LINGUISTIC FEATURES USED IN THE NEWS TITLES OF SPORT NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER OF

2-6 MARCH 2009 EDITIONS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

Johanes Trihartanto

Student Number : 054214002

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2010

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LINGUISTIC FEATURES USED IN THE NEWS TITLES OF SPORT NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER OF

2-6 MARCH 2009 EDITIONS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

By

Johanes Trihartanto

Student Number : 054214002

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

2010

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Be a nice man, at least for yourself, but don’t disturb other people and do your best in everything you do…

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ForForForFor My parentsMy parentsMy parentsMy parents My friendsMy friendsMy friendsMy friends AndAndAndAnd GodGodGodGod

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study could not be finished if there was not help from other people.

Therefore, the writer would like to express his gratitude to all people who gave

their helps and guidance. The writer would like to thank

1. God, who always gives His bless and keeps the writer out of trouble and listens

to the writer’s prayer.

2. Mary, a Mother who always listens to troubled people.

3. Santo Yohanes, the writer’s guardian angel

3. The advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M. Pd., M.A., for his time, support, patience, and

guidance during the process of conducting the study.

4. The co-advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum., for the reading and

correction.

5. The writer’s beloved parents (Antonius Suharto and B. Ita Sukami), sisters

(Veronika Ika F. and Anastasia P. A.), and relatives (Barnabas S. and Via) who

always gives their support and prayer in finishing the study.

6. Susan Pasca Lina, who always supports and takes care of the writer.

7. Fr. Fery Gamgenora, who always gives the writer supports, advises and

prayers.

8. My friends; Miko, Putri, Doni, Fred, Estu, Gembong, Mas Yoga, Danu,

Wawan, Karlina, Agung I. and Agathon. Thanks for the friendship while in Jogja.

Johanes Trihartanto.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iii MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................ iv DEDICATION PAGE ...................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEGEMENTS ................................................................................ vi APPROVAL PRONOUNCEMENT PAGE ................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ xii ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 5 D. Benefits of the Study............................................................................ 5 E. Definition of Terms.............................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................. 8 A. Review of Related Studies................................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories................................................................. 9 1. News Title.......................................................................................... 9 a. Definition and Function of News Title .......................................... 9 b. Linguistics Features of News Title ................................................. 10 i. Graphology................................................................................... 11

1) Typogrpahy............................................................................... 11 a) Type size ................................................................................ 11 b) Type classification ................................................................. 12

i) Width of letters .................................................................. 12 ii) Degree of boldness ............................................................ 13 iii) Race and family ................................................................ 13

2) Capitalization............................................................................ 14 3) Indentation or heading .............................................................. 15 4) Punctuation ............................................................................... 17

ii. Phonology.................................................................................... 20 1) Alliteration................................................................................ 21 2) Consonance............................................................................... 21 3) Assonance ................................................................................. 22

iii. Grammar..................................................................................... 22 1) Tense......................................................................................... 22 2) Active and Passive voice .......................................................... 25

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3) Ellipsis ...................................................................................... 25 iv. Lexis ......................................................................................... 26

1) The use of intertextuality .......................................................... 27 2) The use of connotative words ................................................... 27 3) The use of positive statements.................................................. 28 4) The use of abbreviations and acronyms.................................... 28 5) The use of idioms...................................................................... 29

2. Sport News......................................................................................... 29 C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 30 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ............................................................... 32 A. Object of the Study .............................................................................. 32 B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................... 33 C. Method of the Study............................................................................. 34 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 36 A. Graphological features in the sport news titles.................................... 36

1. Typogrpahy ........................................................................................ 37 a. Type size.......................................................................................... 37 b. Type classification .......................................................................... 38

i. Width of letters............................................................................ 38 ii. Degree of boldness...................................................................... 39 iii. Family of the letters ................................................................... 39

2. Capitalization ..................................................................................... 41 3. Indentation or heading........................................................................ 42 4. Punctuation......................................................................................... 43

B. Phonological features in the sport news titles...................................... 46 1. Alliteration ......................................................................................... 46 2. Consonance ........................................................................................ 47 3. Assonance .......................................................................................... 48

C. Grammatical features in the sport news titles ...................................... 50 1. Tense .................................................................................................. 51 2. Active and Passive voice.................................................................... 54 3. Ellipsis................................................................................................ 55

D. Lexical features in the sport news titles............................................... 57 1. The use of intertextuality ................................................................... 57 2. The use of connotative words ............................................................ 58 3. The use of positive statements ........................................................... 61 4. The use of abbreviations and acronyms............................................. 62 5. The use of idioms............................................................................... 63

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 65 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 68 APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………. 70

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Appendix 1. Data of the study (sport news titles taken from 2-6 March editions) .................................................................... 72 Appendix 2. Table of news titles with graphological features............. 73 Appendix 3. Table of news titles with phonological features ............. 75 Appendix 4. Table of news titles with grammatical features .............. 78 Appendix 5. Table of news titles using lexical features ...................... 80 Appendix 6. Table of distribution of topic headings in The Jakarta Post newspaper ...................................................... 82

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List of Tables

Table 1. Distribution of font sizes in the sport news titles ......................................... 37 Table 2. Distribution of width of letters in the sport news titles ................................ 38 Table 3. Distribution of degree of boldness in the sport news titles .......................... 39 Table 4. Distribution of families of the letter in the sport news titles ........................ 40 Table 5. Distribution of capitalization rules in the sport news titles .......................... 41 Table 6. Distribution of indentation styles in the sport news titles ........................... 42 Table 7. Distribution of punctuations use in the sport news titles ............................. 43 Table 8. Distribution of the phonological features in the sport news titles ................ 46 Table 9. Distribution of tense use in the sport news titles ......................................... 51 Table 10. Distribution of the active voices in the sport news titles ............................ 54 Table 11. Distribution of the ellipsis in the sport news titles ...................................... 55 Table 12. Distribution of lexical features in the sport news titles................................ 57

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List of Figures

Figure 1. Variety of font sizes ...................................................................................... 12 Figure 2. Variety of widths of letters ........................................................................... 13 Figure 3. Variety of degree of boldness ....................................................................... 13

Figure 4. Variety of font races .................................................................................... 14 Figure 5. News titles in up and down style rule in scale 1: 2 ...................................... 15 Figure 6. News title in crossline head with the news content in scale 1:2 ................... 16 Figure 7. News title in flush left head with the news content in scale 1:2 .................. 16 Figure 8. News title in 11 pt font size in scale 1: 2 ...................................................... 37 Figure 9. News title in 17 pt font size in scale 1: 2 ...................................................... 38 Figure 10. News title with 24 pt font size in scale 1: 2 ................................................ 38 Figure 11. News title with the standard width of letter in scale 1: 2 ........................... 38 Figure 12. News title in bold face type in scale 1: 2 .................................................... 39 Figure 13. News title in combination of standard and bold face type in scale 1: 2 ..... 39 Figure 14. News title in Minion Pro family in scale 1: 2 ............................................. 40 Figure 15. News title in Trebuchet family in scale 1: 2 ............................................... 40 Figure 16. News title in up style rule in scale 1: 2 ....................................................... 41 Figure 17. News title in down style rule in scale 1: 2 .................................................. 41 Figure 18. News title in combination of up and down style rule in scale 1: 2 ............. 42 Figure 19. News title in crossline head in scale 1: 2 .................................................... 42 Figure 20. News title in flush left head in scale 1: 2 .................................................... 42

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ABSTRACT JOHANES TRIHARTANTO. Linguistic Features Used in the News Titles of Sport News in The Jakarta Post Newspaper of 2-6 March 2009 Editions. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2009. Newspaper is one kind of writing language which is very common. The main element in the newspaper is its news which can be categorized into some columns or segments, one of them is the sport news. Related to this, the topic of this study is the use of some linguistic features in the sport news titleS in The Jakarta Post newspaper. This study enables the readers to expand their knowledge about the use of linguistic features in the news titles. This can also help the readers who want to learn how to make a good and effective news titles. In this study, there are four objectives which are to be attained. The first objective is to find the graphological features in the news titles. The second objective is to find the phonological features. The third objective is to find grammatical features. The fourth objective is to find the lexical features.

In conducting the study, the writer used the stylistics approach to provide the hard data in its finding. To reach that aim, the writer did some steps. First, the writer collected the data. The data were the sport news titles taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper editions 2-6 March 2009. After that, the writer divided the analysis into four major parts: graphology, phonology grammar, and lexis. Some major parts were divided further into some sub category. Then, the writer calculated the percentage of occurrence of every feature in each major part by using the ABC formula. After that, the writer gave some examples of the news title which uses the feature, followed by some further explanation about them.

In graphology, there are 3 main sizes found, 11, 17, 24 pt font size with the percentages 27.8%, 39%, and 23%. Next, standard width of letters has 100% percentage. For degree of boldness, bold face type covers 95% while combination of bold and standard face type covers 5% of percentage. For family of letters, Minion Pro family covers 90.2% while Trebuchet family covers 9.8% of percentage. For capitalization, the down style rule covers 91.2% while the up style rule covers 3.8% percentage. The combination of both rules covers 5% of percentage. For indentation, the flush-left head covers 62% while the crossline head covers 38% of percentage. For punctuations, they exist in 21 news titles or having 34.4 % of percentage. Next in phonological features, alliteration covers 69% while both consonance and assonance cover 100% of percentage. Then, in grammatical features, there are two tenses found, simple present tense and future tense. Simple present tense covers 95% while future tense covers 5% of percentage. For active-passive voice use, the active voice is used in all of the news titles or having 100% of percentage. For ellipsis, it has 77% of percentage. Next in lexical features, intertextuality has 1.6% of percentage. For the use of connotative words, it has 6.6% of percentage. For the use of positive statement, the positive statement covers 96.7% while the negative statement covers 3.3% of percentage. Next, abbreviations and acronyms have 19.7% of percentage. For the use of idioms, this feature has 5% of percentage.

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ABSTRAK

JOHANES TRIHARTANTO. Linguistic Features Used in The News Titles of Sport News in The Jakarta Post Newspaper of 2-6 March 2009 Editions. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2010. Surat kabar adalah salah satu jenis bahasa tertulis yang umum dijumpai. Komponen utama dalam surat kabar adalah berita yang bisa dikategorikan menjadi beberapa kolom atau segmen, salah satunya berita olah raga. Sehubungan dengan hal ini, topik dari penelitian ini adalah pemakaian fitur-fitur dalam ilmu linguistik dalam penulisan judul berita olah raga di surat kabar The Jakarta Post. Penelitian ini memungkinkan para pembaca untuk memperluas pengetahuan tentang penggunaan fitur-fitur dalam ilmu linguistik di dalam judul berita. Penelitian ini juga bisa membantu para pembaca yang ingin belajar untuk membuat judul berita yang baik dan efektif. Dalam penelitian ini, ada empat tujuan yang ingin dicapai. Tujuan pertama adalah menemukan fitur-fitur yang berhubungan dengan graphology. Tujuan kedua adalah menemukan fitur-fitur yang berhubungan dengan fonologi. Tujuan ketiga adalah menemukan fitur-fitur yang berhubungan dengan tata bahasa. Tujuan keempat adalah menemukan fitur-fitur yang berhubungan dengan kosa kata. Dalam penyusunannya, penulis menggunakan pendekatan stilistika yang bertujuan untuk menghasilkan temuan-temuan konkret. Penulis melakukan beberapa langkah untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut. Pertama, penulis mengumpulkan data-data yang akan digunakan. Data- data tersebut diambil dari judul berita olah raga surat kabar The Jakarta Post edisi 2-6 Maret 2009. Setelah itu, penulis membagi analisa menjadi empat bagian besar: graphologi, phonology, grammar, dan lexis. Masing-masing bagian bisa dibagi menjadi kategori-kategori yang lebih spesifik. Kemudian, penulis menghitung persentase kemunculan setiap fitur dari setiap bagian dengan menggunakan rumus ABC. Setelah itu, penulis memberikan contoh judul berita yang menggunakan fitur tersebut yang diikuti oleh penjelasan lebih lanjut tentang contoh-contoh judul berita tersebut. Dalam bahasan graphology, terdapat 3 ukuran huruf yang sering muncul, yaitu ukuran huruf 11, 17, dan 24 poin., Presentase kemunculan masing-masing ukuran adalah 27,8; 39; dan 23%. Kemudian, lebar huruf yang standar memiliki persentase 100%. Untuk derajat ketebalan huruf, huruf bercetak tebal memiliki persentase 95% sedangkan kombinasi antara huruf bercetak tebal dan huruf dengan ketebalan standar memiliki persentase 5%. Untuk jenis huruf, jenis huruf dari keluarga Minion Pro memiliki persentase 90,2%, sedangkan jenis huruf dari keluarga Trebuchet memiliki persentase 9,8%. Untuk penggunaan huruf besar, down style rule memiliki persentase 91,2%, sedangkan up style rule memiliki persentase 3,8%. Kombinasi dari kedua aturan tersebut memiliki persentase 5%. Untuk indentation, flush-left head memiliki persentase 62%, sedangkan crossline head memiliki persentase 38%. Tanda-tanda baca yang ada pada judul berita memiliki persentase 34,4%. Dalam bahasan fonologi, pengulangan bunyi konsonan di awal kata memiliki persentase 69%, sedangkan baik pengulangan bunyi konsonan di tengah dan di akhir kata maupun pengulangan bunyi vokal memiliki persentase 100%. Dalam bahasan tata bahasa, ada 2 macam tense yang ditemukan, yaitu simple present tense dan future tense yang masing-masing memiliki persentase 95 dan 5%. Untuk penggunaan kalimat aktif dan pasif, kalimat aktif memiliki persentase 100%. Fitur ellipsis memiliki persentase 77%. Dalam bahasan kosa kata, terdapat bahasan tentang penggunaan intertextuality, kata-kata bermakna konotatif, kalimat berita positif, singkatan dan akronim, serta idiom yang masing-masing memiliki persentase 1,6; 6,6; 96,7; 19,7; 5%.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Human is a social creature which cannot live alone without the presence of

other people. They need other people to live. In order to make a relation or

connection with others, they have to communicate. A communication creates

social interaction which connects one to another, like Sendjaja said in Pengantar

Komunikasi that communication is one basic prerequisite in life. There will be no

life if communication does not exist (Sendjaja, 1993: 2). Therefore, it can be said

that communication is one fundamental need in human life.

Language is a medium of communication. It has some varieties in practice.

One kind of language varieties is written language. Crystal in The Cambridge

Encyclopedia of the English Language said about the distinction between the

spoken and written language.

Spoken and written language display a number of important differences, over and above the obvious distinction in physical form- that speech uses the medium of ‘phonic substance’, typically air pressure movements produced by the vocal organs, whereas writing uses the medium of ‘graphic substance’ ( Crystal, 1994 :19)

Moreover, Crystal also said that one characteristic of writing is space-bound

(p.19). It means that a person who wants to convey something through written

medium has to consider the amount of words which are used, so that his or her

writing will be suit to the available space.

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Newspaper is the example of written language. What the journalists write

is restricted by the space which is available for it. They must limit the writing

before it is given to the editor who will usually also shorten the writing.

Reah in The Language of Newspaper defines newspaper as “ephemeral

texts, that is, they are intended only for the day they are delivering news” (Reah,

2002: 13). In other words, the information in newspaper has to be fresh and actual

because the news today will be substituted by the news in the following day.

Newspaper functions to deliver information to the public. Although

information or news can easily be attained through electronic mass media like

television, people still read newspaper. One of the reasons is that people can

choose the time to read the newspaper. They may do this anytime and anywhere.

This cannot be true if they watch TV because TV shows including news program

are very restricted by the time. Another reason why people like to read the

newspaper is a prestige. People who like to read the newspaper are considered

having higher social status, like stated in an article entitled Reasons Why People

Read a Newspaper in The Times of India newspaper

Readers felt the newspaper was important not just because it gave them information, but because it enabled them to appear more informed at social gatherings (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22958479.cms). Newspapers can be classified into national and local newspaper based on the

area of distribution. Kompas, Media Indonesia, and Republika are the examples of

the national newspaper. Radar Jogja, Tribun Jabar, and Kedaulatan Rakyat are

the examples of the local newspaper. The Jakarta Post is a newspaper which is

published in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Jakarta Post can be regarded as a national

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newspaper because it is distributed to all provinces in Indonesia. However, if the

classification is based on the target readers, it can also be regarded as an

international newspaper because it does not use Indonesian language, but it uses

English language as its medium. The target readers are not only the Indonesian

people, but also the foreigners who come to or live in Indonesia

In practice, newspaper is not only about news, but it also contains

advertisement, opinion, entertainment, etc. However, the main function of

newspaper is to deliver information to the public.

News in newspaper consists of some elements such as the title or headline,

the news lead, and the content of the news. Among those elements, the news title

is the key of the news to be read by the readers. Therefore, it is the gate between

the news and the readers. It functions to attract people to read the news and to

highlight the news. Reah said that a news title should encapsulate the story in a

minimum number of words, attract the reader to the story and, if it appears on the

front page, attract the reader to the paper (Reah, 2003:13). People select what kind

of information they want to read. It will be very complicated or time wasting if

they have to read the whole contents of the newspaper. By looking at the news

title, they will have the idea of what is written in the content of the news.

To make people interested, the journalist uses some linguistics features in

the news title. The linguistics features can be divided into some parts; graphology,

phonology, grammar, and lexis. The use of linguistics features in those parts

becomes the main focus of this study.

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In conducting this study, the writer uses the sport news titles in The

Jakarta Post newspaper as the data. Although the sport news is usually placed in

the last segment of the newspaper, it does not mean that this kind of news is not

important. In fact, it is important for those who have business in this field.

Furthermore, the sport news gets more pages, 3 to 4 pages, than any other

categories of news such as Archipelago, National, or People which means that the

sport news is no longer unimportant news. For this reason, the writer wants to use

the news titles in the sport column as the data of the study. The table of the

distribution of topic headings in The Jakarta Post newspaper can be seen in the

appendix 6.

From the table, it can be seen that the average of page allocation for the

sport news is 3.8 pages, the second highest after business news which has the

average of 4.6 pages. For this reason, the writer wants to use the news titles in the

sport column as the data of the study.

B. Problem Formulation

In this study, there are four problems, which are:

1. What graphological features are used in the sport news title?

2. What phonological features are used in the sport news title?

3. What grammatical features are used in the sport news title?

4. What lexical features are used in the sport news title?

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C. Objectives of the Study

Since there are four problems that need to be solved, there are four

objectives in this study as well. The first is to find the graphological features used

in sport news headlines in The Jakarta Post newspaper issued on 2-6 March 2009.

The second is to find the phonological features. The third is to find the

grammatical features. The last is to find the lexical features.

D. Benefits of the Study

Every study must have a benefit so that it can be considered a good study.

The study which is conducted by the writer is a stylistics study where some

elements in linguistics field meet some elements in journalism field.

Then, a news title has some features which differentiate it from other kind

of texts. The news title also has some functions. It must be able to gain the

readers’ interest and to highlight the news with some limitations. Related to that,

this study can show what features can be used in writing the news title in the

limitations that it has.

Furthermore, it is expected that this study can help other researchers who

are interested in the study of linguistics and journalism. There may be some

phenomena which exist between the two fields, which may attract other

researchers to dig them deeper. Therefore, it is hoped that this study can be one

source of references for them.

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E. Definition of Terms

There are some words in the title which need to be defined to avoid a

misunderstanding. The words are:

1. Linguistics

Fromkin, Blair and Collins in An introduction to Language defined

linguistics as “the principles that characterize all human languages; the linguist’s

goal is to discover the ‘laws of human language” (Fromkin, Blair and Collins,

2000, 528). This knowledge enables people to have the idea of the questions such

as what is the language? Where do they come from? How does a child learn a

language? Etc. Linguistics can be divided into some fields, such as phonology,

syntax, and semantics. Linguistics also collaborates with other sciences to produce

other sciences, such as psycholinguistics (psychology and linguistics) and

sociolinguistics (sociology and linguistics).

2. News

Reah in The Language of Newspaper defined the news as “the information

about recent events that are of interest to a sufficiently large group, or that may

affect the lives of a sufficiently large group (Reah, 2004: 4)”. The news contains

the information. It is neither an opinion nor advertisement. Good news always

delivers the information of the recent or actual event so that it is still fresh for

those who need it.

3. News title or headline

Reah in The Language of Newspaper defined a news title or headline as,

A unique type of text. It has a range of functions that specifically dictate its shape, content and structure, and it operates within a range of restrictions hat

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limit the freedom of the writer. A headline should encapsulate the story in a minimum number of words, attract the reader to the story and, if it appears on the front page, attract the reader to the paper (Reah, 2004: 13).

A news title has some restriction in its writing. It is because the newspaper

has a space limitation. The news title writers must make the news title fits with the

space provided. Then, apart form its limitation, the news title has some important

functions. It should be able to highlight the news content in several words so that

readers can have the main idea about the news in a whole. In other words, it

bridges the readers with the news content. It also functions to gain the readers’

attention.

4. Newspaper

Reah in The Language of Newspaper defined newspaper as “ephemeral

texts, that is, it is intended only for the day it is delivering the news. It caters for a

wide range of readers with a wide range of needs” (Reah, 2004: 13). A newspaper

is usually published every day. News in the newspaper also changes every day.

Therefore, it is called an ephemeral because the news in one day will be changed

by the news in the following day. A newspaper is usually intended for many

people with different background knowledge. Therefore, it is divided into some

columns or segments, such as business, politic, and sport.

Besides news, a newspaper also contains some other information such as

advertisement, daily TV programs, and opinion.

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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter consists of three sections: review on related studies, review

on related theories, and theoretical review. The first part contains the study which

has already been conducted by other people. The second part contains some

theories that will be used in analyzing the data. The last part contains some

explanation of how the theories will help the writer to answer the questions in

problems formulation.

A. Review on Related Studies There are some studies which also discuss about news title or headline.

One of them was conducted by Nani Tato Kamba. Kamba in her undergraduate

thesis entitled A Stylistics Analysis on Linguistics Features of News Titles in The

Jakarta Post on August 19, 2007 Issue discussed about the linguistics features

used in The Jakarta Post headlines which were published on August 19, 2007 and

the effects of the features to the readers. In her conclusion, she said that,

The linguistic features affect the news title. The graphological features affect the ease of reading, the phonological features give a certain rhythm to the news title that make the memorable, the grammatical features make the news titles can be understood clearly, and the lexical features help in economizing space use and beautify the news title (Kamba, 2007:73).

The study which is conducted by the writer this time is different from the

study above. It is not the same as the study conducted by Nani Tato Kamba in a

way that it used different object of study. She used the news titles from all pages

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in one edition, except the page of opinion, advertisement, reader’s forum, and

entertainment guide. Meanwhile, the study conducted by the writer focused on the

use of linguistic features in the sport news titles only. The sport news titles were

taken from five editions, 2- 6 March 2009 editions.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory on News title

The theory on headline or news title will include the definition, function,

and linguistics features of the headline.

a. Definition and Function of News title

Reddick in The Mass Media and the School Newspaper stated that

Headlines on newspaper stories perform at least four functions. First, by their size and placement, they indicate a judgment as to the relative importance of the news event that they herald. Second, they inform the reader in a flash of the central event in the story. Third, they hopefully stimulate the reader’s interest and lead him or her into absorbing stories that might otherwise go unnoticed. Last, as an element in makeup, they offer contrast with gray body type and permit the creation of attractive page design (Reddick, 1976: 295).

A news title is an important thing as a part of news as well as the content

of the news itself. It bridges the communication between the readers and the news

in the newspaper.

Reah in his book entitled The Language of Newspaper said that “news title

or headline is a unique type of text that has a range of functions that specifically

dictate its shape, content and structure, and it operates within a range of

restrictions that limit the freedom of the writer” (Reah, 2002:13). From the

definition, it can be said that a news title has some restrictions in its use. For

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example, the available space will depend on the layout of the page or where the

news title is located.

Moreover, Reah also said that “a headline should encapsulate the story in a

minimum number of words, attract the reader to the story and, if it appears on the

front page, attract the reader to the paper” (Reah, 2002: 13). In other words, a

news title has a function to gain the reader’s attention by giving them only the key

words of the story which can represent the content of the news. By looking at the

news title, the readers can have an outline of the news and judge whether or not

the news is important or worth to read.

b. Theory on Linguistics Features of News title

In making a news title, a news title writer is affected by 2 major factors,

linguistics and non-linguistics contexts or features. Since this study only discusses

about the linguistics features, the writer of the study will leave the latter category

behind.

Verdonk in Oxford Introductions to Language Study said that

Linguistics context refers to the surrounding features of language inside a text, like the typography, sounds, words, phrases, and sentences which are relevant to the interpretation of other such linguistics elements (Verdonk, 2002: 6-7).

From the quotation, it can be said that linguistics features of a text, or news title in

this study, can be categorized into four major parts: graphology and phonology,

grammar, and lexis.

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i. Graphology

Wales in A Dictionary of Stylistics defined graphology as “the study of

grapheme, the smallest distinctive unit in the writing system of a language. The

graphological features are size of print and capitalization in newspaper layouts

and different typefaces” (Wales, 2001: 182-183).

In other words, graphology in this study will include typography,

capitalization, indentation or heading, and punctuation.

1) Typography

The term typography consists of two words, type and graphics. Reddick in

The Mass Media and the School Newspaper said about the later,

One of the basic aspects of graphics is typography. The terms “graphics” refers to the appearance of communication pieces, to the combined elements that create this appearance, and to the design patterns by which those elements are related (Reddick, 1976: 279).

Furthermore about the type, he said that “type is basic to all printing

processes; therefore, a logical beginning for the study of production methods is

type” (p. 279). In other words, typography has an important role in written mass

media such as newspaper. It is the fist thing which the readers see on the

newspaper. The discussion of typography will include type size and type

classification.

a) Type size

Reddick said that type is measured in height according to a unit called a

point, which is 1/72 of an inch. Type used for the text of typical newspapers is

eight points. News titles in the newspaper are likely to range in size from 12-point

upward. Measurement of size, then, is based on the distance between the topmost

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point of the tallest letter (ascender) and the lowest point (descender) of the longest

descender in that size (p.279).

Examples (p. 280):

This is a 10-point type

This is a 14-point type

This is an 18-point type

This is a 24-

point type Figure 1. Variety of font sizes

b) Type Classification

Type of classification can be divided into three sections, width of the

letters, degree of boldness, and race or family.

i) Width of letters

Letters in type may be rounded and spread out or they may be compressed

and thin. According to the width of the faces of letters, type has been classified as

extra-condensed type, condensed type, standard or medium type, and extended

type (p.280).

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Examples (p.280):

This is an extra-condensed type This is a condensed type This is a standard (medium) type This is an extended type Figure 2. Variety of widths of letter

ii) Degree of boldness

Type faces have a wide range in degrees of blackness. Standard

classifications according to boldness are: boldface type, standard or medium type,

and lightface type (p.280)

Examples (p.280) : This is a boldface type

This is a standard (medium) bold type This is a l ight face type Figure 3. Variety of degree of boldness

iii) Race and family

The various type faces are divided into large categories called “races”, and

divisions within the races that are called “families”. There are four major races,

according to traditional classification. The races are Script, Old English, Gothic,

and Roman races.

Letters in a Gothic race are distinguished by two striking characteristics.

First, there are no differences in shading between the “downstrokes’ and the

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“cross strokes” in the letters. Second, the letters have no serifs or end marks. Serif

is a short line in the end of a letter.

The Roman race is distinguished by serifs or end marks for each letter, and

by differences in shading between downstrokes and crossstrokes or within the

curves.

In recent decades, one race has been developed, that is Sans serif (“sans”

means “no” in French).This race can be included into traditional Gothic type or

can be regarded as a new race because some of families of this race have end

marks.

Script and Old English races are seldom used in newspaper. Meanwhile,

Roman and Gothic type, including Sans serif families are used for nearly all

newspaper headlines and magazines titles (p.281-282).

Examples (p.280) : This is ScriptThis is ScriptThis is ScriptThis is Script

THIS IS OLD ENGLISH (BLACK LETTER)

This is Gothic

T his is Roman serif Figure 4. Variety of font races

2) Capitalization

In Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English,

capitalization means” the use of capital letter” (Hornby, 1987: 125). Related to

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this, Reddick in The Mass Media and The School Newspaper said that there are

two choices for the news title writer in writing a news title, up style and down

style. In up style rule, all words are capitalized except conjunctions, articles, and

prepositions of less than four letters and capitalized even these when they come at

the beginning or at the end of a line. In down style rule, only the opening word,

regions’ names, days’ name and moons name, and all proper names (Reddick,

1976:303).

Up style rule:

DOMINANT OGILIVY

WINS

MATCH PLAY (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 24)

Down style:

Ngog fires The Reds to victory (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009, p. 23) Figure 5. News titles in up and down style rule in scale 1: 2

3) Indentation or heading

There are two forms of indentation in writing a headline: crossline head

and flush left head (http://www.tpub.com/content/photography/14130/css/1413

0_157.htm, accessed on 17 May 2009).

a) Crossline head

A crossline head covers all the columns of the story to which it pertains

although it does not always span the full width of the page (http://www.tpub.com

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/content/photography/14130/css/1413 0_157.htm, accessed on 17 May 2009).

When the news content takes many columns, the crossline head is usually used to

make a single-lined news title.

Figure 6. News title in crossline head in scale 1:2 with the news content (http://www.tpub.com/content/ photography/14130/css/1413 0_157.htm, accessed on 17 May 2009)

b) Flush-left head

The flush left head is a two-or three-line head with each line set flush left.

The lines do not have to be equal in width or set full. The white space at the right

is considered enhancing, because it allows “air” into the otherwise stuffy column

spaces (http://www.tpub.com/content/photography/14130/css/14130_157.htm,

accessed on 17 May 2009).

When the news content takes only one or two columns, flush –left head is

used. However, it is common now to see the flush-left head above the news

content with many columns. Words in the news title do not span the whole width

of the columns to make a single line, but they take more lines.

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Figure 7. News title in flush left head with the news content in scale 1:2 (http://www.tpub.com/content/ photography/14130/css/1413 0_157.htm, accessed on 17 May 2009)

4) Punctuation

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in An Introduction to Language stated that

“many languages use punctuation, including capitalization, to indicate sentences,

phrases, questions, intonation, stress, and contrast” (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams,

2002: 559).There are many kinds of punctuations, such as full stop (.), comma (,),

question mark (?), etc. Below are the punctuations which are often used in the

news titles, followed by the explanation of their functions and the example of their

usages according to Barli Bram in his book, Write Well (p.93-100).

1. Full stop (.)

Beside to mark the end of a positive or negative sentence, it is also often

used to mark the end of initials or abbreviations or acronym.

Example : Man. United eyes Premiership title (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009,

p.7)

The full stop in the news title marks the end of the abbreviation “Man”.

“Man” stands for “Manchester”.

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2. Comma (,)

i) Comma is used to separate a series of items from the same category, such as

nouns, phrases, and clauses.

Example : Diplomat, politician, or advice columnist? (The Jakarta Post, 2 March

2009, p. 32)

In the news title, comma is used to separate the nouns phrases. The noun

phrases are “Diplomat”, “politician”, and “advice columnist”.

ii) To add a non-defining phrase or clause or a comment clause to a sentence.

Example : Do not feel sorry for me, says Ballesteros (The Jakarta Post, 15

October 2009, p. 19)

In the news title, “says Ballesteros” functions as a non-defining clause to

the clause “Do not feel sorry for me”.

iii) To substitute some conjunctions such as and, but, then.

Example : Taufik, Firda advance in All England (The Jakarta Post, 5 March

2009, p.1)

The news title consists of two subjects. The subjects are “Taufik” and

“Firda”. The two subjects can be connected by an and. However, the conjunction

is substituted by a comma.

3. Exclamation mark (!)

This punctuation is useful to show strong emphasis.

Example : Miangas Island? No worries! (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 7)

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The news title consists of two sentences: “Miangas Island?” and “No

worries!”. The function of the exclamation mark in the second sentence is to

emphasize that there is nothing to be worried about Miangas Island.

4. Single quotation marks (‘’)

Single quotation marks are used to give more attention to a certain word or

term.

Example : New ‘Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes (The Jakarta Post, 6

March 2009, p. 24)

The function of the single quotation mark in the news title is to give more

attention or stress to the word ‘Musketeers’.

5. Colon (:)

i) Colon may function to join closely related sentences.

Example : Jakarta’s good cop, bad cop: who’s to blame, what to do? (The Jakarta

Post, 3 March 2009, p. 18)

Colon in the news title connected two main parts, two noun phrases

(Jakarta’s good cop, bad cop) and two interrogative sentences (who’s to blame,

what to do?). In the context later, both parts are related one to another.

ii) Colon is used to introduce utterance said by people or organization.

Example : Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis (The Jakarta Post, 2 March

2009, p. 17)

In the news title, “Organizers” acts as the people or organization who said

a sentence “Dakar Rally will weather crisis”.

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6. Apostrophe (‘)

i) In informal writing and in written dialogue, the apostrophe functions to indicate

that one, or more than one, letter has been deleted.

Example : I’m bigger and stronger, claims Hatton (The Jakarta Post, 4 March

2009, p. 21)

In the news title, the construction of “I am” is shortened to be “I’m”. The

letter “a” is deleted and substituted by the apostrophe.

ii) Apostrophe is used to mark possession.

Example : Rory keen to copy Tiger’s playing quality (The Jakarta Post, 3 March

2009, p. 24)

The function of apostrophe in the news title is to indicate that the person

names Tiger has a quality in playing (golf).

7. Hyphen (-)

The function of the hyphen is to connect words in order to create or form

news words or new phrases.

Example : Wrapping up a not-so-wild west coast (The Jakarta Post, 5 March

2009, p. 21)

Hyphen in the news title functions to connect the words “not”, “so”,

“wild” to become a new phrase, which is “not-so-wild”.

ii. Phonology

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in An Introduction to Language stated that

Phonology is concerned with the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human language. It refers either to the representation of the sounds and sound patterns in a speaker’s grammar or to the study of the

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sound patterns in a language or in language in general (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams 1996:247-248).

The main focus of linguistics study is the spoken language. Therefore,

sound patterning is an important element in the linguistics study. The newspaper

or the news title in specific is one kind of written language. However, it does not

mean that the news title has no relation at all with the study of sound in language.

Although it is a written language, it is meant to be spoken by at least the reader

itself. Then, to make a news title to be more interesting, news title writers use

some sound devices so that the readers become more attracted. Sound devices

which are common in the news title are alliteration, consonance, and assonance.

Following is the description of each and its example.

1) Alliteration

Madden in Exploring Poetry defined alliteration as “repeated consonant

sounds in initial position” (Madden, 2002: 70). In other words, sentence in which

words have the same consonant sounds in the initial position is considered to use

the alliteration.

Example : Fergie hails true grit as United edges nearer to title (The Jakarta Post, 2

March 2009, p. 23)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are “true”, “to”,

and “title”. All of them have the sound /t/ in the initial position of the words.

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2) Consonance

Consonance is repeated consonant sounds (p.70). In other words, sentence

in which words have the same consonant sounds in the middle or the final position

is considered to use the consonance.

Example : Benitez set to throw in title towel (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009, p.

23

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are “title” and

“towel”. Both of them have the sound /l/ in the final position of the words.

3) Assonance

Assonance is repeated vowel sounds (p.70). In other words, sentence in

which the words have the same vowel is considered to use the assonance.

Example : Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win (The Jakarta Post, 2 March

2009, p. 23)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are “with” and

“win”. Both of them have the sound /H/ in the second letter the words.

iii. Grammar

Hicks in English for Journalists said that “Grammar is the set of rules and

conventions that are the basis of the language” (Hicks, 1998:3). When a speaker

of a language understands the grammar of his or her language, he or she can

minimize a possibility to create an ungrammatical utterance. In relation with the

discussion of news title, this part of grammar will cover three sections, which are

the tenses, active-passive voice, and ellipsis usages.

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1) Tense

There are two kinds of tenses which are common in writing the news title,

simple present tense and simple future tense.

a) Simple present tense

News usually tells something in the past or something in the future.

Simple present tense can accommodate those two different times in writing the

news title. Simple present tense which reports a past event in a news title is called

the historical present tense. Reddick in The Mass Media and the School

Newspaper said that to describe the past event, the present tense is used instead of

the past tense. The use of the present tense can create the sense of immediacy to

the story. Although the event has already happened, the historical present tense

tries to bring the readers to the situation or event when it happened (Reddick,

1976 :299).

Example : Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win (The Jakarta Post, 2 March

2009, p. 23)

Beside reporting a past event, simple present tense is also used to tell the

readers about a future event. Betty S. Azar in Understanding and Using English

Grammar said that “the sentence usually contains future time verbs such as: open,

close, begin, end, start, finish, arise, leave, come, return, seek, set to, etc (Azar,

1989: 50).

Example : Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic (The Jakarta Post, 5 March

2009, p. 22)

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b) Simple future tense

Simple present tense is not the only way to express the future events. As

its name, simple future tense can also be used. There are two forms of the future

tense, will form and be going to form.

i) Will

Betty S. Azar in Understanding and Using English Grammar said that will

is used when it expresses willingness (Azar, 1989: 45). In this case of will , the

person does not make a prediction.

Example: Principal will review building plans Tuesday (Reddick, 1976: 299)

Moreover, will can also be used to express a prediction (Azar, 1989: 45).

Example : Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis (The Jakarta Post, 4 March

2009, p. 21)

However, the use of be going to form is also allowed when expressing a

prediction.

Example : Be careful! You’re gong to hurt yourself! (Azar, 1989: 45).

In other words, will and be going to form share a function in expressing

future event when it is expressing a prediction.

ii) Be going to

Be going to is used when the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something

the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or

decision to do it (Azar, 1989: 45). In the past time, the person has decided to do

something which will be done in the future.

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Example : A: Why did you buy this paint?

B: I’m going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. (p.45)

Reddick in The Mass Media and the School Newspaper said that, in the news title,

the construction of be going to is usually reduced into an infinitive, to+verb

(Reddick, 1976:299).

Examples : League series to launch in 2010 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p.

21)

2) Active and passive voice

Diane Larsen-Freeman in Teacher’s Course: The Grammar Book said that

Passive allows the thing or person that receives the action of the verb to occupy subject position. Active allows subject of the sentence performs or causes the action expressed by the verb (Freeman, 1999: 416).

The active voice is used more often than passive voice because when

passive voice is used, what is stressed is just the thing acted upon, like Reddick

said in The Mass Media and the School Newspaper “use the active voice unless

the thing acted upon is more important than either the person or thing doing the

acting or the action itself”.

Example : Two AHS students receive State Literary Awards (Reddick, 1976: 299)

Local Courthouse struck by lightning Thursday (Reddick, 1976: 299)

3) Ellipsis

Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik in A Comprehensive Grammar of

The English Language defined ellipsis as “grammatical omission” (Quirk

Greenbaum, Leech, Svartvik, 1992: 883). There are three kinds of ellipsis,

anaphoric or cataphoric ellipsis, situational ellipsis, and structural ellipsis. In news

26

titles, the most common ellipsis is structural ellipsis. In structural ellipsis, the

omitted word(s) can be identified purely on the basis of grammatical knowledge.

The common omitted word classes are article, pronouns, operators, and other

closed-class words with the article is the most common one (p. 900).

Article can be classified into 2 groups, definite and indefinite article. Quirk

and Greenbaum in A University Grammar of English said that “the definite article

presupposes an earlier mention of the item so determined. But in actual usage the

relation between presupposition and the definite article may be much less overt”

(Quirk and Greenbaum, 1985:72).

Example : The house in the corner is for sale (p.72)

They also said that the definite article may be used without a prior

mention when there is a cultural situation (p. 73).

Example : John asked his wife to put on the kettle while he looked in the paper to

see what was on the radio (p. 73)

Moreover, on a broader plane, the sun, the moon, the stars, the sky as

aspects of experience common to mankind as a whole. These seem to require no

earlier indefinite reference because each item is so specific as to be in fact unique

for practical human purposes (p.73).

Proper nouns are names of specific people (Shakespeare), places

(Milwaukee), months (July), and so forth. They have ‘unique reference, and do

not share such characteristics of common nouns as article contrast. However,

when the names have restrictive modification to give a partitive meaning to the

name, proper nouns take the definite article (p.76).

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Examples : during Easter (unique) – during the Easter of that year (partitive)

In Denmark (unique) – in the Denmark of Today (partitive)

(p.76)

iv. Lexis

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in An Introduction to Language said that

lexis relates to vocabulary or word (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, 2003:107).

There are some characteristics in news title related with words meaning: the use of

intertextuality; the use of connotative words; the use of positive statements; the

use of abbreviations or acronyms; and the use of idioms.

1) The use of intertextualitity

Intertextuality is reference to any culture which has a range of familiar

phrases and sayings, such as popular songs, films, book titles, etc (Reah, 2002:

18). The intertextuality can attract the readers to give more attention to a news

title. It leads the readers to a memory of a certain work that they know or like.

Verdonk in Oxford Introductions to Language Study said that

Intertextuality appears to have the effect of giving the reader the pleasurable sense of satisfaction at having spotted the allusion, and it may often intensify the overall significance of a text (Verdonk, 2002:5).

Example : Brulee Madly Deeply (Reah, 2002: 17)

The headline will call the reader memory of the film entitled Truly, Madly,

Deeply.

2) The use of connotative words

Reah in The Language of Newspaper said that, “in order to make headlines

attract the attention of the reader, headline writers may select words that carry

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particularly strong connotations, which is carrying an emotional loading beyond

their literal meaning” (Reah, 2002: 18). The use of connotative words may be

used when ordinary words are not considered strong or sharp enough to gain the

reader’s attention.

Example : Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with new talent (The Jakarta Post,

March 3, 2009, p. 24)

The word “shine” means be bright or reflect the light. It is impossible to

see a human to shine like a lamp or sun. Based on the context, “shine” means

performing well and grab more attention.

3) The use of positive statements

Reddick in The Mass Media and the School Newspaper said that “a

headline should be in positive instead of negative heads. Exception could be made

when the failure of something to happen is more important than any reported

happening in the story” (Reddick, 1976: 301). The use of negative statement can

lead the readers to a negative opinion. Therefore, the use of the positive statement

is preferred.

Example : Mayor postpones Friday meeting of city council (Reddick, 1976:301)

If negative statement is used, the headline will be “City council not to hold

regular meeting Friday”. The later is considered a poor news title because it can

lead a negative opinion toward the City council, that they are incapable to hold a

meeting.

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4) The use of abbreviations or acronyms

Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams in An Introduction to Language defined

acronym as “words derived from the initials of several words” (Fromkin,

Rodman, Hyams, 2003: 95).

Examples : WBC = World Baseball Classic

UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural

Organization

Meanwhile still in the same book, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams defined

abbreviation as “shortened form of a word” (p.573).

Examples : Fax = facsimile

Prof = professor

Both of acronym and abbreviation function to minimize the use of space in

the written language. Moreover, the use of acronyms and abbreviation enables

people to call or mention an object in a shorter way.

5) The use of idioms

Idiom is also common in the news titles. Flavell in Dictionary of Idioms

and Their Origins defined idiom as “the utterance where the meaning of it cannot

be seen from the words which construct it individually” (Flavell, 2005:6). The

meaning of an idiom cannot be determined by the words which construct it. It is

suggested to find the meaning in any published reference such as the dictionary of

idiom. The example of the use of idiom is “Benitez set to throw in title towel”

(The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p. 23). The idiom in the news title is “throw in

the towel”. The meaning is to admit defeat.

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2. Theory on Sport News

Purnama and Kusuma Hadiningrat in the book Jurnalistik Teori dan

Praktik said that,

Sport news is like straight news where unnecessary adjectives are not used except if they give some important meaning to the news itself. In modern sport news, we will know which team winning the match and how it is gained as soon as the match is over (Purnama and Kusuma Hadiningrat, 2005: 208).

Sport news, as any other kind of news, is news which uses simple, straight,

sharp and interesting words in the sentence. By using these kinds of words, the

readers are expected to enjoy reading the news without any difficulty.

However, the language which is used in sport news is not as formal as in

the political, economy, or social issues, like Purnama and Kusuma Hadiningrat

said “informality and accuracy of word choice without any additional adjectives is

the most important things in sport journalism” (p.215).

Modern sport news is one kind of news which has more pressure than

other kinds of news for its writers. Many kinds of sport events are hold in the

evening. In other side, the deadline of the submission of the news for the printing

is usually before 12 p.m. The pressure lies on the ability to construct the

information collected to become news in a very limited time.

C. Theoretical Framework

To answer the questions in the problem formulation, the writer needs the

theories which have already mentioned above to be a basis or foundation of the

31

analysis. Therefore, this section will explain the contribution of the theories which

have already mentioned above.

To answer the first problem, the theory on the graphology and its features

is used. To answer the second problem, the theory on phonology and its features is

used. To answer the third problem, the theory on grammar and its features is used.

To answer the fourth problem, the theory on lexis and its features is used. The

features in graphology, phonology, grammar, and lexis are the ones which related

to the news titles writing.

The theory on graphology with its elements will help the writer to

determine which styles used related to the news titles display.

The theory on phonology with its elements will help the writer to

determine styles used in news titles related to the sounds devices. Although the

news titles are written in the papers and not meant to be read out loud, it does not

mean that the sounds lay in the news titles are not important because the readers

will still pronounce the words when they read them. It is common that the news

title writer uses these devices to make the news titles more interesting. Therefore,

through the elements in phonology, the writer of this study will try to find the

sounds devices used in the news titles.

The theory on grammar which covers the words relation will help the

writer to determine the styles used in news titles related to the tenses, the active-

passive voice and ellipsis usage.

The theory on lexis with its elements will help the writer to determine the

styles related to the words meaning. The choice of words which are used in the

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news title is very important because it will affect the meaning of the news titles.

The meaning which is created by the news title can influence the readers’ interest.

Therefore, through the elements of lexis, the writer will try to find the news titles

using special words which stimulate the reader’s interest.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This section consists of three parts: object of the study, approach of the

study, and method of the study.

A. Object of the Study

The news titles in sport column in The Jakarta Post newspaper will be the

data in this study which will be analyzed by the writer. The sport column usually

consists of 3-4 pages and its position is usually at the back page before the column

of people or feature.

Every newspaper has a history, so does The Jakarta Post newspaper. The

newspaper appeared for the first time on April 1983. According to the official

website of the newspaper, the story began in mid-1982 when Minister of

Information, Ali Moertopo, mentioned the possibility of publishing an English

language newspaper of the highest editorial quality. The newspaper should

provide an Indonesian perspective to counter the highly unbalanced Western-

dominated global traffic of news and views (http://www.thejakartapost.com

/company_ profile/thejakartapost_history, accessed on 17 May 2009).

In its development, the newspaper has an objective, which is presenting to

the public a newspaper of the highest quality that will provide its readers with all

the news that is not only fit to print, but that will deepen their insight into the very

workings of Indonesia, its people and its government, as members of the great

family of nations.

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On the first day of publication, not more than 5,474 copies of the

newspaper were sold. Nowadays, total daily average of circulation is around

40,000copies (http://www.thejakartapost.com/company_profile/thejakartapost_his

tory, accessed 17 May 2009).

There are 61 news titles which will be analyzed. They are the compilation

of five different editions, editions 2-6 March 2009. The sport column is chosen

because this column covers 3-4 pages in the newspaper, the second highest after

column of business, which means that the sport column is not only supplementary

news only, but also an important section in the newspaper.

B. Approach of the Study

In analyzing the data, stylistics approach will be used. Peter Barry in his

book entitled Beginning Theory said that “stylistics is a critical approach which

uses the methods and findings of the sciences of linguistics in the analysis of

literary texts” (Barry, 2002: 203). Here, literary text can be analyzed based on the

finding of linguistics features in the text. However, it should be noted that

stylistics is not only used for literary text, but also any other kind of texts, like

Barry said “stylistics, it should be added, is not confined to the analysis of

literature: it can be applied equally to expository prose, political speeches,

advertisements, and so on” (p 204).

The goal of stylistics approach is to provide ‘hard data’ in analyzing the

literary and non literary text, like Barry said that “stylisticians try to provide ‘hard

data’ to support existing ‘intuitions’ about a literary work” (p.204).

34

The text analyzed in this study is not the literary one, which is sport news

title. However, the same goal is still the same. The hard data can be achieved

through counting and calculating the occurrence of linguistic features found. The

results can support the idea that a news title functions to attract the reader and

highlight the news. For this reason, the stylistics approach is considered the most

suitable approach to use in this study.

C. Method of the Study

There are some steps in conducting the study. The first step is collecting

the data. The data are 61 news titles taken from the sport column of The Jakarta

Post newspaper from five editions, 2-6 March 2009 editions.

The second step is finding the theories that will be the basis in analyzing

the data. There are some books providing the theories needed. The books are The

Language of Newspaper written by Danuta Reah, The Mass Media and The

School Newspaper by DeWitt C. Reddick, An Introduction to Language by

Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman, and Nina Hyams, and some other books.

The third step would be analyzing the data. The writer divided the

linguistics features into four parts of analysis: graphology, phonology, grammar,

and lexis. Each part is analyzed separately. Therefore, this study has four

problems to solve.

However, to answer the first to the fourth problem, the writer used the

similar steps. First, the writer classified each part into some smaller features. For

example, graphological feature is divided into typography, capitalization,

indentation or heading, and punctuation. Then, typography can be further divided

35

into type size and type classification, and so on. Then, the writer counted the

number of news titles which use a certain feature and then calculated the

percentage of the feature. To calculate the percentage, the writer used the formula:

% linguistics feature = total data using the linguistics feature

x 100% total data

or

% A = B x 100 %

C A= linguistics feature B= total data using the linguistics feature C= total data

The results of counting and calculation were written in the table alongside

with the result of other feature to make it easy to compare the frequency of

occurrence among them. Below the table, there were some explanations about the

table. After that, the writer gave example of news titles which use the feature,

followed by some explanations about the news titles.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

A news title has some linguistics features which differentiate it from other

kind of texts. It is made on purpose. The news title with its linguistics features

functions as the gate between the readers and the news. Therefore, it must be

designed to gain the reader’s attention.

In this chapter, there are analysis about the linguistics features of the news

titles in graphology, phonology, grammar, and lexis. The data are 61 news titles

taken from The Jakarta Post newspaper column sport editions 2-6 March 2009.

Those editions were selected because they were fresh editions at the moment.

Moreover, the news titles were taken from the long news only. The whole data

can be seen in the appendices

Below are the findings of linguistics features in the news titles which are

presented in tables followed by some explanations and examples of the news

titles.

A. Graphological features in the sport news titles

Graphology covers four parts; typography, capitalization, indentation or

heading, and punctuation. Typography is classified into type size and type

classification which will be further classified into width of letters, degree of

boldness, and family of the letters. Capitalization concerns about the style in using

capital letters. Indentation or headings concerns about the style in constructing the

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news titles in line(s). Punctuation concerns about the use of marks in the news

titles and their functions.

1. Typography

Typography covers two parts, type or font size and type classification.

a. Type size or font size

Type size is measured in height according to a unit called a point

(Reddick, 1976: 279). Following is the table showing the distribution of font size

in the news titles.

Table 1. Distribution of font sizes in the sport news titles No. Graphological feature in font size Number Percentages 1. 11 pt 17 out of 61 27.8% 2. 17 pt 25 out of 61 41% 3. 24 pt 14 out of 61 23% 4. News titles in other sizes 5 out of 61 8.2%

There are 3 main font sizes found in the news titles, 11, 17, and 24 pt font

sizes. There are 17 news titles using 11 pt font size or 27.8%, 25 news titles using

17 pt font size or 39%, and 14 news title using 24 pt font size or 23%. Beside

those font sizes, it is also common to find one news title in every edition which

uses different font sizes. The writer found 5 news titles which use other sizes

outside the 11, 17, and 24 pt font sizes.

From the findings above, it can be said that the most common font size

used is 17 point size. Below are the examples of the news title in 11, 17, and 24 pt

sizes.

Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers Figure 8. News title in 11 pt font size in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 22)

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AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle Figure 9. News title in 17 pt font size in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 21)

Foster shines as Ferguson

wins cup with new talent Figure 10. News title with 24 pt font size in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 21)

b. Type Classification

Type classification covers three parts; width of the letters, degree of

boldness, and family of the letters.

i. Width of the letters

Following is the table showing the distribution of font size in the news

titles.

Table 2. Distribution of width of letters in the sport news titles No. Graphological feature in width of letters Number Percentages 1. Extra-condensed type 0 out of 61 0% 2. Condensed type 0 out of 61 0% 3. Standard width of letter 61 out of 61 100% 4. Extended type 0 out of 61 0%

The writer found that all of the letters in all of the news titles use standard

width of letter. In other words, the total occurrence of this feature is 100%. Below

is the example of the news title which uses this feature.

RI upbeat on conquering

Kuwait in Davis Cup Matches Figure 11. News title with the standard width of letter in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p. 24)

39

ii. Degree of boldness

Type faces have a wide range in degrees of blackness (Reddick, 1976:

280). Following is the table of the use of different degree of boldness in the news

titles.

Table 3. Distribution of degree of boldness in the sport news titles No. Graphological feature in degree of boldness Number Percentages 1. Bold face type 58 out of 61 95% 2. Standard face type 0 out of 61 0% 3. Lightface type 0 out of 61 0% 4. Combination of standard and bold face type 3 out of 61 5%

The writer found 2 levels of boldness in the sport news titles, bold face

and standard bold face type. The bold face type can be found in 58 news titles or

97% while the rest use the combination of standard and bold face type. Below are

the examples of the news title which use bold face type and combination of

standard and bold face type.

Djokovic beats Ferrer to take

Dubai Championship crown Figure 12. News title in bold face type in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009, p. 22) MAN. UNITED EYES PREMIERSHIP TITLE Figure 13. News title in combination of standard and bold face type in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p. 24)

iii. Family of the letters

The various type faces are divided into large categories called “races”, and

divisions within the races that are called “families”. Script and Old English races

40

are seldom used in newspaper. Meanwhile, Roman and Gothic type, including

Sans serif families are used for nearly all newspaper headlines and magazines

titles (Reddick, 1976: 281-282). Following is the table showing the distribution of

families of the letter in the news titles.

Table 4. Distribution of families of the letter in the sport news titles. No. Graphological feature in family of letters Number Percentages 1. Minion Pro family 56 out of 61 91.8% 2. Trebuchet family 3 out of 61 5% 3. Combination of Minion and Trebuchet

families 2 out of 61 3.8%

The writer found that there are 2 kinds of font families which are used in

the news titles, Minion Pro and Trebuchet races. Minion Pro covers 55 news titles

or 90.2% while Trebuchet covers 6 news titles or 9.8%. Below is the example

from each family.

Pakistan’s women struggle for recognition and equality Figure 14. News title in Minion Pro family in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p. 23)

DOMINANT OGILIVY WINS

MATCH PLAY Figure 15. News title in Trebuchet family in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 24)

Minion Pro is a kind of font family from the Roman race. It has serifs or

end marks in each letters. In other side, Trebuchet comes from the Gothic race in

which each letter does not have any end marks. There is no Script and Old English

41

race in which the readers will find it difficult to read the news title clearly if they

are used.

2. Capitalization

Capitalization means the use of capital letter (Hornby, 1987: 125).

Following is the table of the use of different capitalization rules in the news titles.

Table 5. Distribution of capitalization rules in the sport news titles No. Graphological feature in capitalization rule Number Percentages 1. Up style rule 2 out of 61 3.8% 2. Down style rule 56 out of 61 91.8% 3. Combination of up and down style rules 3 out of 61 5%

In relation to capitalization, there are 3 kinds of style which are used; up

style rule, down style rule, and the combination of up and down rules. The writer

found that 2 news titles use the up style rule or 3.8%, while the down style rule is

applied to 56 news titles or 91.2%. There are 3 news titles which use the

combination of both rules or 5%.

From this section, it can be said that the down style rule is the most

commonly used style related to the capitalization. Below are the examples of news

title from each style.

MAN. UNITED EYES PREMIERSHIP TITLE Figure 16. News title in up style rule in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p. 24)

42

Ronaldo returns to action after knee

surgery Figure 17. News title in down style rule in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 6 March 2009, p. 23)

RI MIXED DOUBLES stay in

ALL ENGLAND Figure 18. News title in combination of up and down style rule in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 6 March 2009, p. 24) 3. Indentation or heading

Indentation is related with the blank space between a margin and the

beginning of an indented line. Following is the table of the use of different

indentation styles in the news titles.

Table 6. Distribution of indentation styles in the sport news titles No. Graphological feature in indentation Number Percentages 1. Crossline head 23 out of 61 38% 2. Flush-left head 38 out of 61 62%

In relation to indentation or heading, there are two kinds of headings

found, crossline and flush-left head. There are 23 news titles which use crossline

head or covers 38% and the rest 38 news titles use flush-left head or 62%. Below

are the examples of each feature of this section.

India plans massive security for 2010 Figure 19. News title in crossline head in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009, p. 23)

43

Fiji seek back-to-back

World Cup Seven titles Figure 20. News title in flush left head in scale 1: 2 (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009, p. 22)

The problem of indentation cannot be separated form the problem of

printing. The numbers of column which form news become a main factor in

determining the form of indentation chosen. The more columns are provided, the

more the crossline head gets the chance to be used. In sport news pages, most of

the news got more rows than columns so that the flush-left head is more

appropriate to accommodate the whole words in the news title.

4. Punctuation

Many languages use punctuation to indicate sentences, phrases, questions,

intonation, stress, and contrast (Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams, 2002: 559). Following

is the table showing the distribution of punctuations in the news titles.

Table 7. Distribution of punctuations use in the sport news titles No. Graphological feature in punctuation Number Percentages 1. News titles without punctuation 40 out of 61 65.6% 2. News titles using punctuation 21 out of 61 34.4% a Comma 5 out of 61 23.8% b Apostrophe 5 out of 61 23.8% c Hyphen 4 out of 61 19% d full stop 2 out of 61 9.5% e single quotation marks 1 out of 61 4.7% f Colon 1 out of 61 4.7% g comma & apostrophe 2 out of 61 9.5% h comma and hyphen 1 out of 61 4.7%

There are 21 news titles which use the punctuations or 34.4%. Some news

titles use only one kind of punctuation, and some others use more than one. The

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punctuations are comma, apostrophe, hyphen, full stop, colon, and single

quotation mark.

From the analysis about the use of punctuation, the punctuations which are

common in sport news title are comma, apostrophe, and hyphen. Below are the

examples of the news titles with punctuations, followed by the functions of each.

a. comma

The news title is “After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting”

(The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 22). The function of the comma in this news

title is to separate the clause “After Leaving game” and “A-Rod coy about MLB

meeting”.

b. apostrophe

The news title is “Red Wings takes over NHL’s top spot” (The Jakarta

Post, 6 March 2009, p. 22). The function of the apostrophe in this news title is to

indicate the possessive pronoun.

c. hyphen

The news title is “Tine defends All-England title with the power of love”

(The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p. 24). The function of the hyphen in this news

title is to connect words in order to create or form news words or new phrases.

The word “All” and “England” form a new phrase to be “All- England”.

d. colon

The news title is “Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis” (The

Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009, p. 21). The function of the colon in this news title is

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to introduce utterance said by people or organization. “Organizers” acts as

organization in this news title.

e. single quotation mark

The news title is “New ‘Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes” (The

Jakarta Post, 6 March 2009, p. 24). The function of the single quotation mark in

this news title is to stress the words “Musketeers” or to give more attention to the

word “Musketeers”.

f. full stop

The news title is “Man. United eyes Premiership title” (The Jakarta Post,

4 March 2009, p. 24). The function of the full stop in this news title is to mark the

end of initials or abbreviations. “Man” is the abbreviation of “Manchester”.

The findings in the graphological features can be highlighted as follow.

For the type size, there are three main sizes found, 11, 17, and 24 pt sizes. The 17

pt font size is the most common one with 25 times occurrences or 39%. There are

17 news titles using 11 pt font size or 27.8%, and 14 news titles using 24 pt font

size or 23%. For width of letters, all of the news titles use this feature. The

occurrence is 100%. For degree of boldness, there are 58 news titles using bold

face type or 95% while the other two using the combination of bold and standard

bold face type. For family of letters, 55 news titles use Minion Pro as the family

or 90.2% while the other 5 use Trebuchet family. For capitalization, up style rule

is applied in 2 news titles or 3.8%, down style rule in 56 news titles or 91.2%, and

combination of both rules in the rest 3 news titles or 5%. For indentation or

heading, there are 23 news titles which use the crossline head or 38% while the

46

flush-left head is applied in 38 news titles or 62%. Punctuations exist in 21 news

titles or 34.4 %. The punctuations found are comma, apostrophe, hyphen, full

stop, colon, and single quotation mark.

B. Phonological features in the sport news titles

Phonological feature consists of three parts, alliteration, consonance, and

assonance features. Alliteration is repeated consonant sounds in initial position of

words while consonance is repeated consonant sounds in words. Meanwhile,

assonance is repeated vowel sounds. Following is the table of the use of

alliteration and consonance features in the news titles.

Table 8. Distribution of the phonological features in the sport news titles No. Phonological features Number Percentages 1. Alliteration 43 out of 61 70.5% 2. Consonance 61 out of 61 100% 3. Assonance 61 out of 61 100%

1. Alliteration

The writer found 42 news titles which use this kind of phonological

feature among the data analyzed. Below are the examples of the news title using

the alliteration.

a. Bulls stampede from 17(seventeen) down to silence Rockets (The Jakarta Post,

2 March 2009 p. 21)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are stampede,

seventeen, and silence. All of them have the sound /s/ in the initial position of the

words.

47

b. Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p.

23)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are with and win.

Both of them have the sound /w/ in the initial position of the words.

c. RI upbeat on conquering Kuwait in Davis Cup matches (The Jakarta Post, 4

March 2009 p. 24)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are conquering,

Kuwait, and cup. All of them have the sound /k/ in the initial position of the

words.

d. Fish beats Russian qualifier at Delray Beach (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009

p. 23)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are beats and

Beach. Both of them have the sound /b/ in the initial position of the words.

e. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009 p.

22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are Toyota, ticking,

and testing. All of them have the sound /t/ in the initial position of the words.

2. Consonance

The writer found 61 news titles which use this kind of phonological

feature among the data analyzed. Below are the examples of the news title using

the consonance.

48

a. Benitez set to throw in title towel (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p.23)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are title and towel.

Both of them have the sound /l/ in the final position of the words.

b. Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009 p. 22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are leads, suns, and

Lakers. All of them have the sound /z/ in the final position of the words.

c. Wrapping up a not-so-wild West Coast (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009 p. 21)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are not, west, and

coast. All of them have the sound /t/ in the final position of the words.

d. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009

p. 22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are ticking, along,

and testing. All of them have the sound /M/ in the final position of the words.

e. Stoke City deals Villa blow in chase for Euro slot (The Jakarta Post, 3 March

2009 p. 24)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are blow and slow.

All of them have the sound /l/ in the second letter of the first syllable of the words.

3. Assonance

The writer found 61 news titles which use this kind of phonological

feature among the data analyzed. Below are the examples of the news title using

the assonance.

49

a. Almargo, Venus win Acapulco (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p.22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are Almargo and

Acapulco. Both of them have the sound /N:/ in the final position of the words.

b. Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009

p.24)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are Ogilivy and

Casey. Both of them have the sound /i:/ in the final position of the words.

c. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting (The Jakarta Post, 3

March 2009 p.22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are leaving and

meeting. Both of them have the sound /i:/ in the first syllable and /H/ in the second

syllable of the words.

d. Red Wings takes over NHL’s top spot (The Jakarta Post, 6 March 2009, p. 22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are top and spot.

Both of them have the sound /P/ in the first syllable of the words.

e. Woods wow factor puts swing back into sponsors, sport (The Jakarta Post, 4

March 2009 p.22)

In this news title, words which have the similar sounds are puts and into.

The sound /T/ occurs in the second letter of the first syllable of the word puts and

in the second letter of the second syllable of the word into.

There are some findings from this part of phonological features. There are

42 news titles which use the alliteration or 69%. All of the news titles use the

50

consonance or 100%. As well as the consonance, all of the news titles also use the

assonance or 100%.

The consonance occurs in all of the news titles because it is a repetition of

consonant sounds in the middle or final position. It occurs more often than the

alliteration because it is only the repetition of consonant sounds in the initial

position. The same thing happens to the assonance which occurs in the entire

news titles. It is a repetition of vowel sounds in all positions.

It is common to find that one news title uses more than one similar sounds

for each alliteration, consonance, and assonance. For example, the news title “No

Fed, but Swiss still has hope against US” (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009, p. 22)

has two kind of similar sounds for the alliteration. It has a similar /s/ sound for

words Swiss and still- /swHz/-/stHl/- and similar /h/ sound for words has and hope-

/hzz/-/h?Tp/. It is also very common to find the combination of the alliteration,

consonance, or assonance in one news title. For example, “Stoke City deals Villa

blow in chase for Euro slot” (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009, p. 24). The news

title has a similar consonant sound in the initial position for words Stoke, City,

and slot - /st?Tk/-/sHtH/-/slPt/. It has a similar consonant sound in the middle

position for blow and slot - /bl?T/-/slPt/. Then, it has also a similar vowel sound

for words Stoke and blow - /st????TTTTk/- /bl????TTTT/.

C. Grammatical features in the sport news titles

Grammar covers three subdivisions; the use of tense, active-passive voice,

and ellipsis.

51

1. Tense

News usually tells something in the past or something which will happen

in the future. Therefore, there are two tenses which are commonly found in a

headline. Following is the table of the use of different tenses and forms in the

news titles.

Table 9 Distribution of tense use in the sport news titles No. Grammatical feature in tense Number Percentages 1. Simple present tense 58 out of 61 95% a. To indicate past events 41 out of 61 67.2% b. To indicate future events 17 out of 61 27.9% 2. Simple future tense 3 out of 61 5% a. Will form 1 out of 61 1.6% b. Be going to form 2 out of 61 3.3% a. Simple present tense

The writer found that there are 58 news titles which use simple present

tense where 41 of them tell the readers about past events while the rest tell about

future events. The percentage is 95 %.

In writing the news title, the use of tense is unique, especially when it is

used to report past activity. The news titles do not use past tense to report past

event. They use simple present tense to report past event. This tense is called

historical present tense.

All of the news titles found which reported past events use the historic

present tense. Below are the examples of the news title using historical present

tense

1) Djokovis beats Ferrer to take Dubai Championship Crown (The Jakarta Post, 2

March 2009 p. 22)

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2) Atletico stuns Barcelona with dramatic late winner (The Jakarta Post, 3 March

2009 p. 21)

3) Dominant Ogilivy wins mach play (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009 p. 24)

Historical present tense is used to indicate past event in the news. The

purpose of using it is to create the sense of actuality to the readers. The use of

historical present tense will result in fresh and recent news although the event in

the news has already happened.

Beside indicating past event, simple present tense can also be used to

indicate the future events. The writer found that there are 17 news titles which use

simple present tense to indicate the future events. Below are the examples of the

news title using simple present tense, followed by the sentence(s) in the news that

show the future events.

1) The news title is “Jakarta keeps golf title wherever it is being played”. The

sentence in the news is “The Jakarta administration will remain the title sponsor

for the Indonesia Open 2010 golf tournament, despite the global economic

downturn affecting the country, Jakarta Governor Fauzi Bowo said Sunday” (The

Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p. 24).

2) The news title is “Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship”. The

sentence in the news is “Japan will defend the World Baseball Classic title against

a host of improved rivals starting on Thursday with American and Dominican

squad eager to avenge disappointing finishes three years ago” (The Jakarta Post, 4

March 2009 p. 22).

53

3) The news title is “Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic”. The sentence in

the news is “Dominican Republic and host Puerto Rico will be the favorites to

advance from the first round group at the World Baseball Classic that also

includes Panama and Netherlands” (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009 p. 22).

b. Future tense

Future tense is used to indicate the upcoming event. The writer found that

there are 3 news titles which use simple future tense. The occurrence is 4.9 %. In

the news titles, there are two forms future tense found, will and be going to form.

1) Will

The use of will indicate something in the future which is not certain in

time. The event is not scheduled. It also expresses willingness (Azar, 1989: 45). It

can also express a prediction. The writer found that there is one news title which

use will to indicate future event. The news title is “Organizers: Dakar Rally will

weather crisis” (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009 p. 21). If it is not a news title, the

sentence will be “The Dakar Rally Organizers said that Rally Dakar will weather

the crisis”. The sentence is in the form of past tense. However, the stress of the

news title lies on the sub clause, “Rally Dakar will weather the crisis”. So, it is

regarded that this news title is considered to have a future event in which it

expresses a prediction.

2) Be going to

Be going to is used when the speaker is expressing a prior plan (something

the speaker intends to do in the future because in the past s/he has made a plan or

decision to do it (Azar, 1989: 45).

54

The writer found 2 new titles which use be going to form to indicate the

future events. Below are the news titles which use be going to form in indicating

future events followed by further explanations.

a) Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p.

24)

b) League series to launch in 2010 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009 p. 21)

Both news titles experience the ellipsis. The first news title should be

“Ogilivy, Casey are going to meet in match play final” and the second should be

“League series are going to launch in 2010”. Then, as the effect of efficiency

policy, ellipsis is conducted and the italic words are omitted. Moreover, the use of

be going to in the news titles can indicate the sense of the certainty of the

upcoming event.

2. The use of active - passive voice

Following is the table of the use of active and passive voice in the news

titles.

Table 10. Distribution of the active voices in the sport news titles No. Grammatical feature in active-passive voice use Number Percentages 1. Active voice 61 out of 61 100% 2. Passive voice 0 out of 61 0%

All of the news titles in all editions use the active voice. In other words,

the percentage of occurrence of this feature is 100%. However, there is one news

title which has a passive voice in its sub clause. The news title is “Jakarta keeps

golf title wherever it is being played” (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p. 24).

The passive voice does not stress the subject, person, agent, or thing doing the

55

action. What is important is the thing acted upon. In the news title “Jakarta keeps

golf title wherever it is being played”, the agent or subject of the sub clause is not

written. It is because the readers will know who will organize the golf tournament,

“the organizer”.

Below are the examples of the news title which use the active voice

a. BMW Oracle Racing plans modifications to trimaran (The Jakarta Post, 5

March 2009 p. 22)

b. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch playoff spot (The Jakarta Post, 6 March

2009 p. 22)

The use of active voice shows that all of the elements in the news titles

such as the subject, whether animate or inanimate, and the actions are important.

Active verbs are also more dynamic than passive ones, and thereby lend strength

to the news titles.

3. Ellipsis

Following is the table of the use of ellipsis in the news titles.

Table 11. Distribution of the ellipsis in the sport news titles No. Grammatical feature in ellipsis Number Percentages 1. News titles using ellipsis 47 out of 61 77% 2. News titles without ellipsis 14 out of 61 23%

Ellipsis is a grammatical omission (Quirk Greenbaum, Leech, Svartvik,

1992: 883). Ellipsis which commonly occurs in the news titles is the structural

ellipsis. The categories of words which are omitted are articles, determiners,

pronouns, operators, and other closed-class words.

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The writer found that ellipsis is applied in 47 news titles. The occurrence

of this feature is 77%. Below are the examples of the news title which apply this

feature and the complete sentence of each news title. The writer completed the

sentences by looking at the context in the news content.

a. Demong takes first world title at Nordic (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p. 21)

Complete sentence : Demong takes his first world title at Nordic.

b. League series to launch in 2010 (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009 p. 21)

Complete sentence : League series are going to launch in 2010

c. Serena beats Venus in sisterly final (The Jakarta Post, 4 March 2009 p. 23)

Complete sentence : Serena beats Venus in a sisterly final

d. Mallya happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines (The Jakarta Post, 4

March 2009 p. 23)

Complete sentence : Mallya is happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines

e. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch playoff spot (The Jakarta Post, 6 March

2009 p. 22)

Complete sentence : Cavaliers becomes the first team to clinch playoff spot

Ellipsis is conducted as the result of the space limitation in the newspaper.

The structural ellipsis is the kind of ellipsis which is common in writing the news

title because it will not confuse the readers in getting the news title’s meaning as

much as other kind of ellipsis when they read it. Among the categories of word

which are commonly omitted, article such as the and a/an is the one which

experienced this very often.

57

From the analysis in the grammatical features, it can be highlighted as

followed. For the use of tense, simple present tense is applied in 58 news titles or

95% where 41 of them or 67.2% indicate the past events and 17 others or 27.9%

indicate the future events. The future tense is applied in 3 news titles or 5%, where

2 of them use be going to form and another uses will form. For the active and

passive use, all of news titles use the active voice instead of the passive one. In

other words, the occurrence is 100%. Then, ellipsis occurs in 27 news titles or

44.2%. The omitted word categories found are pronoun, preposition, auxiliary,

and article.

D. Lexical features in the sport news titles

This section covers 5 subdivisions: the use of intertextuality, connotative

words, positive statements, abbreviations and acronyms, and idioms.

Table 12. Distribution of lexical features in the sport news titles No. Lexical Features Number Percentages 1. Intertextuality 1 out of 61 1.6% 2. Connotative words 4 out of 61 6.5% 3. Positive statements 59 out of 61 96.7% 4. Abbreviations and acronyms 12 out of 61 19.7% 5. Idioms 3 out of 61 5%

1. The use of intertextualitity

Intertextuality is a reference of words to other familiar objects in a song,

literary work, or other familiar sources (Reah, 2002: 18). In The Jakarta Post

newspaper section sport, the writer only found one among the 61 data analyzed or

1.6%.

58

The news title which uses this feature is “New ‘Musketeers’ fire French

Davis Cup hopes” (The Jakarta Post, 6 March 2009 p. 24). In this news title, there

is a word which can remind the readers to the story of three knights from France

at the age of King Louis XIII written by Alexandre Dumas in 1844. The word is

‘Musketeers’. The three knights are known as The Three Musketeers. The knights

are Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, plus one knight that they admired, d’Artagnan.

The news below the news title informs the readers about four single tennis

players who will represent France in Davis Cup. Beside reminding the readers to

the knights, the ‘Musketeers’ also reminds the readers to the French former

players who became the first musketeers in the tennis world. “Gilles Tsonga,

Gael Monfils, Jo Wilfred Tsonga and Richard Gasquets all either current or

former top-10 players. Not since the glory days of the ‘Musketeers’- Henri

Cochet, Rene Lacoste, Jean Borotra, and Jacques Brugnon, who won every Davis

cup between 1927 and 1932- has France been able to call upon such talent (The

Jakarta Post, 6 March 2009 p. 24).

By using the word “Musketeers’ it is expected that the readers will believe

that the four players have the same qualities with the knights and the former

players who won the Davis Cup.

2. The use of connotative words

A connotative word is a word that carries an emotional loading beyond

their literal meaning. Therefore, the meaning of the connotative word cannot be

seen literally. The meaning must be seen contextually. If it is not seen based on

the context, the meaning will be awkward.

59

The writer found that there are 4 news titles which use the connotative

words or 6.5%. Below are the news titles which use connotative words. There are

explanations of the meanings of the news titles when they are understood literally

and contextually. The literal meaning of the words were taken from the Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English.

a. Bulls stampede from 17 down to silence Rockets (The Jakarta Post, 2 March

2009 p. 21)

The word “stampede” as a noun means “sudden rush of frightened people

or animals”. As a verb, it means “hustle or frighten somebody into rash action”.

The word “to silence” means causing somebody to be quiet.

If the news title is read literally, the readers will have the image of a group

of bulls attacking the rocket to make it quiet. The meaning is very awkward.

However, if it is seen contextually, the meaning will be understood. The word

“Bulls” does not refer to a group of animals which have horns, but it refers to

Chicago Bulls’ basketball players. The word “stampede” is understood to play

offensively. The words “to silence Rockets” means to beat the opposite in the

match, which is Houston Rockets. The whole meaning of the news title can be

seen in the news, “The Chicago Bulls scored the final 10 points of the game to cap

a recovery from a 17-point fourth quarter deficit and defeat the Houston Rockets

105-102…”.

60

b. Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with new talent (The Jakarta Post, 3 March

2009 p. 21)

The word “shine” means “be bright or reflect the light”. It is impossible to

see a human to shine like a lamp or sun. Therefore, if it is seen literally, it will be

strange. Based on the context, “shine” means performing well and grab more

attention than any other player. It can be seen in the first paragraph of the news,

“No player did more to grab Ferguson’s attention than 25-year-old goalkeeper

Ben Foster”.

c. Magic benefits from Shaq infraction to eclipse Suns (The Jakarta Post, 5

March 2009 p. 21)

Literally, “to eclipse” means “cutting of the light from”, for examples

moon and sun. In the news title, what was eclipsed was “Suns”. If it is seen

literally, the meaning will be awkward since “Suns” is not the star which gives the

light to the earth. “Suns” there is the nick name of a basketball club in National

Basketball Association (NBA), Phoenix Suns. The meaning should be seen based

on the context. “To eclipse Suns” means to make the Suns’ player not able to

show their best game so that the opposite team wins over Suns. This can be seen

in the first paragraph of the news, “The Orlando Magic railed for a 111-99 victory

over the Phoenix suns on Tuesday…”.

d. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing (The Jakarta Post, 5 March 2009

p. 22)

The meaning is not clear if it is not seen based on the context. The word

“Glock” is the name of a formula one racer, Timo Glock. His name is often

61

associated with a clock since both “Glock” and “clock” are only different in the

initial sound. Then, the word “ticking” means “light, regularly repeated sound

especially clock”. The contextual meaning of “ticking” is showing the existence

by doing something excellent. If the news title is seen contextually, the meaning

will be Glock drives well to show Toyota’s good performance along testing. It can

be seen in the first paragraph of the news, “ German pilot Timo Glock of Toyota

was the fastest for the second day in a row during formula one testing Tuesday in

southern Spain on Monday, ahead of Brazil’s Felipe Massa of Ferrari”.

3. The use of positive statements

A headline should be in positive instead of negative heads. Exception

could be made when the failure of something to happen is more important than

any reported happening in the story (Reddick, 1976: 301). The writer found that

most of the news titles use the positive statement. There are 59 news titles which

use the positive statement or 96.7% while only 2 news titles use negative

statement or 3.3%.

The example of the news title which uses the positive statement is “Jakarta

keeps golf title wherever it is being played” (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p.

24). This news contains the news about the Jakarta Administration who want to

keep organizing the golf competition although the place to hold it is still

uncertain. The news title can be in the form of negative statement such as “Jakarta

won’t keep golf title”. Yet, that will be a poor news title because it leads the

reader to any thought about local government failure. The negative statement

62

tends to lead the readers to a negative impression while the positive one will lead

the readers to the positive impression.

4. The use of abbreviations and acronym

Abbreviation is shortened form of a word while acronym is words derived

from the initials of several words. The use of abbreviations and acronyms aims to

make the news titles shorter so that they will fit the space provided.

There are 12 news titles which use the abbreviations or acronyms or

19.7%. The use of abbreviations and acronyms aims to shorten the news title.

Below are the examples of the news title which use abbreviations or acronyms,

a. AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle (The Jakarta Post, 3 March 2009 p.

21)

AFC = Asian Football Confederation

b. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting (The Jakarta Post, 3

March 2009 p. 22)

MLB = Major League Baseball

c. Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship (The Jakarta Post, 4 March

2009 p. 22)

US = United States

WBC = World baseball Classic

C’ ship = championship

d. S. African bowlers under the spotlight in 2nd test (The Jakarta Post, 5 March

2009 p. 21)

S = South

63

Most of the abbreviations and acronyms found relate to the sport world.

Many acronyms are derived from the championships’ name or sport organizations.

5. The use of idioms

Flavell in Dictionary of Idioms and Their Origins defined idiom as “the

utterance where the meaning of it cannot be seen from the words which construct

it individually” (Flavell, 2005:6). The writer found 3 news titles which use the

idioms or 5%.

Below are the news titles which apply this feature with further

explanations about the meaning of the idioms. Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary of Current English is the basis to determine the meaning of the idioms.

a. Benitez set to throw in title towel (The Jakarta Post, 2 March 2009 p. 23)

The idiom in the news title is “throw in the towel”. The meaning is to

admit defeat. Therefore, if the idiom is not used, the sentence may be “Benitez

admits defeat”. This fact can be found in the first sentence of the news, “Rafael

Benitez came close to conceding defeat in the Premier League title battle after a

shock 2-0 defeat at Middlesbrough left Liverpool struggling to keep leader

Manchester United within sight”.

b. India banks on Tendulkar for ODI boost against New Zealand (The Jakarta

Post, 3 March 2009 p. 23)

The idiom is “banks on”, which means “base one’s hopes on”. Therefore,

the news title means that India is dependent on Tendulkar (cricket player’s name)

in match against New Zealand. The sentence that shows this fact is “India is set to

recall record breaking batsman Sachin Tendulkar as they head into a one-day

64

series against New Zealand this week looking to bounce back from two twenty

defeats”.

c. Els set to defend PGA title with eye toward Masters (The Jakarta Post, 6 March

2009 p. 22)

The idiom of the news title is “with an eye to/ toward”, which means “with

a view to, or hoping for”. Therefore, the meaning of the news title is Els (golfer)

will try to defend his PGA title while preparing himself to the Masters

tournament. This thing can be seen in the first sentence of the first paragraph,

“Ernie Els will defend his crown at the PGA Honda Classic starting on Thursday

(Friday in Jakarta) even as the 39-year-old South African legend begins to prepare

his game for next month’s Masters”.

There are some findings from this part of lexical features. Intertextuality is

applied in one news title or covers 1.6% of percentage. For the use of connotative

words, there are 4 news titles which use the connotative words. The total ccurence

of this feature is 6.6%. For the use of positive statement, there are 59 news titles

which use the positive statement or 96.7% while two others or 3.3% use the

negative statement. For the use of abbreviations and acronyms, there are 12 news

titles which use the abbreviations or acronyms or 19.7%. For the use of idioms,

there are 3 news titles which use the idioms or 5%.

65

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

After analyzing all of the data in the chapter of analysis, the writer would

like to sum up several things in this chapter. This part covers four main parts in

corresponding to the number of problems which have been solved.

The first problem about graphology is divided into: typography (type size,

width of letters, degree of boldness, and family of the letters), capitalization,

indentation or heading, and punctuation. For the type size, there are three main

sizes found, 11, 17, and 24 pt font sizes. The 17 pt font size occurs more often

than 11 pt font size, and 11 pt font size occurs more often than 24 pt size. The 17

pt font size occurs in 25 news titles or 39%. There are 17 news titles using 11 pt

font size or 27.8% and 14 news titles using 24 pt font size or 23%. For the width

of letters, the standard width of letters is the only feature found in the entire news

titles. It means that the occurrence of this feature is 100%. For the degree of

boldness, there are two faces found, bold face type face and the combination of

bold and standard face type. The bold face type can actually be found in all of the

news titles. There are 58 news titles or 95% in which all of the words which

construct the titles are printed bold. However, some words in the rest 3 news titles

are not printed bold. They are printed in standard bold face. Therefore, this

combination of bold and standard face in those news titles covers 5% of the data.

For family of the letters, there are two kind of font families found, Minion Pro and

Trebuchet families. Minion pro family is used more often than the other one.

There are 55 news titles using Minion Pro as the family or 90.2% while the other

66

five use Trebuchet family or 9.8%. In capitalization, the down style rule is used

more often than the up style rule. The down style rule is applied in 56 news titles

or 91.2% while the up style rule in 2 news titles or 3.8%. There are 3 news titles

or 5% which use the combination of both rules. For indentation or heading, there

are two heads found, crossline and flush-left head. The flush-left head is used

more often than the other one. It is applied in 38 news titles or 62%. The crossline

head is applied in 23 news titles or 38%. Next, punctuations exist in 21 news titles

or 34.4 %. There are several punctuations found, such as comma, apostrophe,

hyphen, full stop, single quotation marks and colon. Comma and apostrophe are

the most common ones. Some news titles use more than one punctuations.

The second discussion is about phonological features. In phonological

features, there are three features which were applied, alliteration, consonance, and

assonance. There are 42 news titles which use the alliteration or 69%. The

consonance and assonance are applied in all of the news titles. The occurrence of

both features are 100%. It is common to find that one news title uses more than

one similar sounds for each alliteration, consonance, and assonance. It is also very

common to find the combination of the alliteration, consonance, or assonance in

one news title.

The third problem about the grammatical feature covers three parts: tense,

active-passive voice use, and ellipsis. For tense, there are two forms of tense

found, which are simple present tense and simple future tense. Simple present

tense can be used to describe past and future events. It is applied in 58 news titles

or 95% where 41 of them or 67.2% indicate the past events and 17 others or

67

27.9% indicate the future events. If it is used to inform past events, it is called

historical present tense. Future tense is applied in 3 news titles or 5%, where 2 of

them use be going to form and another uses will form. For the active-passive

voice use, the active voice is used in all of the news titles. This feature covers

100% of the data. Next, ellipsis occurs in 27 news titles or 44.2%. The omitted

word categories found are pronoun, preposition, auxiliary, and article. The most

common one is the article.

The fourth discussion is about lexis. It covers five parts: the use of

intertextuality, connotative words, positive statement, abbreviations and

acronyms, and idioms. Intertextuality is applied in one news title or 1.6%. For the

use of connotative words, there are 4 news titles which use the connotative words

or 6.6%. For the use of positive statement, there are 59 news titles which use the

positive statement or 96.7% while two others or 3.3% use the negative statement.

For the use of abbreviations and acronyms, there are 12 news titles which use the

abbreviations or acronyms or 19.7%. For the use of idioms, there are 3 news titles

which use the idioms or 5%.

68

BIBLIOGRAHY Aitchison, Jean. Linguistics. New York: Hodder and Soughton, 1978.

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. Understanding and Using English Grammar, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall Regents, 1989.

Bram, Barli. Write Well. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius, 1995.

Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: an Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. New York: Manchester University Press, 2002

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. London: CUP, 1994.

Flavel, Roger. Dictionary of Idioms and Their Origins. London: Kyle Cathie Limited, 2005.

Fromkin, Victoria, David Blair and Peter Collins. An Introduction to Language. Marrickville: Harcourt Australia Pty Limited, 2000.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams. An Introduction to Language, 7th edition. New York: Heinle, 2003.

Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.

Kamba, Nani Tato. A Stylistics Analysis on Linguistics Features of News Titles in The Jakarta Post on August 19, 2007 Issue. Undergraduate Thesis. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2007.

Larsen-Freeman, Diane. Teacher’s Course: The Grammar Book. Brattleboro: Heinle&Heinle Publishers, 1999.

Madden, Frank. Exploring Poetry. London: Longman, 2002

Quirk, Randolph, and Sidney Greenbaum. A University Grammar of English, 14th impression. Longman Group (F.E.) Ltd: Harlow, 1985.

Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. New York: Longman, 1992

Reah, Danuta. The Language of Newspaper, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 2002.

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Reddick, Dewitt C. The Mass Media and the School Newspaper. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., 1976.

Sendjaja, Sasa Djuarsa. Pengantar Komunikasi. Universitas Terbuka, 1993.

Verdonk, Peter. Oxford Introductions to Language Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Wales, Katie. A Dictionary of Stylistics, 2nd edition. Harlow: Longman, 2001.

The Jakarta Post, 2-6 March 2009 edition

“Reasons Why People Read a Newspaper”. The Times of India. <http://times ofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22958479.cms> (17 May 2009).

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Data of the study (sport news titles taken from 2-6 March editions) 1. Demong takes first world title at Nordic 2. Bulls stampede from 17 down to silence Rockets 3. Almargo, Venus win Acapulco 4. Djokovic beats Ferrer to take Dubai Championship Crown 5. Ireland stretches lead in Six Nations 6. Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win 7. Benitez set to throw in title towel 8. Thongcha triumphs at Indonesia Open 9. Jakarta keeps golf title wherever it is being played 10. Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final 11. Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with new talent 12. Stoke City deals Villa blow in chase for Euro slot 13. AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle 14. Atletico stuns Barcelona with dramatic late winner 15. Korea has no fear of Japan in World Baseball Classic 16. Northug emerges as star at Nordic skiing worlds 17. Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers 18. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting 19. Magnificent Windies turns tables on England 20. Fish beats Russian qualifier at Delray Beach 21. India banks on Tendulkar for ODI boost against New Zealand 22. Dominant Ogilivy wins match play 23. Rory keen to copy Tiger’s playing quality 24. League series to launch in 2010 25. I’m bigger and stronger, claims Hatton 26. Soccer crazy Ethiopians try the oval ball 27. Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis 28. Woods wow factor puts swing back into sponsors, sport 29. Strongest field ever in Asia as Ochoa guns for glory 30. Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship 31. James edges Wade in Cavs’ victory over heat 32. Serena beats Venus in sisterly final 33. Pakistan’s women struggle for recognition and equality 34. Mallya happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines 35. Chris John keen for a rematch against Juarez 36. RI upbeat on conquering Kuwait in Davis Cup matches 37. Man. United eyes Premiership title 38. Tine defends All-England title with the power of love 39. Magic benefits from Shaq inftraction to eclipse Suns 40. S. African bowlers under the spotlight in 2nd test 41. Wrapping up a not-so-wild West Coast

71

42. Taiwan golden girls Tseng adapts quickly 43. BMW Oracle Racing plans modifications to trimaran 44. Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic 45. Fiji seek back-to-back World Cup Seven titles 46. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing 47. No Fed, but Swiss still has hope against US 48. Hiddink backs Drogba to lead charge 49. Ngog fires The Reds to victory 50. Taufik, Firda advance in All England 51. Gade seeks proud All_England return 52. India plans massive security for 2010 53. Red Wings takes over NHL’s top spot 54. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch playoff spot 55. Els set to defend PGA title with eye toward Masters 56. Three-way tie at HSBC Champions 57. Ronaldo returns to action after knee surgery 58. Fergie hails true grit as United edges nearer to title 59. Sampdoria humiliates Mourinho’s out of form Inter 60. RI mixed doubles stay in All England 61. New ‘ Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes

72

Appendix 2. Table of news titles with graphological features Typography

T C No. News Titles T S

W B R P C H

1. Demong takes first world title at Nordic

24 pt standard Bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

2. Bulls stampede from 17 down to silence Rockets

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

3. Almargo, Venus win Acapulco

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

comma down style

flush-left

4. Djokovic beats Ferrer to take Dubai Championship Crown

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

5. Ireland stretches lead in Six Nations

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

6. Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

7. Benitez set to throw in title towel

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

8. Thongcha triumphs at Indonesia Open

45 ;21 pt

standard Extra bold, bold

Trebuchet, Trebuchet

- up, down style

flush-left

9. Jakarta keeps golf title wherever it is being played

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

10. Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

comma down style

crossline

11. Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with new talent

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

12. Stoke City deals Villa blow in chase for Euro slot

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

13. AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

14. Atletico stuns Barcelona with dramatic late winner

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

15. Korea has no fear of Japan in World Baseball Classic

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

16. Northug emerges as star at Nordic skiing worlds

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

17. Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

18. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

hyphen, comma

down style

flush-left

19. Magnificent Windies turns tables on England

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

20. Fish beats Russian qualifier at Delray Beach

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

21. India banks on 11 pt standard bold- Minion - down crossline

73

Tendulkar for ODI boost against New Zealand

face pro style

22. Rory keen to copy Tiger’s playing quality

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

apostrophe down style

crossline

23. Dominant Ogilivy wins match play

17; 60; 61

standard light, bold

Trebuchet - up style flush-left

24. League series to launch in 2010

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

25. I’m bigger and stronger, claims Hatton

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

apostrophe , comma

down style

crossline

26. Soccer crazy Ethiopians try the oval ball

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

27. Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

colon down style

flush-left

28. Woods wow factor puts swing back into sponsors, sport

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

comma down style

crossline

29. Strongest field ever in Asia as Ochoa guns for glory

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

30. Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

comma, apostrophe

down style

flush-left

31. James edges Wade in Cavs’ victory over heat

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

apostrophe down style

crossline

32. Serena beats Venus in sisterly final

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

33. Pakistan’s women struggle for recognition and equality

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

apostrophe down style

flush-left

34. Mallya happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

35. Chris John keen for a rematch against Juarez

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

36. RI upbeat on conquering Kuwait in Davis Cup matches

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

37. Tine defends All-England title with the power of love

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

hyphen down style

crossline

38. Man. United eyes Premiership title

17; 42 pt

standard light, bold

Trebuchet full stop Up style Flush- left

39. Magic benefits from Shaq inftraction to eclipse Suns

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

40. S. African bowlers under the spotlight in 2nd test

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

full stop down style

flush-left

41. Wrapping up a not-so-wild West Coast

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

hyphen down style

flush-left

42. Taiwan golden girls Tseng adapts quickly

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

43. BMW Oracle Racing 17 pt standard bold- Minion - down flush-left

74

plans modifications to trimaran

face pro style

44. Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

45. Fiji seek back-to-back World Cup Seven titles

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

hyphen down style

flush-left

46. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

47. No Fed, but Swiss still has hope against US

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

comma down style

flush-left

48. Hiddink backs Drogba to lead charge

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

49. Ngog fires The Reds to victory

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

50. Taufik, Firda advance in All England

17; 34; 52 pt

standard light, bold

Trebuchet, Minion Pro

comma Up; down style

flush-left

51. India plans massive security for 2010

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

crossline

52. Gade seeks proud All_England return

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

53. Red Wings takes over NHL’s top spot

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

apostrophe down style

flush-left

54. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch playoff spot

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

55. Els set to defend PGA title with eye toward Masters

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

56. Three-way tie at HSBC Champions

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

hyphen down style

crossline

57. Ronaldo returns to action after knee surgery

24 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

58. Fergie hails true grit as United edges nearer to title

17 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

- down style

flush-left

59. Sampdoria humiliates Mourinho’s out of form Inter

11 pt standard bold- face

Minion pro

apostrophe down style

flush-left

60. RI mixed doubles stay in All England

45; 17; 26

standard extra-bold, light

Minion pro, Trebuchet

- Up; down style

flush-left

61. New ‘ Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes 11 pt standard Bold

Minion pro

Single quotation mark

down style

crossline

T.S. = type size P = punctuation W = width of the letter C = capitalization B = degree of boldness H = heading or indentation R = race of the letters TC = type classification

75

Appendix 3. Table of news titles with phonological features Examples No.

News titles Alliteration Consonance Assonance

1. Demong takes first world title at Nordic /teiks/-/taHtl/ /f2:st/-/zt/ /f2:st/-/w2:kc/ 2. Bulls stampede from 17 down to silence

Rockets /stzmpi:d/-/sevnti:n/-/saHl?ns/

/bTlz/-/saHl?nz/

/eq?l/-/r`Hk?my/

3. Almargo, Venus win Acapulco - /vi:n?z/-/wHn/

/UklUgN:/-/UjUoTkjN:/

4. Djokovic beats Ferrer to take Dubai Championship Crown /tT/-/teHk/ /dYPjPuHsR/-/teHk/

/edq?q/-/d?aUH/-/sRzloH?mRHo/

5. Ireland stretches lead in Six Nations /stretRHz/-/sHks/ /ai?l?nd/-/li:d/ /Hm/-/rHjr/ 6. Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win /wHS/-/wHn/ /wHS/-/tenS/ /wHS/-/wHn/ 7. Benitez set to throw in title towel /tT/-/taHtl/-

/taT?l/ /taHtl/-/taT?l/ /bdmHsdy/-/rds/

8. Thongcha triumphs at Indonesia Open /tPMtR@:/-/traHUmf/

/Hnd?ni:zH?/-/?Tp?n/ /Hnd?ni:zH?/-/?Tp?n/

9. Jakarta keeps golf title wherever it is being played -

/pleHd/-/taHtl/

/jh:or/-/ah:M/

10. Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final /mi:t/-/mztR/ / plei:/-/fai:nl/ /PcYHkh:/-/keHrh:/ 11. Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with

new talent /wHnz/-/wHS/ /RaHnz/-/wHnz/ /wHnz/-/wHS/

12. Stoke City deals Villa blow in chase for Euro slot

/st?Tk/-/sHtH/-/slPt/

/bl?T/-/slPt/ /st?Tk/- /bl?T/

13. AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle /sH/- /si:ks/-/strUgl/

/traHUmf/-/strUgl/ /traHUmf/-/strUgl/

14. Atletico stuns Barcelona with dramatic late winner

/wHS /-/wHn?r/ UtletHkN:/-/dr?mztHk/ /wiS/-/wHn?r/

15. Korea has no fear of Japan in World Baseball Classic

/k?rH?/-/klzsHk/

/dY?pzn/-/Hn/ /dY?pzn/-/klzsik/

16. Northug emerges as star at Nordic skiing worlds

/nPrSh?g/-/nN:rdik/

/Hm2:dYHz/-/w2:ldz/ /zz/-/zt/

17. Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers /s2:dYHM/-/sUnz/

/li:dz/-/sUnz/-/leHk?rz/

/R@:k/-/p@:st/

18. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting

- /li:v HM/-/mi:tHM/ /li:vHM/-/mi:tHM/

19. Magnificent Windies turns tables on England /t2:nz/-/teHblz/

/wHndHz/-/t2:nz/-/teHblz/

/mzfnHfHsnt/-/wHndHz/

20. Fish beats Russian qualifier at Delray Beach

/bi:ts/-/bi:tR/ /fHR/-/bi:tR/ /bi:ts/-/bi:tR/

21. India banks on Tendulkar for ODI boost against New Zealand

/bzMks/-/bu:st/ /bu:st/-/?g?nst/ /bu:st/-/niu:/

22. Rory keen to copy Tiger’s playing quality /ki:n/-/kPpH/ /pleHM/-/ /kwPl?ti:/ /kPpH/-/kwPl?ti:/ 23. Dominant Ogilivy wins match play - /dPmHn?nt/-/wHnz/ /dPmHn?nt/-/wHnz/ 24. League series to launch in 2010 /tT/-/tu:/-/ten/ /Hn/-/ten/ /li:f/-/sH?ri:z/ 25. I’m bigger and stronger, claims Hatton - /bHf?r/-/strPM?r/ /bHf?r/-/strPM?r/ 26. Soccer crazy Ethiopians try the oval ball - /?Tvl/-/bN:l/ /kreHzH/-/CH/ 27. Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis /wHl/-/weC?r/ /dUkUr/-/weC?r/ /rzlH/-/wHl/ 28. Woods wow factor puts swing back into /wu:dz/-/w?T/ /wu:dz/-/spPns?rz/ /pTts/-/HntT/

76

sponsors, sport 29. Strongest field ever in Asia as Ochoa guns

for glory /fi:ld/-/f ?r/ /ev?r/-/f?r/ /ev?r/-/f?r/

30. Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship - /d?mHnHk?nz/-rHdi:m/

/d?mHnHk?nz/-rHdi:m/

31. James edges Wade in Cavs’ victory over heat

- /edYHz/-/kzvz/ /Hn/-vHkt?rH/

32. Serena beats Venus in sisterly final /s?renU/-/sHst?rli:/

/s?renU/-/vHn?z/

/s?renU/-/vHn?z/

33. Pakistan’s women struggle for recognition and equality - /wHmHn/-/rek?gnHRn/

/wHmHn/-/rek?gnHRn/

34. Mallya happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines

/m@:li?/-/mersHdHz/

/mersHdHz/-/endYHnz/ /mersHdHz/-/endYHan/

35. Chris John keen for a rematch against Juarez

/krHs/-/ki:n/ /dYPn/-/ki:n/ /?fenst/-/hwUrez/

36. RI upbeat on conquering Kuwait in Davis Cup matches

/kPnM?rHnM/-/kTweHt/-/kUp/

/Upbi:t/-kTweHt deHvHz-mztRIz

/Upbi:t/-/-/kUp/

37. Tine defends All-England title with the power of love

/tHn?/-/taHtl/ /N:l/-/taHtl/ /HMl?nd/-/wHS/

38. Man. United eyes Premiership title - /iTnaHtHd/-/taHtl/ /aHz/-/taHtl/ 39. Magic benefits from Shaq inftraction to

eclipse Suns - /benHfHts/-/fr?m/ /benHfHts/-/HklHps/

40. S. African bowlers under the spotlight in 2nd test

/spPtlaHt/-/sek?nd/

/zfrHk?n/-/Hn/ /zfrHk?n/- /sek?nd/

41. Wrapping up a not-so-wild West Coast /waHld/-/west/ /nPt/-/west/-k?Tst/ /s?T/-/k?Tst/ 42. Taiwan golden girls Tseng adapts quickly /f?Tld?n/-

/f2:lz/ /taHw@:n/-/f?Tld?n/

/f?Tld?n/-/?dzpts/

43. BMW Oracle Racing plans modifications to trimaran /tT/-/trHm@r@n/

/plznz/-/mPdHfi HkeHRnz/

/Pr?kl/-/mPdHfi HkeHRnz/

44. Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic /si:k/-/set/ /si:k/-/klzsHk/ /feHvz/-peHz/ 45. Fiji seek back-to-back World Cup Seven

titles /bzk/-/ bzk/ /si:k/-/bzk/-/bzk/ /bzk/-/ bzk/

46. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing /t?TjPt?/-/tHkHM/-/testHM/

/tHkHM/-/?lPM/-/testHM/ /tHkHM/-/testHM/

47. No Fed, but Swiss still has hope against US /swHz/-/stHl/; /hzz/-/h?Tp/

/swHz/-/hzz/ /swHz/-/stHl/

48. Hiddink backs Drogba to lead charge -

/hHdHMk/-/li:d/

/drPfb@:/-/ tR@:dY

49. Ngog fires The Reds to victory - /faH?rz/-/redz/ /faH?rz/-/vHkt?rH/ 50. Taufik, Firda advance in All England

- /?dv@:ns/-/HMl?nd/

/?dv@:ns/-/HMl?nd/

51. India plans massive security for 2010 /tu:/-/ten/ /S?Ts?nd/-/znd/ /plznz/-/mzsHv/ 52. Gade seeks proud All_England return

- /geid/-/pr?Td/-/HMl?nd/

/HMl?nd/-/rHt2:n/

53. Red Wings takes over NHL’s top spot /teHks/-/tPp/ /tPp/-/spPt/ /tPp/-/spPt/ 54. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch

playoff spot /ti:m/-/tT/ /f2:st/-/spPt/ /bHkUmz/-/klintR/

55. Els set to defend PGA title with eye toward Masters

/tT/-/taHtl/-/t?wN:d/

/elz/-/m@:st?rz/ /t?wN:d/-//m@:st?rz/

56. Three-way tie at HSBC Champions - /es/-/sH/ /bH/-/sH/ 57. Ronaldo returns to action after knee surgery /rPnUldP/- /rHt2:nz/-/zkRn/ /rHt2:nz/-/s2:dY?rH/

77

/rHt2:nz/ 58. Fergie hails true grit as United edges nearer

to title /tru:/-/tT/-/taHtl/ /heHlz/-/edYHz/ /fer dYH/-/frHt/

59. Sampdoria humiliates Mourinho’s out of form Inter

- /fN:rm/-/Hn2:r/ /szmdPrH?/-/?f/

60. RI mixed doubles stay in All England -

/dUblz/-/N:l/-/HMl?nd/

/mHkst/-/Hn/

61. New ‘ Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes /faH?r/-/frentR/

/mUskHtHrz/-/deHvHz/-/h?Tps/

/mUskHtHrz/-/deHvHz/

78

Appendix 4. Table of news titles with grammatical features T A P V

S P F T No. News titles P E F E W BGT

A P E

1. Demong takes first world title at Nordic √ √ √ 2. Bulls stampede from 17 down to silence Rockets √ √ 3. Almargo, Venus win Acapulco √ √ 4. Djokovic beats Ferrer to take Dubai Championship

Crown √ √ √

5. Ireland stretches lead in Six Nations √ √ √ 6.. Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win √ √ √ 7. Benitez set to throw in title towel √ √ √ 8. Thoncha triumphs at Indonesia Open √ √ √ 9. Jakarta keeps golf title wherever it is being played √ √ √ √ 10. Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final √ √ √ 11. Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with new talent √ √ √ 12. Stoke City deals Villa blow in chase for Euro slot √ √ √ 13. AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle √ √ √ 14. Atletico stuns Barcelona with dramatic late winner √ √ √ 15. Korea has no fear of Japan in World Baseball

Classic √ √ √

16. Northug emerges as star at Nordic skiing worlds √ √ √ 17. Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers √ √ √ 18. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB

meeting √ √ √

19. Magnificent Windies turns tables on England √ √ √ 20. Fish beats Russian qualifier at Delray Beach √ √ √ 21. India banks on Tendulkar for ODI boost against

New Zealand √ √ √

22. Rory keen to copy Tiger’s playing quality √ √ √ 23. Dominant Ogilivy wins match play final √ √ √ 24. League series to launch in 2010 √ √ √ 25. I’m bigger and stronger, claims Hatton √ √ 26. Soccer crazy Ethiopians try the oval ball √ √ 27. Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis √ √ √ 28. Woods wow factor puts swing back into sponsors,

sport √ √

29. Strongest field ever in Asia as Ochoa guns for glory

√ √ √

30. Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship √ √ √ 31. James edges Wade in Cavs’ victory over heat √ √ √ 32. Serena beats Venus in sisterly final √ √ √ 33. Pakistan’s women struggle for recognition and

equality √ √ √

34. Mallya happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines

√ √ √

35. Chris John keen for a rematch against Juarez √ √ √ 36. RI upbeat on conquering Kuwait in Davis Cup

matches √ √ √

37. Tine defends All-England title with the power of love

√ √ √

38. Man. United eyes Premiership title √ 39. Magic benefits from Shaq inftraction to eclipse √ √

79

Suns 40. S. African bowlers under the spotlight in 2nd test √ √ √ 41. Wrapping up a not-so-wild West Coast √ √ 42. Taiwan golden girls Tseng adapts quickly √ √ 43. BMW Oracle Racing plans modifications to

trimaran √ √

44. Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic √ √ √ 45. Fiji seek back-to-back World Cup Seven titles √ √ 46. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing √ √ √ 47. No Fed, but Swiss still has hope against US √ √ √ 48. Hiddink backs Drogba to lead charge √ √ √ 49. Ngog fires The Reds to victory √ √ √ 50. Taufik, Firda advance in All England √ √ 51. India plans massive security for 2010 √ √ √ 52. Gade seeks proud All England return √ √ √ 53. Red Wings takes over NHL’s top spot √ √ √ 54. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch playoff spot √ √ √ 55. Els set to defend PGA title with eye toward

Masters √ √ √

56. Three-way tie at HSBC Champions √ √ √ 57. Ronaldo returns to action after knee surgery √ √ √ 58. Fergie hails true grit as United edges nearer to title √ √ √ 59. Sampdoria humiliates Mourinho’s out of form

Inter √ √

60. RI mixed doubles stay in All England √ √ 61. New ‘ Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes √ √ √

T = Tense A = Active SP = Simple present tense P = Passive FT = Simple future tense E = Ellipsis PE = Past event W = Will FE = Future event BGT = Be going to APV = Active-passive voice

80

Appendix 5. Table of news titles using lexical features No. News titles I C W N S Ab/Ac Id 1. Demong takes first world title at Nordic 2. Bulls stampede from 17 down to silence Rockets √ 3. Almargo, Venus win Acapulco 4. Djokovic beats Ferrer to take Dubai Championship

Crown

5. Ireland stretches lead in Six Nations 6.. Madrid closes gap on Barca with 10th win 7. Benitez set to throw in title towel √ 8. Thoncha triumphs at Indonesia Open 9. Jakarta keeps golf title wherever it is being played 10. Ogilvy, Casey to meet in Match Play Final 11. Foster shines as Ferguson wins cup with new talent √ 12. Stoke City deals Villa blow in chase for Euro slot 13. AFC boss seeks triumph in power struggle √ 14. Atletico stuns Barcelona with dramatic late winner 15. Korea has no fear of Japan in World Baseball Classic √ 16. Northug emerges as star at Nordic skiing worlds 17. Surging Shaq leads Suns past Lakers 18. After leaving game, A-Rod coy about MLB meeting √ 19. Magnificent Windies turns tables on England 20. Fish beats Russian qualifier at Delray Beach 21. India banks on Tendulkar for ODI boost against

New Zealand √ √

22. Rory keen to copy Tiger’s playing quality 23. Dominant Ogilivy wins match play final 24. League series to launch in 2010 25. I’m bigger and stronger, claims Hatton 26. Soccer crazy Ethiopians try the oval ball 27. Organizers: Dakar Rally will weather crisis 28. Woods wow factor puts swing back into sponsors,

sport

29. Strongest field ever in Asia as Ochoa guns for glory 30. Dominicans, US look to redeem in WBC c’ ship √ 31. James edges Wade in Cavs’ victory over heat 32. Serena beats Venus in sisterly final 33. Pakistan’s women struggle for recognition and

equality

34. Mallya happy for Mercedes to help Honda with engines

35. Chris John keen for a rematch against Juarez 36. RI upbeat on conquering Kuwait in Davis Cup

matches √

37. Tine defends All-England title with the power of love

38. Man. United eyes Premiership title

81

39. Magic benefits from Shaq inftraction to eclipse Suns √ 40. S. African bowlers under the spotlight in 2nd test √ 41. Wrapping up a not-so-wild West Coast 42. Taiwan golden girls Tseng adapts quickly 43. BMW Oracle Racing plans modifications to trimaran √ 44. Caribbean faves seek to set pace in Classic 45. Fiji seek back-to-back World Cup Seven titles 46. Glock keeps Toyota ticking along in testing √ 47. No Fed, but Swiss still has hope against US √ √ 48. Hiddink backs Drogba to lead charge 49. Ngog fires The Reds to victory 50. Taufik, Firda advance in All England 51. India plans massive security for 2010 52. Gade seeks proud All England return 53. Red Wings takes over NHL ’s top spot √ 54. Cavaliers becomes first team to clinch playoff spot 55. Els set to defend PGA title with eye toward Masters √ √ 56. Three-way tie at HSBC Champions √ 57. Ronaldo returns to action after knee surgery 58. Fergie hails true grit as United edges nearer to title 59. Sampdoria humiliates Mourinho’s out of form Inter 60. RI mixed doubles stay in All England √ 61. New ‘Musketeers’ fire French Davis Cup hopes √

I = Intertextuality CW = Connotative word NS = Negative statement Ab/Ac = Abbreviation/ acronym Id = Idioms

82

Appendix 6. Table of distribution of topic headings in The Jakarta Post newspaper Editions

No. Topic Headings 2 March 2009

3 March 2009

4 March 2009

5 March 2009

6 March 2009

1. Headlines 2 3 3 3 3 2 National 2 1 2 2 2 3. Opinion 2 2 2 2 2 4. Archipelago 2 2 2 2 2 5. World 3 3 3 3 3 6. Business 5 5 4 5 4 7. City 2 2 2 1 2 8 Readers Forum 1 1 1 1 1 9. Sports 4 4 4 4 3 10. Features 1 2 1 - 1 11. Sci- Tech 2 - - - - 12. People 1 1 1 - 1 13. Environment - 1 - - - 14. Management - - - 1 - 15. Culture - - - - 1 16. Body and Soul - - 2 - -