geshe Dorjee Norbu Geshe Ngawang Thupten

Geshe Thupten Gendun Geshe Thupten KhedupGeshe Thupten Kunphen

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

65

Khenpos and Lopons of Nyingma Tradition from Mon Region

Acharya amp Shashtris from Mon Region

Khenpo Leki WangchuLopon Lama Gyamtso

Khenpo Tashi Khenpo KelsangKhenpo Dorjee Passang Khenpo Rinchen Khando Thongdok

Jampa Tsundue Shashtri Lobsang Yeshi Shashtri Sangey Tashi Shashtri Thupten Tashi Shashtri

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa

Lobsang Tenpa Research Fellow at the University of Leipzig Germany had obtained his Shashtri

(2003) from CUTS Sarnath MA (2007) from the University of Delhi and M Phil (2009) from the

Jawaharlal Nehru University Delhi

He worked in Delhi based NGOs like Himalayan Buddhist Cultural Association (2004-05) Tibet

House (2005-08) and Pragya (2006) He worked as a Modern Tibetan studies lecturer at the University

of Bonn Germany from 2009-2011 and Research Assistant for a period of two years (2011-2013) at

the University of Vienna Austria

Thupten Tempa graduated in BA English (Hons) St Josephs College Darjeeling MA in Politics

(International Studies) from the School of International Studies JNU New Delhi M Phil from the

Centre for Studies in Diplomacy International Law amp Economics SIS JNU New Delhi

IRS 1986 batch and IAS 1989 batch resigned to join active public life Member in the Council

of Ministers Government of Arunachal Pradesh as Cabinet Minister from 1990 to 2004 Held various

portfolios including Finance Planning Rural Development PWD etc Currently serving as Chairman

Resource Mobilisation Govt of Arunachal Pradesh

Lobsang Tenpa

Thupten Tempa