lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; –@)^$ sf]pknIodf d"n ;df/f]x ;ldltsf cWoIf Pj+ g]k fn

1

k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf jif{ #(, c+s !, k"0ff{Í !)&, sflt{s @)^$

lghfdtL ;]jf lbj; –@)^$ sf] pknIodf d"n ;df/f]x ;ldltsf cWoIf Pj+ g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ef]h/fh l3ld/]Ho"n] lbg'ePsf] dGtJo

;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo", dfggLo dGqLHo"x?, ;+j}wflgs c+usf k|d'v Pjd\ ;b:oHo"x?, pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ cfdlGqt ldqx?, dlxnf tyf ;Hhgj[Gb Û

lghfdtL ;]jf lbj;–@)^$ sf] cj;/df cfof]hgf ePsf] o; d"n ;df/f]x ;ldltsf] sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" nufot ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx?df xflb{s s[t1tf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . o; kfjg lbj;sf cj;/df d'n'sleq / d'n'sjflx/ sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? Pjd\ ;]jflgj[Q sd{rf/Lx?df xflb{s z'esfdgf / awfO{ lbg rfxG5' . ;fy}, cfh ;Ddflgt x'g] kfFr hgf dxfg'efjx?df awfO{ 1fkg ub}{ pxfFx?sf] efjL hLjg ;'vdo /xf];\ eGg] sfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' . ljutdf lbj+ut x'g'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?k|lt >4f~hnL ck{0f ub}{ kl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .

clxn] d'n's kl/jt{gsf] df]8df plePsf] 5 . d'n's / d'n'sjf;Ln] rfx]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ d'n'sdf :yflkt nf]stflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] klg cxd\ e"ldsf x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf b'Odt /xFb}g . ;'zf;g sfod ub}{ hg;]jfdf ;dlk{t efjn] cxf]/fq v6\g ;lsPdf dfq ;dfhdf vl:sPsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5ljnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dnfO{ nfUb5 . clxn]sf] xfd|f] k|d'v cfjZostf eg]sf] åGåsf ;dodf u'd]sf] xfd|f] Ifdtf, cfTdljZjf; / ;fvnfO{ k'gM k|flKt ub}{ hgtfsf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug'{ xf] . nf]stGq t k|fKt eof] t/ xfdL slt nf]stflGqs x'g;Sof+} eGg] s'/f xfd|f cfr/0f, sfo{z}nL / ;]jfu|fxL hgtf;Fu ug]{ xfd|f Jojxf/n] b]vfpg] s'/f xf] . xfdL lghfdtL sd{rf/L g} xf}+ – h;sf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/sf] cg'xf/ hgtfdf k|blz{t x'g] ub{5 . xfd|f] Jojxf/, sfo{z}nL / cfr/0fdf ul/Psf] kl/jt{gn] g} hgtfn] kl/jt{gsf] cg'ej / :jfb lng] klg xf] . ;/sf/k|lt e/f];f b]vfpg] klg xf] . xfd|f Jojxf/df kl/jt{g x'g;s]g eg] hgtfn] xfdLnfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f dfq xf]Og ;/sf/k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;d]t kl/jt{g x'g;Sb}g . t;y{, oxL s'/fnfO{ dgg ub}{ d o; kfjg cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;fyLx?nfO{ sfo{If]qdf cem ;lqmotfsf ;fy lqmofzLn x'g ;d]t cfXjfg ub{5' .

ut jif{ o;} ;df/f]xdf d}n] eg]sf / k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf s'/fx? Jojxf/df slt nfu" ug{ ;lsof] eGg] n]vfhf]vf ha d ub{5' ta dnfO{ stfstf cK7\of/f] nfUg] u/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] rfxgf u/]sf] hgljZjf; cfh{g ug]{ s'/f Jojxf/df slt k|fKt eof] Tof] xfdLn] g} cf+sng ug]{ ljifo xf] . c?n] xfdLnfO{ s] eG5 jf eGof] eGg'eGbf ;]jfu|fxLsf] cfFvfaf6 cfk"mnfO{ x]bf{ xfdL cfk}+mnfO{ h] cg'e"lt x'G5, ToxL g} xfd|f] jf:tljstf xf] / oyfy{ ¿k klg xf] . clxn] ha d ;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] cfFvfaf6 cfk"mnfO{ x]5'{, ut aif{eGbf cfhsf] ædÆ df vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] kfpFlbg . xf], lxhf];Dd d]/f] 9f]sf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ aGb g} /xGYof] t/ clxn] v'Nnf /xg] u/]sf] 5 / hgtfsf] kx'Fr / cfjfh d]/f aGb sf]7f / sfgx?;Dd k'Ug] u/]sf 5g\ . kx'Fr a9\g' lgM;Gb]x ;]jfu|fxLsf] :j/ xfdL;Dd cfpg] dfWod x'g;S5 .

2

t/ lxhf] hlt eL8 d]/f] sfo{sIfdf nfUYof] cfh klg TolQs} eL8 lsg nflu/x]sf] 5 < ;]jfsf nflu l;Fxb/af/df k|j]z ug]{x?sf] lxhf]sf] eL8df lsg cfh sdL cfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g < o;tk{m d nufot ;Da4 ;a}n] Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 h:tf] dnfO{ nfU5 . hj;Dd clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f eO/xG5 tj;Dd s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnox?df hDdf x'g] eL8 36\g;Sg] kl/l:ylt aGg;Sb}g / ;/sf/ hgtfaf6 6fl9Fb} uPsf] cg'e"lt hgtfn] ug]{ ub{5g\ . t;y{, d}n] a'e]msf] / dx;'; u/]sf] 5'– sfd / clwsf/sf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] z[ª\vnfnfO{ eË u/L sfo{ Pjd\ clwsf/ b'j} sfo{:ynsf sfof{nox?df lgIf]k0f ug'{ cfhsf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . o; k|sf/sf] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{;Sof}F eg] d}n] ljutdf pNn]v u/]sf s]xL nf~5gfaf6 xfdLn] d'lQm kfpg]5f}+ .

dnfO{ ce}m klg sfof{no k|d'vx?sf] sf]7fsf] aflx/ aNg] æ/ftf] aQLÆ æe]6\g] ;do b'O{ ah] k5fl8 dfqÆ eGg] h:tf hgtfsf] kx'Fr 36fpg] zAb / ;+s]tx?n] b'Vg] u/]sf] 5 . s;}nfO{ nfUbf] xf]nf e]63f6sf] z[ª\vnf a9\b} uP sfddf afwf kg{;S5 / cfk"m cgfjZos ?kdf k|efljt eOG5 . dnfO{ eg] To:tf] nfUb}g . dnfO{ nfU5– d / d]/f] kl/j]zeGbf aflx/sf] ;"rgf d;Fu cfpg] ;zQm dfWod eg]sf] v'Nnf 9f]sf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL g} xf] . sf]xL klg ljgf sfd s'g} sfof{nodf ;do s6fpg dfq k:b}g . p;n] ;d:of lnP/ cfPsf] x'g;S5, ;dfwfgdf ljsNkx? k|:t't ug{;S5 / lg/fs/0fdf ;xof]uL e"ldsf v]Ng;Sb5 eGg] dfGotf ljsl;t ug{ ;lsPdf xfdL hgtfaf6 6fl9g] kl/l:yltsf] cGTo eP/ hfg] x'G5 . t;y{, o; cj;/df ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL ;fyLx?nfO{ æv'Nnf 9f]sfÆ æv'Nnf cfFvfÆ / æv'Nnf lbdfuÆ eGg] ;f]rsf] cg';/0f u/L cufl8 a9\g xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .

d}n] cufl8 g} pNn]v ul/;s]+ d'n's clxn] o'ufGtsf/L kl/jt{gsf] lbzfdf cu|;/ ePsf] 5 . cf;Gg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgn] d'n'sdf /fhgLlts ¿kfGt/0f dfq x'g] xf]Og o;n] ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pjd\ ;fF:s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf] dfu{ k|z:t ub{5 . o; /fli6«o cleofgnfO{ xfdL lghfdtL ;]jsx?sf] ;dk{0f Pjd\ ;xeflutfn] ;xhtf lbg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' / ;du| lghfdtL ;fyLx?nfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{df cf–cfˆgf] :t/af6 lqmofzLn /xg cfXjfg ub{5' .

ev{/} Joj:yflksf – ;+;båf/f kfl/t ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, ;dfj]zLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x?nfO{ klg km/flsnf] kf/]sf] 5 . ;+zf]wgx? cfk}mFdf k"0f{ 5}gg\ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfkl5 o;nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug'{ g} kb{5 . ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof lg/Gt/ rNg] k|lqmof xf] . ;'wf/ cu|ufdL g} x'g' kb{5 . t;y{, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfloTj, k]zfut bIftf clej[l4, sd{rf/Lsf] cfTd;Ddfgdf j[l4 nufotsf ljljw If]qdf ;'wf/sf] vfsf sf]g]{ sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL ;fyLx?nfO{ d xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5' .

cGTodf, d}n] s] kfPF eGg] efjgfn] xf]Og xfdLn] s] lbof}F–hgtfnfO{ eGg] efjgf /fvL hgtfsf] sfd ljgf emGem6, ljgf df]nflxhf :jt:k"mt{ x'g] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]df dfq æ;'zf;gsf] xfd|f] k|lta4tfÆ–jf:tljstfdf kl/0ft x'G5 . xf]Og eg] xfdLn] af]n]sf] gf/f–gf/fdf dfq ;Lldt /xg] / lbj; dgfpg'sf] cf}lrTodf ;d]t k|Zg lrGx nfUg] x'G5 .

cfˆgf] egfO 6'ª\UofO{ of] klxnf] r/0fsf] sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg ug'{ cufl8 cfˆgf] Jo:ttfsf jfjh"b klg xfd|f] lgdGq0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L o; ;df/f]xdf pkl:yt x'g'ePsf]df ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"df xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' . cGo ;Dk"0f{ cltly dxfg'efjx?nfO{ klg oxfF pkl:yt eO{ sfo{qmdsf]] ul/df a9fO{ lbg'ePsf]df s[t1tf JoQm ub}{ tyf cfhsf] o; ;df/f]xnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] ;a} ;fyLx?nfO{ wGojfb lbFb} ;df/f]xsf] cGTo ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5' .

wGojfb Û

3


llgghhffddttLL ;;]]jjffddff ææuu]] ||zzDD;; nnÆÆ ssff]] ;;++ss]]tt

k|f=8f=eLdb]j e§♠

s] xf] æu]|zD; nÆ < cy{zf:q tyf Joj:yfkg ljifo k9\g] ljBfyL{n] k|ToIf k/f]If ?kdf æu]|zD; nÆ jf/] ;d]t hfgsf/L lng k'Ub5g\ . vf; ul/sg d'b|f tyf j}lÍª (Money & Banking) ljifo k9\bf o;jf/] jf]w ul/G5 . cy{zf:qL u|]zD;n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] of] l;4fGt gofFF / k'/fgf] d'b|fsf] pkof]u jf/] ;DjlGwt 5 . cfkmgf] l;4fGt k|i6ofpg] l;nl;nfdf plg jsfnt ub{5g "When good money & bad money comes in circulation together, the bad money drives away the good money from circulation". cyf{t s'g} b]zdf klg hj gofFF / k'/fgf d'b|fx? ;+o'St ?kdf rngrNtLdf NofOG5g\ eg] k'/fgf] d'b|fn] gofF d'b|fnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ k'Ub5 . of] s'/f ;To xf] xf]Og egL xfdLn] cfk"m;+u /x]sf] d'b|fsf] rng jf pkof]u s;/L ub{5f}+ egL cjut u/]df :jtM :ki6 x'G5 . sNkgf u/f} ls xfdL;+u ?=%).– b/sf #) j6f gf]6 vNtLdf 5 . s'g} k;ndf uO{ vl/b ljqmLdf qmddf xfdLn] ?=%)) j/fj/sf] e'StfgL lbg' 5 eg] xfdLl;t df}hfb #) j6f gf]6 dWo] k'/fgf cfs[ltsf bz -%)x!)=%))_ j6f gf]6 e'StfgL ub{5f}+ / t'ngfTds b[li6n] jf+sL /x]sf @) gf]6 cfk"ml;t ;'/lIft /fVb5f}+ . of] l;4fGtnfO{ æu]|zD; nÆ egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF ofb /fVg' kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] g]kfnL ;dfhdf xfdLn] cfkmGtx?nfO{ bz} ltxf/df lbg] bIfL0ff jf r]nLj]6Lsf] ljjfx cyjf cGo s'g} pT;j jf k'hfkf7df k|of]u ul/g] d'b|fdf of] l;4fGt nfu" ub}{gf}+ . o:tf cj:yfdf xfdLn] ;se/ gofF+ gf]6s} jf l;Ssfs} k|of]u ub{5f}+ of] o; l;4fGtsf] ckjfb xf] .

æu]|zD; nÆ of] l;4fGt d'b|fsf] k|rng jf/] k|ltkfbg u/] tfklg o;nfO{ cGo If]q jf ljifo;+u klg pkdf lbg ;lsG5 . sd lzlIft JolStn] pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]sf JolStnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]df, k|ltefsf] sb/ gePdf, g/fd|f dflg;n] /fd|f dflg;sf] p7Ljf; u/fPdf, pb08 JolSt JolStTjn] lzi7, zf}Do JolStsf] clwsf/ xgg\ u/]df cyjf cGo h'g;'s} If]qdf cnf]slk|o jf cof]Uo JolStn] nf]slk|o JolSt JolStTjnfO{ lj:yflkt u/]df xfdL æu]|zD; nÆ sf] k|of]u eof] egL cleJolSt lbg k'Ub5f}+ . of] :jefljs klg 5 . o;} kl/j]zdf n]vsn] k|:t't n]vdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf st} æu]|zD; nÆ xfjL x'g vf]h]sf] t xf]Og egL ;dfhdf jx'rlr{t ljifosf] k|;Ë vf]tNg] w[i7tf;Dd u/]sf] xf] . ljifoj:t'sf] cGoyf cy{ gnufO{ oyfy{ cjut ug{ / eljiodf cfOkg]{ o:tf ;+efjgf s;/L Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 egL ;/f]sf/jfnf ;j}n] Wofg k'¥ofpg' ;fGble{s b]lvG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cfsif{0f lghfdtL ;]jf /fi6«sf] dxTjk"0f{ c+u xf] . o;} ;]jf dfkm{t ;/sf/n] cfkmgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 . ctM of] ;]jf ;jn, ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L, lgikIf, t6:y, :jR5 Pj+ ;]jfu|fxL x'g}

♠ ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u

4

kb{5 . ;]jfsf] dxTj jf]w u/L o; ;]jfdf leq\ofOg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] rog of]Uotfsf cfwf/df :jtGq lgsfoaf6 x'g] rng y'k|} b]zdf ljBdfg 5 . g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] rog ug]{ clwsf/ nf]s;]jf cfof]udf lglxt 5 .

ljutdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTj cx+ lyof] . o;nfO{ æl;Gb'/sf] dlxdfÆ sf] ;+1f ;d]t lbOPsf] lyof] . b]zdf pBf]u wGbf / cGo Joj;fon] vf;} 7fp+ lng g;s]sf], lghL If]qn] ;d]t cfkmgf] ultljlw cufl8 j9fpg g;s]sf] cflb sf/0fn] b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] d"Vo ynf] g} lghfdtL ;]jf /xg k'Uof] . t/ nfdf] ;dosf] cGt/fn kl5 ljut Ps 8]9 bzs b]lv lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] /f]huf/Lsf] qmddf k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] kfOGg . ljut bz jfx| jif{sf] tYof+s s]nfpg] xf] eg] klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;fwf/0f tkm{ clws[t :t/df 5flgPsf sd{rf/Lx? k|foM h;f] ;]jf leq}af6 plQ0f{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . :t/Lo sn]h, cWoog ;+:yfgaf6 /fd|f] c+s xfl;n u/L pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf pd]bjf/x? nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g nfnlot b]lvGgg\ . of] kSs} klg z'e ;+s]t xf]Og . o;} ;]jf dfkm{t ;/sf/n] cfdhgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg' kg]{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? b'|t ultdf cufl8 j9fpg' kg]{, b]zdf cdg rog sfod ug'{ kg]{, k//fi6« ;DjGw :yflkt ug'{ kg]{ cflb ePsfn] o; If]qdf cJjn bhf{sf k|ltefx?sf] cfjZostf /xG5 . t/ Jojxf/df ;f] x'g ;s]sf] kfOb}g .

Psftkm{ o:tf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?, s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8L, b'O{ /fi6« jx'/fi6«sf ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?;+u jftf{, ;+emf}tf, n]gb]g, åGb cflb ultljlwsf qmddf /fli6«o :jfy{ cg'?k v/f] pqg g;s]sf], lkmtnf] k|:t'tL u/]sf], cfk\mgf dgsf s'/f d'vdf NofO{ eGg} g;Sg], c?n] /fv]sf] k|:tfjsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f gu/L ;dy{gdf d'06f] dfq xNnfpg] u/]sf] cflb nfG5gf;d]t nfUg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; l;nl;nfdf xfd|f sd{rf/LnfO{ c+u|]hL efiffsf] ;d]t ;d:of /x]sf] hfgsf/L cg'e"lt ul/Psf]5 . kmntM ljutdf xfdLn] b'O{ /fi6« jx'/fi6« jf cGt/fli6«o ;+3;+:yf;+u ;GwL ;+emf}tf ubf{ w]/} s'/f u'dfpg k'u]sf 5f}+, /fli6«o :jfy{df c8\g ;s]sf] 5}gf}+ .

pk/f]St cj:yf >[hgf x'g' / lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|ltefx?sf] cfsif{0f Go"g x'g'df y'k|} sf/0f klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;/nLs/0fsf nflu s]xL dxTjk"0f{ j'+bfsf] rrf{ b]xfodf k|:t't 5g\ M

!= :jb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ Go"g x'g'

g]kfn ;/sf/ / :g]xL ldq/fi6«x?sf] cys k|of;sf jfjh'b b]zdf u}/;/sf/L If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ j9g ;s]sf] kfOb}g . ljutdf v'n]sf y'k|} pBf]ux? of t ?U0f cj:yfdf 5g\ of t aGb g} e};s] . b]zdf pBf]u wGbf df}nfpg g;s] kl5 a]/f]huf/L a9g] :jtM l;4 5 . aflif{s 8]9 b'O{ xhf/ egf{ lnOg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg k|j]z Tolt ;xh 5}g . k|j]z kfOxfn] klg ;]jf lbP jfkt k|fKt x'g] dfl;s tnj eQfn] Pp6f ;fgf] kl/jf/sf] e/0fkf]if0f klg ;+ej b]lvGg . kmntM :jb]zdf eGbf ljb]zdf uO{ /f]huf/ ug'{ pko'St eGg] wf/0ff cfd o'jfx?df ljsl;t x'b} uO /x]sf] kfOG5 .

@= egf{ k|0ffnL j}1flgs gx'g'

lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lng] egf{ k|0ffnL nfdf] ;do nfUg] / s]xL xb;Dd cj}1flgs klg 5 . cfof]un] k/LIff k|0ffnL g]kfnL efiffdf ;+rfng ub{5, oBlk sltko ljifodf c+u|]hL / g]kfnL efiffsf] ;+o'St k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] x'+bf x'b} klg ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfdsfhsf] efiff g]kfnL :yflkt ul/Psfn] sltko pd]bjf/nfO{ cfof]un] ;+rfng ug]{ k/LIffdf g]kfnL efiffdf pQ/ lbg g;s]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 . g]kfn ;fgf] /fi6« ePklg oxfF+ ax' efiff k|rngdf 5 . ctM ;a} hfthflt n] :j:k"mt{ 9+un] cfkmgf] :yfgLo efiffdf pQ/ lbg kfO/x]sf 5}gg\.

5

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] s'g} kbsf nflu lj1fkg u/] kl5 ;f] kbsf] k/LIff kl/0ffd lgsfNbf;Dd slDtdf tLg ;f9] tLg dlxgf / a9Ldf *.( dxLgf;Dd ;do nfUb5 . ef]sfPsf pd]bjf/sf nflu olt nfdf] ;do w}o{ u/L ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ cfTdjn gx'g' :jefljs} b]lvG5 .

#= j[lQ ljsf;sf] lemgf] ;+efjgf

lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 cfkmgf] ef]lnsf] j[lQ ljsf; s:tf] /xg] eGg] af/]sf] cGof}n oyfjt 5 . k|yd lgo'lSt s]Gb| jf df]km;ndf eGg]b]lv lnP/ ;?jf a9'jf cflb k|lqmofsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodfjnL kfl/t ul/P tfklg ;f] cg'?k sfd ePsf] kfOb}g . OlGhlgo/ h:tf] clws[t kbdf @&.@* aif{;Dd Pp6} >]0fLdf ;]jf ubf{ klg kbf]Gglt gkfpg' cfk}mdf Ps k|sf/sf] 36gf cWoog (Case study) laifo aGg uPsf]5 . aL; afO; aif{;Dd Pp6} kbdf axfn /x]sf cTolws sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofn] ;d]t gj o'jfx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ pTk|]l/t ul//x]sf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/df laBdfg :jLs[t b/aGbL dWo] tf]lsPsf] aif{;Dd Pp6} kb jf >]0fLdf axfn /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] b]xfodf k|:t't tYof+sn] ;d:ofsf] uflDeo{tfnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf tf]lsPsf] aif{;Dd Ps} kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;+Vof

- cfiff9 @)^$_

>]0fL !) aif{ ;]jf !@ aif{ ;]jf !$ aif{ ;]jf !^ aif{ ;]jf @) aif{ ;]jf k'/f u/]sf k'/f u/]sf k'/f u/]sf k'/f u/]sf k'/f u/]sf !=/fhkqf+lst $,@** #,$*( @,@!& !,&)* &^& @=/fhkq cg+lst #@,)%% @&,&*$ @#,(#! @@,&!^ !$,((( hDdf M #^,#$# #!,@&# @^,!$* @$,$@$ !%,&^^

pk/f]Qm tYofÍdf oy]i7 JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o; n]vdf ;f] sfo{ ul/Psf] 5}g . oxfF ætYofÍ cfk}m af]N5Æ egL of] sfo{ :jo+ kf7sdf 5fl8Psf] 5 .

$= sd{rf/Lsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg gx'g'

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nof+sg lgoldt xf];, /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] kbf]Ggltsf] cj;/ k|fKt u?g eGg] x]t'n] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf g} sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . o; cg'?k sd{rf/Lsf] d"Nof+sg tLg txdf x'g] ub{5 . -s_ ;'k/Lj]Ifs -v_ k'g/fjnf]sg stf{ / -u_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt . Jojxf/df s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg] cTolws sd{rf/Ln] ;'k/Lj]Ifs / k'g/fjnf]sg stf{af6 nueu k"0ff{Í g} k|fKt ub{5g\ . t/ ha of] sfo{ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] sf]6{df k'Ub5 ToxL lae]b z'? x'G5 . oyfy{df k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltn] lbg] kf+r c+ss} cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] efUosf] k}m;nf x'G5 . o; qmddf cf:yfsf cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ul/Psf], d]/f] t]/f] lae]b ePsf], sfdsf] d"Nof+sg eGbf /fhgLlts lg0f{o lnOPsf], kbf]Gglt vf; ju{ / ;]jf leq ;Lldt ul/Psf] cflb nf~5gf nfUg] u/]sf] rrf{ sd{rf/L a[Qdfg} JofKt 5 . kmntM sltko slgi7 sd{rf/Ln] kbf]Gglt kfPsf pbfx/0f laBdfg 5g\ . sfof{nodf ;]jf ubf{ ;w} xfsLdsf] dg;fo a'e]m/ g} sfd ul/G5 eGg] klg 5}g . xfd|f] c•ftGqdf ;oj6f /fd|f] sfd ubf{ xfsLdaf6 wGojfb ;Dd gkfOg] / Pp6f g/fd|f] sfd ubf{ hfuL/g} Rofv] yfKg' kg]{ cj:yfn] labf lng ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yf a'e]msf cyjf cfkmgf cleefjsaf6 o;af/] cjut u/]sf o'jf lk8Ln] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|fyldstfdf g/fVg' :jefljs b]lvG5 .

%= k|zf;gdf /fhgLlt

g]kfnL c•ft+qdf Jofks /fhgLlts/0f 5 eGg' cltzof]lSt x'g]5}g . ckjfb} ePklg d+qLx?sf] k]m/jbn ;+u} lglh{j s';L{;Dd k]mg'{ k/]sf tLtf cg'ej xfdL;+u 5g\ . cfk"m eGbf k"j{sf] (Predecessor) d+qLn] k|of]u u/]sf] lghL{j s';L{g} u|fx\o gx'g] gjd+qLnfO{ cfkmgf] /fhgLlts cf:yf

6

ljkl/t lrlgg] sd{rf/Laf6 sfd lng' ufxf/f] x'g' :jefljs} xf] . ctM g]kfnL c•ft+qdf d+qLsf] k]m/jbn;+u} dxTjk"0f{ kbdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] k]m/jbn x'g'nfO{ c:jefljs dfGg ;lsGg .

pk/f]St kIfsf ;fy} b]zsf] j:t'l:ylt eGbf 6f9f uO{ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g, dfgj clwsf/, k|hftGq cflbsf] / b]z ljb]zsf] pkdf lbb} xfdLsxfF klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+ul7t x'g] clwsf/ lbOPsf]5 . b]zdf :yflkt 7"nf /fhgLlts lr/f cg'?k vf]lnPsf o:tf jx' ;+u7gn] sd{rf/Lsf] xs lxtsf] nflu k'¥ofpg] of]ubfgsf] d"Nof+sg t efjL lk8Ln] ug]{g} 5 . o:tf /fhgLlts v]n dg gk/fpg], cfk"mnfO{ :jR5, lgikIf, :jt+q /fVg rfxg] o'jfx?n] ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ cfkmgf] sfo{ If]q :jLsf/ ug{ grfx]sf] pbfx/0f klg y'k|} 5g\ .

^= k|ltef knfog

lzIff tyf v]ns"b d+qfnoaf6 cf}krfl/s :jLs[lt lnO{ ljb]z k9g hfg] ljBfyLx?sf] tYof+s cjut ubf{ k|lt jif{ tLg ;f9] tLg xhf/ ljBfyL{ ljb]lzPsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . Tof] eGbf 7"nf] ;+Vof ;/sf/sf] cg'dtL glnP/ ljb]z k9g hfg]sf] 5 g} . o;} u/L b]zdf j]/f]huf/ ljBdfg /x]sfn] k|ltjif{ nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf sf]/f hgzlSt ljb]lzg] u/]sf] oyfy{ klg huhfx]/ 5 . log} sf]/f hgzlStn] k7fPsf] Remittance n] b]zsf] cy{t+qdf 7'nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]5 . o;/L b]zjf6 k|ltef (Brain) / tfst (Mussle) b'j} jflxl/bf ef]lnsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f s;/L ;+ej xf]nf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 . ctM oL b'j}y/L hgzlStnfO{ xfdLn] b]zleq /fVg], pkof]u ug]{ jf/] 7f]; gLlt clVtof/ ug'{ 9Lnf] e};s]sf] 5 .

&= of]Uotfsf] sb/ gx'g'

/fd|f] dfG5]sf] 7fp+df xfd|f] dflg;nfO{ dfq k|ifo lbg yfNof}+, of]Uotfsf] sb/ ug{ ;s]gf} eg] xfdLn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf o'jfx?nfO{ cfs[i6 ug'{ t k/} hfjf]; sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ;]jfdf ;dlk{t t'Nofpg ;Sg] 5}gf}+ . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f :jf:Yo If]qdf cjut ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L c:ktfndf lj1 8fS6/x?sf] v8]/L kg'{ / lghL c:ktfn tyf gl;{ª xf]ddf tL hgzlStn] 7fp+ cf]u6b} hfg' kSs} klg z'e ;+s]t xf]Og . ;]jf/t sd{rf/Lsf cfkmg} ;Ldf / zt{x? x'G5g\ . dflg;n] plrt tnj eQf / pko'St sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f kfP;Dd dfq p sfof{no k|lt cg'/fuL (loyal) x'G5 . ;f] gePdf, jftfj/0f v:sb} uPdf, cfk"mnfO{ ToxfF+ gc6fpg] 7fg]df lghn] sfof{no leq} cfjfh (voice) p7fpb5, k|ltjfb ub{5 . ;f] cfjfh klg ;'lgPg cyjf ;'g]sf] g;'Go} u/]df cGttf]uTjf p;sf] lgsfz (Exit) sf] jf6f] klxrfg ub{5 . o; kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dlk{t ;j} sd{rf/LnfO{ d]/f] t]/f] gegL, cf:yfsf b[li6n] gx]/L of]Uotf / sfo{ Ifdtfsf cfwf/df :yfg lbOg' kb{5 . o;f] gePdf b]zaf6 k|ltef knfog /f]Sg lgs} xDd] kg]{5 .

*= cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf

ljutdf lghfdtL ;]jf nufot cGo If]qdf ;d]t ;Lldt hfthflt sf] jfx'Notf /x]sf]n] bnLt, hghflt, dlxnf, dw]zL, / lk5l8Psf ju{ /fli6«o d"nwf/jf6 cnUofOg k'u] . xfn cfP/ ltgLx?nfO{ /fli6«o d"nwf/df ;dfj]z ug'{ kg]{ af/] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df g} k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf]5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf Go"gtd klg $% k|ltzt kbx? pSt ;d"xsf nflu ;'/lIft ul/g' kg]{ k|fjwfg cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . cf/If0f s], s;nfO{ slxn];Dd / s;/L lbg] jf/] yk u[xsfo{sf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 g} . cf/If0f ;xL 9+un] sfof{Gjog u/fpg g;s] o;n] k|zf;gdf yk ljs[lt ghGdfpnf eGg ;lsGg . ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;d]t g]kfnL k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf, bIftf / sfo{s'zntfdf k|Zg pl7/x]sf 5g\ . of]Uotfsf cfwf/df 5flgPsf sd{rf/Lsf] x}l;otdfg} k|Zg p7L/x]sf a]nf cf/If0f ;d]t Jojxf/df Nofpbf ef]lnsf lbgdf k|zf;gdf s] s:tf gf}nf ;d:of >[hgf xf]nfg eGg] ljifodf ;d]t gLlt lgdf{tfx?sf] Wofg hfg' pko'St b]lvG5 . ljut Ps 8]9 bzs b]lv xfdLn] cf/If0f ;DjGwL rrf{ kl/rrf{, uf]i7L, ;Dd]ng cflb dx+uf xf]6ndf cfof]hgf ub}{

7

cfof}+ . t/ lk5l8Psf ju{ hfthflt / dlxnfx?nfO{ z;lSts/0f ug]{ jf/] 7f]; /0fgLlt / sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ r'Sof}+ . k|:t't cf/If0f Joj:yfn] of]Uotf (merit) sf] sf]6fdf k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ ePsf]n] ef]lnsf lbgdf k|ltefzfnL pd]bjf/x? lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ emg} xtf]T;flxt gxf]nfg eGg ;lsGg . :d/0f /xf]; o;f] n]v]/ cf/If0fsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] klg xf]Og .

(= lghL If]qsf] ;lqmotf

g]kfndf pBf]u wGbf, snsf/vfgf / Joj;fon] vf;} km8\sf] dfg{ g;s] tfklg ljut Ps 8]9 bzsdf j}lÍª If]q tyf /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf ultljlwx? qmd;M j9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . oL If]qn] b]zdf jr] v'r]sf k|ltefx? cfsif{0f ug{, pkof]u ug{ ;kmn ePsf5g\ . o:tf If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] hgzlStn] cfsif{s tnj eQf k|fKt ug]{, sfd ug]{ pko'St jftfj/0f kfpg] / cfkmgf] 1fg / zLksf] Ifdtf k|bz{g, pkof]u ug{ ;d]t kfpg] ePsfn] o'jf k|ltefx? ;/sf/L ;]jf eGbf o:tf ljlQo If]q Pj+ u}/;/sf/L If]qdf sfo{ ug{ pBt b]lvG5g\ .

!)= df6f]sf] dfof

cfhsf] o'u ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] o'u xf] . o; cy{df ljZjnfO{ Pp6f ufp+sf] ?kdf cg'e"lt ul/Psf] 5, kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . ljutdf xfdLn] æhggL hGd e"ld:r :jfuf{blk u/Lo;LÆ eGg] u/] tfklg cfh o; egfO{n] cfkmgf] ;Ldf gf3L ;Sof] . o; cy{df gjo'jfx?n] cfkmg} b]zdf ;]jf ug'{ kb{5, b]z 5f8]/ cGt hfg' x'b}g cflb eGbf klg df}sf k|fKt eP;Dd / Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd cfkmgf] j}olSts pGgltsf nflu sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 / olb ;lsG5 eg] cGt//fli6«o hutd} gfd / o; cfh{g ug{ sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] pRr cfbz{, på]Zo /fv]sf] kfOG5 . sltko o'jfx? t b]zaf6 cfk"m 7luPsf], ck]lIft ePsf] cflb / :jb]zdf ljBdfg 3[l0ft /fhgLltaf6 lj/St eO{ b]zaf6 knfog x'g] u/]sf] b[i6fGt df}h'b 5g\ . b]zsf] ;dflhs cfly{s ultljlw klg cfk'm cg's"n geP kl5 / rf/}lt/ cGwsf/ b]v]kl5 b]zaf6 knfog x'gsf] ljsNk g/xg' :jefljs xf] . o;/L :jb]zsf] df6f]sf] d"Nodf cfk"mnfO{ b]zaf6} lj:yflkt ug]{ u/fpg] kl/kf6Ln] ef]lnsf lbgdf k|ltefx?sf] v8]/L a9\b} hfg] lglZrt 5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf ;Dk"0f{ lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t xf];\, cfdhgtfsf] ;]jfdf cxf]/fq ;+nUg /xg' kg]{ To:tf sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtfdf k|Zg gp7f];\, ;]jfu|fxLn] cfjZostf cg'?k ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;s"g eGg] på]Zo cg'?k nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] 5gf}6 lgikIf 9+un] ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfof]u ;+j}wflgs c+u ePsfn] :jt+q eP tfklg b]zdf ljBdfg kof{j/0faf6 of] c5'tf] 5}g . o; kl[i7e"lddf cfof]un] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljBdfg k|ltefx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfs[i6 ug{ ljut s]xL ;do otf s] s:tf] kxn u¥of] / s:tf cj/f]wsf sf/0f ;f] nIf xfl;n x'g ;s]g eGg] jf/]sf] 5f]6f] dLof];f oxfF k|:t't 5 M

;jn kIf != kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;+rfng ug]{ k/LIffsf qmddf ;j{k|yd ;DalGwt laifosf] tx >]0fL, ;]jf, ;d"x, pk ;d"x cg'?k kf7\oqmd tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . o; sfo{nfO{ cfof]un] lg/Gt/tf lbb} cfPsf] 5 . kf7\oqmdsf] cefjdf k/LIff ;+rfng x'g g;s]sf pbfx/0f 5}gg\ . ljut nfdf] ;do b]lv :jf:Yo ;]jf cGt/utsf kf7\oqmdx?sf] cefjdf ;f] ;]jfsf] egf{, kbf]Gglt sfo{df s]xL cj/f]w b]vf k/]tfklg laut tLg aif{ b]lv o; sfo{nfO{ ;d]t k|fyldstfdf /fvL ;DalGwt laifosf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f u/L cGo ;]jf ;d"x cg'?k :jf:Yo ;]jf cGt/utsf k/LIff ;d]t ;+rfng x'b} cfPsf 5g\ . cfof]ul;t laleGg laifosf $)) eGbf a9L kf7\oqmdx? df}h'b 5g\ .

8

@= k/LIffsf] z'4tf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;+rfng u/]sf] k/LIffdf obfsbf k|Zg p7fOPtfklg o;sf] z'4tf s;}n] cf}Nofpg ;Sb}g . cfof]un] ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] k/LIff k|0ffnL cGo ;+:yfsf] nflu ;d]t dfu{bz{g ag]sf] 5 . cfof]usf] ;fv (credit) eg]sf] oxL g} xf] . k|Zg kq lgdf{0f, df]8/]zg, k/LIff ;+rfng, cGt/jftf{ cflb sfo{x? cfof]udf laBdfg laleGg zfvfn] :jtGq 9+un] ;Dkfbg ub{5 . lautdf s]xL st} q'l6 ePsf] eP To;sf] lhDd]jf/L cfof]udf kbflwsf/L / ;lrjfnosf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Ln] lng' kb{5 . ut cf=j=df cfof]un] ;+rfng u/]sf] k/LIffdf clgoldttf eof] eGg] k|Zg p7]kl5 cfof]un] o;af/] 5fglag ug{ sfo{bn u7g u/]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{bnn] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgaf6 ;fljt x'g cfof] ls cfof]u pk/ nfu]sf] nf~5gf e|fds, skf]nslNkt / em"7f /x]5 . o; cy{df cfof]usf] lgikIftfdf z+sf ug]{ 7fp 5}g . cfof]un] lautdf cfh{g u/]sf] ;fvs} cfwf/df g]kfndf cGtl/d ;+lawfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ pkwf/f -%_ df ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf, jf k|x/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] laifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Aoj:yf 5 eg] pkwf/f -^_ df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfdf sd{rf/L 5gf}6 egf{ ug]{ qmddf To:tf ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 eGg] Aoj:yf pNn]v 5 .

#= aflif{s sfo{qmd

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ljut s]xL aif{ b]lv cfk\mgf] aflif{s sfo{qmd tflnsf to u/L ;+rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodfjnLsf] z'Gotfsf sf/0f o; aif{ cfof]un] cfk\mgf] sfo{qmd k"j{ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;s]g . of] ckjfb xf] . o;/L aflif{s sfo{qmd tf]lsPsf]n] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwLsf] ;"rgf ;DalGwt ;a}nfO{ cjut u/fOPsf] 5 . o; Aoj:yfn] Psftkm{ ;"rgfsf] k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf vfnL /xg cfPsf b/aGbL ;dod} k"lt{ ul/Psf] 5 . csf]{ zJbdf n]Vbf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{n] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] 5 .

$= ;dosf] art

cfof]un] ;+rfng u/]sf k/LIffx? 5f]6f] ;do leq} ;Dkfbg ug{ ;lsof];\ egL kbk"lt{ sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ul/Psf 5g\ . lautdf (.!) dlxgf;Dd nfu]sf k/LIffx? ^.& dlxgfdf ;Dkfbg ug{ a}slNks /0fgLltx? clVtof/ ul/Psf 5g\ . ck|flalws t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu lnO{g] k|f/lDes k/LIffdf a:t'ut k|Zgx? dfq ;dfj]z u/]/ tf]lsPsf] ;dodf pQ/ k'l:tsf kl/If0f ug{ la1x?nfO{ yk cfly{s ;xof]u lbP/ pQ/ k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug{ la1x?nfO{ cfof]ud} lgDtfP/, x8tfn, aGb cflbsf] ;dodf ;d]t k/LIff cGt/jftf{ ;+rfng u/]/ ;dosf] art ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; cy{df cfof]un] ;+rfng ug]{ k/LIff yf]/}df #.$ dlxgf / a9Ldf ^.& dlxgfdf ;DkGg u/L ;dosf] art u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] lng] k/LIff aif{df b'O{ k6s ;+rfng ug]{ af/] klg cfof]udf 5nkmn ePsf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;Dk"0f{ dGqfno / laefusf] ;lqmotf cfjZos 5 . o;/L aif{df b'O{ k6s k/LIff ;+rfng ug{ cfof]udf yk b/aGbLsf] Aoj:yf ug'{ kg]{ / ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ;dod} dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd cfof]u ;dIf k'¥ofpg' h?/L 5 .

b'j{n kIf != k|ltef cfsif{0f ug{ g;Sg'

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;+rfng u/]sf] k/LIffdf b/vf:t k/]sf pDd]bjf/x? dWo]af6 k/LIffdf ;jf]{s|[i6 gDa/ cfh{g ug]{ AolQmx?nfO{ lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ub{5 . laut !). !% aif{sf] egf{ k|s[of x]g]{ xf] eg] af]l8{Ë :s"n, Kn; 6", sn]haf6 pTs[i6 c+s xfl;n u/L plQ{0f u/]sf k/LIffyL{x?nfO{ cfof]un] egf{ jf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfs[i6 ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g . af]l8{Ë, Kn; 6" sn]hdf k9\g] laBfyL{x?nfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf pQ/ lbg ufxf/f] x'g], cfof]un] lng] k/LIffsf] k|Zg kq

9

g]kfnL efiffdf g} tof/ ul/g], cflbsf sf/0f o:tf] cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] xf] . lasNksf ?kdf c+u|]hL efiffdf klg k|Zg lgdf{0f ug]{ cflb af/] cfof]un] lg0f{o lng gvf]h]sf] klg xf]O{g . clkt' g]kYoaf6 ;]jfu|fxLn] g} To;sf] k|ltsf/ u/]kl5 cfof]usf] lg0f{on] d"t{?k lng ;s]g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^# sf] bkmf % sf] pk bkmf -@_ df b]jgful/ lnlkdf g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsfn] klg cfof]un] cfkm"n] lng] k/LIffdf k"0f{tM c+u|]hL dfWod k|of]u ug{ lbg g;s]sf] xf] . ;dosf] cGt/fn / cfjZostf cg'?k o; lgodn] klg eljiodf lgsfz kfpg]g} 5 .

@= k/LIff s]lGb|t x'g'

nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;+rfng ug]{ k/LIff k|0ffnL s]lGb|s[t 5 eGg' cg'ko'St gxf]nf . /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fLsf] kb ;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ k/LIff sf7df8f}+df g} ;~rfng x'G5g\, /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf k/LIff klg cfof]usf If]qLo sfof{nodf dfq ;+rfng ul/b} cfPsf5g\ . pSt lnlvt k/LIffdf plt{0f{ ePkl5 /f=k=t[tLo >]0fL -k|zf;g_ sf pd]bjf/n] klg cGt/jftf{sf nflu sf7df8f}+ s]Gb|d} cfpg' kb{5 . ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/L dfq If]qLo / c~rn sfof{nodf ;lDdlnt eO{ k/LIff/cGt/jftf{ lbg kfp5g\ . df]km;n / To;df klg b'u{d lhNnfdf /x]sf pd]bjf/x?n] ;dod} cfof]usf] ;"rgf k|fKt gug]{, ;f] k|fKt ul/xfn] klg b/vf:t lbg ;xh gx'g] cflb cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu 8f]Nkf cyjf d'u' lhNnfdf j;f]jf; u/]sf s'g} pd]bjf/n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;xfos >]0fLsf] s'g} kbsf nflu b/vf:t k]z ug'{ k/]df p;n] cfof]usf] c~rn sfof{no h'Dnfdf cfpg' kb{5 . of] :jo+ si6s/ / cJojxfl/stf klg 5 . pk/f]St lhNnfsf pd]bjf/n] cGo s]Gb|df cfO{ b/vf:t lbg gkfpg] xf]Og / klg of] cj:yf bzf{OPsf] xf] . ctM o;jf/] cfof]un] o;sf] lasNk af/] klg ;f]Rg} kb{5 . vf;u/L ef]lnsf] nflu /fHo Joj:yfsf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k af/] lg0f{o lnbf o:tf kIfdf ;d]t ;dli6d} Wofg hfg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . at{dfg cj:yfdf To:tf b'u{d lhNnfaf6 gu0o pd]bjf/n] dfq b/vf:t kmf/fd eg]{ u/]sf] kfOPsfn] vf;} Wofg glbPsf] / To;sf nflu yk cfly{s jf]em / Joj:yfkgsf] sl7gfO{ ;d]t dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 .

#= k|rf/ k|;f/sf] sdL

cfof]un] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf cyjf lghfdtL ;]jf g} lsg eGg] jf/] cjut u/fpg] u/]sf] 5}g . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] slxn] lj1fkg ub{5, slxn] k/LIff ;+rfng ul/G5, k/LIff s;/L ;+rfng ul/G5, tof/L s] s;/L ug'{ kb{5 cflb / ;]jf k|j]z u/] kl5 b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf uO{ ;]jf ug]{ cj;/, j[lQ ljsf;, ljb]zdf uO{ pRr cWoog.k|lzIf0f lng kfpg] cj;/, lgj[Q ePkl5 lgj[Qe/0f cflbsf] kmfObfjf/] w]/} pd]bjf/ cgle1 5g\ . cfof]un] ;do ;dodf o:tf ljljw kIfjf/] :s"n, sn]h / ljleGg ;fj{hlgs :yndf 5nkmn / e]63f6 sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L o'jflk9LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTj jf]w u/fpg' cfjZos5 . cfof]usf] k/LIffnfO{ eLdsfo ;+emg], 8/qf; jf]s]sf / of] k/LIff plt0f{ ug}{ ;lsGg eGg] dflg;stf jf]s]sfx?nfO{ o;jf/] gt cfof]un] gt ;/sf/n]g} ;+emfpg] j'emfpg] sfo{ u/]sf]5 .

$= kmfOn a9'jfdf l9nfO{

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfkmgf] jflif{s sfo{qmd cg'?k a9'jfsf nflu ;d]t b/vf:t cfJxfg ub{5 . of] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g lgodfjnLn] g} lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 . kmfOn j9'jfsf] sfo{ a9'jf ;ldltaf6 x'G5 h;sf] cWoIftf cfof]un] g} ub{5 . t/ o; sfo{sf] ;lrjfno ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno -;]jf ;DjGwL 5'§} P]g jg]sf xsdf ;f]xL dGqfnodf_ df /x]sf] / ;j} sd{rf/Lsf] sf=;=d'=nufot cGo ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ nfdf] ;do nfUb5 . vf; ul/sg k|fljlws kbx?df of] ;d:of emg} hl6n / lSni6 b]lvG5 . a9'jf ph'/Lsf l;nl;nfdf Gofosf] 9f]sf;Dd k'Ug / ToxfFaf6 k}m;nf ;'Gg, s]xL

10

ckjfbnfO{ 5f8L, jiff}{ s'g'{ kg]{ jfWotfn] klg k|zf;gdf g}/fZotf >[hgf u/fO /x]5 . o; ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu cfof]u lgl/x ;fljt ePsf] 5 .

%= ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf ljljwtf

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cleefjs klg xf] . ljleGg dGqfno ljefujf6 eP ul/Psf sf/jfxLdf cfof]usf] kf/dz{ lng' kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . cfof]udf k|fKt ePsf ljefuLo sf/jfxLdf ljljwtf kfOPsfn] sd{rf/L ju{df s]xL g}/fZotf pTkGg x'g' :jefljs b]lvG5 . s;"/sf] k|s[lt leGg /xg] / sfg"gn] tL ;j} s;"/nfO{ ;d]6g g;Sg] ePsfn] clVtof/ jfnfn] cfkmgf] ljj]sdf lg0f{o u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfof]un] ;hfo tf]Sb}g . s;"/sf] dfqf x]/L k|:tfljt ;hfo 7Ls 5 5}g, sfg"gL /Lt k'u]sf] 5 5}g cflb ljifodfq cfof]un] x]b{5 .

eljiosf] af6f] xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf k|ltefx? gePsf xf]Ogg\ . b]zaf6 jflxl/Psf sltko g]kfnLn] ljleGg If]qdf pbfx/0fLo sfo{ u/]sf, sLlt{dfg :yflkt u/]sf pbfx/0f xfd|f ;fd" 5g\ . o:tf k|ltefx? lsg :jb]zd} sfo{sf] vf]hL ub}{gg\, lsg plgx? lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfs[i6 5}gg\ cflb ljifodf /fli6«o :t/d} lrGtg x'g' h?/L 5 .

nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfsf nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf pd]bjf/x? b/vf:t lbg] d4]sf pTs[i7 x'g\ . t/ lj8Djgf pRr lzIffsf] ljleGg txdf pTs[i6 c+s xfl;n u/]sf pd]bjf/x? o; ;]jfdf k6Ss} cfslif{t 5}gg\ . hj;Dd /fi6«n] To:tf k|ltefx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfs[i6 u/fpg ;Sb}g tj;Dd gofFF g]kfnsf] ljsf; ;+ej b]lvGg . ctM o; ;]jfnfO{ ljlzi6 jgfpg ;j{k|yd egf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ g} j}1flgs t'Nofpg' h?/L5 . o;sf ;fy} ljBdfg tnj ;'ljwfdf j[l4 u/L sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/g' kb{5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ /fhgLlts wf/df ljefhg gu/L Ps ;'qdf cfj4 u/fpg' kb{5 . s'g} klg If]qdf ljBdfg ;]jf ug]{ cj;/jf6 s;}nfO{ klg jl~rt ul/g' x'+b}g . cGttf]uTjf sfo{s'zntf Pj+ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df plgx?sf] d"Nof+sg x'g' kb{5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cf/If0fsf] k|:tfj u/] tfklg To;sf] cfo' nfdf] x'g' x'b}g . cf/If0f eGbf z;lSts/0fdf hf]8 lbOg' kb{5 . o; l;nl;nfdf /fi6«n] lzIff If]qdf nufgL j9fpb} hfg' cfjZos 5 . Psftkm{ lzIff If]qdf qmd;M nufgL j9fpb} slDtdf dfWolds tx ;Ddsf] lzIff lgz'Nssf ;fy} clgjfo{ ug{ ;s] / csf]{ tkm{ ;xfos :t/sf sd{rf/Lx? lhNnf :t/d} egf{ lng] gLlt lgs6 eljiodf kfl/t ul/g nfu]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdfg} Joj:yf ug{ ;s] cfhsf] !) jif{df ljBdfg kl/l:yltdf cfd"n k/jt{g jf]w ug{ ;lsg] 5 . /fi6«sf] ljsf; :jb]zs} hgzlStjf6 ;+ej ePsfn] plgx?sf] ;Ddfg b]zleq} x'g' kb{5 . o;f] ePdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf æu]|zD; nÆ xfjL x'g kfpg] 5}g .

11


llgghhffddttLL ;;]]jjff PP]]ggssff]] bbff ]]>>ff ]] ;;++zzff ]]wwgg MM ;;ddffjj]]zzLLss//00ff // jj[[llQQ lljjssff;;ssff]] lljjzz]]iiff JJoojj::yyff

o'j/fh kf08]♣

d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL, hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ /fHoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;/n / ;xh 9+uaf6 pknJw u/fpg k|zf;g ;+oGqnfO{ ;]jfk|bfos tyf ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f x'g]u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/ ug{ cTofjZos x'G5 . g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf klg ;do ;dodf ;'wf/ x'b} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;qmddf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf bf]>f] ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj tTsflng k|ltlglw ;efdf btf{ u/L ;+;bdf ljrf/flwg /xL/x]sf]df jt{dfg Joj:yflksf– ;+;bn] ut >fj0f dlxgfdf k|:tfljt ;zf]wgnfO{ ;'wf/ ;xLt kfl/t u/]sf] x'gfn] ;f] jdf]lhdsf] ;+zf]wg sfof{Gjogdf cfO{;s]sf]5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ hgd'vL, hafkmb]xL / ;dfj]zL agfpg] qmddf w]/} lslzdsf ;'wf/x?nfO{ ;d]6]sf]5 . o;dWo] ;dfj]zLs/0f / sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf]nflu a9'jfsf] d'2f cToGt dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] tL ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf o; n]vdf s]xL rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf]5 .

!= lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL Joj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o; ;+zf]wgn] k"0f{ ?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;j} ju{ / ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] ;dfg'kflts k|ltlgwLTj gePsf]n] o;n] cfd g]kfnLsf] efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g elg o;sf] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] p4]Zo /fv]/ v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}tfln; k|ltzt kbx?df lgDg ljleGg ;d'bfosf pDd]bjf/x?jf6 lgDg jdf]lhdsf] k|ltztdf k"lt{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;d'bfo $% k|ltztnfO{ zo k|ltzt dfgL ;f]sf] k|ltzt

dlxnf t]tL; cfbLjf;L÷hghflt ;QfO{; dw]zL jfO{; blnt gf} ckfË kf+r lk5l8Psf] If]q rf/

♣ ;lrj, ;'rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno

12

P]gn] c5fd, sfnLsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, aemfË, afh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf lhNnfnfO{ lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL / blntx?sf] lglDt eg]/ pQm jdf]lhd 5'6\ofOPsf $% k|ltzt :yfgdf tL ;d'bfosf cfyL{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] lk5l8Psf pDd]bjf/x?n] dfq k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . To;}n], dlxnfnfO{ eg]/ 5'6\ofOPsf kbdf ;j} dlxnfn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ / cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL / blntsf] lglDt 5'6\ofOPsf kbdf klg ;j} cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL blnt pDd]bjf/n] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ s;}–s;}n] cf/If0f (Reservation) / s;}–s;}n] ;sf/fTds lje]b (Positive Discrimivation) sf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . s;}–s;}n] o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug{ vf]h]sf] klg kfOG5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf h'g ju{, If]q, hfthflt / ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] pkl:ylt Go"g 5 tL ;d'bfosf hfthflt, ju{ / If]qsf dflg;x? lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ jf6f] ;lhnf] / sd k|lt;kwL{ agfpg] p4]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 .

s;}–s;}n] o:tf] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfwf/e"t rl/qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] of]Uotf k|0ffnL -d]l/6 l;:6d_ df cf3ft k'¥ofP/ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp5 egL o:tf] Joj:yfsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . csf{lt/ o:tf] gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ s'g} hfthflt, ;d'bfo / If]qsf] lglDt ;'/lIft :yfgdf tL hfthflt, ;d'bfo / If]qsf ;fDkGg / ;e|fGt elgg] kl/jf/sf dflg;n] dfq kmfO{bf p7fpg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 / nlIft ju{ / ;d'bfon] o:tf] ;'ljwfjf6 kmfO{bf p7fpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ljrf/ klg sltko ljZn]ifs / ljrf/sx?n] k|s6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/tdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfn] ;f]r] h:tf] kl/0ffd b]vfpg g;s]sf] x'gfn] o:tf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;f6f] nlIft ju{sf] lglDt ljz]if sfo{qmd ;Grfng u/]/ pgLx?sf] z}lIfs tyf cfly{s cj:yf ;'wfb}{ pgLx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffsf] nflu tof/ ug{ a9L >]o:s/ x'G5 eGg] ts{ klg p7g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . hfthflt / ;d'bfo ljz]ifsf] lglDt :yfg ;'/lIft ug]{ gLltsf] cjnDjg ubf{ hfthflt / ;d'bfosf] jLrdf å]if / 3[0ffsf] efjgf sfod /xg] jf l;h{gf x'g] / ;+u7g leq ;d]t cf/lIft :yfgdf k|j]z kfPsf JolQmx? / c? :yfgdf k|lt:kwf{ u/]/ k|j]z kfPsf JolQmx?sf] jLr Ps lsl;dsf] efjgfTds vf8nsf] hGd eP/ ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf c;xh l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 eGg] ts{ klg s;} s;}n] p7fPsf] kfOG5 .

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] lglZrt ;d'bfo / If]qsf ;j} dflg;sf] lglDt lglZrt kb ;'/lIft g/fv]/ tL ;d'bfo / If]qsf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] k5f8L k/]sf dflg;x?sf] lglDt dfq ;'/lIft /fv]sf] x'gfn] ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{jf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z lbg] o; Joj:yfjf6 tL ;d'bfo / If]qsf ;De|fGt / klxn]b]lv ljz]if ;'ljwf k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf dflg;x?n] dfq kmfObf p7fpg] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g glbg] s'/fdf klg ljlw lgdf{tfx?n] Wofg k'¥ofPsf 5g eg]/ o; Joj:yfsf] k|lt/Iff ug{ ldNg] cj:yf klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . csf{lt/, dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL / blnt ;d'bfosf dflg;x? ;j} cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] k5f8L k/]sf 5g\ eGg] ts{ u/]/ o:tf] Joj:yf tL ;d'bfo / If]qsf ;j} dflg;x?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L v's'nf] x'g' kYof]{ eGg] csf]{ ts{ klg p7\g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . km]/L s] s:tf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yf / x}l;ot ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] k5f8L k/]sf dfGg' k5{ jf dfGg' x'b}gg\ eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg] sfd ;lhnf] gePsf]n] klg o:tf] Joj:yfjf6 cGttf]uTjf tL If]q / ;d'bfosf klxn] b]lv ljz]if ;'ljwf / cj;/sf] pkef]u ub}{ cfPsf dflg;x?n] dfq kmfObf p7fp5g\ eGg] csf]{ ts{ klg p7\g ;Sb5 . t/, ul/jLsf] /]vf klxrfg u/]/ To:tf] /]vf d'gL /x]sf kl/jf/sf dflg;x?nfO{ cfly{s ?kn] k5f8L k/]sf] kl/jf/sf dflg;x?sf] ?kdf klxrfg ug{ ;lsof] eg], P]gsf] Joj:yfjf6 ;DalGwt ;d'bfosf ;DkGg / zlQmzfnL dflg;x?n] dfq kmfObf p7fpg] cj:yf gjGg ;Sb5 .

13

cflbjf;L÷hghflt / blnt ;d'bfodf s'g s'g hflt / y/sf dflg;x? k5{g\ eGg] s'/fsf] df]6fdf]6L klxrfg ug]{ sfd klxn] b]lvg} x'+b} cfPsf] eP klg dw]zL ;d'bfonfO{ s] s;/L kl/eflift ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ;j{;Ddt pQ/ vf]Hg] sfd ;lhnf] 5}g . clxn] ;Dd dw]znfO{ ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ?kdf a'e\mg] ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df dw]z elgg] If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ jf ub}{ cfPsf ;j} dflg;x?nfO{ dw]zL eGg ldN5 jf ldNb}g eGg] k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . s'g} hfthflt / y/ ljz]ifl;t ;DalGwt dflg;x? dfq dw]zL x'g\ eGg] csf]{ ts{ klg p7\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . s'g} y/ jf hft ljz]ifl;t ;Dj4 dflg;n] e/v/} g]kfn cfP/ j:g yfn]sf] /x]5 eg]klg p;n] dw]zLsf] lglDt cf/lIft :yfgdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] / s'g} y/ jf hft ljz]ifl;t ;Dj4 dflg; b'O{ tLg k':tf jf Ps b'O{ ;o jif{ jf ;f] eGbf cufl8 b]lv dw]zdf j:b} cfPsf] /x]5 eg] klg p:n] dw]zLsf] lglDt cf/lIft :yfgdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfpg] u/L dw]zL ;d'bfosf] kl/efiff ug{ vf]Hbf klg To:sf] cnf]rgf x'g ;Sg] l:ylt 5 . To;}n], dw]zL ;d'bfosf] ;j{;Ddt kl/efiffsf] vf]hnfO{ o; Joj:yfsf] cl3NtL/ /x]sf] csf]{] r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf lng'k5{ .

P]gn] lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf ( j6f lhNnfx?nfO{ dfq lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ug]{ u/L ePsf] lk5l8Psf] If]qsf] kl/efiffl;t c;xdt x'g] y'k|} ljrf/s, ljZn]ifsx? / dflg;x? x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] egL tf]sLPsf sltko hfltsf dflg;x?sf] ;du| cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yf To:tf] k|lt:kwf{ ug{ gkfpg] / cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] cfufl8 5g\ eg]/ dflgPsf a|fDx0f / If]qL hfltsf dflg;x?sf] ;du| cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yf ;/x jf ;f] eGbf dfly 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog / d"NofÍg u/]/ dfq} ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] / gkfpg] hft hflt, ;d'bfo / If]qsf] klxrfg ug'{k5{ eGg] ts{ s;}n] u¥of] eg] To:tf] ts{nfO{ klg kG5\ofO{ xfNg ldNg] b]lvb}g . To;} u/L pkNnf] hft hft hflt / ;d'bfol;t ;Dj4 eP klg cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] lglZrt Go"gtd :t/ eGbf tNnf] cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;x?nfO{ ;d]t ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cj;/ lbg] u/L cf/If0f ;DaGwL gLltut Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g jf ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] csf]{ ts{nfO{ klg j]jf:tf ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g . km]/L s'g} hft hflt ljz]ifsf dflg;x?nfO{ lglZrt ;'ljwf lbg cfjZos 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/df ;f] hft jf hfltnfO{ cflbjf;L jf dw]zL cfbL s'g} vf; ;d'bfodf ;dfj]z ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o x'g' x'+b}g eGg] ts{ klg plQs} jlnof] b]lvG5 . o; qmddf slt jif{ eGbf cufl8b]lv g]kfndf a:b} cfPsf dflg;nfO{ cflbjf;L eGg'k5{ eGg] h:tf k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg] / s'g s'g hflt cflbjf;L x'g\ of xf]O{gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] lg?k0f ug]{ sfo{ s'g} ;d"x jf ;+:yf ljz]ifsf] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df dfq gu/]/ cWoog / cg';Gwfgjf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df b'wsf] b'w kfgLsf] kfgL x'g] u/L x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg plQs} Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] ;d'bfo ljz]ifnfO{ kl/eflift ubf{ s'g} y/ jf hfltsf dflg;nfO{ s'g} vf; ;'ljwf lbg] jf glbg] jf lbg cfjZos 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ gjgfP/ ;f] hfthflt oyfy{df ;f] ;d'bfo leq kb}{ cfPsf] hft jf hflt xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf cfwf/df ug'{k5{ eGg] ;d]tsf kIfdf klg cf/If0f ;DaGwL gLlt to ubf{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o; k[i7e"ldsf lglZrt :yfg lglZrt ;d'bfosf dflg;x?sf] lglDt ;'/lIft ug]{ P]gsf] Joj:yfsf] / o:tf] Joj:yfsf] yk kl/dfh{gsf] kIf / ljkIfdf y'k|} ts{x? p7\g ;S5g\ / of] Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf klg y'k|} ;d:ofx? b]vfkg{ ;S5g\ tfklg jt{dfg kl/j]zdf o; Joj:yfnfO{ oyfl:yltdf cufl8 a9\g] k|oTg / ljsNksf] ?kdf lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf eg] o; Joj:yfjf6 nlIft ju{ / ;d'bfon] dfq kmfObf p7fcf]; eGg] p4]Zo /fv]/ j:t'ut dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 eg] pkNnf] hft hflt / ;d'bfo l;t ;Da4 hft hflt jf ;d'bfosf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] lglZrt :t/ eGbf sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;x?nfO{ ;d]t o:tf] Joj:yfsf] kl/lw leq Nofpg] u/L o:tf] Joj:yfsf] k'gM /]vfÍg / k'gM kl/efiff ug]{ ljsNkdf ljrf/ ug{ klg plQs} cfjZos b]lvG5 .

14

@= ;doj4 j9'jf jf sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'udgsf] d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lglZrt jif{;Dd Pp6f kbdf /x]/ sfd u/]kl5 p;n] kbf]Gglt kfpg'k5{ eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg @)^$ n] yk u/]sf] bkmf @$ 3 ! df o:tf] a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . P]gn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] Pp6f >]0fLdf /x]/ lglZrt cjlw;Dd sfd u/]kl5 Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf kbf]Gglt kfpg] Joj:yf ug{ To:tf] sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf ;d"x jf pk ;d"xdf k|j]zsf] lglDt tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cfh{g u/]sf] eP z}lIfs of]Uotf dfq ePsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] eGbf # jif{ l56f] dflyNnf] kbdf kbf]Gglt kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, P]gsf] of] ;+zf]wg kl5 b]xfo jdf]lhdsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf b]xfosf] >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] ;f] >]0fLdf b]xfosf] ;]jf cjlw k'/f u/]kl5 dflyNnf] kbdf kbf]Gglt kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M

qm=;+= sd{rf/Lsf] >]0fL dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf eP j9'jfsf] lglDt rflxg]

;]jf cjlw jif{

Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf dfq kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] k"/f ug'{kg]{

;]jf cjlw != @= #= $=

/fhkq cg+lsg låtLo /fhkq cg+lsg k|yd /fhkqf+lst t[tLo /fhkqf+lst låtLo

!) !@ !% !*

!# !% !*= –

dflyNnf] tflnsdf b]vfOP cg';f/ /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fLsf] jf pk;lrj ;/xsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] of]Uotf cfh{g u/]sf] / ;f] >]0fLsf] kbdf !* jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf] eP p;n] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] jf ;x ;lrj ;/xsf] kbdf j9'jf kfp+5 . To;}u/L clws[t :t/sf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]z ug{ :gfts txsf] of]Uotf rflxg] Joj:yf /x]sf]n] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] jf zfvf clws[t ;/xsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] ;f] >]0fLdf !% jif{ sfd u/]sf] eP /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf j9'jf kfp+5 . /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLdf ;]jf k|j]z ug{sf] lglDt k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx jf OG6/ldl8o6 :t/sf] z}lIfs of]UotfnfO{ Go"gtd of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] x'gfn] :gfts txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] jf gf=;'= jf ;f] ;/xsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] >]0fLdf !@ jif{sf] ;]jf u/]sf] eP /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLsf] kbdf a9'jf kfp+5 / k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq jf OG6/ldl8o6 :t/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] /fhkq cg+lst låtLo >]0fLsf] jf vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf !) jif{ sfd u/]kl5 dflyNnf] jf gf=;'= ;/xsf] kbdf kbf]Gglt kfFp5 .

To;}u/L vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kbsf] lglDt tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf jf P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/xsf] of]Uotf dfq cfh{g u/]sf] eP p;n] ;f] kbdf !# jif{ sfd u/]kl5 gf=;'= jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf a9'jf kfpg ;Sg] / OG6/ldl8o6 jf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq :t/sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] gf=;'=jf ;f] ;/xsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf !% jif{ sfd u/]kl5 zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf a9'jf kfpg] / :gfts txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf zfvf clws[t jf ;f] ;/xsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf !* jif{ sfd u/]kl5 pk;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf kbf]Gglt kfpg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . :gfts tx eGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf gePsf] pk;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf ;DaGwL a9'jf Joj:yfjf6 a9'jf kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5}g . >]0fL ljlxg :t/sf kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L / /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf dflysf sd{rf/Ln] o:tf] a9'jf Joj:yf jdf]lhd a9'jf kfpg

15

;Sg] Joj:yf klg P]gdf /x]sf] 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf @$ 3 @ n] >]0fL ljxLg sd{rf/Lsf] :t/ a[4L ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] / Pp6f :t/df % jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ To;eGbf dflyNnf] :t/df a[l4 ul/g] x'gfn] P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg ePkl5 /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfjf6 k|j]z ug]{ sd{rf/L jfx]s c? s;}n] klg h'g >]0fLsf] kbjf6 ;]jfdf k|j]z eO{ ToxL >]0fLsf] kbjf6 clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] cj:yfsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 . @$ jif{sf] jf ;f] eGbf sd jif{sf] pd]/df /x]sf] a]nfdf zfvf clws[t kbjf6 lghfdtL k|j]z u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cfh{g u/]sf] eP clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] a]nf;Dd slDtdf klg /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf kbf]Gglt kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L @) jif{sf] pd]/df vl/bf/ ;/xsf] kbjf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] :gfts txsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf cfh{g u/]sf] eP #& jif{df jf %& jif{sf] pd]/df /fhkqf+lst låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf kbf]GgltkfPkl5 dfq %* jif{sf] pd]/ k'u]sf] sf/0fn] kfpg] clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] cj:yf P]gsf] of] ;+zf]wgn] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf jfx]ssf] c? lsl;dsf] k|ltof]lutfjf6 /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf] kbdf k|j]z kfpg] sd{rf/L b]lv jfx]ssf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf k|j]z ug{sf] lglDt rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf dfq} cfh{g u/]sf] ePklg c? sDtLdf klg Ps k6s kbf]Gglt gkfOsg clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] ;+efjgf P]gsf] bkmf @$ 3 ! n] /fv]sf] 5}g . s'g} kbsf] lglDt rflxg] of]Uotf eGbf Ps tx dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsf] /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf d'gLsf] sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf] kbaf6 sDtLdf @ >]0fL dflysf] kbdf kbf]Gglt gkfOsg klg cj clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] b]lvb}g . P]gsf] bkmf @) s n] Pp6} >]0fLdf sDtLdf !% jif{;Dd jxfn /x]sf] /fhkqf+lst k|yd jf ;f] eGbf d'gLsf] sd{rf/Lsf] pd]/sf lx;fjn] clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] ;do eGbf ! dlxgf cufl8 Ps >]0fL dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] /fhkqf+lst k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf z'?df ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ JolQm klg Ps >]0fL dfyLsf] kbdf kbf]Gglt gkfOsg clgjfo{ cjsf; kfP/ kbd'Qm x'g] b]lv+b}g . o;/L, Pp6f sd{rf/Ln] Pp6f kbjf6 ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 p;n] :j]R5fn] /fhLgfdf lbP/ ;]jfjf6 x6]sf] jf p;nfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo lbP/ ;]jfjf6 x6fOPsf] cj:yf jfx]s c? cj:yfdf p;n] h'g kbjf6 ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] ToxL kbjf6 cjsf; lng gkg]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .

o;/L, sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NogfÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfk\mgf] ;]jfsfndf sDtLdf klg Ps kbsf] kbf]Gglt kfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgsf] Pp6f ;an kIfsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] ePklg slt JolQm / kIfx?n] o:tf] a9'jf Joj:yfsf] cfnf]rgf klg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] a9'jf Joj:yfn] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwfl/t a9'jf Joj:yf xf]Og eg]/ Psy/L dflg;x?n] o:tf] a9'jf k|0ffnLsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cfnf]rgfn] clxn];Dd a9'jf k|0ffnL of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t lyof] eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] kfOG5 .

P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wg gx'+bf;Dd sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf g} sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf ;DaGwL k|d'v Joj:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . l/Qm kbx?dWo] hlt k|ltzt kbx? v'Nnf jf cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfjf6 k"tL{ ul/Gy] tL jfx]ssf kbx?sf] k"tL{ sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfjf6 ul/GYof] . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgn] klg sfo{ Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf / cfGtl/s tyf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x'g] a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ sfod /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L P]gsf] o; ;+zf]wgn] ;+zf]wg eGbf cufl8sf] 5gf]6 k|0ffnLsf] cGTo gu/]sf] / To:tf] k|0ffnLnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] x'gfn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f x'g] a9'jf Joj:yfn] of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwft k'¥ofp+5 / k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] ts{sf] cfwf/ sdhf]/ b]lvG5 .

16

km]/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ dflg;x?n] klg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg j:t'ut x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍg j:t'ut x'g g;s]kl5 To:tf] d"NofÍgdf JolQmut cfu|x k"jf{u|xn] ;d]t k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf /xG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ug'{ kb{5 . d"NofÍg kl/0ffddf cfu|x k"jf{u|xn] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]kl5 /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] eGbf d"NofÍg stf{;+u hft hflt, If]q jf c? sf/0fn] JolQmut ?kdf lgs6 /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] a9L c+s kfpg] ;+efjgf /xG5 . o;/L /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] eGbf c?n] a9L c+s kfpg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] cj:yfdf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgsf] gfddf x'g] d"NofÍgn] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] jf:tljs d"NofÍg gu/]/ d"NofÍgstf{;+usf] sd{rf/Lsf] JolQmut ;DaGwsf] d"NofÍg dfq ug]{ jf sfo{ Ifdtfsf] j:t'ut d"Nof+Íg gug{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf /xG5 . t/ sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jfdf d"NofÍgstf{sf] sd{rf/L;+usf] JolQmut ;fldKo / b'/Lsf] k|efj kg]{ ;+efjgf sd x'G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6f kbdf /x]/ sfd u/]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ;f] kb / ;f] eGbf dflysf] kbdf /x]/ ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] lglDt cfjZos ;Lk / 1fg klg cfh{g u/]sf] x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgfnfO{ klg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g .

To;}n], sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfsf] cjnDjg ubf{ of]Uotf k|0ffnLn] kfpg] eGbf sd dxTj kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'G5 elg ul/g] cfnf]rgfnfO{ :j:y cfnf]rgfsf] ?kdf lng d'lZsn kg]{ b]lvG5 .

csf{tL/ sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfjf6 a9'jf kfpg] sd{rf/Lsf] l/Qm kbdf h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df ;dfof]hg geP;Dd c?n] ;fljsdf ul/ cfPs} sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f klg P]gdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . l/Qm kbsf] !) k|ltzt kb o;/L a9'jf kfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df ul/g] ;dfof]hgåf/f k"tL{ ug]{ Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L l/Qm kbsf] () k|ltztsf] k"tL{sf] k|s[ofdf kl/jt{g gu/Lsg !) k|ltzt kbsf] k"tL{df ul/g] kl/jt{gn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb k"tL{sf] k|s[ofdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g gug]{ jf ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] klg o:tf] a9'jf k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjgjf6 of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] dfGotf dfyL k|xf/ x'g k'U5 eGg] cfnf]rgfnfO{ oyfl:ytLsf] df]xsf] ?kdfdfq} lng pko'Qm x'g] xf] ls eGg] ts{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .

sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfn] klg sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg IfdtfnfO{ j]jf:tf u/]sf] 5}g eGg] csf]{ ts{ klg o:tf] a9'jf Joj:yfsf] kIfdf ug{ ;lsG5 . P]gn] kl5Nnf] # jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf () k|ltzt eGbf sd c+s Nofpg] sd{rf/L o:tf] a9'jfsf] lglDt of]Uo gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L lgnDjgdf k/]sf] jf a9'jf /f]Ssf / tnj a[4L /f]Ssfsf] ;hfo kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] klg o:tf] a9'jf kfpg ;Sb}g / cof]Uotfsf] sf/0fn] lbOPsf] sfddf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfjf6 x6fpg] ljefuLo ;hfo ug{ ;lsg] s'/f P]gsf] bkmf ^! df :ki6 ?kn] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . cfk\mgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L j/fj/ j]jf:tf ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ klg o:tf] ;hfo x'g ;S5 . o; k[i7e"lddf s'g} kbsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] jf gug]{ sd{rf/L ;f] kbdf /xL/xg g;Sg] cj:yf ;d]t P]gn] l;h{gf ug{ vf]h]sf] dfGg'k5{ . s'g} kbdf ;f] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] sd{rf/L /xL/xg ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfGg] xf] eg] s'g} kbdf /x]/ lglZrt cjlw;Dd sfd u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps tx dfyL kbf]Gglt lbbf klg lghfdtL ;]jfnO{ gf]S;fg k'Ub}g eGg] ts{nfO{ klg dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf cfp+5 . csf{ Ps >]0fL dflyNnf] kbsf] lglDt cof]Uo JolQmn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"NofÍgdf # jif{ ;Dd () k|ltzt eGbf a9L c+s Nofp+5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg :jLsf/ ug{ gldNg] x'G5 . To;}n] klg sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp+5 eGg] ts{nfO{ ;Gt'lnt dfGg' d'lZsn kb{5 .

csf{lt/ kbf]Gglt kfpg] JolQmn] ;fljss} kbdf /x]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ ePkl5 kbf]GgtLn] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn p7fpg ;Sb}g eg]/ klg sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf Joj:yfsf] cfnf]rgf

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x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;doa4 a9'jf Joj:yfn] cof]Uo JolQmnfO{ dflyNnf] kbdf k'¥ofP/ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp+5 eGg] ts{ ug]{ cfnf]rsx?n] g} a9'jf kfpg] JolQmnfO{ dflyNnf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L glb+bf a9'jf kfpg] JolQmsf] dgf]jn p7\b}g eGg] ts{ u/]/ o:tf] a9'jf k|0ffnLsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf] b]lvof] eg] To;df s]xL xb;Dd crDd klg dfGg' kb{5 . ;dosf] qmddf sd{rf/Lsf] s'n b/aGbLsf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'+b} cfPsf] / klxn] tNnf] kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ sfd clxn] To;eGbf dflyNnf] txsf sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ cj:yf ag]sf] s'/f klg k|:t't ;Gbe{df :d/0fLo x'G5 . s'g} sd{rf/Ln] ;fljss} sfdsfh ug{ cfPklg c?n] dflyNnf] >]0fLdf kbf]Gglt kfp+5 / ;f] cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf kfp+5 eg] c?sf] cj:yf klxn] eGbf k[ys ePsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] klg c:jLsf/ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;fljssf] kbdf sfdsfh ug'{k/] klg h]i7tfsf] cfwf/df dflyNnf] kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/Ln] ug]{ sfd ug]{ cj;/ klg k|fKt x'g] / a9'jf ePsf] ldlt b]lvg} csf]{ a9'jfsf] k|of]hgsf] lglDt h]i7tfsf] u0fgf x'g] ePkl5 ;doa4 a9'jfn] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn cg's"n k|efj kfb}{g eGg] ts{nfO{ klg ;dfh zf:qsf] s'g} klg dfGotfsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm 7x¥ofpg ldNg] b]lvb}g .

s'g} klg Joj:yfsf] s'g} g s'g} sdhf]/ kIfx?sf] cfwf/df cfnf]rgf ug{ g;lsg] x'+b}g . To;}n] sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfsf] klg sltko ;jn / sltko lgj{n kIfx? x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;dosf] qmddf lgj{n kIfx?nfO{ x6fp+b} hfg] lx;fjn] o:tf] a9'jf k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg ldNg] ;+efjgf klg g/x]sf] 5}g . sd{rf/Ln] /fd|f] sfd ubf{ ub}{ klg h'g kbjf6 ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] ToxL kbjf6 pd]/sf] lx;fjn] clgjfo{ cjsf; kfpg] ;+efjgf jf]s]sf] a9'jf Joj:yfsf lgj{n kIfx?sf] t'ngfdf sfo{;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgåf/f ul/g] a9'jf Joj:yfsf lgj{n kIfx? w]/} 5g\ eg]/ ul/g] ts{ / cfnf]rgfnfO{ oyfl:ytL k|lt df]x /fVg]x?af6 x'g] u/]sf] cfnf]rgfsf] ?kdf lnOof] eg] klg cGoyf x'g] b]lvb}g .

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kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change Management)

8f=uf]ljGb k|;fb s';'d∗

;do ultzLn x'G5, kl/jt{g zf:jt . ;dosf] ultzLntf leq kl/jt{g ckl/xfo{ aG5 . kl/jt{g rf/}lt/ 5 . s'g} klg j:t' kl/jt{g geP/ /xg ;Sb}g . kl/jt{g jfx]s cGo s]xL klg :yfoL 5}g . s'zn /fHo ;+rfng ;dosf] dfu xf] . o;sf ljljw cfofd / c+ux? leq kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] x'G5 . /fHo;+u k|ToIf ck|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] ;/f]sf/jfnf leq x'g] kl/jt{gn] ;d'Rrf /fHosf] ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds 5lasf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . To;}n] ;sf/fTds / :j:y kl/jt{gsf nflu x/]s ;+u7g / ;+:yfx? lqmofzLn ePsf x'G5g\ . ;+u7gsf] leq / aflx/af6 cfpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{ nlIft p4]Zo xfl;n ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ PSsfO;f}+ zlbsf] gofFF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

kl/jt{gsf] cy{ -Meaning of Change)M– ;fdfGo cy{df kl/jt{gnfO{ km/s–km/s x'g' jf leGg (Different) x'g'sf] ;Gbe{df a'em\g] ul/G5 . l;4fGttM s'g} Pp6f j:t' Ps ?kaf6 csf]{ ?kdf ?kfGt/0f x'g'nfO{ kl/jt{g elgG5 . t/ k|zf;lgs ;+u7gsf] ;Gbe{df kl/jt{g eGgfn] afx\o tyf cfGtl/s ?ksf] cfly{s, k|ljlw, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / dfgj :jefj;+u ;DjlGwt ljifo / :j?kdf cfpg] leGgtfn] ;+u7gnfO{ kfg]{ k|efjnfO{ j'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 .

Stephen R.Robbins / Mary Coulter sf cg';f/ –"Any alterations in people, structure or technology" is an organisational change -dfgj, ;+/rgf jf k|ljlwdf x'g] s'g} klg k|sf/sf] km/snfO{ ;f+u7flgs kl/jt{g elgG5_

The adoption of new idea or behaviour by an oraganisation is change. ;+u7gåf/f gofF+ ljrf/ / Jojxf/nfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ g} kl/jt{g xf] klg elgG5 . kl/jt{g ;+u7gsf] jf:tljstf xf] . ;+u7g lg/k]If gePsf]n] ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf xf] . kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] /0fgLltnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' k5{, h;n] ubf{ k|lt:kwL{ Jofj;flos o'udf ;+u7gsf] nlIft p2]Zo, Go"gtd ;do / Go"gtd d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo lx;fjn] k|fKt ug{ ;lsof]; . ;f]xL lx;fjn] kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k5{ . kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkg eGgfn] ;+u7g kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ a'emfp+5 .

kl/jt{gsf zlQmx? (Forces of Change) s'g} klg sDkgL, sfof{no, ;+3, ;+:yf h;nfO{ xfdL ;+u7gsf] ?kdf a'em\b5f}, To;n] Pp6f lglZrt p2]Zo /fv]/ cufl8 a9]sf] x'G5 . l;d]G6 sDkgLsf] p2]Zo clwstd l;d]G6 pTkfbg ug'{ /x]sf] x'G5 eg] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] p2]Zo hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . o;} u/L b"/ ;+rf/ sDkgLsf] p2]Zo k|efjsf/L 9+un] Go"gtd d"Nodf b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf u|fxs ju{ ;dIf ;xh 9+un]

∗ ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .

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k'¥ofpg' /x]sf] x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ ;/sf/L, cw{ ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?sf] Pp6} p2]Zo x'G5–k|efjsf/L 9+un] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg' . ;/sf/n] k'¥ofpg] ;]jfdf d'gfkmfsf s'/f cfpb}gg\ . t/ cw{ ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+u7gx?n] ug]{ sfo{ d'gfkmf cfh{g;+u ;Da4 x'G5g\ . ;/sf/n] lbg] ;]jf k|efjsf/L ePg eg] ;/sf/n] hg ljZjf; u'dfp5 . cw{ ;/sf/L / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?n] lbg] ;]jf u'0f:t/xLg / d"No k|lt:kwL{ ePg eg] lt ;+u7gx? 3f6fdf hfG5g\ / pgLx?sf] pkfb]otf ;lsG5 .

o; kl/k|]Iodf, s'g} klg ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu cfkm\gf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / of]hgfx?df ;do cg';f/ kl/jt{g ug'{ k5{ . of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|ljlw, ;+/rgf (Structure / dfgj ;+zfwg, cflbdf ;d]t kl/jt{gsf] ;dfof]hg ug'{ k5{ tfls ahf/sf] k|lt:kwf{df ;lt;fn eP/ l7Ë pleg ;lsof];\ . aflG5t k|ltkmn k|fKt xf];\ .

;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] sfo{df kl/jt{g ub}{g eg]/ a;L/xg ;Sg] cj:yf klg x'+b}g . lsgsL ;+u7gsf] leq / jflx/ b'j}lt/ ;do ;dodf hflgbf] jf ghflgbf] ?kaf6 kl/jt{g e}/x]sf] x'G5 . To;/L x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+u7gn] ;xh 9+un] lng ;Sg' k5{ . kl/jt{gnfO{ u|x0f s;/L u5{ eGg] ;Gbe{df Joj:yfkgsf] s'zntfsf] d"Nof+sg x'G5 . k/Dk/fut ;f]r / oyfl:yltjfbL lrGtg /x]sf] Joj:yfkgn] kl/jt{gnfO{ u|x0f ug{ ;Sb}g .

kl/jt{{gsf nflu b'O{6f tTjx? zlQmsf ?kdf plePsf x'G5g\ . lt x'g – • jfXo zlQm (External Force) • cfGtl/s zlQm (Internal Force)

• jfXo zlQm (External Force) M ;+u7geGbf jflx/ rnv]n ug]{ tTjx?n] ;+u7gsf] kl/jt{nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ jf ;+u7gdf kl/jt{g ug{ pTk]|l/t u5{g / jfWo klg kf5{g\ . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] !@& ;f}+ ;b:o /fi6«sf] ?kdf g]kfn ljZj ;fd' b]vf k/]kl5 ;b:otf lng] s|ddf cfkm"n] sa"n u/] jdf]lhd w]/} lgod sfg"gdf kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{g ug]{ sfd g]kfnn] u¥of] . o;n] ubf{ Jofj;flos ;+u7gx?n] ;f] cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ kl/dfh{g / kl/jt{g ug'{ k¥of] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] sf/0fn] ahf/df klg kl/jt{g Nofof] . To:tf] kfl/jt{g;+u k|lt:kwf{ ug{sf nflu Jofj;flos ;+u7gx?n] cfkm\gf] ;fljssf] ;+/rgf, k|ljlw / dfgj ;+zfwgsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t kl/jt{g Nofpg' k¥of] . g]kfnn] cd]l/sfdf lgof{t ug]{ tof/L kf]zfssf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] sf]6f k|0ffnLsf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u (Garment Industry) n] ;Gtf]ifhgs gfkmf sdfO /x]sf] lyof] . t/ cd]l/sfn] pknAw u/fpb} cfPsf] sf]6f k|0ffnL vf/]h ePkl5 g]kfnL tof/L kf]zfs pBf]ux? Hofb} ?U0f eP/ uP . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] jfXo zlQm (External Force) n] Joj;flos ;+u7gdf c;/ kf5{ / o:tf] c;/af6 gsf/fTds l:ylt gcfcf];\ eGgsf nflu ;+u7g leq gofFF pkfosf] vf]hL ul/G5 . lt gofF pkfo cjnDjg ug{sf nflu ;+u7gsf ljljw If]qdf kl/jt{g ug'{ k5{ .

jfXo zlQmleq, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, sfg"gL, k|ljlw cflb tTjx? k5{g\ . clxn] cd]l/sL 8n/sf] d"Nodf lu/fj6 cfPsf] sf/0fn] d'n'ssf] Jofkf/–Joj;fodf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . Tof] jfXo cfly{s zlQmsf] k|efj xf] . o;}u/L /fhgLlts cl:y/tf ePdf pBf]u / Jofkf/df sdL cfp5 . ;/sf/L ;+oGqn] ;d]t ultzLn ?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

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• cfGtl/s zlQm ( Internal Force): ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s zlQmn] lglZrt If]qdf kl/jt{gsf nflu Joj:yfkgnfO{ bjfj lbG5 jf pTk|]l/t u5{ . o:tf] bjfj jfXo kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] klg cfpg ;S5 jf cfGtl/s kmfObfsf] nflu klg cfpg ;S5 . h'g ;'s} cj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf bjfjnfO{ s'zn Joj:yfkgn] ;'Nemfpg ;Sg' k5{ .

clxn] ljleGg ;+u7gx? leq 6]«8 o'lgogx? 5g\ . 6]«8 o'lgogsf] bjfjsf sf/0fn] Joj:yfkgn] lglZrt÷lglZrt If]qdf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] ;+zf]wg o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf ;+u7gx?n] k]zfut lxt / xssf] s'/f p7fpb} lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ tkm{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj l;h{gf u/]kl5 P]g / lgoddf ;+zf]wg eof] . of] ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;+u7gleqsf] k/Dk/fut ;f]+rdf kl/jt{g NofO{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] ljrdf lje]b x6fpg] / lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL / hg–d}qL (People Friendly) agfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 .

pBf]u / sf/vfgfx?n] cfkm\gf] Ifdtf clej[4 ug{ k'/fgf] d]l;gsf] 7fp+df gofF d];Lg /fVg' k5{, lgj[Q x'g] pd]/ k'u]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ 'VRS' 4f/f x6fO{ gofF ljrf/ / Ifdtf ePsf sd{rf/L /fVg' k5{ . h;n] ubf{ sf/vfgfsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g ;sf];\ . oL ;j sfd ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . oL sfo{n] ;|u7g leqsf] kl/jt{nfO{ lgDTofp5 . To;}n] ;u7g leq kl/jt{g Nofpg] tTjx? xg\\ –dfgj :jefj / k|j[lQ, k|ljlw ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf, sfdbf/ cflb .

kl/jt{gsf k|sf/ (Types of Change ) ;+u7g leq d'Vo bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;+u7g k|d'vsf] x'G5 . o; lx;fjn] ;+u7gsf] clwstd lxtsf] nflu kl/jt{gsf jfXo / cfGtl/s zlQmsf sf/s tTjx?nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ ;+u7gsf] k|d'vn] ;+u7gdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' k5{ . o; cy{df ;+u7gsf] k|d'vnfO{ kl/jt{gsf] …Ph]G6Ú elgG5 . p;n] cfkm\gf] ;+u7gdf kl/jt{g Nofpg' k¥of] eg] ljz]if u/L kl/jt{gsf b'O{j6f k|lqmofnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg ;S5 . lt k|lqmof x'g\ :The Calm Waters Metaphor / White Water Rapids Metaphor . sltko Joj:yfksn] ;+u7g leqsf] l:ylt / Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ub}{ b'a} jf b'O{ dWo] s'g} Pp6f k|lqmofnfO{ nfu' u5{g .

cj /Xof] s'/f kl/jt{gsf k|sf/ s] s] x'g\ < ;+u7g leq cjl:yt ljleGg If]q / ljifodf cfjZostf jdf]lhdsf] kl/jt{g Joj:Yffkgn] ul//xG5 . tyflk ;fdfGotM b]xfosf ltgj6f If]qdf ;+u7gn] kl/jt{gnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 .

!= ;+/rgf (Structure) M ;+/rgf eGgfn] ;+u7gsf] sfd;+u ;DjlGwt ljifox? k5{g\ . h:tf] sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0f (Work Specialisation), ljefuLs/0f (Departmentalisation), lgoGq0fsf] If]q (Span of Control), s]Gb|Ls/0f (Centralisation), sfo{9fFrf (Job Design), kb;f]kfg (Hierarchy), clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] If]q (Span of Authority), cfb]zsf] PsfTdstf (Unity of command) cflb .

@= k|ljlw (Technology) M pBf]u, sf/vfgf, Jofj;flos ;+u7g / sfof{nox?n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ bIftf / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ sf nflu k|of]udf Nofpg] k|ljlw ;DjGwL kl/jt{g o; leq kb{5 . h:tf] d]zLg/L cf}hf/, sfo{ k|lqmof (Work Process), / sfo{ k4lt (Work Methods) .

#= sd{rf/L (Personnel) M ;+u7g leq /x]sf] dfgj ;+zfwg (Human Resource) Pp6f o:tf] ;+j]bgzLn kIf xf], h;sf] cfwf/df ;+u7gsf] ljsf; / pGglt lge{/ u5{ . h'g ;'s} 'High Tech' k4lt ;+u7gleq cjnDjg u/]klg cflv/ Tof] pRr k|ljlwnfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ tTj eg]sf] dfgjLo tTj xf] . To;}n] o; k|sf/sf] ;+j]bgzLn tTjnfO{ ;b}j pTk|]l/t u/L ;+u7gsf] p2]Zo

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k|flKtdf nufpg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?sf] k|j[lQ (Attitude), cfzf (Expectations), cg'e"lt (Perceptions), Jojxf/ (Behaviour), ;+:sf/ (Culture), d"No (Value), afgL (Habits) cflbdf kl/jt{g ug'{ k5{ .

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] dxTj (Importance of Change Management) ;+u7g leq / jflx/sf zlQmx?n] kl/jt{gnfO{ lgDTofp5g\ . Joj:yfkgn] kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df sfd ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf nflu s'g} Pp6f lglZrt ;"q 5}g h;n] ls kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;sf];\ . t/ kl/jt{g hlxn] klg, hxf+ klg rflxG5 / cfjZos k5{ . ;do cg's"nsf] 9f+rfdf ;+u7gn] cfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;s]g eg] ;+u7gsf] cl:tTj g} vt/fdf k5{ . g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx? dWo] clwsf+z ;+:yfgx? 3f6fdf hfg' jf Hofb} ?U0f x'g'sf] k5fl8sf w/} sf/0fx?dWo] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f xf] . ;g\ !(() kl5 pbf/jfbL cy{tGqsf] ahf/d'vL cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf cfPsf] kltjt{gnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;+u7gsf] ;Gbe{df Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg' .

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] ;kmntf j[xb ;Gbe{df e}/x]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ cfkm\gf] cg's"n tof/ kfg]{ lqmofdf e/ kb{5 . ;–;fgf ;+u7gleq x'g] / ul/g] kl/jt{gsf] df]8\o"n / Pk+|f]r 7"nf7"nf ;+u7gx? leq Ho"+sf To"+ nfu" x'G5 jf nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] xf]Og . 7"nf 7"nf ;+u7gx?df sfdbf/–sd{rf/Ln] kl/jt{gnfO{ w]/} hf]8 / bjfj d"ns 9+un] k|lt/f]w -Resist) u5{g hjls ;–;fgf ;+u7gdf kl/jt{gsf] k|lt/f]w -Resist to Change) sd} x'G5 . To;}n] kl/jt{g sf] ;Gbe{, ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf, 9fFrf, sfo{ ;+:s[lt / dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ;f]+r / k|j[lQdf lge{/ ub{5 . To;}sf] cfwf/df kl/jt{gsf] dxTjnfO{ klg Wofg lbOg] ul/G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud / g]kfn sf]n lnld6]8nfO{ lnp+ . g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf] ;+/rgf, dfgj ;+zfwg / k|ljlw kIf g]kfn sf]n ln= sf] t'ngfdf 7"nf] 5 . g]kfn sf]n ln= nfO{ tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . lghLs/0fsf] lg0f{on] To;sf] ;+/rgf / dfgj ;+zfwgdf c;/ kf¥of] . of] lg0f{o cg'?k x'g] kl/jt{gnfO{ Toxf+sf sd{rf/Ln] vf;} cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]gg\ / ;/sf/L lg0f{o nfu" e} 5f8\of] . clxn] g]kfn sf]n ln=sf] sfo{cl:tTj g} x/fP/ uof] . t/ g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudnfO{ lghLs/0f ug]{ jf Joj:yfkg s/f/df lbg] jf o:t} c? s'g} lx;fjn] lgudnfO{ Re-engineering ug]{ s'/f p7\of] eg] ;+u7gsf] leqaf6 To;sf] k|lt/f]w (Resist)Jofks ?kdf x'g] u5{ eGg] ;dfrf/ aflx/ lt/ cfp+5 . lsg o:tf] x'G5 < lsgls 7"nf] ;+u7gdf Resist to Change sf] zlQm a9L g} x'G5 .

kl/jt{g dxTjsf ;Gbe{x? (Contexts of the Importance of Change) kl/jt{gsf] dxTjnfO{ b]xfosf ;Gbe{df a'em\g' k5{ .

;do (Time) M s'g ;dodf kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;+u7g lkR5] km/s x'G5 . 3f6fdf u}/x]sf] pBf]un] p;sf] ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgf nfufot k|ljlw / hgzlQmdf cfjZos km]/jbn tTsfn} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] gfkmfdf u}/x]sf] pBf]un] ;f] kl/jt{g tTsfnnfO{ gu/L s]xL ;do kl5 ug{ ;S5 . To;}n] 3f6fdf u}/x]sf] pBf]usf] nflu kl/jt{gsf] dxTj 7"nf] 5 eg] 3f6fdf guPsf] pBf]unfO{ kl/jt{gsf] dxTj sd x'G5 .

If]q (Scope) M kl/jt{gsf] If]q slt km/flsnf] jf ;f+3'/f] x'g] s'/f k|ljlw jf dfgj ;+zfwg jf ;j}df kl/jt{g ug]{ eGg] lgwf] ug'{ k5{ . h'g sfd Joj:yfkgsf] xf] . o;}sf] cfwf/df kl/jt{gsf] dxTj lgwf{/0f x'G5 .

Ifdtf (Capability) M kl/jt{gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf–Joj:yfkg ;+u slt dfqfdf 5 eGg] ljifon] kl/jt{gsf] dxTjnfO{ bzf{p+5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ?U0f pBf]usf] ?kdf /x]sf] rLgL sf/vfgfnfO{ k'g/hLjg lbgsfnflu olb gofF d]lzg h8fg ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 eg], Tof] d]lzg v/Lb ug]{ k"+hLut / ;Lko'Qm Ifdtf sf/vfgf;+u 5 5}g eGg] s'/f x]l/G5, h;sf]

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cfwf/df kl/jt{gsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em\g] ul/G5 . o;}u/L kl/jt{gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ dfgl;s / ;|f]tut (Resource Based) tof/L (Readiness) ;+u7gsf] Joj:yfkg;+u x'g' k5{ .

g]kfndf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg (Change Management in Nepal) kl/jt{g ckl/xfo{ 5 . s'zn Joj:yfksn] ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf jdf]lhd kl/jt{gsf] dxTjnfO{ a'em]/ To;nfO{ ;do 5b} Jojl:yt ug'{ k5{ . t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ubf{ kl/jt{gsf] dxTj / cfjZostfnfO{ tTsfn} a'em]/ To;sf] Joj:yfkg ;Ifdtfk"j{s ul/Psf] pbfx/0f sd} 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf ljz]iftf b]xfo jdf]lhd eP–u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

tby{jfb (Adhocism) hf]lvd df]Ng grfxg] (Risk Avoiding Tendency) dflysf] cfzo vf]Hg] (Dependency) k|fyldstfdf g/fVg] (Less Priority) kl/jt{gnfO{ ljljws/0f ug{ gvf]Hg] (No Diversity of Change) kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtfsf] sdL (Low Capacity) clglZrttf (Uncertainity) tby{jfb (Adhocism)M g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L ;+u7gdf kl/jt{nfO{ tby{jfbsf] ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf]

kfO{G5 . cGo ljsNkx? ge]6fPsf] l:ylt /x]df dfq clGtd cj:yfdf cfP/ ;+u7gsf] k|d'v jf Joj:yfkgn] kl/jtgnfO{ ;+u7g leq Joj:yfkg ug{ vf]Hb5g\ / Tof] kl/jt{g klg k|sf/fGt/n] bL3{sfnsf] of]hgfnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ vfnsf] geO{ Il0fs / tTsfndf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ x]t'sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldnnfO{ lnp+ . ;do ;fk]If kl/jt{g lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldN;sf] cfjZostf xf] . Toxf+sf] ;+/rgf, k|ljlw / hgzlQm oL ltgj6} If]qdf bL3{sfnLg of]hgf ;lxtsf] l/OlGhlgol/Ë ug'{ h?/L lyof] . t/ tby{ lx;fjsf] kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ePsf]n] gt Joj:yfkg s/f/ g} ;kmn x'g ;Sof] gt lghLs/0fsf] cGo k|of; g} ;kmn eof] . ;/sf/sf] s/f}8f}+ /sd vr{ eof] t/ :yfoL ;dfwfg x'g ;s]g .

hf]lvd df]Ng grfxg] (Risk Avoiding Tendency) kl/jt{gnfO{ Joj:yfkg ubf{ cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvd df]Ng grfxg] / hf]lvd b]lv efUg] dfgl;stfaf6 g]kfnsf ;+u7gx? u|l;t 5g\ . Joj;fodf hf]lvd ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . olb ;+u7g k|d'v g} hf]lvd b]lv 8/fP/ kl/jt{g ug{ rfxb}g eg] Tof] ;+u7gsf] cl:tTj g} w/fkdf k5{ . of] ;j{ :jLs[t dfGotfnfO{ g]kfnL Joj:yfkgn] yf]/} dfq a'em]sf] b]lvG5 .

dflysf] cfzo vf]Hg] (Dependency) ljz]]if u/L ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?df ;+u7g leq kl/jt{g u/L To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ lhDdf af]s]sf sfof{no k|d'v jf ljefuLo k|d'v jf ;+:yfg k|d'v hf] eP klg kl/jt{g ug]{ jf gug]{ ljifodf cfkm"n] lg0f{o lng' kg]{df ;f] glnO{ dfly b]vfpg] dfly sf] cfzo vf]Hg] / cGttM kl/jt{g ug'{ eGbf oyfl:ylt (Stagnant) df sfd ug{ dg k/fpg] /f]uaf6 u|l;t 5g\ . ljefusf] s'g} dxflgb]{zsn] cfkm\gf] ljefusf] sltko ;+/rgf, k|ljlw / hgzlQmsf] ;jfndf jf cGo ljifodf cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug{;Sg] clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ t/ dGqLHo"sf] cfzo a'em]/ dfq kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ eGg] dfgl;stfn] To:tf ljefuLo k|d'vx?sf] km/flsnf] ;f]+rdf ljsf]{ nufOlbPsf] kfOG5 .

k|fyldstfdf g/fVg] (Less Priority) ;+u7gsf] ;d[l4 ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g;+u uf+l;Psf] x'G5 . jhf/df cfPsf] dfu –kl/jt{g, /fhgLltdf b]lvPsf] ;Qf kl/jt{g, cy{tGqdf

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lnOPsf] df}lb|s gLlt kl/jt{g cflbn] ;+u7gnfO{ tTsfn c;/ kf5{ . o;n] ubf{ ;+u7gleq 7"n} xnrn k}bf x'G5 . t/ ;+u7g aflx/ b]vf k/]sf] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]v]sf] gb]v} em}+ u/]/ j:g] / kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k5{ eGg] kIfnfO{ k|fyldstf glbP/ k'if dlxgfsf] 3fd tfk]/ j:g] ;+u7gsf sfo{sf/L k|d'v / Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ;+u7gnfO{ pef] nfg g;s]sf] eGg] s'/f u'gf;fsf] ?kdf ;'lgG5g\ . gt The Calm Waters Metaphor cg';f/g} kl/jt{g nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] ;Lksf] ljsf; ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj txdf ePsf]5 . gt White Water Rapids Metaphor cg';f/ ug]{ Ifdtf sf] ljsf; g} ePsf]5 . oL Tools dWo] s'g} Pp6f jf b'O{ Tools sf] ljraf6 eP/ cufl8 a9\g] ;f]+r / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; gx'g'sf] k5fl8sf] sf/0f xf] –kl/jt{gnfO{ k|fyldstf leq /fv]/ gx]g'{ .

kl/jt{gnfO{ ljljws/0f ug{ gvf]Hg] M kl/jt{gsf] ljljws/0f eGg'sf] tfTko{, kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+u7gsf] cg'ej, ljrf/ / ;f]+r;+u tfbfTDo ldnfpg' eg]sf] xf] . dfgf}+ ;+u7gn] s'g} Pp6f ljifodf bzf}+ jif{ b]lv Pp6} /0fgLlt (Strategy) clVtof/ u/]/ a;]sf] 5 / p;n] cfkm"n] lnPsf] /0fgLlt 7Ls 5 eGg] 7fGb} ;+u7gdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug]{ ;f]+r agfpb}g eg] pQm ;+u7gn] kl/jt{gsf] ljljws/0f ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf tx / >]0fL k4lt larsf] ;}4flGts ljjfbsf] k5fl8sf] sf/0f kl/jt{gnfO{ ljljlws/0f ug{ gvf]Hg] dfgl;stfsf] pkh xf] .

kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtfsf] sdL M ;+u7gdf kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh / ;/n 9+un] Joj:yfkg ug]{ Ifdtf s'g xb;Dd 5 eGg] ljifon] kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgdf k|d'v :yfg /fVb5 . g]kfndf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;xh 9+un] cufl8 a9fpg ;Sg] Joj:yfkgsf] sdL 5}g . t/ oxf+sf] ;d:of eg]sf] pQ/bfloTj jf lhDd]jf/L lng rfxg] k|zf;s jf ;+u7g k|d'vsf] sdL x'g' xf] . lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ af]w / To;nfO{ sfo{?kdf cleJoQm ug]{ OR5f zlQm ePsfx?af6 eg] kl/jt{gsf] plrt / kf/bzL{ Joj:yfkg x'G5 .

clglZrttf M kl/jt{g ubf{ To;n] clglZrttfx?nfO{ hGdfp+5 . ef]nL s] x'g] xf] < eGg] qfzd"ns dgf]lj1fgn] sd{rf/L / ;+u7g k|d'vnfO{ hs8]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ kl/jt{g ug{ grfxg] jf kl/jt{g u/] klg To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ gvf]Hg] jf 8/fpg] l:ylt ljBdfg 5 .

kl/jt{gsf ;d:of (Problems of Change)M s]xL ;dosf] nflu kl/jt{g lk8fbfoL x'G5 . lsgls Pp6f lglZrt k4lt / k|ljlwdf /x]/ sfd ul//x]sf] ;+u7gn] gf}nf] k4lt / gofF+ k|ljlw leq\ofpbf c;xhtf k}bf x'G5g\ . Pp6f 6\«]08 (Trend) / 6«ofs (Track) af6 x6]/ csf]{ 6]«08 / 6«ofsdf uP/ sfd ug'{ ;f+Rr} c;xh x'G5 . t/ Tof] s]xL ;dosf] nflu dfq x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf 6fOk/fO6/sf] k|of]u e}/x]sf] cfheGbf @) jif{ cufl8sf] l:yltdf k'u]/ x]/f}+ . Toltv]/ 6fOk/fO6/sf] afx'Notf lyof] ;j} lt/ . kl5 uP/ To;sf] :yfg sDKo'6/n] lnof] . 6fOk/fO6/ k|of]u ug]{x?n] sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u ug}{ rfx]gg\ . Toltv]/ Ps vfnsf] lj/f]w klg b]vf k¥of] . cfh x]/f}+, sfof{nodf t s] ahf/df ;d]t 6fOk/fO6/ kfOg 5f]8] . of] k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g xf] .

g]kfnsf] ;+u7gdf b]vf kg]{ kl/jt{g Joj:Yffkgsf ;d:ofnfO{ lgDg jdf]lhd x]g{ ;lsG5 .

s_ ;+/rgfut (Structural) ;d:of

v_;+:sf/ut (Culturral) ;d:ofM

-k|lt/f]w (Resistance), cGof}ntf (Ambiguity), jfXo kl/jt{gdf lgoGq0fsf] sdL ( Low Control on External Change), / Jbå (Conflict)

u_ dfgj ;+zfwg ;DjGwL ;d:of (Human Resource Related Problem) 3+_ cfly{s ;+zfwg ;DjGwL ;d:of (Financial Resource Releted Problem)

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ª_ ljljw ;d:of (Miscellaneous) s_ ;+/rgfTds ;d:of

;+u7gdf kl/jt{g ug'{sf] dtna ;f+u7flgs / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf klg kl/jt{g ug'{ xf] . sltko cj:yfdf o;/L ul/g] kl/jt{gn] ;f+u7flgs / k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf yk hl6ntf / ;d:ofnfO{ pAhfp5g\ . l;h{gf / vf]h (Innovation) df ca/f]w k}bf u5{g\ . Low Formalisation, Decentralisation / work Specialisation, h:tf ljifodf kfl/jt{gn] ;sf/fTds kf6f]tkm{ af6f] b]vfpb}g . lsgsL ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ubf{ sfdsf] If]q / JolQmsf] clwsf/df sdL cfp5, h'g s'/f ;DjlGwt ;d"x / JolQmnfO{ ;Xo x'+b}g .

v_ ;+:sf/ut ;d:of M

;+:sf/hGo / dgf]lj1fghGo ;d:of o; leq kb{5g\ . ltx'g\ M

k|lt/f]wM kl/jt{g lk8fhGo (Painful) x'G5 . jiff}{ b]lv Pp6f lglZrt k4lt / dfGotfdf a;]/ sfd ul//x]sf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx?n] x7ft csf]{ gofF+ k4lt / gofF dfGotfdf k|j]z ug{ ufx|f] dfG5g\ . lsgls To:tf] cj:yfdf sltkosf] gf]s/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf gx'g ;S5, sfo{ljefhg cfkm\gf] cg's"nsf] gaGg ;S5, cfkm"n] xfnLd'xfnL ul//x]sf] 7fp+df csf]{ s'g} sd{rf/L cfpg ;S5, cfkm"n] k|fKt u/L/x]sf] lglZrt nfex? (Benefit) k|fKt gx'g ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yf cfpg ;Sg] 8/n] JolQmx?n] kl/jt{gsf] k|lt/f]w u5{g . o:tf] k|lt/f]w x'g'sf] k5fl8 afgL (Habit), k"j{ :yflkt dfGotf (Selected Perception), cxd (Super Ego),ck]Iffs[t l:y/ / ;dfgfGt/ ;f]+r (Homocostasis) cflb sf/0fx? /x]sf5g h;n] ubf{ Risk Tolerance Ifdtfdf x«f; x'G5 .

• cGof}ntf (Ambiguity)M kl/jt{gn] cGof}ntf lgDTofp5 eGg] dfGotf xfd|f] k|zf;g oGqdf ljBdfg 5 . :jefljs klg xf] . s'g} klg :yflkt dfGotf / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg vf]Hbf To;n] s'g lbzflt/ ;+u7gnfO{ n}hfg] xf] eGg] 8/ / z+zo eO/xG5 . g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o x'g] s|ddf pBf]u, Jofkf/ / s[lif If]qsf] eljio s:tf] x'g] xf] < eGg] 8/n] nfdf] ;do ;Dd cGof}ntf 5fO{/x\of] . To;}n] tT;DjGwdf w]/} n]vx? k|sflzt eP, ;]ldgf/ uf]i7Lx? ul/P . t/ hj g]kfn WTO sf] ;b:o aGof], To;kl5 ;j} s'/fx? lj:tf/} Jojl:yt x'+b} uP .

• jfXo kl/jt{gdf lgoGq0fsf] sdL M g]kfnL ;+u7gx?df afXo kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] sdL 5 . x'gt jfXo kl/t{g ;+u7gsf] lgoGq0f eGGbf jflx/ x'G5 elgG5 . t/ ljsl;t / k|efjzfnL d'n'sx?sf ;+u7gn] cfkm\gf] v'bsf] Ifdtfjf6 xf];\ jf Lobbying (nljª_ u/]/ xf];\ jfXo kl/jt{gnfO{ cfkm\gf] cg's"n agfpg ;S5g\ . h:tf] hfkfg / cd]l/sf jf rLg / cd]l/sfsf] jLrdf x'g] b'O{ kIfLo Jofkf/sf s'/fx? .

• 4GbMM kl/jt{gn] ;+u7g leq 4GbnfO{ lgDtf u5{ eGg] dfGotfn] ;+u7gnfO{ g/fd|f];+u hs8]sf] 5 . x'g klg sltko cj:yfdf o:tf 4Gb b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] sd{rf/LtGqdf x]bf{ Role Conflict / Goal Conflict a9\g'sf] k5fl8 c;fGble{s kl/jt{gnfO{ lgDTofP/ xf] eGg] ul/G5 . s]xL jif{ cufl8 Pp6} dGqfnodf ljlzli6 >]0fLsf b'O{ kbx? ;lrj / ljz]if ;lrjsf] Joj:yfn] ubf{ ;lrj / ljz]if ;lrjsf] jLrdf af]nL rfnL g} aGb ePsf] pbfx/0f b]Vg ;lsGYof] . o:tf pbfx/0fsf] k'g/fj[lQ x'g] ;Defjgf cfpg] lbgx?df klg b]vfkg]{ ;+efjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . lsgls b'O{ b'O{ cf]6f ;lrjx? Pp6} dGqfnodf sfd ubf{ Power Conflict a9\g] ;Defjgf x'G5 .

u_ dfgj ;+zfwg ;DjGwL ;d:of

kl/jt{gnfO{ ;+u7gsf] Pp6f cleGg / cljefHo tTjsf] ?kdf lng' k5{ . lsgls kl/jt{gn] gofF ;f]+r / gofF dfGotfsf] hu a;fN5 . kmn:j?k l;h{gf / vf]h (Innovation) x? x'g] u5{g . oL ;j

25

sfddf ;+u7gleqsf] dfgj ;+zfwg bIf, b'?:t / r':t x'g' k5{ . xfd|f ;+u7gx?df dfgj ;+zfwgsf] bIftf / Ifdtfsf] kIf ck]Iffs[t sdhf]/ / lgjf{xd'vL ePaf6 kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh / ;':ki6 t/Lsfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . kmn:j?k ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff ufl//x]sf] a]nf pQm kl/jt{gsf] lkmtnf] sfof{Gjogn] ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf/L/x]sf] x'G5 .

3_ cfly{s ;+zfwg ;DaGwL ;d:of M

kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / pTkfbgd"ns agfpg' 5 eg] To;sf] nflu hf] rflxg] Logistics / Resources sf] oy]i6 pknJwtf x'g' h?/L 5 . cGoyf kl/jt{gsf] Joj:yfkg cw"/f] / cwsrN6f] x'gk'U5 . ah]6sf] cfjZos Joj:yf ePdf To;n] ;sf/fTds pknlJw NofpF5 . g]kfnsf ;+u7gx?df kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgnfO{ c;xh / ck|efjsf/L agfpg] Pp6f k|d'v tTj xf] ah]6sf] cefj . kmn:j?k cfjZos kg]{ Logistics / cGo ;|f]tsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] Pp6f lglZrt p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ ;f]+r / b[li6sf ;fy Nofpg vf]lhPsf] jf NofOPsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+u7gdf vf;} ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ ;Sb}g . d"Qm sd}of k'g{:yfkgf ;ldltsf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo ;¥xfxgLo dflgG5 . of] sfo{ Pp6f ;fdflhs s|flGtsf/L sfo{ xf] . ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ug'{ kl/jt{gnfO{ ;fIffTsf/ ug'{ xf] . t/ ToxfF cfly{s ;+zfwgsf] cefjn], ;ldltsf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L / ;¥xfxgLo jGg ufx\f] k¥of] .

ª=_ ljljw ;Df:of M

ljljw ;d:of leq lgDg lnlvt r'gf}ltx? ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf 5g\ .

• /fhgLlts cl:y/tf (Political Instability) • cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f (Economic Liberalisation) • ljs]Gb|Ls/0f (Decentralisation) • a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ (Growing Competition) • ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfdf kl/jt{g (Changes in Social Values and Norms) • ;'zf;g (Good Governance) • ckf/blz{tf (Opaque)

dfly pNn]lvt ;d:ofx? r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ cj;/sf] ?kdf ;+u7gn] lnPdf dfq ef]nLsf] ;sf/fTds af6f] k|z:t ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ oL ;d:ofx?nfO{ kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgsf] ;d:of leq tf}n]/ x]bf{ ;j}eGbf 7"nf] r'gf}lt eg]sf] kl/jt{gsf] k|lt/f]w (Resistance) sf] r'gf}lt xf] . ;d:ofnfO{ s];|fs];|f s]nfP/ k|lt/f]wnfO{ Joj:yfkg ub}{ ;+u7gsf] a[xb p2]Zo k|flKtsf lglDt ;+/rgfut kl/jt{g, jfgL Joxf]/fdf (Behavioural) kl/jt{g, k|ljlw (Technology) df kl/jt{g / sfo{ k|ls|of (Work Procedurel) df kl/jt{g h:tf gu/L gx'g] sfo{df kl/jt{g ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .

o;/L kl/jt{gsf nflu b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofnfO{ lgDg jdf]lhd ;dfwfg ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+u7g Joj:yfkg leq sfo{x?sf] yfngL u/]sf] kfOG5 . oL sfo{x?nfO{ lgodj4 ?kdf eGbf klg pRr Joj:yfkg txdf k'u]sf nf]s ;]js (Civil Servants) x?nfO{ tflnd, cg'lzIf0f, ;]dLgf/ uf]i7L, cflbsf] dfWodaf6 dgf]j}1flgs ?kdf ;Lko'Qm agfpg] sfo{x? s]xL ;do otfb]lv x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . /f=k=t[tLo >]0fL b]lv lnP/ /f=k=k|yd >]0fLnfO{ lbO{g] tflnd uf]i7L cflbdf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL cg'lZfIf0f (Orientation) / hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfd x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . :6fkm sn]h 4f/f /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf nf]s ;]jsx?nfO{ lbOg] Senior Executive Development Programme cGtu{tsf] tflndn] o; ljifodf j9L dxTj lbPsf] 5 .

;d:of lg/fs/0fsf nflu rflng] kfOnfx?

• ;j{k|yd kl/jt{gsf zlQmx? (Forces for Change) s] x'Gf < ltgLx?sf] klxrfg ug]{ .

• kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf -Need for Change) sf] klxrfg ug]{ .

26

• kl/jt{gsf nflu b]lvPsf] ;d:of s] xf] < To;sf] ?k, cfsf/ / ;f/ kQf nufpg] (Diognosing the Problem)

• ;+u7g ljsf;sfnflu cGo s'g} ljsNkx? 5g\ 5}gg\ tL ljsNkx? kQf nufpg] (Identify Alternative Organisation Development Methods)

• ;+u7gsf] l;ldttf (Limitations) s] x'g < Tof] a'em\g] .

• oL ;j} sf]0fx?af6 ;d:ofnfO{ ldlxg ?kdf a'emL;s]kl5 s'g pko'Qm ljsNk xf], (Selecting Alternative) Tof] 5fGg] .

• kl/jt{gsf k|lt/f]wx?nfO{ x6fpg] (Overcoming Resistance to Change), / cGTodf

• kl/jt{gnfO{ nfu" ug]{ / To;sf] :jfdLTj lng] (Implementation and Ownership of Change) oxfFg]/ x]Ssf /fVg' kg]{ ljifo s] 5 eg] –k|lt/f]wnfO{ ;s];Dd sd ug'{ k5{ . xf]Og eg] k|lt/f]wn] lj/f]w hGdfpF5, lj/f]wn] åGåsf] l;h{gf u5{ / åGån] ;+u7gnfO{ /;ftndf k'¥ofpF5 .

k|lt/f]w sd ug]{ pkfo

• ;j} ;DalGwt nf]s ;]js / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ kl/jt{g s] sf nflu xf] eGg] af/]df lzlIft agfpg] (Provide adequate education)

• kl/jt{g lsg x'g nfu]sf] xf] < o;sf] cfjZostf / pkb]otfsf af/]df nf]s ;]js j[Qdf hfgsf/L u/fpg] (Provide information and communication)

• kl/jt{gsf x/]s kIf / sf]0fx?df ;j} ;DalGwtx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] (Participation and involvement)

• hj lj/f]w / k|lt/f]w cufl8 cfpF5g\, Toltv]/ ;+emf}tf / ;xdlt sfod ug]{ (Negotiation and agreement)

• kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{x? nfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / nf]s ;]jsk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] (Transparency and accountability)

oL ;j sfd u/]sf] v08df kl/jt{gsf nflu b]lvg] lj/f]wsf :j/x? ;xof]usf] sfo{df ?kfGt/0f x'G5g\ . ;+u7g leqsf] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of ToxfF leq ul/g] / v]lng] ckf/bzL{ sfdx? g} x'g\ . olb ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f];+u ;+rf/ u/]/ kf/bzL{ 9+un] s'/fx? ;DalGwt nf]s ;]jsx? ;dIf /fVbf ;xof]u g} k|fKt x'G5, c;xof]u x'Fb}g / kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ;xh 9+un] x'G5 . cfhsf] ;+u7g leq oxL s'/fsf] ljz]if vfFrf] 5 .

27


llggllxxtt ::jjffyy{{ssff ]] ååGGåå MM ;;}}44ffllGGttss kkIIff

/Tg sfhL ah|frfo{ ∗

kl/efiff

;fj{hlgs kb u|x0f ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?df ;fj{hlgs lxt / AolQmut :jfy{ aLr 6s/f/, ;+3if{ jf åGåsf] l:ylt /xg] cj:yfnfO{ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå elgG5 . o;af6 of] :ki6 x'G5 ls ;fj{hlgs lxt;+u JolQmut :jfy{ aflemg] u/L bfloTj lgjf{x ug{' eg]sf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g' xf] .zAbsf]ifx¿df lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåaf/] lgDgfg';f/ zflAbs cy{ nufpg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 M Longman Dictionary df lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ cfk}mn] ug]{ s'g} lg0f{osf sf/0fn] s]xL c;/ k/L cfk"mn] ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ sfd lgikIf 9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpg] f JofVof u/]sf] 5 .1 English Dictionary for Advanced Learners df lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ b'O{ cy{df lnPsf] b]lvG5 – -!_ kl/0ffdaf6 c;/ kg]{ sf/0fn] ubf{ s;}n] lgikIf 9Ëaf6 lg0f{o lng] cj:yf g/xg' -@_ Pp6f JolQmsf nflu kmfObf x'Fbf csf]{ JolQmnfO{ a]kmfObf x'g] cj:yf /xg' .2 o;/L g} lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåaf/] cGo w]/} kl/efiff lbOPsf] kfOG5 . h:t} –;fj{hlgs sfof{nox¿df

lghL rf;f] / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ aLrsf] åGåsf] cj:yf,3 /fhg}lts k|efjnfO{ k|of]u u/]/

kbflwsf/Lx¿n] lghL nfe xfl;n ug]{ cj:yf4 / ;fj{hlgs sfd st{Jo / lghL ;/f]sf/aLr

cgd]n x'g] cj:yf5 cflb . Katz & Kahn sf egfOcg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå Pp6f o:tf] cj:yf xf] h'g cj:yfdf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/sf] pkof]u lghL nfesf nflu u/]sf

∗ ;x ;lrj, dlxnf, jfnjflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno . 1 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary (Third Edition) (1995:281) explains Conflict of Interest

(COI) "A situation in which you cannot do your job fairly because you will be affected by the decision you make."

2 MacMilan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners (2002:290) describes COI (1) a situation in which someone makes fair decisions because they will be affected by the results, and (2) a situation in which something that is good for one person is bad for another person.

3 Conflict between private and public interest in public office (Dictionary of Politics: Selected American and Foreign political and Legal Terms, Seventh Edition, p.92).

4 A situation in which officials gain private interest from using political influence (The Random House Dictionary of English Language, Random House, 1968, p.282).

5 Incompatibility between official function/duty and public interest (Mellinkoff's Dictionary of American Legal Usage, West Publishing, 1992, pp.104-105).

28

x'G5g\ .6 Michael McDonald n] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåaf/] lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 – æPp6f o:tf] cj:yf h'g cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L, Ps sd{rf/L jf Ps k]zfsdL{sf] x}l;ot /fVg] JolQmsf] lghL jf JolQmut ;/f]sf/sf sf/0f lghsf] kbLo st{Josf] kfngfdf k|efj k/]sf] 5 eGg]

oy]i6 cfwf/ b]lvG5 .Æ7 Mc Donald n] lbPsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGådf lgDg # tTjx? ldl;Psf x'G5g\ M

1= lghL jf JolQmut :jfy{ – o;df ljz]iftof cfly{s nfe xfl;n ug]{ :jfy{ n's]sf] x'g ;S5 . ;fy} cfˆgf kl/jf/hg jf ldqnfO{ nfe k'¥ofpg] :jfy{ klg x'g ;S5 .

2= kbLo bfloTj – zflAbs cy{df sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ x'Fbf s'g} lglZrt k4lt ckgfP/ s'g} sfd ;Dkfbg ug]{ lghsf s]xL bfloTjx¿ x'G5g\ cyjf kbLo Ifdtfdf s'g} sfd ug]{ l:ylt /xG5 . kbdf /x]sf] sf/0f hgtfk|lt, /f]huf/bftfk|lt jf u|fxsk|lt st{Jo lgjf{x ug]{ bfloTj x'G5 . t/ of] kbLo bfloTjdfly lghL / JolQmut :jfy{n] lht xfl;n u5{ .

3= ;Demf}tf – kbLo jf k]zfut pQ/bfloTj jf kbLo lg0f{o ug]{ cj:yfdfly s'g} lsl;dn] lghL :jfy{sf] efjgfn] k|]l/t eO{ k|efj kfg]{ cj:yf /xG5 . kbLo lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ Jofj;flos bIftfsf ;fy :jtGqtfk"j{s lg0f{o ug'{k5{ eGg] cfd dfGotf xf] . t/ k|foM o:tf] x'Fb}g . kbLo bfloTjaf/] lg0f{ostf{n] cGo w]/} bfofFafofFsf s'/fx¿;Fu ;Demf}tf ul//x]sf] cj:yf x'G5 .

o;k|sf/ Mc Donald n] lbPsf] kl/efiffcg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå g}ltstf;Fu hf]l8Psf] Pp6f cxd\ ;jfn xf] . h'g j]nf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿df g}lts d"No dfGotfsf] cefj /xG5 To; cj:yfdf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå a9\g] vt/f x'G5 .

Jeremy Pope sf cg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå eGgfn] s'g} Ps JolQm ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfdf /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf ;f] x}lootn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ st{Josf] l;nl;nfdf s'g} JolQmut d/df]nflxhfsf] k|efjdf

km:g'sf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] cj:yfnfO{ a'emfpF5 .8 Gerard Carney n] o;nfO{ ;/n efiffdf cem a9L :ki6¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf] egfOcg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå To;a]nf k}bf x'G5 h'ga]nf Ps /fhgLlt1 cyjf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] lghL :jfy{ pgsf] ;fj{hlgs :jfy{;Fu slxn] 6Ss/ vfG5 jf slxn] d]n vfG5 . ha lghL :jfy{n] kbLo lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf k|efj hdfpg yfN5, ta o:tf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGån] g}lts låljwfsf] l:ylt pTkGg u/fpF5 .9 lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå emlNsg] s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

1= s'g} Ps ;f+;b cfk"m lx:;]bf/ /x]sf] sDkgLsf] t/kmbf/L u/L dGqLsxfF eg;'g ug'{,10

2= s'g} Ps ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] lghL Jofkfl/s :jfy{ lnO{ ;fem]bf/L aGg', lx:;]bf/L aGg', af]8{sf] ;b:otf u|x0f ug'{, nufgL ug'{ / ;/sf/L 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfdf ;+nUg /xg',

6 Katz, Daniel, and Robert L Kahn, The Social Psychology of Organizations, New York: John Wiely

& Sons, (1978), p.628. 7 http://www.ethics.ubc.ca/people/mcdonald/conflict.htm 8 Pope, Jeremy, Confronting Corruption: The Elements of a National Integrity System, TI Source

Book, Transparency International, Germany (2000), p. 195. 9 Carney, Gerard, Conflict of Interest: Legislators, Ministers and Public Officials, Berlin:

Transparency International (TI), (1999). 10 Ibid.

29

3= Ps ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] cGo ;+u7gx¿df ;DaGwg /fVg' -h:t} M pRr kb:y clwsf/L cfˆgf] lgsfoaf6 /sd k|fKt ug]{ u}/nfesf] ;+:yfsf] af]8{df /xg'_,

4= Ohfht lbg] clwsf/ k|fKt Ps clwsf/Ln] eljiodf sfd kfpg] zt{ :jLsf/ u/L s'g} Ps sDkgLnfO{ clxn] sf/f]jf/ ug]{ Ohfht k|bfg ug'{,

5= /fhdfu{df k/]sf hUufx¿sf] d'cAhf lgwf{/0f ;ldltdf /xg] Ps kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] kfl/jfl/s hUuf kg]{ b]v]kl5 d"No c:jfefljs ¿kn] a9fpg' .

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) n] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå ;DaGwdf lgDgcg';f/ kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 – of] Ps ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] ;fj{hlgs bfloTj / lghL ;/f]sf/aLrsf] åGå xf], h'g cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] lghL–Ifdtfsf ;/f]sf/x¿ /xG5g\ h;sf] sf/0f ;fj{hlgs st{Jo / pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf cg'lrt k|efj /xg hfG5 . (... a conflict between the public duties and private interests of a public official, in which the public official has private-capacity interests which could improperly influence the performance of their official duties and responsibilities.)11

;+If]kdf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå To:tf] l:yltdf pTkGg x'g ;S5 h'gj]nf Ps clwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] cEof; ug{ vf]H5, lg0f{o / ultljwx¿dfly k|efj hdfpg vf]H5, cyjf :jfDowLg ;"rgfdfly kx+'r k'¥ofpg vf]H5 . (Conflict of interest may arise in cases where an officer may exercise authority, influence decisions and actions, or gain access to proprietary information.)12 pTklQ

Robert Louis Stevenson sf] Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde sf] syfdf b'O{ hgf ljk/Lt rl/q ePsf kfqx¿ e]l6G5g\ – Psflt/ ljj]szLn, cg'zfl;t, lhDd]jf/L af]w u/L sfd ug]{ Dr. Jekyll / csf]{lt/ cfj]uzLn, clgolGqt, cfTd–t'li6sf] efjgf /fvL sfd ug]{ Mr. Hyde . ;f] syfsf Dr. Jekyll sf] :jefj k|bz{g ug'{ kg]{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf jxfn /x]sf kbflwsf/Ln] Mr. Hyde sf] Jojxf/ ug{ yfn]kl5 ;dfhdf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå a9\5 .13 k|To]s JolQmdf oL b'O{ km/s ljrf/ cGtlg{lxt /xg] x'Fbf dfgj ;dfhdf slxnb]lv lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå pTklt ePsf] lyof] egL PsLg ug{ uf¥xf] 5 .

ztflAbof}F klxn]b]lv g} zlQmdf a:g]x¿n] ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu zlQmsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{kg]{ oyfy{tfnfO{ /fhg}lts zf:qdf bfz{lgsx¿n] cf}+FNofPs} ljifo xf] . /fHo ;Qfdf /xg]x¿ / /fHosf] sfd ;~rfng ug{ lgo'Qm clwsf/Lx¿sf] cP]z cf/fd / ljnfl;tfk"0f{ hLjgz}nLn] e|i6frf/nfO{ a9jf lbG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ b'j} k"jL{o / klZrdL bfz{lgsx¿n] x'sf{Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] dfgj ;Eotf / ljsf;;Fu} e|i6frf/sf] ;d:of klg ;dfhdf hl6n x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] b]lvG5. To:t} lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå klg klxn]b]lv g} dfgj ;dfhdf rngrNtLdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx¿n]

11 OECD, "OECD Guidelines for Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Service," Policy Brief,

(September 2005). 12 Independent Commission Against Corruption/Civil Service Bureau. Ethical Leadership in Action:

Handbook for Senior Managers in the Civil Service (2004 Reprint), p.20. 13 Daphne B. Bugental, , and Eta K. Lin, "The Many Faces of Power: The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll

and Mr. Hyde," in Lee-Chai, Annette Y., and John A. Bargh, (edrs.) The Use and Abuse of Power: Multiple Causes of Corruption, Philadelphia: Psychology Press, (2001).

30

;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifox¿df lg0f{o ln+bf ToxfFF /xg] ltgLx¿sf] lglxt :jfy{nfO{ x6fpg] pkfoaf/] w]/} d'n'sx¿df s]xL g s]xL k|of; x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . ljutdf lglxt :jfy{sf] ;d:of b]Vg]x¿n] vf;u/]/ o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu bfg, pkxf/ / kfl/jfl/s gftf ;DaGwdf dfq s]xL ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿af/] ;f]r]sf] kfOG5 . t/ clxn]] lghL If]qsf] a9\bf] ;xof]u / e"ldsfsf ;Gbe{df lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå;DaGwL ;d:of cem a9L hl6n ag]sf] b]lvG5 .

;a} lsl;dsf /fHo / ;/sf/df hgtfsf nflu ;]jf ug{ hgtfaf6} clwsf/ k|fKt u/L zlQmdf k'u]sf ju{ /x]sf x'G5g\ . /fHosf tLgj6} cËx¿ Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ / hgtfaLr Ps lsl;dsf] ljZjf; / e/f];fsf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . d'n'sdf /x]sf] hgtf, cy{tGq / sfdsf/jfxLdfly oL tLg} j6f cËdf /xg] lgjf{lrt, dgf]lgt jf lgo'Qm ;b:o jf clwsf/Lx¿n] hgtfaf6 k|fKt zlQm / clwsf/sf] a9LeGbf a9L cEof; ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf kbflwsf/Lx¿k|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf;do jftfj/0f ta l;h{gf x'G5 ha hgtfsf] lxtdf ltgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ / zlQmsf] cEof; u5{ .

;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu /fHon] dgf]lgt jf lgo'Qm u/]sf] kbflwsf/L ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ æ;fj{hlgs ;]jsÆ elgPsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs ;]js (public servants) sf] cy{ a[xt\ /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs lxtdf k|of]u ug{ ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'sx¿df ;+ljwfgd} Joj:yf u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 . vf; u/L /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu w]/}n] sfg"g dfq xf]Og cfrf/ ;+lxtf g} lgdf{0f u/L ltgLx¿ ;fj{hlgs kbdf jxfn /x'~h]n ltgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ / cfr/0fnfO{ k/f]ksf/ / ;fj{hlgs enfOdf s]lGb|t ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn] tof/ u/]sf] 'Senate Code of Official Conduct' cGo d'n'ssf]eGbf a9L Jofks /x]sf] dflgG5 . ;f] 'Senate Code of Official Conduct' df Senate Policy lgDgcg';f/sf] 3f]if0ff pNn]v ePsf] 5 M The ideal of public office, expressed by the words, 'A public office is a public trust', signifies that the officer has been entrusted with public power by the people; that the officer holds this power in trust to be used only for their benefit and never for the benefit of himself or of a few; and that the officer must never conduct his own affairs so as to infringe on the public trust. All official conduct of Members of the Senate should be guided by this paramount concept of public office."14

e|i6frf/ / lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå

;fj{hlgs kb / clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L JolQmut nfe xfl;n ug'{nfO{ e|i6frf/15 dflgPsf] ;Gbe{df …e|i6frf/Ú / …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ Ps cfk;df ldNbf]h'Nbf] b]lvG5 . t/ …e|i6frf/Ú Jofks k|of]udf cfPsf] zAb xf] . ;fy} e|i6frf/ Jofkstf kfPsf] zAb xf] . o;af/] w]/}nfO{ 1fg 5 eg] …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ af/] sd}nfO{ dfq hfgsf/L /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;a} lsl;dsf …e|i6frf/Ú df lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå clgjfo{ ¿kdf n's]sf] x'G5 . t/ ;a} …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ df e|i6frf/ ePs} x'g'k5{ eGg] clgjfo{tf 5}g .

…lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ o:tf] cj:yf jf kl/l:ylt xf] h'ga]nf s'g} JolQm ljZjf;sf] kbdf jxfn /x]sf] x'G5 M h:t} – /fhg}lts g]tf, jsLn, sfo{sf/L kbdf cf;Lg kbflwsf/L, cg';Gwfgstf{, lrlsT;s cflb . ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf ljZjf;sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /x]sf tL JolQmx¿sf] kbLo lhDd]jf/L (Dr. Jekyll)

14 Op. cit., 9. 15 Widely used definition of corruption is, "The misuse of public power for private benefit". UN,

World Bank, OECD, TI, etc.

31

/ lghL :jfy{ jf rf;f] (Mr. Hyde) sf aLr hlxn] klg cGt/dg åGå / k|lt:kwf{ eO/xg] x'Fbf st{Jo kfngf ubf{ jf bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ lgikIf 9Ëaf6 eO/x]sf] 5 egL ljZjf; lbnfpg / cg'e"t u/fpg kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;w}F ;Ifd /xg ;Sb}gg\ . s'g}s'g} :jfy{ åGå o:tf] klg x'g] u5{ h'g cj:yfdf kbflwsf/Lx¿ e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf x'Fb}gg\ / 5'\6Øfpg uf¥xf] x'G5 . tyflk ltgLx¿sf] sfdsf/jfxL / ltgLx¿n] u/]sf lg0f{o lgikIf / ;Gt'lnt /x]sf] egL ;r]t gful/sn] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb}g . ToxfFF wf+wnL eO/x]sf] efg x'G5 . kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] g}ltstfaf/] k|Zg lrGx v8f x'G5 / ltgLx¿dflysf] ljZjf; / e/f];f x/fpg yfN5 . To;}n] ;a} lsl;dsf …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ df …e|i6frf/Ú sf] uGw g/x] tfklg ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] s'g} klg lsl;dn] …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ /fVg' ;dfhsf nflu xflgsf/s 5 . jf:tjdf …lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåÚ a'‰g cToGt s7Lg cjwf/0ff xf] . ;r]t ju{n] g} klg of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ 7Ls 9Ën] a'‰g ;ls/x]sf] xF'b}g eg] cfdhgtfx? of] cjwf/0ff;Fu laNs'n} ckl/lrt /xG5g\ .

gftfjfb, s[kfjfb / lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf Jofks ¿kdf rngrNtLdf /x]sf zAbx¿ x'g\ – gftfjfb (nepotism), s[kfjfb (favoritism) / aGw'jfb (cronyism) . oL tLgj6} zAbx¿ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå;Fu cToGt glhs 5g\ .

cfˆgf kl/jf/, gftf–uf]tf, Oi6ldq, s'6'DadWo] hf] sf]xLnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L kIf lng] sfd, Jojxf/ jf k|j[lQnfO{ gftfjfb, s[kfjfb / aGw'jfb elgG5 . o;n] of]Uosf] 7fpFdf cof]Uo / :jR5tfsf]

7fpFdf k"jf{u|xh:tf s'/fnfO{ :yflkt u5{ .16 gftfjfb /fVg' eg]sf] jf:tjdf ljz]if lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå xf] . ;fdfGotof kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ vf]hL lbg] dfdnfdf o; lsl;dsf] kbLo clwsf/sf] Jofks k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . kbflwsf/Lx¿ cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] kIfdf nfe x'g] u/L clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{ k|rng k|fo ;a} d'n'sx¿df 5 . gftfjfbnfO{ lgif]w ug'{sf] cy{ xf] :jfy{ åGånfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ nUg' . t/ o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls kbflwsf/Lsf gft]bf/x¿n] s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbdf hfuL/ g} vfg gkfpg' . o;sf] p2]Zo olt dfq xf] ls ;fj{hlgs kbsf] b'?kof]u u/L kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ kIf lng' kfO+b}g . olb lgikIf ¿kdf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltof]lutfsf] k|s[ofaf6 k|j]z u/]sf] 5 eg] o;nfO{ lglxt :jfy{sf] bf]if nufpg' ;j{yf plrt x'Fb}g .

aGw'jfb gftfjfbeGbf cem Jofks cy{df k|of]u ul/g] zAb xf] . ldq / ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ kIf lng] l:yltnfO{ o;n] af]w u/fp+5 . j]nfotdf cronyism nfO{ cleJoQm ug{ k|of]udf NofOPsf zAbx¿ x'g\ "old school tie" / "old boys club" . Pn'DgfOx¿sf] u7g jf e]uLo, If]qLo jf ljleGg hfthflt efiffefifLsf gfddf u7g x'g] ;+u7gx¿n] jf:tjdf aGw'jfbnfO{ a9jf lbO/x]sf] x'G5 . gftfjfb (nepotism), s[kfjfb (favoritism) / aGw'jfb (cronyism) ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf eGbf lghL If]qdf a9L xfaL /x]sf] x'G5 .

juL{s/0f

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . d'Votof o;sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ # j6f cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 – -!_ c¿n] cg'e"t ug]{ b[li6sf]0f (perception), -@_ cfly{s ;+nUgtfsf] b[li6sf]0f (financial involvement) -#_ kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ug]{] Jojxf/sf] b[li6sf]0f (officials' behavior) .

16 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, e|i6frf/lj?4 k|lzIf0f k'l:tsf, @)^#, sf7df8f}F .

32

c¿n] cg'e"t ug]{ b[li6sf]0f (perception)

o; cGtu{t lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ # ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h:t} –

-s_ oyfy{ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå (actual conflict of interest): of] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿df k|ToIf tj/df b]lvg] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf] cj:yf xf] . of] o:tf] kl/l:ylt xf] h'ga]nf tL kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;fj{hlgs bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ pgLx¿sf] leqL dg;fon] sfd ul//x]sf] egL c¿n] :ki6 klxrfg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf tL kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;fj{hlgs st{Jok/fo0ftfaf6 ljd'v eO/x]sf] cg'e"t x'G5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] kbLo zlQmsf] cf8df clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L dgUo lghL nfe p7fO/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;af6 e|i6frf/ km:6fO/x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Ps ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] ;b:on] 6]08/ d"NofÍg ;ldltdf a;L cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf ldqhgn] To:tf] k|lt:kwf{df efu lnPsf]df ltgLx¿sf] kIfdf lg0f{o lng] .

-v_ cjnf]lst÷cleJoQm lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå (perceived/apparent conflict of interest): of] o:tf] k|sf/sf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf] cj:yf xf] h'g s'/f c¿ JolQmn] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ul//xFbfsf cj:yfdf lghL nfe jf kmfObfsf] lgot /fv]sf] 5 egL cg'e"t ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . cg'e"t ug]{x¿n] lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L ju{sf] lghL :jfy{sf sf/0f ljrlnt ePsf] / cg'lrt k|efj k/]sf] egL dx;'; ub{5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf jf:tljs ¿kd} e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf] x'g klg ;S5 gx'g klg ;S5 . t/ cg'e"t ug]{sf] b[li6df eg] e|i6frf/ jf cg'lrt sfo{ ePsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Ps ;/sf/L clwsf/L jf d"NofÍg ;ldltsf] ;b:on] 6]08/ d"NofÍg ;ldltdf a;L cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:o, gft]bf/ jf ldqhgn] To:tf] k|lt:kwf{df efu lnPsf]df ;f]af/] v'nf;f gug]{ .

-u_ ;+efljt lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå (potential conflict of interest): of] o:tf] lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{ xf] h;df ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] Hofb} kl5;Ddsf] kmfObf ;f]r]/ sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . JolQmut tj/af6 eljiodf nfe x'g] p2]Zo /fvL lg0f{o lng] jf sfdsf/jfxL ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ o; lslddsf] :jfy{df /flvG5 / of] :jfy{nfO{ tTsfn} klxrfg ug{ sl7gfO x'G5 .

oyfy{ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå (actual conflict of interest) sf cj:yfdf clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u x'G5 / olb cfly{s nfe xfl;n x'g] ePdf e|i6frf/ ePsf] klg x'g ;S5 . csf]{lt/ cjnf]lst÷cleJoQm lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå (perceived/apparent conflict of interest) / ;+efljt lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå (potential conflict of interest) sf] cj:yfdf clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u eO;s]sf] l:ylt t x'Fb}g, tyflk ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / e/f];f 36\g ;S5 .

cfly{s ;+nUgtfsf] b[li6sf]0f (financial involvement)

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ To;df cfly{s n]gb]g ;+nUg x'g] of gx'g] b[lisf]0fn] @ lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/G5 . h:t} M

-s_ cfly{s :jfy{ (pecuniary interest): of] o; lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{ åGåsf] cj:yf xf] hxfF kbLo st{Jo kfngfsf] l;nl;nfdf kbflwsf/Lx¿åf/f lghL tj/df cfly{s nfe xfl;n ug]{ leqL dg;fo / lglxt :jfy{ /fVg] sfd x'G5 . of] lgtfGt cfly{s nfe xfl;n ug]{ :jfy{ xf] . o:tf] cfly{s nfe k|fKt ug]{ leqL dg;fo pTkGg x'g'df lgDg sf/s tTjx¿ /xg ;S5M

;DklQ cfh{gsf] nfn;f, C0fsf] df/,

33

c¿af6 bfg, pkxf/ vf]Hg] k|j[lQ, c¿sf] k|fof]hgdf ;fdflhs sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] jf e|d0f ug]{ OR5f

-v_ u}/cfly{s :jfy{ (non-pecuniary interest): of] o; lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{ åGåsf] cj:yf xf] hxfF cfly{s nfe k|ToIf ¿kdf xfl;n geP tfklg cGo k|sf/sf u}/sfg"gL / u}/cfly{s nfesf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfd ug]{ z}nL / lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ c;/ kfl//]x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} Snjsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug'{, s'g} ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfdf cfj4 x'g' cflbsf sf/0f klg kbflwsf/Lsf] s'g} ju{ of JolQmk|lt cfzQm x'g' jf g'xg' eO/x]sf] x'g ;S5 . s;};Fusf] ;fldKotf / ldqtf t/ c¿;Fu ltQmtf / zq'tfn] klg sfd sf/jfxL / lg0f{o k|s[ofnfO{ k|efljt t'NofO{ /x]sf] x'G5 .

kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ug]{] Jojxf/sf] b[li6sf]0f

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 x'g] Jojxf/nfO{ x]/]/ klg juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . Ken Kernaghan / John Langford n] ljefhg u/]sf] & lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ o; k|sf/sf] juL{s/0fdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ w]/}n] Jofks ¿kdf k|of]udf NofPsf] klg kfOG5 .17 h:t}\ M

-s_ :jod\–sf/f]jf/ ug'{ (self-dealing): o; lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGådf s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] cfk}m ;+nUg /xL cfk"mdf lglxt /x]sf] clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] b'?kof]u u/L lghL nfe lng'nfO{ dflgG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu kbLo clwsf/ k|of]u u/L cfˆgf] gfddf /x]sf] lghL k/fdz{ sDkgLnfO{ 7]Ssf lbnfpg] sfd ug'{, s'g} kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] kbsf] b'?kof]u u/]/ 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ sfddf nufpg' cflb .

-v_ nfe jf pkxf/ u|x0f ug'{ (accepting benefit or gift): s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] bfloTj leqsf] s'g}] ;/sf/L sfd ul/lbP jfkt s'g} JolQmaf6 gub jf lhG;L u|x0f ug'{nfO{ o; lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf ¿kdf dflgG5 . To:t} sf]xL JolQmaf6 ax'd"No of ultnf] j:t' pkxf/ lng' klg o; lsl;dsf] :jfy{ åGå xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ zfvfdf sfd ug]{ s'g} clwsf/Ln] ;fdfg cfk"lt{ ug]{ kmd{af6 pkxf/ :j¿k Ps l;Ë} sf6{'g lXj:sL lng' .

-u_ k|efj hdfpg' (influence peddling): cfˆgf] kbLo wfs jf k|efj b]vfO{ s;}nfO{ gfhfoh kmfObf lbnfOlbg] x]t'n] lghaf6 nfe lng' o; lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . d o:tf] dfG5] x'+ ltd|f] sfd kmnfgfnfO{ eg]/ u/fO{ lbG5' jf olt /sd rflxG5 egL kmdf{pg'h:tf sfo{x¿ o;leq k5{g\ .

-3_ /f]huf/bftfsf] ;DklQ lghL kmfObfsf nflu k|of]u ug'{ (using of employer's property for private advantage): o; lsl;dsf] :jfy{ åGå :ki6;+u a'‰g ;lhnf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu sfof{nosf] ;fdfg 3/df nuL lghL kmfObfsf nflu k|of]u ug'{ . sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] ;ˆ6j]o/ lghL kmfObf x'g] u/L pkof]u ug'{ . sfof{no k|of]hgsf] OG6/g]6 ;]jf AolQmut nfesf nflu k|of]u ug'{ .

17 Ken Kernaghan and John Langford, the Canadian political scientists have listed these types of

conflict of interest in their book The Responsible Public Servant as quoted in (1) Pathranarakul, Pairote, "Conflict of Interest: An Ethical Issue in Public and Private Management, Issue Paper (Workshop D), 5th Regional Anti-corruption Conference, 28-30 September 2005, PR China (2005), p.3, and (2) McDonald, Michael. "Ethics and conflict of Interest", Working Paper.

34

-ª_ uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] pkof]u ug'{ (using of confidential information): sfof{nout sfdsf] ;Gbe{df s'g} uf]Ko hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df cfly{s nfe xfl;n ug]{ wGbfnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] :jfy{ åGåsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} :yfgdf hUuf ljsf; of]hgfdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/Ln] ToxfFF hUuf vl/b ugf{n] kl5 /fd|f] kmfObf x'G5 eGg] b]v]/ cfˆgf kl/jf/sf gfddf w]/} hUuf vl/b ug]{ sfd ug'{ . OGwgsf] d"No j[l4 x'Fb}5 eGg] uf]Ko ;"rgf lbP/ l8n/x¿af6 kmfObf lng' .

-r_ afXo /f]huf/L jf n'sLrf]/L sfddf ;+nUg x'g' (outside employment or moonlighting): cfˆgf] lgoldt ;/sf/L sfdsf cltl/Qm cGo kmfObf x'g] sfddf nfUg'nfO{ o; lsl;dsf] lglxt :jfy{ åGå /x]sf] sfo{sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf /x]sf] kbflwsf/Ln] lghL k/fdz{bftf sDkgLx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L sfds} l;nl;nfdf ;do a]Rg' . sfof{no ;dodf cfly{s nfe x'g] cs}{ sfddf ;do lbg' . sfof{no 5f]8]/ aflx/ lghL wGbfdf lx+8\g' cflb .

-5_ lga[Q cj:yfsf] /f]huf/L (post-employment): ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xL ljz]if1tf xfl;n ePkl5 ;f] kb Tofu u/L ;f]xL ljifodf sfd ug]{ lghL If]qdf csf]{ /f]huf/Ldf ;fd]n x'g] jf eljiodf ;f]xL If]qdf sfd ug]{ nfn;f /fvL ;fj{hlgs bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ k|j[lQ b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ o; lsl;dsf] ju{df /fVg] ul/G5 . o;af6 k'/fgf] cg'ejL sfdbf/nfO{ kl/rfng u/L pgsf] k'/fgf] lgsfo;Fusf] ;DaGwsf] pkof]u u/L gofFF /f]huf/bftfn] ;d]t kmfObf lbg] cj:yf /xG5 .

;d:ofsf] klxrfg

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå Ps hl6n k|s[of xf] / of] ;d:of sxfF 5 jf 5}g egL klxrfg ug'{ Ps s7Lg sfo{ xf] . sfof{nout sfdeGbf km/s ¿kdf JolQmut ;/f]sf/ b]vfOPdf To;sf] sf/0faf6 :jtM lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå /xG5 eGg] xf]Og . olb o:tf] ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] sf/0f sfof{nout sfddf s]xL afwf cj/f]w v8f x'g] l:ylt cfof] eg] ToxfFF lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå /x]sf] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} lg0f{o ubf{ kbLo bfloTj / lghL ;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿aLr åGå 5 ls 5}g egL To;df Wofg lbg h?/L x'G5 . o;/L s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] /fVg] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfjZos ljifox¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

1= ljQLo / cfly{s ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx¿ h:t} C0f tyf ;DklQ, 2= kfl/jfl/s jf lghL Joj;fo, 3= ;xfos cfDbfgL x'g] sfd jf /f]huf/Lk|ltsf] k|lta4tf, 4= nfe / u}/nfesf If]qsf ;+u7gx¿, v]ns"bsf lgsfo, Snj / cGo ;+3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu

;DaGwg, 5= /fhg}lts, >d ;+u7g jf Jofj;flos ;+u7g / cGo lghL ;/f]sf/sf ;+u7gx¿;Fu ;DaGwg, 6= JolQmut jf k]zfut Ifdtfsf cfwf/df Jofj;flos, ;fd'bflos, hftLo, kfl/jfl/s jf wfld{s

;d"xk|ltsf] bfloTj jf Pp6} 5fgfd'lg /xg] JolQmx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw, 7= csf]{ JolQm jf ;d"x;Fusf] j}/tf jf k|lt:kwf{, 8= ;]jfu|fxL, s/f/df /x]sfx¿, sfof{no jf ;+u7gdf sfd ug]{x¿ cGo sd{rf/Lx¿;Fusf]

dxTjk"0f{ kfl/jfl/s jf cGo ;DaGw, 9= jhf/df cfk"lt{ eGbf dfu w]/} /x]sf] cToGt dflyNnf] :t/sf] ljz]if1 ;Lk jf bIftf, 10= ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 eljiodf csf]{ /f]huf/L kfpg] ck]Iff jf of]hgf .

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu sfg"gL cjwf/0ff

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿sf] cfjZostf /xG5 . t/ Pp6f d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs dfGotf, k/Dk/f / cfjZostf csf]{ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs dfGotf, k/Dk/f / cfjZostf;Fu

35

ljNs'n} leGg x'g ;S5 . To;}n] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ agfOPsf] sfg"gx¿df klg d]n vfPsf] x'Fb}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu cd]l/sL k/Dk/f / j]nfotL k/Dk/fnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] klg tL b'O{ d'n'sx¿df leGbfleGb} pkfud ckgfOPsf] b]lvG5 .18 Michael Atkinson / Maureen Mancuso n] oL b'O{ d'n'ssf] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ t'ngf u/L j]nfotL k/Dk/fnfO{ dof{bf pkfud (etiquette approach) / cd]l/sL k/Dk/fnfO{ Ol:txf/ kfud (edict approach) sf] ;+1f lbPsf 5g\ .19

-!_ dof{bf pkfud (etiquette approach): of] pkfud cg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ gofFF sfg"g lgdf{0f u/]/ eGbf eO{ /x]sf sfg"gL dfGotf / ljutsf ;+;bLo dof{bfdf /x]/ cfˆgf] cfrf/ / Jojxf/nfO{ lgb]{lzt ub}{ nUg' xf] . ;f+;bx¿ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt eOcfPsf x'Fbf cfˆgf] kbLo dof{bf cg'¿k lglxt :jfy{nfO{ kG5fO{ ljj]sk"0f{ 9Ëaf6 sfd ug]{5g\ eGg] dfGotfdf of] l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;df kbflwsf/Lx¿ :jod cfk"mleqaf6 clek|]l/t eP/ s'g} dof{bf / lzi6tfsf] ;Ldfleq lgolGqt ¿kdf /xg' k5{ egL cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ of] pkfudn] JolQm ljz]ifsf] OdfGbfl/tfdf ljZjf; ug{ vf]h]sf] x'G5 / JolQmnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy lnPsf] b]lvG5 .

-@_ Ol:txf/ pkfud (edict approach): of] pkfudn] sfg"g, gLlt / lgodsf] lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o; l;4fGt cg';f/ lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ s'g} xb;Ddsf] lgod agfP/ lgoGq0f ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotf /xL cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;df JolQmsf] Jojxf/nfO{ eGbf klg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{df hf]8 lbOG5 . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Jojxf/nfO{ sfg"g / cfrf/ ;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/]/ lgb]{lzt ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf dxTj lbOg] x'Fbf of] pkfudn] jfXo lgoGq0fdf ljZjf; /fVb5 .

dof{bf pkfud / Ol:txf/ pkfuddf gftfjfb, cfly{s ;/f]sf/ / sfof{no aflx/sf] sfdsf] ;Gbe{df j]nfot / cd]l/sfsf] leGgtfnfO{ Michael Atkinson / Maureen Mancuso n] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . j]nfotdf s'g} /fhg}lts kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] kTgL of kltnfO{ lghL ;lrjdf lgo'Qm ug'{ :jfy{ åGå dflg+b}g . sfof{nout uf]KotfnfO{ sfod /fVg dxTjk"0f{ kbx¿df cfˆgf] kl/jf/leqsf] ljZjfl;nf] JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm lbg] jf egf{ ug]{ of] k/Dk/fnfO{ e/kbf]{ dflgG5 . t/ cd]l/sfdf oxL sfd gftfjfbsf ¿kdf x]l/G5 / of] sfg"gåf/f jlh{t 5 . a]nfotdf ;f+;bx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fdfGo ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs u/]df dfq klg kof{Kt dflgG5 . o;df s] ljZjf; ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] To;/L ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug{]x¿n] :jod OdfGbf/ / lhDd]jf/ eO{ ;Totf k"j{s st{Jo lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ cd]l/sfdf eg] l;g]6/ of sf+u|];sf k|ltlglwx¿n] lj:t[t ¿kdf ;fn;fn} ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;a} ljlQo :6ssf] lkmxl/:t a'emfpg' k5{ . a]nfotdf ;f+;bx¿ sfof{noeGbf aflx/sf] sfd x]g{ :jtGq 5g\ . t/ cd]l/sL k|ltlglwx¿ To;f] ug{ kfp+b}gg\ . To;}n] cd]l/sL ;f+;bx¿ a]nfotL ;f+;bx¿sf] t'ngfdf dgUo tnj kfp+5g\ .20

o;k|sf/ d'n'ssf] sfg"g / k/Dk/f d'tfljs s'g sfd lglxt :jfy{sf] kl/efiff leq k5{ jf kb}{g egL PsLg u/L ;f]xL d'tfljs Jojxf/ ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .

18 Narayan Manandhar, Corruption and Anti-corruption (Further Readings), Kathmandu, (2006),

pp.20-21. 19 Michael M. Atkinson and Maureen Mancuso, "Edicts and Etiquette: Regulating Conflict of Interst in

the Congress and in the House of Commons", in Williams, Robert and Alan Doig, (Eds.), The Politics of Corruption, Vol. 4, U.K.: An Elgar Reference Collection,, (2000).

20 Op. cit., 20.

36

;fgf] ;d'bfo jf ljz]if1 ;]jf rflxg] If]q / pBf]udf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ x6fpF5' jf k|j]z ug{ lbGg eg]/ To;nfO{ ;j{yf jlh{t ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt /xFb}g . o;nfO{ aflx/af6 lgoGq0f ug'{ eg]sf] cToGt s7Lg sfo{ xf] . o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf ¿kdf of] ljifosf af/] :jod\ ;r]t eO{ s] ug{ x'g] / s] ug{ gx'g] egL ljj]s /fVg' g} ;xL lbzflt/ pGd'v x'g' xf] .

lgisif{

ljleGg d'n'sx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå Ps hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xL cfPsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt 5 . o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg d'n'sn] ljleGg k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . gLltut / ;}4flGts tj/af6 lglb{i6 ul/Psf s]xL pkfox¿ cjnDjg u/L o;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ h?/L 5 . tL pkfox? lgDg cg';f/ ;+If]kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

1= sfg"gsf] th'{df M lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ /fli6«o :t/df sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f x'g h?/L 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] x/]s kIfdf b]lvg] of] sdhf]/LnfO{ gLltut txaf6} sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿ tof/ u/L ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ .

2= bIftfdf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g M ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;a} kbx¿ v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df of]Uotfjfg / Ifdtfjfgx¿n] dfq k|j]z ug{ kfpg] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . o;df ;/sf/L ;]jf dfq xf]Og, ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ;a} lsl;dsf ;+:yfg / Jofj;flos If]q klg ;lqmo x'g' h?/L 5 .

3= gLltut :ki6tf M lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåaf/] sfg"g / gLlt agfP/ dfq k'Ub}g . o;nfO{ ;a}n] a'‰g] u/L :ki6 kfg{ cToGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf af/] ;a} sfdbf/ / sd{rf/Lx¿n] a'e"mg / hgtfn] klg 7Ls 9Ëaf6 a'e"mg eGgsf nflu lzIff, hgr]tgf / k|rf/sf] cleofgnfO{ TolQs} dxTjsf ;fy ;~rfng ug{ h?/L 5 .

4= ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ M k|To]s ;fj{hlgs sfof{non] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå / sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Ln] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf/] /fo, ;Nnfx, k/fdz{ lbg / lgodldt cg'udg ug{ Ps 5'§} PsfOsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 sfof{nodf ;bfrfl/tfsf] jftfj/0f km:6fpg] / lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå sd x'Fb} hfg] ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f x'g yfN5 .

5= ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f M zf;sLo ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ / d'n'sdf k/Dk/fb]lv rlncfPsf /fd|f k|0ffnL tyf Joj:yfaLr tfnd]n ePg eg] klg :jfy{sf] åGåsf] ;d:of hl6n x'g ;S5 . cfd gful/ssf] lxt x'g] jf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] u/L :jfy{ åGåsf] ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug]{ x]t'n] s'g} ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPdf of] ;d:ofsf] k|efj Go"g x'Fb} hfg] b]lvG5.

6= ;]jflgj[Q kl5sf] Joj:yf M lglxt :jfy{sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;]jf lgj[Q kl5 s'g sfd ug{ x'g] / s'g sfd ug{ gx'g] egL lgod gLlt agfO{ lgodg ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

7= ;j}sf] ;/f]sf/ M lglxt :jfy{sf] åGånfO{ lg?k0f ug]{ xf] eg] of] ljifonfO{ s'g} Pp6f lgsfosf] lhDdfdf dfq g5f]8L ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;j} lgsfox?n] Tolts} uDeL/tfsf ;fy ;dfwfgsf pkfox? cjnDjg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .

37


;/sf/L n]vfkfngdf k|f]befjL k|0ffnL (Accrual System of Accounting in Government)

hgs/fh uf}td

k[[[i7e"ld P]ltxfl;s lx;fjn] ;/sf/L ah]6 k|lqmof / ;/sf/L n]vfkfng k|0ffnL vr{ pGd'v (expenditure oriented) / gubdf cfwfl/t (cash basis) x'+b} cfPsf]n] klg gub k|fKtL tyf gub e'QmfgLdf dfq Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;+;bdf x'g] ah]6 k|:t'tL / vr{sf] k|ltj]bg klg gubdf cfwfl/t y'k|} lgodx?af6 lgb]{lzt x'G5 . h;/L ePtfklg cfhsf] lbgsf] ;/sf/ ( the government of the day) ;DdnfO{ of] k|0ffnLn] ;]jf k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . klZrdsf s]xL /fi6«x?n] o; tk+{m kl/j{gsf] cfjZostf dx;"; u/]sf 5g\ . ljQLo rfk / ;/sf/L lhDd]jf/L k|ltsf] uDeL/tfn] ubf{ oL b]zdf ;fj{hlgs lxt ug]+{ ;+:yfn] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf z]o/sf] ljqmL ug'{ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO+ lghLs/0fdf n}hfg' / ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ePsf] Jofks kl/jt{g sf/0fn] :jfottf k|bfg u/L ;/sf/L lgod tyf lgoGq0fdf v's'nf]kgf (deregulation) cfPsf] 5 . oL dflysf ;'wf/n] ;/sf/af6 Joj:yfksLo 9f+rfdf kl/jt{gsf] cjnDjg x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t;y{ Joj:yfksnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;du| / k"0f{ ;"rgfsf] nflu accrual method of accounting g} k|of]udf Nofpg] hdsf]{ ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^# df ;/sf/af6 nufgL ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx? dWo] ;Demf}tfsf zt{ cg';f/ ;fjfF Jofh gj'emfpg] ;j} ;+:yfaf6 c;"n ug'{kg]{ / ;fjfF Jofhsf] nut v8f u/L cfly{s ljj/0fdf ;dfj]; ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . t/ accrual system cg';f/sf] n]vfkfng k|0ffnLsf] cefjdf To:tf] /sd ;dofjwL ;+u ldnfg x'g g;sL Plsg ;d]t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . Joj;flos If]qdf pkof]udf NofOPsf] plrt tl/sfnfO{ ;/sf/L If]qdf klg k|j]z u/fpg' k5{ . Pp6f :t/Lo ljQLo k|ltj]bg ljgf ;/sf/n] ljQLo ;+hfnsf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Q}mg . ctM ljleGg b]zdf k|of]udf cfpg] ljQLo ljj/0fdf Ps?ktf cfPsf] 5}g . sf/0f s] eg], w]/} h;f] /fi6«df cfcfkm\g} lsl;daf6 generally accepted accounting practices (GAAP) sf] kfngf ePsf] 5 .

gubdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL (cash based accounting system) sDkgL P]g, @)^# ;+u lgodg ub}{ n]vfgLlt, pko'Qm n]vf 9fFrf, ljQLo ljj/0fdf v'nfzf ug]{ / k|ltj]bg k|0ffnL ;d]t bf]xf]/f] n]vf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t eO{ accrual basis df n}hfg] tkm{ s]xL ;+:yfaf6 ckgfPsf] 5 eGg] Jox]f/f dxfn]vf k/lIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^# df pNn]v 5 . sltko ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;ldltn] k|f]befjL l;4fGt (accrual principle) cg';f/ n]vfkfng u/]sf] kfOPg . Cash based

gfoa dxfn]vf k/LIfs, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no

38

Accounting nfO{ ;lhn};+u j'em\g s'g} k]zfut of]Uotfsf nflu rflxg] ljifoj:t' eGbfklg k|ToIf ?kdf ah]6 ;+u ;DjlGwt eP/ cash based budgetary system df cfwfl/t ePsf] x'g' k5{ . o;df cfDbfgL / vr{sf] clen]v ubf{ Pp6f cfly{s jif{ leq jf:tljs ?kdf ;]jf jf j:t' k|fKt ePkl5 e'QmfgL ul/G5, ;f] cjlw leqsf] sf/f]jf/sf] dfq n]vfkfng u/L ljQLo ljj/0fdf k|:t't x'G5 . jt{dfg k|0ffnLdf budget/cash based accounting sf j]kmfObf, ;d:of / sdhf]/L (shortcomings) b]xfo adf]lhd b]lvPsf 5g\M

! Joj;flos n]vfkfng;+u ;/sf/L n]vfkfng leGg /x]sf] sf/0f ;/sf/L ah]6 / n]vfkfng gubdf cfwfl/t vr{ pkfud (expenditure approach) k4ltsf] n]vfkfng ckgfPsf] .

@ lx;fj vftfx? Ps cfk;df :jtM ldNg] (self balancing) gePsf]n] up date x'+b}gg\ ,

# xfnsf] ah]6 vr{sf] juL{s/0f, JofVof / n]vfkfng k4ltn] ubf{ accrual df n}hfg cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% / cfly{s k|zf;g ;DjGwL lgodx?, @)%^ df kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{ ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ .

$ xfnsf] k|rlnt ljQLo ljj/0fn] ;/sf/sf] ljQLo l:ylt, ;+rfng glthf, gub k|jfx ljj/0f tyf responsibility accounting sf] k|:t'tL / ls6fg ub}{g .

% ;DklQ ;DjGwL nut tyf k|ltj]bgsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] q'6Lk"0f{ nfutsf] lgwf{/0f x'g] .

^ k]G;g tyf lgj[QLe/0f ;+u ;DjlGwt cGo ;'ljwfn] eljiosf ;GtltnfO{ j9L bfloTj kg]{ hfgsf/Lsf] nflu k|ltj]bgsf] cefj x'g],

& cfDbfgL / vr{df w]/} lsl;dsf tndfly tyf bfofFjfofF, u}/sfg"gL, z+sf:kb tyf 5nsk6 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'g] .

cGt/f{li6«o cEof;

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) n] ef/tsf Comptroller and Auditor General ;+u ldn]/ ;/sf/L n]vfk|0ffnLnfO{ accrual based accounting df n}hfg] ljifodf ;xsfo{ u/]sf] 5 . Government Accounting Standards Advisory Board (GASAB) n] ;d]t o; ljifodf ;fy lbPsf] 5 . To:t} ljZjkl/k|]Ifdf n]vfkfng ;DjGwdf ePsf] ;'wf/ k|lt pT;fxsf] lg/Gt/tf ;+u} g]kfndf klg ;/sf/L n]vfkfngdf s]xL cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g Nofpg' k5{ . cGo b]zn] u/]sf cg'ejaf6 ;/sf/L jh]6 / n]vfkfngnfO{ accrual system tkm{ kl/0ft (migrate) u/fO hjfkmb]xL / lg0f{o ug{sf nflu pkof]udf Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6\;+3 (UNO) sf] ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 :jLsf/ ePsf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ sfo{qmddf International federation of Accountants (IFAC) af6 th'{df ePsf] International public sector accounting standard (IPSAS) nfu' u/L ;du| cfly{s ;lrq0f yfxf kfpg xfn k|rlnt modified accrual basis nfO{ full accrual basis tkm{ n}hfg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . Court of audit sf Martin paul n] glthfd"ns / kf/bzL{ n]vfkfng k|0ffnLdf vr{nfO{ hf]8 glbO nfutnfO{ dxTj lbPsf] x'G5 eg] cfDbfgL, vr{+ / ljQLo l:ylt ;DjGwL :ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u5+ . lghx?af6 NAS cg';f/ gub k|jfx ljj/0f jfx]s cGo ljQLo ljj/0f cs|'on n]vfkfngsf] cfwf/df tof/ ug+ ;lsG5 . ef/tdf :jfot lgsfo, gu/ If]qsf :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ljZjljBfnodf April, 2001 af6 n]vfkfng sfo{ clgjfo{ ?kn] accrual system df /fVg' kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . b]xfosf d'n'sn] ;/sf/L n]vfkfng l;4fGtsf] lgwf{/0f / Ps|'cn n]vf 9fFrfsf] th'+df (design of accrual accounting system) u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f INTOSAI Journal df

39

k|sflzt u/]sf] n]vsf cfwf/df /x]/ ljleGg /fi6«df ePsf n]vf 9fFrf ;DjGwL b]xfo cg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M

Accrual accounting system sf] 9fFrf lgwf{/0f

l;=g+

Accrual system sf] design

Go"lhn}08 ci6\]«nof

;+o'Qm clw/fHo ;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf :jL8]g

! jf;nftsf] 9fFrf full full nearly full nearly full full

@ ;fdfGo jh]6sf] :j?k

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

# cfDbfgL vr+ lx;fj

Yes Yes cost less program revenue

cost less program revenue

Yes

$ gub k|jfx ljj/0f Yes Yes - No Yes % Plss[t s]Gb|Lo

n]vf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

b]xfodf pNn]lvt % j6f d'n'sdf lgDg ljifodf accounting principles lgwf{/0f ePsf 5g\ .

n]vfkfngsf l;4fGtsf] cEof;

n]vf l;4fGtsf] If]q Go"lhn}08 ci6\]lnoff ;+o'Qm clw/fHo;+o'Qm/fHo cd]l/sf

:jL8]g

l:y/ ;DklQsf] d"Nofsg

P]ltxfl;s nfut d"NonfO+ kl/dfh+g ug]+

ahf/ d"No k'g+:yflkt d"No P]ltxfl;s nfut

P]ltxfl;s / ahf/ d"Nodf h'g 36L x'G5,

x|f; s6\6L lglZrt /sd lglZrt /sd lglZrt /sd k|0fffnLut plrt / pkof]uL

lglZrt /sd jf ;fdfGo tl/sf

vr{ Joj:yfsf] :jLs[t

yes yes bfloTj tyf Joo dfq

;+efJo bfloTj dfq

yes

/fh:jsf] cfout juL{s/0f

yes yes yes yes yes

;+rfng glthfsf] lgwf+/0f

;+rfng v'b 3f6f v'b ;+rfng nfut

v'b ;+rfng glthf

k"+hLaf6 vr{ 36fpg]

k"+hL dfly Jooef/ (charge)

6% of equity

12% of equity

6% of equity

No No

;+efljt tl/sf (potential method) - Ps} k6s g;s]df lj:tf/} ePklg Accrual basis of accounting system tkm{ shift x'g' h?/L 5 . Accrual information lnP/ To;sf] pkof]u ubf{ ;[hgf x'g] k|Zgf]Q/n] xfdLnfO{ k]zfut sfo{tkm{kf]Vt jgfpF5 . n]vfk/LIf0fdf klg cfjZos kg]{ gofFF ;Lksf] ljsf; x'g uO{ ;/sf/L ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf nflu k]zfut n]vf Joj;foLaf6 d2t x'G5 . ;/sf/n] klg ah]6 / n]vfkfngdf Accrual basis of accounting nfu' ug{ uDeL/ ?kdf cDof; ug'{ k5{ . s]xL jif{sf] c;n cEof; kl5dfq o;n] /fd|/L h/f] uf8\g ;S5 . k|f]befjL k|0ffnL cg';f/ >]:tf, n]vfkfng

40

ePtf klg s'g} sDkgLn] h'g jif{df vr{ ePsf] xf] ;f]xL jif{df vr{ n]vf+sg ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L h'g jif{ e'Qmfg ePsf] xf] ;f]xL jif{ vr{ n]v]sf] kfOof] . To:t} accrual based disclosures cGtu{t n]]vfdfgn] v'nfzf ug{ pNn]v ePsf j'+bf, notes to accounts n]Vg' kg]{, accounting policies sf] th'{df x'g'kg]{df ;f] gePsf] kfO{of] . Cash basis af6 accrual df n}hfg] ;+efljt tl/sf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ M

! of]hgfj4, k|0ffnLut / k|jGwsLo kl/jt{gn] dfq cash accounts af6 accrual accounting df n}hfg ;lsG5,

@ n]vfgLltsf] 5gf}6, kl/efiff / ;f]sf] :jLs[lt u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ lgsfosf] klxrfg ug'{ k5{,

# cfDbfgL, vr{ ;DklQ, bfloTjsf] klxrfg tyf dfGotf, df}lb|s dfkg / v'nfzf ug'{kg]{ ;DjlGw /fd|/L hfgsf/L /fVg' k5{ .

$ gub, cjf:tfljs ;DklQ, ljtLo cf}hf/, sd{rf/L bfloTj, ;fdflhs gLlt k|ltsf] bfloTj af]w x'g] .

% ;/sf/L n]vfkfng dfg (government accounting standards) sf] sfof{Gjogdf s'zn, ;Lkd'ns, k|lzlIft / k]zfut of]Uo hgzlQmsf] kl/k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ .

^ Pstkm{ ah]6sf] th'{df cash basis df ug]{ t/ csf]{ tkm{ n]vfkfng eg] accrual basis df /fVg] b]lvPsf]n] Ps?ktf sfod ug{ ah]6sf] th'{df / n]vfkfng 9fFrf b'j} g} accrual basis df /fVg' k5{,

& cfly{s jif{sf] z'?sf] df}Hbft lgwf{/0fsf nflu hdfgt, k|lttkq (letter of credit), ;+efljt bfloTj, k"+hLsf] k|ltj4tf cflbsf] df}Hbft b]vfpg],

* Plss[t ljQLo ljj/0f consolidation sf] nflu ;a} nfut s]Gb|;+u ljQLo sf/f]jf/sf] ;+hfn :yfkgf ug]{,

( gubdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnL dfq nfu' u/]df Nepal Chartered Accountants Act, 1997 cg';f/ hf/L eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf @) j6f Nepal Accounting Standards (NAS) pkof]udf cfpg g;Sg] .

cs'|Pn k|0ffnL (Accrual System) Accrual k|ltj]bg / hg/n n]]h/df posting x'g] qmddf /xg] kl/kf6LnfO{ g} accrual system of accounting elgG5 . NAS –I cg';f/ accrual cfwf/df n]vf+sg ubf{ gub jf gub ;/x k|fKt ubf{ dfq sf/f]jf/ tyf 36gfsf] klxrfg (identify) gu/L sf/f]jf/ tyf 36gf ePs} jvt klxrfg u/L ;f]xL cjlwsf] lx;fj vftfdf n]vfkfng u/L ljQLo ljj/0fdf k|:t't x'g hfG5 . To:t} nfut;+u k|ToIf ?kdf ;+jlGwt cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df vr{sf] klxrfg ul/G5 . Accounting eGgfn] cfDbfgL vr{nfO{ k|fKtL jf e'QmfgL cfwf/df geO{ sdfOPsf], sdfO x'g'kg]{ jf vr{ ePsf], vr{ x'g'kg]{ cfwf/df lx;fa vftfdf clen]v ug]{, sf/f]jf/sf] k|efjkg]{ n]vfkfng k|0ffnLnfO{ lnOG5 . cyf{t\ gub k|fKt x'g'kg]{ gub e'QmfgL ug'+kg]{ qmdzM clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] ls6fg e};s]kl5 ;f] cg';f/ ef}r/, ;DjlGwt n]h/, s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ljQLo sf/f]jf/nfO+ bfloTj, ;DklQ, cfDbfgL / vr{sf] master chart of heads of accounts leq /fVg' k5{ . ;/sf/n] C0f lng] dfq e"ldsf tyf of]hgfsf] th'{df gu/L cfk}mn] e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ;d]tsf] Vofn /fVg' (acknowledgment) kg]{+ jgfpF5 . bfloTjsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] lx;fj :jfldTjjfnf ;dIf pko'Qm ?kdf k|:t'tL eO{ n]vfkfngdf

41

lgoGq0f x'g]5 . ;/n tyf Wofgk"j{s ljZn]if0f ug]{ fixed assets sf] lgoGq0f, lhG;L k|fKt x'g'kg]{, p7\tL x'g' kg]{ /sd / ltg'{kg]{+ ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g]5 . Wofgk"j{s ePsf] n]vfk/LIf0fdf hl6n (rigorous) ul0ftLo ljZn]if0f x'g ;Sg]5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, Go"lhn}08df ;/sf/n] jf;nft tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] vf]hL ug]{ sfo{ z'? u/]sf]n] ;/sf/;+u k|;:t dfqfdf ;DklQ ePsf] kQf nufof] . To;kl5 ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf tyf d:of}6 x'gdf Go"g eO{ ;fnj;fnL ?kdf ljQLo ljj/0f t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] lx;fjn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|:t't x'g yfNof] . t;y{, pQm ljQLo lqmofsnfksf] ;dy{g, bfloTj tyf k|ltj4tf k'/f ug]{ Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ;d]t ug{ ;Sg' k5+ . Accrual system sf] kfngfn] ;/sf/sf ljQLo lqmofsnfk b]xfosf lsl;daf6 kf/blz{tf x'g]5M

! ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ;Dk"0f{ ljtLo cj:yf, ;DklQ, bfloTj, gub k|jfx ;DjGwL rfn' l:ylt b]vfpF5 . lhG;L ;fdu|Lx? jf:tljs ?kdf vkt ePkl5 dfq vr{ n]Vg] ul/G5 .

@ k|d'vn] cfk"mnfO{ ;[hgzLn pBdLsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L ;+rfngdf :jfot k|fKt ug+ To;sf] csf]{ kIfdf hjfkmb]xL (accountability) :yflkt x'g]5 .

# ljtLo Joj:yfkgsf] k"0f{rqm ag]/ cfDbfgL, vr{, n]vfkfng, k|ltj]bg / n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ g} Jofj;flos tyf k]zfut l;4fGt cg';f/ sfo{ ;+rfng, ljQLol:ytL / gub k|jfxsf] ljj/0fdf hfgsf/L k|fKt x'G5 .

$ n]vfkfngdf lgoGq0f :yflkt eO{ lhG;L, jh]6, lgsf;f, cfDbfgL, vr{ Joj:yf, k|fKt x'g'kg]{ cfDbfgL, e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ /sd, sd+rf/Lk|ltsf] bL3{sfnLg bfloTj cflb Jojl:yt x'g hfG5 .

% ljQLo ljj/0fdf ;Totyosf] k|:t'tL eO{ ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg, ;+rflnt lqmofsnfksf] ljj/0f, gub k|jfx ljj/0f / k"+hL sf]ifdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;d]t emNsG5 .

^ ljQLo ljj/0faf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L tyf ;f] sf] ljZn]if0faf6 ;|f]t ;fwgnfO+ ;kmntfk"j{s pkof]udf NofO{ cfk\mgf] sfo{ tyf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf Joj:yfksLo hjfkmb]xL k'/f ug]+ x'G5 .

& a}b]lzs d'b|fdf ePsf] b/ kl/jt{gaf6 lx;fa lstfadf b]lvg] C0f, deposit, Jofh, ;xfotf cg'bfg, sf]if, cGo k|s[ltsf k|fKtLdf 36j9, e'QmfgLdf x'g] yk36 / gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] lx;fj vftf /fVg ;lhnf] x'g] .

* ;/sf/L lqmofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ ;|f]t vf]nL C0fsf] cfjZostf k|ltj4tf tyf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{, bfloTj k"/f ug{ jt{dfg Ifdtfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]+ .

( ;/sf/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ cfpg] /fh:j, nfut, sfo{bIftf / pknJwtfsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ / xfn ;[lht bfloTjn] eljiodf x'g] ;|f]t ;fwgdf kg]{ c;/,

!) Cash tyf modified cash reports sf] cfwf/df dfq ljQLo lg0f+o gu/L ;/sf/n] bL3{sfnLg cjlw ;DdnfO+ c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ljj/0f lnP/ lg0f{o ug]{5 .

Accrual system nfu' ug]{ ;d:of M

;/sf/L If]qdf Accrual accounting cjnDjg ug]{ cjwf/0ff (approach) df g} km/s k5{ . lsgsL ;+:s[lt / /Iff ;+u ;DjlGwt ;DklQaf6 k|ToIf ?kdf cfly{s kmfObf gePtfklg gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fjdf k|:t't ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . cGo ;d:of b]xfo cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M

! ;/sf/n] pTs[i6 1fg xfl;n (acute) u/]sf k]zfut n]vf ;DjGwL hgzlQmsf] cefj (no participation of professional) eO{ j9L vr{nfUg] x'G5 .

@ ;/sf/L If]qdf th'{df ul/g] n]vfdfg / accrual accounting b'j} Ps} k6s sfof{jog cyf{t ;+u;+u} (simultaneously) x'g' h?/L x'G5 .

42

# sfof{nosf k|d'vx?n] cfk'mnfO+ 7Ls dfq g;De]m/ k]zfut ?kdf glhs x'g] dflg;stfdf cfpg kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ .

$ vr{ ePsf], cfk"lt{ k|fKt tyf ;]jf lnPsf] ;DjGwdf ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj cfjZos x'g]5 .

% C0f k|fKt u/]sf], Jofhsf] klg Jofh p7]sf] (accrued), Jofh ltg'{kg]{ (due) / Jofh p7\g afFsL ePsf] (not due) cjlwsf] ls6fg ug'{kg]{,

^ sd{rf/Lsf] retirement benefit / k]G;gsf] bfloTj ;DjGwL Joj:yf g]kfn n]vfdfg (NAS) df pNn]v eP cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ .

& contingent liabilities df kg{ cfpg] ljjfbf:kb, :jLsf/ gul/Psf] bfjL, sfg"gL k|ls|ofdf :yug, hdfgtsf] pknJwtf, letter of credit vf]n]sf] ;DjGwdf klg lx;fj /fVg' k5{ .

* k"+hLut k|ltj4tfsf] lx;fj, xfnsf] bfloTj ;+efljt bfloTj / ;+emf}tfnfO{ n]vfdf klxrfgsf] nflu Pp6f lg/Gt/ rNg] lsl;dsf] 9fFrfsf] th'{df ug]{5 .

lgisif{ M

g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ;g !(*& df Sofg]l8og ljz]if1Af/f accrual accounting jf/] Dofg'Pn tof/ ePsf] lyof] . To:t} ;g\ @))@ df PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf n]vfdfg / accrual accouning sf] jf/]df ;+efJotf cWoog ePsf] lyof] . o;sf cltl/Qm ;g @))% df accrual accounting nfO{ r/0fj4 ?kdf nfu' ug{ Pp6 pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt u7g u/L pQm ;ldltn] ;doj4 sfo{ of]hgf (Time bound action plan) agfPsf] 5 . t/klg dfly pNn]lvt k|of;af6 dfq jf:tljs sfo{df cem} cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn cfP/ ;g @))^ df ljZj j}+sn] ;fj{hlgs n]vfdfg / n]vfk/LIf0fdfgdf vf8n (gap) ljZn]if0f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf] 5 .

;/sf/n] klg sltko s'/fx? h:t} cfk"lt{stf{ ;+u pwf/f] vl/b ug'{kg]{ e'QmfgL lbg afFsL x'g], ljlgod b/df kl/jt{g x'g], ah]6 / ;f] pk/sf] lgsf;fdf sdL x'g], nufgLdf ePsf] t/ p7\g afFsL x'g] cflb lsl;dsf jSof}tfnfO{ sfof{no Joj:yfkg k|lqmof tyf ljQLo lg0f{oaf6 lg/fs/0f (settle) ug{sf nflu klg accrual based accounting rflxG5 . accrual accouning / cash accounting sf] aLr cjwf/0ffut lx;fj n] g} km/s b]lvG5 . h:t} Wofg s]Gb|Lt g} k|fKt x'g'kg]{ / lbg'kg]{df x'G5 . eg] gubdf cfwfl/t tk{m j:t'sf] jf:tljs k|jfxnfO{ dfq Wofg lbg]5 . Joj;flos If]qdf pkof]udf NofOPsf] tl/sfnfO{ ;/sf/L If]qdf klg k|j]z u/fpg' k5+{ . ctM ljleGg b]zdf k|of]udf cfpg] ljQLo ljj/0fdf Ps ?ktf (uniformity) cfPsf] 5}g . sf/0f s] eg], w]/} h;f] /fi6«df cf–cfkm\g} lsl;daf6 generally accepted accounting practices (GAAP) sf] kfngf ePsf] 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M • The Economic Times, India • INTOSAI Journal on government auditing, Washington D.C. • ICAN, Newsletter, Nepal.

43


gg]]kkffnnddff ddffggjjLLoo lljjssff;; // uull//jjLL llggjjff//00ff––PPss lljjjj]]rrggff

– uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f∗

ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/, agfj6 / ;fdflhs tyf g}lts ljz]iftfx¿åf/f lgwf{/0f x'G5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg hg;+Vofsf] g} x'G5 . dfgj ;+zfwg s'g} klg b]zsf] cfly{s / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg dflgG5 . 8f=les]cf/eL /fosf] egfO cg';f/ dfgj pTkfbgsf] Pp6f ;fwg dfq xf]Og, of] ;fWo klg xf] . dfgjLo ;fwg / cfly{s ljsf; Ps csf{l;t cleGg ¿kn] ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . dfgjLo ;fwg eg]sf] hg;+Vofsf] To:tf] lx:;f xf], h;n] ;lqmotfsf ;fy cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf lx:;f lng ;S5 . of] cfly{s b[li6af6 ;lqmo /xg;Sg] hgzlQmsf] tyf b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . h'g b]zdf zf/Ll/s tyf dflg;s ¿kaf6 ;Ifd, ;an / s'zn dfgjLo ;fwg pko'Qm ;+Vofdf pknAw x'G5, To; b]zdf pTkfbgzLn lqmofx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g uO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] b/df a[l4 cfpg ;S5 . dfgjLo ;fwgsf] kl/df0ffTds kIf tyf u'0ffTds kIf b'j}sf] dxTj /xG5 . pTkfbgzLn lqmofsnfkdf lx:;f lnP/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] b/ pRr agfpgdf dfgjLo ;fwgs} cfjZostf kb{5 . lzlIft, tflndk|fKt, bIf / ;an hgzlQm g} b]zsf] u'0f:t/o'Qm >d zlQm xf] / o:tf] >d zlQmsf] pTkfbsTj cToGt pRr x'G5 . u'0f:t/o'Qm / ljljw 1fg;Lk tyf s'zntfn] o'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ dfgjLo k"FhL elgG5 / o:tf] hgzlQmdf dfgjLo k"FhL lgdf{0f elgG5 . b]zdf dfgjLo k"FhL lgdf{0f x'g ;s]df To;nfO{ cy{tGqdf k"FhL lgdf{0fsf] b/ pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] b/ pRr agfpgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] ljsf; eg]sf] b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ dflg;sf] 1fg, s'zntf tyf Ifdtf a9fpg] k|lqmof xf] . P8dl:dy tyf e]jn]g h:tf lxhf]sf cy{zf:qLx¿;d]tn] pTkfbgdf dfgjLo k"FhLsf] dxTjdfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . dflg;x¿n] cflh{t u/]sf] of]UotfnfO{ l:dyn] k"FhLdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} e]jn]gn] dfgjLo cf}Bf]lus 1fg / s'zntfnfO{ cef}lts pks/0f tyf cd"t{ ;DklQ dfg]sf lyP . cd]l/sf, rLg, OËNofG8, k|mfG;, hd{gL, Sofgf8f, hfkfg cflb b]zsf] tLj| cfly{s ljsf;n] dfgjLo k"FhLsf] ;+ronfO{ ljsf;sf] Pp6f zlQmzfnL oGqsf] ¿kdf k'li6 ub{5 . afFw, ;8s, km\ofS6«L cflbdf k|of]u ul/Psf k"FhLdf vr{ ul/Psf] ! 8n/n] eGbf lzIffdf nufOPsf] Ps 8n/n] a9L a[l4 u5{ . ctM cy{zf:qLx¿sf] dt 5 ls cNkljsl;t b]zdf l9nf] a[l4sf] pQ/bfoL dfgjLo k"FhLdf sd nfugL xf] . jf:tjdf kof{Kt dfgjLo k"FhLn] ef}lts k"FhLnfO{ clws pTkfbs agfOlbG5 .

ljZj j}sdf (WDR 2000/2001) sf cg';f/ æul/jL ckof{Kt cfo jf dfgjLo ljsf; eGbf j9L xf] of] ;+s6 u|:ttf klg xf] / cfjfh, zlQm / k|ltlglwTjsf] cefj xf] .Æ (Poverty is more than

∗ ;x–k|fWofks, cy{zf:q, eQmk'/ ax'd'vL SofDk;

44

income or human development it is also vulnerability and a lack of voice, power and representation). k|f]=cdTo{ ;]g (Amartya sen) n] dfNy;sf] hg;+Vof l;4fGtnfO{ k'gM z+sf / ljjfbsf] 3]/f leq kfl/lbPsf 5g\ . dfNy;n] s[lif pTkfbgsf] sdLn] ubf{ clgsfn / ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:of b]vf kg]{, ljrf/ k|s6 u/]sf lyP . t/ cdTo{ ;]gn] …s[lif pTkfbgs] sdLn] vfB ;+s6 / ef]sd/Lsf] ;d:of b]vf kg]{ xf]Og ls ljt/0fsf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ g} pQm ;d:of cfO/x]sf] x'G5 . ahf/df nfvf}+ nfv 6g vfBfGg :6s /xFbf klg JolQmx? clgsfnåf/f dl//x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf JolQmx?nfO{ clgsfn / b'le{Ifsf] ;]jgaf6 arfpg pgLx?nfO{ /f]huf/L / cfo pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .Æ t/ k|z:t vfBfGg pTkfbg eO{ ;s]kl5 dfq ljt/0fsf];d:of ;dfwfg ub}{ hfg' kg]{ x'Fbf …s[lif pTkfbgsf] sdLn] vfB ;+s6 b]vf kg]{ dfNy;sf] l;4fGt / ljrf/ klg c;To x'g ;Sb}g .

g]kfndf u|fdL0f hgtf u/La 5g\, t/ pBdzLn / kl/>dL klg 5g\ . ;fwg k|ltsf] kx'Frsf] cefjdf pgLx¿ sd pTkfbgzLn aGg afWo 5g\ . u/LaLsf] rk]6fdf /x]sfdWo] kxf8sf #$ k|ltzt / t/fO{sf $) k|ltzt hg;+Vof s[lif pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd dn, hn / ank|ltsf] ;xh kx'Fr kfPdf tTsfn} u/LaLsf] /]vfaf6 dfly p7\g ;Sg] cj:yfsf 5g\ eg] pk/f]Qm If]qs} afFsL ^^ / ^) k|ltztnfO{ dfly p7fpg u}/s[lif If]q (Non-Agricultural sector) sf] ljsf;;Fu klg tfnd]n ldnfO{ nUg'kg]{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ cfly{s gLlt / sfof{Gjog kIfaLr tfnd]n l;h{gf u/L Ps kIfsf] sdL sdhf]/L4f/f l;lh{t q'l6nfO{ csf]{ kIfn] cg';/0f ug]{, sfd ub}{ hfg] / q'l6 ;RofpFb} klg k4ltsf] ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ clt cfjZos 5 . lghL If]q (Private Sector) eGgfn] k|r'/ dfqfdf k"FhL nufgL ug{;Sg] s]xL ;Lldt Jofkf/L ju{ dfq xf] eGg] lj;+ultk"0f{ dfGotf 5 / lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfsf gfddf To; ju{leq kg]{ s]xL 7"nf pBdLx¿sf] pbdzLntf a9fpg] sfd eO{/x]sf] 5 . u/LaL lgjf/0fsf] s||ddf ljkGg ju{sf dflg;nfO{ clek|]l/t ug]{b]lv lnP/ pTkfbgzLn agfpg' cfjZos kg]{ ;a} vfn] ;Lk ljsf;sf tflnd lbg / :yfgLo ljsf; ug]{ s|ddf ;/sf/L / u}¥x ;/sf/L ;+:yfcGtu{tsf ;a} lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g'kg]{ ;]jf nlIft ju{k|lt k'¥ofpg To:tf ;+u7gx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rfng u/fpg' clt h?/L 5 .

;fdfGotof ufF;, jfF;, / skf; cfjZos dfqfdf pknAw gx'g] / To; eGbf dfly lj/fdL ePsf jvt cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{ / jfn jflnsfnfO{ k9fpg n]vfpg g;Sg] cj:yf ;Ddsf ljifo kl/l:yltnfO{ ul/jLsf] ;+1f lbOPsf] 5 . ljZjdf dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; ;Fu} ul/jL klg hGDof] / x'Sof]]{ . cflbd ;EotfjbL o'udf ;j} dflg; ul/jLn] cfqmfGt lyP . t/ dflg;n] k|s[lt dfly ljho kfpg yfn] kl5 ul/jLsf] dfqf sd x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;f] eP tfkgL g]kfn h:tf] cljsl;t d"n"sx¿df eg] ul/jL Ps hLjgrof{ h:t} x'g k'u]sf]5 . Pp6f ul/j dflg; ul/jLd} hGdG5, x's{G5 / To;d} db{5 t/ ul/jL eg] slxNo} db]{g . h] h:tf] gfd lbP tfkgL ljZjdf x'g] w]/} ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ul/jL / k5f}6] kg lj?4 nlIft ePsf 5g\ . ul/jLnfO{ d"ntM b'O{ t/Lsfaf6 JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 .

-!_ lg/k]If ul/jL (Absolute Poverty):- u/LjL dfkgsf] nflu Ps lglZrt dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ul/jLsf] /]vf elgG5 . vfg nfpg, cf]tdf j:t, ;fdfGo :jf:Yo / lzIff ;'ljwf h:tf hLjgsf] lglDt geO{ gx'g] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"lt{ ug]{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ hlt cfDbfgL gePsf] dflg;x¿nfO{ lg/k]If ul/jLsf] cfj:yfdf /x]sf] elgG5 .

-@_ ;fk]lIfs u/LjL (Relative Poverty):- s'g} lglZrt cjlwdf s'g} vf; ;dfh jf ;d'bfon] tTsfn l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ u/L pko'Qm 7x¥ofPsf] pkef]u:t/ gx'g'nfO{ ;fk]If u/LjL elgG5 . o; k|sf/ dflg;x¿sf] cfDbfgLsf] jLrdf /x]sf] c;dfgtf / /fi6«x¿sf] jLrdf x'g] /xg] hLjg:t/sf] c;dfgtfn] ;fk]lIfs u/LjLnfO{ hGd lbPsf] x'G5 .

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cfo c;dfgtf tyf ul/aLsf sf/0fx¿M

g]kfndf cfo c;dfgtf tyf u/LjL x'gfsf w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ h:t} M -s_ hg;+Vof tLj| ¿kdf a[l4 x'g' . -v_ ul/jL pGd'ng sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L gx'g' . -u_ lk5l8Psf / b'u{d lhNnfdf ljsf; sfo{x¿ k'¥ofpg g;Sg' . -3_ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ sd x'gfn] j]/f]huf/L / cw{ j]/f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vof a9\g' . -ª_ u/Ljsf] nflu pko'qm ljsf; lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg' .

cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg', ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn b]zsf] ljleGg If]qdf ;dfg ¿kdf k'¥ofpg g;Sg', pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ x'g cfjZos ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg' klg ul/jLsf sf/0fx¿ x'g\ . ul/jLsf d'n sf/s tTjx¿df cfly{s zf]if0f, b'u{dtfn] ubf{ a9\g] nfut vr{, cfDbfgL / cj;/sf] b'¿kof]u, pTkfbgd"ns ;+;fwgsf] sdL / cfly{s ljifodtf a9fpg] vfnsf] ;/sf/L gLlt cflb klg a9L lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 . g]kfndf ul/jL a9\b} hfg'df oftfoft / ;+rf/sf] cefjn] ubf{ pTkfbg / ljqmL vr{ j9g\ uO{ ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;kmn x'g g;Sg' klg lhDd]jf/L 7x¥ofpg ;lsG5 . ul/jLsf] sf/0fsf] klxrfg geO{ ul/jL lgjf/0f x'g ;Sb}g . ul/jL eGg] s['/f ;fk]lIfs cjwf/0ff ePsfn] k"0f{ ul/jL lgjf/0f slxn] ;Dej x'b}g t/ lg/k]If /]vfd'lg k/]/ u/Lj ePsfx¿nfO{ o; /]vf eGbf dfly k'¥ofpg eg] ;lsG5 .

ul/jLsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / l:ylt (Present Position of Poverty) g]kfndf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] @)#$ ;fndf u/]sf] cfo ljt/0f, /f]huf/L tyf pkef]u 9fFrf ;DjGwL cWoogaf6 clw/fHodf #^=) k|ltzt hg;+Vof lg/k]If u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] kfOPsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)$@ df g]kfn /fi6« a}saf6 ul/Psf] kfl/jf/Ls ah]6 ;e]{If0faf6 $!=% k|ltzt hgtf u/LjLsf] /]vfd'gL /x]sf] lyof] . cf7f}+ of]hgf -@)$(–@)%(_ k|f/De x'Fbf s"n hg;+Vofsf] $(=) k|ltzt u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+VofnfO{ of]hgf cjlwdf $@=) k|ltztdf cf]/fNg] u/L nIf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . gjf}+ of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ df pNn]v eP adf]lhd @)%# ;fndf ul/Psf] hLjg:t/ ;DjGwL cWoogaf6 g]kfndf u/LjLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vof $@=) k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] . cfly{s / ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf / lghL If]qsf] pTkfbgzLn Ifdtfsf] clwstd\ pkof]udf hf]8 lbO{ u/LjL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nIf k|flKt tkm{ ljleGg k|of;x¿sf] kmn:j¿k cf7f}++ of]hgf cjlwdf u/LjL lgoGq0f pk/f]Qm glthf xfl;n ePsf] xf] . u/LjLsf] $@=) k|ltztsf] cg'kft dWo] ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ kxf8 / t/fO{df hg;+Vofsf] qmdz $!=) k|ltzt / $@=) k|ltzt u/LjLsf] /]vf d'gL /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lxdfnL If]qdf ;jf{lws cyf{t\ hg;+Vofsf] %^=) k|ltzt ul/jLsf] /]vf d'lg /x]sf] 5 . zx/L / u|fdL0f If]qx¿df hg;+Vofsf] qmdzM @#=) k|ltzt / $$=) k|ltzt hgtf ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] x'Fbf zx/L If]q eGbf u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/jLsf] rfk cToGt} pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm cfo xfn @!) cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] 5 .

;g\ !((& b]lv ;/sf/n] gLltut ¿kdf ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ k|d'v nIosf ;fy hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . b]zdf ljBdfg #=#^ k|ltzt k"0f{ a]/f]huf/L / $#=$$ c4{a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf klg ;/sf/sf nflu r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf hlt hf]8 lbP klg ul/aL lgjf/0f;DaGwL gLltut p2]ZonfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

dfgjLo ljsf; k|ltj]bg ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsb]lv !(() ;Dddf ljsf;sf ljleGg l;4fGtx¿ b]vf k/] . ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffk|lt ;DaGw ;a} kIfn] k'g{ljrf/ u/] . o;} ;Gbe{df o'=Pg=8L=kL= (UNDP) n] dfgj ljsf;

46

k|ltj]bg !(() (Human Development Report-1990) k|:t't u¥of] . h;df dfgj ljsf;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] lyof] . dfgj ljsf; eg]sf] dflg;x¿sf] /f]hfOnfO{ a9fpg] ljsf; k|lqmof xf] (Human development is a process of enlarging people choices) . o;n] cfly{s ljsf; / a[l4nfO{ dfq hf]8 glbP dfgj clwsf/, cfTdk|lti7f, /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, :j:y hLjg, ;|f]t / ;fwgdf kx'Fr ;fIf/tf, dflg;sf ?lr, rfxgf / OR5fx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 (Human Development Report-UNDP 1990) jf:tjdf dfgj ljsf; dflg;sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0fh:t} :jf:Yo / 1fgdf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . (Human development concerns more than formulation of human capabilities such as improved health & knowledge) dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg !((% df elgPsf] 5 /fi6«df jf:tljs wg eg]sf] dlxnf / k'?if b'a} x'g\ ljsf;sf] nIo jf p2]Zo eg]sf] hgtfsf] bL3f{o', :j:y / l;h{gfTds hLjgsf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ xf] . o:tf] ;/n t/ zlQmzfnL ;Totf ef}lts tyf ljQLo kIfsf] xfjLn] ubf{ lal;{Psf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(() kl5 k|sflzt dfgj ljsf;sf k|ltj]bgx¿df dfgj ljsf;nfO{ cem a9L kl/is[t / ;fGble{s 9+un] kl/eflift Pjd\ kl/dflh{t ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !((* kl5 g]kfndf klg dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg jflif{s¿kdf k|sflzt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg !((( df dfgj ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df dfgj ;'/IffnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . dfgjn] cfˆgf] :jtGqtf / rfxgf ;'/Iffsf ;fy pkef]u ug{ kfpg'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f, /fhgLlts–;f+:s[lts, ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs, JolQmut, :jf:Yo, cfly{s cflb kIfdf ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] TŒ k|fjwfgdf g]kfn blIf0f Plzof s]Gb| sf7df8f} -g];fs_ ;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfnL ljåfgx¿n] :jtGq 9+uaf6 tof/ kf/]sf] g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg !((* df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ sf7df8f}sf] dfgj ljsf; :t/ d'u'sf] eGbf rf/ u'0ff dfly /x]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf] &# lhNnf lgDg dfgj ljsf; :t/df /x]sf 5g\ eg] sf7df8f} / kf6g dWod dfgj ljsf;:t/df /x]sf 5g\ . n}lËs ljifdtfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k'?ifx¿sf] dfgj ljsf; :t/ dlxnfx¿sf]eGbf ^ u'0ff dfly /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf dflg;x¿ cfDbfgLsf] lx;fan]eGbf klg Ifdtfsf] lx;fan] ul/j /x]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnnfO{ Ifdtfsf] ul/jL t/ cfDbfgLsf b[li6n] wgL ePsf dflg;x¿ ePsf If]qdf a9L ePsf] klg k|ltj]bgdf hgfOPsf] 5 .

dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))^ hgtfnfO{ ;'vL, ;d[l4 / bL3{ hLjg lbgdf g]kfn k5fl8 k/]sf] 5 . o; jif{sf] dfgj ljsf; kl/;"rsdf g]kfn b'O{ :yfg tn em/]sf] xf] . /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd -o"Pg8LkL_ åf/f z'qmaf/ ;fj{hlgs dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))^ cg';f/ g]kfn ! ;o && d'n'sdWo] ! ;o #* cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ ! ;o #^ cf}+ :yfgdf lyof] . g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofd} ;aeGbf tn 5 . o;sf] 7Ls cufl8 a+unfb]z 5 .

;fs{ ;b:o /fi6«dWo] >Ln+sf ;aeGbf cufl8 (# cf}+ :yfgdf, dflNbE; (*, ef/t ! ;o @^, kfls:tfg ! ;o #$, e'6fg ! ;o #% / a+unfb]z ! ;o #& cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ . vfg]kfgL ;+s6sf] d"n cjwf/0ffdf tof/ kfl/Psf] o; k|ltj]bgn] vfg]kfgL ;]jf / ;/;kmfOdf klg g]kfnsf] l:ylt ;fs{ /fi6«df ;aeGbf g/fd|f] b]vfPsf] 5 . …g]kfndf $* k|ltzt hgtfn] dfq z'4 vfg]kfgL lkpg kfPsf 5g,Ú k|ltj]bgdf elgPsf] 5 . ;xh?kdf vfg]kfgL ;]jf kfpg] cfwf/df g]kfn ;fs{ /fi6«d} ;aeGbf tNnf] :yfgdf 5 eg] ;/;kmfOdf klg g]kfn tn 5 . g]kfndf $) k|ltzt If]qdf dfq ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f] /f]u, ;/;kmfOs} sf/0f pAh]sf 5g\,Ú . vfg]kfgL ;|f]tsf] cefjn] ;+s6 a9\b} uPsf] dfGotf /x]sf]df k|ltj]bgn] o;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ sfxfg]n] eg] –…;+s6sf] d"n sf/0f ul/aL, c;dfgtf / c;dfg zlQm afF8kmfF8 xf] . ul/ax?nfO{ vfg]kfgLsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;d:of 5 . ljZje/ ul/ax?n] 3/fo;L / v]tLkftLsf nflu kfgLdf sd kx'Fr kfPsf

47

5g\ .Ú k|ltj]bgn] ;+;f/sf @ ca{ hgtfn] vfg]kfgL ;]jf gkfPsf] cf}+NofPsf] 5 . ul/aL / c;dfgtfsf sf/0f vfg]kfgL ;d:of a9\b} uPsf] / vf;u/L vfg]kfgLsf] vf]hLdf] nfvf}+ dlxnfsf] 3G6f}+ ;do v]/ hfg] u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf 5 . kfgL cf];fg{ 6f9f6f9f vl6g'kg]{ x'Fbf dlxnfn] cfod"ns sfd, afnaRrfsf] x]/rfxh:tf sfo{df ;do lbg gkfPsf] k|ltj]bgdf 5 . z'4 vfg]kfgL cefjn] emf8fkvfnf nfu]/ b}lgs !* nfv afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'G5 eg] k|b'lift kfgLn] Nofpg] /f]usf sf/0f b}lgs $$ s/f]8 #) nfv afnaflnsf ljBfnohfg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . k|To]s JolQmnfO{ b}lgs @) ln6/ z'4 vfg]kfgL k|bfg ug'{nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf ?kdf :jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ k|ltj]bgdf 5 . …;/sf/n] vfg]kfgLnfO{ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] ?kdf lng'k5{ / ul/ax?af6 kfgLsf] z'Ns p7fpg' x'Fb}g, k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . o;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o bft[ ;+:yf] a9LeGbf a9L sfd ug{/ ljZjJofkL sfo{ of]hgf tof/ kfg{ hf]8lbOPsf] 5 . sfxfg]n] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{;sfn] yk nufgL ug'{k5{ . …o;df ;/sf/ / ;d'bfosf] dfq xf]Og, ;/sf/–;/sf/aLrsf] ;fem]bf/L klg cfjZos 5, . vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;x/df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf / ufpFdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOdf g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofd} k5fl8 k/]sfn] o;sf] lj:tf/df hf]8 lbg'k5{ . vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf] k"/} ef/ dlxnfx?df /x] klg lg0ff{os txdf pgLx?sf] k|ltlglwTj gePsf] 5}g . cz'4 kfgL / ;/;kmfO{ ;'ljwf klg g/fd|f] ePsfn] :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:of al9/x]sf] 5 .

o; jif{ -;g\ @))^_ sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgdf !&& d'n'sdWo] g]kfn !#* cf}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] 5 . utjif{ g]kfn !#^ cf}+ :yfgdf k/]sf] lyof] . /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdn] cfh ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] pQm dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bgdf o; jif{ kfgLnfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbPsf] / ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] zLif{s cefjeGbf klg k/ M pmhf{, ul/aL / ljZjJofkL kfgL ;Í6 /x]sf] 5 . ljZje/ g} :jR5 kfgLsf nflu ul/ax?n] wgLx?sf] eGbf lgs} al9 k};f ltg]{ u/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{nfO{ klg ;f] k|ltj]bgn] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] g}/f]aLsf] ;'s'Daf;L If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{x?n] Ps ln6/ kfgLsf nflu ;f]xL ;x/df a:g] wgLx?n] eGbf !) u'0ff a9L k};f ltg]{ u/]sf] tYonfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg sltko :yfgdf vfg]kfgL 6«sdf af]s]/ jf 6\ofÍ/sf dfWodaf6 cfk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ ePsfn] kfgLsf] d"No dxFuf] kg]{ u/]sf] ;f] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . To:t}, g]kfn ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf $) k|ltzteGbf sd If]q ;d]6]sf] /fi6«x?sf] ;d"xdf k/]sf] / sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/leqsf] kfgLsf] k|of]u;DaGwL cWoogn] oxfFFsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] tLg rf}yfO{ dflg; tyf cfwfhlt ul/a dflg;x? ;fj{hlgs wf/fdf lge{/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] pNn]v 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf klg g]kfn kfgL pknAwtfsf b[li6sf]0fn] lgs} wgL b]z eP klg oxfFF :jR5 vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{n] cfu6]sf] If]q eg] lgs} Go"g /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf x/]s jif{ !* nfv afnaflnsfsf] d[To' kfgLhGo /f]uaf6 x'g] u/]sf] atfpFb} ljZjJofkL ?kdf a9\b} uPsf] kfgLsf] ;Í6n] ul/a dflg;dfly Pskl5 csf]{ ;Í6 yKb} uPsf] 5 . ;fy}, g]kfndf klg ;/sf/n] :jR5 kfgL cfk"lt{nfO{ a9fjf lbg ;x/L If]qsf] kfgL cfk"lt{df ;'wf/ ug]{ / u|fdL0f If]qdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbg] gLlt lnPsf] 5 . g]kfndf klg :jR5 kfgLsf] ;Í6 /x]sf] / o;nfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf ;/sf/L nufgL cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . kfgLsf] ;Í6 ;dfwfg ug{ w]/} dfqfdf ;fwf/0f / sd k|fljlws ;dfwfgsf tl/sfx? /x]sf / ltgnfO{ g]kfnsf w]/} ufpFx?df k|of]udf Nofpg ;lsg] 5 . g]kfndf cem} w]/} dflg; ;fj{hlgs wf/fdf lge{/ /x]sf / To:tf wf/fx?df wgL / slyt dflyNnf] hfltsf dflg;n] ;lhn} klxnf kfgL yfKg] u/]sf] / blnt tyf slyt c5"tx?n] eg] w]/} ;do s'g'{kg]{ afWotfaf6 pgLx?n] sfd u/]/ dfpg] ;do Tolts} v]/ hfg] u/]sf] klg 5 . g]kfnsf] ljz]ifu/L ul/aL 36fpg] / z}lIfs ;'wf/h:tf If]qdf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox? k|fKt ug]{ ;sf/fTds k|of;x?nfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] u/L kfgL / ;/;kmfO;DaGwL ;d:of Pp6f r'gf}tLsf ?kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf sltko ;d'bfodf clxn] klg kfgL ;Íng ug]{ sfo{ dlxnfx?sf] sfd eGg] ul/Psf] / dlxnfx?n] k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 kfgL ;Íng ug{ lgs} ;do vr{ug'{kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 .

48

dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfÍ g]kfnsf] dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfÍsf] dfg #(=^ ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] cÍ ljZj dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @))$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfÍ -$!=@_ sf] lgs} glhs 5 . aËnfb]z / kfls:tfgafx]ssf cGo ;a} blIf0f PlzofnL b]zsf dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfÍeGbf g]kfnsf] ;"rsfÍ a9L 5 . ;x/L If]qdf /x]sf] dfgj ul/jL -@%=@_ nfO{ u|fdL0f If]qsf] dfgj ul/jL -$@=)_ n] pl5g]sf] 5 . ul/jLsf] of] l:ylt lxdfnL If]qdf ;aeGbf a9L /x]sf] 5 eg] To;kl5 qmdzM t/fO{ If]q / kxf8L If]q cfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L dWoklZrdf~rn / ;'b"/ klZrdf~ren ljsf;If]qdf dfgj ul/jL lgs} g} a9L 5 / o;dWo] klg dWoklZrd lxdfnL If]qdf rflxF cem ;aeGbf a9L 5 . dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfÍ ;aeGbf sd ePsf] dWokxf8L If]qsf t'ngfdf dWoklZrd lxdfnL If]qsf] dfgj ul/jL ;"rsfÍ !=& u'gfn] a9L 5 . o;} u/L ljleGg lhNnfx¿aLr dfgj ul/jLdf]\ b]lvPsf] c;dfgtf klg dggLo 5 .

dfgj ;zlQms/0fdf cGt/lhNnf c;dfgtf lhNnf–lhNnf txdf ljeQm dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍcg';f/ cGo lhNnfsf gful/sx¿sf t'ngfdf sf7df8f}+sf hghtfn] ;zQmLs/0fsf] lgs} a9L cg'e"lt ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf 5g\ . o;kl5 qmdzM nlntk'/, sf:sL, eQmk'/ / df]/ªsf hgtfnfO{ o:tf] cj;/ pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ljk/Lt ;zQmLs/0fdf ;aeGbf tnsf] :yfgdf /f]Nkf lhNnf /x]sf] 5 eg] o;kl5 qmdzM ?s'd, 8f]6L, d'u", 8f]Nkf, x'Dnf tyf sflnsf]6 lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}F lhNnfsf] dfgj ;zQmLs/0f :t/ -)=^^_ /f]nkf lhNnfsf ;zQmLs/0f :t/ -)=!$_sf t'ngfdf rf/ u'gfeGbf a9L 5 / ?s'd lhNnfsf] dfgj ;zQmLs/0f :t/ -)=!&_sf t'ngfdf eeg] emG8} rf/ u'gf /x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L ;zQmLs/0fsf k|foM ;a} kIf tyf kl/;"rssf ;Gbe{df cToGt sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf tyf d"nk|jfxaf6 cnlUug k'u]sf 8f]6L, d'u", x'Dnf tyf sflnsf]6h:tf lhNnfx¿sf t'ngfdf sf7df8f}F lhNnfsf] dfgj ;zQmLs/0f bf]Aa/eGbf klg cem a9L /x]sf] 5 . dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ dfgsf cfwf/df lhNnfx¿nfO{ kfFr ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf @=@_ . pQm juL{s/0fcg';f/ ;aeGbf sd dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ ePsf lhNnfx¿ dWoklZrdf~rn tyf ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qcGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/, sf:sL, eQmk'/ / df]/ª u/L kfFr lhNnfsf] dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍsf] dfg )=^–)=& leq /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf &% j6f lhNnfdWo] hDdfhDdL %% j6f lhNnfx¿ rflxF Go"g -)=%eGbf sd_ dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ePsf lhNnfcGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ / afFsL @) lhNnfx¿ dWod dfgj ;zQmls/0f -)=%–)=&_ ePsf lhNnfcGtu{t k/]sf 5g\ . o;/L s'g} klg lhNnf pRr dfgj ;zQmLs/0f :t/ -)=* eGbfdfly_df k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;sf cltl/Qm Go"g dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ;'rsfÍ xfl;n ug]{ lhNnfx¿d|Wo] clwsf+z lhNnfx¿ ;zQmL/s0fsf tLgj6} kIfsf kl/k|]Iofdf tNnf] txdf /x]sf 5g\ . d'u" -)=)%_df ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ c? ;a} lhNnfx¿eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . o;kl5sf ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f ;'rsfÍ sd x'g] lhNnfx¿df qmdzM x'Dnf, kfNkf, h'Dnf / af/f kb{5g\ . cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fdf ;aeGbf Go"g ;"rsfÍ -)=!)_ l;Gw'nL -o; lhNnfdf b]vfk/]sf] Go"gtd cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf k|fylds sf/0fx¿df ;+:yfut C0fdfly Go"gtd kx'Fr, s[lifof]Uo hdLgsf] :jfldTj ljt/0fdf pRr:t/sf] c;dfgtf tyf k|lt 3/kl/jf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] lemgL kl/dflh{t hdLgsf] cToGt ;fgf] cfsf/ nufot cGo sltko sf/0fx¿ /x]sf 5g\_ lhNnfsf] /x]sf] 5 eg] o;kl5 Go"g cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ x'g] lhNnfx¿df qmdzM /f]Nkf, b}n]v / 8f]Nkf kb{5g\ . ;aeGbf Go'g :t/sf] /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f dgfª -)=)*_df 5 eg] To;kl5 Go"g /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f qmdzM /f]Nkf, ?s'd / 8f]6L lhNnfdf 5 . $% j6f lhNnfsf] ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f cf};t /fli6«o ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍeGbf tn /x]sf] 5 / $# j6f lhNnfsf cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ;zQmls/0f cf};t /fli6«o cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f ;'rsfÍeGbf sd /x]sf] 5 .

49

Go"g ;"rsfÍ k|fKt ug]{ lhNnfx¿sf] dfgj ;zQmLs/0fsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ clwsf+z lhNnfx¿sf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf aLrdf pNn]vgLo a]d]n b]lvPsf] 5 . /fli6«o d"nwf/af6 cnlUug k'u]sf oL lhNnfx¿ pRr:t/Lo ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt tyf lx+;fTds åGåsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf lhNnf klg x'g\ . d'u", 8f]Nkf tyf x'Dnf lhNnfdf :ki6¿kdf ;fdlhs c;dfj]zL l:ylt b]lvG5 . cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf] :t/sf ;fk]Iftfdf jf ;fdflsh Ifdtf jf ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fsf] k|flKtsf b[li6df oL lhNnfsf hgtfx¿ ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ . dWoklZrdf~rn tyf ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf;If]qsf ^ j6f lhNnf -d'u", aemfª, sfnLsf]6, 8f]Nkf, afh'/f / hfh/sf]6_ sf] :jf:Yo Ifdtf ;"rsfÍ ;aeGbf tn -)=#) eGbf tn_ /x]sf] 5 . of] ;"rsfÍ /fli6«o :jf:Yo ;"rsfÍsf] t'ngfdf cfwf dfq 5 .

;zQmLs/0fsf ;a} kIfdf ck]Iffs[t lgDg l:yltsf sf/0f ax'kIfLo c;zQmLs/0f ef]lu/x]sf /f]Nkf, ?s'd / 8f]6L lhNnfnfO{ ckjfbsf ¿kdf lnFbf Go"g ;"rsfÍ ePsf lhNnfx¿df /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsfaLr :ki6 cGt/ b]lvG5 . ;fy} oL lhNnfx¿sf ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0f tyf cfly{s ;zQmLs/0fsf t'ngfdf pRr :t/sf] /fhggLlts ;zQmLs/0f klg åGåsf ljleGg ¿knfO{ a9fpg] c;Gt'li6sf] d'Vo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] klg x'g;S5 .

dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ dfgsf] kl/lw

a9\bf] dfgj ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍsf] qmddf lhNnfsf gfd

lhNnf ;+Vof

)=#))eGbf sd /f]Nkf, ?s'd, 8f]6L, d'u", 8f]Nkf, x'\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\Dnf, sflnsf]6, afh'/f, aemfª, hfh/sf]6

!)

)=#))–)=#(( h'Dnf, c5fd, a}t8L, l;Gw'nL, uf]vf{, bfr'{nf, b}n]v, ;Nofg, /fd]5fk, vf]6fª, dgfª, ef]hk'/, tfKn]h'ª, u'NdL, DofUbL, /f}tx6

!^

)=$))–)=$(( Ko"7fg, afUn'Í, kfNkf, 88]Nw'/f, ;f]n'v'Da", dxf]Q/L, wflbª, nDh'ª, ;nf{xL, /;'jf, kfFry/, l;/fxf, bf]nvf, pbok'/, ;ª\v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'Ëf, c3f{vfFrL, ;'v]{t, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, dsjfgk'/, af/f, wg'kf, d':tfª, slknj:t', :ofª\hf, s}nfnL, g'jfsf]6, tgx"F, Onfd

@(

)=%))–)=%(( k;f{, ;Kt/L, alb{of, sfe]|knfGrf]s, kj{t, gjnk/f;L, t]x|y'd, s~rgk'/, ;'g;/L, ¿kGb]xL, bfª, wgs'6f, emfkf, afFs], lrtjg

!%

)=^))–)=^(( df]/ª, eQmk'/, sf:sL, nlntk'/, sf7df8f}+ %hhDDddff &&%%

bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–)^$_M df dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;

g]kfndf xfn nfu" eO/x]sf] bzf}+ of]hgfdf dfgjLo ;+zfwgsf] ljsf;sf nflu lgDg p2]Zo / gLltx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ M–

!_ lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf clea[l4 ug]{ .

@_ cfwf/e"t lzIff / :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;/sf/L nufgLnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] .

#_ k|fljlws tyf Joj;flos lzIffdf hf]8 lb+b} o;nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df cfa4 ug]{ .

$_ u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf nflu lghL If]qnfO{ k|f]t;fxg ub}{ lzIff ;]jfdf k|lt:kwL{ jftfj/0f ljsl;t ug]{ .

%_ k|fylds lzIff tyf cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo If]qdf ;fwg ljlgof]g a9fpb} nlug] gLlt /flvPsf] 5 .

50

^_ eljiodf >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ afnaflnsfx¿ lg/If/ / ;LkljxLg gx'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] ljBfno lzIffnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .

&_ dfgj ;+zfwgsf] :jf:Yo:t/ a[l4 ug{ nlIft ;d"xdf k|]if0f k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ljz]if gLlt canDag ug]{5 .

*_ b]zleq} cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws hgzlQm tyf a}b]lzs >d ahf/n] vf]h]sf If]qx¿df k|fljlws tof/ kfg]{ gLlt canDag ul/g]5 .

(_ j}b]lzs nufgL cfslif{t x'g ;Sg] If]qx¿df ;d]t >dzlQm tof/ ub}{ hfg] gLlt lnOg]5 .

;8s ;'ljwfsf] lj:tf/af6 u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf/ ljsf; x'g] / kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, hl8a'6L lgofF{t eO{ u|fdL0f hgtfsf] cfo:t/ ;d]t a9\g] b]lvG5 . ;fy} vfBfGg nufot cGo j:t'x¿sf] cfk"lt{df ;d]t o;af6 ;xof]u ldNb5 . ul/jL b"/ ug]{ Pp6f pkfo ;8s ;'ljwf lj:tf/ klg xf] . b]zleq 7"nf] dfqfdf cfly{s ;fwg nufgL ljlxg cj:yfdf 5 . Psflt/ ul/j ju{ ;fwg ljlxgtfsf sf/0f ;fgf–ltgf pBd ug{ klg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] 7"nf] wg/fzL a}+sdf y'lk|Psf] 5 . o:tf] ;DklQsf] nufgLaf6 cfo, pTkfbg / /f]huf/L a[l4 eO{ ul/jL lgjf/0f x'g] b]lvG5 . b]zsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df ljb]zLnufgL k|j4{g ug{ ;lsg] ;DefJotf TolQs} 5 .

k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tfnLd kl/ifb\df k7g–kf7gsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ sfo{ k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg', ljleGg 7fpFdf Ond k|lzIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{qmd ePtf klg ck]lIft dfqfdf To:tf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿sf] lj:tf/ x'g g;Sg' OToflb r'gf}ltx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf, ;Lko'Qm / k]zfljb\ (professional) JolQmx¿nfO{ ljsl;t b]zx¿df k7fpg ;s] k|lt JolQm >lds cfh{g pRr x'g] / b]zdf lelqg] ljk|]if0f (remittance) sf] dfqf klg lgs} a9\g] jf:tljstf x'“bfx'“b} klg o;f] ug{ g;Sg' r'gf}tL g} ePsf] 5 . :jf:Yo ;'ljwfnfO{ b'u{d tyf kxf8L If]qdf lj:tf/ u/L lrlsT;sx¿ cfjZos ;+Vofdf tL If]qdf uO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{sf nflu pko'Qm Joj:yf u/L pgLx¿nfO{ pT;flxt / k|]l/t ug]{ ;Gbe{df zflGt ;'/Iffsf] c;xh l:yltsf sf/0f 7"nf] ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sjrnfO{ /fi6«n] wfGg ;Sg] u/L ;+rfng,lj:tf/ / cg'udg ug]{ sfo{ cem} klg r'gf}ltk"0f{ /lx/x]s} 5 . pRr dfWolds lzIffnfO{ dfWolds lzIffsf] cleGg c|usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ / P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ u/L ;f] k/LIffnfO Jojl:yt ug'{sf] ;fy} z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;dfg n}l5 . pRr dfWolds lzIffnfO{ dfWolds lzIffsf] cleGg c+usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ / P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ u/L ;f] kl/efiffnfO Jojl:yt ug'{sf] ;fy} z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;dfg n}lËs ;xeflutf u/fpg], z}lIfs a]/f]huf/L Go"g u/fpFb} hfg], ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿ k|lt cleefjsx¿sf] cfsif{0fdf a[l4 u/fpg], ljBfno lzIff / pRr lzIff aLrsf] vf8n ;f+u'/f] u/fpg] h:tf sfo{df ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ sl7g eO{/x]sf] 5 .

dfgjLo ;+zfwg ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ klg clGtd dfGg g;lsg] ts{ /fVg] o;sf ;ft} gful/s ;dfh (Civil Society) sf] cjwf/0ff ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . h;cg';f/ /fHo tyf ahf/ Aoj:yfaf6 ;~rflnt ljsf;sf /0fgLlt h;n] dfgjljsf; Pj+ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] kl/sNkgf cufl8 ;f/] klg hgtf cfkm} ;Ifd / ;an x'gsf] nflu plrt jftfj/0f gePsf] ts{ /flvPsf] 5 . af]lemnf] sd{rf/LtGq, cTolws ;+:yfjfb, cJojxfl/s cfly{s lgb]{zg h:tf kIfdf v08g ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotof gful/s ;dfh eGgfn] lgtfGt gful/sx¿sf] ;d'x xf] h'g /fHo jf ;/sf/L jf u}/;/sf/L lgsfoeGbf k[ys x'G5 . Pp6f sNof0fsf/L ;dfhsf] :yfkgf gful/saf6} ug{ ;lsG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)^!÷^@ sf] cfo–Joosf] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L jQmJodf pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ o; cfly{s jif{df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] vf]hL ug]{, hfg'cl3 nfUg] vr{ / ;donfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / ljb]z uPkl5 /f]huf/L / Hofnf tyf tna ;'lglZrt ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g]5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, e/kbf]{ / em+em6/lxt t'Nofpg

51

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ nfO{ ;do;fk]If ¿kdf ;+zf]wg ul/g]5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf o'jfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf af/]df ;xh hfgsf/L lbg lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;"rgf pknAw x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

c;+ul7t If]qdf sfo{/t >ldsx¿ ;+ul7t x'g ;Sg] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ul/g'sf ;fy} sfg"gL k|s[ofnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] gLlt cg'¿k 6]«8 o'lgog vf]Ng clwsf/ k|bfg ul/ 3f]if0ff ul/ pgLx¿sf] k'g{:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn s[lif >ldssf] ¿kdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] ;+VofnfO{ sd ug{ / ltgLx¿sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg' cfjZos b]lvg cfp “5 . jt{dfg cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] k|of;df cem} a9L Wofgfsif{0f eO{ o;nfO{ s;/L a9L ;] a9L /f]huf/Ld"ns agfpg] xf] o; ;DaGwdf ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5 . /f]huf/L kof{Kt a9fpg] ljsf;sf ljljw ultljlw ;~rfng ug]{ cyf{t\ P]g, lgod jf sfg"gdf klg ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ x'g cfp“5 . s[lif >ldsx¿nfO{ pko'Qm 1fg, ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ tyf ;fGble{s tfnLdx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/g' klg cfjZos ePsf] 5 / ;du|df js{ k/ld6sf] k|lqmofaf6 g]kfnnfO{ kmfObf x'g ;Sg] x'“bf sltko ljåfgsf] ljrf/df pk/f]Qm sbd rfNg' pko'Qm x'g]5 .

s[lif k]zf ePsf s"n >d zlQmsf] nueu ^% k|ltzt dflg;x¿ C0fu|:t /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf jf:tjdf e"ldxLgx¿sf] clwsf/Lx¿ cf+s8f pknAw geP/ klg cf}krfl/s ¿kdf nueu @) k|ltzt gful/sx¿;“u e"ld gePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . g]kfndf t/fO{df !) k|ltzt kxf8df !% k|ltzt u/La s[lif >ldsx¿n] !^) lbg dfq /f]huf/L kfp“5g\ . cyf{t\ s"n >d lbj;sf] kxf8L If]qdf $!=@ / zx/L If]qdf @% k|ltzt sfo{ lbj; To;} gi6 eO/x]sf] 5 . e"ldsf] ljt/0f t/fO{ / kxf8df km/s–km/s b]lvG5 . t/fO{df k|ltJolQm e"ld @ x]S6/ 5 eg] kxf8df k|ltJolQm )=% x]S6/ 5 . t/fO{sf s[ifsx¿n] s"n cfDbfgLsf] cfwf efu v]tLaf6 sdfp“5g\ eg] kxf8df s]jn Ps ltxfO dfq sdfp“5g\ . s[lif Joj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg] xf] eg] s[lif dhb'/x¿sf] Hofnf lgwf{/0f tyf ;]jfsf] zt{ ;'lglZrt ug{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . xfn g]kfn ;/sf/n] klg Hofnf lgwf{/0f sfo{df ;+nUg ePsf] s'/f k|z+;gLo eP tfklg o;af/] uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ul/Pg eg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] ;§f ;d:of a9\g] ;Defjgf a9L x'g] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 . xfn s[lif dhb'/sf] Hofnf b]zsf] x/]s efudf k[ys ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;]jfzt{ cyf{t sfd ug]{ cjlw klg Ps ¿ksf] 5}g . slx ;ft ah]b]lv afx| ah] / k'gM tLg ah]b]lv ^ ah];Dd 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 d'VotM /f]kfO{sf] a]nfdf dhb'/n] w]/} a]/;Dd 3fddf sfd ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . sfd sd / >d a9L nfU5 . xfnsf] Joj:yfaf6 s[ifs bf]xf]/f] t]x]/f] df/df k5{g\ .

dfgjLo ;fwg cGtu{t ul/jL lgjf/0f ug{ pko'Qm ;'emfjx¿

!= s[lif >ldssf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/n] pbf/jfb sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ug'{k5{ . v'nfkg gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg lghLs/0fnfO{ Jofks agfpg / ;/sf/L lgoGq0fnfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . e'ldsf] ljt/0f 9fFrfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{, hldgdf sfd ug]{sf] :jfdLTj x'g'kg]{, pTkfbg, zlQmd"Qm, pT;flxt / k|f]T;flxt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gfdf cfwfl/t cfGbf]ng cfjZos x'G5 . b]zdf xbjGbLdf Jofks s6f}tL ug]{, df]xLsf] kIfdf x'g] u/L bf]xf]/f] lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ug]{, Go"gtd cfsf/ / clwstd\ xbjGbL ;Fu+} rSnfaGbLsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, e"–pkof]u gLlt nfu' ul/g' kg]{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

@= s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ gNofO{sg ul/jL lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsb}g . s[lif If]qdf jLp dnvfb b]lv l;Rff+O{ / C0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpFb} hfg'k5{ . s[lif g]kfnsf] d]?b08 ePsf]n] s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ ul/g'k5{ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ s[lif;DaGwL gofFF k|ljlwsf] 1fgsf ;fy} ;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] k|lzIf0f lbg'k5{ / jg;DaGwL ;+:yfn] u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ jg k}bf j/af6 /f]huf/L d"ns sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ . df}h'bf s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ ljljwLs/0f / cfw'lgsL/0f ub}{ n}hfg / s[lif cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ cem} pTkfbg d"ns /

52

k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu o:tf] cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ vf;u/L kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qtkm{ vf; ;'Vvf df};ddf klg pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] jfnL tkm{ nlIft ul/g'k5{ .

#= xfn;Dd lwtf]o'Qm C0fx¿ k|bfg ub{} cfPsf]df o;af6 w]/} s[ifsx¿ lwtf]sf] cefjdf C0f ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . ctM s[lif C0f dWo] lglZrt /sd ljgf lwtf] ;fd'lxs hdfgLdf C0f lbg] Joj:yf ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 . u|fdL0f ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/bf+ ;s];Dd PsLs[t¿kdf sfo{j|mdsf] nflu ;DalGwt ;+:yf, ljefu jf lgsfo k"0f{¿kdf lhDd]jf/ x'g] k|0ffnLnfO{ ljsl;t ug'{k5{ . ul/jLsf] jf:tljs l:yltnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug]{ dfkb08sf] ljsf; u/L pTkfbg ;fwgdf pgLx¿sf] kxF'r a9fpg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g'k5{ . u|fdL0f ahf/sf] dfu{ / cfjZostf cg';f/sf] bIf hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;Lk ljsf; tfnLd ;~rfng ul/g'k5{ . To:tf] tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ u|fdL0f ahf/sf] dfu+ cg';f/ :j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] tflnd sfo{j|mddf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$= shf{df lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kx'+r a9fpg jt{dfgdf sfo{/t ljlQo ;+:yfx¿ / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;xeflutfdf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ 5 . Jofks¿kdf /f]huf/L clej[l4 ug]{ sfddf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . dfgjLo ;+;f]wgsf] ljsf;df b[li6 lbg' TolQs} cfjZos 5 . o; l;nl;nfdf xfd|f] lzIff gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] vfFrf] 5 . /f]huf/Ld"ns k|fljlws hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ vfnsf] lzIff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

%= ul/jL;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu :yflkt ;+:yf / lgsfox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L d'ns 9u+af6 cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] If]qdf cu|;/ u/fpg Ifdtf ljsf;sf] kIfdf klg Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ u'0f / bf]ifsf] cfwf/df lg:kIftfk"j{s kl/rfng ul/g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf] ;fy} lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ubf{ oyf;Dej a9L >dd"ns k|ljlw ckgfpg k|>o lbg' plrt x'g]5 . ;/sf/n] ;DklQsf] GofFlos ljt/0fsf] gLlt Nofpg Wofg lbg]} k5{ . o; k|;+udf pko'Qm k|ultzLn s/ gLlt tyf k|efjd"ns e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9u+af6 nfu' u/fpg b[9 /xg'kb{5 .

^= k]G;g, a[4eQf, a]/f]huf/L eQf, lgz'Ns :jf:Yo tyf lzIff ;'ljwf, pkef]Uo tyf cfjZostf j:t'sf] lkpg] kfgL / ljB't ;'ljwf h:tf pkfox¿sf cfwf/df ljkGg ;d'xsf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s lxtdf clea[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 . e'ldxLg u|fdL0f ls;fgx¿nfO{ e"ld pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qsf ljkGg ju{sf dflg;x¿nfO{ lzIff, tflnd k|fljlws 1fg / ;Lk kf]if0f, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf h:tf dfgjLo ;+;fwg ljsf;sf cfwf/x¿ pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 .

&= :j/f]huf/ clea[l4sf nflu n3' shf{ Ps k|efjsf/L ;+oGq ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'+bf n3' shf{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;+:yfut ub{} lj:tf/ ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg b/nfO{ pRr /fVg u}/ s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{sf ;fy} lghL If]qsf] pTkfbg nufgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 . :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt uf=lj=; tyf gu/kflnsfx¿sf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 . ;8s dfu{x¿af6 ghf]l8Psf vf;u/L lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L lhNnfx¿df lglZrt\ ;dofjwL ls6fg u/L ;8s lgdf{0fsf nflu ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

*= s[lif >ldssf] cj:yf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/n] pbf/jfb sfo{j|md lj:tf/ ug'{ k5{ . v'nfkg gLltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg lghLs/0fnfO{ Aofks agfpg / ;/sf/L lgoGq0fnfO{ sd ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . e'ldsf] ljt/0f 9fFrfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{, hldgdf sfd ug]{sf] :jfdLTj x'g' kg]{, pTkfbs zlQmd'Qm, pT;flxt / k|f]T;flxt x'g] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gfdf cfwfl/t cfGbf]ng cfjZos x'G5 . b]zdf xbjGbLdf Aofks s6f}tL ug]{, df]xLsf] kIfdf x'g] u/L bf]xf]/f] lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ug]{, Go"gtd cfsf/ / clwstd\ xbjGbL ;u+} rsnfjGbLsf] sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{, e"–pkof]u gLlt nfu' ul/g'

53

kg]{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ gNofO{sg ul/jL lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsb}g . s[lif If]qdf aLp dnvfbb]lv l;Rff+O{ / C0fsf] Joj:yfkgdf lghL I]fqsf] ;xeflutf a9fpFb} hfg' k5{ .

(= s[lif g]kfnsf] d]?b08 ePsf]n] s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]u Joj;fosf] lj:tf/ ul/g' k5{ . dlxnfx¿nfO{ s[lif;DaGwL gofFF k|ljlwsf] 1fgsf ;fy} ;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ug{;Sg] k|lzIf0f lbg'k5{ / jg;DaGwL ;+:yfn] u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿nfO{ jg k}bfj/af6 /f]huf/Ld"ns sfo{j|mddf k|fyldstf lbOg'k5{ . df}h'bf s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ ljljwLs/0f / cfw'lgsL/0f ub}{ n}hfg / s[lif cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ cem} pTkfbgd"ns / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu o:tf] cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ vf;u/L kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qtkm{ vf; ;'Vvf df};ddf klg pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] jfnLtkm{ nlIft ul/g' k5{ .

!)= ul/jLsf] jf:tljs l:yltnfO{ k|ltljlDjt ug]{ dfkb08sf] ljsf; u/L pTkfbg ;fwgdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr a9fpg] gLlt cjnDag ul/g'k5{ . u|fdL0f ahf/sf] dfu / cfjZostf cg';f/sf] bIf hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug{ ;lsg] u/L ;Lk ljsf; tflnd ;~rfng ul/g' k5{ . To:tf] tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ u|fdL0f ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ :j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] tflnd sfo{qmddf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . shf{df lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kx'Fr a9fpg jt{dfgdf sfo{/t ljlQo ;+:yfx¿ / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ;xeflutfdf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ 5 . Jofks¿kdf /f]huf/L clea[l4 ug]{ sfddf 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;+:yfut Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 . dfgjLo ;+;f]wgsf] ljsf;df b[li6 lbg' TolQs} cfjZos 5 . o; l;nl;nfdf xfd|f] lzIff gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] vfFrf] 5 . /f]huf/Ld"ns k|fljlws hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ vfnsf] lzIff k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!!= ul/jL;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu :yflkt ;+:yf / lgsfox¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L d'ns 9u+af6 cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] If]qdf cu|;/ u/fpg Ifdtf ljsf;sf] kIfdf klg Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ u'0f / bf]ifsf] cfwf/df lg:kIftfk"j{s kl/rfng ul/g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . o;sf] ;fy} lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ ;DkGg ubf{ uyf;Dej a9L >dd"ns k|ljlw ckgfpg k|>o lbg' plrt x'g]5 . ;/sf/n] ;DklQsf] GofFlos ljt/0fsf] gLlt Nofpg Wofg lbg} k5{ . o; k|;+udf pko'Qm k|ultzLn s/ gLlt tyf k|efjd"ns e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 nfu' u/fpg b[9 /xg'kb{5 . k]G;g, a[4eQf, a]/f]huf/L eQf, lgz'Ns :jf:Yo tyf lzIff ;'ljwf, pkef]Uo tyf cfjZostf j:t'sf] lkpg] kfgL / ljB't ;'ljwf h:tf pkfox¿sf cfwf/df ljkGg ;d'xsf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s lxtdf clea[l4 Nofpg ;lsG5 .

!@= e'ldlxg u|fdL0f ls;fgx¿nfO{ e'ld pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} u|fdL0f tyf zx/L If]qsf ljkGg ju{sf dflg;x¿nfO{ lzIff, tflnd k|fljlws 1fg / ;Lk kf]if0f, :jf:Yo ;'ljwf h:tf dfgjLo ;+;fwg ljsf;sf cfwf/x¿ pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . :j/f]huf/ clea[l4sf nflu n3'shf{ Ps k|efjsf/L ;+oGq ePsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf n3' shf{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;+:yfut ub{} lj:tf/ ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg b/nfO{ pRr /fVg u}/s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg] sfo{qmdx¿ ;dfj]z ug'{sf ;fy} lghL If]qsf] pTkfbg nufgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M != efis/ uf}td, huGgfy clwsf/L, k"0f{ a:g]t, -;Dkfbs_, g]kfndf ul/aLsf] ax;, rf}tf/L k':ts

>[+vnf–@!, klxnf] ;+:s/0f @)^! -@))$_, dfl6{g rf}tf/L, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

@= s[i0f axfb'/ s'“j/, g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf; / ul/aL, bf];|f] ;+:s/0f @)^) .

54

$= Krishna Bahadur Kunwar, The Himalayan Poverty-Prosperity Through Rural Development, Meena Prakashan, Kathmandu, Second Edition 2003.

%= Keshav Singh Sijapati, Fundamentals of Nepalese Rural Economy, Ratna Pustak Bhandar,Bhotahity, Kathmandu, First Edition 2054.

^= z+s/ cfrfo{, g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu ePsf k|of;, g]kfn å}dfl;s, jif{ #%, c+s @, k"0ff{Í !%!, @)^! cflZjg–sflt{s, >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, ;"rgf ljefu, sf7df8f}+ .

&= 8Da/h+u 8fFuL, g]kfnsf] cy{zf:q, wf}nflu/L a'S; P08 :6]zg/L, sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f ;g\ @))% .

*= an/fd cfrfo{, u|fdL0f ljsf; l;4fGt / cjwf/0ff Rural Development -Theories and Approaches, National Book Center, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^@ .

(= an/fd cfrfo{, u|fdL0f ;Gbe{df ljsf; / of]hgf Development & Planning in Rural Perspective, National Book Center, sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^@ .

!)= Santosh Kumar Bista, Ph.D., Rural Development In Nepal An Alternative Strategy, Udaya Books, First Edition 2000.

11 DR.Kanhaiya R.B. Mathema,Strategies of Rural Development In Nepal: Some Observations Some Thoughts, First Published in February 2001.

!@= uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, ef]h]Gb| cof{n, u|fdL0f ;Gbe{df ljsf; Pj+ of]hgf cy{zf:q, bLIffGt k':ts e08f/, ;+:s/0f @))$, hgj/L .

!#= uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Nepal, Agricultural Credit, (Bi-Annual Journal) Vol-34, July 2002, Agricultural Development Bank, Nepal, Agricultural credit Training Institute (ACTI), Head Office, Ramshah path, Kath, nepal.

!$= uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfndf u|fdL0f ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0f –Ps rrf{ -n]vf kl/If0f klqsf_ Nepalese Journal of Government Auditing, jif{ !(, @)%*, c;f/ !%, k"0ff{Í %#, sf7df8f}+ .

!%= uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;, k|yd ;+:s/0f @)^!, cflZjg .

!^= uDeL/ axfb'/ xf8f, g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]qdf ul/aL / jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0fsf] ;d:of, Deepan

bLkg, :dfl/sf @)%$, lb /fOlhª :s'n eQmk'/ .

!&= cfly{s ;j]{If0f, cfly{s jif{ @)^@÷^#, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, @)^# .

!*= cfly{s jif{ @)^#–^$ sf] cfo–Joosf] ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L jQmJo, g]kfn ;/sf/, cy{ dGqfno, @)^# .

!(=bzf}+ of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_, >L % sf] ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn @)%( kmfNu'0f .

@)=Poverty Reduction Strategies what have we learned ?, UNDP, Bergen, Norway, 15-17 March, 2001.

55


;'zf;gsf] ;]/f]km]/f]

–ch'{gdl0f cf=bLlIft∗

k[i7e"ld k"jL{o zf;sLo Joa:yfdf /fd/fHo nfO{ cfbz{ k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . To; ;dodf d'n'ssf] Zff;sLo Joa:yf hgtfsf] rfxgf adf]lhd rn]sf] lyof], To;}n] s;}sf] s;} pk/ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] u'gf;f] lyPg . cfh o;} l;4fGtnfO klZrdL d'n'sn] aL;f}+ ztfJbLsf] cGtdf cfP/ ;'zf;gsf] gfdaf6 laZjJofkLs/0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

;g !(** lt/ clk|msL dxfb]zsf] ;a ;xf/f If]q l:yt /fi6«x?df JofKt ul/jL / b'Jo{j:yf af6 l;lh{t ;d:ofsf] cWoogaf6 b'j{n zf;sLo Joa:yf (Poor Governance) g} o;sf] k|d'v sf/0f ePsf] 7x/ ug]{ sfd eof] / o;} cfwf/df a}+sn] pknJw u/fPsf] ;xof]usf] ;b'kof]u x'g g;ssf] lgSof}{n u/L ;xof]u lng]n] k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltnfO{ cl3 ;f/]]sf] b]lvG5 . laZj a}+ssf] k|:t't gLltnfO ;+o'Qm /fi6|« ;+3Lo lasf; sfo{s|d nufot laleGg bft[;+:yfx?n] klg ckgfpg yfn]sf] 5g\ .

;'zf;gsf] s]Gb|\laGb' M

cfh laZj el/g} ;'zf;gsf] nx/ 5fPsf] 5 . laZjdf h] hlt sfd s'/f cflaisf/ cflb ePsf 5g\ tL ;a} dfgj dfqsf] nflu / dfgjs} k|of;af6 ;+ej ePsf] 5 . o;} tYonfO{ 2[li6ut ub}{ ca /fHosf] ;+k"0f{ Wofg cfk\mgf gful/sx?df s]lGb|«t x'g' kg]{ dfGotfsf] lasf; ePsf] 5 . /fHosf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sg ef}lts ljsf;df eGbf cfˆgf gful/ssf] rf}tlkm{ ljsf; / pgLx?sf] rfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df eP u/]sf] sfo{sf] cfwf/df ul/g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

;'zf;gsf tTjx?M

ljZj a}sn] ;'zf;gnfO{ Good governance is creating and sustaining an environment that fosters an equitable development and that it is an essential component of sound economic policies egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] nflu aftfa/0f >[hgf ug]{ / To;nfO lbuf] ?k lbg] tyf ;'29 cfly{s gLltnfO ;'zf;gsf] nflu cfaZos tTjsf] ?kdf :jLsfl/of] . laZj a}+ssf] k|:t't kl/efiff k|sfzdf cfPkl5 ;+o'Qm /f6« ;+3Lo lasf; sfo{s|d / laleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yf nufot laleGg d'n's tyf la4jfgx?n] cf cfk\mg} 9+usf] kl/efiff / JofVof ;lxt ljleGg tTjx? h:t} M /fhg}lts hjfkmb]lxtf / a}wtf, lgikIf Pj+ laZj;gLo GofFlos Joa:yf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;"rgf / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, k|efjsf/L Pj+ bIf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7gaLr ;dGjo ;xdlt / ;dfgtf, ax'nafbdf cfwfl/t k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L, sfg"sf] zf;g, dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs Joa:yfkg, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, :jtGq /

∗ k"j{ ;x–;lrj tyf k|zf;g lab\

56

lgikIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, ;"rgf tyf kf/blz{tf, ;/sf/L cfo Joosf] oyfy{tf / cfly{s hjfkmb]lxtf, clVtof/L / ;f]sf] k|of]u, ;/sf/L ;]jf k|afxdf k|efjsfl/tf, las]Gb«Ls/0f cflbnfO{ ;dfa]z u/]sf 5g\ . oL tTjx?nfO{ df]6fdf]6L ?kdf ;d"xLs/0f ubf{ b]xfo adf]lhd auL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

• /fhgLlts ;'zf;g

• k|zf;lgs ;'zf;g

• GofFlos ;'zf;g /

• cfly{s ;'zf;g

k|:t't n]vdf k|zf;sLo ;'zf;g cyf{t k|zf;sLo Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nL;+u ;DaG4 kIfx?df la:t[t 5nkmn ug]{ p2]Zon] lgDg tTjx?dfly laz]if pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

sfg"gsf] zf;g M

a]nfotsf] ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd ToFxfsf gful/sx?n] jf:tljs ?kdf :jtGqtfsf] xs pkef]u ug{ kfPsf]] s'/fnfO{ uj{;fy pNn]vgLo ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . o; egfOsf] k5fl8 a]nfotL ;+j}wflgs ljz]iftfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ljlwsf] zf;g -Rule of law_ sf]] dxTjnfO{ bzf{pg' /x]sf] 5 . ljlwsf] zf;gsf] l;4fGt a]nfotsf] ;fdfGo sfg"g -common law_ df cfwfl/t 5 .

k|:t't ljifosf] JofVof ub}{ o;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 –

• s'g} klg gful/snfO{ d'n'ssf] sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;fdfGo sfg"gL k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ ;fdfGo cbfnt -Ordinary court_ sf] cfb]z a]u/ s'g} lsl;dsf] ;hfoF ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .

• s'g} klg gful/snfO{ ;hfo ug'{ cl3 k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ cleof]u k|dfl0ft x'g' kb{5, pQm cleof]unfO{ sfg"g åf/f :yflkt cbfntn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

• d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ / km};nf aGb O{hnf;df x'g' x'Fb}g / ;hfo jf b08 kfPsf] cleo'Qmn] dflyNnf] cbfntdf clkn ug{ kfpFg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .

• k|To]s gful/s ;fdfGo sfg"g -ordinary law of the land _ cGtu{t ;d]l6Psf x'G5g\ / ;a} gful/s ;fdfGo cbfnt -ordinary court_ sf] If]qflwsf/ cGt{ut kb{5g\ . o;sf] dtnj /fHosf] ;a} gful/s cf}krfl/s / ;fdflhs - social & official_ :t/sf] cfwf/df 7"nf], ;fgf] h] h:tf] ePtf klg sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg xsbf/ x'g]5g / s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 j~rLt gul/g] s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx? klg rfx] 7"nf] bhf{sf] xf];\ jf ;fgf] bhf{sf] xf];\ ;a}nfO{ PpF6} sfg"g cGtu{t ;d]l6Psf] x'G5 . oxfFlg/ a]nfotsf] sdg n (Common law_ nfO{ k|mfG;sf] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?sf] dfldnf x]g{sf] nflu cnUu} Gofo Joj:yf -Judicial system _ sf] ?kdf k|mfG;df ljsl;t Administrative law ;+u t'ngf ub}{ a]nfotL k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L k|hftflGqs l;4 ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . sfg"gL zf;g cGtu{t laleGg lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf lgDg adf]lhd /x]sf] x'G5 .

sfo{kflnsfsf] bfloTj M

• ;dfgtfo'Qm / lae]b/lxt 9+udf sfg"gsf] kfngf .

• ;+k"0f{ gful/snfO{ ;dfg Joaxf/sf] cg'e"lt lbg]] zf;sLo sfo{sf] ;+rfng .

• gful/ssf] Ifdtf tyf of]Uotf / >[hgfTds k|ltefsf] plrt sb/ .

• Gofosf] k|Tofe"lt ub}}{ d'n'sdf sfg"gL zf;gsf] ;+rfng .

57

• hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g] vfnsf gful/ssf] d}flns clwsf/sf] hu]g{f ;lxt ;f]sf] k|of]u sf] nflu ;Ifd t'Nofpg pko'Qm aftfj/0fsf] >[hgf .

• gful/ssf] clwsf/ xggdf Gofokflnsfaf6 ;+/If0f x'g] vfnsf sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f .

:yfgLo lgsfosf] bfloTj M

• :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;zQmLs/0f .

• :yfgLo cfaZostf / ;fdflhs af:tlastfsf] cfwf/df sfg"g lgd{f0f .

• :yfgLo txdf zf;sLo ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] clea[l4 .

• :yfgLo cfaZostfsf] k"lt{sf nflu :yfgLo >]ft / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng .

• :yfgLo laafb ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] g} GofFlos ;+oGqsf ?kdf sfd ug]{ Joa:yf.

gful/s ;dfhsf] bfloTj M

• lgj{frgdf cfk\mgf] k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ub{f ;Ifd, of]Uo / hgtf k|lt pQ/bfoL JoQmLnfO{ dt lbg] .

• cfk\mgf k|ltlglwnfO c;n / k|hftflGqs sfg"gsf] lgd{f0fsf nflu bjfj lbg] .

• dfgjflwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbg / n]fstGqnfO ;'2[9 agfpg ;r]tssf] e"ldsfsf] lgj{fx ug]{.

• /fHosf c+ux?af6 ePsf sfo{x?sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ .

• hgtfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts lxt / sNof0f;+u ;DalGwt laifox?df jsfnt ug]{.

xfd|f] ;Gbe{df lje]bk'0f{ sfg"g sfod} /x]sf], 5'jf5"tsf] k|yf oyfjt} /x]sf] / ;8sdf u'8\g] 5gf}6df k/]sf uf8Ldf sfnf] l;;f nufpg kfpg] lgod ;/sf/n]g} hf/L u/]sf] h:tf laifox?df ax; ug{ ;lsg] s'/f k|;+ua; pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

kf/blz{tf M

k/blz{tf cGtu{t lgDg a'+bfx? ;d]l6G5g\ M

• ;a{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;/sf/L gLlt / sfo{s|dsf] ;DaGwdf ;';"lrt ul/G5 .

• ;/sf/n] lng] gLlt / sfo{s|dsf] cfwf/, sf/0f, sfo{fGjogaf6 kg]{ k|efj / To;df nfUg] vr{sf] k"0f{ hfgsf/L lbOG5 .

• s'g} klg gLltsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ug'{ k"j{ ;/f]sf/jfnf;+u ;/;Nnfx ul/G5 .

• ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 s] s:tf hfgsf/L / ;'emfjx? k|fKt eP ;f] sf] k"0f{ laj/0f k|sflzt ul/G5 .

• ;fdfGo gful/sdf ;/sf/L lnvt k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ lglxt x'G5 .

• ;fj{hlgs sf]ifaf6 ;+rflnt lgsfosf] k|To]s sfd sf/jfxL v'nf x'G5 .

kf/blz{tfsf] cefjdf x'g ;Sg] e|i6frf/ M

• /fhg}lts bn;+u ;DalGwt JolQmn] cfk\mgf] dfG5]sf] e|i6 ls|ofsnfksf] 9fs5f]k ug]{ .

• vl/b, 7]Ssfk6§f jf cfly{s nfe x'g] sfddf cfk\mgf] dfG5]nfO{ u}/sfg"gL nfe k'/\ofpg] .

• r'gfjdf ckf/bzL{ wg vr{ ug]{ / cfFk"m kbdf k'u] kl5 ckf/bzL{ ?kd} c;'Ng] .

• ck/fwL, e|i6 tyf sfnf]ahf/Lx?nfO r'gfjdf pkof]u ug]{ .

58

• dGqL jf cGo /fhg}lts sfo{stf{nfO ljleGg axfgfdf ckf/bzL{ ?k}of k};f pknJw u/fpg] .

• laleGg cfof]hgf, kl/of]hgfdf cfk\mgf dfG5] egf{ug]{ / sfd ldnfO lbP jfkt sdLzg vfg] .

• bnx?n] e'm7f laa/0f b]vfO :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 cfly{s nfe lng] .

• e|i6 / g}ltstflaxLg JolQmx?nfO lgjf{rgdf l6s6 lbg] .

• kmf}Hbf/L jf cGo u+eL/ d'4[fsf ck/fwL sf] d'2f lkmtf{ jf dfkmL u/fpg] .

• laleGg axfgfdf /fHosf] sf]ifsf] b'?kof]u ug]{ u/fpg] .

• sfof{nox?df cfk\mgf] dfG5] 3';fpg], k|f]T;fxg lbnfpg] .

• gSsnL laz]if1 e} nfe lng] cflb . Whistleblowing : ;/sf/L :t/df cfly{s clgoldttfsf] sf/0fn] /fli6«o ;DklQsf] b'?kof]u jf xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] jf x'gnfu]sf] / e|i6frf/ ePsf] jf x'g nfu]sf] laifonfO lnP/ ;do d} lgoGq0f ug]{ p2]Zo lnO ;f] laifo ;DalGwt 7+fp+df cfaZos ;"rgf Pj+ hfgsf/L lbO ;'6'Ss cjutu/fpg] sfdnfO{ Whistleblowing elgG5 . ;+u7g leq cfk'mnfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f lgw{Ss e} af]Ng] aftfa/0f 5}geg] Whistleblowing sf] sfddf c;/kb{5, To;}n] o;nfO{ kf/blz{tf cGtu{t k|0ffnLleq cfa4 ul/g' kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf]5 . Whistleblower nfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf / ;+/If0f k|fKt ePsf] ca:yfdf ;+u7g leqsf ;a} sd{rf/L pT;flxt x'G5g\ . sltkof d'n'sdf o; cGtu{t Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL ;d]t ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . t/ o; lsl;dsf] Joa:yf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] s|ddf Whistleblowing ubf{ s:tf laifodf, s] dfWodaf6, s'g lgsfo jf clwsf/L ;dIf, s] s:tf] ;+/If0fsf] k|fjwfg ;d]l6g' kg]{, o;nfO{ lgoldt ug]{ sfg"gL Joa:yf s:tf] x'g'kg]{ / o; s|ddf cgfaZos b'Mv lk8f lbg]nfO{ x'g] ;hfo s] x'g] eGg] h:tf laifox?nfO{ klg Wofgdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 .

cfly{s kf/blz{tfsf] nflu M

• ;fa{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf k|To]sn] cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf] ;DkQL laj/0f /fHon] ;fa{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ .

• /fhg}lts bnsf] cfo Joosf] k"0f{ laj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ .

• rGbfbftf / cGo >f]taf6 k|fKt /sd :ki6 v'nfpg] .

• k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] x'g' kg]{ .

• /fhg}lts bnsf] pRr cf]xbfdf ePsf ;a}sf] cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fa{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ / To;sf] Jojl:yt ?kdf lgu/fgL x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

• ;fa{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf k|To]sn] cfk\mgf] / kl/jf/sf] cfo;|f]t / ;DklQ laj/0f btf{ug]{, cWofjlws ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ug]{ tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ sfg"gsf] O{dfGbf/L k"j{s sfof{Gjog x'g'kg]{ .

• ;/sf/L tyf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ljleGg dfn;fdfgsf] cfk"{lt, v/Lb tyf laqmL ubf{ kf/bzL{ 9+uaf6 x'g'kg]{ .

• ;a} j}b}lzs ;xfotfsf] /sd kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ tyf k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ n]vfk/LIf0f u/fPsf] x'g' kg]{ .

59

• u}/;/sf/L ;:+yfx?sf] cfly{s ultljlw kf/bzL{ x'g'kg]{ tyf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yf x'g'kg]{ .

laleGg d'n'sx?df Sunshine Policy cGtu{t laleGg sbdx? rflnPsf 5g\ . oxfF+ Sunshine Policy eGgfn] h'g;'s} /f]u, las[tL, la;+ult, ckrng, b'Jo{jxf/ h] hlt 5g\, tL ;a}sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu Pp6} pkfo 5 – Tof] xf]] ;a} s'/f 5n{+u x'g] u/L 3fddf k|bz{g ug]{ . oL ;a}{sf] ;jf]{ifwL 3fd g} xf], 5f]k]/ /fv]sf] l:yltdf 3fp kfs] em}+ cg]sf} yk las[tL / la;+utLx? pJhg u} l:ylt emg} ;+Dxfln g;Sg' x'g hfG5 eGg] dfGotfn] kf/bzL{ Joaxf/nfO a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 .

xfd|f] ;Gbe{df, d"n sfg"gn] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jfx]s ;a} ljifo v'Nnf /xg] eGg] ePsf] t/ Aojxf/df rf+xL ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jfx]s ;a} ljifo u]fKo /xg] egL la/f]wfef; ?kdf /x]sf] k|fjwfg pk/ ax; rnfpg ;lsg] s'/f k|;+ua; pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtf

• ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfkm"n] u/]sf], cfkm"af6 ;+Dkfbg ePsf] / cfkm" dfkm{t ePsf] sfdsf] af/]df ;fj{hlgs :t/df hjfkm lbg'nfO{ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLtf elgG5 .

• k|zf;lgs :t/df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ sfg"gn] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 eg] /fhg}lts :t/df lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 lgolGqt x'G5g\ .

;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfdf gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf

• gful/s ;dfhn] rgfvf] eP/, bafa l;h{gf u/]/, pQ/bfloTj axg x'g g;s]sf If]q P+j dfdnf ;fj{hlgs u/]/ .

• gful/s ;dfhn] pQ/bfloTjsf] dxTj a'´fO{ hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfd u/]/ .

• ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbP/ .

• ;/sf/n] o:tf gful/s ;dfhsf] sfdnfO{ k|f]T;flxt u/]/ .

• gful/s ;dfhsf] Ifdtf a9fpg ;xof]u u/]/ .

• ei6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] s'/fdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xof]u lnP/ .

;fj{hlgs hjfkm lbg]sf] g}ltstf

• ;fj{hlgs k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;fj{hlgs JolQmn] lbg} kb{5 .

• glbPdf jf lbg g;s]df kbdf j:g x'Gg jf p:t} k/] ;hfosf] eflu klg x'g' kb{5 .

;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;/f]sf/jfnf

o+xf ;/f]sf/jfnf eGgfn] M

• ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|Kt ug]{,

• ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ pk/ lgu/fgL /fVg] /

• ;]jf k|bfg ug]{nfO a'emfPsf] ;+emg' kg]{ x'G5 .

60

;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfo

oxfF+ lhDd]jf/ lgsfo eGgfn] ;]jf ;'lawf pknJw u/fpg] sfd;+u ;DalGwt u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7g, dxfn]vf kl/Ifssf] ljefu, ;+;bLo ;ldlt, :yfgLo lgsfo, dGqfno, ljefu / ;+ul7t ;+:yf / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u cflbnfO ;+emg' kg]{ x'G5 .

xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;+rf/sf dWodx?n] ;d:of phfu/ u/L laleGg dfWodaf6 ;d:ofnfO{ rsf{P kl5 dfq ;/sf/n] rf;f] b]vfPsf] laifonfO{ laz]if pNn]vgLo dfGg ;lsG5 . o:tf laifox?df d'VotM clt b'u{d 7fp+x?df ;/sf/n] vfBfGg k7fPsf], nfdf] cjlw b]lv gl5lgPsf] d'4f tTsfn} l5lgPsf], e|i6frf/sf] cleo'Qm ;dfltPsf] h:tf laifonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;} k|;+udf s]xL ;do cl3 YffO{ /fhb'tn] cfk\mgf] 3/df sfd ug]{ dlxnfsf] ue{df c;/ kg{ ;Sg] egL u'gf;f] kl5 dfq lghsf] lgjf; jl/k/L lau|]sf] af6f] agfpg] sfd ;'? ePsf] s'/f k|f;+lus b]lvPnf .

;xeflutf

k|hftflGqs ;/sf/nfO{ cfh ;fWosf] ?kdf eGbf ;fwgsf] ?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt ePs} sf/0fn] cfhsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] ;fwg / >f]tsf] jfF8kmfF8b]lv lnP/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf;u ;DalGwt ljifodf cfˆg} thaLhdf / cfˆg} dgv'zn] xfnL d'xfnL ug'{ cl3 ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ klg ljleGg :t/df ;+nUg u/fpg' kg]{ dfGotfsf] ljsf; x'b} uPsf] ;Gbe{df k|rngdf /x]sf] zf;sLo k|0ffnL (Governance System) s} k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .

;xeflutf eg]sf] s]xf] <

• cj|fxd ln+sgsf] k|hftGqsf] kl/efiff hgtfn] hgtfsf] nflu hgtf4f/f_ nfO{ cfh klg ;xeflutfsf] gd'gfsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

• k/Dk/fut cy{df ;xeflutf eg]sf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf hgtfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg' xf].

• ;d;fdlos cy{df o;n] cfk'm;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] s'g} klg laifodf ;a} r/0fdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg' kg]{ clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . k|:t't clwsf/d'vL cawf/0ffdf ;/f]sf/jfnf hgtfnfO g} ;af]{k/L dflgG5 . s'g} klg sfo{sf] lgu/fgL ug{, To;df lg0ff{os e"ldsfsf] lgj{fx ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fOg' g} plgx?nfO lgu/fgLst{fsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] pko'Qm ;+oGqsf] lasf; x'g' kg]{ dfGotf /x]sf] 5 .

• bzf} of]hgfdf ;/f]sf/jfnf hgtfnfO{ lgu/fgLst{fsf] ?kdf dfGotf lbO{ sfo{;+Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf gful/s ;dfhnfO ;xof]uL t'Nofpg] s'/f pMNn]v ePsf] JoxfF]/f pk/ k|;+ua; pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;xeflutfaf6 :yfgLo :t/df ug{ ;lsg] sfdx? M

• hg;xeflutfaf6 g} :yfgLo ;d:of jf cfaZostfx? klxrfg x'g ;S5g\ .

• of]hgf lgd{f0f cufl8sf] ;+efJotf cWoog klg ;xeflutfaf6} ug{ ;lsG5 .

• :yfgLo:t/df ePsf zlQm, ;fwg, / >f]tx?sf] klxrfg, kl/rfng tyf Joa:Yffkg ug{ ;lsG5.

• cg'udg / ;'kl/a]If0fsf] sfo{ klg ;xeflutf d} ug{ ;lsG5 .

• sfo{s|dsf] cGtLd d"Nofs+g klg :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutfaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 .

61

;xeflutfsf afws tTjx? M

• ck|hftflGqs larf/, ck|hftflGqs zf;g k4tL, ck|hftflGqs dflg;stf / cEof; ;xeflutfsf afws tTj dflgG5g\ .

• o;} u/L ;fdGtL ;f]r / Joaxf/ klg afws tTj x'g .

• e]befj / kIfkftk"0f{ Joaxf/, s/sfk, tby{jfb / ckf/bzL{ Joaxf/ klg afws tTj x'g .

@)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t ;dfa]zL k|fjwfg gePsf] x]fOg . t/ o;nfO 8]9 bzs;Dd klg Joaxf/df ptfg{ ;lsPg . o;af6 xfd|f] ;Gbe{df sfg"gL k|fjwfg eGbf klg Joaxf/ alnof] x'+bf] /x]5 egL a'emg' kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] ca aGg] o; ;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjog x'g] lsl;dn] an k'–ofpgsf] lgldQ /fhg}lts k|ltlglwTjdf, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jf k|j]z u/fpg] ljifodf / kfl6{ut ;+/rgfdf laz]if Wofg lbg' kg]{ x'G5 . ;flassf] Top Down Process sf] cg's/0f z}nL eGbf Bottom up process sf] sfof{Gjogdf h]f8 lbg] xf] ls < o;af6 dflyNn]f txdf bjfjsf] >[hgf e} sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tf emNsg ;S5 jf ;Sb}g eGg] laifo pk/ klg ax; rnfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g lawfg @)^# nfO{ klg o;} ;Gbe{df uf+;L e]fnLsf lbgdf s] s:tf] ;+oGq t}of/ kfg]{ / s;/L sfof{Gjofgdf Nofpg] eGg] laifo pk/ klg Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfaZos x'G5 .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f M

e|i6frf/ eGgfn] ;fj{hlgs If]qdf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L / /fhg}lts jf ;/sf/L clws[tn] cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] clVtof/L / zlQmsf] b'?kof]u u/L s'g} klg JolQm jf ;Da4 JolQmx?sf] lghL kmfO{bfsf] nflu unt k|of]u ug]{ jf u}/ sfg"gL Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . [Transparency International] lghL kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs cf]xbfsf] b'?kof]u g} e|i6frf/ xf] . (World Bank)

• 3';vf]/L, s/sfkn] ?k}+of k};f c;'Ng] gftfjfb / cfkm\gf] lhDdfsf] ;DklQsf] d:of}6 u/L lghL kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs zlQm / clVtof/Lsf] b'?kof]u ug{' g} e|i6frf/ xf] -UNDP- Fighiting for Corruption to Improved governance 1999_

• e|i6frf/ eGgfn] lghL nfesf] nfuL -;fj{hlgs_ zlQmsf] b'?kof]u xf], h;n] ;fj{hlgs lxtdf ca/f]w k}bf ub{5 . -UN Manual on Anti Corruption policy Vienna 2001 )

• cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] zlQmsf] b'?kof]u u/L lghL nfe lng] sfdnfO{ e|i6frf/ elgG5 (DANIDA) .

Robert Klitgaard n] e|i6frf/ nfO C = M + D – T egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ M

o+xf M C eGgfn] Corruption, M eGgfn] eGgfn] Monopoly, D eGgfn] Discretionary Power / T eGgfn] Transparency nfO a'emfPsf] ;+emg' kb{5 _ ;f/f+zdf eGg' kb{f M

M= Monopoly for Restraining Opportunity for arbitary action D= Discretion for Promoting rule of law Accountability for promoting free flow of information about public programmes and for promoting "Voice"

csf{ laJbfg Danial Kaufmann n] e|i6frf/ eGgfn] AC =KI + LE + CA nfO{ hgfPsf5g\ .

o+xf M (AC = Anti Corruption, KI = Knowledge and Information, LE = Leadership (Political commitment) / CA = Collective Action (Coilation building and partnership) nfO{ a'emfPsf] ;+emg' kb{5 .

62

o;/L Kaufmann sf cg';f/ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu Knowledge and Information t x'g} k¥of] To; dfly /fhg}lts k|lta4tfsf ;fy} e|i6frf/sf] k|lt/f]w / hgr]tgf a9fpg] lalaw ls|ofsnfksf] nflu ;xsfo{ / ;fem]bf/L x'g' kb{5 .

k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|lta]bgM

pRr:t/L k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|lta]bg )$* n] e|i6frf/ a9g'df b]xfosf s'/fx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/ 7x–ofPsf] 5 M

-s_ cfly{s sf/0f M a9b]f dx+uLsf] sf/0fn] ub{f sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] kfl/>ldssf] s|ozQmL x|f; e} plgx?sf] Go"gtd cfjZostf k'/f gx'g' .

-v_ ;fdflhs sf/0f M st{Jolgi7 / Odfgbf/sf] t'ngfdf h'g;'s} k|sf/n] eP klg ;dfhdf wg sdfpg]sf] ;Ddfg a9g', g}lts dfGotf xfnsf] ;dfhdf sd x'b} hfg', ;fdflhs l/tLl/jfhdf t8s e8s Joaxf/ a9b} hfg', / u}/sfg"gL 9+un] ?k}of k};f sdfpg] k|lt:kw{f a9g' .

-u_ /fhg}lts sf/0f M e|i6frf/df ;+nUg JoQmLx?nfO{ obfsbf pRr :t/af6 ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g] k|a[QLn] ub{f o:tf] txdf ;Dks{ a9fpg ;s] e|i6frf/ IfDo x'g ;Sb5 eGg] wf/0ff ;dfhdf a9b} hfg', /fhg}lts bn / ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yfx? e|i6frf/sf] la/f]w / lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd k|lt pbf;Lg /xg' .

-3_ k|zf;lgs sf/0f M of]hgf th'{df ubf{ e|i6frf/ x'g ;Sg] ;+efjgf af/] larf/ gk'¥ofOg', sd{rf/Lsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f cBfalws u/L oyfy{ n]vfhf]vf x'g g;Sg', ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfaZos kg]{ bIftf, ;Lk tyf tflndsf] sdL / cg';Gwfgsf] nflu cfaZos kg]{ ;fwg >f]t cflbsf] Joa:yf x'g g;Sg', / cfly{s sf/f]jf/ x'g] lgsfodf ;?jf jf kb:yfkgfsf] nflu laleGg k|sf/sf] bjfj lbg] jf eg;'g ug]{ k|a[QL a9g' .

e|i6frf/ lgaf/0fsf] s|ddf l;lsPsf s]xL kf7x? M

-l6 =cfO ];{ a's @))) df pNn]v ePsf]_

• e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf tTsfn ;kmntf k|fKtug]{ cfzf ug'{ x'b}g . o'4 g} n8g' k5{ / nfdf] kl/>d ug'{ kb{5 .

• laz]if1 jf bftfx?;+u klg e|i6frf/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu s'g} ;'q 5}g, k|of; :yfgLo / k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 .

• e|i6frf/ la/f]wL hgr]tgf sfo{s|dx? a9b} hfbFf b]zdf e|i6frf/ a9b} uPsf] cg'e"lt x'g ;S5 .

• e|i6frf/ la/f]wL hgcfsf+IffnfO{ :ki6 ;"rgf k|jfxaf6 Joal:yt ug'{ kb{5 / /fhg}lts vt/f lgoGq0f ug'{ kb{5 .

• lasl;t b]z leq sd e|i6frf/ x'g] eP tfklg b]z aflx/ To:tf b]zsf JolQmx? a[xt e|i6frf/df ;+nUg x'G5g jf ;f]sf] efuL x'G5g\ .

• sfd l56f] ug{ egL sd{rf/L ;+Vof a9fp+bf 3';sf] tx a9g u} sfd emg 9Lnf] x'g ;S5 .

• /fhgLlt / k|zf;goGq leq 3'; lng] lbg] ljifodf ph'/Lst{f ePgg\ jf lghx? k|f]T;flxt x'g] jftfa/0f sfod ug{ ;lsPg eg]] e|i6frf/ ;+:yfut x'g ;Sb5 .

• ldlndtf]sf] dfWodaf6 dfq ei6frf/ x'G5 .

63

• sfof{nonfO{ e|i6frf/d'Qm agfpgsf] nflu pRr clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfosf] lgoldt cg'udg rflxG5, s]xL ;'wf/ kl5 cg'udg x6fP e|i6frf/sf] k'gjf{k;L t]hLnf] 9+un] x'G5 .

• e|i6 sd{rf/L dfq x6fpg] t/ e|i6frf/sf] ;+efjgf gx6fO{ :jR5 sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] kbdf /fVbf e|i6frf/ w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd /f]Sg ;lsb}g .

• ;+:yfut e|i6frf/ /x]sf] lgsfodf Ps b'O e|i6 JolQm dflysf] sfo{afxLsf] s'g} cy{ /x+b}g . lsgsL To+xf e|i6frf/sf] cj;/ / e|i6 JolQmx?sf] s'g} sdL x'b}g .

• ;fj{hlgs ;'gjfOaf6 e|i6frf/Lsf] :jLsf/f]QmL, To;kl5 e|i6frf/sf] cfDbfgLdf laz]if s/af6 klg 7'nf e|i6frf/sf d'2f ;dod} km5\of}{6 gx'g] ;d:ofsf] lasNk x'g ;S5 .

• ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx?sf nflu jt{dfgdf ;'wf/sf] k|of; cl3 a9fpg] rfxgfdf lghsf] ljutg} 7'n]f afws x'g ;S5 .

• e|i6frf/sf] la/f]w ub{f JoQmLut g]t[Tj pbfx/0fLo / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ g]t[Tjn] arg cg';f/ sfd u/]sf] b]lvg] u/]sf] eg] sd} kfOG5 .

• gful/s ;dfhsf] lgis[otf / e|i6frf/sf] a[4Ldf ;DaGw b]lvPsf] 5 . :jtGq / x:tIf]k d'Qm gful/s ;dfhn] ;/sf/sf] kx/]bf/Lsf] sfd ub{5 .

• /fhg}lts bnx?sf] vftfdf hfg] ckf/bzL{ /sd lgoGq0f ug{ ufx|f] 5 t/ plgx?n] ug]{ vr{sf] /sd / vr{sf] lzif{s pk/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'g ;S5 .

• e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfgn] w]/} kqsf/nfO d[To";Dd k'¥ofPsf] 5 . e|i6x? s|'/ / zlQmzfnL x'g] ePsf]n] e|i6frf/ la?4sf] n8fO cToGt hf]lvdk"0f{ klg 5 . lsgeg] e|i6frf/L la?4sf] cfjfh p7fpg' / plgx?sf] la/f]w ug{' eg]sf] h]flvd a9fpg' klg x]f .

• e|i6 sd{rf/L / /fhgLlt1sf] gfd k|sflzt u/]/ a]OHhtL u/fO e|i6frf/ sd ug]{ k|of; klg To:tf JolQmx?sf] ;"Go ;+a]bglzntf n] ub{f ;kmn x'b}g . s]xL ;do kl5 e|i6frf/Lsf] ;+Vof klg a9b} hfg] x'+bf o:tf] k|of;sf] uxgtf klg qmdzM 36b}+ hfG5 .

• sd tnjdfgdf afRg] sd{rf/Lx? a9L tnj kfpg] eGbf a9L e|i6frf/sf] lzsf/ aGg] ub{5g\ elgG5 . t/ w]/} e|i6 JolQmx? g} g]t[TjbfoL txd} a;]/ /fd|f] tnj a'emb} a[xt ?ksf] e|i6frf/df ;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 .

e|i6frf/ la?4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;GwL -UN Convention on Corruption Control) h;df g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Joa:yf u/]sf] 5 M

• e|i6frf/n] >[hgf ug]{ r'g}ftL / ;f]sf] c:tLTj, sf/0f / u+lDe/tfsf ;DaGwdf ;a{;fwf/0fdf r]tgf Nofpg], e|i6frf/ la?4 n8gsf] nfuL gful/s ;dfh, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7g / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+u7gx?, ;fj{hlgs If]q aflx/sf JolQmx? / ;d"xx?sf] ;s|Lo ;xeflutfsf] nflu cfaZos pkfox? canDag ug]{ .

dfly plNnlvt ;GwLnfO xfldn] cg'df]bg eg] u/]sf 5}g+f} . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fnfO{ lnP/ oqf] ax; rn]sf] / oltlaWg rrf{ x'+bf klg ;/sf/n] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u5'{ egL cGt/f{li6|\o ;d'bfonfO{ k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{ lsg lxrlsrfPsf] xf]nf < pb]s nfUbf] laifo ePsf] 5 .

64

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df M @)!# b]lv @)$& ;fn;Dd M

g]kfndf laut $) aif{b]lv lasf; k|zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf lasf; ug]{ k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . pknJwLsf] lx;fjn] of] cEof; lg/y{s ePsf] cf/f]k ;d]t nufOPsf] 5 . o; calwdf d'n'sdf laleGg df]8]nx?sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o; calwdf cfly{s a[l4b/n] hg;+Vof a[l4b/nfO pl5Gg ;s]g . oftfoft, ;+rf/, lzIff If]qdf k'jf{wf/ t}of/ gePsf x]fOgg\ t/ o;nfO k"0f{ ;b'kof]udf Nofpg g;lsPsf] sf/0faf6 oL pknJwLx?nfO{ lasf; sf] dfkssf] ?kdf dfGg ;lsPg . o; calwdf zlQm s]Gb|df kx'+r ePsf k|zf;ssf] af]nfjfnf /Xof] . p;avt pQ/bfloTj lagfsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u lgjf{w ?kdf x'g] ub{Yof] . k|zf;gdf /x]sfsf] Ifdtf lasf;sf] nflu a}b]lzs ;xof]usf] 7'n]f /fzL vr{ eof], Ifdtf ga9]sf] klg x]fOg, t/ oL ;a}nfO{ ;xL lbzfdf k|aflxt x'g lbOPg . kmn:j?k ;Ifd k|zf;sx?df cfTds]lGb||t k|a[lQ sf] lasf; ePsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 .

@)$& ;fn kl5 M

@)$& ;fndf /fhgl}ts kl/at{g e} k|hftGqsf] k'g:y{fkgf eP kl5 ;dfhn] v'nfkg dx;'; ug{ yfNof] . d'n'sdf g+of ;+lawfg agL nfu' eof] . /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtn] ;'zf;gsf] cawf/0ffnfO sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg dfu{ k|z:t u¥of] . o; jdf]lhd laleGg gLltx? to eof] . ahf/ cy{tGqn] ult lng yfNof] . hgtfsf] a9bf] OR5f cfsf+Iffsf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu ;/sf/df laleGg lsl;dn] bjfj a9g yfNof] . d'n'sL k|zf;gdf ;'wf/x'+b} hf+bf k|hftGqsf] ;'2[9Ls/0fdf an k'U5 eGg] 2[li6sf]0fn] k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] u7g ug]{ sfd eof] . k|lta]bgn] ;'zf;gsf] cawf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ dxTjk"0f{ l;kmfl/;x? u/]sf] 5 . o; cg';f/ /fHo leq h'g h'g I]fqn] h'g h'g sfo{df laz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ tL sfo{x? ltg}af6 u/fO{ ;/sf/n] s]jn cfkm}n] ug'{ kg]{ / ug{ ;Sg] b]xfo adf]lhdsf laifox?df Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ kg]{ ;'emfj u/]sf] 5 M

kl/alt{t ;Gbe{df /fHosf] sfdM

• /fli6«o gLlt lgwf{/0fsf] sfo{

• cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf (Infrastructure) lasf; ug]{ sfo{

• ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df cGo If]qx?sf] k|a]z tyf clws ;xeflutf x'g ;Sg] cg's"n (Conducive) l;t / aftfa/0f ;[hgf u/L tL If]qx? k|aw{g ug]{ sfo{

• cGo If]qaf6 ;fdfGotM ;+rfng x'g g;Sg] cTofjZos cg';Gwfg / tflnd ;DaGwL sfo{

• lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf a:t'x?s]]f u'0f:t/ tyf lgoldttf sfod ug'{ kg]{ lgodg (Regulatory) ;DaGwL sfo{x?

• gful/x?sf] lhpwg tyf :jf:Yo / aftfa/0f ;'/Iffsf] nflu cfaZos lgodg ;DaGwL sfo{x?

• cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL sfo{x?

• cGo If]qaf6 ;+rfng x'g g;Sg] t/ cfjZos ePsf af+sL sfo{x?

df}h'bf sfdsf] k'g/fjn]fsgsf] cfwf/ M

dfly pNn]v eP adf]lhd ;/sf/n] ug'{ kg]{ sfdnfO l;ldt bfo/fdf /fVg'sf] p2]Zo /fli6«o lasf; k|ls|ofdf ;/sf/ afx]s cGo If]qsf] klg ;xeflutf x'g' kb{5 eGg] x]f . o;sf] nflu df}h'bf ;/sf/L ;+u7gx?n] u/L cfPsf] laleGg sfdx?nfO{ b]xfosf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 M

65

• lghLIf]q / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? laleGg sfo{df ;+nUg /xL /fli6«o lasf;sf] k|ls|ofdf cu|;/ x'g ;s"g eGg] p2]Zo /fvL ;/sf/n] cfjZos jftfj/0fsf] >[hgf Pj+ k"jf{wf/sf] Joa:yf u/L k|aw{gfTds / k|]/0ffTds e"ldsfsf] lgj{fx ug]{ .

• u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO sfo{;+rfngdf ;'udtf xf]; eGg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/L lgoGq0f v's'nf] ub}{ n}hfg]

• lghL If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] laz]if1tf (Specialisation) xfl;n u/]sf sfo{x?sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf sfo{x?df ;/sf/L ;+nUgtf 5f]8b} hfg]

• cfly{s ultlalw / ;]jf ;+rfngdf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qnfO{ cem a9L ;Ifd agfpg pko'Qm pkfox? canDag ug]{ .

;flasdf d'n'ssf] ;a} If]qdf ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf] lyof] . lghL jf u}/;/sf/L If]q cufl8 gcfPsf] avtdf o;nfO :jfeflas} klg dflgPsf] lyof] . cj /fHosf] sfdsf] ;+s'rg eP kl5 ;flasdf Unrolling u/]sf] Carpet cj k'gMRoll ug'{ kg]{ eof] .

/fHokIfsf] lhDd]jf/L M

/fHosf] sfdsf] ;+s'rg x'b} hfg' k/]sf] ljZjJofkL nx/sf] cf8df /fHosf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] klg ;+s'rg eGg ldNb}g . a? /fHokIfsf] ;xof]ufy{ u}/;/sf/L jf lghL If]q jf :yfgLo lgsfo jf gful/s ;dfh cflb ;a}af6 ePu/]sf sfdsf] k|ToIf c;/ kb{5 eg] /fHon] o:tf lgsfox?nfO{ ljleGg ta/n] ;xof]u ;3fp k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 . o; qmddf s'g} If]qdf /fHosf] sfd ;xhstf{ (Facilitator) xf]nf s'g}df cg'udg (Monitor)df ;Lldt xf]nf s'g}df z;Qm 9+udf sfof{Gjog (Enforcement/Implementor) ug'{kg]{ xf]nf, s'g}df lgodg (Regulator) df ;d'lrt Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ xf]nf . o;} ?kdf ljleGg If]qdf /fHon] ljleGg lsl;dsf] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

hgtfdf k'¥ofOg] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf M

hgtfdf k'–ofOg] u/]sf] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf klg /fHosf] Wofg hfg' kb{5 eGg] p2]Zon] k|lta]bgdf d'Vo ?kn] b]xfo adf]lhd l;kmfl/; ePsf 5g\ M

• s'g k|sf/sf / s:tf] u'0f:t/sf ;]jfx? k'–ofpg' kg]{ xf], ;a} :ki6 ?kn] tf]Sg] .

• plNnlvt ;]jfx? k'¥ofpgsf] nflu rflxg] dfgjLo, laQLo, / cGo ;fwgx? pknJw u/fpg] Joa:yf ug]{ .

• nlIft ;d"xdf k|efjsf/L tyf ldtJooL 9+un] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfddf sfof{no k|d'vx?nfO{ pko'Qm sfo{gLlt ckgfpg k"0f{ :jfwLgtf lbg] .

• d"No+fÍgsf pko'Qm dfkb08x? :ki6?kdf tf]Sg]

• sfof{no k|d'vx?n] u/]sf sfo{x?sf] ;d'lrt cg'udg / d"Nof+sg u/L glthfsf] cfwf/df lhNnf sfof{nox?nfO{ k'/:sf/ jf b08 lbg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

• dGqfno ÷ ljefun] sfof{no k|d'vx?;+u dfly n]lvP adf]lhdsf] ;d´bf/L -Understanding_ lnlvt ?kdf ug]{ .

• ;]jf k|bfgug]{ k|To]s sfof{nodf ;f] sfof{non] k|bfgug]{ ;]jfx?sf] p2]Zo, ;]jfsf] k|sf/ / u'0f:t/, ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] k|lqmof, tyf ;]jf kfpgsf] nflu hgtfn] ug{'kg]{ s'/fx? tyf klv{g' kg]{ ;do O{Toflb :ki6?kdf ;"rgfkf6Ldf n]v]/ ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf clgjfo{?kn] /fVg] Joj:yf ug]{ .

66

• s'g} sfof{non] tf]lsP adf]lhd ;]jf gk'¥ofPdf gful/sx?n] To:sf] ;"rgf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L, ;DalGwt lgsfosf] If]qLo jf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no jf cfˆgf O{nfsfsf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?nfO{ lbg ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

• ;]jfk|bfg ug]{x? dfly jfl~5t bafj lbg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] ljleGg If]qdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jf ;+u7gx?sf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt lbg], / To:tf ;ldlt÷;+u7g x?n] k|:t't u/]sf s'/fx?dfly ;d'lrt Wofg lbg] / cfjZos b]lvPdf sf/jfxL ;d]t ug]{ .

• dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] Joj:yf vf;u/L u|fld0f If]qdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfof{nox?df k|fyldstf ;fy nfu' ul/g' kb{5, h:t} s[lif, vfg]kfgL, ;fgf l;+rfO{, b'/ ;~rf/, ;fd'bflos jg, k|fylds / cgf}krfl/s lzIff, k|fylds :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgofF]hg / 3/]n' pBf]u cflb .

• dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm s]xL ;]jfx?nfO lghL jf u}/ ;/sf/L If]qdf /x]sf ;+u7g÷;+:yfx?nfO{ 7]Ssfdf lbg] tk{m klg larf/ k'/\ofOg' kb{5 . ;fy} :yfgLo :jzfl;t ;+:yfx?, ;fd'bflos ;+u7gx?, k/Dk/fut ;+:yfx? / lghL pBdL Joa;foLx?nfO ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df a9L ;l/s u/fpg' af+5gLo x'g] b]lvG5 .

;]jf ;'lawf pknJw u/fpg] k|ls|of M

dfly plNnlvt l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 ;a{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf ;'lawf pknJw u/fp+bf lgDg j'+bf Wofgdf /flvg' kg]{ x'G5 M

• ;fa{hlgs ;]jf ;'lawf;+u ;Da4 gLltsf] lgd{f0f / sfo{s|dsf] th'{dfdf pkef]QmfnfO{ k|ToIf ;+nUg u/fpg] sfo{gLlt :jLs[t x'g' kg]{ .

• pkef]Qmfsf] ;Gt'i6LnfO clGtd nIf dflgg' kg]{ .

• ;]jf÷;'lawfsf] u'0f:t/, ;do / d"Nosf] cfwf/df gful/s j8fkqsf] :ki6tf x'g'kg]{ .

• ;]jf ;'lawfsf] k|Tofe"lt k'/f ug{ g;s] Ifltk"lt{ lbnfOg' kg]{ .

• Pp6} sfof{noaf6 e/;s laleGg k|sf/sf] ;]jf÷;'lawf kfpg] Joa:yf ldnfOg' kg]{ .

• ;]jfu|fxL÷pkef]Qmfsf] u'gf;f] ;'Gg] k|zf;lgs Ombudsman sf] Joa:yf ul/g' kg]{ .

• ;]jf pknJw u/fpg]nfO pTk|]/0ff÷k|]fT;fxg x'g' kg]{ s'/fdf ;hu /xg] .;]jf÷;'lawf pknJw u/fpg]sf] lhDd]jf/L :ki6 t'Nofpg] .

• ;]jf÷;'lawf pknJw u/fpg] k|ls|of cToGt ;/n, ;xh, kf/bzL{ / ldtJooL x'g' kg]{ .

• ;]jf ;'lawf pknJw u/fp+bf e/;s Flexitiming df h]f8 lbg]

• ;]jf ;'lawf pknJw u/fp+bf sfo{ k|afx c';f/sf] e}fu]flns cal:ylt lgw{f/0f ul/g' kb{5 .

• Policy Termination sf] s|ddf cgfjZos / emd]nfo'Qm sfg"gx? sf] k|of]u ul/g' x'Gg jf x6fOg' kb{5 .

• kbLo cx+ (Status Consciousness) sf] k|bz{g ul/g' x'Gg . :yfgLo :t/df zf;gnfO ;]jfdf ?kfGt/0f ug'{ k/]sf] s'/fn] ;}4flGts dfGotf kfP tfklg Joaxfl/s ;dy{g kfpg g;s]sf] s'/fdf Wofg hfg' kb{5 .

• ;]jf pknJw u/fpg] sfdnfO k|lzIf0f;+u cfa4 ul/g' kb{5 .

67

;'zf;gs} lasf; s|d M

• d'n'ssf] gj}f+ of]hgfn] ;'zf;g tyf lasf; Joa:yfkgsf laifodf 5'6[} kl/R5]bdf – ;fj{hlgs Joa:yfkgnfO :jR5, 5l/tf], kf/bzL{, ldtJooL, k|lt:kw{fTds, sfo{d"ns, ;Ifd, pTkfbgzLn, ;]jfd"ns, / pQ/bfoL agfpg] p2]Zosf ;fy gLlt, sfo{gLlt tyf sfo{s|d lgw{f/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

• :yfgLo :t/df of]hgf th'{df, sfo{fGjog / laleGg cfaZostf k"lt{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L agfpg cfaZos clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;lxt :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% / lgodfjnL @)%^ sfo{fGjogdf NofOPsf] 5 .

• lgd'vfnfO Gofo / ljkGgnfO cfosf] gf/f ;lxt ;/sf/n] @)%^ ;fndf ;]jf ;"lawfnfO k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] p2]Zon] lgb]{lzsf sfo{fGjogdf NofPsf] lyof] .

• bzf} of]hgfn] ckgfPsf] rf/ d'Vo /0fgLlt dWo] ;'zf;g Ps /x]sf] lyof] . o; cGtu{t – ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO k|lt:kwL{, ldtJooL, kf/bzL{, ;]jfd'vL, kl/0ffdd'vL, pQ/bfoL / n}lus ;dtf cled"v agfO Gofo k|zf;g If]qdf ;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g] ca:yfsf] >[hgf ub}{ ul/jL lgaf/0f tyf lbu]f cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs lasf; xfl;n ug{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 .

• bzf} of]hgfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{s|d cGtu{t lgDg laifo ;d]l6Psf lyof]\ M

o ;'wf/ k|of;sf] g]t[Tj tyf Ifdtf lasf; ug]{ . o lghfdtL k|zf;gdf laQLo sfo{s'zntf a[4L ug]{ .

o lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;du| sfo{Ifdtf tyf pTk|]/0ff a[l4 ug]{ .

o ;bfrf/ :yfkgf, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / kf/blz{tf sfod ug]{ .

o ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] sfo{;+kfbgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

;'zf;gdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsf M

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gful/ssf] klxrfg, ;'/Iff / ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f, ax' hfthflt aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;lxi0f'tf sfod, gful/s clwsf/sf] ;'/If0f, :yfgLo :t/sf] lasf;, of]hgfsf] k|fyldstf / nufgLdf ;Gt'ng, k"j{fwf/ lgd{f0f, :yfgLo s/ /fh:jsf] kl/rfng, ;fdflhs ck/fwsf] lgoGq0f, a[4 zf/Ll/s tyf dflg;s czQmx?sf] ;+/If0f / lzIff, :jf:y\o clg :j/f]huf/sf ca;/ h:tf Go"gtd ;fdflhs lasf; k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ gful/s k|zf;gsf] x]f / of] sfo{ :yfgLo lgsfox?af6 dfq ;+ej 5 . g]kfnsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]gn] :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ clwsf/, lhDd]jf/L / >]ft ;fwg, ;+:yfut ;+oGq / sfo{ut ;+/rgf, k|hftflGqs k|ls|of / kf/bzL{ tyf pQ/bfoL sfo{z}nL, gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]qsf] Jofks clg ;ls|o ;xeflutf u/fpg] Joa:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't laifonfO P]gsf] dd{ cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf 9fNg] r'g}ftL xfd|]f ;fd' 5 .

las]Gb|Ls/0fnfO k|efjsf/L 9+un] sfo{fGjogdf Nofpg] s|ddf :yfgLo lgsfox?sf] ;zQmLs/0fdf h]f8 lbg' kg]{ s'/f ckl/xfo{ 5 . t/ ;fy ;fy} s]lGb|o ;/sf/sf] lxt sf] ;+/If0fsf] laifo c]fem]n kg{ gx'g] dfGotf klg /x]sf] 5 . ctM o; laifodf lgDg a'+bfx?df Wofg hfg' kg]{ x'G5 M

• /fli6|\o Plss/0f;+u ;DalGwt laifox?df laz]if ;hutf ckgfpg] .

• :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ :jfoQ t'Nogfpg] gfddf ;Gt'lnt lasf;sf] cawf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{.

68

• ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ s|ddf /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / g}lts cflb laleGg kIfx?df ;a}n] ;dfg ca;/ kfpg / sf]xL s;}jf6 z]flift x'g gk/f]; egL rgfv]f /xg' kg]{ .

• ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"ltn] g} ;dfhnfO{ alnof] 9f8; lbG5 / /fHosf ;a} cjojnfO gful/ssf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug{ pTk|]l/t t'Nofp+5 eGg] s'/f dgg ul/g' kg]{ .

• ;fdGtL / /}tL k|yf Oltxf; alg;s]sf] clxn]sf] o'udf gful/s zf;g Joa:yf (Civil Rule) nfO dfgj ;Eotfsf] pTs[i6 r/0fsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . cfts+sf/L / k[ystfafbL ultlalw Pj+ hftLo jf If]qLo efjgfn] gful/s clwsf/ s'l07t x'g uof] jf ;'zf;gsf] cleofg sdh]f/ eof] eg] las]lGbs/0fn] d"t{ ?k lng ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fdf laz]if Wofg lbg] .

• :yfgLo kl/l:ytL / cfaZostfsf] a]fw s]Gb|nfO{ u/fpg / s]Gb|\Lo gLlt lgod :yfgLo :t/df ;+k|]if0f ug{ Pj+ /fli7«o Plss/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;f}xfb{tfsf] nflu ;"rgf Joa:yfkgn] bf]xf]/f] ;"rgf k|jfxsf] dfWodaf6 dxTjk"0f{ :yfg cf]s6\g] s'/fnfO Wofgdf /flvg' kg]{ .

;fj{hlgs Joa:yfkg / o;sf r'gf}tLx? M

;fj{hlgs Joa:yfkgn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'G5 M

• ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] 2[li6n] (Saving or Economize) art ug]{ .

• ;/sf/L ;]jf ;'lawfnfO u'0f:t/o'Qm t'Nofpg] .

• ;/sf/L sfo{;+rfng k|ls|ofnfO bIf / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .

• ;/sf/L gLlt lgd{f0f tyf sfof{GjognfO hgd'vL tyf k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] .

• sd{rf/LtGq pk/ /fhg}lts lgoGq0fnfO ;'2[9 t'Nofpg] .

• ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO sd{rf/LtGqLo 3]/faf6 d'Qm u/fpg] .

@)$& ;fnsf] k|hftGqsf] k"g:{yfkgf kl5 ;a{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] OR5f cfsf+Iff kl/k"lt{sf] s|ddf k|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tfnfO sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] s|ddf g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO Joa:yfkg df ?kfGt/0f ug'{ kg]{ cfaZostf dx;'; ePtfklg b]xfo adf]lhd laBdfg ;d:ofx?n] ubf{ o; s|ddf cem} pNn]vgLo s]xL x'g ;s]g . ca nf]stGqsf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] 5, t/ oLg} ;d:ofnfO cnu 9+un] ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . M

• k/Dk/fut ;+u7gfTds 9+frf÷lg0f{o k|ls|ofn] sfo{;+kfbgsf] :t/ p7g g;s]sf] .

• k|zf;gdf /fhgLlts/0fn] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] cawf/0ffnfO{ c;/ kf/]sf] .

• gjLg ;fa{hlgs Joa:yfkg (NPM) sf] glthfd"ns tTj / dfGotf -Result oriented Administration) nfO k|ls|ofn] 5]fk]sf] .

• Joa;flostfsf] cefjn] ub{f lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] cad"Nog ePsf] .

• cTolws s]lGb|s/0fn] ubf{ las]lGbs/0fsf] dd{ kfvf nfu]sf] .

• b'/bzL{ g]t[Tj÷lb3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cefj .

• sfg"gL hl6ntfn] sfg"gsf] zf;gdf kf/]sf] k|efj .

• >f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngdf b]vf k/]sf] c;Ifdtf .

• k|zf;sLo pQ/bfloTjsf] cefj .

69

@

!

• c;'/lIft lghfdtL aftfj/0f .

• e|i6frf/sf] a9bf] k|sf]k .

• k|zf;lgs d"No dfGotfsf] cefj .

• elaiok/s 2[li6sf]0fsf] cefj .

• hg;fwf/0f k|ltsf] ;+a]bgzLntfsf] cefj .

• gful/s ;dfh / lghL If]q k|lt k|zf;lgs 2[li6sf]0fsf] cefj .

sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf s'/f M

dfly plNnlvt ;a} s'/fx? k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjogdf pqg ;Sg] x]f xf]Og eGg] s'/f sfo{ ;+:s[lt (Work culture) df klg e/ kg]{ s'/f x]f .

sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd lrqdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

lrq ! df ;dfhdf laBdfg÷:yflkt Joaxf/ / dfGotf

lrq @ df k|rngdf /x]sf k|zf;lgs P]g, lgod, lbUbz{g cflb / ;f]sf] k|of]usf] l:ylt .

lrq # df JoQmLsf] ;f]rfO, a'emfO, 2[li6sf]0f, sfd ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf -JolQmTj / sfo{z}nL_

lrq !,@ / # n] agfpg] sf]i7 g} sfo{ ;+:s[lt x]f . dfly plNnlvt laifonfO lgDg $ tTjn] c;/ kfb{5 M

• d'n'ssf] kof{a/0f s:tf] 5 < - ;dfh Pp6f k|0ffnL xf] eg] d'n'ssf] ;fa{hlgs k|zf;g ;f]xL k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f pk k|0ffnL dfq xf] eGg] s'/f dggofF]Uo 5 _

• k|zf;lgs ;f]r / 2[li6sf]0f s:tf] 5 < -cy{ft sltxb;Dd k|hftflGqsLs/0f tk{m xfdL pGd'v ePsf 5|+f} <

• cfd gful/s / gful/s ;dfhsf] bjfj s:tf] 5 < o;n] lsg ;+:s[lt (Why Culture) nfO a9fjf lbO gofF ;+:s[ltsf] lgd{f0f ug{ an k'¥ofp+5_ .

o; ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o kl/a]z (Globalisation) sf] c;/, ;"rgf k|lalwsf] lasf; / la:tf/, Paperless Govt., Virtual Office, Street Bureaucracy) cflb h:tf laleGg d'n'sdf ckgfOPsf] On line sf] k|efjn] klg sfo{z}nLdf kl/at{g Nofpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

cfh lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] sfddf lbgk|ltlbg hl6ntf ylkbf] 5 . ;a} s'/f /fHoKfIf PSn}n] ug{ ;Sb}g . o;df ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] ;xof]u rflxG5 eGbf eGb} klg oL ;a}sf] kxn ug]{ / lg/fs/0f ug]{ bfloTjsf] 7"nf] c+z sd{rf/Ln] a]xf]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . hxfF;Dd /fHon] a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] ;d:of 5g, ltgsf] lg/fs0fsf] nflu /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn]] gLlt / o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf s;/L 9fNg] b]lv lnP/ sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf xft sd{rf/Lsf] /xg] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . o;} e"ldsfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ xf]nf cfw'lgs ;dodf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ elgg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} s'g}

#

70

klg ;/sf/ To; b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf eGbf /fd|f] x'g ;Sb}g eGg] egfO{nfO{ klg a9fjf lbg yflnPsf] 5 . hxfF;Dd o; egfO{nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf 9fNg] s'/f 5 d'n's, bn, ;d"x, JolQm cflbsf] cf–cfˆgf] ;+:sf/ / sfo{ ;+:s[ltdf e/ kg]{ s'/f xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg xfd|f] sfo{ ;+:s[ltaf6 k|:t't laifonfO{ cnu ug{ g;lsPsf] s'/f laZn]if0f ul//xg' kg]{ b]lvb}g .

u= gful/s ;dfh

Gfful/s ;dfhsf] d'Vo dfGotf M :jtGqtf (Freedom) ;dflhs Gofo (Social Justice_, / P}Soj4tfM -Solidarity) Gfful/s ;dfhsf] d'Vo sfdM

Gfful/s ;dfhsf] k|sf/ M

g]kfndf laBdfg gful/s ;dfhnfO b]xfo adf]lhd alu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

• cfly{s ;d"xM FNCCI , Jofkf/ ;+3 cflb

• wfld{s ;f+:s[lts ;d"xM lxGb'/af}4 dxf;+3, d+sfvn, dbg k'/:sf/ u'7L

• z}lIfs / ;"rgf d'nsM kqsf/ dxf;+3, ;+rf/Lsf ;d"x

• k]zfut ;d"xx?M ljleGg k]zf / Jofj;flos ;+3x?

• pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?

• cGoM dfgj clwsf/ ;d"x?, lgjf{rg ko{j]If0f ;d"x

Gfful/s ;dfhsf] jlu{s/0f

klxnf] k':tf M /fxt / hgsNof0f -Relief and Welfare_ ;+u ;DjlGwt

bf];|f] k':tf M ;fd'bflos ljsf; -Community development_ ;+u ;DjlGwt

t];|f] k':tf M lbuf] ljsf; -Susntainable development_ ;+u ;DjlGwt

rf}yf] k':tf M hg kl/rfng / cleofg - Mobilization/Movement_ ;+u ;DjlGwt

Gfful/s ;dfh;+usf] ;fem]bf/LM

/fHosf] gful/s ;dfh ;+u lgDg jdf]lhd ;fe]mbf/L x'g ;Sb5 M

kx/]bf/L / k}/jL k|hftflGqs/0f

ljsf;

gful/s ;dfh

;/sf/

Threat Power

lghL If]q Economic Power

Gfful/s ;dfh Social Power Gfful/s

71

• ;Nnfxsf/L (Consultative Partnership)

• ;dGjosf/L -Coordinative Partnership)

• k"/s -Complemintary Partnership)

• ;xsfo{d'ns (Colaborative Partnership)

• cfnf]rgfTds cy{k"0f{ -Critical Partnership) /flib|o of]hgfdf gful/s ;dfh

g]kfnsf] bz}f of]hgfn] gful/s ;dfhnfO laz]if dfGotf k|bfg ub}{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] e"ldsf pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] M

• of]hgfn] k|fyldstf k|bfg u/]sf If]qdf sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L ul/jL lgjf/0fdf d4t ug]{

• lk5l8Psf ju{, ;d"x, hfthflt / c;xfosf] d"n k|jflxs/0f Pj+ ;xof]usf] nflu ;"/Iff sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng

• cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{

• ul/jL lgjf/0f, ;dflhs If]qdf clea[l4, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f h:tf sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfo ;+u ldln cg'udg ug]{ .

• b'u{d Ifqsf] ljsf;, hgr]tgf clea[l4 / ;]jf cfk'lt{df clea[l4 ;DjGwL sfo{ ug]{ .

• u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{df pQ/bfloTj tyf kf/blz{tfsf] nflu lgodsf] kfngf ug{] tyf n]vf k/LIf0f Joj:yfnfO{ kf/bzL{ jgfpg] .

gful/s ;dfhsf] k|:tfljt d"Vo d"Vo sfdx?M

dfly ljleGg k|s/0fdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd /fHo k|0ffnLsf] ;fdflhs zlQmsf] ?kdf zf;sL]o Joj:yfsf kfqx?sf] ;jnLs/0f / ;'l4s/0fsf lgldQ :yfgLo :t/df k'¥ofpg] ;]jfsf k|s[lt lgDgfg';f/ x'g ;Sb5g .

• ;/sf/L / lghL If]qjf6 ul/Psf sfo{x?sf] d"NofFsg,

• ;fdflhs kl/rfng,

• jx;, k}/jL Pj+ bjfjd"ns sfo{ ;+rfng,

• jrt Joj:yfkg tyf kl/rfng,

• ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/df nufgL,

• :jf:Yo, lzIff, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf bjfjd"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng,

• ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"NofFsg,

• lghL If]qn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, z}nL, Pj+ tLgsf] pkof]lutfsf] k/LIf0f - Social Audit _ ;+rfng,

• ;xsf/L ;+:yf, pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;fd"bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] kl/rfng dfk{mt kl/jf/ lgofF]hg, emf8f kvfnf, of}g tyf P8\; /f]u nufot cGo cfly{s pkfh{gsf If]qdf ;Gb]z d"ns sfo{qmd ;+rfng,

72

• ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, jx; sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/L pQ/bfloTj jxg ug]{ k4tLsf] lgdf{0f,

• pTs[i6 sfof{no tyf pTs[i6 lghL If]qsf] klxrfg u/L People's Bonus sf] yfngL,

• hg;xeflutf kl/rfng / Joj:yfkg cflb .

jsfnt -k}/jL_M

gful/s ;dfhsf] d'Vo sfd /fHosf] gful/sx?sf] lxtdf jsfnt ug'{ xf] .

o+xflg/ sfg"gL jsfnt / gful/s jsfntsf leGgtfsf] jf/] hfgsf/L x'g' cfjZos 5 . sfg"gL eGgfn] – sfg"g Joa;foLx?n] GofFlos lgsfodf cfk\mgf] kIfsf] lxtsf] nflu ul/g] ax; k}/jLnfO hgfp+5 eg] gful/s k}/jL eGgfn] – GofFlos lgsfosf] kl/lw aflx/ s'g} laifosf] kIf jf lakIfdf eP;Ddsf ts{x? p7fP/ cfk\mgf] cfjfh a'nGb kf/]/ hgdt >[hgf ug]{, gful/s ;dfhn] p7fPsf] ;jfnx?df plgx?sf] tk{maf6 naL ug]{, k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ / ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ;"rgfsf] ;+k|]if0f ug]{ h:tf sfdx? kb{5g\ .

jsfntsf] cfjZostf M

• lg0f{o k|ls|of / nfesf] af+8km+f6df ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?sf] ;ls|of ;xeflutf h'6fpg,

• ;d'bfosf ;b:ox?nfO ;femf p2]Zos]]f lgldQ sfd ug{sf] nflu k|]l/t ug{, ;femf p2]ZonfO ;a}aLr kl/lrt t'Nofpg /

• of]hgf th'{df / lgdf{0fsf] s|ddf ;/sf/L If]qsf] cfaZos ;xof]u / ;xdtL lng' kg]{ laifodf cfO kg]{ c8rg jf afwf c8sfp x6fpg ;3fp k'¥ofpg,

• of]hgf lgdf{0fstf{, of]hgfaf6 nfeflGjt x'g] ;d"x / of]hgfaf6 k|eflat x'g] kIfx? aLr ;dembf/L a9fpg /

• k|efljt gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg .

• s'g} kIfaf6 ;f] kIfsf] lxt jf /Iffsf] nflu cfjfh p7fpg]

• ;a{;fwf/0f gful/snfO{ laleGg d'2f jf ;jfnx?df ;';"lrt ug]{

• ;dfhdf laBdfg t/ a]jf:tf ul/Psf ;jfnx?df cfjfh p7fpg, ;a}nfO{ r]tgzLn t'Nofpg

• df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog pk/ ljZn]if0f ;lxt cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+zf]wg jf gofF sfg"gsf] lgdf{0fdf jn k'¥ofpg

jsfntsf] s|ddf larf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{ M

• jsfntsf] nflu pko'Qm ca;/ / w6gf 36]sf] x'g' kb{5 -h:tf] xfnsf] ;+be{df ;+lawfg ;ef sf] nflu eof]_

• ;femf d'2fsf] nflu ;a} ;DalGwt kIfx?nfO ;d]6L ;+hfnsf] lgd{f0f ul/g' kb{5 .

• lgd{f0f ul/Psf] ;+hfnsf] clwstd la:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 .

• jsfnt ug]{n] cfGtl/s Ifdtfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ kb{5 .

• /fhg}lts jftfa/0fsf] d"Nofsg ul/g' kb{5 .

• jsfntaf6 s] s'/fsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5, sf] sf] ;+nUg x'g' kb{5, s+xf af6 s] s:tf] ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 lgSof}{n ul/g' kb{5 .

73

• ;xof]uL / la/f]wL kIfsf] laZn]if0faf6 of]hgf sfof{GjognfO ;xh t'Nofpg' kb{5 .

• of]hgf cg';f/ tf]lsPsf] sfo{s|d eP gePsf] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ul/g' kb{5 .

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] lg0f{o ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s:sf] < sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] k|lqmof s:tf] x'g] < sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] ;dosf] lgwf{/0f s:n] ug{] < sfof{Gjog :t/df lhDd]jf/L s:sf] x'g] <

gful/s ;dfh pk/sf] nfG5gfM

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gful/s ;dfh vf;u/L u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ lgDg jdf]lhd nfG5gf nfUg] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 .

• kl/jf/jfb / ;+e|fGt ju{sf] jr{Zj .

• s]Gb| d"lv / ;'ljwfo'Qm tyf ;DkGg If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxdf l;ldt .

• b]vfj6L sfddf hf]8, k|rf/ k|;f/d"lv sfo{ ug]{ .

• j}b]lzs ;Dks{af6 kmfO{bf p7fpg] / j}b]lzs lge{/tf al9 ePsf] .

• ;]jfefjdf Go"gtf / ;'ljwf lng] k|a[lt a9L ePsf] .

• cfkm\gf] kl/j]z / jf:tljstf ;+u 6fl9Psf] .

;'zf;g ;+u ;DjlGwt df}h'bf ;sf/fTds l:yltM

g]kfndf @)$& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:y{fkgf eP kl5 pknJw ePsf s]xL ;sf/fTds s'/fx?dWo] ;'zf;g;+u klg s]xL s'/f ;DalGwt t'Nofpg ;lsG5 . o; l;nl;nfdf ;'zf;gnfO sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg ;3fp k'¥ofpg] vfnsf s]xL k"j{fwf/ jf ;"rsx?nfO b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

• ljlwsf] ;jf{]Rrtf

• ljsf; k|lqmof / zf;sLo k|0fflndf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf

• ljs]Gb|Ls0f cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog

• nlIft ju{sf] ;fj{lhgs ;]jf dflysf] kx'Frdf a[l4

• gful/s j8fkq, sfo{ljlw nufot ;/sf/L laleGg lgsfosf lqmofsnfk af6x'g] u/]sf] kf/blz{tfsf] k|bz{g,

• lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh ;+usf] ;xsfo{ / ;xdltdf laleGg ;/sf/L lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;+rfng

• Jofj;flostf tkm{ pGd'v k|zf;lgs Jojxf/

• ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ;+u kl/lrt lghfdtL ;+oGq

• hgtf k|ltsf] pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb+]lxtf x'g' kg]{df ;hutf

• dlxnf, blnt / hghfltdf cfPsf] ;jntf / ;zlQms/0f

• pbf/tfk"0f{ j}b]lzs ;xof]u .

pk;+xf/ M dfly plNnlvt ;"rsx?nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ laZn]if0f ubf{ ef]nLsf lbgdf g]kfndf ;'zf;gsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfzfjfbL x'g ;lsg] l:ylt 5 . of] ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . t/ o;sf] afjh'b s]xL

74

;hutf / ;ts{tfk"0f{ Joaxf/sf] vf+r]f klg 5 . cfh d'n'sdf nf]s tGq cfPsf] 5 . hg;fwf/0fsf] pT;fx, ck]Iff / cfsf+Iff cfsfl;Psf] 5 . oL ;a}sf] kl/k"lt{ df}h'bf ;+oGqsf] ;d'lrt k|of]udf e/ kg]{ s'/f xf] . cl3 @)$& ;fndf k|hftGqsf] k'g:y{fkgf x'+bf klg rf/}lt/ xiff]{Nnf;sf] nx/ 5fPsf] lyof], hgtfn] w]/} s'/fsf] ck]Iff u/]sf lyP . oL ;j s'/f slt xb;Dd k'/f ug{ ;lsof] jf ;lsPg ;a}sf] ;fd' :ki6} 5 . dgg ug'{ kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] clw k|hftGqsf] k'g:yf{kgf x'+bf k|hftGq;+u ufl;+Psf ;a}s'/f hGtL cfP ;/x ;a} Ps} k6s cfof] eg] h:t] u/Lof] . o;}nfO{ ;fWo -End_ dflgofF], o;nfO ;fwg -Means _ sf] ?kdf lnO aNn pj{/f e"ld tof/ eof], o;df ;d'lrt dnhn u/L /f]Kg] j]nf cfPsf] 5, /fd|f] s'/f /f]kf} clg /fd|/L /f]k+f}, ;dodf uf]8d]n u/f}, cgfjZos ?kdf pld|Psf emf/kft x6fp+b} nuf} eGg' kg]{ / ;f]xL adf]lhd cg's'n sfo{x? ug'{ kg]{ lyof], . o;} ls|ofnfO{ csf]{ zJbdf ;'zf;gsf] ;+1f lbg ldN5 . t/ o; lbzfdf l;Gsf] klg ef+lrPg . ca klg nf]stGq cfPsf] 5 egL o;df cl3h:t} k"0f{la/fd gnufO ;'zf;gnfO Joaxf/df ptfg'{ ;dosf] dfu ePsf] 5 . ofb /fvF}+f ;'zf;g klg uGtJo x]fOg uGtJo;Dd k'Ug] dfu{ x]f, ( Good Governance is not a destination, but way to destination) o;df lg/G/tfsf] vf+rf] klg 5 .

cGtdf, ;'zf;gsf] nflu ;a} eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f eg]sf] /fhg}lts g]t'Tj / sd{rf/L lars]]f /fd|f] ;DaGw xf] eGg] s'/f s;}n] la;{g' ePg . g]t'Tjdf /x]sfn] xfdL /fd|f t/ xfd|f sd{rf/L g/fd|f eg]sf] c?n] ;'g] eg] xf:5g\ eGg] s'/f dgg ug'{ k¥of] lsgeg] s'g} klg ;/sf/ To; b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf eGbf /fd|f] x'g} ;Sb}g . lautdf h:tf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] sd{rf/L pk/ laZjf;, dfu{bz{g, ;befj / ;+/If0fsf] efjgf g/fVg]÷gb]vfpg] clg sd{rf/Ln] klg g]t'Tj pk/ cf:yf, dof{bf, ;befj / akmfbf/Lsf] efjgf g/fVg]÷gb]vfpg] u/]sf] Joaxf/sf] k'g/fa[lQ eof] eg] ;'zf;gsf] dd{ kfvf nflu nf]stGqd} klg k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sb5 .

-k|:t't n]vsf] d'Vo c+z ndh'+u lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L, gful/s ;dfh / /fhg}lts bnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] @)^# ;fndf lrt}fgdf ePsf] e]nfdf n]vs4f/f k|:t't sfo{kqdf cfwfl/t 5_

75


gg]]kkffnnssff]] llgghhffddttLL kk||zzff;;ggddff dd''VVoo ;;llrrjjssff]] ee""llddssff // ddxxTTjj

O{Gb| k|;fb sfsL{∗

ljifo k|j]z

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt /x]sf] 5 . tbg'?k d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb pk/ /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgcg';f/ dlGqkl/ifbdf k|wfgdGqL, pk—k|wfgdGqL, dGqL / cfjZostfcg';f/ /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLx? /xG5g . g]kfnn] k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . of] Joj:yf ;+;bLo k|0ffnLh:t} Joj:yf ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] sfo{kflnsfdf k|wfgdGqLsf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os x'G5 tyflk xfn ljz]if ;+qmd0fsfndf zf;g;Qfdf /x]sf /fhg}lts bnx?aLr /fhg}lts ;xdltsf cfwf/df zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ gLlt k|ltkflbt ul/Psf] 5 . o; cGtl/dsfndf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ /fi6«WoIfsf] klg x}l;ot /x]sf] kfOG5 . dlGqkl/ifb d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;Grfngsf] s]GbljGb' ePsfn] o;n] k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fLn] ug]{ gLlt lgdf{0f nufot ;a} k|sf/sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? ug]{ ub{5 . sfo{sfl/0fLnfO{ k|zf;sLo sfddf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)^# cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx? u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] oxL Joj:yfcg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( th'{df e} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no d'n'ssf] ;jf]{Rr sfo{sfl/0fL / zf;g Joj:yfsf] s]Gb|ljGb' ePsfn] o;nfO{ b}lgs k|zf;gnufot gLlt lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df ;3fpg bIf k]zfljb\x?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . dlGqkl/ifbsf] g]t[Tj k|wfgdGqLn] u/]sf x'G5g eg] kwfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljlzi7 >]0fLsf d'Vo ;lrj /x]sf x'G5g .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k]zfwdL{n] kfpg] ;jf]{Rr lhDd]jf/Lsf] kb d'Vo ;lrj g} xf] . ;/sf/sf tLg cËdWo] ;jf]{Rr kb cyf{t\ k|wfgdGqL :jo+åf/f g]t[Tj ul/g] Pj+ d'n'ssf] ;du| zf;g Joj:yf;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ dlGqkl/ifbsf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo kbflwsf/L lgZro g} hg k|zf;gdf dxTjk"0f{ JolStTj x'G5 . To; kbsf] e"ldsf, ul/df Pj+ dxTjsfaf/]df 5nkmn Pj+ ;dLIff u/L To; If]qsf lh1f;'x? Pj+ hg;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' To; kbsf] dxTjnfO{ cem a9fpg' xf] eGg] dg;fon] k|:t't cfn]vdf To;af/]df s]xL rrf{ ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

∗ k|d'v Pj+ sfo{sf/L clws[t, eStk'/ gu/kflnsf

76

P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld

lj=;+ @))& ;fn hxfgLof /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo kl5 cyf{t\ k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf eP kl5 g]kfndf cfw'lgs lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ljsf;qmd z'?cftePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfNu'0f & ut] k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff x'g'sf] ;fy} !) ;b:oLo ;+o'Qm dlGqd08nsf] klg 3f]if0ff ul/of] h:df % dGqfnox? /f0ff k|ltlglwx?sf] lhDdfdf / % dGqfnox? Gf]kfnL sf+u|];sf k|ltlglwx?sf] lhDdfdf /flvPsf] lyof] . /f0ffsfndf xfnsf] l;+xb/jf/ h:tf] 5'§} s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnosf] cl:tTj lyPg. k|hfGqsf]] 3f]if0ff ;+u;+u} tTsfnLg /f0ff k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf dftxtdf s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnosf] sfd ub}{ cfO/x]sf] d'n'sL c8\8fnfO{ lj36g u/L To;sf] 7fpFdf l;+xb/jf/df s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno :yfkgf ul/of] . /f0ffsfnLg o'udf sfod /x]sf a8f sfhL, sfhL, ;/bf/, dL/ ;'Aaf, gfoj ;'Aaf, vl/bf/, l87\7f, ljrf/L h:tf k|zf;sLo kbgfdx?sf] ;§f ;]qm]6/L, 8]k'6L ;]qm6/L, cl;i6]G6 ;]qm6/L, 8fO/]S6/, cl;:6]06 8fO/]S6/, h:tf gofFF kbgfdx? Gfdfs/0f ul/of] . kl5 oLg} kbgfdx?nfO{ ;lrj, ;x–;lrj, pk–;lrj, ;xfos ;lrj / zfvf clws[t h:tf kbgfdx?sf] gfdfs/0f ePsf] xf] .

s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf x'g] ljlQs} gjul7t dlGqd08nsf] sfo{;+rfngsf nflu Pshgf k|d'v ;lrjsf] cfjZostf kg]{ x'gfn] Sofljg]6\ ;]qm6/Lsf gfddf d'Vo ;lrjsf] kb >[hgf ul/of] . ;/bf/ u'Ghdfg l;+x -@))&_21 nfO{ g]kfnsf] k|yd Sofljg]6 ;]qm6/L egL Oltxf;df pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOPsfn] To;a]nf o; kbnfO{ o;} gfdaf6 k'sfl/g] u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; qmddf ljleGg k|of]ux? x'Fb} uP . /f0fsfnsf] cGTocl3 lj=;+= @))$ ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ df of]Uo sd{rf/L 5gf}6 u/L ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ b/vf:t kl/ifb sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] tfklg o; ;+ljwfgn] sfof{Gjog x'g] df}sf g} kfPg . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& n] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kxF"rleq Nofpg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf u/]cg'?k @))* ;fndf nf]s ;f]jf cfof]usf] u7g ul/of] . o:n] klg cfkm"nfO{ ;'lDkPsf]] ;a} sfd ug{ ;Sof] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lv+b}g tyflk o; sfnv08df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgs dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ pkqmdx? Efg] k|f/De ul/P . g]kfndf p;avt k|zf;gljbx?sf] oy]i6 pknAwtf gxF'bf lghfdtL k|zf;g ;dof]lrt 9+un] ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf lj=;+= @))( ;fndf ef/taf6 k|zf;g lj1x?sf] Ps 6f]nL g]kfn lemsfOof] . Pg=Pd= a'rn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] x'gfn] æa'r sld;gÆ gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] o; ;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL ljljw ;'emfjx? k]z u/\of] . tL ;'emfjx?df lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g ug]{, k|zf;sLo k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos P]g lgod th'{df ug]{, sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] k'gu{7g ug]{, cfly{s lgodsf] Joj:yf ug]{, sd{rf/LnfO{ tflndsf] Joj:yf ug]{ nufot Sofljg]6 ;]qm6/Lsf] kbnfO{ d'Vo ;lrj gfdfs/0f ul/g' kb{5 egL l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;+ejt o; cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog qmddf g} @)!@ ;fn cflZjg @* ut]22 s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfnonfO{ k'gu{7g ul/+bf Soflag]6 ;]qm6/Lsf] ;§f d'Vo ;lrjsf] kb >[hgf ul/Psf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

@)!# ;fnnfO{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] Oltxf;df sf]if]9'+ufsf] ?kdf lnOG5 . To;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] To; ;fn tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL :j= >L 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] cWoIotfdf ul7t k|zf;sLo k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# -efb| !^ ut] g]kfn /fhkqdf

21 d'Vo jf Sofljg]6 ;lrjx?sf] gfdfjnL kl/lzi6df lbOPsf] 5 . 22 8f= /Tgsdn a}B, ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;g, t'ngfTds cWoog .

77

k|sflzt Pj+ P]hg @@ ut] b]lv nfu" ePsf]_ tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)!# -P]hg efb| @@ ut] /fhkqdf k|sflzt Pj+ ;f]xL ldltb]lv nfu" ePsf]_ nufot sltko k|zf;sLo sfg"gL Joj:yf th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOP . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL nfu" x'g' , lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/g', ;lrjfno sfo{ljlw th'{df ul/g', nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g', cfly{s k|zf;g tyf ah]6 Joj:yfkg;DaGwL s]xL P]g lgodx? th'{df eO{ sfof{Gjog x'g'n] g]kfnsf] k|zf;g k|0ffnLdf cfw'lgstfsf] hu a;]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . To;};fn k|yd k+raifL{o of]hgf th'{df ul/g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] :yfkgf klg ul/Psf] lyof] hf] ljsf; k|zf;gsf] ;do;fk]If z'?cft lyof] . To;kl5sf lbgx?df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j?k cem km/flsnf], h6Ln / cfw'lgs agfpg] cg]s k|of;x? x'Fb} uP .

ljqmd ;+jt @)!^ ;fndf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf lgjf{lrt g]tf ljZf]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf !( ;b:oLo g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] Psdgf ;/sf/sf] u7g eof] . k|wfgdGqL ePsf] ef]lnkN6 cyf{t\ @)!^ ;fn Ho]i7 !$ ut] /fi6«sf gfdd lbg'ePsf] ;Gb]zdf pxfFn] JoSt ug'{ePsf] k|ltj4tfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof]23 . tbg'?k ;dli6ut k|zf;g ;'wf/nufot sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL w]/} ;'wf/fTds sfdx? eP . kl/0ffd:j?k sd{rf/Lsf] gofFF tnadfg, ;+rosf]ifsf] Joj:yf, k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfsf] k'gu{7g, k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;lrjx?sf] ;fKtflxs a}7s a:g] rng, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf, u|fd ljsf;sf nflu s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/ ;Ddsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf, s]Gb|af6 j8fxflsd v6fpg] k|yfsf] cGt cflb lyP . tL ;'wf/x? lghfdtL k|zf;g / hg k|zf;gsf] ;du| cfGtl/s ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt lyP . lghfdtL ;]jf ;'wf/s}} qmddf @)!^ ;fndf d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbnfO{ vf/]h ul/of] 24 .

@)!& ;fn kf}ifdf :j= /fhf dx]Gb|n] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/nfO{ ;}lgs ansf cf8df e+u u/L s]xL sfn k|ToIf zf;g u/] . To;kl5 cyf{t\ ;f]xL ;fn kf}if @! ut] k+rfotL Joj:yf gfdsf] /fhfåf/f lgb]{lzt PsbnLo rl/qsf] /fhg}lts Joj:yf nfu" u/]kl5 k|zf;goGqnfO{ k+rfotLs/0f ug]{ l;nl;nf k|f/De ul/of] . ;j{k|yd @)!* ;fn Ho]i7 dxLgf;Dd nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lgnDag u/L sd{rf/Lx? egf{ ul/P . k+rfotL z}nL ;'wf/sf pkqmdx? lg/Gt/ rfn" /x] . lj=;+ @)!^ ;fndf vf/]h ul/Psf] d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbnfO{ lj=;+ @)@@ ;fndf k'gM hufOof] . To;j]nfb]lv xfn;Dd of] kbn] lg/Gt/tf kfO{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL If]qnfO{ g]t[Tj k|bfg ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 .

pk/f]St k[i7e"lddf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrjsf] e"ldsf, sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ o; kbsf] ul/df / dxTjsfjf/]df k|sfz kfg'{ o; cfn]vsf] d'Vo p4]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

lgo'lQm

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx? u7g ug{ ;Sg] / To:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] oxL Joj:yfcg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( th'{df e} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] xf] .

o;k|sf/ ul7t lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug{sfnflu lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(sf] bkmf !(sf] pkbkmf -@_sf] b]xfo -s_ cg';f/ /fhkqf+lst ljlzi7 >]0fLsf] d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbdf axfnjfnf

23 ;jf{+uL0f ljsf; cWoog s]Gb|, g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/ / Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ 24 pxL

78

;lrjx? dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ho]i7tf / sfo{s'zntfsf cfwf/df a9'jf u/L lgo'lQm ul/g] sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . tyflk o:tf] a9'jf ubf{ a9'jf ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df dfq ge} l;kmfl/zkl5 5gf}6sf cfwf/df x'g] x'Fbf jxfnjfnf ;lrjx?dWo]af6 x'g'kg]{ afWofTds k|fjwfg ePklg sfo{s'zntfnfO{ dxTj lbOG5 ls Ho]i7tfnfO{ eGg] rflx+ ljleGg ;/sf/x? u7g ePsf a]nf ul/Psf lgo'lQmx?n] :ki6 ?k/]vf lbPsf] e]l6+b}g . d'Vo ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm ubf{ ljleGg /fhg}lts kl/j]zdf ;do, sfn / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ cf—cfkm\g} lsl;dsf dfkb08x? k|of]u ul/Psf t lyPgg\ < eGg] klg ufO+u'O+ ;'lggdf cfPsf] xf] . k|:t't\ n]vsf] p4]Zo lgo'lQmsf] k|s[ofsf] cfFsng ug]{ geO{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbsf] e"ldsf, dxTj / ul/dfsf] ;dLIff ug]{ ePsf]n] To;tkm{ g} Wofg s]lGb|t ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 . P]g cg';f/ d'Vo ;lrjsf] lgo'lSt tLg aif{sf nflu x'G5 / lghsf] kbfjlw yk x'g;Sg] Joj:yf b]lvb}g .

lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfnLcg';f/ sfo{s'zntf eGgfn] b]xfosf s'/fx?nfO{ hgfpFb5M

-s_ a9'jf x'g] kbflwsf/Ln] cl3Nnf] kbdf /xL sfo{;+kfbg ubf{ jf g]t[Tj lb+bfsf] cj:yfdf sfo{/t lgsfosf] sfo{ kl/0ffd / u'0f:t/ .

-v_ a9'jf x'g] kbflwsf/Ln] sfo{;+kfbg ubf{ To:tf kbflwsf/Ln] b]vfPsf] l;h{gzLntf / cu|;/tf .

-u_ a9'jf xg] kbflwsf/Lsf] sfdk|ltsf] k|ltj4tf / cg'zf;g -lg=;]=lg= &*s_ .

d'Vo ;lrjsf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj

d'Vo ;lrj g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;jf]{RRf ;+:yf xf] . Tof] kb cf]u6]/ a:g] lghfdtL /fi6«;]jsn] ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfsf] g]tf, ;+/Ifs, pTk|]/s Pj+ k|]/0ffsf] >f]tsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . gful/s k|zf;gdf d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbnfO{ lhDd]jf/ / ul/dfdo kbsf] ?kdf k|ltiyflkt ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] of] kbsf] lgo'lQm gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmx?dWo] k|lt:kwf{sf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ePsf j[lQo'QmlghfdtL /fi6««;]jsaf6 x'g] ub{5 . ljleGg ;Gbe{x?df lghfdtL ;]jf j[Qdf d'Vo ;lrjsf] e"ldsf Go"g eof], o; kbnfO{ kbLo x}l;otcg';f/ sdhf]/ e"ldsf dfq lbOPsf]5, /fhg}lts If]qn] nfPcx|fPsf] sfl/Gbflu/Ldf ;Lldt x'g' k/]sf] 5, To;}n] o; kbnfO{ :t/f]Gglt u/L sDtLdf klg ;+j}wflgs kbsf] x}l;ot k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 o; kbsf] lhDd]jf/L klg sfg"gåf/f g} k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 eGg] rrf{x? x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko ;+j}wflgs cËsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf nflu P]gn] g} sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] 5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ gful/s k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg'kg]{ bfloTjePsf d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ lsg ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot k|bfg gug]{ < of] sndLn] a'em\g g;s]sf] laifo xf] of] . o;sf] csf]{ kIf klg 5 Tof] s] xf] eg] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lg0ff{os e"ldsf x'g] x'Fbf o; kbnfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot lbOg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf /flvof] eg] To;nfO{ c3]{NofO{ ul/of] jf clgi6 g} kf] ;f]lrof] eGg] nfUb}g o; n]vsnfO{ .

o; k[i7e"lddf o; kbn] ;+kfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx?af/] ljj]rgf ug'{ / d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbnfO{ lnP/ 5nkmnsf] ljifoj:t' jgfpg' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ul/df a9fpg' Pj+ o; ;]jfnfO{ ;'lb9Ls/0f ug'{ ;/x g} /x]sf] s'/fdf z+sf ul//xg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lv+b}g . x'g t o; kbn] ug]{ sfo{x?af/] s'g} Ps b:tfj]hdf sfo{ljj/0fsf ?kdf ;+lxtfj4 geO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# b]lv ljleGg P]g, lgod tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZostfcg';f/ u/]sf gLlt lg0f{ox?df 5l/P/ /x]sf kfOG5g\25 . o;

25 zfxL zf;gsfndf ;'zfg -Jo:yfkg tyf ;+rfng_ cWofb]z, @)^@ hf/L u/L d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ s]xL sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkOPsf] lyof] t/ ;f] cWofb]zn] hgcfGbf]ng efu b'O{ kl5 lg/Gt/tf kfPg .

79

kbsf] ul/df bzf{pg tyf o; kbn] ;+kfbg ug'{kg]{ sfdx?sfaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L /fVg o; kbn] ;+kfbg ul//x]sf sfdx?nfO{ kfFr v08df ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'gM

! ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L

@ gLlt lgdf{0f ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L

# ;'k/Lj]IfsLo lhDd]jf/L

$ k|zf;g oGqnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ lhDd]jf/L

% /fhg}lts sfo{sfl/0fL / lghfdtL k|zf;gaLr ;dGjo ug]{ hDd]jf/L

;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg';f/ d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf / cfjZos cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfx?sf] u7g ug'{ kb{5 . To:tf ;]jfx?sf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x? P]gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Padf]lhd x'g]5g egL ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ePcg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) th'{df e} sfofGjogdf /x]sf 5g . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !@$ cg';f/ klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] lyof] . d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+j}wflgs lhDd]jf/L eg]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;+j}wflgs cËsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] ;lrj eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg xf] . o; kl/ifbn] /fhg}lts geO{ c/fhg}lts 9+usf lghfdtL k|s[ltsf ;/sf/L ;]jf jf cGo k|sf/sf ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ k|s[ltsf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbx?df sfd ug'{kg]{ ;+j}wflgs kbx?sf] lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ub{5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg kbx?df /xL j[xQ/ cg'ej j6'ln;s]sf d'Vo ;lrjn] o:tf -pbfx/0ffy{ ;+j}wflgs c+usf kbx? hxf+ lgj[Q lghfdtL /fi6«;]jsx?dWo]af6 lgo'lSt ul/G5_ lgo'lQmx?df cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] s'/fnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{' x'Fb}g .

gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ lg0f{o lgdf{0f ;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L

d'Vo ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf ;'kl/j]If0f tyf lgb]{zgdf /xL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nosf] ;lrj Pj+ k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfngsf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;lrj tyf ;f] sfof{nosf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vn] /fi6«Lo gLlt lgdf{0fdf dTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xug{;Sg] s'/fdf z+sfug]{ 7fpF g} /xFb}g . oyfy{df eGg'kbf{ /fhg}lts kbflwsf/L / ;Nnfxsf/afx]s g]kfn /fHoe/sf] zf;g ;~rfng, gLlt lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs ljsf; Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] nufot lghfdtL k|zf;gsf ljljw If]qsf ultljwx?af/] cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ug]{ sfd d'Vo ;lrjsf] g} xf] . pgL k|wfgdGqLsf ;/sf/L ;Nnfxsf/ klg x'g . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nodf gLlt tyf /0fgLlt lgwf{/0f;DaGwL sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg o;;DaGwL OsfO{ g} u7g ul/Psf] 5 . b}lgs k|zf;g ;+rfng ug]{ sfddf vl6g'kg]{ d'Vo ;lrjn] gLlt lgdf{0fnfO{ cfkm\gf] k]zfut ljlzli6tfsf ?kdf ckgfO{ cfPsf x'G5g . To;}n] gLlt lgdf{0fdf d'Vo ;lrjsf] e"ldsf cToGt uxlsnf] x'G5 . pgL gLlt th'{dfsf 1ftf, ;/sf/L tYof+ssf e08f/ / cg'ejsf lhpFbf k|ltd"lt{ x'g . pgn] cfkm";+u ePsf] 1fgdfq xf]Og cfkm" dftxtsfx?;+u ePsf] 1fg, ;Lk, sfo{bIftf / cg'ej k|of]u u/L Pp6f k]zfwdL{ k|zf;sn] pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ /fo ;Nnfx k|wfgdGqLnfO{ k|bfg ub{5g . ltg} ;"rgf, /fo k/fdz{ tyf hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df gLlt th'{df, gLlt ljZn]if0f Pj+ gLlt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf yk of]ubfg k'Ug] x'gfn] logsf] gLlt lgdf{0f ;DaGwL ;dli6ut rqmdf uxlsnf] of]ubfg

80

x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 . d'Vo ;lrjn] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ug]{ of]ubfgsfaf/]df ;dLIff ubf{ tn plNnlvt pbfx/0fx?n] yk k'i6\ofOF ub{5gM

!= ljleGg If]qut dGqfnox?n] dlGqkl/ifbaf6 u/fpg'kg]{ lg0f{osf nflu k|:tfjx? k]z ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf k|:tfjx? k]z ubf{ cfjZos ljj/0f;lxt dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;lrj sxfF k7fpg' kb{5 . To;/L k7fPsf sfuhftx? lgoldt tyf kof{Kt eP, gePsf] hfFRg] tyf lgoldt / kof{Kt geP lgoldt jf kof{Kt agfpg] sfd dlGqkl/ifbsf ;lrj cyf{t d'Vo ;lrjsf] x'G5 -g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;+kfbg lgodfjnL, @)^# wf/f @!_ .

@= k|wfgdGqLsf] lgb]{zfg';f/ dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;lrjn] dlGqkl/ifbsf] a}7s af]nfpg' kb{5 -pxL wf/f @!_ . dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o;DaGwL sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf d'Vo ;lrjn] lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ yk e"ldsf o; k|sf/ 5gM

• k|wfgdGqLsf] cfb]zfg'';f/ Af}7ssf] sfo{;"rL tof/ ug]{,

• a}7ssf] sfo{;"rL tyf tT;DaGwL sfuhft dGqLnfO{ ljt/0f ug]{,

• dlGqkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o nufot ;a} k|sf/sf sfuhft clen]lvt ug]{,

• e};s]sf lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsfnflu ;DalGwt ;lrj;dIf k7fpg] .

# a]?h" km5\of}{6\;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ l56f]5l/tf], Jojl:yt / lgoldt ug{sfnflu ul7t a]?h" km5\of}{6\ d"NofÍg / cg'udg ;ldltsf cWoIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj /xG5g -cf=k|= sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%%, bkmf $ / cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%^ lgod !%_ .

$= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @$! Df'tflas k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldltdf d'Vo ;lrjn] ;b:o e} sfd ug'{ kb{5 .

%= k|ltlglw ;ef rfn" g/x]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfn s]xL ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ nfu]df g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbn] ;f] ljifodf cWofb]z hf/L ug{;Sg] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . To:tf] cWofb]zsf] d:of}bfdf k|wfgdGqL, ;DalGwt ljefuLo dGqL, sfg"g, Gofo tyf Joj:yf dGqL, d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ / sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf ;lrj ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] ;d"xn] k|df0fLs/0f ub{5 -s]xL ;fj{hlgs lnvt k|df0fLs/0f -sfo{ljlw_ P]g, @)^#, wf/f %_ .

^= b]xfosf ;fj{hlgs lnvtx? Hff/L ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbn] lg0f{o u/]kl5 ;f]sf] cfwf/df d'Vo ;lrjn] To:tf] lnvt k|df0fLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 M

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] agfPsf] lgod

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] cfb]z

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] clwsf/kq

-3_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifbn] ug'{kg]{ lg0f{o, hf/L ug'{kg]{ lgb]{lzsf jf cGo ;fj{hlgs lnvt -pxL wf/f ^_ .

&= ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf @& cg'';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs 9+un] k|jfx ug{ gldNg] ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{sfnflu gLltut?kdf juL{s/0f ug{ Ps ;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 h:sf] u7g ljlw o; k|sf/sf] /x]sf]5 .

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj cWoIf

-v_ ;DalGwt dGqfosf ;lrj ;b:o

81

-u_ sfof{no k|d'v jf cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1 .

k|zf;goGqnfO{ pTk|]l/t u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L

! /fhkqflÍt ljlzi7 >]0fLsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;?jf jf kb:yfkgf ubf{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ;ldltdf d'Vo ;lrj ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 -lg=;]=P]g, !*=@_ .

@ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tna, eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf]nflu ul7t tna eQf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] cWoIf d'Vo ;lrj /xg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]5 -lg=;]=P]g, @&=!s_ .

# /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k|fKtePsf cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0f ;DaGwL cj;/x? ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ?kn] jfF8kmfF8 ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf Ps ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf cGo ;b:odf d'Vo ;lrj, cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrj, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;lrj / ;b:o ;lrjdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 -lg=;]=lg= @)%), lgod $)v #_ .

$ k|zf;g ;'wf/;DaGwL xfn;Dd ul7t cfof]]u tyf ;ldltx?df d'Vo ;lrjsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; cEof;n] o; ;+:yfnfO{ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] Ps :yfoL s8Lsf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . PlzofnL ljsf; j}+ssf] cfly{s ;xof]u ;g\ @))! Smf] h'nfO{b]lv ;+rflnt zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ul/aL lgjf/0f / pRr cfly{s ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] u/L] glthfd'vL Pj+ hgd}qL lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ug]{ p4]Zo /fvL ;'wf/sf kfFr k|fyldstf If]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5 . tL If]qx? x'gM

• ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ cfGtl/s Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{,

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{

• zf;sLo Joj:yf ;'wf/ Pj+ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{

• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;Ifdtf Pj+ pTk|]/0ff clej[l4 ug]{,

• k|d'v dGqfnosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|lqmofsf] yfngL ug]{

pQm sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ sfo{qmd nfu"ePsf dGqfnox?df kl/jt{g OsfO{, cy{ dGqfnodf sfo{bIftf OsfO{, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;dGjo OsfO{ / k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nodf k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg OsfO{ u7g ul/Psf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{nodf ul7t OsfOsf] ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{ d'Vo ;lrjaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cltl/lQm zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] gLlt lgdf{0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog cg'udgsf nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltdf d'Vo ;lrj, ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfnosf ;lrj, sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf ;lrj / nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ;lrj /x]sf 5g . o;k|sf/ zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] gLlt th'{df b]lv sfof{Gjog:t/;Dd d'Vo ;lrjsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] k|i6} 5 .

%= k|zf;g ;'wf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] Pj+ hgcfGbf]ng efu b'O{ @)^# sf] ;kmntf kl5 ablnPsf] /fhg}lts kl/j]zcg'?k lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLd'vL, hjfkmb]xLd"ns, pQ/bfoL, ;Ifd t6:y / ;dfj]zL t'NofpFb} Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] b"/b[li6 th'{df ug{ ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLn] @)^# >fj0fdf lgb]{zg lbPcg';f/, d'Vo ;lrj 8f= ef]h/fh l3dL/]sf] cWoIftfdf !% ;b:oLo lgb]{zs ;ldlt u7g eof] . o; ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] dWofjlw k|ltj]bg klg k]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ d'Vo ;lrj g]kfnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] kof{ojfrL Pj+ Ps cleGg cË ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jLsfg{ s/} nfUb5 .

82

^= lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) cg';f/ k|To]s aif{ lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL k'/:sf/ lbOg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] k'/:sf/ lbg d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf Ps l;kmfl/z ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . ;ldltsf]] cGo ;b:ox?df sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] s'g} Ps hgf ;lrj, ;]jf lgj[Q ljlzi7 >]0fLsf sd{rf/LdWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] JolQm / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

&= d'Vo ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf kb]g ;b:o x'G5g o; cfof]usf] ;b:osf] x}l;otn] d'n'ssf] ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fdf d'Vo ;lrjsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

*= pk/f]Stafx]s d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ ljljw e}kl/ sfo{x? Ufg'{kg]{ x'G5 . h'g;'s} ljlzi7 >]0fLsf k|zf;sLo clwsf/L jf ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd\ k|fKt clwsf/x? d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ klg k|fKt x'G5g .

;'k/Lj]IfsLo lhDd]jf/L

! d'Vo ;lrjsf] Pp6f clt dxTjk"0f{ sfd cfkm" dftxtsf clws[tx?sf] sfo{;+kfbg d"NofÍg ug'{ xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod &* sf] pklgod -@_ sf] b]xfo -ª_ cg';f/ /fhkqflÍt ljlzi7 >]0fLdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;+kfbg d"NofÍgsf] nflu d'Vo ;lrjn] g} ;'kl/j]Ifs, k'g/fjnf]sgstf{ Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] ;d]t sfd ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o; b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] d'Vo ;lrjn] g} cfkm\gf] efjL pQ/flwsf/L 5gf}6 ug{df dxTjk"0f{ hu a;fpFb5g eGg] cjwf/0f agfpFbf Tolt cltzof]lQmk"0f{ x'g] b]lv+b}g . o; cltl/St d'Vo ;lrjn] /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;+kfbg d"NofÍgsf] nflu ul7t k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug]{ x'gfn] ;lrj 5gf}6df pgsf] e"ldsf nueu lg0ff{os x'g] ub{5 elgof] eg] Tof] ;f]x|} cfgf ;To klg x'g ;Sb5 tyflk ;lrj lgo'lQmdf cfhsfn /fhg}lts jr{Zj xfjL x'g yfn]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsf/fTds l6Kk0fL kf] ul/of] ls egL ;+sf]r dfGg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lv+b}g .

@ d'Vo ;lrjn] cfjZostfcg';f/ ;do ;dodf af]nfOPsf] ;lrjx?sf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ub{5g Pj+ ePsf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ub{5g jf ug{ nufpFb5g . o;afx]s pgn]+ cfjZostf cg';f/ sfof{nox?sf] lg/LIf0f u/L lgb]{zg hf/L ug]{ ub{5g .

# g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} ;lrjx?n] d'Vo ;lrjsf] k|ToIf dftxtdf /xL sfd ug'{ kb{5 . ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf lx;fjn] ;/sf/sf ;lrjx? d'Vo ;lrjk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g' kb{5 .

$= lje"if0f P]g, @)^$ cg';f/ lje"if0fsf ;DaGwdf dlGqkl/ifbdf ;dIf l;kmfl/z k|:t't ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf Ps lje"if0f ;ldlt u7g ul/g] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . ;ldltsf cGo ;b:ox?df u[xdGqL, /Iff dGqL, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqL , lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqL, g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj, /fli6«o hLjgdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf ljlzi7 JolQmsf ?kdf Voflt k|fKt JolStx?dWo]af6 k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf Pshgf ;b:o cf} u[x ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

%= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf $! Smf] pkbkmf -@_ cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf nflu vl/b ;DaGwL l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] cWoIfdf d'Vo ;lrj /x]sf 5g . ;f] ;ldltsf] cGo ;b:ox?df cy{ dGqfnosf ;lrj, ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrj / dxfn]vf lgoGqs /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;b:o ;lrjdf eg] ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfof{nosf sfof{no k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

83

;dGjosf/L e"ldsf

d'Vo ;lrjn] ljleGg dGqnfox?aLr ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no g} d'n'ssf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{, sfof{Gjog u/fpg], cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug]{ Pj+ ;a} dGqfnoaLr ;dGjo ug]{ k|d'v sfo{sf/L lgsfo xf] . To;}n] o;sf] :jefjcg';f/ oxfFF sfo{t k|d'v k|zf;sLo clwsf/Ln] ;a} dGqfnox?aLr ljjfbePsf jf gePsf ljifox?df cfjZostfcg';f/ ;dGjo ug'{ kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;lrjx?sf] lgoldt a}7ssf] cWoIftf d'Vo ;lrjn] g} ug]{ x'gfn] pgsf] e"ldsf ;dGjosf/L g} x'G5 eGbf ljns'n Gofo u/]sf] dfGg' kb{5 . olt dfq xf]Og ;/sf/L gLlt lgb]{zgsf] ;"rgf k|jfx, ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;dLIff, ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g ;'wf/, ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf nufotsf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf laifodf d'Vo ;lrjn] ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L s]xL sdLhf]/L eP ;RRofpg lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{x? ub{5g eGg] cg'dfg ug{ cfOtjf/ kv{g' kg]{ b]lvb}g .

dlGqkl/ifbdf k]z eO{ lg0f{o x'g] ljifox?afx]s b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L dGqfnox?aLr s'g} laifodf dte]b x'g uPdf k|wfgdGqLsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'G5 tyflk dte]bePsf] laifodf lg0f{osfnflu d'Vo ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]af6 -g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnL, @)^#, lgod !(_ d'Vo ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqLnfO{ /fhsfhsf laifodf lg0ff{os ;Nnfx lbg'kg]{ uxg bfloTj ;'lDkPsf] b]lvG5 .

;dGjo ug]{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ubf{ d'Vo ;lrjn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf v]Ng] e"ldsfsfaf/]df rrf{ ug'{ dgfl;a} xf]nf . ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;'ljwfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ k|zf;goGqnfO{ ;]jf k|bfossf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ tyf k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ug'{kg]{ sfd sfo{afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf u'0f:t/Lo 9+uaf6 ;+kfbg eP, gePsf] s'/fsf] cg'udg ug{ d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps pRr:t/Lo cg'udg ;ldlt /x]sf]5 . o; ;ldltn] ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug'{sf] ;fy} gLltut dfu{bz{g / /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbg] Joj:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 .

/fhgLlt / lghfdtL ;]jfaLrsf] ;]t' d'Vo ;lrj

d'Vo ;lrjsf] ;dGjosf/L e"ldsfsfaf/]df rrf{{ ubf{ logn] lgjf{x ug]{ /fhgLlt / lghfdtL k|zf;gaLrsf] ;dGjosf/L e"ldsfsf] rrf{ gu/L /xg ;ls+b}g . ;+ljwfg cg';f/ zf;g ;+rfngsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L dlGqkl/ifb ;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 / o;nfO{ ;3fpg lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] u7g ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f nufotsf lg0f{o ;+kfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] / lg0f{o e} ;s]kl5 ltgsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfd ug'{kb{5 . o; cy{df ;Qfdf /x]sf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ Pp6f ;fwg xf] . ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj b'O{ If]qaf6 ul/Psf] x'G5 . /fhg}lts g]t[Tj / k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ dGqfnox?df ljefuLo dGqL jf ljefu x]g]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf /fHodGqLn] g]t[Tj ub{5g eg] k|zf;gtkm{sf] g]t[Tj eg] :yfoL ;lrjn] ub{5g . ;lrjx?n] dGqLn] k|Tofof]lht u/] adf]lhdsf / sfg"gn] k|bQ u/]sf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{ kb{5 . cfkm"n] u/]sf sfd jf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf ;lrjn] cf–cfkm\gf ljefuLo dGqLk|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g' kb{5 . dlGqkl/ifbsf] xsdf eg] k|wfgdGqLn] /fhg}lts g]t[Tj ub{5g . t/ oyfy{df k|wfgdGqLn] Soflag]6sf ;a} lemgfdl;gf s'/fx? x]/]/ ;fWo x'g] s'/f xf]Og . o;f] ug{ gt pgL;+u ;do x'G5 gt Jofjxfl/s g} . k|wfgdGqLn] /fHosf] ;jf]{Rr txdf g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] x'G5 / pgsf c? g} dxTjk"0f{ sfdx? x'G5g . dlGqkl/ifbdf lg0f{ox? x'Fbf k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf a:g] dGqL -Soflag]6 dGqL_ jf ljefuLo lhDd]jf/L kfPsf /fHodGqL ;d]tsf] ;fd"lxs Soflag]6n] ub{5 . otf k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/L eg] d'Vo ;lrjn] kfPsf x'G5g . dGqfnox?af6 cfPsf k|:tfjx? ;d]t d'Vo ;lrjn] ltgsf] kof{Kttf / lgoldttfsf ;DaGwdf x]/L

84

s]xL sdLsdhf]/L eP ;Rofpg] ;Ddsf] sfd ub{5g . To;f] ePsf] x'gfn] k|wfgdGqL / dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{non] /fhg}lts tx;+u k"0f{ ;xsfo{ / ;xdltdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . sfof{nosf] k|d'v kbflwsf/Lsf x}l;otn] d'Vo ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqLaf6 ;d]t cfb]z lnP/ o:tf sfo{;Dkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . slxn]sxL+ t s:tf] cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 eg] k|wfgdGqLaf6 ;xdlt k|fKt x'G5 eGg] cfzfn] k|wfgdGqLsf] gfddf /fli6«o :t/df tflTjs dxTj /fVg] gLltut lg0f{ox? klg k|:tfjsf ?kdf nuL lg0f{o u/fpg' kg]{ jf pgsf] gfddf cfb]z hf/L ug]{ hf]lvd JoxfF]g'{kg]{ x'G. ;Sb5 . o;/L d'Vo ;lrjn] /fhgLlts If]q / k|zf;lgs If]qaLr ;]t'sf] sfd ub{5 jf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .

dlGqkl/ifsf lg0f{ox? d'Vo ;lrj4f/f k|dfl0ft e} cfpFb5g eg] sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrjx?sf] x'G5 . dlGqkl/ifbdf k]z x'g'kg]{ jf k]z e} s'g} cik:6 ePsf laifodf s]xL s'/f a'em\g'k/]df d'Vo ;lrjn] dGqfnosf ;lrjdfkm{t g} a'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 . ;DalGwt ;lrjn] klg cfkm\gf dGqfnosfaf/]df :ki6 ug'{k/]sf laifodf cfkm\gf ljefuLo dGqLaf6 cfjZos lgb]{zg k|fKt u/L d'Vo ;lrj ;dIfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpb5g . Soflag]6 ;dIf s]xL :ki6 ug'{ kbf{ klg d'Vo ;lrjn] cGo dGqfnox?sf] k|jQmfsf] ?kdf k]z x'g' kb{5 . o; cltl/St lghfdtL k|zf;gsf s]xL u'gf;f eP tL ljifon] Soflag]6;Dd k|j]z kfpg] dfWod klg d'Vo ;lrj g} xf] . o; k|sf/ d'Vo ;lrjn] /fhgLlt / lghfdtL k|zf;gaLr bf]xf]/f]] ;Djfbsf] clestf{sf ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g .

lgisif{

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljleGg bz k|sf/sf ;]jf Pj+ ;f7LeGbf a9L ;d"x pk;d"xx? /x]sf 5g tfklg g]kfn Gofo ;]jf / n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfsf kbdf afx]s /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLeGbf dfly ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"x g/xg] x'gfn] d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbdf g]kfn lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} klg ;]jf jf ;d"xsf] JolQm ;f] lgo'Qm x'g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf -lg=;]=P]g, bkmf ^ pkbkmf !s_ /x]sf] 5 . tyflk xfn;Dd k|zf;g ;]jf / Gofo ;]jfsf clws[tx? g} o; kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf kfOG5g .

d'Vo ;lrjn] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;lrjsf] x}l;otn] dlGqkl/ifbåf/f x'g] u/]sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ub{5g . dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g, dlGqkl/ifbsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ sfo{ljefhg ul/Psf] h:tf dlGqkl/ifbsf ;"rgfx? g]kfn /fhkqdf Df'Vo ;lrjsf gfddf k|sflzt x'g] ub{5g . o;n] d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clwsf/Lsf ?kdf k|ltiyflkt ul/lbPsf] 5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbnfO{ ;+a}wflgs kbsf ?kdf /fVg ;+ljwfgn] s~h':ofOF u/]sf] 5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g k4ltdf gful/s k|zf;gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf /x]sf] x'G5 . d'Vo ;lrjn] Sofljg]6 ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f dfly g} pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs c+usf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] a]nf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 lgj[Q d'Vo ;lrjnfO{ ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;ot k|fKt x'g] u/]s} 5 . To;}n] d'Vo ;lrjsf] kbnfO{ cem ul/dfdo agfpgsf nflu o; kbnfO{ ;+j}wflgs agfOg' kb{5 eGbf c3]{NofOF x'g] h:tf] nfUb}g .

cg';"rL —!

Sofljg]6 ;]qm6/L tyf d'Vo ;lrjsf] gfdfjnL

l; g+ gfd lgo'lSt cjsfz s}lkmot 1 >L ;/bf/ u'~gdfg l;+x @))& ;fn Kf|yd Sofljg]6 ;]qm]6/L

2 hg/n rGb|axfb'/ yfkf Sofljg]6 ;]qm]6/L

3 >L ;f]dhË yfkf Sofljg]6 ;]qm]6/L

4 >L s'nz]v/ zdf{ @)@@÷!@÷@( @)@%÷(÷@$ Df'Vo ;lrj -z'?df Sofljg]6 ;]qm]6/L kl5 d'Vo ;lrj_

5 >L s[i0fjd dNn @)@%÷(÷@% @)@%÷(÷@% Df'Vo ;lrj

85

6 >L If]qljqmd /f0ff @)@*÷(÷÷@^ @)#)÷$÷@^ Df'Vo ;lrj

7 >L Kf|B'Dgnfn /fhe08f/L @)#)÷$÷@& @)#$÷$÷@^ Df'Vo ;lrj

8 >L s[i0faxfb'/ dfgGw/ @)#$÷$÷@& @)#*÷$÷@^ Df'Vo ;lrj

9 >L Ef]u]Gb|gfy l/dfn @)#*÷$÷@& @)$@÷$÷@^ Df'Vo ;lrj

10 >L s0f{Wjh clwsf/L @)$@÷$÷@& @)$^÷$÷@^ Df'Vo ;lrj

11 >L nf]saxfb'/ >]i7 @)$^÷$÷@& @)$&÷!)÷!* Df'Vo ;lrj

12 >L bfdf]b/k|;fb uf}td @)$&÷!)÷@) @)$(÷&÷@) Df'Vo ;lrj

13 >L dw';'wgk|;fb uf]vf{nL @)$(÷&÷@! @)%!÷&÷@# Df'Vo ;lrj -s/f/ ;]jfdf_

14 >L O{Zj/k|;fb pkfWofo @)%!÷&÷@$ @)%#÷*÷@^ Df'Vo ;lrj

15 >L an/fdl;+x dNn @)%#÷*÷@& @)%^÷$÷@( Df'Vo ;lrj

16 >L tLy{dfg zfSo @)%^÷$÷#) @)%*÷!@÷!* Df'Vo ;lrj

17 >L s]zj/fh /fhe08f/L @)%*÷!@÷!( @)%(÷^÷$ Df'Vo ;lrj

18 8f= ljdnk|;fb sf]O/fnf @)%(÷^÷% @)^@÷^÷$ Df'Vo ;lrj

19 >L Nff]sdfg l;+x sfsL{ @)^@÷^÷$ Df'Vo ;lrj -hgcfGbf]ng efu @ kl5 lhDd]jf/Laf6 x6fOPsf]_

20 >L d's'Gb zdf{ kf}8]n @)^@÷@÷@! @)^#÷$÷!* Df'Vo ;lrj -sfod d'sfod_

21 >L ef]h/fh l3ld/] @)^#÷$÷@@ xfn ;Dd Df'Vo ;lrj

>f]tM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] ;lrjfno

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L M != g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df08f}, g]kfn . @= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%), sfg"g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt,

aa/dxn, sf7df08f}, g]kfn . #= g]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/ / Joj:yfkg, P]s ;dLIff, ;jf+{lu0f ljsf; cWoog s]Gb|, @)%% $= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;f]+rkq, www.http://opmco.gov.np %= 8f= /Tgsdn j}B, @)#), ;fj{hlgs sd{rf/L k|zf;g t'ngfTds cWoog, rfd'Gb|f k|];,

sf7df08f}+, g]kfn . ^= k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$*, d'b|0f tyf k|zf;g ljefu, l;+x b/jf/, sf7\df08f},

g]kfn . &= g]kfn ;/sf/ sfo{ ;+kfbg lgodfjnL, @)^# . *= ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# . (= lje"if0f P]g, @)^# . !)= ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, g]kfn /fhkq, v08 %&, >fj0f % ut] @)^$

;fn cltl/QmfÍ .

86

k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf jif{ #*, c+s @, k"0ff{Í !)%, kmfNu'0f @)^#

lghfdtL ;]jf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg P]g @)^$M cu|ufdL <•

– 8f= xl/ kf}8]n♦ != k[i7e"ld M–

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, ;'b[9 ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u7g, ;+rfng / ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df xfn} bf];|f] ;+zf]wg e} nfu" e} ;s]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L o; ;]jfnfO{ cem a9L ;Ifd / ;'b[9 agfO{ ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ug{ tyf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfn ;/sf/n] ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ To;nfO{ sfg"gL ?k lbg tyf cWofb]zåf/f ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] pQm P]gsf s]xL k|fjwfgx?df cWofb]zsf] lglZqmotf kZrft b]lvPsf] sfg"gL z'Gotf x6fpg ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ clt h?/L lyof] / o;} cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ of] ;+zf]wg hf/L ePsf] xf] .

d"ntM lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[lå ub}{ hg:t/df u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ tyf ;'zf;gsf] clej[lå ug{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]jn pRr /fVg lgtfGt h?/L 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug}{ pgLx?sf] kb:yfkg, ;?jf, a9'jf cflbnfO{ j}1flgs agfO{ nfdf] ;do b]lv yf+tL /x]sf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ k|of; o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 . lgtfGt gf}nf Joj:yfx? ;lxt e}/x]sf Joj:yfdf yk kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|of; o; ;+zf]wgdf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ul/Psf] k|of; b]lv nfdf] ;do;Dd Pp6} kbdf /xL sfo{ u/L/x]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ /fxt lbg] nufot lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ljz]if lsl;dsf] 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ lbg] Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ / lghfdtL ;]jfdf lb3{sflng ?kdf c;/kg]{ lsl;dsf k|fjwfgx? o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

d'Vo u/L o; n]vdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf Joj:yfx?nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 h;af6 of] ;+zf]wg slt xb;Dd cu|ufdL k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 egL v'6\ofpg ;lsg] 5 . o; n]vsf] bf];|f] v08df o; ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf gofF Joj:yfx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] sf]zL; ul/Psf] 5 eg] t];|f] v08df o; ;+zf]wgaf6 ;fljsdf e} /x]sf] Joj:yfdf ul/Psf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx?nfO{ ;d]6\g] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . rf}yf] v08df lgZsif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@= bf];|f] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ePsf gofF Joj:yfx? M–

lghfdtL ;]jf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg P]gn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf b"/ufdL k|efj kfg]{ lsl;dsf s]xL gf}nf Joj:yfx? yk u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg kl/jt{g ;xh x'Fb}g / o;af6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] kl/0ffdaf6 ;w}++ eolet /lx/xg' kg]{ kl/j]z x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o; bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf]

• o; n]vsf s]xL c+z lghfdtL ;]jf bk{0f jif{ $, cs+ $, @)^$ df k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ♦ pk;lrj ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

87

Oltxf;df Pp6f km8\sf] dfg]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 . x'gt o; ;+zf]wgaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf emg\ a9L cGof}n >[hgf e} o;sf] ;fv emg\ lug]{ cj:yfsf] sNkgf ug]{ hg ;d"xx? klg plQs} ;zQm ?kdf k|:t't eO{ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . t/ h'g;'s} kl/jt{gsf klg ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds c;/x? x'g ;Sb5g\ / h'g Joj:yfn] a9L ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5, To;}nfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ hfg' kg]{ x'G5 / of] ;+zf]wgn] oxL dfGotfnfO{ cjnDjg ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . xfnsf] ;+zf]wgaf6 yk ul/Psf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yf, ;dojå a9'jfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf tyf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] 6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwL Joj:yfx?df s]lGb|t /xL a9L rrf{ kl/rrf{x? eO{/x]sf] cj:yfdf pQm Joj:yfx? ;lxt o; ;+zf]wgn] yk u/]sf cGo s]xL gofF k|fjwfgx?nfO{ o; v08df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yf M–

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg' kb{5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{ o; ;+zf]wgn] k"0f{ ?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf s]xL ju{ / ;d"bfosf dflg;x?sf] dfq pkl:ylt /x]sf]n] of] ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] gePsf] / o;n] cfd g]kfnLsf] efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g g;Sg] egL cfnf]rgf ug]{ ul/Psf] ;Gbe{df tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpFb} ;+3Lo /fHo ;+/rgfdf hfg] sNkgf u/] cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g ug{ o; ;+zf]wgn] lgtfGt gf}nf] k|fjwfg yk u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf;d} klxnf] k6s o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{df Jofks kl/jt{g ub}{ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfln; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfo adf]lhdsf pDd]bjf/ jLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf – t]lQ; k|ltzt

cflbjf;L÷hghftL – ;QfO; k|ltzt

dw]zL – jfO; k|ltzt

blnt – gf}+ k|ltzt

ckfË – kfFr k|ltzt

lk5l8Psf] If]q – rf/ k|ltzt

lk5l8Psf If]q eGgfn] clt b'u{d c5fd, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, aemfË, afh'/f, d'u' / x'Dnf lhNnfnfO{ dflgPsf] 5 . dlxnf, cflbjf;L÷hghftL, dw]zL / blnt hfltx? dWo] o; ljz]if k|of]hgsf] nflu s]jn cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf dlxnf / pQm hghfltx?nfO{ dfq ljz]if ;+/If0f lbO{g] Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 . o; Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf nfu" ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf / cflbjf;L÷hghflt, dw]zL / blntsf] klxrfg ug'{ kg]{ / ;f] kZrft dfq o:tf ju{nfO{ 5'6\ofO{Psf] sf]6fdf 5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;af6 x]bf{ ;a} dlxnfx?n] dlxnfsf] nflu 5'6\ofO{Psf] sf]6fdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ To:t} ;a} hghflt, dw]zL / blntn] of] ;'ljwf kfpg] 5}gg\ s]jn cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psfn] dfq of] ;'ljwf kfpg] 5g\ . of] Joj:yf ;dGofosf b[li6n] pko'Qm ePklg cfly{s / ;fdflhs ?kdf lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] klxrfg ug{ lgs} sl7g x'g] x'Fbf Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;d]t sl7gfO{ x'g] b]lvG5 .

s;} s;}n] o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ cf/If0f, s;}n] ;sf/fTds lje]b -Positive Discrimination_ t s;}n] ljz]ifflwsf/sf ?kdf o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . gfdfs/0f h] ul/Ptf klg of] ljz]if Joj:yfn] lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ lghfdtL k|zf;gdf k|j]z ug{ ;xh af6f] vf]lnlbPsf] 5 / g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf /x]sf] jfx'g, If]qL / g]jf/x?sf] jfx'NotfnfO{ o; gofF Joj:yfn] kl/jt{g u/L l;dfGt ju{x?sf] pkl:yltnfO{ a9fpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf

88

lng]x?n] o; Joj:yfnfO{ Hofb} pko'Qm / ;d;fdlos /x]sf] atfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] cfnf]rsx?n] o;af6 d]l/6 l;:6dnfO{ Wj:t agfpg], lghfdtL ;]jf r':t, b'?:t gx'g] tyf of] Joj:yfaf6 ;d]t vf; nlIft ju{n] ;'ljwf kfpg g;Sg] pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . vf; u/L l5d]sL b]zsf] cg'ejaf6 ;d]t o:tf] cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfn] ;f]r] h:tf] kl/0ffd gb]vfPsf]n] o:tf] Joj:yf ug'{ eGbf nlIft ju{nfO{ ljz]if sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/]/ pgLx?sf] z}lIfs tyf cfly{s cj:yf ;'wfb}{ pgLx?nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffsf] nflu tof/ kfg'{ a9L >]o:s/ x'g] ts{ ;d]t ul/Psf] kfOG5 h'g Jojxf/df nfu' ug{ ;/n x'g], s;}nfO{ /fHon] a9L ;'ljwf lbof] eGg] u'gf;f] gcfpg] / cfnf]rsx?n] eg] h:t} d]l/6l;:6dnfO{ w/f;foL gagfO{ emg\ a9L alnof] agfpg] l:ylt x'g ;SYof] . t/ /fHon] cf/If0fsf] ljz]if Joj:yf nfu' u/L ;s]sf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ s;/L nlIft ju{ ;Dd k'¥ofpg] / pgLx?nfO{ dfly psf:g] eGg] r'gf}tL xfd|f] cl3 /x]sf] 5 . h]xf];\ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] lgtfGt gf}nf] k|of]u x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ k|To]s bz jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kl/:s[t ?kdf cl3 a9fpg ;lsg] g} x'Fbf xfnnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng pko'Qm g} x'g] b]lvG5 .

-v_ ;dojå a9'jfsf] ljz]if Joj:yf M–

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] nflu a9'jf x'g kfpg' Ps uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] / o;n] pgLx?sf] dgf]jndf j[lå u/L yk lhDd]jf/L tyf yk cfly{s ;'ljwf kfpg] cj:yfsf] >[hgf ub{5 . t/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf a9'jf kålt bf]ifo'Qm /x]sf]n] clwsf+z sd{rf/Lx? jiff}{+ ;Dd Pp6} kbdf /xL Ps k6s klg a9'jf gkfO{ cjsfz x'g' kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]df o; ;+zf]wgn] o;df ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg kbx?df jiff}{ ;Dd Pp6} >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/df lglZrt z}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sfnfO{ lglZrt jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf cfwf/df Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ug]{ gofF Joj:yf k|:t't ;+zf]wgdf ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 jiff}{;Dd Pp6} kbdf sfo{ u/L/x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dgf]jn pRr x'g u} ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yf adf]lhd b]xfosf] >]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]sf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf] kbdf ;]jf k|j]z ubf{ jf ;d"xLs[t x'Fbfsf avt lgwf{l/t cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]UotfeGbf dflyNnf] z}lIfs of]Uotf ;]jf k|j]z jf ;d"lxs[t x'g'eGbf cl3 jf kl5 k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ul/g]5 M–

-s_ /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fL – bz jif{

-v_ /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL – afx| jif{

-u_ /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL – kGw| jif{

-3_ /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL – c7f/ jif{ .

t/ /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL / /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fLsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] Pp6} >]0fLsf] :yfoL kbdf qmdzM c7f/, kGw| / t]x| jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;]jf cjlw k"/f u/L ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf]] kbdf ;]jf k|j]z ubf{ jf ;d"xLs[t x'Fbfsf avt lgwf{l/t ljifodf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf k|fKt u/]sf] eP To:tf] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

o;/L a9'jf x'gsf] nflu P]gsf] bkmf @@ adf]lhdsf] a9'jfsf] nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfpg] cj:yf x'g gx'g] tyf kl5Nnf] tLg jif{sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf cf}iftdf gAa] k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L c+s k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' kb{5 . o;/L a9'jfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{sf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] cfof]usf] ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf # ;b:oLo a9'jf ;ldlt /xg], o:tf]

89

a9'jfsf] nflu To:tf] sd{rf/L jxfn /x]sf] sfof{nodf ;DalGwt ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk ;d"xsf] Ps >]0fL dflysf] ljz]if kb :jtM >[hgf x'g], o;/L a9'jf ePsf] sd{rf/L h'g;'s} sf/0fn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz ePdf jf lgh dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf ePdf jf b/jGbLsf] kbdf ;dfof]hg ePdf To:tf] kb :jtM vf/]h eO{ lgh a9'jf x'g' eGbf tTsfn cufl8sf] kb :jtM sfod e} lgoldt kbk"lt{sf] k|lqmofåf/f k"lt{ x'g], ;dfof]hg geP;Dd o;/L a9'jf ePsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;?jf ljz]if b/jGbLdf dfq x'g ;Sg] / ljz]if kbdf a9'jf ePsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] To;/L a9'jf x'g' eGbf cufl8sf] kbdf jxfn /xFbf ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd g} ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ nufotsf Joj:yfx? o; ljz]if a9'jfdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L a9'jf x'gsf] nflu l/Qm kbsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ / l/Qm /x]sf jf /xg] lgoldt b/jGbLdf lgoldt k|lqmofåf/f kbk"lt{ x'g] x'Fbf v'Nnf, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf tyf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf o; ljz]if a9'jfn] s'g} c;/ kb{}g .

o; a9'jf k4ltsf] klg ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/x? /xg ;Sb5g\ . o;sf] ;sf/fTds kIfdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg j:t'ut gx'g] u/]sf] tyf jt{dfg a9'jf k4lt bf]ifo'Qm /x]sf] sf/0fn] ;fwf/0f sd{rf/Ln] jiff}{;Dd a9'jf gkfpg] u/]sf]df o; ;dojå a9'jf k4ltn] s]xL /fxt lbg] tyf pgLx?sf] dgf]jn a9\g ;Sg], s'n b/jGbL ;+Vof j[lå geO{sg tyf ;/sf/nfO{ ;fdfGo cfly{s ef/ dfq kbf{ klg w]/} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ a9'jf lbg ;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/x?df ljgf sfo{ ljj/0f kbf]GgtL lbO{ ;fljssf] sfo{ g} ug{ lbFbf ;f]r] h:tf] pknAwL xfl;n x'g sl7g x'g], b/jGbLsf] clen]v /fVg lgs} sl7g x'g ;Sg], sd{rf/L sd{rf/L jLrdf e]befjsf] >[hgf x'g ;Sg], Ps} >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx? jLr lgoldt b/jGbL tyf ljz]if b/jGbLdf /x]sf sf/0fn] sfd ug]{ jftfj/0fdf åGbsf] l:ylt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xg ;S5 . xfnsf] Joj:yf eGbf lgoldt a9'jf k4ltdf g} cfd"n ;'wf/ u/L l/Qm kbdf dfq a9'jf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ckgfpg ;s]sf] eP a9'jf eP/ klg klxn]sf] sfd g} ug'{kg{] cj:yf gcfO{ a9'jf kfpg] sd{rf/L a9L nfefGjLt x'g] l:ylt x'g ;SYof] . xfnsf] Joj:yfn] a9'jf kfpg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fljssf] sfddf g} nufpg] / b/jGbL ldnfg ug{] sfo{ Ps r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] kfO{G5 . t/ o; a9'jf kåtLn] ;fljssf] eGbf Ps xb;Dd dfly p7]/ nfdf] ;do;Dd a9'jf kfpg g;s]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ /fxt lbg vf]h]sf]n] o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds c;/ g} kg]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf]5 .

-u_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] 6«]8 o'lgog ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

cWofb]zåf/f ;+zf]wg u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;+u7g÷o'lgog /xg g;Sg] t/ 5'§f5'§} ;]jf ;d"xsf] nflu k]zfut ;+u7gx? ;Dd /xg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] lglZrt tx ;DdsfnfO{ ;+ul7t x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

ab\ln+bf] nf]stflGqs kl/j]zdf lglZrt :t/ ;Ddsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? >lds xf]Ogg\ / pgLx?nfO{ cl;ldt 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ lbOg' x'Fb}g eGg] cfjfhx? ;d]t p7\g] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] ->d P]g tyf 6«]8 o'lgog P]g adf]lhd xf]Og_ clwsf/x? kfpg] u/L 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf of] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .

>d tyf /f]huf/ k|jå{g ljefudf btf{ x'g], sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{ kg]{ /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/L jfx]s /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf d'gLsf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfˆgf] k]zfut xs lxtsf nflu /fli6«o :t/sf] 6«]8 o'lgogx? u7g ug{ ;Sg] , pQm 6]«8 o'lgogsf ;b:ox?n] 5gf}6 u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx? /xg] u/L cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;lsg], cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgogn] lhNnf:t/, ljefuLo :t/ / /fli6«o :t/df cfˆgf] k]zfut dfux? ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|:t't u/L ;fdflhs ;Djfb / ;fd'lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf gofF P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . To:t} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 6]«8 o'lgognfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+ ;Djå{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L

90

/ ultzLn agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ /rgfTds ;'emfj / ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo tf]lsPsf] 5 eg] e]nf, tflnd, k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L nufotsf /rgfTds PjF >[hgfTds sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg], dxf;+3 u7g ug]{, To;sf] ;b:o aGg], cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 jf dxf;+3sf] ;b:o aGg] / cfˆgf] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} lghfdtL ;]jf;+u ;DalGwt sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgog ;+u g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lng ;Sg], cflwsfl/s 6]«8 o'lgog tyf /fli6«o :t/sf 6]«8 o'lgogsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sfo{If]q cg's"n :yfgdf ;?jf u/L lbg' kg]{, g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfly{s bfloTj gkg]{ u/L Ps jif{df a9Ldf tL; lbg;Ddsf] sfhsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ;d]t gofF ;+zf]wgdf ul/Psf] 5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgog clwsf/ lbg x'g] jf gx'g] / lbg x'g] ePdf s'g tx;DdnfO{ lbg] eGg] s'/fdf Jofks jx; ug{ ;lsG5 / o;sf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} lsl;dsf ts{x? cfpg ;Sb5g\ . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf ;+u7gx?af6 lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L ;Ifd, hgd'vL / ;]jfu|fxL k|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg xfn;Dd u/L cfPsf sfo{x? xfd|f] cufl8 5g\ h;n] ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug{ slt xb;Dd dbt u/]sf 5g\ / o;sf ;b:ox?sf xs clwsf/x?sf] s] slt xb;Dd ;+/If0f ;Djå{g u/L k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f u/]sf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf cnu cnu wf/0ffx? cfpg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{ s;}n] o;nfO{ Psbd} ;sf/fTds / s;}n] Psbd} gsf/fTds ?kdf lnPsf] ;d]t kfO{G5 . t/ a9L clwsf/ lbPdf pgLx? cem a9L lhDd]jf/ e} ;du| k4tLdf ;'wf/ ug{ dbt ug{] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

-3_ >]0fL ljlxg sd{rf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

of] ;+zf]wg nfu' x'Fbf sfo{/t >]0fL ljlxg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?n] >]0fLdf cfjå x'g rfx]df To:tf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tf]lsP adf]lhd /fhkq cg+lst kfFrf} >]0fLdf sfod ul/g] Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgdf k/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L >]0fL ljlxg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|yd b]lv kfFrf} :t/;Dd sfod u/L :t/ j[lå ul/g] Joj:yf klg P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . o; P]g adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] clen]v gePsf >]0fL ljlxg sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] b]xfo adf]lhd :t/ j[lå ug]{5 –

– kfFr jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L t/ bz jif{ eGbf sd ;]jf cjwL ePsf]nfO{ låtLo :t/

– bz jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L t/ kGw| jif{eGbf sd ;]jf cjwL ePsf]nfO{ t[tLo :t/

– kGw| jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L t/ jL; jif{eGbf sd ;]jf cjwL ePsf]nfO{ rt'y{ :t/

– jL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;]jf cjwL ePsf]nfO{ kfFrf} :t/

>]0fL ljlxg kbdf z'? lgo'lQm x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] k|yd :t/ sfod ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 >]0fL ljlxg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ ;3fp k'Ug] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L klxnf] kN6 /f=k=cg+ låtLo >]0fLsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf / Go"gtd ;]jf cjwL k'/f u/]sf] >]0fL ljlxg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;d]t pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-ª_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] tnj eQf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf M–

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tnj, eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf] nflu d'Vo ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf cy{ ;lrj tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] Ps tnj, eQf k'g/fjnf]sg ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;ldltn] k|To]s jif{ pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df dx+uL eQf lgwf{/0f u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{, k|To]s tLg jif{df /fhZj j[låb/, s'n b/jGbL ;+Vof / ljut tLg jif{df d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] dx+uL eQf ;d]tnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ tnj, eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQf nufotsf ;'ljwfx? l;kmfl/; ug{ Ps :yfoL k|s[ltsf]

91

;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/g] / pQm ;ldltn] cfjZostfg';f/ pk ;ldlt u7g ug{ / ;DalGwt If]qsf ljz]if1 jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;ldltdf cfdGq0f u/L ;'emfj lng ;Sg] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] u/]sf] l;kmfl/; g]kfn ;/sf/sf nflu jfWofTds gePtf klg o;sf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df eQf tyf tnjdfg sfod ul/g] x'Fbf o; Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t o; ;+zf]wgsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ gofF Joj:yfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

-r_ lglZrt cjlw ;Dd l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] :yfgdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ M–

of] ;+zf]wg k|f/De ePkl5 lgo'Qm x'g] /fhkq cg+lst lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 h'g c+rn cGtu{t l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] xf], ;f]xL c+rn leqsf sfof{nox? jfx]s bz jif{;Dd cGoq ;?jf gul/g] Joj:yf o;df ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfn] b'u{d :yfgdf u} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff plQ0f{ u/L k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt gx'Fb} ;?jfsf] nflu bf}8w'k u/L ;'uddf ;?jf x'g] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo JolQmx?nfO{ g} lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ ;xh x'g hfg], b'u{d :yfgdf sd{rf/Lsf] cefj x'g] cj:yfdf sdL cfpg] e} ;]jf k|jfxdf 6]jfk'Ug] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

-5_ pkbfg / lgj[Qe/0f ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M–

g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] ldlteGbf kl5 lgo'Qm x'g] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ pkbfg tyf lgj[Qe/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5'§} pkbfg tyf lgj[Qe/0f sf]if v8f ug]{5 / To:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf] dfl;s tnaaf6 bz k|ltztsf b/n] /sd s§L u/L ;f] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfl;s tnasf] bz k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ o;/L s§L ul/Psf] bz k|ltzt a/fj/sf] /sd ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tnj e'QmfgL ubf{sf] jvt pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] sf]if ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf /sdsf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng, sf]if s§L ug]{ k|lqmof, e'QmfgL ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g] u/L gofF Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

bL3{sflng ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ kg]{ lgj[Qe/0f ;DaGwL bfloTjnfO{ sd ug{sf] nflu clxn]b]lvg} c+zbfg lgj[Qe/0f k|0ffnL nfu' ug'{ clt g} cfjZos e} ;s]sf] 5 . xfn;Dddf ePsf] cWoogn] o:tf] lgj[Qe/0f k|0ffnL clt g} pkof]uL / sd{rf/Lsf nflu nfebfos x'g] glthf b]lvPsf] 5 . cem sd{rf/Laf6 s§L x'g] bz k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd tnj e'QmfgL ubf{ s} jvt g]kfn ;/sf/n] e'QmfgL ug]{ Joj:yf ePaf6 jf:tjdf sd{rf/Laf6 s'g}klg /sd s§L ul/Psf] x'Fb}g t/ lghsf] gfddf sf]if v8f e} o;af6 k|fKt x'g] nfef+z, d'gfkmf, Jofh cflbaf6 j[lå x'Fb} hfg] /sd ;d]t lx;fj ubf{ of] Joj:yf xfnsf] lgj[Qe/0f k|0ffnL eGbf a9L cfsif{s /x]sf] tYox?n] b]vfpFb5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo lgsfox?df ;d]t Ps} k6s nfu" ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] of] Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf] ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-h_ kfl/jfl/s lgj[lQe/0f ;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf M–

g]kfn ;/sf/n] v6fPsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf åGbsf] sf/0fn] s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] kbfjlw jL; jif{eGbf sd /x]5 eg] afFsL cjwL yk u/L lghsf] klt jf kTgLnfO{ cfhLjg o; P]g adf]lhdsf] lgj[Qe/0f lbOg] Joj:yf k|:t't bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 . t/ o:tf JolQmn] P]gsf] bkmf #( adf]lhdsf] kfl/jfl/s lgj[Qe/0f eg] kfpg] 5}gg\ tyf o:tf] JolQmn] csf]{ ljjfx u/]df eg] lgj[Qe/0f gkfpg] / o:tf] cj:yfdf d[ts sd{rf/Lsf] gfjfns 5f]/f, 5f]/L eP To:tf 5f]/f, 5f]/Ln] jflnu geP;Dd tf]lsP adf]lhd kfpg] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfn] åGbsf] sf/0fn] d[To' x'g k'u]sf sd{rf/Lsf kl/jf/nfO{ s]xL /fxt k'Ug] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

92

-em_ aLdf ;'ljwf ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ladf jfkt g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pp6f jL; jif]{ ;fjlws hLjg ladf sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] h;df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s tnjaf6 b'O{;o ?k}ofF s§f u/L ;f]xL adf]lhdsf] /sd yk u/L ladfª\s /sd Ps nfv ?k}ofFsf] ;fjlws hLjg ladf ug]{ / ;f] ladf sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd dWo]af6 sd{rf/L ;]jf lgj[Q x'Fbf lghnfO{ jLdfª\s /sd / jf]g; e'QmfgL lbOg] Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 . t/ o;/L /sd s§f ug{ z'? u/]sf] jL; jif{ cjwL gk'uL s'g} lghfdtL sd{r/Lsf] d[To' ePdf lghsf] kl/jf/n] Ps nfv ?k}ofF kfpg]5 t/ ;f] cjlw gk'Ub} ;]jfaf6 clgjfo{ cjsfz kfPdf ;]jf cjlwsf cfwf/df e'QmfgL lbO{g] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

-`_ yk ;]jfx?sf] u7g M–

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf;df ;]jf ;d"x u7g ug]{, vf/]h ug]{ Joj:yf gf}nf] xf]O{g . ;fljsdf g]kfn ;+;b ;]jf tyf g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jf leq} /x]sf]df ;+;bsf] :jfoQtfsf] ts{ lb+b} ;+;b ;]jfnfO{ 5'§} P]gåf/f Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] b'u{d :yfgdf lrlsT;ssf] cefj k"lt{ ug{ yk ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'§} P]gåf/f g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf lglZrt JolQmx?sf] OR5f / cfsf+Iffsf] kmn:j?k pgLx?nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg ;]jf ;d"x u7g÷vf/]h ug]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 eGg] cf/f]k Jofks ?kdf nfUg] u/]sf] 5 / s'g} cWoog cg';Gwfg j]u/ ;]jf ;d"x u7g÷ vf/]h ug]{ k|j[lQn] ubf{ o:tf cf/f]knfO{ k'li6 ;d]t ub{5g\ .

lghfdtL ;]jf leq /x]sf * j6f ljleGg ;]jfdf o; ;+zf]wgaf6 g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf tyf g]kfn n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jf ;d]t ylkP/ hDdf !) j6f ;]jfx? /xg k'u]sf 5g\ . o; ;+zf]wg k"j{ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{t /x]sf] s'6g}lts ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ xfn g]kfn k//fi6« ;]jf cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . l;4fGttM sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0fsf cfwf/df 5'§} ;]jf u7g x'g' /fd|f] s'/f xf] t/ ljlzi6Ls/0fsf gfpFdf cGo lglZrt p2]Zo jf dg;fon] ;]jf u7g x'g k'u]df cGttM o;n] ;du| k|0ffnLnfO{ kmfObf k'–ofpg ;Sb}g . ;fljsdf s'6g}lts ;d"x x'Fbf ;d]t o;nfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t ;d"xs} ?kdf lnOGYof] dfq xfnsf] Joj:yf;Fu km/s g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf leqsf sd{rf/Lx? pQm ;d"xsf] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf lyof] . xfn k//fi6\ ;]jf u7g ePk5L ;fljssf] g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf leqsf JolQmn] cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff lbg gkfpg] / k//fi6\ ;]jf leqsfn] dfq dfyL hfg kfpg] ca:yf /xg k'u]sf] 5 . ;fljs Joa:yfaf6 s'6g}lts ;d"x afx]s cGo ;d'xaf6 k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff4f/f k//fi6\df k'u]sf JolQmx?sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg s:tf] lyof]/5 eGg] s'/fsf] d"Nof+sg ;don] ug]{ g} 5 / xfn k//fi6| ;]jf u7g k5Lsf] o; gofF kl/jt{gaf6 ;fFRrLs} sfo{ ljlzi6Ls/0f e} g]kfnsf] s'6g}lts If]qn] km8\sf] df/L ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnsf s'6g}lts lgof]u ;jn ;zQm e} ;du|df g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ cfPdf 5'§} ;]jf u7gsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 x'g]5 .

To;}u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? 5'§} lgodfjnLaf6 ;+rflnt /xFb} cfPsf]df xfn lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t n]vfk/LIf0f ;]jfdf cfjå x'g k'u]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx? sfo{kflnsfsf] k|efjaf6 aflx/ /xg' kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf /xFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df o; ;]jfnfO{ cGo lghfdtL ;]jf h:t} agfPdf o;sf] t6:ytfdf k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] lglZrt cfwf/x? x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g leq NofOPsf] 5 . o;af6 d=n]=k=sf] sfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf ;]jf zt{sf s'/fx? lgodfjnLaf6 ;+rflnt ePsf]df P]gsf] bfo/f leq cfPsf]n] lglZrt ?kdf pgLx?sf dfux? k"/f ePsf]n] pgLx?sf] dgf]jn pRr /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;'wf/ cfpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

93

-6_ pQ/flwsf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf M–

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj jf ;f] ;/xsf] kb / s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbdf jxfnjfnf kbflwsf/L;+u /xL sfd ug{ / j/j'emf/y u/fpg kGw| lbg;Ddsf] nflu ljz]if kb :jtM >[hgf u/L jxfnjfnf kbflwsf/L cjsf; x'g' cufj} kb:yfkg u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf # n] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L P]gn] dxTjk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lx?n] cjsf; kfpg' eGbf cufl8 g} tL kbflwsf/Lsf pQ/flwsf/Lsf] rog u/]/ tL pQ/flwsf/Lx?nfO{ sfd l;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{k5{ / dxTjk"0f{ kbdf lgo'Qm ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ s]xL ;do;Dd ;f] kbn] ug]{ sfd l;sfpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ pb\3f]if g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] O{ltxf;df klxnf]k6s u/]sf] 5 .

-7_ yk ul/Psf cGo Joj:yfx? M–

g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] ldlt b]lv Plss[t lghfdtL ;]jf k|0ffnL nfu" ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;hfosf] clen]v /fVg] gofF Joj:yf u/L To;/L ;hfo kfPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ kb:yfkg ubf{, sf=d'= d's// ubf{ cWoog jf tflnddf dgf]gog ubf{ cfwf/ lng] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . /f=k=k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] g]t[Tj d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;d]t yk ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L kb:yfkg ;+u} sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] Joj:yf o;df ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf cfr/0fsf s'/fx?df oftgf lbg gx'g], ;]jfu|fxL k|lt dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'{ kg]{, ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ 3/fo;L sfddf nufpg gx'g],;/sf/L ;DklQ gLlh k|of]udf Nofpg gx'g] h:tf yk Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?sf] kL/dsf{, u'gf;f] / ;'g'jfO{sf] gofF Joj:yf yk ub}{ tf]lsP adf]lhd sd{rf/L sNof0f sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / ;+rfng ul/g] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] klt jf kTgL ljb]zl:yt g]kfnL b"tfjf; jf s'g} lgof]udf vl6O{ uPdf ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf gx'g] u/L cl;ldt j]tnjL ljbf kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L tf]lsP adf]lhd k|;'tL :ofxf/ ljbf kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ;d]t ykL k'?if lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ /fxt lbg vf]h]sf] 5 . tTsflng k|ltlglw ;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# n] /fhk|f;fb ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf Nofpg] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ug]{ eGg] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ /fhk|f;fb ;]jf P]g, @)@( / ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx? vf/]h ub}{ pgLx?sf] k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg 5'§} lgodfjnLåf/f ul/g] Joj:yf ;d]t bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 .

o;/L ;du|df eGg' kbf{ lghfdtL ;]jf -bf];|f] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)^$ n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf bL3{sflng k|efj kg]{ lsl;dsf s]xL dxTjfsf++IfL Joj:yf ;lxt o; ;]jfdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

#= bf];|f] ;+zf]wgaf6 kl/jt{g ul/Psf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ljifox? M–

lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s, kl/0ffdd'vL, hg pQ/bfoL agfpFb} n}hfg] qmddf ;fljsdf e}/x]sf Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g u/L ;sf/fTds lbzf tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . o; ;+zf]wgn] ;d]t ;fljssf Joj:yfx?df Jofks kl/jt{g ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .

-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{df ;+zf]wg M

;+u7g ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ / gofF b/jGbL >[hgf ubf{ jf x]/km]/ ubf{ ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f -O&M Survey_ ug'{ kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ ug]{ ;fljssf] Joj:yfdf o; ;+zf]wgn] Jofks kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M

94

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kb

v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf

åf/f

sfo{Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍgåf/f

cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds

k/LIffåf/f

sfo{;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf] d"NofÍgaf6 x'g] a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hgåf/f

>]0fLljxLg÷ /fhkq cglÍt kfFrf} >]0fL

!))Ü – – –

/fhkq cglÍt rt'y{ >]0fL – – – – /fhkq cglÍt t[tLo >]0fL – !))Ü – – /fhkq cglÍt låtLo >]0fL ^)Ü @)Ü @)Ü – /fhkq cglÍt k|yd >]0fL ^)Ü @)Ü – @)Ü /fhkqflÍt t[tLo >]0fL &)Ü !)Ü !)Ü !)Ü /fhkqflÍt låtLo >]0fL !)Ü ^)Ü @)Ü !)Ü /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fL !)Ü ^)Ü @)Ü !)Ü

;dojå a9'jfsf] ;dfof]hgsf] nflu /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fL b]lv /f=k=k|yd >]0fL;Dd qmdzM @),!),!) / !) k|ltzt 5'§ofO{Psf] 5 . s'g} kbsf] nflu cfjZos of]Uotf k"/f u/]sf h:t}M dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf :yfoL kbdf sfo{/t sDtLdf kfFr jif{ c:yfoL ;]jf u/]sf dlxnf pDd]bjf/nfO{ dfq of] ;+zf]wg k|f/De ePkl5 Ps k6ssf nflu tf]lsPsf] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lgwf{l/t k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIff lnO{ :yfoL lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg yk u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] pkl:yltnfO{ a9fpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{sf] nflu dfu ubf{ ;f] cjlw ;Dd l/Qm x'g cfPsf kb / rfn' cfly{s jif{leqdf cjsfz tyf a9'jfaf6 l/Qm x'g] kb ;d]t olsg u/L dfu ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . l/Qm /x]sf kbx?sf] ljj/0f tf]lsP adf]lhd k|To]s jif{ >fj0f dlxgfleq ;fj{hlgs ?kdf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-v_ kb:yfkg, ;?jf tyf sfh v6fpg] cfwf/df ;+zf]wg M

s'g}klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ljefuLo k|d'v, sfof{no k|d'v jf cGo kbdf kb:yfkg jf ;?jf ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] To:tf] kbdf /xL ug]{ sfo{x?sf] k|zf;sLo sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/ sfo{ ljj/0fsf] clwgdf /xL ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L;+u sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;Demf}tf u/L kb:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t} ;?jf k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;?jfnfO{ a9L j:t'ut agfpFb} ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx?df v6fpg ;lsg], cjlw gk'Ub} ;?jf ug'{ k/]df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;xdtL lng' kg]{ t/ /fhkq cg+lst tyf >]0fL ljlxg kbdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lghx?sf] :j]R5fn] lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yfdf jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf jf :jf:Yosf] sf/0f d]l8sn jf]8{n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cjlw k"/f geO{ ;/jf gul/g] s8f Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5, h;n] ubf{ cgfjZos ?kdf ;?jf ul/g] k|rngdf sdL cfpg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

hyfefjL sfh v6fpg] Joj:yfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{ tyf cfjZos k/]sf] cj:yfdf sd{rf/Lsf] sdL x'g glbg ;d]t sfh v6fpg] Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g u/L j:t'ut agfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb gePsf] :yfgdf sfh v6fpg], :jLs[t c:yfoL b/jGbLdf sfh v6fpFbf /f=k=clws[tsf] xsdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] ;xdtL lnO{ Ps k6sdf a9Ldf Ps jif{;Ddsf] nflu sfh v6fpg ;lsg], lgjf{rg, hgu0fgf, gfkL 6f]nL, vfgL ;j]{If0f h:tf sfddf / :yfoL k|s[ltsf cfof]u tyf ;ldltdf ;d]t Ps k6ssf nflu Ps jif{;Dd sfhdf v6fpg ;lsg] t/ ljefuLo k|d'v jf sfof{no k|d'vsf] kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f] kbdf kbflwsf/ /fvL sfhdf v6fpg

95

g;lsg], lhNnf :t/sf sfof{nox? :yfgLo lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f ePdf ;f] df sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfhdf v6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 sfhdf v6fpg] Joj:yf a9L Jojl:yt x'g hfg]5 .

;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o /x]sf] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / kb:yfkg ug]{ gofF Joj:yf P]gsf] bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf @ n] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L P]gn] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / kb:yfkgf klg lglZrt cfwf/df dfq x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ clËsf/ u/]/ g]kfnsf] O{ltxf;df klxnf] k6s o:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

-u_ sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf ;'wf/ M

sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] / cfˆgf] ljifodf ePsf] d"Nof+sgdf lrQ ga'em]df sd{rf/Ln] d"Nof+sgstf{ eGbf dflysf] clwsf/L ;dIf ph'/L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]/ o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Oltxf;df klxnf]k6s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt kbflwsf/LnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cfk"mn] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] v08df sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sgdf cfk"mn] /fd|f] c+s k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf cfZj:t agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ kbflwsf/Ln] JolQmut cfu|x k"jf{u|xsf cfwf/df /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ sd c+s lbg ;Sg] ;+efjgfnfO{ sd u/fP/ o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k|lt Psfu| eP/ nfUg] af6f] k|z:t agfO{lbPsf] 5 . To;}n] sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg j:t'ut x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ clËsf/ u/]/ /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgdf a9L c+s kfpg] cj:yfnfO{ ;'lglZrt agfpg vf]Hg'nfO{ o; ;+zf]wgsf] P]ltxfl;s pknlAwsf] ?kdf cf}+Nofpg ;lsG5 .

-3_ sfo{ ljj/0f agfpg' kg]{ M

sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu' ug]{ Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf xf] . sd{rf/Ln] s] sfd ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/f /fd|f];+u yfxf ePkl5 dfq sd{rf/Ln] /fd|f];+u sfd ug{ ;S5 / sd{rf/Lsf] sfdsf] d"Nof+sg klg /fd|f];+u x'g ;S5 eGg] Joj:yfkgsf] cfw'lgs dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]/ o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ a9L sfo{d'vL, ;]jfd'vL, pQ/bfoL / glthfd'vL agfpg vf]h]sf] dfGg'k5{ .

-ª_ a9'jf Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg M

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jf ;DaGwdf ;d]t kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fLaf6 /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fLdf a9'jf ug{sf] nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] pQm cfof]usf] ;b:osf] cWoIftfdf kfFr ;b:oLo a9'jf ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . a9'jf ;ldltn] cfj]bg kmf/fd a'emfpg] clGtd ldltn] rf/ dlxgfleq a9'jfsf] glthf k|sfzg ug'{ kg]{, /fhkqf+lst ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj kbdf a9'jfsf] sf/jfxL k|To]s jif{sf] kf}if dlxgf leq Ps k6s / c;f/ dlxgfleq Ps k6s u/L jif{sf] b'O{ k6s ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf P]gn] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L P]gn] s'g} vf; JolQmnfO{ a9'jf lbg jf glbgsf] nflu s'g} vf; ;dodf a9'jfsf] k|lqmof z'? ug]{ jf gug]{ sfd s;}n] klg ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf u/]/ a9'jf k|lqmofnfO{ a9L kf/bzL{ / k"jf{g'dfgLo agfpg vf]h]sf] 5 . sfo{ ;Dkfbg / cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ul/g] a9'jf k|To]s jif{sf] kf}if dlxgfdf Psk6s / cfiff9 dlxgfdf Psk6s u/L jif{sf] b'O{ k6s ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf klg gof+ ;+zf]wgdf k/]sf] 5 .

/f=k=k|yd >]0fL ;Ddsf sd{rf/Ln] Ps} kbdf nuftf/ kGw| jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf] ePdf clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g' eGbf Ps dlxgf klxn] dflyNnf] kbdf a9'jf kfpg], /f=k=låtLo / k|yd >]0fLsf sd{rf/Ln] nuftf/ Ps} kbdf kGw| jif{ eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf] ePdf / cjsfz lng rfx]df Ps tx

96

dfly a9'jf ul/ cjsfz lbOg], nuftf/ Pp6} kbdf kGw| jif{ eGbf a9L cjwL sfd u/]sf sd{rf/Lsf] d[To' ePdf Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbn] kfpg] lgj[Qe/0f nufotsf ;'ljwf lghsf] kl/jf/nfO{ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

To:t} sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jfdf ;+zf]wg u/L h]i7tf jfktsf] c+sdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 h;df /f=k=cg+= låtLo, k|yd / /fhkqf+lst >]0fLdf qmdzM cf7, bz / afx| jif{df h]i7tf jfktsf] k"/f c+s kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ef}uf]lns If]qsf] c+s / z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf tflndsf] c+sdf ;fdfGo x]/km]/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 sfo{Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df x'g] a9'jf a9L a}1flgs x'g ;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . sf=;=d"=nfO{ a9L j:t'ut / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;ldltsf] afx]s cGo k|fKt c+s x]g{ rfx]df lgj]bg lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-r_ ;]jf ;d"x kl/jt{g ug]{ Joj:yfdf s8fO{ M

zlQm s]Gb|x? wfpg] / /fhgLlts zlQm k|of]u u/L ;]jf ;d"x kl/jt{g ug]{ kl/kf6LnfO{ cGTo ub}{ ;]jf ;d"x kl/jt{g lgtfGt ?kdf ;/sf/sf] nflu cfjZos k/]df dfq nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg u/fO{ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df ug{ ;lsg] j}1flgs Joj:yf o; ;+zf]wgn] u/]sf] 5 h;af6 gfhfoh kmfObf lng]x? xtf]T;flxt x'g] / k|0ffnLdf (System) ljZjf; ug]{x? xlif{t x'g' kg]{ cj:yf >[hgf x'g k'u]sf] 5 .

-5_ rf8kj{ vr{sf] Joj:yf M

bz}+ vr{sf ?kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpFb} cfPsf] ;'ljwfsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L rf8kj{ vr{sf] ?kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;j} sd{rf/Ln] bz}+sf] a]nfdf dfq o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg] ;fljssf] Joj:yfnfO{ x6fP/ ljleGg wdf{jnDjLx?n] cf–cfˆgf] k/Dk/f cg';f/ rf8 kj{ dgfpg k|To]s jif{ Ps k6s o:tf] ;'ljwf kfpg] gofF Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

-h_ :j]lR5s cjsfz / lgj[Qe/0f M

lgj[Qe/0f kfpg] cj:yf / pd]/sf] xb krf; jif{ k'u]sf] sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s cjsfz lng rfx]df o; P]g adf]lhd Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf bkmf @)s= adf]lhd a9'jf kfpg] ePdf Ps >]0fL dflysf] kbdf a9'jf u/L bkmf #&-#_ sf] ;]jf cjwL k"/f ePsf] eP ;f] ;'ljwf ;d]t kfpg] u/L :j]lR5s cjsfz lng ;Sg] gofF Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu clwstd pd]/ rfnL; jif{ tf]lsPsf] ju{ / kbdf lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/Lx? / bkmf !) sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd pDd]bjf/ eO{ lgo'Qm ePsf sd{rf/Lx? pd]/sf sf/0f clgjfo{ cjsfz x'Fbf lghsf] ;]jf cjlw lgj[Qe/0f kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g5 eg] To:tf] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ a9Ldf b'O{ jif{;Dd ;]jf cjlw yk u/l lgj[Qe/0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ;d]t yk ePsf] 5 h;n] ubf{ dlxnf nufot ;]jf k|j]zsf] nflu $) jif{ tf]lsPsf] xsdf lgj[Qe/0fsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jlGrt gx'g] cj:yf >[hgf x'g hfg]5 .

-´_ cWoog ljbfdf ;+zf]wg M

clVtof/jfnfsf] k"j{ :jLs[tL lnO{ lghL k|of;df uPsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0f k"/f u/]kl5 cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0fdf Joltt u/]sf] cjlw j/fj/ ;]jf ug]{ sj'lnot ug'{ kg]{, ;f] adf]lhd ;]jf gu/]df ;f] cjlw ;]jf cjlwdf u0fgf gx'g], ;/sf/L dgf]gogdf uPsfn] tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] cjlw ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ / ;f] gu/]df To:tf] sd{rf/Laf6 cWoog, tflnd jf cWoog e|d0f cjlwe/ lghn] kfPsf] tnj eQf, lghn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5fqj[lQ /sd tyf sj'lnotdf pNn]v ePsf cGo /sdx? ;d]t tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq ga'emfPdf ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ul/g] s8f Joj:yf nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 cWoog ljbfsf] b'?kof]u x'gaf6 /f]Sg'sf] ;fy} ;/sf/L ;'ljwf lnP kl5 ;f] adf]lhd ;]jf ug'{ kg]{ u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 .

97

-`_ ljefuLo ;hfonfO{ a9L j:t'ut agfO{Psf] M

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfodf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L s] s:tf] sfo{ u/]df s] s:tf] ;hfo ug]{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo ;hfonfO{ # ju{df ljefhg u/L s] s] sfo{ u/]df jf gu/]df gl;xt lbg] jf a9Ldf b'O{ tnj j[lå jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ / s] u/]df b'O{ jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ jf b'O{b]lv kfFr tnj j[lå;Dd /f]Ssf ug]{ eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ ls6fgL ;fy tf]lsPsf] 5 . h:t} –

gl;xt lbg] jf a9Ldf b'O{ tnj j[lå jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ M b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ gl;xt lbg] jf a9Ldf b'O{ tnaj[l4 /f]Ssf ug]{ jf b'O{ jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5 M–

-s_ lghn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf,

-v_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd a/a'emf/y gu/]df,

-u_ bkmf %%s= adf]lhd Ps jif{df b'O{k6s;Dd lnlvt r]tfjgL kfPdf,

-3_ of] P]g jf k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] kbLo bfloTj lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s k"/f gu/]df,

-ª_ ;]jfu|fxLsf] kL/dsf{ / ph'/L k6s–k6s a]jf:tf u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cfk"meGbf dflyNnf] clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] lgb]{zg kfngf gu/]df,

-r_ sfo{ljj/0f nfu" ug{] u/fpg] bfloTj ePsf] kbflwsf/Ln] ;f] sfo{ gu/]df .Æ

b'O{ jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug]{ jf b'O{ b]lv kfFr tnj j[lå;Dd /f]Ssf ug]{M b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ b'O{ jif{b]lv kfFr jif{;Dd a9'jf /f]Ssf ug{] jf b'O{b]lv kFfr tna j[l4;Dd /f]Ssf ug{] ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5 M–

-s_ cg'zf;gxLg sfd u/]df,

-v_ of] P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx?df plNnlvt cfr/0f ;DaGwL s'/fx? pNn+3g u/]df,

-u_ k|rlnt sfg"g ad]flhd k]ZsL km5\of}{6 gu/]df,

-3_ Joj:yfkg k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf clgoldttf ;DaGwdf lbPsf] lgb]{zg kfngf gu/]df,

-ª_ k"j{:jLs[lt glnO{ a/fa/ sfof{nodf cg'kl:yt /x]df .Æ

o;}u/L nfdf] cjlw ;Dd -ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ nuftf/ () lbg ;Dd_ ljbf :jLs[t gu/fO{ cg'kl:yt x'g] sd{rf/LnfO{ xflh/ u/fpg g;lsg] / o; ljk/Lt xflh/ u/fPdf xflh/ u/fpg] kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo u/L To;/L xflh/ u/fPsf] sd{rf/Ln] vfPsf] tnj, eQf ;d]t xflh/ u/fpg] kbflwsf/Laf6 ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ul/g] s8f k|fjwfg o; ;+zf]wgaf6 /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 ;DaGwLt kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;d]t a9L lhDd]jf/ agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 / k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;DaGwLt lgsfon] s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ n]vL cfPdf cfjZos k|lqmof k'–ofO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd ljefuLo ;hfo ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .

ljz]if ;hfo pk/ dfq k|zf;sLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] ;fljssf] Joj:yfnfO{ x6fP/ ;j} ljefuLo ;hfox? -gl;xt lbg] b]lv ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug]{ ;Ddsf_ pk/ k|zf;sLo cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] gofF Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;hfo lbg] clwsf/Lsf] lgZkIftfdf a9L Wofg

98

lbg vf]h]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 . o;n] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{ af]emdf j[lå x'g hfg] x'G5 / ;hfo kfPsf] sd{rf/Ln] cbfntaf6 lgZkIf Gofo kfpg] s'/fdf a9L ljZj:t x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /xg hfG5 .

$= lgZsif{ M

lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf x'g] ;+zf]wgnfO{ ;a}n] cf–cfˆg} 9+un] JofVof u/L hlxn] klg ljjfbf:kb agfpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 / clxn]sf] ;+zf]wg ;d]t To;af6 cnu x'g g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] lxt cg's"n x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf /xb}g / o;af6 kmfObf gk'Ug] kIfaf6 hlxn] klg lj/f]w cfpg] ;+efjgf /xG5 g} . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] k|lqmofnfO{ ult k|bfg u/L lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ j[lQ ljsf;sf pko'Qm cj;/x? k|bfg ug{ / lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf j[lå ug{] ;d]tsf p2]Zosf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu w]/} dxTjk"0f{ / gofF Joj:yfx? u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg P]gsf Joj:yfx? lt/ ;j} If]qsf] Wofg ;d]t cfslif{t ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;+zf]wgn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] rl/q / :j?kdf cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g Nofpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

lgoldt kbk"lt{df s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/L lghfdtL ;]jfdf w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd a9'jf kfpg g;s]sf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ o;n] ;d]6\g vf]h]sf] 5 / o;af6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ckx]lnt dxz'; ug]{ Pp6f 7"n} ;+Vofsf sd{rf/Ln] /fxt dxz'; ug]{5g\ . To;}u/L :t/j[låsf] Joj:yfn] ubf{ tyf /f=k=cg+= kfFrf} >]0fLdf hfg ;Sg] x'Fbf >]0fL ljlxg sd{rf/Ln] ;d]t o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lng]5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf dlxnf sd{rf/Lx?n] ;d]t :yfoL x'g] cj;/ kfpg]5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] o; ;+zf]wgn] s]xL ljjfbf:kb ljifox? Jffx]s cGo dfly pNn]lvt w]/} /fd|f kl/jt{gx? u/]sf] 5 h;n] ;du| ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k4tLdf -system_ ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/x? k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . s]xL ljifox?df xfnsf] Joj:yf eGbf klg cem kl/:s[t ?kdf sd ljjfb x'g] u/L Nofpg ;lsGYof] t/ cGo ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ xfnnfO{ Tof] ;Dej gePtf klg eljiodf x'g] ;+zf]wgdf o;nfO{ cj:o g} Wofg lbOg] ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . o;y{ ;du|df ;j} s'/fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] clt g} pTs[i6 geP klg w]/} s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]sf] Ps cu|ufdL ;+zf]wgsf] ?kdf o; ;+zf]wgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

99


lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd / /fli6«o tflnd gLlt M @)%* sf] sfof{Gjog

– k'?iff]Qd g]kfn♦

laifo k|j]z M

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ce"tk'j{ ljsf;, ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / gofF ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] ljZjJofkL cg's/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf NofPsf] r'gf}lt tyf ut hgcfGbf]ng b'O kl5 d'n'sdf cfPsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gaf6 l;lh{t ;jfnx? /fHosf] k'g/;+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0f, ;a} ju{ tx / tKsfsf hgtfsf] kx'Fr, klxrfg, k|ltlglwTj tyf ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L / ;xeflutf, hgtf k|lt k|lta4tf / lgZkIftf, lhDd]jf/Lkgf / hjfkmb]xLtfdf ;'wf/, ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;'wf/, ;/sf/L sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf, lz3|tf, bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf / ljZj;gLotf, sfo{;Dkfbgdf ljB'tLo ;'zf;gsf] k|of]u h:tf kIfx? g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .

d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ tyf hg;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ To;sf] k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf] / ;xh 9+uaf6 pknJw u/fpg] d'Vo Wo]o lnO{ ;Grfng ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;n] g} zf;g ;Grfngsf] ultnfO{ lgSof}{n ub{5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;n] dflg;sf] 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/L ;fljs eGbf /fd|f] / pTs[i7 sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;3fp k'/\ofpb5 . o;n] ;dfhnfO{ cfw'lgstf tkm{ 8f]/\ofpb5 / ljsf; / k|ult kydf cufl8 a9fpFb5 .

jt{dfg kl/jlt{t kl/k|]Ifdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, cGtl/d of]hgf @)^#, ;/sf/n] tTsflng ljb|f]xL kIf;+u u/]sf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] bzaif]{ ;f]rkq tyf xfn} ;Dzf]lwt lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL, tyf ljleGg gLltut b:tfj]hx?df pNn]lvt ;/sf/L k|ltj4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ Jofks ;xeflutf, sfg"gsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, ;xdlt, ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ca;/, e|i6frf/d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cfly{s cg'zf;g tyf ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / ;|f]tsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg h:tf c;n zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ sfod /fVb} b]zdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ a[xb sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jf cu|;/ x'g' k/]sf]]5 . lghfdtL ;]jfn] ug]{ ;]jf ljt/0fsf] s'zntfdf ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf lge{/ ub{5 . ;'zf;gsfnflu cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] d'2f dxTjk"0f{ laifo xf] . ;/sf/n] glthfd"vL k|zf;gdf hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] kl/k|]Ifdf lghfdtL ;]jf leq Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf /x]sf] tflndnfO{ ;+u7gfTds nIf xfl;n ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/, k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] clgjfo{ zt{ / gofF k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;xof]u ug]{ dfWodsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf cfPsf] gjLgtd cjfwf/0ffx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ lghfdtL hgzlQmnfO{ j9L glthfd"ns /

♦ pk;lrj ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

100

pTkfbgzLn 9Ëaf6 kl/rfng ug{ ;d;fdlos laifo / cTofw'lgs k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t tflnd clgjfo{ zt{sf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ult ;+u;+u} lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndnfO{ cem j9L k|efjsf/L, Jojxfl/s / ;do ;fk]If jgfpg' kg]{ vf+rf] ;a{q dx;'z ul/Psf] 5 .

tflndsf] ;}4flGts kIf M

dflg;nfO{ s'g} vf; k|sf/sf] sfd ug]{ l;k jf Jojxf/af/] l;sfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ tflnd elgG5 . tflnd s'g} JolQm laz]ifdf ;+ul7t ?kdf 1fg, l;k, tf}/ tl/sf / efjgfdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ul/g] x:tIf]k xf] h;sf] k|efj :j?k ;DalGwt JolQmn] cfkm\gf] sfo{lhDd]jf/LnfO{ bIf / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;Sb5 . ha s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;+u7gdf sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/G5 To;kl5 p;nfO{ To; ;+u7g / sfd;+u ;DalGwt gLlt, lgod tyf ljlwsf] af/]df hfgsf/L cfjZos kb{5 . To:t} JolQmdf ePsf] lghfTds d"No, dfGotf, wf/0ff, / ;f]rfO{df sfdsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] cfwf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg' k/]df jf lghdf ePsf] 1fgnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{sf]nflu cfjZos l;k xfl;n ug{ tflndsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . tflndn] JolQmsf] sfo{ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ NofO{ at{dfg sfo{lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;+tf]ifhgs 9+un] ;Dkfbg ug{sf] cltl/Qm yk lhDd]jf/Lsf]nflu ;d]t tof/ ub{5 . To:t} o;n] JolQmut d"No, dfGotf, :jefj, cfr/0fdf ;'wf/ tyf ;+:yfut d"No, dfGotf, ljlw, Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] ck]Iff ul/G5 . tflndn] JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut dfgl;stfdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf /x]sf] tflndnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf, Pj+ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L pgLx¿df Jojxfl/s 1fgsf ;fy} wf/0ffTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] Ps ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf]5 . tflndn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf ;fy} ;+rf/ / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ;+u;+u} ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ cem j9L ;jn, bIf, pTkfbgzLn, ldtJooL / :t/Lo jgfO{ hgftfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ ;dofg's"n ;/n, ;Ifd / k|efjsf/L ?kjf6 k|bfg ug{df ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofp+b5 .

sd{rf/Ldf sfd ug]{ ;+u7g;+u kl/lrt u/fpg, sfo{s'zntf a[l4 ug{, sfo{ ;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug{, dgf]jn a9fpg, kl/jlt{t kl/l:ylt;+u 3'ndLn u/fpg, ;d"xdf sfd ug{ l;sfpg, j[lQ ljsf; ug{, lglZrt ;Lk l;sfpg tyf g]t[Tj ljsf; / lg0f{o Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ tflnd ;+rfng ul/G5 . sd{rf/Ldf sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] 1fg / ;Lksf] ljsf; ug{' tflndsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] . ;+u7gfTds gLlt lgod tyf tLgdf ePsf] kl/jt{gaf/] hfgsf/L lbnfpg', ;+u7gfTds tyf of]hgfa4 9+un] sfd ug{ l;sfpg', gofF k|ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ ;f] k|ljlwnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{, s'g} ;d:ofsf] Jojxfl/s ;dfwfg kQf nufpg', gofF ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ug{' tflndsf] p2]Zo xf] . o;}u/L ;+u7gdf JolQmut g}ltstf sfod /fVg', pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug'{, ;'k/Lj]If0fdf sdL Nofpg', hgzlQm ljsf; ug'{, sfo{ jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' h:tf ;+:yfut p4]Zon] tflnd lbOG5 . sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ag]kl5 p;sf] ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf To; ;+u7gdf pknAw j[lQ ljsf;sf] cj;/df lge{/ ub{5 . tflndn] sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf] ;'lglZrttfdf d2t ub{5 . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] kbf]Ggltdf tflndsf] ;d]t e"ldsf /xg] u/]sf]5 . at{dfg k|fjwfg cg';f/ s"n c+sdf b'O k|ltzt c+s tflndnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]5 .

tflnd cf/+les, sfo{ k|lzIf0f, kbf]Gglt pGd'v ;]jfsflng, tfhuL tyf k'g/tfhuL, gofF laifo / sfo{ k|lqmofdf cled'lvs/0f cflb ljleGg k|s[ltsf x'G5g . oL ;a} tflndsf] k|lzIf0fsf] laifoa:t' leGg leGg x'g;S5g\ . tyfkL tflndsf] k|ljlw, sfo{of]hgf k|foM ;a} lslzdsf tflnddf ;dfg g} x'g] ub{5g . o:tf] sfo{ljlwdf ;fdfGotof tflnd rqmsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . tflnd rqmdf tflnd cfjZostf klxrfg, tflndsf] p2]Zo lgwf{/0f, tflnd 9fFrf tyf kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, tflnd sfo{qmd

101

sfof{Gjog / tflndsf] d"Nof+sg h:tf r/0fx? x'G5g . k|foM ;a} tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?n] tflnd rqmsf] k|of]u u/L tflndsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ub{5g .

lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndsf] Joj:yf M

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kl/j]zsf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg, sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf ljsf; sfo{sf] ;Grfng tyf o;sf] k|ltkmn hgtfdf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df cfjZos ljleGg ;Lk tyf tf}/ tl/sfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg, gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf/] cled'vLs/0f ug{, sdrf/Lsf] JolQmTj ljsf; tyf k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf gjf]lbt l;2fGt / ljleGg tf}/ tl/sfx?af/] cled'v u/fpg / sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lk / Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ljleGg lslzdsf tflndx? ;Grfng ug]{ ul/Psf]5 .

k|zf;gnfO{ hgd'vL, hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ tyf ;xeflutfd"ns agfO{ o;n] lbg] ;]jfnfO{ l56f], 5l/tf], ;xh / hjfkmb]xL 9+uaf6 pknJw u/fpg lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/f ;a}nfO{ dxz'; ePsf] b]lvG5 . sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg / laifout If]qdf tflnd k|bfg ug{

;/sf/L If]qdf :yfkgf ePsf ljleGg @! j6f tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?26 dfkm{t :jb]zdf tyf lab]zL dLq/fi6\x? tyf cGt//fli6\o ;+3;+:yfx?n] pknAw u/fPsf ljljw laifodf lg/Gt/ tflnd k|bfg u/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] tflnd cfjZostfnfO{ k'/f ug{ ljleGg lslzdsf tflndx? ;+rfng ul/b} cfPsf]5 . o:tf tflndx?df ;]jf k|j]z tflnd, ;]jf sflng tflnd, laifo laz]if tflnd / k'gtf{huL tflnd /x]sf 5g .

;/sf/n] abln+bf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} k|zf;lgs ;++oGqsf] sfo{z}nLdf klg ;f]xL cg'?k kl/jt{g Nofpg / tflnd Joj:yfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{] p4]Zon] ;j{k|yd @)$^ ;fndf sd{rf/L tflnd gLlt hf/L u/]sf]df @)%* ;fndf o;nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt, @)%* sfof{{Gjogdf NofPsf]5 . o; efudf sd{rf/L tflnd gLlt @)%* / lghfdtL ;]jfdf xfn pknAw tflndsf] ;dLIff ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf]5 .

tflndsf] p2]Zo tyf gLltx¿ M

;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf cfPsf gjLgtd cjwf/0ffx¿ u|x0f ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pTkfbgzLn, bIf Pj+ glthfd"vL jgfO ljsf;sf jt{dfg r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdfgf ug{] Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] Wo]osf ;fy NofO{Psf] lghfdtL ;]jf /fli6«o tflnd gLlt @)%* df pNn]v eP cg';f/ tflnd sfo{qmdsf p4]Zo / gLltx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf5g M

p4]Zox¿

!_ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf / Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} pgLx¿sf] dgf]j[lQdf ;s/fTds kl/jt{g NofO{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;jn, ;Ifd, ;'b[9, ultzLn jgfO{ glthfd"vL agfpg] .

@_ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut ljlzi6tf / k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] .

26 ;/sf/L If]qsf tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx? M s[lif tflnd lgb]{zgfno, s]Gb|Lo dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; PsfO{ -vfg]kfgL ljefu_, ;xsf/L k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u tflnd s]Gb|, cf}wf]lus Joj;fo ljsf; s]Gb||, k//fi6\ dfldnf cWoog s]Gb|, Gofo ;]jf tflnd s]Gb|, e"dL Joj:yfkg tflnd s]Gb|, kz';]jf tflnd tyf k|;f/ lgb]{zgfno, :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, /fli6\o lzIff ljsf; tflnd s]Gb|, /fli6\o :jf:Yo tflnd s]Gb|, xf6]n Joj:yfkg tyf ko{6g tflnd s]Gb|, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, x'nfs k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, l6cfOl6cfO{ -k|fljlws tflnd kl/ifb_, Joj;flos l;k ljsf; k|lzIf0f lgb]{zgfno, kfgLhGo k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, dlxnf ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, tflnd zfvf k|sf]k lgoGq0f ljefu, dfgjLo ;+;fwg ljsf; s]Gb| -jg_ /x]sf 5g . oL dWo] & j6f tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?sf If]qLo txdf klg tflnd s]Gb|x? /x]sf5g . s]xLdf cfjf; ;'ljwfx? ;d]t /x]sf5g .

102

#_ ljZjsf] abln+bf] kl/l:ylt tyf ljsf;sf gof+ r'gf}tLx¿ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ug{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Ifd jgfpg] .

$_ ljZj jftfj/0fsf] lrgf/L Pj+ gof+ k|ljlw / cfljisf/sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg] .

gLltx¿

/fli6\o tflnd gLlt @)%* df hgzlQm ljsf; / tflnd ;DaGwdf hDdf @& j6f gLltx? agfOPsf 5g\ . a'e\mg ;lhnf] xf];\ eGgfsfnflu o; n]vdf tL gLltx?nfO{ $ laifo If]qdf jlu{s/0f u/L pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

s= lghfdtL ;]jfdf hgzlQm ljsf; / tflnd

!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf nflu hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ul/g] / x/]s dGqfnoaf6 dfgj;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf / j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf tof/ ug{ nufO{ dGqfnodf d'Vo sfd;+u ;DalGwt ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; ul/g] .

@_ v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ /f=k=l4tLo >]0fL tyf /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf clws[tx¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;]jf, ;d"x;+u ;DjlGwt :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

#_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf / ;?jf lghn] lnPsf] tflndsf] ;b'kof]u x'g]u/L ul/g] . $_ kbf]Ggltsf] nflu slDtdf ! dlxgfsf] tflnd clgjfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf nfu" ul/g] . %_ tflnddf dlxnf ;xeflutfnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ hf]8 lbOg] . &_ tflndnfO{ j[lQ ljsf;;+u cfj4 u/L k]zfut ;Lk ljsf;sf] kIfdf hf]8 lbOg] /

hgzlQmsf] k|If]k0f ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] sfof{Gjog ul/g] . *_ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] k|ltj]bgn] l;kmfl/; u/] cg';f/ k|To]s

dGqfno÷ljefu÷lgsfox¿n] sd{rf/L k|+lzIf0fsf] nflu ljlgof]lht tnj eQfsf] slDtdf %-kf+r_ k|ltzt /sd hgzlQm ljsf; df 5'6\ofOg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

(_ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{tsf /f=k=t[= >]0fLsf clws[tx¿sf] nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]u4f/f k/LIff lnO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ;"rLsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|li7fgaf6 ;]jf k|j]z tflnd -cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f_ lbPkl5 ;f] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df clGtd of]Uotfqmdsf] l;kmfl/; nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lul/g] Joj:yf qmdz M ldnfOg] / o;f] ubf{ tflndsf] k/LIff ;~rfng, d"NofÍg nf]s;]jf cfof]un] :jtGq ?kdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

!)_ tflndsf] cj;/ pknAw u/fpbf s]Gb| / lhNnfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu ;dfg'kflts ?kn] k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

!!_ g]kfndf pknJw gx'g] ljifosf tflndx¿ ;DaGwdf j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQnfO{ xfd|f] cfjZostf cg';f/ jgfO{g] .

v= tflndsf] laifoa:t' / k|ljlw

!_ ljleGg kb / txsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu pgLx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f Pj+ cfjZostf cg';f/ cfwf/e"t tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/b} nlug] .

@_ jt{dfg kl/k|]Iodf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dxTjnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L ;f] ;DjGwL ljifodf tflnd lbg df}h'bf tflnd ;+:yfx¿af6 klg :t/Lo ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DjGwL tflnd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

#_ nfdf] cjlwsf] tflndsf] ;fy ;fy} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf / sfo{ k|s[lt;+u ldNbf] p2]Zod"ns 5f]6f] 5f]6f] k|sf/sf tflnd ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbOg] .

$_ tflnddf cfw'lgs k|lzIf0f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/g]5 / tflnd ;DjGwL cg';Gwfgdf hf]8f lbOg] .

103

%_ cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f (Basic Administrative Training) tflndnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ eljiodf o;sf] cjlw ! -Ps_ jif{ k'¥ofOg] .

^_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu If]qLo:t/ PsLs[t ?kdf k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

&_ df}h'bf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] cltl/Qm ljleGg dGqfnox¿sf] sfo{ k|s[lt cg';f/ cfjZos 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug{ dGqfnox¿df cfjZostf cg';f/ To:tf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/L tflnd k|bfg ul/b} nlug] gLlt lnOg] .

u= ;+:yfut ljsf;

!_ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgnfO{ Joj:yfkg ljsf; s]Gb| (Management Development Centre) sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] .

@_ df}h'bf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/df ;'wf/ ub}{ pgLx¿sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df hf]8 lbb} pgLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ tflndsf] ;+VofTds Pj+ u'0ffTds Ifdtfdf j[l4 ul/g] tyf tflnd ;+:yfdf ;+nUg k|lzIfsx¿sf] k|lt:k4f{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;dofg's"n :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL cj;/ k|bfg ul/g] .

#_ k]zfljb\ k|lzIf0f hgzlQmdf lglZrt k|ltzt >L % sf] ;/sf/ nufot ;Dj4 If]qaf6 ;d]t clgjfo{ ?kdf NofO{ tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'+bf tflnd ;++:yfx¿n] ahf/df pknAw lj1x¿sf] /f]i6/ /flvg] / ;f]xL cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ ;|f]t JolQmsf] ?kdf k|of]udf NofOg] .

$_ tflnddf ;+nUg x'g] k|lzIfsx¿sf] of]Uotf / :t/ lgwf{/0f u/L pgLx¿nfO{ tflnd k|lt cfsif{0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g] .

3= :t/Ls/0f, ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg

!_ /fli6«o dfgj;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] u7g geP;Dd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $) v -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltn] tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ .

@_ ljBdfg tflnd s]Gb|x¿aLr cGt/ ;dGjo sfod ub}{ tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ cfkm\gf k|lzIffyL{Fx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t' x]/L tflnd cjflwe/ cfjZostf k/] Ps csf{sf] tflnd s]Gb|df vf; ljifosf nflu tflnd lbg k7fOg] .

#_ ljleGg dGqfno÷lgsfox¿ cGtu{t /x]sf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] k|To]s jif{ tt\ tt\ dGqfnox¿n] cfkm\gf If]qut tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] d"NofÍg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df cfjZostf cg'?k tflnd ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;'b'9 ub}{ nlug] / k|To]s tLg jif{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon], /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx¿ ;+nUg d"NofÍg 6f]nLaf6 To:tf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] d"NofÍg u/fOg] .

$_ tflnd ljz]if1x¿ ;lDdlnt Ps ;ldlt u7g u/L tflndsf] kf7\oqmd, k|ljlw, k|lqmof h:tf ljifodf ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

%_ cfjlws of]hgfn] O+lut u/] cg'?k ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;fwg ;DkGg t'NofO{ Ifdtfdf j[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} tflndsf] u'0f:t/ olsg ug{ o;sf] k|dfl0fs/0f (Accreditation) Pp6} ;+:yfaf6 x'g] pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfOg] .

oL gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L d"n ?kdf s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L k|zf;g OsfOsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] /xg] s'/f ;f] tflnd gLltdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

tfnLd sfo{qmd

lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf nflu ;]jf k|j]z, ;]jfsfnLg, ljz]if tfnLd / k'gtf{huL tfnLd lbOg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . laz]if u/]/ ;]jf k|j]z tfnLd nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 /fhkqflÍt t[tLo

104

>]0fLsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfodf kb:yfkgf ug'{ cl3 / /fhkq cglÍt k|yd / l4tLo >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf] ;fdfGotM ! -Ps_ jif{ leq lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;]jfsfnLg tfnLd k|zf;g ;]jfsf ljleGg txdf -/f=k=t[tLo >]0fL, /f=k=l4=>]0fLsf pk–;lrj :t/sf / /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf ;x–;lrj :t/sf sd{rf/Lx?_ /x]sf clws[tx?nfO{ sfo{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ / j9L lhDd]jf/L lng ;Ifd jgfpg] x]t'n] g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lti7fg dfkm{t slDtdf ! dlxgf cjlwsf] k|bfg ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . o;}u/L lghfdtL ;]jf leq sfo{/t /fhkqflÍt k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf ;]jfsfnLg tfnLd lbOg] Joj:yf / lhNnf l:yt sfof{no k|d'vx?sf] lgldQ sfof{no k|d'vsf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ tfnLd ;DalGwt dGqfnon] lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . To:t} dxflgb]{zs / ljefuLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf lhDd]jf/L lnP/ sfd ug'{ kg]{ k|To]s kbsf] lgldQ ! -Ps_ b]lv @ -b'O{_ xKtf;Ddsf] pko'Qm tfnLd g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg dfkm{t ;~rfng ul/g] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t k|fljlws tyf ck|fljlws /fhkq cglÍt sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu ;d]t ;]jfsfnLg tfnLd k|bfg ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOg] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

tflndsf] lslzd

lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ # -tLg_ k|sf/sf M ljz]if ;+:yfd"ns tfnLd (Institution Specific Training), ljifod"ns tfnLd (Subject Specific Training), / ;d:ofd"ns tfnLd (Problem Specific Training) tfnLd k|bfg ul/g] 5 . ljz]if ;+:yfd"ns tfnLd k|bfg ubf{ s'g} ;+:yf -dGqfno÷lgsfo_ sf] sfo{ If]q Pj+ sfo{ k|s[ltsf] kb cg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, ;Lk / wf/0ffTds kl/jt{g k|bfg ug{, ljifod"ns tfnLd ljleGg lgsfox?sf] vf; s'g} kb jf If]qdf sfd ug'{ kg]{ clws[tx?sf] nflu pko'Qm x'g] ljifodf, of]hgfdf ;+nUg sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgldQ cfof]hgfd"ns ljifox? h:t} k|f]h]s6 kmd"{n]zg, k|f]h]S6 Pk|fOhn, k|f]h]S6 Dofg]h\d]G6 6]sgLs\ OToflb of]hgf If]qsf] nflu of]hgf th'{df d"NofÍg ;DjGwL, / ;d:ofd"ns tfnLd vf; s'g} If]qdf b]vf kg]{ ;d:ofx?nfO{ s]GbLt u/L tL ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg tkm{ pko'Qm 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ u/L ;d:ofd"ns tfnLd ;~rfng ul/g] s'/f ;d]t ;f] gLltkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . o;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj tyf ljlzi6 >]0fLsf kbflwsf/Lsf nflu k|To]s jif{ ;d;fdlos ljifodf uf]i7L tyf cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . k'gtf{huL tfnLdsf] ;DaGwdf tfnLd cfjzostf kflxrfg u/]/ cfjZostf cg';f/ k'gtf{huL tfnLd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

tflndsf] kf7\oqmdM

tfnLd ;+:yfx?af6 k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] tfnLd sfo{qmdsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg cfjZos ePsf] x'+bf kf7\oqmdsf] ;dLIff u/L To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg / ;DjlGwt tfnLd ;+:yf ldn]/ ul/g] 5 . ;fy} kf7\oqmd lj1x?sf] /f]i6/ tof/ u/L pgLx?af6 lgoldt ?kdf k[i7kf]if0f lnO{ tfnLd kf7\oqmdnfO{ cfjZostfg';f/ kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

tflndsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg

tflndsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ug{] lhDd]jf/L d"n?kdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] x'g] / /fli6\o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt laifout dGqfnon] ;d]t ;dGjo / ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . d"Nof+sg ubf{ b]xfosf cfwf/df ug'kg]{5 M

105

• tfnLdsf] u'0f:t/ / k|of]hg ;fy{stf ;DjGwdf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 .

• k|lzIffyL{n] :t/Lo ?kdf lnPsf] 5 ls 5}g / ;fd"lxs ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/f tfnLdsf] cGtdf g} ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] d"NofÍg ug]{ kl/kf6L j;flng]5 .

• tfnLd k|fKt JolQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ePsf] 5 ls 5}g / o;sf] p2]Zo cg's"n ePsf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] ;DjGwdf k|To]s @-b"O{_ jif{df tfnLdsf] d"NofÍg ul/g] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

• tfnLdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ o;sf] tf}/ tl/sf / d"NofÍgsf] glthf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf k7fOg]5 / k|To]s % -kf+r_ jif{df tfnLd gLlt / ;+:yfx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DjGwdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 d"NofÍg ul/g]5 .

• tfnLd ;+:yfx?n] gLhL If]qnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] tfnLdsf] k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ul/g]5 . • k|To]s tLg÷tLg jif{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt

dGqfnon] ldn]/ tfnLd s]Gb|x?sf] d"NofÍg ug'{ kg]{5 .

tfnLd ';dGjo tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;

tflndsf] ;dGjo / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf s'/fx? pNn]v ul/Psf]5 M

• >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] tfnLd ;dGjo ug]{ s]GbLo lgsfo (Focal Point) sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{5 .

• lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbO{g] tfnLd ;DjGwL l;4fGt tyf kf7\oqmd ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 :jLs[t ge} ;~rfng ul/g] 5}g .

• bf]xf]/f] ?kdf rn]sf] tfnLd sfo{qmdx?df lgoGq0f ul/g]5 . • tfnLd s]Gb|x?sf] cfjZos hgzlQm, ef}lts ;'ljwf jPj+ :t/Lotfsf] d"NofÍg ul/g]5 . • kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df ljleGg tfnLd sfo{qmdsf] aLrdf ;dGjo sfod ul/g]5 . • tfnLd ;+:yfdf sfo{/t k|lzIfsx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQ dfu ug]{ /

k|fKt x'g cfPsf 5fqj[lQdf cfjZostfg';f/ ;+:yfdf sfo{/t k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k7fOg] Joj:yf ldnfO{g]5 .

• tfnLd lbg] ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DjGwdf tfnLd k|d'vx? ;lDdlnt ePsf] j}7s slDtdf jif{sf] @ -b'O{_ k6s ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] cfof]hg ug]{5 .

• tfnLd k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{, gof+ k|ljlwx?sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug]{, tfnLd ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{, k|lzIf0f ;Lk ljsf; ug]{ ;DjGwdf jif{sf] Ps k6s g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgn] sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hg ug]{5 .

k|lzIfssf] of]Uotf M

k|lzIfssf] of]Uotf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ub}{ /fli6\o tflnd gLltn] ;DjlGwt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw ePsf], ;DjlGwt ljifodf :gfts pkflw lnO{ tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf] jf % -kf+r_ jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf], k|fljlws ;xfos :t/sf] nflu ;DjlGwt ljifodf :gfts ePsf] / slDtdf # -tLg_ jif{sf] cg'ej ePsf] jf k|df0f kq :t/sf] ;DjlGwt ljifosf] z}lIfs of]Uotf e} :jLs[t ;+:yfjf6 tfnLd k|fKt u/]sf] / % -kf+r_ jif{sf] cg'ej ePsf] x'g'kg]{ elgPsf]5 . o;}u/L k"0f{ ;do sfo{ ug]{ k|lzIfsnfO{ Ps jif{ leqdf k|lzIfs tfnLd lbOg] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

106

j}b]lzs tfnLd

j}b]lzs tfnLd ;DaGwdf ;f] gLlt b:tfj]hn] ;/sf/nfO{ ljleGg ldq /fi6« tyf bft[ ;+:yfx?jf6 k|fKt x'g] j}b]lzs 5fqj[lQ cfjZostf cg';f/sf ljifox?df j9L ;V+ofdf pknJw u/fpg k|of; ul/g] tyf j}b]lzs tfnLdsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ x]t'n] ;DjlGwt ljifodf tfnLd xfl;n u/L cfPsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/sf] sfo{ k|s[lt;+u ldNbf] If]qdf kb:yfkgf ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . o;}u/L :jb]zd} x'g ;Sg] tfnLdsf] ljifodf ;fdfGotM j}b]lzs C[0f ;xof]u glng] / lnP klg :jb]zs} tfnLd ;+:yfjf6 tfnLd lbg] Joj:yf ldnfOg] s'/f ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf]5 .

;d:of / r'gf}ltx?

xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿af6 k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx?sf] cltl/Qm cGo If]qut laifo laz]if tflnd ;Grfng ul/b} cfPsf]5 . o:tf tflndx?n] vf;u/L b]xfosf laifox?sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /x]/ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf b]lvG5g M

• kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g'kg]{, • lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{lhDd]jf/L leq k/]sf] ;]jf ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg], • gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / d"Nof+sg sfo{nfO{ s;/L k|efjsf/L agfpg], • dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf ljsf; s;/L ug]{ / o;sf] pTkfbsTj s;/L a9fpg], • lghfdtL /fi6\;]jssf] cfr/0fdf ;'wf/, :jR5 / e|i6frf/ laxLg tyf k|efjsf/L

sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf; s;/L ug]{, • kl/jt{gnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ / ;'wf/ sfo{nfO{ s;/L lg/Gt/tf lbg]

oL tflnd ;+:yfx¿df /x]sf sltko ;+:yfut / Jojxf/ut sf/0fx?n] ubf{ oL ;+:yfx? cfkm\gf p2]Zodf kof{Kt ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf b]lvb}gg\ . o:t} oL ;+:yfx?af6 k|bfg ul/b} cfPsf tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ cfjZostfsf] cg'kftdf kof{Kt 5}gg\ eGg] u'gf;fx¿ ;do ;dodf ;'lgg] u/]sf 5g\ . tflndx¿ k|fozM s]Gb|df g} ;Lldt x'g] u/]sf / Jojxfl/s kIfdf eGbf ;}4flGts kIfdf j9L hf]8 lbg] ul/Psf tyf tflnd cfjZostfsf] klxrfg g} gu/L tflnd k|bfg ul/g] x'+bf tflndsf] plrt pkof]u x'g g;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvPsf]5 .

/fli6\o tflnd gLlt @)%* df pNn]v ePsf sltko gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf ePtfklg clwsf+z gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf kof{Kt Wofg lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflnd ;DaGwL ;d:ofx? Ho"sf To" ljwdfg /x]sf b]lvG5g . tflnd gLltdf pNn]v eP/ klg sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf k|d'v gLltx?df b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g .

• x/]s dGqfnoaf6 dfgj;|f]t ljsf; of]hgf / j[lQ ljsf; of]hgf tof/ ug{] elgPtf klg o;tkm{ vf;} kxn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

• ;a} lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ slDtdf Ps >]0fL jf txdf Psk6s tflndsf] gLltnfO{ Jojxfl/stf lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd pknAw u/fpg d'n'ssf ljleGg :yfgdf 3'lDt tflnd ;Grfng ug]{ elgPtfklg cfGtl/s ;'/Iff tyf cGo ljljw sf/0fn] ;Grfng ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

• sd{rf/Lsf] tflnd cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ ckgfO{g] s'g}klg ljlwx? h:tf] cGt/jftf{, 1fg tyf ;Lksf] k/LIf0f, ;'k/Lj]Ifssf] ;Nnfxf / sfo{ ;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg cflb s'g} tl/sf gckgfO{ tflnd sfo{qmddf sd{rf/LnfO{ ul/g] dgf]gogn] sd{rf/Lsf] kbf]GgtLsf] nflu cfjZos gDa/ afx]s cGo s'g} kIfdf ;xof]u gug]{ b]lvPsf]5 . s'g} kIfdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 eg] klg Tof] clgof]lht g} x'G5 .

107

• lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] kb:yfkgf / ;?jf lghn] lnPsf] tflndsf] ;b'kof]u x'g] u/L ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] tflndnfO{ j[lQ ljsf;;+u cfj4 u/L k]zfut ;Lk ljsf;;+u cfa4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;}u/L hgzlQmsf] k|If]k0f ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

• tflnddf cfw'lgs k|lzIf0f k|ljlwsf] k|of]u tyf tflnd ;DjGwL cg';Gwfgn] k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

• g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{tsf /f=k=t[= >]0fLsf clws[tx¿sf] nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]u4f/f k/LIff lnO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ;"rLsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|li7fgaf6 ;]jf k|j]z tflnd -cfwf/e"t k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f_ lbPkl5 ;f] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df clGtd of]Uotfqmdsf] l;kmfl/; nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 lul/g] Joj:yf qmdz M ldnfOg] / o;f] ubf{ tflndsf] k/LIff ;~rfng, d"NofÍg nf]s;]jf cfof]un] :jtGq ?kdf ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] elgPtf klg of] nfu" x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• /fli6«o dfgj;|f]t ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] u7g geP;Dd lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $) v -#_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltn] tfnLd sfo{qmdx?sf] ;dGjo, cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{5 elgPtf klg xfn;Dd of] ;ldltaf6 o; kIfdf vf;} kxn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• df}h'bf tfnLd ;+:yfx?sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ sdhf]/ b]lvG5 tyf pgLx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g .

• tfnLd ;+:yfdf ;+nUg k|lzIfsx?sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ ;dofg's"n :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL cj;/ k|bfg ul/g]5 elgPtf klg xfn;Dd o:tf sfo{qmdx? ;+rfngdf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . k|lzIfsx?sf] of]Uotf / :t/ lgwf{/0f ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• ljBdfg tflnd s]Gb|x¿aLr cGt/ ;dGjo sfod ub}{ tflnd ;~rfng ubf{ cfkm\gf k|lzIffyL{Fx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t' x]/L tflnd cjflwe/ cfjZostf k/] Ps csf{sf] tflnd s]Gb|df vf; ljifosf nflu tflnd lbg k7fOg] elgPtf klg Pp6} laifodf ljleGg tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?n] tflnd lbg] ul/ cfPsf] ;d]t kfOPsf]5 . sltko tflnd ;+:yfsf If]qLo jf :yfgLo:t/df tflnd s]Gb|x? /x]sf5g . o:tf s]Gb|x?sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ;b'kof]usf] of]hgf Nofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

• ljleGg dGqfno÷lgsfox¿ cGtu{t /x]sf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] k|To]s jif{ tt\ tt\ dGqfnox¿n] cfkm\gf If]qut tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] d"NofÍg u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df cfjZostf cg'?k tflnd ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;'b'9 ub}{ nlug] / k|To]s tLg jif{df ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon], /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;DalGwt dGqfnosf k|ltlglwx¿ ;+nUg d"NofÍg 6f]nLaf6 To:tf tflnd ;+:yfx¿sf] d"NofÍg u/fOg] gLlt /x]tf klg o; tkm{ ;d]t 7f]; kfOnf rfNg ;lsPsf] 5}g .

• ;/sf/L If]qdf @! j6f tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx? :yfkgf ePsf ePtfklg oL ;+:yfx? jLr lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] tflndsf laifodf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?af6 cfkm\gf cfk\mgf If]qsf ljz]]if k|s[ltsf tflndx? k|bfg ug]{ elgPtfklg oLgLx?n] ;]jfsflng tflnddf Ps eGbf a9L ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df cfof]hgf ug{ ;s]sf] kfOb}g . Ps} laifodf Ps eGbf a9L tflnd ;+:yfx?af6 tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf] / cfk\mgf] laz]if1tf gePsf] If]qdf ;d]t tflnd k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] kfOPsf]5 . o;n] >f]tsf] b'?kof]usf] cnfaf Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ k|of]u x'g g;s]sf] b]vfPsf]5 .

108

• tflndsf] u'0f:t/ olsg ug{ o;sf] k|dfl0fs/0f (Accreditation) Pp6} ;+:yfaf6 x'g] pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfpg ;d]t ;lsPsf] 5}g .

tflnddf ;+nUg lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? tyf ljleGg tflnd ;+:yfx¿;+usf] 5nkmn cGt/lqmodf JoQm ljrf/x?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf lbOg] tflnddf b]xfosf ;d:ofx? b]lvPsf5g .

• tflnddf ;xeflutfsf] nflu ljleGg txsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{ ;]jfsflng kbf]Ggltsfnflu gDa/ kfO{g] / cfly{s nfe x'g] afx]ssf :jb]zdf ;Grfng x'g] cGo tflnd k|lt sd{rf/Lx? sd} cfslif{t x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf]5 . tflndaf6 1fg, ;Lk clea[l4 x'G5 eg]/ tflnddf efu lng] sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;+Vof lgs} sd kfOPsf]5 . k|lzIffyL{x?n] Psk6s tflnd k|fKt u/L;s]kl5 kmnf]ck tflnd tyf k"g/tfhuL tflndsf] Joj:yfsf] cefj b]lvPsf]5 . tflndn] b}lgs sfdsfhdf ;xof]u u5{ eGg] ljZjf;sf] cefjn] tflnd k|lt cfsif{0f 36fPsf]5 . sltko ;Gbe{df tflndn] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an a9fpg] eGbf c;Gtf]if, lg:s[otf / kZrufdL agfpg] tkm{ e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jfsf 8\fO{e/ / lkog h:tf >]0fLljlxg sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd lbP/ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ ;j{yf k5f8L k/]sf]5 . o:tf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ tflnd lbg'kg]{ cfjZostf dxz'; ul/Psf] ePtf klg s] s:tf] tflnd k|bfg ug]{ / To;/L xfl;n u/]sf] 1fg, l;k / IfdtfnfO{ pgLx?sf] j[lQ ljsf;df s;/L cfj4 ug]{ eGg] laifodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf kof{Kt 5nkmnsf] cfjZostf b]lvG5 .

• sd{rf/LnfO{ gofF sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|fKt x'Fbf, gofF If]qdf ;?jf x'Fbf sfdsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg cled'lvs/0f ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ;j{yf cefj5 . o;n] sd{rf/Ln] kbdf ePkl5 sfd hfg] jf ghfg] klg p ;f] sfo{ ug{ lj1 g} 5 eGg] dfg]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]5 .

• sd{rf/LnfO{ s'g} laifodf tflnd lbPkl5 tflnddf k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ sfo{If]qdf pkof]u ug{ gkfpb} sltko ;Gbe{df o:tf sd{rf/Lsf] tflnd;+u c;fGbfle{s If]qdf ;?jf x'g] u/]sf]5 . h;n] tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf sd x'g] u/]sf] kfO{Psf]5 .

• kbf]Ggltsf]nflu tflndsf] u0fgf ubf{ vl08t u0fgfsf] gLlt gePsf]n] 5f]6f] cjlwsf OZo'j]z tflndx? h:tf] k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx?, zf;sLo 9fFrf ;DaGwL, h]08/ tyf ljB'tLo zf;g ;DaGwL ljleGg tflndx?df klg cfly{s nfesf] k|nf]eg lagf kof{Kt ;xefuL gkfOg] u/]sf]5 .

• g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cWoog, tflnd / cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ o;sf] Ifdtfdf cfz+sf ug]{ :yfg gePtfklg sfo{;Dkfbg sdhf]/ / cfnf]lrt b]lvg'df ;sf/fTds ;f]r, sfo{pTk]|/0ff / ;+:yfut sfo{ 9fFrf tyf sfo{ jftfj/0f k|d'v sf/ssf] ?kdf b]lvG5 . tflndaf6 ck]lIft ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] tflndx? Jojxfl/s / sfo{:ynsf] jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t x'g ;s]sf b]lvb}gg\ .

• clwsf+z laifout If]qsf tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?n] tflnd cfjZostfsf] klxrfg g} gu/L tflnd ;Grfng ug]{ u/]sfn] clwsf+z tflndx? sd k|efjsf/L, cgfjZos laifoa:t'df cfwfl/t / vlr{nf] tyf Jojxfl/s eGbf a9L ;}bflGts x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . oL ;+:yfx?df aflif{s tflnd ;Grfng Sofn]08/ ;d]t sd}df aGg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

• tflndsf] kf7\oqmd, k|ljlw / ljlw cfw'lgs / ;d;fdlos x'g] gu/]sf], k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf ;d;fdlos d'2fx?n] kof{Kt k|fyldstf kfpg g;s]sf] tyf kfPsf]df klg ;}4flGts 1fgdfq lbg] ubf{ Jojxf/df Nofpg ;lsPsf] b]lvb}g .

109

• tflnd ;+:yfx?n] tflnd /0fgLlt, gLlt, lgb]{lzsf / dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf cu|;/tf b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOb}g . tflnddf sfo{ljlwnfO{ ckgfpg] laifodf ;d]t lkmtnf]kgf kfOPsf]5 . oL ;+:yfx?df df}lns tflnd ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] pknAwtf ;d]t kof{Ktdfqfdf x'g;s]sf] b]lvb}g . cem kf7\o ;fdfu|L pTkfbg ug]{ bIf hgzlQmsf] ;d]t ;j{yf cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

• tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] 5}g eg] kof{Kt ;|f]t / ;fwg sf] cefjdf ;+:yfx? /fd|f];+u ;Grfng x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . pRr k|zf;s / cy{ dGqfnodf tflnddf ul/g] vr{ pNkmt vr{ xf] eGg] dfGotfdf vf;} ;'wf/ x'g g;s]sf] tyf ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿n] tflndnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|fyldstfdf /fVg ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvb}g .

• tflnd ;+:yfx?df of]Uo / bIf k|lzIfssf] cefj x'g] u/]sf]5 . g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg afx]s cGo tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|zf;g nufot cGo ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ g} k|lzIfssf] ?kdf kb:yfkgf ug]{ u/]sf]5 . tflnddf ;+nUg x'g] o:tf k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg], Ifdtf a9fpg], j}b]lzs e|d0f u/fpg] h:tf sfo{qmdx? kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw 5}gg\ . yk cfly{s nfe kfpg ;Sg] gLltsf] ;d]t cefj5 . ;fdfGotof tflnd s]Gb|x?df kb:yfkgf x'g] sd{rf/Ln] Tofxf sfo{/t /xbf cfkm'n] ;hfFo kfPsf] dxz'; ub{5g / ;?jfsf]nflu ;w} k|of;/t /xG5g . To:tf sd{rf/Lx?sf] cGoq ;?jf x'bf tflnd s]Gb|x?df bIf k|lzIfssf] ;w} cefj x'g] u/]sf]5 . tflnd ;+:yfsf k|d'vx?n] bIf k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd ;+:yfx¿df /fvL /fVg (Retain) g;lsPsf] cflb laifox¿ ;d:ofsf ?kdf JoQm ug]{ u/]sf 5g . g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fgdf ;d]t bIf k|lzIfsx?sf] sdL dxz'; ul/Psf]5 .

• :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf tflndsf]nflu dgf]gog ug]{ j:t'ut cfwf/ ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . sltko cj:yfdf lg0f{ostf{;+usf] ;DaGw / l;kmfl/zdf dgf]gog x'g] u/]sf] ;d]t kfOPsf]5 . tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fdf dgf]gog ug]{ ;DaGwdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf ePsf k|fjwfgx?sf] ;d]t kfngf ug]{ laifo sd k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/]sf] u'gf;fx? ;'lgPsf5g .

• ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 klg tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx¿jf6 ;~rflnt tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg, ;dGoj / d"NofÍg ug{ g;lsPsfn] tflnd gLltsf] kfngfdf ;':ttf cfPsf] dxz'; ul/Psf]5 .

• j}b]lzs tflnd 1fg / ;Lk l;Sg] eGbf cyf]{kfh{gsf] b[li6n] cfsif{0fsf] laifo ePsf]5 . o;n] ubf{ o:tf tflndsf] cj;/nfO{ k|fKt ug{ sd{rf/Ldf xf]8afhL rNg] u/]sf]5 . csf]{tkm{ j}b]lzs tflnddf hfg] sd{rf/Lx? tflndaf6 kms]{kl5 lghx?n] tflndaf6 l;s]sf] 1fg, ;LknfO{ ;b'kof]u x'g] u/L kb:yfkgf ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] s]xL j}b]lzs tflnddf hfg] sd{rf/Lx? tflndsf] ;dfKtL k5L ljb]zdf g} x/fpg] u/]sf] ;d]t kfOPsf]5 .

ca sf] af6f]

s'g}klg j:t' jf ;]jf pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf]nflu cGo s'/fx?sf] eGbf dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] cTolws dxTj x'g] ub{5 . dfgjLo ;fwfg Joj:yfkgsf] lx;fan] cToGt sl7g ;d]t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf /x]sf] tflnd ckl/xfo{ / clgjfo{ 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf tflndnfO{ k|efjsf/L / nfebfoL agfpg ;j{ k|ydt pRr k|zf;sx?df tflndaf6 k|fKt 1fg, ;Lk / Ifdtfsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ k|lta4tf cfjZos b]lvPsf]5 . tflnd gLlt ag]kl5 ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogdf k|lta4tf b]vfP/ /fd|f];+u sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsPdf xfn b]lvPsf sltko ;d:ofx?sf] :jt ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . tflnd ;+:yfx?sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, tflnddf cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]u, pRr dgf]jn / Ifdtfo'Qm k|lzIfsx?sf] 5gf}6 / lghx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;, tflnd s]Gb|x?df k|lzIfsx?nfO{ k]|l/tug]{ /0fgLlt h:tf laifox?n] k|fyldstf kfpg'kg]{ b]lvPsf]5 .

110

• tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?df sfo{/t tflnd;+u ;DalGwt hgzlQmn] klg cfkm'nfO{ ;w} gofFs'/f l;Sg tTk/ /fVg' cfjZos b]lvG5 . tflnd ;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfgn] oL ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{qmddf k|fyldstf kfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . tflnd k|ljlw, sfo{ljlw, ;fdfu|L cflbdf cfw'lgstf Nofpg yk cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf]5 .

• tflnd cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;j{yf k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ tflnddf ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] b/ a9\ghfG5 eg] tflndaf6 l;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg] ultdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;S5 . o;}u/L tflnd rqmsf cGo r/0fx?df klg ;/f]sf/jfnf sd{rf/L / ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox?sf] ;+nUgtfn] tflnd k|ltsf] ckgTjdf a[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 .

• ;a} tflnd k|bfos ;+:yfx?n] cfkm\gf tflnd sfo{qmdx? ;Grfng ug{ tflnd rqmsf] cfwf/df ;a} k|lqmofx? canDag ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . oL ;+:yfx?n] tflnd rqmsf] canDag u/] gu/]sf] cg'udg ug{ ;DalGwt dGqfno, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg ;lDdlnt 6f]nLx? u7g u/L sfd ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .

• ;a} lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfjZostf cg';f/ tflnd k|fKt ug{ ;s'g eg]/ tflnd ;+:yfx?sf] at{dfg Ifdtfsf] ;d]t a[l4 cfjZos b]lvPsf]5 . s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/L k|zf;g OsfOsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ljleGg tflnd s]Gb|x?af6 k|bfg ul/g] tflndsf] ;dGjo, cg'udg / :t/Ls/0fdf ;d]t kof{Kt Wofg s]Gb|Ltug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

• g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg ;/sf/L If]qsf clws[t tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Joj:yfkg / k|zf;gsf laifodf tflnd k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf]n] o;sf] lhDd]jf/L ;fdfGo ?kdf tflnd k|bfg u/]/ dfq k'/f x'g] b]lvb}g . o;n] ljleGg txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] tflndsf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdfu|L ljsf;, tflndsf] :t/Ls/0f / tflnd ;DaGwL cWoog / cg';Gwfgdf ;d]t s]Gb|Lt ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

• ;/sf/L ah]6df tflndsf]nflu kof{Kt x'g]u/L ljlgof]hg ug{' cfjZos5 . sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf a9]kl5 dfq cGo ;fwgsf] pkof]lutf a9\g] / ;dli6df ;+:yfut pTkfbsTj a9\g] s'/f o; If]qsf ;a}n] a'em\g' h?/L b]lvG5 .

• tflnd gLltdf kl/dfh{g u/L 5f]6f] cjlwsf OZo'j]z tflndnfO{ klg kbf]GgtLsfnflu vl08t ?kdf u0fgf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]5 . o;n] sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ o:tf tflndx?df ;d]t cfslif{t ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .

cGTodf sd{rf/Lsf] 1fg, ;Lkdf clea[l4 u/L Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ tflnd Ps clgjfo{ tTj xf] . tflndsf] Joj:yfkg /fd|f];+u u/L ;a} sd{rf/Lsf] kxF'r / pT;fxk"j{s efu lng] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;lsPdf o;n] sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]j[lQdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g NofO{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ bIf, ;an, ;Ifd, ;'b[9 / ultzLn agfpg d2t ugf{sf ;fy} pTkfbgzLn / glthfd'vL agfpg]df cfzfafbL x'g ;lsG5 .

111


llggllxxtt ::jjffyy{{ssff ]] ååGGåå MM gg]]kkffnn // gg]]kkffnnLLssff ]] lljjssff;;ssff]] jjffwwss

– 8f= lji0f' clwsf/L♦

;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ clwsf/L jf clVtof/jfnf JolQmn] kbLo lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf jf ;fj{hlgs ljifoaf/] lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf c¿sf] k|efjdf kg'{ (influence peddling), cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngdf a]OdfgL ug'{ cyjf ljZjf;3ft ug'{, leqL ;fF7ufF7 /fVg' (insider dealing) jf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå /fVg' (conflict of interest), c¿nfO{ 3"; Vjfpg], wDsLk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug]{h:tf hfn;fhLk"0f{ Jojxf/ u/L k|efjdf kfg'{, k|ToIf of ck|ToIf¿kn] gfhfoh 9Ëaf6 s'g} lsl;dsf] l/;jt lng'lbg' of lnglbg d~h'/ ug'{ cflbh:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'sx¿df e|i6frf/sf] ;d:ofdWo] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå Ps hl6n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ljz]iftof ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿df of] ;d:of c;Eo ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfut sdhf]/L emlNsg] u/L e|i6frf/sf] Ps hl6n ljifo alg/x]sf] 5 . of] ljifo ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs nufot ljleGg ljwfdf ufFlhP/ /x]sf] lgtfGt JolQmut :jfy{sf sf/0f pTkGg e|i6frf/sf] ;a}eGbf uDeL/ ;d:of xf] . olb ;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L kfPsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;dfhdf d"No dfGotfsf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ a9fjf lbg] Ifdtf /fVb}gg\ eg] ltgLx¿ lghL :jfy{af6 clek|]l/t x'Fb} hfG5g\ / ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ eGg] ljj]saf6 ljd'v x'g yfNb5g\ .

lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf sf/0f /fHo ;+oGqsf] gLlt lgdf{0f tx / lg0f{o ug]{ txdf /x]sf /fhg}lts jf k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] cfk"mn] kfPsf] clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u u/L ;fdflhs cfly{s ljsf;sf gLlt, sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfx¿df x:tIf]k ug'{h:tf sfo{x¿ clxn] w]/} rngrNtLdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . s'g} JolQm jf ;d"x jf bnsf nflu kmfObf k'Ug] u/L lglxt :jfy{ /fvL /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u ul/g] h:tf Jojxf/n] ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qsf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿, cfd gful/s / l;Ëf] d'n'snfO{ xfgL eO/x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] lsl;dsf] ljrlnt Jojxf/n] jt{dfgnfO{ dfq kL8f lbg] xf]Og, d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf] cleofgdf bL3{sfnLg bLuf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] nIf / eljiosf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;d]t rsgfr'/ agfpF5 .

o;} kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs j[Qdf klg cGo ljsf;zLn d'n'sx¿df em}F e|i6frf/sf] v}/f] ¿k (Grey Corruption) egL lrlgg] lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå ;a}eGbf hl6n ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Lx¿df lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf] cj:yf /x'~h]n e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] cleofgnfO{ ;xL lbzfdf lgb]{z ug{ ;lsGg . xfn g]kfndf

♦ lglxt :jfy{sf] ååGGåå lljj11,, [email protected]

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lglxt :jfy{sf] 4Gbsf] ljzfSt /Qm ;~rf/ /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs j[Qdf Jofks 5 . ;f] sf/0faf6 g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] cl:tTj g} vt/fdf k/]sf] 5 .

Media Services International n] @)%^ ;fndf s]xL lhNnfdf cfwfl/t eP/ u/]sf] hgdt ;j]{If0fcg';f/ clwsf+z g]kfnLn] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf s;} g s;}nfO{ 3"; VjfPsf] tYo ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] ;j]{If0fdf (*=@ k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] g]kfndf e|i6frf/ 5 eGg] kIfdf dt hfx]/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g];gnn] ;g\ @))$ b]lv e|i6frf/;DaGwL cg'e"lt ;"rsf+s (Corruption Perception Index) df g]kfnnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ z'? u¥of] . ;g\ @))$, @))% / @))^ u/L tLg jif{sf] ;"rsf+Ídf g]kfnn] kfPsf] c+s / bhf{ e|i6frf/sf] ;d:of uDeL/¿kdf /x]sf d'n'sx¿sf] k+lQmdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljZj a}+sn] k|sflzt u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;'zf;g;DaGwL ;"rsfÍ klg ;sf/fTds lbzftk{m pGd'v ePsf] b]lvFb}g . kb / lhDd]jf/L, /fhgLlts :yfloTj, ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf, lgodgsf] u'0f:t/, ljlwsf] zf;g / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] dfkssf] ¿kdf lnOPsf]df cl3Nnf jif{x¿sf] t'ngfdf kl5Nnf jif{x¿sf k|fKtfÍ C0ffTds x'Fb} uO/x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t} ;g\ @))^ b]lv

Global Integrity Index df g]kfnsf] gfd klg ;dfj]z x'g] u/]sf]df ;f] Integrity Scorecard df g]kfnsf] cf};t k|fKtfÍ %) b]vfOPsf] 5 . ut !) jif{sf] cjlwdf e|i6frf/lj?4sf] /fli6«o gLlt tyf ;Dkfbg ePsf sfdsf/jfxLx¿sf] d"NofÍg u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] $) d'n'sx¿sf] ;"rsfÍdf g]kfnn] xfl;n u/]sf] c+s / :yfg Tolt ;Ddfghgs l:yltdf /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . of] cÍnfO{ w]/} v/fa egL ;+1f lbOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ljutsf] nfdf] snx / åGåsf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;+/rgfdf JofKt e|i6frf/ klg xf] eGg'df clt;of]lQm gxf]nf . e|i6frf/n] /fHosf] j}wflgstf / Ifdtfs} cjd"Nog ub{5 . clg sfg"gsf] zf;g x/fpFb} hfG5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k ;dfhdf c;dfgtf / e]befj a9\b} uO{ hgtfdf c;Gt'i6L Jofks x'g hfG5 . clg snxnfO{ /f]Sg / yfDg ;lsGg . åGå rls{G5 . g]kfndf klg ToxL eO/x]sf] 5 .

d'n'sdf ca ;z:q åGån] lj>fd lnPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ;DkGg !@ a'Fb] ;dembf/L, * a'Fb] ;xdlt, @% a'Fb] cfrf/;+lxtf / o;cl3 ;DkGg ;femf ;xdlt / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ k|]lift ;dfg wf/0ffk|lt k|lta4tfsf] k'gk'{li6 ub}{ @)^# d+l;/ % ut] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf klg eof] . ;f] ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f a'Fbfdf æljZjJofkL¿kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, cfjlws lgjf{rg, gful/s ;dfhsf] cg'udg, k"0f{ k|];:jtGqtf, hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, /fhgLlts bnx¿sf lqmofsnfx¿df kf/blz{tf / hfjkmb]lxtf, hg;xeflutf, lgikIf, ;Ifd tyf :jR5 k|zf;gtGqsf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhgLlts k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ / e|i6frf/ tyf b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ub}{ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{Æ egL k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 ljutdf ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf aLrdf ePsf ;xdlt / zflGt ;Demf}tfcg'¿k to ul/Psf] ;femf ;xdltsf] Go"gtd\ sfo{qmddf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u/L c;n zf;gsf] axfnL ug]{af/] k|lta4tf cleJoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ Ps jif{ lalt;Sbf klg To;sf] k"0f{ cfef; g]kfnL hgtfn] cg'ej ug{ gkfO{ ;f] sf] c;/af6 hLjg:t/ si6s/ ag]sf] ;a}df 1ft g} 5 . /fhg}lts g]tfx? oyfy{ eGbf gSsnL ;kgfdf 5g\ . Pp6f hfb"sf] km"dGt/ u/]/ u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lgsf g]kfnLnfO{ wgLsf] /]vfd'gL kf/L lbg] ;kgf afF8\b} 5g\ . g]kfn h:tf] ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs cj:yf ePsf] d'n'sdf gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd ljgfsf] pb]snfUbf] lglxt :jfy{sf] /fhgLlt eO{/x]sf]5 . /fi6«n] t cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ d]xgt, kl/>d ug'{,

113

cg'zfl;t aGg], :jfjnDjL x'g], u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;Lk, 1fg cfh{g ug{ / pgLx?sf] k|ltef ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u, cg's'n jftfj/0f / cj;/x? >[hgf u/L of]Uo hgzlQm ljb]z knfogaf6 /f]sL b]z lgdf{0fdf nufpg' kg]{ t/ g]kfndf vf]O{ To:tf sfo{qmd < cfh cf7 kf6L{sf] ;/sf/ 5, cfhklg k|i6 b]lvG5, lglxt :jfy{sf] 4Gb . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf /fd|f] dfG5] xf]Og xfd|f] dfG5], ljsf;sf] ;+s6 5 . ljgf of]Uotf dfG5] 7"nf] bhf{df k'Ug] ;xh, ;/n / ;'ne ;kgf b]v]sf 5g\ . j]/f]huf/Lsf] nflu klg /fhgLlt /f]huf/L ePsf] 5 . ctM g]kfndf ;/sf/ cfh klg sdhf]/, PSnf] / lg/Lx 5 lsgeg] ;Qfwf/L / pgsf ;/sf/n] lglxt :jfy{k"0f{ 4Gbsf] ljzfSt jftfj/0faf6 5'6\sf/f lng ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL ;dfhn] lglxt :jfy{sf] 4Gb TofuL /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb ;a} If]qdf kl/jt{g rfx]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtf To;sf] lglDt cft'/ 5g\ .

of] ;+qmd0fsf] cj:yfdf /fHo;Qf ;~rfngdf lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfd ug]{ z}nLn] cfd hgtfsf] e|i6frf/k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0f / cg'e"ltdf /fHo ;+oGq e|i6frf/sf nflu ;dfwfg xf] jf ;d:of eGg] låljwfsf] cjwf/0ff agfpg] sfd ug]{5 .

kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts ;Gbe{df sfg"gsf] zf;g / lbuf] ljsf; /fHosf] k|:Yffg laGb' xf] eg] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] enfO{sf] nflu /fHosf ;a} ;+oGqx¿ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu uDeL/ x'g' cfjZos 5 . lgZro klg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f u/L ;'zf;gsf] axfnL ug{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ k'lgt p2]Zosf ;fy u7g ePsf /fHo ;+oGqx¿n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ k4ltdf ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 . o;sf nflu /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k4ltsf] :yfkgf u/L /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;+/rgfdf k|0ffnLut ;'wf/ NofO{ o;sf lj?4 ;zQm cleofg rnfpg ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhaf6 xft]dfnf] / ;xsfo{ ug{ klg Tolts} ckl/xfo{ 5 . e|i6frf/sf] lj?4 ;zQm cleofg rnfpg] xf] eg] ;dfhdf lglxt :jfy{sf] åGåsf sf/0f / b'ik|efjx¿af/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfu[t agfO{ o;sf lj?4 hgdt l;h{gf ug{ lgtfGt h?/L b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf ;/sf/df g]t[Tj lng]x¿, gLlt lgdf{tfx¿, sfg"ga]Qfx¿, lg0f{ostf{x¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;a}n] e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu xfd|f] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts / /fhg}lts–cfly{s j[Qdf b]lvg] lglxt :jfy{ åGåsf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ eTsfO{ r]tgfsf gofFF d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ lgdf{0f ug{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ j]nf cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs ;+u7gx¿df c;n zf;g k4ltnfO{ a9jf lbg'sf ;fy} /fHosf ;a} k|d'v cËx¿df g}ltstf / ;bfrf/sf dfGotfx¿ :yflkt ub}{ kf/blz{tf / lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{' cfhsf] k|d'v cfjZostfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . lglxt :jfy{sf] åGå /xg] ljifox¿df ulx/f] cWoog u/L o;nfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfh ;a} Psh'6 eO{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx¿sf] kl/dfh{gsf nflu gLltut tyf sfg"gL pkfox¿ cjnDag ub}{ hfg Tolts} cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ljsf;sf] jfwssf] ?kdf /x]sf] lglxt :jfy{sf] 4Gbsf cjz]ifx?nfO{ pNd'ng u/L gofFF g]kfnsf] ;kgfnfO{ ljkgf agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

114

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!= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ff k|zf;sLo cbfnt eGgfn] ;fdfGotofM k|zf;sLo sfg"g jf k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx?sf] xs clwsf/ / ltgsf] k|of]usf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbx?sf] lg?k0f ug]{ cbfnt eGg] a'lemG5 . k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff tyf o;sf] e"ldsfsf] af/]df ljrf/ubf{ ljZjdf k|rlnt ljleGg sfg"g k|0ffnLx? dWo] /f]dgf]–hd{lgs sfg"g kl/jf/ (Law of Romano-Germanic Family) cGtu{t k|mfG;]nL sfg"g k|0ffnL / hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnLn] o;nfO{ km/s–km/s ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ :yfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . of] sfg"g kl/jf/ cGtu{t klg hfkfgL sfg"g k|0ffnLn] k|mfG;]nL / hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnLn] h:tf] 5'§} k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ gu/L Common Law Family cGtu{tsf sfg"g k|0ffnLn] h:tf] Psn ;fwf/0f cbfntL tx (Single Court Tier System) cGtu{t d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ / lsgf/f ug]{ cbfntL ;+/rgf :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|mfG;]nL sfg"g k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . o; sfg"g k|0ffnLdf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cfkm\g} 5'§} cbfntL txsf] Joj:yf u/L o;nfO{ ;fwf/0f cbftnaf6 k[ys ul/Psf] 5 . of] cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs sfg"g cGtu{tsf d'2fx? x]g]{, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lx?sf] sfd, st{Jo lgwf{/g ug]{, lghx?sf] sfo{df lgoGq0f ug]{ / pgLx?sf] bfloTj lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . o;n] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L / ;fdfGo gful/ssf aLr ePsf b]jfgL d'2fx? klg x]g]{ / k|zf;sLo sfo{ u}/sfg"gL jf c;+j}wflgs ePdf ;f] pk/ l/6 lgj]bg ;'Gg] klg ub{5 .27 of] cbfntL ;+/rgfsf] ;jf]{Rr txdf Counseil d'Etat /x]sf] 5 / o;n] k|:tfljt ljw]osdf ljz]if1sf] ?kdf /fo lbg] c+usf] ?kdf klg sfo{ ub{5 .28 of] cbfnt cGtu{t kfFrj6f k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? (Courts administratives d'appel) /x]sf 5g\ eg] oL k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? cGtu{t klg ljleGg t]QL;a6f z'? txsf cbfntx? (Tribunaux adnimistratifs) /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L k|mfG;]nL sfg"g k|0ffnLn] k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 .

k|mfG;]nL sfg"g k|0ffnLn] h:t} hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnLn] klg k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ nueu p:t} :j?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . hd{gLdf sfg"gsf] ;dfgtf / :j]R5frf/L k|zf;sLo sfo{af6 hgtfnfO{ ;'/Iff ug{ / nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] :yfkgf ug{ k|zf;sLo cbfntx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5, h;df @! j6f k|zf;sLo cbfntx? /x]sf 5g\ . tL cbfntx?n] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]df k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntsf] ?kdf oL cbfnteGbf dfly !) j6f k|zf;sLo k'g/fj]bg cbfntx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf k|zf;sLo ljjfbx? x]g{sf nflu k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] clGtd txsf] ?kdf ;+3Lo k|zf;sLo cbfnt /x]sf] 5 . of] k|zf;sLo cbfntx?sf] txdf pRrtd\

* Gofo ;]jf;Fu ;Da4 x'g'x'G5 . 27 6+sk|;fb b'nfn, -@)%%_, k|d'v sfg"g k|0ffnLx?, sf7df08f}M k}/jL k|sfzg, k[= !@^ 28 Michale Bogdan, (1994), Comparative Law, Stockholm: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, p. 176

115

cbfnt xf] .29 ;+j}wflgs sfg"g ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lsgf/f ug]{ cbfnt, ;fdflhs cbfnt / cfly{s cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q leq gkg]{ ;a} k|zf;sLo sfg"gsf] sfo{fGjo / tT;DaGwL ljjfbx?sf] ;'g'jfO{ / lsgf/f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ k"0f{?kdf (Exclusively) k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 .30 o;/L hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnLn] klg k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k[ys cbfntL ;+/rgfsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/L ljz]if vfnsf] clwsf/If]q k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dxflåkLo sfg"g k|0ffnLdf h:tf] cGo c+u|]hL sfg"g kl/jf/, ;dfhjfbL sfg"g kl/jf/ / wfld{s sfg"g kl/jf/ leqsf sfg"g k|0ffnLx?n] ljlzi6Ls[t ?kdf k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gL ;+/rgf leq /fv]sf] kfO{Fb}g . olb plNnlvt cGo sfg"g kl/jf/ leqsf sfg"g k|0ffnLn] k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ cfk\mgf] sfg"gL ;+/rgfleq ;dfj]z u/]sf /x]5g\ eg] Tof] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] ckjfbfTds Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df ePsf] xf] .

o;/L k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ff / k|zf;sLo Gofosf] ljsf;df /f]dgf]–hd{lgs sfg"g kl/jf/ leqsf k|mfG;]nL / hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnLsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljZjdf /x]sf ljleGg sfg"g k|0ffnLx?sf] aLrdf a9]sf] lgs6tf, k/:k/df x'g] u/]sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f (Reception) / k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] :yfkgfaf6 x'g;Sg] kmfObf lngsf nflu cGo sfg"g k|0ffnL ckgfpg] b]zx?n] klg lj:tf/} cfkm\gf] sfg"gL ;+/rgfleq k|zf;slo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

@= g]kfndf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld g]kfndf Gofokflnsfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]bf{ ;j{k|yd zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] dfGotf cg';f/ Gofokflnsf nfO{ sfo{kflnsfaf6 k[ys ug]{ k|of; lj= ;+= !((&.#.!@ df h'4;dz]/n] d'n'sL c•fsf] P]g ;jfn kmfF6;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ hf/L u/]sf] k|wfg Gofofnosf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;gbaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .31 tTsfnLg /fhg}lts bjfjsf sf/0fn] dfq of] ;gb hf/L ePsf] x'gfn] Jojxf/df k|wfg Gofofno P]g, @))( hf/L geP;Dd Gofokflnsf sfo{sfl/0fLaf6 :jtGq ePsf] b]lvb}g . lj= ;+= @))& sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]udf s]xL kl/jt{g NofPsf] ePklg ;f] kl/jt{gk"j{ dfn c•f, jg hfFr, /sd jGbf]a:t c•f, s'df/L rf]s h:tf sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfox?n] GofFlos clwsf/ k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm kl/jt{gkl5 sfo{sfl/0fLsf] k|zf;sLo ;+u7gdf ;do–;dodf km]/abn ePklg jg sfof{no, dfnkf]t sfof{no, e+;f/, s/, cGtz'Ns, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no h:tf k|zf;lgs lgsfox?n] xfn;Dd klg GofFlos clwsf/ k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ sfg"g / Gofosf dfGo l;¢fGt cGtu{t cbfntaf6 k|of]u ul/g] / s'g} vf; d'2fsf nflu ljz]if cbfntsf] u7g ug{ g;lsP klg s'g} vf; lsl;d jf k|s[ltsf d'2fx? x]g{ ljz]if k|s[ltsf] cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] Joj:yf32 / ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] Joj:yf / dfGotfsf]33 cfwf/df k|zf;sLo cbfnt nufotsf ljleGg cw{GofFlos lgsfox?n] sfd sf/jfxL ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] k|zf;sLo cbfnt k|mfG;]nL / hd{g sfg"g k|0ffnL leqsf cfk\mg} 5'§} cbfntL tx / lj:t[t If]qflwsf/ ePsf ;fdfGo ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf leq :yflkt ePsf k|zf;sLo cbfnt h:tf] geO{ ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] ckjfbfTds Joj:yfsf] cwf/df :yflkt cbfnt xf] .

29 k"j{ l6Kk0fL g+= !, k[= !*% 30 8f= uf]kfn zdf{, -@)%@_, ljZjsf k|d'v sfg"gL k|0ffnLx?sf] ?k–/]vf, sf7df08f}M ljByL{ k':ts e08f/, k[= @)( 31 lazfn vgfn, -@)$$_, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g Ps P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg, sf7df08f}M /fd k|;fb vgfn, k[= @$# 32 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, wf/f *%-@_ 33 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, wf/f !)!-@_

116

g]kfndf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] :yfkgf lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/L pk/ ul/g] ljefuLo ;hfosf] GofFlos hfFr ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu ePsf] x'gfn] o; cbfntsf] ;DjGw lghfdtL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt P]g sfg"g;Fu ePsf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;+rfng ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ ;a{k|yd lj= ;+= @)!# ;fndf ljz]if P]gsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)!# cfPsf] xf] . ;f] P]gdf lj=+ ;+= @)#( ;fnsf] k|zf;g ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)#( åf/f ;+zf]wg eO{ bkmf ( df k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . ldlt @)$$.%.@@ df k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$$ th'{df u/L k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] u7g ul/of] . ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] If]qLo cbfntsf] GofofwLz Pshgf cWoIf / sfg"g ;lrj / ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;lrj ;b:osf] ¿kdf /xg] cbfntdf clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u tLg}hgfn] ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ug]{, ax'dtsf] /fo cbfntsf] lg0f{o x'g] tyf b'O{hgfsf] pkl:yltdf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/of] . pQm Joj:yf cg';f/ cbfntnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] .34

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL adf]lhd s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 x6fOPsf] jf eljiodf ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ ;fdfGotM cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L gf]s/Laf6 a/vf:t ul/Psf] lg0f{o pk/, /

• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd ljz]if k|x/L clws[tn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf s'g} /fi6« ;]jsnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgod / k|x/L P]g tyf lgod adf]lhd lbOPsf] h'g;'s} ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ .

pQm ;+zf]wgn] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] :yfkgf u/L plNnlvt b'O{ k|sf/sf If]qflwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ePklg lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL adf]lhd lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g] ;fdfGo ;hfo pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ lbOPg . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( k|f/De ePkl5 ;f] P]gn] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g] ljz]if ;hfo pk/ dfq k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/L pko'{Qm adf]lhdsf] bf]>f] If]qflwsf/ klg k|zf;sLo cbfntaf6 lemlsof] . cbfntsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox?sf] xsdf ;fljss} Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOof] . ldlt @)^@.#.#) b]lv nfu" ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ hf/L ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf -cWofb]z_, @)^@ n] ;fdfGo ;hfo pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]q klg k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] t/ ;f] cWofb]z sfof{Gjog cjlw ;dfKtePkl5 ;f] If]qflwsf/ :jtM lgis[o ePsf]df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ldlt @)^$.$.@# df ePsf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgaf6 b'a} ljz]if / ;fwf/0f ;hfosf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntdf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

#= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] u7g lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^(-!_ df ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz eO/x]sf] jf x'g] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQmsf] cWoIftfdf tf]lsP adf]lhd k|zf;sLo cbfnt u7g x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;f] bkmfsf] pkbkmf -@_ df k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%! n] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] u7g ;DjGwdf lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .35

-s_ P]gsf] bkmf ^( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQmx?dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n]

tf]s]sf] jf lgo'lQm u/]sf] JolQm================================================================cWoIf

34 sfzL/fh bfxfn -;+=_, -@)%!_, k|zf;sLo cbfnt :dfl/sf, sf7df08f}M k|zf;sLo cbfnt, k[= u 35 k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%!, lgod #-!_

117

-v_ sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t clws[tx? jf sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ sfg"g jf Gofosf] If]qdf sDtLdf bz jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt JolQmx?dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n]tf]s]sf] jf lgo'lQmu/]sf] Pshgf =================================;b:o

-u_ s'g} ljifodf :gfts eO{ g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t clws[tx? jf s'g} ljifodf :gfts eO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf sDtLdf bz jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt JolQmx?dWo] g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jf lgo'lQm u/]sf] Pshgf ======;b:o

pko'{Qm adf]lhd lgo'Qm cWoIf / ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g] / lghx? k'gM lgo'Qm x'g;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .36

$= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf ^(-!_ df ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg k|zf;sLo cbfnt u7g x'g] / ;f] cbfntsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] Joj:yf ul/Paf6 of] cbfnt k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ clGtd txsf] cbfnt ePsf] k|i6 5 . of] cbfntn] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbg kfpg] clwsf/Ln] lbPsf s] s:tf ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg ;Qm5 eGg] ljifo g} o;sf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljifo ePsfn] o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg P]gx?n] lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 .

-s_ ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbgkfpg] clwsf/Ln] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf %( adf]lhd lbPsf] s'g}klg ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],37

-v_ ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbgkfpg] clwsf/Ln] :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf &@ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd lbPsf] ljz]if ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],38

-u_ ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z lbgkfpg] clwsf/Ln] ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &) sf] v08 -s_ sf] pk v08 -!_ adf]lhd lbPsf] gl;xtsf] ;hfo afx]s ;f] P]gsf] bkmf &) adf]lhd ePsf cGo ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] .39

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL plNnlvt Joj:yfaf6 of] cbfntnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd ePsf b'j} ;fdfGo / ljz]if ;hfo pk/, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ePsf ljz]if ;hfo pk/ / ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* adf]lhd ePsf gl;xt afx]ssf cGo ;hfo pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 of] cbfntnfO{ k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ (Territorial Jurisdiction) eGbf klg plNnlvt P]g nfu" x'g] JolQmx?sf ;Gbe{df j}olQms If]qflwsf/ (Personal Jurisdiction) k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljefuLo ;hfo afx]ssf lghfdtL sd{rf/L;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ;]jfsf zt{, ;'ljwf, a9'jf, k/LIf0fsfndf lgo'QmL ab/ h:tf ;/sf/ jf clVtof/jfnfaf6 x'g;Sg] lg0f{oaf6 sd{rf/LnfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] cj:yf x'g;Sg] ePklg oL ljifodf ePsf lg0f{o pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg ;Sg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf] 5}g . o:tf sltko ljifox?df t dsf{ kg]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/ (Right to Appeal) klg lbOPsf] 5}g .

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%! sf] lgod % sf ljleGg pklgodx?n] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5, h;cg';f/ ;f] cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ lgDg adf]lhd k|of]u x'G5 .40

36 k"j{jt\, lgod #-@_ 37 lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, bkmf ^(-!_ 38 :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#, bkmf &^-!_ 39 ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%*, &*-!_

118

-!_ cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u tLg} hgf ;b:on] ;fd'lxs ?kn] ug]{5g\ / jx'dtsf] /fo cbfntsf] lg0f{o dflgg]5 .

-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cWoIf / s'g} Ps hgf ;b:osf] pkl:ylt ePdf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ ;lsg]5 . cWoIf afx]s b'O{hgf ;b:osf] pkl:yltdf d'2f km};nf ug{ jf clGtd cfb]z lbg afx]s c? sf/jfxL ug{ ;lsg]5 .

-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd b'O{hgf ;b:osf] pkl:yltdf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL jf lsgf/f ubf{ b'O{hgfsf] dt}So x'gg;s]df klxn] cg'kl:yt /x]sf] ;b:o ;dIf k]z u/L lghn] ;dy{g u/]sf] /fo g} cbfntsf] /fo dflgg]5 .

-$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhd klxn] cg'kl:yt /x]sf] ;b:o ;dIf k]z ubf{ tLg} hgfsf] /fo cnu–cnu eO{ jx'dt sfod x'g g;s]df sf/jfxLsf] xsdf cWoIfsf] /fo adf]lhd x'g]5 / d'2fsf] lsgf/f ug]{ ;DjGwdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;fws hfx]/ u/L lgsf;f eO{ cfP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]usf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] plNnlvt Joj:yfaf6 cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ cWoIf / ;b:ox?n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf -Pp6} Ohnf;af6_ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] l6«a'gnsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . l6«a'gnsf] k|d"v ljz]iftf g} ;DalGwt ljleGg ljifosf lj1 dflgPsf PseGbf a9L ;b:o -GofofwLz_ x?sf] Ohnf; (Plural Bench) af6 d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ / lsgf/f ug'{ xf] . o;af6 If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ck]lIft ?kdf x'g;Sg] ljZjf; ul/G5 .

%= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{af]em k|zf;sLo cbfntn] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ k'g/fj]bgx? btf{ u/L ;f] pk/ sf/jfO{ / lsgf/f ug]{ ub{5 . :yfkgf sfnb]lv xfn;Ddsf If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ x]bf{ o;sf] If]qflwsf/df ;do–;dodf ;fdfGo x]/km]/ eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . of] ;fdfGo x]/km]/n] o; cbfntsf] sfo{af]emdf tflTjs cGt/ kf/]sf] b]lvFb}g . k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{af]emsf] cj:yfnfO{ bzf{pg o;n] ;+kfbg u/]sf] sfo{sf] kl5Nnf] bz jif{sf] nut, km5\of}{6 / afFsLnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfd b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cf=j= @)%$÷)%% b]lv @)^#÷)^$ ;Ddsf] d'2fsf] nut ljj/0f

l;=g+= cfly{s jif{ nut km5\of}{6 km5\of}{6 k|ltzt afFsL s}lkmot != @)%$÷)%% !)! $^ $%=%$ %% @= @)%%÷)%^ ^$ @( $%=#! #% #= @)%^÷)%& %# !# @$=%@ $) $= @)%&÷)%* %( @& $%=&^ #@ %= @)%*÷)%( ^) #% %*=## @% ^= @)%(÷)^) $^ @& %*=^( !( &= @)^)÷)^! #& @% ^&=%& !@ *= @)^!÷)^@ #@ !* %^=@% !$ (= @)^@÷)^# ^^ #$ %!=%! #@

!)= @)^#÷)^$ %* ## %^=*( @% hDdf %&^ @*& $(=*@ @*(

;|f]tM k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cf= j= @)%$÷)%% b]lv @)^#÷)^$ ;Ddsf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?

40 k"j{ l6Kk0fL g+= (, lgod %

119

k|zf;sLo cbfntdf Ps cfly{s jif{df s] slt k'g/fj]bg btf{ x'g'kg]{ xf] < jf slt yfg d'2fnfO{ o; cbfntsf nflu ;fdfGo sfo{af]emsf] ?kdf lng ;lsg] xf] eGg] ljifo cfTdut ePklg pko'{Qm tflnsfaf6 k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] sfo{af]em ;fdfGo eGbf lgs} sd ePsf] :ki6 5 . bz jif{sf] cjlwdf %&^ yfg dfq nut x'g'nfO{ b]ze/ If]qflwsf/ ePsf] cbfntsf] ;Gbe{df lgM;Gb]x clt Go"g sfo{af]emsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu s'g} cltl/Qm t'ngfsf] cfjZostf g} kb}{g . of] nut ;+Vof pbok'/ lhNnf cbfnt -%&&_, tgx' lhNnf cbfnt -%$$_ h:tf cbfntsf] Ps cfly{s jif{sf] nut ;+Vofsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] 5 .41 ;a} ljifo cfly{s d'Nosf cfwf/df dfq d"Nof+sg ug{ g;lsg] k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ t/ d"Nof+sgsf] Pp6f cfwf/ cfly{s kIf aGg ;Sb5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf x]bf{ pbok'/ lhNnf cbfntsf] ! yfg nut a/fa/ ?= ^!$).%# ;/sf/L /sd ;fwf/0ftkm{ vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL cf= j= df k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ! yfg nut a/fa/ ?= (*#&*.&* ;/sf/L /sd ;fwf/0ftkm{ vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 42 o;af6 klg k|zf;sLo cbfntdf sfo{af]em cToGt sd ePsf] tYo :yflkt x'G5 .

^= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ j[l¢ ug{ k|:tfljt Joj:yf tyf ;'emfjx? k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ lj:t[t jgfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt ljefuLo ;hfo nufot ;a} vfnsf d'2fx?, cGo /fi6«;]jsx?sf ;]jfzt{;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbx? tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?sf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;]jfzt{;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx? x]g{;Sg] agfpg / o;df cGo ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] If]qdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;ldltx?n] ljleGg ;'emfjx? k]z u/]sf] tyf o; cbfnt;Fu ;DalGwt k|:tfljt ljw]osn] cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/ ug]{ Joj:yf k|:tfj u/]sf kfOG5 . tL k|:tfljt Joj:yf tyf k]z ul/Psf ;'emfjx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

^=!= cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)%%

cbfnt Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug{ jf~5gLo ePsf]n] ldlt @)%$.^.!% sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ dfggLo GofofwLz >L s]zj k|;fb pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf ul7t cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] ;'emfjx?df cGo ;'emfjsf cltl/Qm k|zf;sLo cbfnt;Fu ;DjlGwt ;'emfj klg k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] k|ltj]bgn] vf;u/L jt{dfg ;Gbe{df kfl/jfl/s ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{ kfl/jfl/s cbfnt, afnaflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx? x]g{ afn cbfntsf] :yfkgf x'g' h?/L 5 eg] e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx? x]g{ klg 5'6\6} k|s[ltsf] l6«a'gn :yfkgf x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;dosf] kl/jt{g ;+u;+u} eljiodf jfl0fHo cbfnt, pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL cbfnt nufotsf cGo ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfntx? u7g ug'{ kg]{ x'g ;Qm5 . /fh:j ;DaGwL ljleGg lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! cGtu{t /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf eO{ xfn sfo{/t /fh:j Gofoflws/0fx? / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfo -gf]s/Laf6 x6fPsf]_ ;DaGwL ljifodf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lgsfosf] ¿kdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( cGtu{t ul7t k|zf;sLo cbfntdf sfo{ef/ ck]Iffs[t sd x'g'sf] cltl/Qm If]qflwsf/ ;d]t ;+s'lrt ePsf] x'Fbf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f / k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] jt{dfg :j¿knfO{ kl/jt{g u/L b]xfosf ljifox? ;d]t pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ If]q k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] u/L /fh:j tyf k|zf;sLo k'g/fj]bg cbfnt u7g ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . -s_ s/ e+;f/, cGtMz'Ns, dfnkf]t jf /fh:j ;DaGwL s'g} ljifox?df k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd tL

sfof{no, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] z'?lg0f{o jf km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zpk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],

41 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^!÷@)^@, sf7df08f}M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k[= &&–&* 42 k"j{jt\, k[= !)$ / !!&

120

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{no / cGo s'g} JolQm aLr ePsf] 7]Ssf k§f jf s/f/ cflbsf sf/0faf6 l;h{gf x'g] s'g} d'2f dfldnf >L % sf] ;/sf/ jf To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6 ePsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],

-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] jf To:tf sd{rf/Ln] sfg"g adf]lhd kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f, cf}ifwL pkrf/ cflb ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{af6 k"/} jf cf+lzs ¿kdf c:jLsf/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ jf To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],

-3_ sfnf]ahf/, d'gfkmfvf]/L jf cfjZos j:t'sf] cj}w ;+ro ;DaGwL d'2f tyf pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt d'2f dfldnfdf s'g} clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],

-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf, k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo s'g} ;]jf -zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf afx]s_ sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt P]g lgod adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf ljefuLo ;hfo pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] .

plNnlvt ljifosf d'2fx? x]g]{ cbfnt u7g ul/Fbf jt{dfg ;dodf If]qLo cfwf/df lj/f6gu/, sf7df08f}, kf]v/f / g]kfnu+h u/L $ :yfgdf x'g' pko'Qm x'G5 eg] o:tf k|s[ltsf cbfnt u7g geP;Ddsf] nflu xfn ljBdfg /x]sf] k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf nufot k|x/L ;]jf tyf ljz]if ;]jf cGtu{tsf s'g} /fi6«;]jsnfO{ ;DalGwt P]g lgod adf]lhd lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt lgod ljlgod adf]lhd lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfo ;DjGwdf / a9'jfsf] ljifodf ;d]t k'g/fj]bg x]g]{ clwsf/If]q k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos / pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 egL cfkm\gf] ;'emfj k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 .43

^=@= cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*

cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;'emfj k]z ug{ >L sfzL/fh bfxfnsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k/]sf s]xL ljifosf l/6x?sf] ;+VofnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj, @)%% df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ b]xfosf ljifodf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] k|zf;sLo k|s[ltsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt u7g ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . h; cg';f/ xfn df}h'bf k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ ;f] clwsf/ lbO{ To:tf d'2fsf] clGtd lsgf/f nufpg ;lsG5 . cfjZostf cg';f/ If]qLo :t/ jf k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ tf]sL To:tf cbfnt yk u7g ug'{ klg pko'Qm x'g]5 egL ;'emfj lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf, k|x/L ;]jf tyf ljz]if ;]jf cGtu{tsf s'g} s'g} /fi6«;]jsnfO{ ;DalGwt P]g lgod adf]lhd lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfo ;DaGwL d'2f .

-v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx? Jff sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt P]g lgod adf]lhd lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfo ;DaGwL d'2f .

-u_ dfly v08 -s_ / -v_ cGtu{tsf ;?jf / a9'jf ;DaGwL d'2f .44

^=#= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^@

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 k|:tfj ul/Psf] cWofb]z, @)^@ hf/L x'g g;s] klg ;f] k|:tfj ul/Psf] cWofb]zdf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf lgDg adf]lhd k|:tfj ePsf] b]lvG5 .45

43 cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg @)%%, sf7df08f} M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k[= !)–!! 44 cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*, sf7f08f} M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k[= @# 45 k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ jg]sf] cWofb]z, @)^@, bkmf ! / @

121

!= k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfoaf6 b]xfosf ljifodf ePsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ cbfntnfO{ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ x'g]5M– -s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/, -v_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ

cof]Uo g7xl/g] jf 7xl/g] u/L x6fOPsf] jf avf{:t x'g]u/L ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ .

@= ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg To:tf sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] jf 7xl/g] u/L x6fPsf] jf avf{:t ul/Psf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ x'g] u/L To:tf] sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] dflgg]5 .

&= k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf] ljZn]if0ffTds d"Nof+sg cjwf/0ffut ljsf;sf b[li6n] x]bf{ k|zf;sLo cbfnt dxflåkLo sfg"g k|0ffnL (Continental Legal System) sf] pkhsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ePklg xfd|f] sfg"g k|0ffnLn] o;nfO{ s]xL km/s ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if k|s[ltsf d'2fx? x]g{ ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ckjfbfTds ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df of] cbfntsf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . ljlzli6s[t jf ljz]if1tfsf] If]qdf ;f]xL cg'?k l56f] / k"0f{ Gofo k|bfg ug{sf nflu g} o:tf ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug]{ ul/G5 . o; b[li6af6 d"Nof+sg ubf{ of] cbfnt :yfkgfsf] cf}lrTo :yflkt x'g';s] klg o;sf] If]qflwsf/ clt g} Go"g b]lvPsf] 5 . ha sd{rf/Lsf ljifodf d'2f x]g{ ljz]if k|s[ltsf] cbfnt g} :yflkt ul/;lsPkl5 pgLx?;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug]{ If]qflwsf/ glbg'n] cGo sfg"g k|0ffnLsf Joj:yf u|x0f (Reception) ubf{ ?ksf] :jLsf/ t/ ;f/sf] c:jLsf/ (Accept the concept but ignore the content) x'g] u/]sf] Reception sf] k|d"v bf]if xfd|f] ;Gbe{df klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ lbOPsf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ P]ltxfl;s kl/k|]Ifdf d"Nof+sg ubf{ o;nfO{ :yfkgf sfndf lbOPeGbf klg xfnsf] If]qflwsf/ ;+s'lrt kfOPsf] 5 . k|f/Dedf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)!& adf]lhd e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @) adf]lhd ljz]if k|x/L clws[tn] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf s'g} /fi6« ;]jsnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgod / k|x/L P]g tyf lgod adf]lhd lbOPsf] h'g;'s} ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] t/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfu" ePkl5 s]jn ljz]if ;hfo pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] dfq If]qflwsf/ lbO{ o;df ;+s'rg ul/of] . ;fdfGo ;hfo pk/sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/If]qnfO{ ldlt @)^@.#.#) b]lv nfu" ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ hf/L ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf -cWofb]z_, @)^@ n] k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ ldlt @)^$.$.@# df ePsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf]>f] ;+zf]wgaf6 lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf]n] xfn b'a} ljz]if / ;fwf/0f ;hfosf] lg0f{o pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntdf /x]sf] 5 t/ cem} klg ljefuLo ;hfo afx]ssf a9'jf, ;]jfsf zt{ / ;'ljwf, k/LIf0f sfndf lgo'QmL ab/, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] u/]sf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLsf] JofVofn] k/]sf] dsf{ h:tf ljifodf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k|fKt 5}g . To;}u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# adf]lhd ePsf] ;fdfGo ;hfo / ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf &) sf] v08 -s_ sf] pk v08 -!_ adf]lhdsf] gl;xt pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k|fKt gx'gsf] s'g} cfwf/ 5}g .

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] u7g / :t/sf] cfwf/df d"Nof+sg ubf{ of] cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz eO/x]sf] jf x'g] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQmsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t clws[t jf sfg"gdf :gftseO{ sfg"g jf Gofosf] If]qdf

122

sDtLdf bz jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt JolQmx? dWo] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jf lgo'lQm u/]sf] Pshgf / g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfsf] sDtLdf /fhkqflÍt k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf sfo{/t clws[tx? jf s'g} ljifodf :gfts eO{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf sDtLdf bz jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt JolQmx? dWo] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jf lgo'lQm u/]sf] Pshgf u/L hDdf b'O{ hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; cbfntsf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbLo x}l;ot qmdzM k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf d'Vo GofofwLz / GofofwLz ;/x x'g], k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/ ePsf] / km};nf clGtd x'g] h:tf sfg"gL Joj:yfn] of] cbfntsf] :t/ / dof{bf ljz]if cbfnt jf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;/x ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf o;nfO{ sd{rf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbsf] GofFlos lg?k0f ug]{ If]qflwsf/af6 al~rt ug'{kg]{ cf}lrTo 5}g .

k|zf;sLo cbfntn] k|of]u ul//x]sf] If]qflwsf/sf] cfwf/df o;sf] sfo{af]em cbfntsf] ;Defljt IfdtfeGbf clt g} sd ePsf] tYodf ljjfb 5}g . sd{rf/L;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg d'2fx? GofFlos k/LIf0fsf] nflu of k'g/fj]bsLo If]qflwsf/sf] cefjdf of k|efjsf/L sfg"gL pkrf/sf] cefjdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t /L6sf] dfWodaf6 k|j]z ug]{ u/]sf] / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf cTolws sfo{af]em ePsf] cj:yfdf ljlzi6Ls[t Gofosf nflu dfq geO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] sfo{af]em sd ug{sf] nflu klg k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df lj:tf/ ug'{ plrt x'g] b]lvG5 .

cbfnt Joj:yfkg -@)%%_ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf -@)%*_ nflu ljleGg ;dodf ul7t ;ldltx?n] ;du| Gofokflnsfsf] cWoog u/L k]z u/]sf cfkm\gf ;'emfax?df klg k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ u/L ;/sf/L / ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf To:tf] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fPsf] jf To:tf sd{rf/Ln] sfg"g adf]lhd kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f, cf}ifwL pkrf/ cflb ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{af6 k"/} jf cf+lzs ¿kdf c:jLsf/ u/L ;/sf/ jf To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jf, k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo s'g} ;]jf -zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf afx]s_ sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ;DalGwt P]g lgod adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] lbPsf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf ljefuLo ;hfo pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], tyf To:tf sd{rf/Lx?;Fu ;DalGwt a9'jf / ;?jfsf ljifodf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ lbg' kg]{ egL cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf ;'emfj k]z u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnoaf6 k|:tfj ul/Psf] cWofb]z, @)^@ n] lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOPsf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ eljiodf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] gf]s/Lsf] lgldQ cof]Uo g7xl/g] jf 7xl/g] u/L x6fOPsf] jf avf{:t x'g]u/L ul/Psf] ljefuLo ;hfosf] cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ x'g] u/L To:tf] sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg ePsf] dflgg] Joj:yf k|:tfj ul/Psf] lyof] . plNnlvt ;'emfjx? tyf k|:tfljt Joj:yfx?n] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

*= lgsif{ / ;'emfa k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cjwf/0ff tyf o;sf] g]kfndf ePsf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; / ljlzi6Ls[t ljifox?nfO{ GofFlos lg?k0f ug{sf nflu ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / dfGotf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] :t/ / o;sf] sfo{af]emsf] Go"gtf tyf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] sfo{af]emdf k/]sf] rfk / ljleGg ;DalGwt ;ldlt Pj+ k|:tfljt ljw]os ;d]tn] u/]sf] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj / k|:tfj ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ul/Psf] ljZn]if0fn] xfnsf] k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/df Jofks lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .

123

pko{'Qm ljZn]if0f Pj+ lgisif{sf] cfwf/df k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ sd{rf/Lx?;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} k|sf/sf ljjfbx? ;'gL Gofo lg?k0f ug]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf ;Ifd agfpg / o;sf] sfd sf/jfxLsf] k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug{ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L jf lgsfon] u/]sf b]xfo adf]lhdsf lg0f{o jf clGtd cfb]z pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] If]qflwsf/ k|bfg ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# jf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* adf]lhd sd{rf/LnfO{ x'g] b'a} -;fwf/0f / ljz]if_ k|sf/sf ljefuLo ;hfosf] lg0f{o pk/,

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# jf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* adf]lhd sd{rf/Lx?sf] a9'jf ;DaGwdf ePsf] clGtd lg0f{o pk/,

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !^, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf !* jf ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #@-@_ adf]lhd k/LIf0fsfn leq sd{rf/Lx?sf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o pk/,

• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod # adf]lhd ;f] lgodfjnLsf] s'g} lgodsf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] clGtd JofVof pk/,

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf ;f] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL u/L ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] u/L To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/,

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf ;f] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn leq lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o pk/,

• g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yf jf ;f] ;+:yfsf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yfgsf] s'g} sd{rf/Ln] sfg"g adf]lhd kfpg] lgj[lQe/0f, cf}ifwL pkrf/ nufotsf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{af6 k"/} jf cf+lzs ¿kdf c:jLsf/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ jf To:tf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/,

pko{'Qm adf]lhdsf] If]qflwsf/ k|zf;sLo cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Pdf ;/sf/L / ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx?sf ljefuLo sf/jfxL / ;hfo, a9'jf, lgo'lQm ab/ / cGo ;'ljwf / dsf{ k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ leq kg{ uO{ k|zf;sLo cbfnt jf:tljs cy{df æk|zf;sLo cbfntÆ aGg hfg]5 / o;n] kl/0ffdtM ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] sfo{af]em pNn]Vo dfqfdf 36fpg klg d2t ug]{5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M

• cbfnt Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ;'emfj k|ltj]bg @)%%, / cbfnt ;'b[9Ls/0f ;'emfj ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg, @)%*, sf7df08f} M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt,

• vgfn, lazfn, -@)$$_, g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;g Ps P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg, sf7df08f}M /fd k|;fb vgfn,

• bfxfn, sfzL/fh -;+=_, -@)%!_, k|zf;sLo cbfnt :dfl/sf, sf7df08f}M k|zf;sLo cbfnt,

• b'nfn, 6+sk|;fb, -@)%%_, k|d'v sfg"g k|0ffnLx?, sf7df08f}M k}/jL k|sfzg,

• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( tyf lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%)

• g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,

• k|zf;sLo cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%!,

• k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] cf= j= @)%$÷)%% b]lv @)^#÷)^$ ;Ddsf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx?

• k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] ;DjGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z, @)^@

124

• zdf{, 8f= uf]kfn, -@)%@_, ljZjsf k|d'v sfg"gL k|0ffnLx?sf] ?k–/]vf, sf7df08f}M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/,

• ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^!÷@)^@, sf7df08f}M ;jf]{Rr cbfnt,

• ;+;b ;lrjfno ;DaGwL P]g, @)%*,

• :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#,

• Bogdan, Michale, (1994), Comparative Law, Stockholm: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers

125


+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] e"ldsf M Ps cWoog

– g]q ;'j]bL æk|of;Æ∗

k[i7e"ld M e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] cg';Gwfg ug]{ d"n bfloTj ePsf] ;+j}wflgs c+usf ?kdf Ps clwsf/;DkGg clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u xfdLsxfF ljut em08} !& jif{b]lv sfo{/t 5 . cfof]un] kfPsf] sfg"gL bfloTj Pj+ clwsf/ cGtu{t cfkm\gf lqmofsnfknfO{ e|i6frf/ / o;sf] lgoGq0fnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfo{;Dkfbgdfkm{t phfu/ u/]s} sf/0f hgdfg;df cfof]un] cfkm\gf] klxrfg /fVg ;s]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ljut %÷^ jif{otf of] cfof]u ;fj{hlgs lgsfo tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfaLr klg rrf{sf] ljifo jGg ;kmn b]lvG5 . o;jLrdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DjGwL sfg"g kl/dfh{g tyf lgdf{0fdf tTsflng k|ltlglw;efsf] /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;x|fgLo dfGg ;lsG5 . olt x'Fbfx'b} klg Pp6f :jtGq lgsfosf] ?kdf j9L ;zQm / ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«jf;Lsf] kx'+rdf /xL l56f] 5l/tf] cg';Gwfgdfkm{t k"0f{ ljZjf;sf] w/f]x/ x'g'sf nflu eg] cem y'k|} sfo{x? ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;}qmddf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DjGwdf ePu/]sf cWoog tyf ljZn]if0fx?sf] glthfdf s]lGb|t /xL cfof]usf] jt{dfg / eljiosf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ hdsf]{ o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .

clVtof/sf] rrf{ ubf{ jf o;sf] xfn;Ddsf] ;kmntfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;'o{gfy pkfWofosf] :d/0f gul/Pdf To:tf] rrf{ jf s'/f cw'/f] jf ck"/f] g} x'ghfG5 . ;g\ !((( -lj=;+ @)%^_ lt/ Pshgf ljb]zL ljåfgn] pgnfO{ æclVtof/n] s'g} Pshgf 7"nf] cf]xbfsf] dflg;nfO{ sf/jfxL u/]sf] b]vfpg';\Æ eGg] k|Zg u/]sf lyP /] . x'g klg k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] ?kdf ;"o{gfysf] clVtof/df cfudg -lj=;+= @)%&_ cl3 sfg"gL lx;fjn], k"jf{wf/sf lx;fjn] jf g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf lx;fjn] pQm cfof]u alnof] jGg ;s]s} lyPg . cfkm\gf] ^ jif]{ sfo{sfndf pgn] of] ;fljt ul/lbP ls b[9 cfF6 eof] eg] k|lts'ntfleq klg cg's"n jftfj/0f ;[hgf u/L ;sf/fTds leGgtf Nofpg ;lsG5 . ;fgf] xf]; jf 7"nf] sfg"gn] e|i6frf/ dfGg] sfd u/]kl5 ;Fhfosf] efuL jGg'kb{5 eGg] b]vfpg'df pgL ;lDdlnt cfof]u ;kmn /x\of] . cg';Gwfg k4ltsf]] ljsf; ug{ ;s]s} sf/0f åGbsf] ;dodf / k|ltudgsfndf ;d]t sd} ljrlnt eP/ cfkm\gf sfdsf/jfxLx? cl3 j9fpg ;s]sf] kfOG5 clVtof/n] .

National Democratic Institute (NDI) åf/f ;~rflnt Nepal Public Opinion Research, July 2004 gfds cWoog k|ltj]bgdf *# k|ltzt pQ/bftfx?n] g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] ;d:of /x]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ :jLsf/]sf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] cfjfh / gful/s ;dfhsf] bafa lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df pQm cWoog k|ltj]bgdf "Corruption Message" sf ?kdf lgDg jfSonfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 M

∗ of]hgf clws[t, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

126

"Political parties need to acknowledge their responsibility for Nepal's problems. Too often, they have sought power to enrich themselves. We recognize our mistakes and will force our leaders to keep their promises and remain free from corruption, or we will remove them from the party."

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df NDI n] ;g\ @))$ df ;+rfng u/]sf] ;e]{If0fsf] glthfn] g]kfnsf] ;j}eGbf k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 .46

lrq – !

NDI Nepal Public Opinion Research July 2004 Thermometer Ratings : Government Organizations

Mean Score on a Scale from 0-100

5954 50 46

0

15

30

45

60

75

CIAA ElectionCommission

Nepal Army Police

olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ 36]sf] hgtfn] cg'e"t ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

cfof]usf] sfo{k|s[lt e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu :yfkgf ePsf cGo d'n'sx?sf lgsfox?n] h:t} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] klg # j6f d'Vo sfdx? ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . tL x'g\ –

-!_e|i6frf/ lj?4 nlIft b08fTds sfo{x? (punitive action) -@_ e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf nflu lg/f]wfTds sfo{x? (preventive measures) / -#_ e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL lzIff tyf hgr]tgf hufpg] k|j4{gfTds sfo{x? (promotional functions) . csf]{ zAbdf o;nfO{ 'Total Solution Approach' klg eGg] ul/G5 .47 UN Anti Corruption Toolkit df ljz]if1tf k|fKt e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfox?sf] ;f/ tTjsf ?kdf lgDg $ j6f sfo{x? ;dfj]z x'g] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 548 M • cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] sfo{ (An investigative and initial prosecutorial function), • lzIff lbg] / hgr]tgf hufpg] sfo{ (An educational and awareness-raising function), • ljZn]if0f, gLlt lgdf{0f / sfg"g th{'df ug]{ sfo{ (An analysis, policy making and legislative

function) / • lg/f]wfTds sfo{ (A preventive function) .

46 National Democratic Institute, (2004), Nepal Public opinion Research, (ODI: July 2004), Figure # 8. 47 Julie Mu Fee-Man, (1999) "Hong Kong, China's Anti-Corruption Strategy", Combating Corruption In Asian

and Pasific Economies, Asian Development Bank, pp.,227-232. 48 Office on Drugs and Crime, (2004), The Global Programme Against Corruption: UN Anti-Corruption Toolkit,

p.92.

127

UN Anti-Corruption Toolkit n] JofVof u/]sf rf/ j6f sfo{x?dWo] klxnf] a'+bfdf pNn]v ePsf] b08fTds sfo{ xf] eg] bf]>f] a'+bf k|j4{gfTds sfo{ xf] . t]>f] / rf}yf] a'+bfsf s'/fx? lg/f]wfTds sfo{x? x'g\ . To:t} Patrick Meagher n] ljleGg #) j6f d'n'ssf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu v8f ePsf lgsfox?sf] cWoogsf l;nl;nfdf tL lgsfox?n] ;femf ?kdf lgDg ^ j6f sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ub{5g\ egL klxrfg u/]sf 5g\ .49

• ph'/L k|fKt u/L ;Daf]wg ug'{ (Receive and respond to complaints), • ;"rgf ;+sng, cg'udg / cg';Gwfg ug'{ (Intelligence, monitoring and investigation), • cleof]hg ug'{ / k|zf;lgs cfb]z hf/L ug'{ (Prosecutions and administrative orders), • lg/f]wfTds cg';Gwfg ug'{, ljZn]if0f ug'{ / k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' (Preventive,

analysis and technical assistance), • cfrf/;+lxtf ;DaGwL gLltut lgb]{zg lbg', tf]lsPsf sfdx?sf] ;Dkfbg jf/] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{

/ ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] ;'Id ljZn]if0f ug'{ (Ethics policy guidance, compliance review, and scrutiny of asset declaration) /

• ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'', lzIff lbg' / jfXo sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ (Public information, education and outreach) .

cfof]un] kf/ u/]sf r/0fx? M klxnf] cj:yf M ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf ?kdf cfof]u :yfkgf ePsf z'?sf] jif{ ePsf] x'+bf x'g'kb{5 cfof]un] e|i6frf/sf lj?4df sf/jfxL ub{5 eGg] s]xL ljZjf;sf ;fy hgtfn] ph'/L btf{sf] k|s[ofnfO{ cufl8 a9fP . ph'/Lsf] ;+Vof cf=j= @)$&.$* df %^$ sf] t'ngfdf cf=j= @)$*.$( df !)^( k'u]sf] b]lvof] .

bf]>f] cj:yf M z'?sf cj:yfdf sfg"gsf] cefjdf cfof]u ph'/L km5\of}{6df k|efjsf/L /xg ;s]g . cf=j= @)$*.$(, @)$(.%), @)%).%!, @)%!.%@ / @)%@.%# df ph'/Lsf] ;+Vof qmdzM !)*(, !)%), !)@), !))# / !)*% /x]sf]df km5\of}{6sf] ;+Vof qmdzM %*!, ^!*, %@^, ^#^, &!! /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L cfof]udf ph'/L btf{sf] k|s[of / km5\of}{6sf] /ˆtf/ oyfl:yltdf /x]sf] b]lvof] .

t]>f] cj:yf M cf=j= @)%#.%$ df cfof]udf ph'/L btf{sf] dfqf s]xL a9\g uPsf] b]lvof] . ;f] cf=j= df !%)! / cf=j= @)%$.%% df ph'/L btf{sf] ;+Vof !^)^ k'u]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To:t} ph'/L km5\of}{6sf] ;+Vof qmdzM &%) / (@) k'u]sf] b]lvof] . o;/L tL b'O{ jif{x?df ph'/L a9\g'df k|d'v sf/0f @)%# ;fn sflt{s @! ut] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfgsf k|fjwfg;+u aflemPsf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf bkmfx? vf/]h ePkl5 cfof]u cj 7"nf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;Ifd x'g] 5 eGg] hgljZjf; lyof] . t/ cfof]u;+u e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu bl/nf] sfg"g lyPg .

rf}Yff] cj:yf M ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] pk/f]Qm km};nf kl5 klg cfof]u e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf vf;} k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sbf cf=j= @)%%.%^, @)%^.%&, / @)%&.%* df cfof]udf btf{ ePsf ph'/Lx?sf] ;+Vof 36]sf] kfOG5 . tL jif{x?df qmdzM !#!#, *%( / !@^! ph'/L btf{ eO{ *^!, $(* / ^(* km5\of}{6 ePsf] b]lvof] . o;/L of] r/0f;Dd cfof]usf] sfd sf/jfxL k|efjsf/L /xg g;s]sf] tYofÍn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .

49 Meagher, P. (2002), "Anti-Corruption Agencies: A Review of Experience, IRIS Center, University of Maryland,

p.6.

128

kfFrf}+ cj:yf M @)%( ;fndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwL sfg"gx? lgdf{0f ePkl5 cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf a9\g yfn]sf] r/0fsf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . dfly lrq–@=! df b]vfOPsf] tYofÍ / /]vfn] of] s'/f k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)%*.%( b]lv g} cfof]udf btf{ ePsf] ph'/Lsf] ;+Vof -@%@@_ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] ph'/L -!@^!_ sf] t'ngfdf bf]Aa/ a9]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5sf jif{x?df ph'/L btf{sf] ;+Vof cf=j= @)%(.^), @)^).^!, @)^!.^@, @)^@.^#, @)^#÷^$ df qmdzM #(^^, #&#@, $&%(,$#@$ / #%^$ /x]sf] tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To;/L g} tL ph'/Lx?sf] km5\of}{6sf] ;+Vof klg qmdzM @$*!, #!**, #&)(, ##&# / @(&^ /x]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ ph'/L btf{ / ph'/L km5\of}{6sf] ;Vofn] cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf of] r/0fdf a9]sf] b]lvof] . tyflk, cfof]un] ph'/Lsf dfqf cg';f/ sf/jfxLsf] /ˆtf/nfO{ tLa| agfpg cfjZostf dxz'; ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)%*.%( b]lv @)^#.^$ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf To:tf sf/jfxLx?sf] l;kmfl/;sf] s'n ;+Vof !$@@ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ 36]sf] hgtfn] cg'e"t ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . o;f] x'g'df kl5Nnf lbgdf cfP/ cfof]u ljjfbsf] 3]/fdf kb}{ uPsf] tyf g]t[Tj z'Gotf xfjL ePsf] ;xh} cg'dfg nufpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 .

tflnsf–!

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 ePsf sfdsf/jfxLsf] ljj/0f50

cf=a= d'2f btf{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL

Wofgfsif{0f ;r]t ;'emfj c;"npk/sf] ljifo

cGo sf/jfxL

@)%*÷%( 61 18 15 24 44 - - @)%(÷^) 147 25 8 9 22 - - @)^)÷^! 98 38 3 24 20 - - @)^!÷^@ 113 36 4 30 22 - 100 @)^@÷^# 114 45 6 19 13 8 82 @)^#÷^$ 103 17 13 13 11 15 102

hDdf 636 179 49 119 132 23 284

lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf / cfof]u d'n'sdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}+lus ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg u/L sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffdf dfgj clwsf/sf] l;4fGtk|lt k|ltj4 /xL g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] ;'lglZrttf, cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;, /fHosf] nf]stflGqs k'g;{+/rgf / cfly{s–;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf nflu @)%@ ;fnb]lv rNb} cfPsf] ;z:q åGb ;dfKt u/L gofFF cWofo k|f/De ug{ @)^# d+l;/ % ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbL aLr zflGt ;Demf}tf ;d]t ;DkGg eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;f] zflGt ;+emf}tfsf] a'+bf #=$ / #=!! df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltj4tf hfx]/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .51

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df cfof]usf] :yfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu !! –wf/f !!(, !@) / !@!_ n] k|foh;f] ;fljssf] Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfof]usf] gfddf s'g} kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5}g eg] sfo{If]qdf s]xL lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfo'Qmx?sf] lgo'lQm k|wfgdGqLaf6 x'g]

51 æg]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_aLr ePsf] lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfÆ, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^#, cg';"rL – $ .

129

nufotsf s]xL kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgtM cfof]un] k|fKt u/]sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo cg';f/ 5g\52 M

!_ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cg'lrt sfo{ jf e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 .

t/ o; ;+ljwfgdf 5'6[} Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/ / cGo sfg"gn] 5'6[} ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf of] pkwf/f nfu" x'g] 5}g .

@_ v/fa cfr/0fsf cfwf/df dxfleof]u k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ kbd'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/Lx?, Gofo kl/ifb\af6 ;f]xL cleof]udf kbd'Qm x'g] Gofoflwzx? / ;}lgs P]g adf]lhd sf/jfxL x'g] JolQmsf xsdf lghnfO{ kbd'Qm eO;s]kl5 sfg"g adf]lhd cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug{ u/fpg ;lsg] 5 .

#_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd cg'lrt sfo{ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/L clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] lghnfO{ ;r]t u/fpg, ljefuLo sf/jfxL jf sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd cGo cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu clVtof/jfnf ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 .

$_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] s'g} JolQmn] sfg"g adf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]sf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] To:tf] JolQm / ;f] ck/fwdf ;+nUg cGo JolQm pk/ sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ k|fKt cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg]5 .

%_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd ePsf] cg';Gwfg / txlssftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] sfd sf/jfxL cGo clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] clwsf/ If]q cGtu{t kg]{ k|s[ltsf] b]lvPdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu ;DalGwt clwsf/L jf lgsfo ;dIf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 .

^_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

&_ cg';Gwfg / txlssft ug]{ jf d'2f rnfpg] cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] k|d'v cfo'Qm, cfo'Qm jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .

cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoogn] h] b]vfof] ;g\ @))& sf] z'?df ePsf] Ps cWoogsf] qmddf g]kfndf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf jf/] ljleGg k]zf Joj;fodf ;+nUg pQ/bftfx?nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] # j6f ljsNk ;lxtsf] k|Zgx?df #$! pQ/bftfx?n] lbPsf hjfkmnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ *)=(& k|ltztn] g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f x'g ;Sg] eP tfklg hl6n ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOof] . e|i6frf/sf] ;d:of lgoGq0f x'g g;Sg] u/L cToGt w]/} uDeL/ ag]sf] 5 eGg]x?sf] k|ltzt !%=!! /x]sf] kfOof] eg] e|i6frf/sf] ;d:of lgoGq0f x'g ;Sg] u/L ;fdfGo ?kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 eGg]x?sf] k|ltzt #=(# dfq /x]sf] kfOof] .

of] ;e]{If0fn] g]kfndf e|i6frf/ a9\g'df ;j}eGbf a9L lhDd]jf/ kIfsf] ?kdf sfo{sf/LnfO{ g} O+lut u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljj/0f tflnsf–@ df lbOPsf] 5 . ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf] hjfkmnfO{ ef/

52 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@) .

130

lb+bf e|i6frf/sf nflu cToGt w]/} kfFr lhDd]jf/ ju{df qmdzM -!_ dGqL tyf /fhg}lts lgo'lQmsf kbflwsf/Lx? -&@=*!_, -@_ /fhg}lts bnsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x? -%#=%@_, -#_ pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx? -$*=)!_, -$_ Gofokflnsf -#%=^&_ / -%_ lghL pBf]uL, Joj;foL tyf Jofkf/Lx? -@*=&)_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} w]/} kfFr lhDd]jf/ ju{df qmdzM -!_ dWod txsf sd{rf/Lx? -%!=%%_, -@_ lghL pBf]uL, Joj;foL tyf Jofkf/Lx? -%)=^@_, -#_ sfg"g Joj;foLx? -%)=^@_, -$_ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? -$*=$%_, / -%_ pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx? -$^.$*_ nfO{ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .

tflnsf–@ g]kfndf e|i6frf/ a9g'df lhDd]jf/ ju{

cToGt w]/} w]/} Go'g z'Go /fhg}lts bnsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x? %#=%@ $@=@) $=@* ) dGqL tyf /fhg}lts lgo'lQmsf kbflwsf/Lx? &@=*! @%=(* !=@! ) pRr kb:y sd{rf/Lx? $*=)! $^=$* %=@) )=#! Gofokflnsf #%=^& $^=#$ !&=^* )=#) dWod txsf sd{rf/Lx? &=$% %!=%% #(=&% !=@$ sfof{Gjog txdf /x]sf tNnf] :t/sf sd{rf/Lx? !$=(! #%=)( $^=@& #=&# lghL pBf]uL, Joa;foL tyf Jofkf/Lx? @*=&) %)=^@ !^=(* #=&) gful/s ;dfh $=&% !$=%^ %&=(! @@=&*u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx? !$=^) $*=$% #!=(( $=(& cGt/fli6«o bft[ ;d"x !!=@( #^=^* $)=&% !!=@(kqsf/x? &=*( #*=$( $^=)^ &=%& sfg"g Joa;foLx? !#=)$ %)=^@ #@=(@ #=$@

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] ;g\ @))$ b]lv e|i6frf/ ;DjGwL cg'e"lt ;"rsf+s (Corruption Perception Index) df g]kfnnfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ z'? u¥of] . ;g\ @))$, @))% / @))^ u/L tLg jif{sf] ;"rsf+sdf g]kfnsf] l:ylt s:tf] /lxcfPsf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ -tflnsf–#_ k|:t't ul/Psf] 553M

tflnsf– # 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnsf] e|i6frf/ ;DjGwL cg'e"lt ;"rsfÍdf g]kfnsf] l:ylt jif{ k|fKtfÍ :yfg hDdf d'n's ;+Vof

@))$ @=* () !$^ @))% @=% !!& !%( @))^ @=% !@! !^#

tflnsf $

g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu pko'Qm ;+oGq ;f]lwPsf] k|Zg

eljiodf g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf yk k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg s:tf] ;+oGq cfjZos /x]sf] b]Vg' x'G5 < qm=;= pQ/sf ljsNkx? k|ltzt ! GofFlos, ;}lgs, lghL If]q nufot ;j} If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] clxn]sf] eGbf

clwsf/ ;DkGg :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfo x'g'k5{ &&=(%

53 Transparency International, Corruption Perception Index, 2004, 2005 and 2006. www.inwent.org

131

@ clxn]sf] cfof]usf] :j?k g} l7s 5 &=*% # Joa:yflksf ;+;bsf] k|ToIf dftxtdf /xg] ;+oGqsf] ?kdf /xg' k5{ . ^=(% $ g]kfn ;/sf/ cGtu{tsf] dGqfno jf laefu :t/sf] 5'§} lgsfo x'g' k5{ . %=!$ % k|wfgdGqL sfo{sfl/0fL k|d'vsf] k|ToIf dftxtdf /xg] clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfo x'g'

k5{ . @=!!

o;af6 :ki6 x'G5 g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] cleofgnfO{ yk k|efjsfl/tf lbg clxn]sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] :jtGq :j?ksf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfo pko'Qm 5 . of] sfo{nfO{ sfo{kflnsf jf Joj:yflksf dftxt /fv]/ x'+b}g . o;nfO{ dGqfno jf ljefu h:tf] lgsfo agfP/ x'+b}g . ;fFRr} g} k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] e|i6frf/ lj?4 ;j}nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg]u/L If]qflwsf/ a9fpg' h?/L 5 . cfof]usf] clxn] k|fKt u/]sf] clwsf/ kof{Kt 5}g .

lgisif{ e|i6frf/sf] ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ k|To]s d'n'sn] cfˆg} lsl;dn] s]xL g s]xL k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . s'g}s'g} d'n'sdf gofFF ;+/rgf v8f gu/L k|x/L h:tf] k/Dk/fut ;+oGqnfO{ g} k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, s]xL d'n'sx?n] ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf /xg] u/L ljefux? v8f u/]sf 5g\, w]/} d'n'sx?n] :jtGq lgsfo :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ eg] cGon] tby{ cfof]ux? v8f u/L cg';Gwfg / sf/jfxLnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] klg b]lvG5 . ;+/rgf, sfo{ / clwsf/sf b[li6sf]0faf6 d'n's} lkR5] km/s km/s gd'gf / 9fFrfdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfox? u7g u/L cfˆg} lsl;dn] lgoGq0fsf] sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] kfOG5 . tL lgsfox?sf] gfddf klg ljljwtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t} MCommission –g]kfn, ef/t, ci6«]lnofsf] Go" ;fpy j]N;, xËsË, blIf0f sf]l/of, lkmlnkLG;, >Ln+sf, yfONof08, hflDjof, lrnL, OSjf8f]/ cflb_, Agency –O08f]g]lzof, dn]lzof cflb_, Bureau –a|'gfO{, ef/t, kfls:tfg, l;+ufk'/, dnfjL, tfGhflgofF cflb_ Directorate –af]T;jfgf, kgfdf cflb_, Ethics Office –cd]l/sf, lrnL cflb_ . lkmlnkLG;, pufG8f, kk'jf Go"lugL cflb d'n'sx?df Ombudsman nfO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lhDdf nufPsf] b]lvG5 eg] a]nfotdf Parliamentary Committee nfO{, Ujf6]dfnf, d]lS;sf] / kgfdfdf Supreme Audit Agency/Auditor General, cd]l/sf / rLgdf Attorney General nfO{ / s]Gof nufot s]xL d'n'sx?df dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lhDdf nufPsf] b]lvG5 .54 h'g;'s} gfd / :j?k ePtf klg oL lgsfox?sf] klxnf] st{Jo eGg' g} e|i6frf/ ePsf]df :jtGq tj/n] cg';Gwfg ug'{ / cGo sf/jfxLsf] k|s[of cufl8 a9fpg' xf]] . bf]>f]] e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf nflu lg/f]wfTds sfdx? ug'{ u/fpg' xf] . ;fy} ;/sf/L lgsfox?df k|0ffnLut (systemic) / ;+u7gfTds /0fgLlt (organizational strategy) df ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj / ;Nnfx lbg' klg o:tf lgsfox?sf] st{Jo leq kb{5 . sltko d'nssf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ lgsfox?df Corruption Prevention Department g} v8f ul/Psf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu xËsË / ci6«]lnofnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . 55 t]>f] st{Josf ?kdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;f]w sfo{x? Jofks ?kdf ul/g' kb{5 . cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ljZn]if0f / cg'udgn] lg/f]wfTds sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] x'+bf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg /xg] lgsfox?n] of] sfo{nfO{ hf]8tf]8sf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;af6 ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu dfu{ k|z:t x'g'sf ;fy} e|i6frf/ nufot kmf}hbf/L Gofo

54 For more detail see Table 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Patric Meagher, (2002), "Anti-Corruption Agencies: A

Review of Experience, IRIS Center, University of Maryland. 55 Independent Commission Against Corruption, Australia New South Wales and Independent

commission Against Corruption, Hong Kong

132

k|0ffnLdf ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/sf nflu klg ;Defjgfsf 9f]sfx?nfO{ v'nf ul/lbg ;Sb5 .56 rf}yf] / ;j}eGbf dxTjsf] st{Josf] ?kdf e|i6frf/sf b'ikl/0ffdx? jf/] hgtfnfO{ hfu?s agfpg / e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cleofgdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf h'6fpFb} e|i6frf/sf] lj?4 hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug'{ / lzIff lbg' klg xf] . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu v8f ePsf lgsfox?n] k|fKt u/]sf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug'{ eg]sf] ;f+Rr} g} kmnfdsf] rLp/f rkfpg' h:t} sl7g sfd xf] .57 t/ sfg"gL zf;gsf] jxfnL / ;dtfd"ns bLuf] ljsf;sf nflu of] lhDd]jf/L sd dxTjsf] 5}g . oL lgsfox?sf] ;kmntf of c;kmntfdf lgDg s'/fx?n] lg0ff{os e'ldsf v]Ng] x'+bf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu v8f ePsf lgsfodf /xg] lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L tyf cGo /fHo ;+oGqx?n] o;tk{m Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .58

• e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] /fli6«o /0fgLlt ;/sf/s} :t/af6 cToGt xf]lzof/L / s'zntf k"j{s th'{df ul/g' kb{5 . ;f] /0fgLlt;+u ;/f]sf/jfnf ;j} lgsfox?sf] sfd sf/jfxLx?sf] tfnd]n ldnfpg' kb{5 .

• e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf / /fhg}lts OR5fzlQm alnof] x'g' kb{5 . • sfg"gdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu e|i6frf/ b]lvg] s'g} sfd sf/afxL Pj+ Jojxf/nfO{ :ki6 x'g]

u/L ck/fwsf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/g' kb{5 / To:tf] sfg"gsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .

• ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo / kbflwsf/Lx? ldn]/ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu PsLs[t k|of; ul/g' kb{5 .

• s'g} /fhg}lts k|efj lagf k"jf{u|x/lxt ?kdf lg:kIf / :jtGqtf k"j{s sfd ug{ kfpg] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf ul/g'kb{5 .

• lgsfosf] g]t[Tjug]{ AolQmsf] rogdf xf]lzof/L ckgfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] cleofgnfO{ ;xL lbzfdf nfg ;Sg] v'jL ePsf] lg8/, lg:kIf / :jtGq 9Ëaf6 sfd ug{ ;Sg] g]t[Tjsf] rog ug{ h?/L 5 .

• lgsfosf] sfd sf/jfxLdf kf/blz{tf tyf To:tf] lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] x'g''kb{5 .

• lgsfosf] ljZj;gLotfdf clej[l4 u/L To:tf] lgsfok|lt hgtfsf] e/f];f hufpg' kb{5 . • lgsfon]] gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf / ;xof]udf cfˆgf] cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'kb{5 . • lgsfodf pko'Qm lsl;dsf] bIftf / ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf hgzlQmsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ePsf]

x'g'kb{5 . • lgsfodf kof{Kt >f]t tyf ;fwgsf] Joj:yfsf nflu cfjZos ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]

x'g'kb{5 .

56 Lala Camerer, (2001), Prerequisites for Effective Anti-Corruption Ombudsmen's Offices and Anti-

Corruption Agencies, 10th IACC, Workshop Papers, Prague, IACC, Transparency International. 57 De Speville, Bertrand, (2000), Why Do Anti-Corruption Agencies Fail? UN Global Program Against

Corruption (GPAC), UNCICP, Implementation Tools, the Development of an Anti-Corruption Tool Kit: Inputs for a United Nations Expert Group Meeting, Vienna, UN.

58 Doig, Alan, (2000), Getting the Boring Bits Right First: Capacity Building for Anti Corruption Agencies (ACA), UN Global Program Against Corruption (GPAC), UNCICP, Implementation Tools, the Development of an Anti-Corruption Tool Kit: Inputs for a United Nations Expert Group Meeting, Vienna, UN.

133

• lgsfoleq pRr :t/sf] OdfGbfl/tf / ;bfrfl/tf sfod /fVgsf] nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f u/L To;sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

cGTodf

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ;GwL -UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) tof/ e} nfu" e};s]sf] / g]kfnn] klg cg'df]bg ug]{ qmddf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f] ;GwL cg's"n lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t k|oTgnfO{ uf]nj4 ug'{kg]{, cGt/f{i6«Lo :t/df låkIfLo ;Demf}tfx?sf] cfwf/df e|i6frf/ u/L cGo d'n'sdf z/0f lng] jf n'lsl5kL j:g]x?klg sf/jfxLdf kg]{ sfg"gL rfFhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg'kg]{ nufotsf k|jGwx? ;f] dxf;GwLdf /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf efjL lbgx?df yk lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{kg]{ t 5Fb}5 . jt{dfgs} ;Gbe{df klg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ljZjf; ul/Psf] lgsfo clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] Ifdtf j[l4 ub}{ sd;]sd /fli6«o:t/df sfg"gt e|i6frf/ dflgg] sfo{x?nfO{ hlt;Sbf] sd ug{ ;Sg] t'Nofpg' g} cfhsf] Ph]G8f x'g'kb{5 . ;'zf;g :yfkgfsf] cxd nIo xfl;n ug{sf lglDt l56f5l/tf] / Jofj;flos 9+usf] sfo{;Dkfbgdfkm{t cfof]uk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf;nfO{ hLjGt /fVg' kb{5 .

nf]stflGqs u0ftGq tkm{ g]kfnsf] ofqf z'? e};s]sf] ;Gbe{df /fHosf] pRr k|fyldstf b08xLgtfsf] cGTo;lxtsf] cg'zfl;t ;dfh, ;'b[9 cfly{s Joj:yf tyf sfg"gL /fHotkm{ kl/nlIft x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;dosf] dfu;Fu} sfo{If]q lj:tf/;lxtsf] ;Ifd, t6:y / lg8/ lgsfosf] ?kdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ ;dosf] dfu jg]sf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] lbg] k|fyldstfsf ;fy k"0f{?ksf] cfof]usf] u7g, ;+;bLo lgu/fgL, cGt/f{i6«o ;xof]u tyf gful/s ;dfh;lxt hg;fwf/0fsf] ;fy eg] lg/Gt/ cfjZos kb{5 .

-gf]6 M k|:t't n]v xfn;fn} n]vs ;d]t ;+nUg /xL USAID/ARD Inc. Rule of Law Project sf] ;xof]udf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / KFA åf/f ;+o'Qm?kdf ;DkGg e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] k|efjsfl/tf ljifos Ps cWoogsf] lgZsif{df cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 ._

134


;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb (Public Interest Litigation)

– k|sfz kl08t ∗

!=kl/ro /fHosf tLg c+ux? dWo] ljwflosfn] sfg"g agfpg], Gofokflnsfn] sfg"gsf] JofVof ug]{ / sfo{kflnsfn] sfg"g sfof{Gjog ug]{ ub{5g\ . sfg"g JofVofsf] sfo{ Gofokflnsfsf] k/Dk/fut sfo{ xf] . lalwzf:qsf] ;sf/fTds ;Dk|bfon] cbfntnfO{ ljwflosfåf/f lgld{t sfg"gsf] 3]/f jf ;Ldf gf3]/ JofVof ug]{ 5'6 lb+b}g . o;n] GofofwLz lgld{t sfg"gnfO{ dfGb}g . o; ;Dk|bfosf cg';f/ sfg"g eg]sf] ;Dk|e' zlQmåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] cfb]z xf], h;sf k5fl8 cg'zf:tL /x]sf] x'G5 / GofofwLzsf] sfo{ oxL lnlvt sfg"g (Posited Law) sf] tfls{s JofVof (Logical Interpretation) u/L lg0f{odf k'Ug' xf] .59 o;} dtnfO{ cjnDag u/L pGgfO{;f}+ ztfAbL e/L sfg"gsf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/of] . t/ pGgfO{;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGt / aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?;+u} lalwzf:qdf ;dfhzf:qLo ;Dk|bfosf] hGd eof] . o; ;Dk|bfosf d'Vo k|jt{s dWo]sf Ps Roscoe Pound sf] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f,JofVof / sfof{Gjogdf ;fdflhs tYonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ eGg]60

ljrf/;+u} sfg"g / ;dfhsf] kf/:kl/s cGt{;DaGwsf laifodf hf]8bf/ s'/fx? p7\g yfn] . kmnt: ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ /fHosf sfo{x? cufl8 a9fO{g yflnof] . o;} qmddf sfg"gsf] JofVof ;d]t lnlvt sfg"gsf] k/Llw gf3]/ ;fdflhs rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ug{ yflnof] . cd]/LsL oyfy{jfbsf] pbo kZrft o;nfO{ cem c? k|ltj4tfsf ;fy ckgfpg yflnof] . ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsaf6 b]lvPsf] cd]/LsL oyfy{jfbn] lnlvt sfg"g eg]sf] k|f0f lagfsf /LQf cIf/x? x'g\ eGb} To;df GofofwLzn] k|f0f /fv]kl5 dfq jf:tadf Tof] sfg"g aGg] bfaL uof]{ . o; ;Dk|bfosf cg';f/ sfg"g eGbf ;dfh hlxn] klg rf+8f] kl/jt{g x'G5 (Society changes faster than law) . kmnt ;dfhsf] rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ sfg"gn] k"/f ug{ ;Qm}g . t;y{ Tof] rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ GofofwLzn] JofVof dfkm{t k"/f ug'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu GofofwLzn] sfg"g gx]/L ;dfhsf] rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;lqmo, /rgfTds, cu|ufdL / cu|pGd'v (Active,bCreative, Pragmatic and Foreward Looking) x'g'kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] d'n ;|f]t eg]sf] oxL cd]/LsL oyfy{jfbn] ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf b]vfPsf] Goflos ;s[otf (Judicial Activism) g} xf] .

∗ sfg"g :gftsf]Q/, ;+a}wflgs sfg"g,zf=c=,;jf]{Rr cbfnt 59 For Positivist Law is a Command of Sovereign backed by Sanction. A Legal System is called logical

system in which correct legal decisions can be deduced by logical means from predetermined legal rules without references to social aims, policies and moral standards.

60 According to Pound," Sociological jurisprudence should ensure that the making, interpretation and application of laws take account of social facts".

135

;/sf/L lg0f{o k|s[ofdf gful/s ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf, ;dfhsf u/La / lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf] lxtsf] ;+/If0f, /fHo / sfg"g ljlxg cj:yfsf] cGTo, zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / ;fdflhs Gofoaf6 lad'v ;dfhsf] 7'nf] lx:;fnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] hGd ePsf] xf], h;nfO{ k/Dk/fut Goflos k|s[of (Traditional Judicial Process) n] k"/f ug{ ;s]g . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ u/La / lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{ Ps dfq cfzf / e/f];fsf] s]Gb|laGb'sf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb dfkm{t g} u/La / lk5l8Psf ju{sf] Gofo;Dd kx'+r ;Dej 5 eg] pmlgx?sf] lxt ;+/If0f klg o;n] dfq ug{ ;Sg] ljZjf; lnO{G5 .

@= kl/efiff ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb (Public Interest Litigation) nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf PIL eg]/ klg elgG5 .;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eg]sf] s] xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf xfd|f] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg df}g b]lvG5 eg] sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]g @)!) n] klg o; zAbsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] kfO{+b}g . o;sf] zflAbs cy{ ubf{ ;dfhsf w]/} eGbf w]/} AolQmx?;+u ;DaGw /fVg] ljjfb eGg ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ a[xb ?kdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu cbfntdf bfo/ ul/g] ljjfb (The litigation filed in a Court of Law for the protection of the interest of the public in general) eGg ;lsG5 .61

;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /fw]Zofd clwsf/L la?4 dlGqk/Lifb ;lrjfno ;d]t62 ePsf] d'2fdf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGgfn] s'g} vf; AolQm jf AolQmx?sf] AolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ljjfb geP/ g]kfn clw/fHosf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DalGwt ePsf] ljjfbsf] af]w x'G5 . s'g} ljjfb ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] xf] jf xf]O{g eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o Tof] ljjfb ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} vf; AolQm jf AolQmx?sf] xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DalGwt 5 eGg] cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ x'G5 elg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kl/efiff u/]sf] kfO{G5 .

o;/L g} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] csf]{ Ps d'2fdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] kl/efiff ub}{ eg]sf] 5 ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] cy{ ubf{ s'g} vf; JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] JolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DalGwt /xg] u/L o;nfO{ cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . o;sf] ;DaGw ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf hg ;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ufl;Psf] x'g'kb{563 .

o;/L g} dL/fs'df/L 9'ª\ufgf la?4 sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dGqfno ;d]t64 ePsf] d'2fdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ;fdfGo lghL xslxtsf] ljifo h:tf] Ps kIfsf] xslxt csf]{ kIf;+u ljkl/t x'g] (Adversory nature) sf] ljjfb gx'g] a? lgj]bs / ljkIfL b'j}sf] ;fj{hlgs xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g ug'{kg]{ ;femf st{Ao x'g] atfp+b} eg]sf] 5 ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ph'/stf{, ljkIfL / Gofostf{ ;a}sf] Pp6} p2]Zo laGb'df s]lGb|t x'g] k/:k/ la/f]lwtfsf] eGbf ;xof]lutfsf], kIf ljkIfsf] lxtsf] k|ltålGåtfsf] ;§f ;xsf/Ltfsf] efj /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf ;fj{hlgs xslxt;+u ;DalGwt d'2fdf g s'g} kIfsf]

61 Dr. Ram Krishna Timalsena ,"Public Interest Litigation and the Supreme Court of Nepal", Fifty Years

of the Supreme Court of Nepal, Golden Jubilee Publication 1956-2006,Supreme Court of Nepal,2006,p.121.

62 g]=sf=k=)$*,lg=g+=$$#),k[=*!) 63 k|f=r'8fgfy e§/fO{ la=nf]s ;]jf cfof]u sdnkf]v/L,l/=g+=!(^$(@)%@),lg=ldlt:@)%$.$.@( 64 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt,dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw km};nfx?sf] k|sfzg,@)%(,k[=!#^

136

xf/ x'G5 g t s'g} kIfsf] hLt g} x'G5 . l/6 hf/L ePklg jf vf/]h h] ePklg b'j} cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs lxt ;+/lIft x'g hfg] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs xslxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] oxL ljlzi6tf xf] .

pk/f]Qm cWoogaf6 xfdL ;fj{hlgs xs, lxt / ;/f]sf/ lglxt ljjfbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGg ;Sb5f}+, h'g ljjfbdf s'g} Ps jf b'O{ AolQm jf s]xL AolQmx?sf] dfq ;/f]sf/ g/xL ;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;f jf ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhs} ;fy{s ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;a}sf nflu Gofo k|fKt ug]{ Ps dfq dfWod xf], hxf+ s;}sf] xf/ x'+b}g / ;a}sf] hLt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb / Goflos ;s[otf Pp6} l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ h'g ;bf ;fy ;fy} /x]sf x'G5g\ .

cd]/LsL ;+3Lo b]jfgL sfo{lalwsf] lgod @# df ;g\ !(^^ df ePsf] ;+zf]wgaf6 cd]/Lsfdf Public Interest Litigation sf] hGd u/fPsf] dflgG5 . ef/tdf Mumbai Kamgar Sabbha vs. Abdulbhai Case (1976) sf] Goflos JofVof dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] pbo ePsf] lyof] . xfldsxf+ d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] dxnsf] !) g+=df ;j{k|yd @)$# ;fndf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/Psf] lyof] eg] @)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|ltkmn :j?k ag]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg @)$& sf] wf/f **(@) cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ ;j{k|yd ;+a}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg ul/of] . jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&(@) n] klg o; Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb k/Dk/fut ljjfbx? eGbf ;f/e"t / sfo{lalwut (Substantial and Procedural) b'j} k|sf/n] km/s 5 . o;df cbfntsf] ;lqmotfdf w]/} s'/fx? lge{/ x'G5g\ . k/Dk/fut Goflos k|s[of cGtu{t cbfntn] cf+km"nfO{ gLltut lg0f{oaf6 6f9f /fVbYof] eg] xfn ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb cGtu{t olb ;/sf/L gLltx? ;+lawfg / P]g sfg"g k|lts"n /x]sf 5g\ eg] cbfntn] To:tf gLltut s'/fx?df ;d]t x:tIf]k u/L pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 .

#= ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf ljz]iftfx?M ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ a'‰g o;sf s]xL df}lns ljz]iftfx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L lng' h?/L x'G5, h;n] xfdLnfO{ k/Dk/fut ljjfbaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ 5'6\ofO{ o;sf af/]df a'‰g ;lhnf] agfO{lbG5 . o;sf df}lns ljz]iftfx? lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

-s_ ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] ljifo ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ (PIL for Pro bono Publicto): ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGg] lzif{saf6 g} 1ft x'G5 ls of] ljjfb ;fj{hlgs enfO{sf] p2]Zon] bfo/ ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'df s'g} JolQm jf JolQmx?sf] ;fgf] ;d"xsf] dfq lxt lglxt geP/ ;Dk"0f{ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lxt jf enfO{ uf+l;Psf] x'g'kb{5 . o;}n] elgG5 PIL is for the Pro bono Publico. Pro bono Publico zAb Pp6f Nofl6g zAb xf], h;sf] cy{ x'G5 for the Public good or for the welfare of the whole. ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb eGgfn] s'g} vf; AolQm jf AolQmx?sf] AolQmut xs jf ;/f]sf/df dfq ;Lldt ePsf] ljjfb geP/ g]kfn clw/fHosf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf jf s'g} hg;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DalGwt ePsf] ljjfbsf] af]w x'G5 .65

-v_ b'O{ kIfLo ;+/rgfsf] cGt (The Demise of Bi-polar Structure): k/Dk/fut Goflos k|s[ofsf] d'2fdf b'O{ k/:k/ la/f]lw kIfx? x'g'kg]{ eGg] dfGotfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljlwzf:qLo dfGotfn] x6fO{lbPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf d'2fsf kIfx?

65 k"j{kfb $

137

lglZrt x'+b}gg\ . ljjfb btf{ ePkl5 lg0f{o gx'+b}sf] cj:yfdf h'g;'s} a]nf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] ljjfbdf ;xeflutf hgfpg ;Sb5g\ ;fy} d'2fsf] tYo / cj:yf cg';f/ cbfntsf] sfo{af6 k|lt/IfLx?sf] ;+Vof klg a9\g ;Sb5, h:tf]sL lgj]bs k|wf]z If]qL ;d]t la?4 lq=lj=lj=;d]t66 sf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL @)$( sf] lgod $@(@) adf]lhd ;/f]sf/jfnfx? (Interest Group) n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg btf{ u/L lq=lj=lj=lrlsT;fzf:q ljefun] M.B.B.S. cWoog ug{sf nflu k|bfg u/]sf] cf/If0f Joj:yfsf] k|lt/Iffdf sfg"g Joj;foLx?åf/f ax; k}/jL u/fPsf] kfO{G5 . o;}n] elgG5 o;df d'2fsf kIfx? lglZrt x'+b}gg\ . ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb cbfntdf ljrf/flwg /x]s} cj:yfdf sy+sbflrt lgj]bssf] d[To' eof] eg] klg To;n] ljjfbsf] Goflos lg/f]k0fdf afwf kb}{g .

-u_ pbf/ xsb}ofsf] l;2fGt (Liberal Locus Standi): ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] csf]{ d'Vo ljz]iftf pbf/ xsb}ofsf] l;4fGt /x]sf] 5 . xsb}of ;DaGwL ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf cg';f/ s;}n] klg csf{sf] xsdf gfn]; jf ph'/ ug{ ;Qm}g . h;sf] h'g s'/fdf xs k'U5, p;n] dfq ;f] s'/fdf gflnz, ph'/ ug{ kfp+5 . d'n'sL P]g c=a+=*@ g+=cg';f/ cfˆgf] xs g} gk'Ug] ljifodf gfn]; nfUg ;Qm}g . xsb}of ;DaGwL of] k/Dk/fut l;4fGtnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbn] pbf/ / v's'nf] agfO{lbPsf] 5 . h:tf]sL d'n'sL P]g cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !) g+= cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs lxt jf ;/f]sf/ lglxt /x]sf] d'2f c8\8fsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hf] ;'s}n] klg jfbL e} rnfpg ;Qm5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ ;j{k|ydt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+lawfg @)$& n] ;+a}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;+lawfgsf] wf/f **(@) df ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+a}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'+uf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . o; wf/f adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf lgj]bg ug{ s:tf] JolQmnfO{ xsb}of k|fKt x'g;S5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgj]bs /fw]Zofd clwsf/L la?4 dlGqk/Lifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t 67 sf] d'2fdf lgDg l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 .

• ljjflbt ljifoj:t';+u lgj]bssf] tflTjs ;/f]sf/ / ;fy{s ;DaGw (Substantial interest and Meaningful relation) x'g'kb{5 .

• ljjfbdf d'l5Psf] ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/;+u ;DalGwt hg;fwf/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ;xL ?kdf ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .

• ;fwf/0f cle?rL jf rf;f]nfO{ dfq kof{Kt dfGg ;ls+b}g . • cy{k"0f{ ;DaGw / tflTjs ;/f]sf/ ePsf] s'/fsf] kof{Kt / dgfl;j sf/0f b]vfpg' kb{5 .

-3_ ;dGofo / Gofosf cfwf/df sfo{lalwsf] lgwf{/0f (Equity and justice determines the procedure): ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf s'g} lglZrt sfo{lalw tf]lsPsf] x'+b}g . dfly kl/ro lzif{s cGtu{t ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|s[ofdf gful/s ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf,;dfhsf u/La tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf] lxt ;+/If0f, /fHo / sfg"g ljxLg cj:yfsf] cGTo, zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / ;fdflhs Gofoaf6 ljd'v ;dfhsf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ dxfg p2]Zo lnP/ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f cWoog ul/of] . ctM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf

66 g]=sf=k=@)^!,lg=g+=&$!@,k[=()! 67 g]=sf=k=)$*,lg=g+=$$#),k[=*!)

138

;dGofo / Gofo (equity and justice) nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ To;} cg';f/sf] h'g;'s} sfo{lalw cbfnt cf+km}n] ckgfpg ;Sb5 . t;y{ k|To]s ljjfbdf ljjfbsf] k|s[tL / :j?k cg';f/ km/s km/s sfo{lalwsf] k|of]u x'g;Sb5 . xfdLsxf+ klg ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf nflu sfg"gn] vf; sfo{ljlw tf]s]sf] kfO{++b}g, cbfnt cfkm}+n] cfjZostfg';f/ sfo{ljlwsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .

-ª_ tYo kQf nufpg] tl/sfdf kl/jt{g (Changing character of fact finding): ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf eg]sf] tYo kQf nufpg] k/Dk/fut Goflos k|s[of;+usf] leGgtf klg Ps xf] . k/Dk/fut Goflos k|s[ofsf nflu laNs'n} ckl/lrt o; cGtu{t cfof]u, ;ldlt u7g u/L ljjfbsf] ;To tYo a'‰g nufpg], cbfntsf sd{rf/LnfO{ oyfy{ s'/f a'‰g v6fpg], cfjZos k/]df GofofwLz cf+km} lkmN8;Dd uP/ cjnf]sg ug]{ h:tf s'/fx? kb{5g\ . o;df tYo kQf nufpg] ;ldlt (Fact Finding Committee) u7g d'Vo dflgG5 . ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Dehradun Quarrying Case (1985) df ;j{k|yd Bhargav Committee u7g u/L o;sf] yfngL u/]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft ef/tLo ;jf]{Rr Pj+ pRr cbfntx?n] o;sf] Jofks k|of]u u/L ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] Goflos lg/f]k0f u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg o:tf] cEof; z'? u/]sf] 5 . lgj]bs led;]g yfkf la?4 /Iff dGqfno ;d]t ePsf]68 d'2fdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /Iff, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f, ;+:s[tL, ko{6g / gful/s p8\og dGqfnosf k|ltlglw, ;DalGwt gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx? Pj+ ;DalGwt ljifosf ljz]if1 ;lDdlnt Ps tYo hf+ra'em ;ldlt (Fact Finding Committee) u7g u/L To;n] lbPsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df Goflos lg?k0f u/]sf] lyof] . To;/L g} lgj]bs 6]s tfd|fsf/ ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t69 ePsf] -jfbL hflt;+u ;DalGwt_ d'4fdf klg ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] cfb]z cg';f/ jfbL hfltsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs hLjg ;DaGwL cWoog u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ Pp6f ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] / To;sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df cbfnt cfKfm\gf] lg0f{odf k'Ug'sf] ;fy} ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg sfofGjog ug'{ egL cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] kfO{G5 . o;/L g} ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf Ps ljrf/flwg ljjfbsf] ;'g'jfO{s} lbg ;Ddflgt cbfntsf GofofwLz ljjflbt If]qsf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;'Gwf/f If]q k'u]sf] klg kfO{G5 . o;/L ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cbfntn] lg0f{odf k'Ugsf nflu tYo hf+ra'em ;ldltx? u7g ug{] / To;sf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df lg0f{o lng] s'/f cfh cfd k|rng ag]sf] 5 .

-r_ ljjfb ;dfwfgdf cbfntsf] ;+nUgtf / cfb]z (Decree and involvement of the Court): xfd|f] h:tf] sdg n df cfwfl/t sfg"g k4tLdf ;fdfGot ljjfb ;dfwfgdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf lg:s[o x'G5 . afbL / k|ltafbLn] lnPsf bfaL, k|ltbfaL Pj+ plgx?n] k]z u/]sf k|df0fx?sf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L cbfntn] :jtGq /x]/ Goflos lg0f{o ub{5 . t/ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cbfntsf] e"ldsf lg:s[o x'+b}g . o;df ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] ;Gbe{df cbfntn]] ;do, kl/l:ytL / cj:yf cg';f/ s;f] ubf{ pko'Qm x'g] b]V5 To;} cg';f/ cfb]z hf/L ug{, pkrf/sf pkfox? k|:t't ug{ / cf+km" ;d]t ;+nUg e} pkrf/sf pkfox? sfof{Gjog u/fpg klg ;Sb5 . pkrf/df Ifltk"lt{ eGbf /f]syfd / ;'wf/df hf]8 lbO{G5 . o;df cbfntn] ;s];Dd b'j} kIfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kf/L jf b'O{sf jLr ;dembf/L sfod u/fO{ ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vf]Hb5 . slxn]sf+xL d'2fsf s'g} jf b'j} kIfx?nfO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox? ckgfpg cfb]z lbG5 . t;y{ o;df ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ / To;sf] sfof{Gjog u/fpgdf cbfntsf] ;lqmo ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . h:tf] c?0f t];|f]70 ljjfbdf ;Ddflgt ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] sfg"g gag];Ddsf nflu ;"rgfsf] xs k|bfg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ckgfpg'kg]{ sfo{lalw;+u

68 g]=sf=k=@)^),c+s !! / !@,k[=(^* 69 l/6 g+=!@! (@)^)),lg0f{o ldlt @)^@.%.#) 70 x]g'{xf]; uf]kfn lzjfsf]6L ;d]t la?4 cy{ dGqfno ;d]t,g]=sf=k=@)%!, c+s $, lg=g+=$*(%, k[=@%%

139

;DalGwt * a'+b] lgb]{zg hf/L uof]{ . To;/L g} dL/fs'df/L 9'+ufgf la?4 sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;lbo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]t71 sf] d'2fdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] ljleGg If]qsf JolQmx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf 5f]/LnfO{ 5f]/f ;/x k}lqs ;DklQdf s;/L ;dfg xsbf/ agfpg ;lsG5 xfd|f] wfld{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fvL Jofks 5nkmn u/fO{ pko'Qm ljw]os ;+;bdf k]z ug'{ elg ;/sf/sf gfddf cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L k|f] klAns la?4 g]kfn ;/sf/72 ePsf] d'2fdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] afudtL gbLsf] ;+vd'nb]lv 6]s';Ddsf] lsgf/fdf /x]sf wfld{s, ;+f:s[lts Pj+ k'/ftflTjs dxTjsf j:t'x?sf] lagf; x'g glbO{ jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu ;DalGwt kIfx?n] ug'{kg]{ elg * a'+b] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . o;/L g} l8n axfb'/ lj=s= la?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]t73 ePsf] d'2fdf ;Ddfglgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dlxnfdf dfl;s >fj x'+bf ;"b'/ klZrdsf lhNnfx?df 5fpk8L uf]7df /flvg] ul/Psf] sfo{nfO{ e]befjk"0f{ dfGb} pQm e]befjk"0f{ k|yf /f]Sgsf nflu ljkIfLx?af6 k|efjsf/L pkfo ckgfO{Psf] gkfO{Psf]n] ljkIfLx?n] ug'{kg]{ ljleGg kf+rj6f sfo{ ug'{ elg lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] kfO{G5 . zld{nf k/fh'nL la=dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t74 ePsf] csf]{ d'4fdf of}ghGo b'Jo{axf/nfO{ ;DalGwt dlxnfsf] O{R5f la?2sf] sfo{ dfGb} of}ghGo b'Ao{jxf/sf] lj:t[t kl/efiff ;d]t ul/lbPsf] kfO{G5 . ;fy} of}ghGo b'Ao{jxf/ ;DaGwdf ;a}kIfnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L h] h:tf] cfjZos kg]{ x'G5 cWoog u/L u/fO{ pko'tm sfg"g lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos Aoj:yf Pj+ kxn ug'{ elg ljkIfLsf gfp+df lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] kfO{G5 . o;}n] elgG5 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cbfnt ;d]t ;+nUg e} ljjfbsf] lg/fs/0f ub{5 .

-5_ cbfntn] d'2fdf c;DalGwt aflx/L ;|f]tsf] ;xof]u lnG5 (Judiciary draws support from external resources): ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cbfntn] ljjflbt ljifoj:t'sf af/]df lg0f{o lng] qmddf d'2f;+u c;DalGwt aflx/L ;|f]tx?sf] klg ;xof]u lng ;Sb5 . o:tf aflx/L ;|f]tdf ljifo ljz]if1, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? kb{5g\ . cbfntnfO{ lg0f{odf k'Ug o; k|sf/sf aflx/L ;|f]tn] 7"nf] d2t ub{5g\ . h:tf] /fgLkf]v/L k|b'lift ePsf sf/0f kf]v/Lsf df5fx? dg{ yfn] . ctM kf]v/L z'4 /fVg cfjZos cfb]z hf/L u/L kfp+ elg s;}n] lgj]bg lbPdf cbfntn] /fgLkf]v/Lsf] kfgL k|b'lift ePsf] 5 5}g / jf:tadf /fgLkf]v/Lsf df5f kfgL k|b'lift ePs} sf/0f d/]sf x'g\ ls cGo s'g} /f]u nfu]/ d/]sf x'g\ elg tYo kQf nufpg ;DalGwt ljz]if1x?af6 ;xof]u lng ;Sb5 .

-h_ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbn] cbfntnfO{ ;lqmo / /rgfTds e"ldsf k|bfg ub{5 (PIL gives Pro-active and creative role to judiciary): ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] hGd ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf cd]/LsL GofofwLzx?sf] ;lqmotf Pj+ plgx?n] k|bz{g u/]sf] /rgfTds e"ldsfsf sf/0f ePsf] s'/f xfdLn] dfly cWoog uof}{+ . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb / Goflos ;s[otfsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ o;df df}lns xsx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf cbfntn] cf+km"nfO{ sfg"gsf] rf}3]/fdf ;Lldt g/flv cfjZostf cg';f/ ;lqmo / /rgfTds agfp+5 . o;sf] s'g} sfo{lalw gtf]lsPsf] x'+bf cbfntn] cfjZostf cg';f/sf] sfo{lalwsf] cg';/0f ug{ ;Sb5 . ef/tdf kq klqsfdf n]lvPsf ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v cflbnfO{ cbfntn] gf]l6zdf lnO{ sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ePsf] kfO{G5 . xfdL sxf+ o; xb;Ddsf] Goflos ;s[otf cbfntn] k|bz{g gu/]sf] ePtfklg

71 g]=sf=k=@)%@,c+s ^,lg=g+=^)!#, k[=$^@ 72 l/6 g+=#)!&(@)%@),lg0f{o ldlt @)%^.@.#! 73 l/= g+= ###) (@)^!) lg= ld=@)^@.!.!( 74 g]= sf= k=@)^!, k[=!#!@

140

cfjZostfg';f/ Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsfsf] If]qdf k|j]z ug{ k|of; u/]sf] eg] kfO{G5 . h:t} sfg"g th'{df ug{] Joj:yflksfsf] If]qflwsf/df Goflos x:tIf]k ub}{ ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] jfo', hn, WjgL Pj+ kof{j/0f ;+/If0f ug{ cfjZos sfg"g th'{df ug{ ;+;bsf gfp+df / kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf] sfo{kflnsLo If]qflwsf/df Goflos x:tIf]k ub}{ uf]bfj/L If]qsf] kof{j/0f k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;+/If0f ug'{ elg ;/sf/sf gfp+df cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] kfO{G5 75. To;/L g} gLltut lg0f{ox?af6 6f9f a:g] k/Dk/fut Goflos k|s[ofsf] dfGotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{ of]uL g/x/Lgfy ;d]t la?4 ;Ddfglgo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx?nfO{ cbfntn] nfu" ug{ g;Sg] ePklg olb ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? ljkl/t uP/ lg0f{o u5{ eg] To:tf] cj:yf cf}+Nofpg eg] g;Sg] xf]O{g 76. To;l/ g} /fhl4k rf}w/L la= dlGqkl/ifb ;lrjfno ;d]t77 ePsf] d'2fdf elgPsf] 5, cbfntn] sfo{kflnsLo a'l4dtf (Exacutive Intelligence) leq k|j]z u/L ;fdfGotM gLltut lg0f{osf] ljZn]if0f ub}{g . Goflos k"g/fjnf]sgsf] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ;Ldf ;d]t xf] . t/ d'n'sdf d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /xg] ;+ljwfg Pj+ :ki6 s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljkl/t jf k|lts"n x'g]u/L >L % sf] ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifbn] u/]sf] s'g} gLltut lg0f{onfO{ o; cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbg} g;lsg] eGg] xf]O{g . oyfy{df gLltut lg0f{ox? ;j} cj:yfdf lg/k]If ?kdf Goflos k"g/fjnf]sgsf] If]q aflx/ k5{g eGg' ;+ljwfgjfb Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff ljkl/t x'G5 . ;fdflhs Gofosf] k[i7kf]ifssf] ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] Goflos ;lqmotfsf] dfGotfn] sfo{kflnsLo gLltut lg0f{ox?nfO{ cbfntn] w]/} glhs NofO{;s]sf] klg 5 . cfd ;j{;fwf/0f (Total Public) jf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] 7"nf] ;+Vof (Public at large) sf] lxtdfly Aofks, ulDe/ Pj+ lb3{sflng c;/ k'of{pg ;Sg] gLltut lg0f{ox?nfO{ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL k|fjwfg tyf sfg"g Pj+ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tsf] cfwf/n] Goflos k/LIf0f u/L tL lg0f{ox?sf] cf}lrTo Pj+ pko'tmtfleq ;d]t o; cbfnt k|j]z ug{;S5 . t;y{ lg0f{osf] cf}lrTo Pj+ pko'tmtf dfly cbfntn] kl/If0f ug}{ ;Sb}g eGg] xf]O{g . k|]d rf}nfufO{+sf] xsdf s[i0f s'df/L >]i7 la= u[x dGqfno ;d]t78 ePsf] Ps d'4fdf Goflos ;s[otfsf cfwf/df ;Ddflgt cbfntn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f !@ -!_ df k|o'tm æsfg"g adf]lhd afx]sÆ eGg] zAbnfO{ AofVofsf] dfWodaf6 lj:yflkt u/L æsfg"gsf] plrt k|s[ofÆ eGg] cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgsf] jfSof+z :yflkt ul/lbPsf] 5 .

o;/L g} ;Gtf]if s'df/ dxtf] la= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t79 ePsf] d'4fdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] Goflos ;lqmotfsf] k|bz{g ub}{ eg]sf] 5 afnaflnsf ;DaGwL d'4fx?sf] z'? sfaf{xL / lsgf/f ug{ afn cbfnt u7g x'g'kg]{ s'/f afnaflnsf ;DaGwL P]g @)$* sf] jfWofTds Aoj:yf xf] . o; bfloTjaf6 >L % sf] ;/sf/ ljd'v x'g;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . Affn cbfnt tkm{ pGd'v ge} afn O{hnfz dfq :yfkgf u/L ;/sf/sf] bfloTj k"/f ePsf] dfGg ldNb}g . ctM ;f] afn cbfntsf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ lz3| cufl8 a9fO{ To;sf] hfgsf/L cbfnt ;d]tnfO{ u/fpg' . rGb|sfGt 1jfnL ;d]t la= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t80 ePsf] csf]{ d'4fdf h]i7 gful/sx?sf nflu sfg"gsf] cefj v8lsPsf] 68sf/f] ?kdf b]lvPsf]n] h]i7 gful/ssf] xslxt ;+/If0f /

75 x]g'{xf]; clwjQmf ;'o{k|;fb zdf{ 9'+u]n la?4 uf]bfj/L dfj{n O{08li6«h k|f=ln= ;d]t,g]=sf=k=:j0f{ z'ehGdf]T;j ljz]if+fs,@)%@,k[=!^( 76 g]=sf=k=@)%#,c+s !,lg=g+=^!@&,k[=## 77 g]=sf=k=@)^!,k[=&($ 78 g]= sf= k=(@)^!),k[=!() 79 l/==g+=^) (@)^!), lg= ld=@)^@.*.( 80 l/==g+=##$@ (@)^)) lg= ld=@)^#.!.@$

141

;+aw{gsf nflu cfjZos sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;+;bsf] rln/x]sf] clwj]zgdf k]z u/L u/fO{ sfg"g agfO{ nfu" ug'{ elg ;/sf/sf gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g'sf cltl/tm o; k|s[ltsf cfb]z sfof{Gjog gx'g] u/]sf kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ul/ To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf /lhi6||f/sf gfddf ljz]if cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ePsf] kfO{G5 . /flhj k/fh'nL la= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u ;d]t81 ePsf] Ps d'4fdf ;Ddflgt cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& hf/L eP kZrft ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;tf / /fhsLo clwsf/ ;+ljwfg adf]lhd g]kfnL hgtfaf6 k|of]u x'g] Aoj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf], ;+ljwfgn] >L % sf sfo{x?nfO{ tLg txdf ljefhg u/L ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf cg';f/ >L % af6 dfq jf df};"kmsf] :jljj]sdf ul/aS;g] elg ls6fgLAoj:yf ePsf sfo{x?sf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg pko'tm gx'g], t/ ;f] afx]s >L % df dfq gLlxt /x]sf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u e} ul/Psf sfo{df ulDe/ ;+j}wflgs k|Zg ;dfj]z ePdf / cGo k|s[ltsf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] eGg gldNg] .

$= r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx? g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] cfudg kZrft xfdLsxf+ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] k|of]u lj:t[t ?kdf a9]/ uPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|of]usf cfkm\gf ljlzi6 kmfO{bfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs enfO{ Pj+ Gofodf kx'+r gePsf u/La, lk5l8Psf ju{, hft hfltnfO{ gful/s, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, Pj+ ;f+:s[lts Gofo k|bfg ug{df o;sf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb jt{dfg o"usf] dfu xf] . o;sf] cefjdf cfw'lgs Gofokflnsfsf] sNkgf ug{ ;ls+b}g . t/ o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] k|of]un] k/+k/fut Goflos dfGotfdf s]xL hl6ntfx? klg yk]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] k|of]usf] ;Gbe{df jt{dfg g]kfnL Gofokflnsf pk/ lgDg r'gf}tL Pj+ ;d:ofx? /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

-s_ cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] cefjM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf w]/} h;f] cfb]z sfof{Gjogsf] kvf{O{df 5g\ . sfof{Gjog lagfsf] cfb]zsf] s'g} dxTj x'+b}g t;y{ cfb]z sfof{Gjog Gofokflnsfsf] k|d'v r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .

-v_ zx/L ;d:ofdf ;LldtM ;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbx? zx/L ;d:ofx?;+u dfq ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . ufp+3/sf g]kfnL Pj+ lk5l8Psf u/La, hflt, hghflt, cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;d:of Pj+ plgx?sf] gful/s, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts Gofosf nflu o;sf] cem};Dd klg vf;} Wofg k'Ug ;s]sf] kfO{+b}g .

-u_ Goflos nf]slk|otf / c/fhstfM cbfntn] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf cfjZostf eGbf a9L Goflos ;s[otf k|bz{g u/]sf] / cGtt o;n] Goflos c/fhstftkm{ ws]Ng ;Sg] cf/f]k klg obfsbf nufpg] ul/G5 . ;fy} cfb]z sfof{Gjog gx'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0fx? dWo] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu cfb]z hf/L x'g'nfO{ klg lng] ul/G5 .

-3_ zltmk[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGtsf] pNn+3gM elgG5, ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zn] /fHosf cGo c+ux?sf] If]qflwsf/df x:tIf]k u/L zltmk[ylss/0fsf] k/+k/fut l;4fGtsf] ulDe/ pNn+3g ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .

-ª_ ;fdfGo Goflos sfo{df lanDaM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb xfn nf]slk|otf xf+l;n ug]{ Ps ;ztm dfWod g} ag]sf] 5 rfx] Tof] sfg"g Aoj;foLsf nflu xf];\ jf cbfntsf nflu . o;n] ubf{ cbfntdf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] cf]O{/f] g} nfUg] u/]sf] kfO{G5, h;sf sf/0f cbfntdf

81 l/==g+=!!* (@)^@), lg=ld=@)^@.!!.! -k|:t't d'4fsf] ljifoj:t' ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf]x'+bf o;df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5_

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lgoldt ?kdf cfpg] cGo ;fdfGo d'4fx?sf] Goflos sfo{ k|efljt aGg k'u]sf] 5 / o; k|s[tLsf d'4fx? aiff}{+ aif{ ;Dd lg0f{osf] kvf{Odf /x]sf 5g\ .

-r_ xsb}ofdf ;+s'rgM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf hf] ;'s} g]kfnLn] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs dd{ ljkl/t ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf lgj]bg lbg tflTjs ;/f]sf/ Pj+ ;fy{s ;DaGw x'g'kg]{ l;4fGt sfod u/]/ xsb}of ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yfdf ;+s'rg u/]sf] 5 elgG5 .

-h_ sfo{lalwdf cg'bf/tfM ;fdfGotM ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf s'g} sfo{lalw tf]lsPsf] x'+b}g . cbfntn] Gofo Pj+ ;dGofonfO{ cfwf/ dflg h'g;'s} sfo{lalw cjnDag ug{ ;Sb5 . o;} l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ef/t nufot cGo b]zx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf h'g;'s} 9f+rfdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg], kq klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo n]vsf cfwf/df ;d]t ;DalGwt lgsfosf gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5, t/ xfdLsxf+ xfn;Dd klg o;sf] k|of]u x'g ;s]sf] kfO{+b}g . ;dosf] dfunfO{ ;Ddflgt cbfntn] oyf;Dej ;Daf]wg ug'{ kb{5 .

%) pk;+xf/M

;fj{hlgs lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu bfo/ ul/g] ljjfbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb elgG5 . cd]/LsL cbfntx?n] ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf b]vfPsf] GofFlos ;s[otf (Judicial Activism) sf] k|ltkmn :j?k o;sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . xfn Goflos ;jf]{Rrtf /x]sf d'n'sx?df ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|s[ofdf gful/s ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{, u/La tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x?sf] Gofo ;Dd kx'+r k'¥ofpg / plgx?sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug{, /fHo / sfg"g ljlxg cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{, zf]if0f/lxt ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug{, gful/sx?sf] df}lns xs clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug{ / ;fdflhs Gofoaf6 ljd'v ;dfhsf] lx:;fnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug{df cbfntx?n] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb / Goflos ;s[otf dfkm{t cToGt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfdLsxf+ ;j{k|yd @)$# ;fndf d'n'sL P]gdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbnfO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& df k|yd k6s ;+j}wflgs dfGotf k|bfg ul/of] . o;nfO{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f!)& -@_ n] ;d]t lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . ;DDfflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u u/L ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{ ;Sb5 . o;sf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfjZostfg';f/ h'g;'s} cfb]z hf/L ug{ / Goflos ;s[otfsf] k|bz{g ug{ ;Sb5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" eP kZrft ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbsf ;DaGwdf xfd|f] ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] e"ldsf cToGt ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 t/klg k"0f{ ;Gtf]if x'g] 7fp+ eg] 5}g . cfufdL lbgdf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] c? a9L pbf/, ;lqmo, /rgfTds, cu|ufdL / cu|pGd'v e} sfo{ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

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Policy Choice : Which Sector to Emphasize: Industry or Agriculture?

- Lakshman Kumar Pokharel ≈

Abstract A developing country faces numerous problems in the way of economic development. Most of these problems are common to all developing countries but Nepal faces some typical problems due to its geo political situations. These problems are political instability due to high political ambition of people of the country both in plain and in mountain region creating terrorist activities by different groups, political ideological conflict between every class of people resulting frequent closure of market, industry and educational institution, poor performance of the economy increasing unemployment problems. The result is country become economically under develop and socially backward and people of the country are poor due to insufficient investment in the social sector and mass unemployment. The author in this article tries to analyze the agriculture sector by identifying role it playing, problems it encountering and contribution it made to the economy. Similarly, The article also tries to analyze existing situation, problems encountered and contribution industrial sector made to the economy of Nepal. The author tries to analyze the relations between industry and agriculture sector and suggested to create private sector friendly environment for industrial sector, develop industry based on viability and comparative advantage and stand on domestic resources such as human and raw materials, establish backward and forward linkage to develop competitiveness in industries. There is no doubt that economic development of the country depends upon the effective development of the industrial and agriculture sector. Emphasizing industrial sector is never fruitful or generate expected results. According to him earlier confrontation of industrial development versus agriculture development should be taken as a false issue because the concern now is to develop interrelationship between industry and agriculture sector. He says almost all countries of the world have accepted that for sustainable economic growth and development industrialization should be supported by sustained agriculture development and Nepal should not hesitate to adopt this tested doctrine for the economic development of the country.

Background Developing country faces so many hurdles in the way of economic development. Resource insufficiency, inadequate trained and qualitative manpower, unfavorable geo political ≈ Mr. Pokharel is associated with Customs Department, Kathmandu, Nepal, Email: [email protected]

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conditions, socio economic backwardness is some of the burning issues. These issues are almost identical within most of the developing countries of the world but apart from these, Nepal is currently facing its own typical problems too.

At present, Nepal is facing different problems such as political instability due to high political ambition of people of the country both in plain and in mountain region, political ideological conflict between every class of people and poor performance of the economy. The consequences of these accumulated problems made our country economically under develop, socially backward and made people poor. Since country's development and stability largely depends upon effective delivery of the basic social services to the people and there is no doubt that we are facing challenges in this sector from so many years. U. Hicks the famous economist says that problems of developing countries are concerned with the development of unused resources, so these countries need economic development and they are concentrating all their efforts toward this direction. Current Economic Situation of Nepal Nepal suffered a lot due to 11 years of conflict in the country and some of negative effects of this conflict in social sector can be identified as follows: • Per capita public health expenditure is low. Other developing country spends US $ 12

while Nepal spent US$ 2 per person. • Public investment in drinking water and sanitation are inadequate constituting 0.5 % of

Gross Domestic Product (GDP). • Investment is inadequate to improve quality of people life. Because the share of

manufacturing industry in the GDP is very low that is 7.49 % of total GDP. • There is severe unemployment in the country. • The ethnic disadvantaged are excluded from benefit of globalization. Because, market

improvement without integrating other factors has increased inequality in the country resulting social unrest.

Above statements are also supported by Human Development Report of United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 2001/02 , which mentions Nepal's Human Development Index (HDI) Value as 0.466 and her HDI rank is 143 out of the 175 countries and it is very low comparing to other developing countries. Apart from above, Government of Nepal at this moment is facing following problems too: • Unrest in terai and hilly region. • Protest from indigenous and Tribal people. • Ineffective supply of necessary goods and low supply of petroleum products. • Increasing import and decreasing export trade creating unfavorable balance of payments

situation. • Increasing load shedding hours and creating difficulty in people's daily life. • All Nepal or area specific frequent closure and strike has negative impact on industrial

production and economic development incurring heavy loss to the economic sector. • Fluctuation. • Unnecessary demand of donations from different terrorist group and criminals to the

industrialist and traders disturbing industrial and trading climate in the country which in turn negatively affect foreign direct investment.

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Agriculture Sector in Nepal Agriculture has high contribution to Gross Domestic Product and more than 80% of people of the rural areas dependent on this sector. It is providing more employment and income; therefore, its growth will lend a hand in sustainable and high economic growth and improvement in food and nutrition status of people of the country. Agriculture has high priority in the life of the people living in rural areas. The cultivated agriculture land is small in area comparing to the total area of the country and it is equally interesting to know that more than two third of population depends upon agriculture sector, which itself covers small area. The area of uncultivated agriculture land is nearly one third of the cultivated agriculture land. Besides the crop sector another area, where most people living in rural areas are engaged and earning some additional income, is livestock sector. Following table shows effectiveness and utility of livestock sector: At present livestock is one of the income generating fields in Agriculture sectors in Nepal. About Nrs. 250 cror worth of milk, 60.8 cror numbers of eggs, and 21.92 cror metric ton of meat has been produced and sold in Nepal each year. Poultry sector alone has Nrs.4 Cror daily transactions. It alone generates 65,000 employments and it contributes 13% to the gross domestic product. Each year rural people gather Nrs. 250 Cror by selling milk to the people living in the town area. It could be called a huge resource mobilized from urban area to the rural area. Besides milk, poultry, goat, pig and buffalo raring for meat purpose are some of the other areas that help to mobilize urban resources to the rural areas. Reality and Challenges of Agriculture Right now agriculture sector is facing problems of resource crunch and this sector is unable to get adequate resources to implement development activities. Private sector involvement in agriculture sector is very low therefore commercialization of this sector is minimal. Farmer could not get adequate supply of fertilizer and what ever they get those are stumpy in quality. Low quality and unnecessary use of excessive fertilizer decreases quality of soil decreasing agriculture production as a whole. Agriculture extensive service especially in crops sector is based on pocket area development concept. This concept is appropriate if climate and soil conditions are suitable but unfortunately it was not initiated and efforts has not been made by government to implement this concept according to the country needs, availability of export opportunity or taking into consideration comparative advantage of the products. Established agriculture service centers are not sufficient and the existing one lacks physical facilities and qualified manpower. These facts reveals that our efforts and policy towards agriculture sector is failed to provide due prioritization to such important and useful sector, which continues to contribute the economy even at crisis time and the GDP share of this sector is 38.5%. Industrial Sector in Nepal Industrialization is a process of manufacturing consumer and capital goods and creating social overhead capital in order to provide goods and services to both individuals and business community. Contribution of the industrial sector is not more than 10% in GDP. It is also amazing to know that 90% of industries in Nepal falls under small and cottage industry and this sector contribute over 76% employment and 50% in the value addition. This can be used as an important means of poverty alleviation. But potentiality of industrial sector is not fully utilized and government never tried to develop this sector taking in to consideration country real need,

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because progress of ninth plan is not quite encouraging and satisfactory. Industrial growth in ninth plan can be shown in following figure:

Indistrial Production in Ninth Plan (1997/02)

13

9.1

1413.2

3.9

9.7

0

5

10

15

Growth RateIndustrial Indexbase 1985/86

Industrial Sectorannual valueadded base

Contribution ofIndustrial Sector in

GDP

Description

Num

ber

Ninth Plan Target Average Growth Rate Source: Statistical information on Nepalese Agriculture 2005/06, (MOGAC)

The table above shows that even though growth rate of industrial production is satisfactory in ninth plan period annual value addition to the industrial production is 33% of the target. In the same way ninth plan has targeted to contribute 14 % to the gross domestic product but it contributed 9.7% which is nearly 70 % of the target. Reality and Challenges of Industrial Sector The target and achievement of ninth plan period as mentioned in table - 3 shows that industrial sector could not achieve the target specially value addition and its contribution to the GDP. This means that our efforts for the growth of industrial production could not give substantive result. In fact government efforts for industrial growth have been supported by promulgation of Industrial Act, Foreign Investment Act, Technology Transfer Act and reform in the procedure. These efforts have been initiated to match with open and liberal economic policy, but these efforts do not result any substantive industrial growth mainly due to decrease in law and order situation, weakness in institutional coordination, lack of effectiveness in service delivery. It is said that decrease in the industrial production and non -availability of the market of manufactured goods is result of ineffective law and order situation, high investment in industries with low value addition, lack of quality control, world wide economic recession. The negative effect of these elements resulted sharp decline in country's export causing fall off industrial production and increasing unemployment. Nepal's major exportable goods for long time are carpets and garments. But both of these sectors are not performing well. Carpet export and production is declining due to low quality wool and child labor issue. Like wise garment production and export is declining due to abolish of quota system from USA and non diversification of export to other country. But recently USA parliament has passed law related to provide special quota of garments to least developed country, Nepal being least developed country can take a lot of benefit from this opportunity. The major obstacle of industrial sector in Nepal is non creation of private sector friendly environment for smooth development of this sector. One of the reasons of the non growth of private sector friendly environment in the industrial sector is failure to establish industry based on viability and comparative advantage and based on domestic manpower and raw materials. Weakness in competitiveness in the industrial production due to absence of backward and forward linkage is another reason of non development of private sector friendly environment. Future Strategies One of the characteristics of the developing economy is that more than two thirds people live in rural areas and their main occupation is agriculture. This also applies in Nepal because agriculture is main occupation of the majority of the people of the country and two third

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populations live in rural areas. Although it is main occupation of majority of people but it is unproductive too. Commercialization of agriculture sector has not been satisfactory and it has low tax coverage. At present nearly all developing countries are specializing in the production of a few agricultural goods for exports. Because as exportable goods increases, this result in larger foreign exchange earnings. Experts share the view that a country would economically developed if share of industrial sector rise and agriculture sector is in declining trend. But this does not apply true for the developing country like Nepal, because majority of the people of the country rely on the agriculture sector. In developing country earnings from land revenue is on the declining trend and at the same time income tax in agriculture sector is not favored due to political reasons. Fear of being unpopular and losing voter support politician are reluctant to levy any kind of tax in this sector. Thus in countries where agriculture contributes major share to the GDP, taxation of agriculture in one form or other is essential for mobilizing agricultural surplus in order to accelerate economic development. Agriculture expands and diversifies employment opportunities in rural areas. Increase in rural income lends a hand to improve rural welfare by raising the standard of living of mass rural people. Industrialization will trickle down benefits to the other sectors of the economy in the form of development of agriculture sector leading to the rise in employment, output and income. Least Developed Country (LDC) like Nepal must begin with such industrial development, which will able to supply fertilizers, machinery and other inputs to the agriculture sector. Industrialization is necessary to free LDCs from the adverse effects of fluctuation in the price of primary products and fall in trade. In LDC's industrialization process has not bought the expected economic and social benefits. In fact it failed to reduce inequalities of income and wealth, unemployment and regional imbalances. Development of industrial sector reduces employment pressure in agriculture sector, brings regional balance by utilizing local resources and materials. But this could be achieved only when government is able to take some measures to develop it. These measures could be:

• Areas of comparative advantage should be made more competitive. • Promote and strengthen the role of private sector minimizing negative impact on

environment. • Enhance production and productivity to create investment friendly environment.

In LDC more people are engaged in agriculture sector for their lively hood than in industrial and other sectors of economy. Right now Nepal import rice, fish and vegetables from India. Import data shows that each year Nepal import 8 thousands metric ton of powder milk, Nrs.1 Arab worth of poultry feed and raw material,300 thousand goat and lamb, 150 thousand s/he buffalos, Nrs.1.5 Arab worth of carpet wool and Nrs. 3 Arab worth of livestock medicines and vaccines . These data gives us the strategy we need to adopt to develop this sector and it is also quite clear that Nepal would not achieve economic development without import substitution in above areas. Despite these situations, contributions of agriculture sector in GDP are high and this can be shown in following figure:

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Share of GDP in 2005/06 in Percentage

0.487.492.24

10.14

10.06

10.02

11.64 9.78

38.15

Community and Social Agriculture

M ining and Quarrying M anufacturing

Electricity , Water and Gas Construction

Trade ,Restaurants and Hotels Transport and Communication

Finance and Real State Source: Statistical information on Nepalese Agriculture 2005/06, Published by Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative.

The figure shows that agriculture sector contributes 38.15 % where as manufacturing sector contributes 9.78 %. Agriculture growth in the country raises rural income. This income raising has multiplier effects. It will create domestic demand for industrial goods and also creates demand for fertilizer, pesticides, agriculture tools, manufacture goods. Rise in rural income encourage savings and this can be used for industrialization. This could be achieved if government gives emphasis in developing sufficient physical facilities and extensive research works by providing adequate financial resources. There is always conflicting view about the emphasis to be given to agriculture and industry sector. And the debate is going on about which sector should get priority in policy formulation and budget allocation. It is said that over emphasizing industrial sector is never fruitful or generate expected results. However, earlier confrontation of industrial development versus agriculture development has been seen as a false issue. The concern now is rather developing effective interrelationship between industry and agriculture sector and contribution that each can make to the other for overall economic development of the country. This is the reason that the statement that industrialization brings development no longer stands true in present day world. For sustainable economic growth development should be interwoven with harmonious growth of agriculture and industry sectors. In fact, in most LDCs successful industrialization has been supported by sustained agriculture development. And Nepal too should go for above tested doctrine for the economic development of the country. Reference:

• Nepal's Conflict Economy: Cost consequence and Alternatives by Professor Biswombher Pyakurayal. Published by Nepal Economy Association Putalisadak Kathmandu Nepal. First Edition 2004.

• The Economic of Development and Planning by M.L. Jhingan. Konark Publisher Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 21st edition 1989.

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Is The Civil Service of Post-conflict Nepal Ready to Reforms?

- Chandra Ghimire82

Abstract Nepal is finally at a cross road after more than a decade long violent conflict. The most awaited Comprehensive Peace Agreement was held in November 2006. The next step of transition management now is holding election of constituent assembly. In such ticking off time, the country is supposed to be ready for reconstruction, rehabilitation and revitalization of its society and economy. To cope with these, administrative reform is one of the measures to be brought into action in its post-conflict era. It was a good start meanwhile developing a ten-year vision about civil service as well amending Civil Service Act of the country. Three puzzles stimulated me to write this article indeed. First, a question hounds me if Nepal now is really ready for the change in its public administration? I at this point affirm a thesis that the present public administration was never designed for maximizing efficiency in service delivery. Rather this was designed to retain and strengthen the semi-feudal regimes prevailed in the country since its origin. It is obvious that the public administration is oriented to uphold stability rather than to entice changes. Secondly, most of the administrative reform psyches is led by ‘‘modernity by imitation’’. In this concern, a thesis to be noted is that imitation may not survive long. This never pays back in long run. In these benchmarks, again supplemental questions arouse ‘is the country really ready to get a new coat suitable to its own size?’, ‘whose choice is this?’. The past experiences reveal that the country never had retained its temptation of reforms once it was time for implementation. This helps to draw a thesis that ‘crisis of commitment’ has ever been a fatal in administrative reform. Again another nagging question hits on my head ‘how far the ‘reform romance’ can go?’ Rotating around these puzzles, this article is woven. Above all, this article is akin to normative discourse, which highlights on a set of ideas as regard to the success of post-war public administration of Nepal. Finally, this is largely an inductive inquiry based on empirical reflections of Nepal. This article relies on open-ended interview administered with Nepalese higher and middle level civil servants during June-August 2007. Also, some helps are taken from archives of one national daily newspaper eKantipur.com. Background ‘April Revolution 2006’ has been successful to click an avenue in view of ending Maoist political conflict in Nepal. Following the change, true stakeholders like major political parties on behalf of Nepalese people obtained a direct interface aiming at peace settlement. Before

82 The writer is a joint secretary in the civil service of Nepal and currently undertaking PG studies in

University of Bergen, Norway. His core area of interest is around the issues of governance and development in the third world perspectives.

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such an opportunity all the time merely remained never-come-true-dream. The assumption of ‘theory of ripeness’ for conflict resolution as explained by William Zartman is quite relevant to this case (Zartman, 2003, p. 19-29). The ripeness in the sense that conflict was ready to be resolved. Just it needed a peaceful endeavor equipped with positive approach and some aiding instruments. Just as the theory asserts, Nepalese conflict also had ample features of ripeness and prospect that settlement of the decade long conflict was imminent. It is therefore the successfully concluded peace talks held between Seven Political Alliance and Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) flashed new rays of hope. From these all, an inference can be drawn that the processes had significant resemblance in consonance with communicative rationality. Communicative rationality is the approach in which all affected actors seek a consensus rather than a compromise by using good argument in legitimate way (Habermas, 1984). In some way, the CPA ascribed a sort of tradeoff. In doing so, all sides at the table gave up their initial bargaining and cultivated a noble option for the nation’s sake. Whereas previous peace processes were used to be miles away from this attribute. Following the peace agreement, now this is a timely course of unveiling the critical factors that can assure of post-conflict challenges. For this, question of commitment and question of capacity of Nepalese public administration deserve torrential importance. Lessons from Afghanistan and Iraq exemplify that unless local capacity is enhanced sufficiently, only external presence cannot matter an aspired amount of change in post-war phase. Fukuyama views the position of national capacity along with the notion of state building. Alternatively, he argues the capacity is a necessary condition in absence of which no country runs free of risk. ‘‘……state building is one of the most important issues for the world community because weak or failed states are the source of many of the world’s most serious problems……’’ (Fukuyama, 2004, p.i). It is thus the ‘local capacity’ has to be developed. It is the ‘local commitment’ that has to be kept up. The political system capability largely consists of resources of extractive, regulative, distributive, responsive, and symbolic nature. In their mobilization, fixing the public administration is one of the precursors. Unless it gets fixed, no actor can deliver irrespective of political ideologue. As we know, the last twenty years have been bureaucracy-bashing around the world. Notwithstanding of all distortions, it is a persistent reality in human society that none can imagine even a single day without this structure. The only way of winning over the situation is to bring the bureaucracy back to right track rather than uprooting its existence. Having in-pregnant with this thesis, a perennial debate on desirable form of administrative system and culture is underway around the world. This is the high time for Nepal to search a smart answer to this unresolved mystery. Why Administrative Reforms? This is a hard fact that changes in political regime generally herald fresh cycle of administrative reform. Change in administration is concerted mainly for two purposes, i.e. first, counteracting against prevailing ills in given circumstances; and the other, organizing preparedness for future challenges. In post-change era, changes presumably to be held cannot be justified if the anomaly is not well taken and timely washed out. Coming down to the Nepalese case, following a long shocking conflict interestingly coupled with significant political empowerment, the country now is hungry of economic and social empowerments. These duo agenda are likely only when there is a big renaissance in all dimensions of governance. To ensure such anticipated level of revitalization in governance front, administrative reform is an ‘indispensable evil’. One should follow it regardless of any likes or dislikes. In some ways, it is a compulsive option which generally permits no second choice.

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Administrative reform is an instrument that political leaders use to further their political goals. A military government finds ways to tighten control over the state machine. A democratic government proclaims the goals to serve the citizen who, in principle, owns the country (Bowornwathana, 2005). Citizenry mainly play two roles in governance. They hold dual-faceted roles in public service. They play simply a clientele role on the one hand, and on the other also they do entertain the role of evaluator especially of politicians. This is the way people control over their trustee or agent as it is explained in principal-agent theory. The legitimacy of a government largely depends on how they perceive and rate the governance. Tullock (1976), an early advocate of importing economic models to explain political behavior, argues that ‘‘voters and customers are essentially the same people. Mr Smith buys and votes; he is the same man in the supermarket and the voting booth’’ (p.5; see also Buchanan and Tullock 1962 cited by Scott, 2001) DiMaggio and Powell have a skeptical view about administrative reforms. Reforms might start with three compelling factors; i.e. coercive, mimetic and normative reasons. ‘‘Three forces that induce isomorphism, i.e. convergent, structural/ functional, are coercive, i.e. political influence (operating as an exogenous influence on organizations) that ensures legitimacy; mimetic, standardization of response to uncertainty, and normative, i.e. standardization reflecting professional beliefs and values’’ (DiMaggio and Powell, 1991, p. 67). As they argue, some times it is the coercion reason that is induced primarily by external forces that paves the way to reforms. For example; when international organizations basically the United Nations began to inject to developing countries the ideas of ‘good governance’, the developing countries mostly including Nepal got underway a new wave of reforms in line with the ideas. The ideas came down so heavily on the countries that none could ignore it. Furthermore, some times it is the mimetic reason which inspires concerned actors to imitate of outer world. As a result, the countries do follow exactly the way others have already performed elsewhere. For example; Al Gore’s ‘Report of the National Performance Review (1993)’ and subsequent actions taken by the Clinton administration inspires rest of the world to follow their footprint afterwards. Likewise, some times it is the normative reason which is in-built in society and urges us to behave or act in tune with the established value or belief system. This provides a standardization which no one is supposed to cross. If individuals or organizations fail to comply with, reforms are needed aiming at tracking them back. This reason appeals reforms normally in behavioral aspects of the concerned actors. For example; in this line focus of reforms can be shifted to anti-corruption measures so as to ensure obedience to prevailing value system. By doing so, coherence with norms and values is expected especially in the operations of service providers. This is quite contextual in Nepalese case. From so many empirical instances, it is learnt that democracy cannot live without making adequate nectar of the democracy. The nectar necessarily has to be accessible to all people regardless of socio-economic and political status. On top of all, recent notion of inclusiveness urges that the distribution of the nectar should regard social parameters of human development such as justice, equity, and dignity. Any disparity and deficiency in these opportunities can engulf the society in ‘identical-crisis’. Such a crisis could be pretext of splitting away the society and the nation, if not timely response. For example; current movements of Madheshi, Janjati and Dalit in Nepal are largely the outcomes of their ‘identical crises’. These crises are unfortunately not recognized fully yet. Keeping aside the issue of ‘identical crisis’, it would be

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a day dream thinking of auto-end of the endemic ethnic tensions. When it gets too late, this sort of crisis can sabotage democracy and brew new version of anarchist mobocracy83 or totalitarian monocracy in any society. Another clear likelihood of such situation is sliding the society into failed state and breaking the nation away in extreme case. In this backdrop, directional hypotheses with respect to efficacy of government could be ‘the more the effective governance, the more the effective service delivery’ and ‘the more the effective service delivery, the more the underpinning of democracy’ are some basic imperatives on deliberative democracy. Aggregated frustration in mass scale is poisonous to the health of democracy. For this, one recent Nepalese example is enough. When the frustration was on rise, the movement of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) witnessed its height. Furthermore, when the frustration surpasses any limit, anti-democratic traditional authority of Nepal namely the monarchy tried to lift its head up in ugly way in 2004 against people’s forces. In some quarters, always a negative disposition about administrative reforms prevails. Because of this sort of extreme negativism, public administration is wrongly conceived as ‘bureaucratic hydra’. Radical rational choice theorists as well as left wing both orchestrate this kind of skeptical logic. This goes fairly against the fix-and-use-logic. The skepticism intensely rejects due existence and roles of bureaucracy. Noteworthy to recall, junk ideas which literally work nowhere can be easily imbued against one. Such ideas are generally arrogant to existing actors and systems but it hardly gives a working alternate. Rather, a logical solution can be in the form of either exploration or exploitation against existing problems. The ‘logic of exploration’ is in the sense that a new solution is explored. The ‘logic of exploitation’ is in the sense that the situation turns around unexpectedly and that do have adverse impact. Here in Nepalese case, the potential chance seems to have the logic of exploitation rather than the logic of exploration. As a consequence, undesirable consequences are likely to happen. Such consequences in extreme cases may include new form of ‘iron-cage’ and ‘leviathan’ instead of the ideal model of bureaucracy as it was thought of by Max Weber. In this view, administrative reform is a kind of risky and shaky bet that is oriented to common goods but only possible through a happy marriage between public goods and private goods. Eight Fallacies in Contemporary Administrative Reforms Rhetorically reforms buzz much but give slow and little results in reality. A pessimistic argument espoused by this paradox cultivates a logic that administrative reforms often end up with dismal yield. A set of fallacies are misleading our conceptual framework of contemporary administrative reforms. Unfortunately, the following fallacies are common in many developing worlds and they are mistakenly subscribed in the name of administrative reforms. The first fallacy: ‘This is windfall gain’ Reformers do enjoy and celebrate it as if it is a birthday of a darling one. Most of the time, we take it as an evolutionary process. No need to lead it, no need to articulate it sort of lackadaisical perceptions are the killer assumption. They never realized that it is an artificially induced effort. No black magic works in this endeavor. Only humanly coordinated efforts can make sense. Sadly, this element is desperately missing in the course. For example, the ‘commission approach’ of Nepal is a best example of this tendency. Since Buch Commission (1952) until Koirala Commission (1991), every time we so loudly beat the drum. But the country concluded the implementation of almost all the commissions empty-handed. The

83 The term was explained by Aristotle in ancient Greece. According to him this is a condition in which democracy is run by mobs and democracy no longer exists in such a bleak situation.

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reformers engaged thought in easy-going mood that everything would go well even if no efforts were geared up with strong commitment. Contrary to these all, the words of Gerald Caiden, a guru of administrative reforms, should have been regarded as reforms are artificially induced processes. The second fallacy: ‘This is a ritual’ Reformers practice it in a way as if it is our ritual work. In Nepal, they believe no need of logic, no need of rationality, and no need of consensus to make. Despite that they merely jump in the water without bothering if the water is cold or deep. This ritualization has disregarded the importance of the reforms. Obviously, the attention they are paying is not as much as it should have been. Instead, it should have been a priority business. The third fallacy: ‘This is one shoe for all’ Reformers frequently suffer from this bizarre psycho-syndrome. If one starts hounding from one corner of the world, rest of all countries elsewhere run behind it. Rests of all open a new file of the reforms. As a result, this has become more mimic and gimmick. Nepal is never an exception in such race for ‘taken for granted’. This has rarely been locally designed and sewed shoe according to a country specific size. The fourth fallacy: ‘This is just a fun’ Reformers in Nepal hardly try to understand this is rather a painful process. As a matter of fact, it should have so much stress and the stress should be for the sake of collective goods and prosperity of the country. Instead, this has been a fun and almost all the efforts are not above than a drama. The way efforts were made till now is as similar as dramatization having for fun. Indeed, this should have taken in a way it is an endless adventure full of pain but no scope for fun. To end this, everybody on one’s part should be ready to pay the cost. However, in the case of Nepal, no one seems ready to pay. Rather, each has rent-seeking behavior, thus, seeks for his/ her share of the cake. This is just a funny and unfair way of game. In most of the cases from its very beginning, bureaucrats are stick with personal or group interests of what new can be distilled out from the reform, sadly, not in fair way. This trend not only acts as speed breaker but also misleading of the reforms. The fifth fallacy: ‘This is one-time-job’ A wrong misconception ‘administrative reform is one-time-job’ is deeply rooted in the psyche of Nepalese reformers. This poor outlook has devastatingly turned the reform agenda of the country into a policy without ownership and implementation. Even in most of the experiences of the third world, reforms end up the same day when the decisions are penned. The irony is no implementation, no ownership and no commitment. The reformers do not keep on it and flee away from the agenda to other more sexy agenda. As soon as it starts, the reformers tend to have got rid of it. The sixth fallacy: ‘This is a chic hobby’ Another misconception believes that reforms represent new-fashioned or trendy way of action. ‘Reforms as fashion’ is preoccupied in the mindset of both reform designers and practitioners. Awfully, the misunderstanding is ‘out there’ and this has badly occupied the mind set of reformers. As a result, the way people do practice is not for the sake of real policy outcome. Rather, they act for mockery to pretend that how well-groomed they are. This thirst for fad is hugely working with the reformers. No need to remind, faddism never goes long.

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The seventh fallacy: ‘This is a mystique threat’ Reform can be a sort of guarantee card for triumph. But it encounters with array of problems such as people’s self-centeredness, self-maximizing behavior and opportunist individualism and so on. ‘‘Public servants are no different from any other economic agent in seeking to maximize their individual self-interest’’ (Tullock, 1965 and Buchanan and Tollison, 1972 cited by Fukuyama, 2004, p. 66). In this way, all want to be winner. But key question is how fairly a game is to be played and won. In Nepalese experiences, only a few people view reform process value-free. Some see it as ‘opportunity’ and some others as ‘threat’. Someone whoever finds it as threat start to oppose and try to rock the process. This eccentric situation is quite similar to ‘everybody wants to be in heaven but none wants to die’. How it is possible to be in heaven without paying a cost? The result of such myopic personal-benefit-analysis either sets aside the reform agenda in a corner of destitute or mishandles the agenda in unfair ways. Consequently, the reform attempt never gets the system fixed. The eighth fallacy: ‘This is bandi khane cheese’ (the stuff to be shared and enjoyed) Administrative reform is not a subject to be parted into everybody. Just like as a famous saying about rural development in some sections of Nepal ‘vikas bhanya bandi khanaya cheese hun’ (development is a subject to be divided and eaten out like food stuffs). This is in fact a good example of how corrupt mind-set in certain rural Nepal works about local development. Appallingly, some recent phenomenons depict similar impression about administrative reforms, too. Unlike the bhagsanti (sharing), reforms rather could be and should be painful. These mostly seek sacrifice of individual interests. Because the reforms are for the sake of people at large who are entitled to have fair and best service delivery. If no one is willing to sacrifice own interest, it is worthless to ride on a journey of reforms. After one year long gap, Nepalese parliament of spring season 2007 was debating over the bill of proposed Civil Service Act. Ironically, there was a big tug of war amongst different interest groups. This was apparently to sway the provisions in the bills as more favorable to personal interest groups as possible. The issue of baduwa (promotion) criteria was at central. Literally, lobbying, groupings and pressures were performed mostly in pursuit of personal benefits but under the banner of reforms. Likewise, one more example is from a decision of the Cabinet of Nepal Government when 26 joint secretaries were promoted to secretary positions in October-November 2007 (see http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=128663 and http://www.kantipuronline.com/kolnews.php?&nid=129002). By the decisions, 2 secretaries in each 6 ministries were deputed on contrary to the principle of rationalization, an inherent element of administrative reforms. But the decisions seemed to have not based on any research studies. They are resulted from unbearable pressures triggered by the bhagsanti (sharing) that left no option to the decision makers other than creating more than one secretary in those ministries. From normative views, administrative reforms concern about rationalization of structures and procedures, however, this decision case was just floating the anti-current. This put unnecessary number of secretaries in those 6 ministries and thereby added the costs of public administration at the expense of tax-payers. Questions to note, whether a self-fulfilling or person-centered reform can be regarded as a reform and such moves have a rights to add burden to tax-payers. The true reality is that this kind of non-rational move is simply an example of making the decision in hurry and repenting at leisure. Noteworthy to mention, impersonality is a basic parameter of a successful reform. In reforms, calculation to be done at personal benefits is likely to lead to disastrous outcomes. Biasness to particular group of interest cannot serve institutional interest. But this has become a fallacy in Nepalese administrative arena that reforms are feast and influential groups are entitled to enjoy the buffet as per their own taste or interest. This is why, every time when administrative

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reforms are triggered, a sort of liglige daud84 (Liglige marathon) took places. Until this fallacy continues, no meanings of any form of reforms as the sprits are prone to be hijacked by certain petty interest groups. Obviously healthy consultations and participation of all stakeholders are prerequisites in a formulation process. But the bottom line is that it should be free of mobocracy. Dilemma in Administrative Reforms One of the purposes of this article is to reinforce a thesis that reforms have to be indigenous, home-grown and distant from personal petty-interests. But assumptions of the thesis seek that reformers generally should be fully aware of the elements of indigenousness. Ironically, reformers in many occasions kick off the process merely with faddism. The faddism is always full of dilemmas. These dilemmas are very crucial issues that urgently need to be addressed by scholars and practitioners in all 3 phases, i.e., design, adoption and implementation. Otherwise efforts merely would remain shooting at dark. The major dilemmas unsettled yet include as follows: 1. Tensions between Different Models of Governance Tensions between various four models of governance have always been an ambiguity in most reform cases. As regard to the models, ‘the institutional state model’, ‘the corporatist state model’ and ‘the supermarket state model’ are widespread ranging from theoretical to practical elevations. ‘The institutional state model’ emphasizes the cultural aspects of the system and the ‘logic of appropriateness’, integration and collectivity. ‘The corporatist state model’ focuses on the close integration between the state and interest groups, while ‘the supermarket state’ regards the state primarily as a provider of services responding to the demands of consumers or users (Christensen and Laegreid, 2000, p.4-17). The vision and mission, the destination where to be reached, should be crystal-clear to reformers. Tensions appear amongst these models while applying the ideas from existing pool of governance theories. For example; some times political opposition obstructs a reform process due to the opposing party’s affiliation to particular political ideology or philosophy. Recent postponements in the year 2007 on holding election of constituent assembly can be an example of this circumstance. Some times differences can happen even within the same political party when opinions of party members contradict severely each other and can jeopardize a reform case. 2. Tensions between Officials and Citizens There is a potential tension between elected officials, bureaucrats and citizens (Olsen, 2005). The nature of this kind of tension is akin to the concept of political regime in which an adversary relationship between society and state is accepted. Just as the relationship, the citizens and elected officials as principal and the selected officials as agent, according to principal-agent theory, engage themselves in a tug-war relationship. Both sides try to maximize power, resources and roles. But consideration of this kind of relationship is missing in most administrative reforms. For example; in Nepalese civil service the role delineation between political officials and bureaucratic officials has long been an issue. The dilemma of how and where the demarcation-line is to be sketched out is a tricky question. Furthermore, citizens have

84 In history of Nepal, a state called Gorkha was used to be in existence as a separate Kingdom. It was

situated in mid-western Nepal. In the state, marathon was the means while selecting a king. The one who won the marathon was supposed to become the next king. This is how, the best runner would have rights to rule over that state. The competency criterion was confined within running ability. Nowadays, the term liglige daud is synonymous to grasping opportunity by a means other than merit-basis.

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no direct roles though they always seek a space in line with their own capacity as principal. If it is not fulfilled, a strange tension can take place. If not timely addressed the tensions, the citizens may opt for socially and legally unacceptable strategies. For example; citizens and officials seem to have a long standing gap in Nepal. The level of trust amongst citizens towards public institutions and public officials has been fairly low. As a matter of fact, violent movement run by Communist Party of Nepal (CPN-Maoist) scored so quickly supports at mass level. The low level of trust was one pushing factor that kept the mass sentimentally attached with CPN-Maoist during the war time. Unless the dilemma about the relational tension between the parties involved in adversary relationship is recognized, profile of administrative reforms would be cosmetic. 3. Logic of Consequentiality versus Logic of Appropriateness The issue of ‘Logic of Consequentiality’ versus ‘Logic of Appropriateness’ is a crucial point in a reform process. Questions like whether we should run after ‘results’ as it is propagated by Logic of Consequentiality or we should get through a sound ‘process’ as it is argued by Logic of Appropriateness are discussion-worth. Process deserves a great space in view of our common goals. In regard to this issue, a question whether it is domain of public or private affairs holds chief importance. Public affairs cannot survive only with good results. The question how they are achieved is equally important. This is the question about accountability, transparency, participation, justice, equity and so on. From this point of view, process is the life-line to keep public organization and their businesses alive. For instance, only results do not make any sense if people are not fully participated in the governance, if transparency and accountability is not ensured sufficiently and on the whole if democratic governance and social justice is not practiced. It is established fact, only good results in the form of encouraging economic ‘growth’ may not be sufficient condition in imparting equal opportunity to all so as to share the fruits. In absence of democratic participation, inclusiveness and good governance, nectar of economic prosperity can be easily hijacked by a handful people. Sadly, most of the current reforms in Nepal are orchestrated only in the name of result-orientations. It has an apparent likelihood that brushing the Logic of Appropriateness aside is highly potential. A best scenario in this case is running with both of the logics as far as it is possible. In this cognizant, a best serving equilibria is essential condition. Contrary to this, there is a dilemma around us about the concept as such. In early 90s when many of the countries in the world began their adventure with neo-classical economics, a unique scene emerged. Many of those countries since then onwards have been in captivity of ‘Logic of Consequentiality’ that rather undervalues ‘Logic of Appropriateness’. As a result of this conceptual adherence, many of them lust for economic growth model rather than equity and justice based model. In long run, however, this can lead the society to a chaos fuelled by inequity and inequality. 4. Approach versus Content On the issue of approach versus Content fewer reforms catch up the importance of ‘approach’ dimension. Charles Polidano is pretty critical to reforms that have affinity merely to leap service or window showing. He views content is less resultant and approach is more. While elaborating the terms, the content represents what to do and the approach represents how to get in. ‘‘……….what matters most in improving the record of implementation are the strategic and tactical decisions taken in the course of putting the reforms into effect. The content of reform makes little difference to the success rate………(Polidano, 1995, p. 455-471)’’. Unfortunately, most of the reforms dramatized in Nepal fall in this category.

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5. Reforms versus Democracy An important aspect of administrative reform is its implications for representative democracy (Laegreid and Roness, 1999 as cited by Laegreid, 2000). There is an issue that how far the maintenance of accountability and autonomy is possible while deepening and widening reforms in a society. This concern is so substantial since most of the contemporary reforms are influenced by the ideas of New Public Management (NPM). NPM is concept basically boosted by such market-orientations as public choice theory, rational choice theory, and principal agent theory and so on. If any thing goes wrong with the equilibrium between accountability and autonomy, the direct implication can go further down against the health of democracy. On this serious issue of accountability versus autonomy, let us assume autonomy represents Y-axis and accountability represents X-axis. Now point to be noted is how much effect the accountability does have over autonomy. This issue is ultimately congruent to the role of administrative reforms over representative democracy. It is not wise to be ignorant on this issue especially at a time when a country is underway of any form of reforms. An appropriate answer to this dilemma is indispensable. 6. Tensions between Divergence versus Convergence As so far the model of administrative reforms is concerned, two models have hypnotized most of the debates. One favors convergent modality which argues that one can learn and imitate from others’ successful practices. This believes good way of adopting a successful model is transplanting it from a successful story. A best practice can fly anywhere regardless of country specific contexts. In a way, the concept admits a universal model. The other rejects the previous universalistic argument and counteracts by saying that none is failure-proof. This is in fact influenced by school of divergence which urges that a solution should come from within-a-home, i.e. home-grown solution. According to this, local context is important than a ‘successful practice’ borrowed from elsewhere. A successful model in one particular country’s context may not necessarily be a prudent in another context. Most good solutions to public administration problems, while having certain common features of institutional design, will not be clear-cut ‘‘best practices’’ because they will have to incorporate a great deal of context-specific information (Fukuyama, 2004, p. 60). The long-standing debate on whether to adopt divergent or convergent model has caused a hazy dilemma even within the circle of reform scholars and practitioners. Why Often Administration Reforms Fail? The motive of this section is not to discourage administrative reforms initiatives. Rather, avoiding any potential pitfall is the central point. This is a long standing debate why very often administrative reforms end up with frustrating results. So many writers have come up with their own answers and prescriptions. Amongst the throng of several contesting versions, Charles Polidano holds ‘‘Administrative reforms fail because they never get past the implementation stage at all. They are blocked outright or put into effect only in tokenistic, half-hearted fashion’’ (Polidano, 2001, p. 3). Although administrative reforms buzz around all the time, it is ironically not credible in the sense of making a good result. One of the causal factors making it most of the times failed is the reformers themselves. Public sector reform is in fashion and no self-respecting government can afford to ignore it. How a fashion is established is one of the most intriguing questions of public policy. Part of the answer lies in policy diffusion brought about by the activities of international officials (whose zeal for administrative reform mysteriously stops short at the door

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of their own organizations), by meetings of public administrators, academics, and the so-called policy entrepreneurs. (Wright 1997: 8 as cited by Drechler, 2005) In PA, the problem is that on the one hand, experts are hired both on the basis of fashionability and of their capacity to suggest change, not to say that things should remain as they are – the main reason why international consultancy has gone strongly for NPM. On the other hand, for politicians it is very practical to turn to experts, because it alleviates them from the pressure to, first, find out what the proper decision should be and, second, to implement possibly unpopular measures. Under the cloak of efficiency, NPM specifically returns decision-making to the allegedly expert bureaucrat, therefore removing political control, and that also means political responsibility, from the political sphere. “It may be convenient for politicians to hide behind the smoke-screen of managerial decision and autonomy, but this hardly adds to the democratic quality of decision-making.” (Wright 1997: 11 as cited by Drechler, 2005) For many a politician, the safest and most attractive-looking move is to follow fashion – and the weaker, the more insecure he is, the more this is the case. (“A statesman is a politician who uses expert advice but does not depend on it.”) These are “the symbolic and legitimacy benefits of management reform. For politicians, these benefits consist partly of being seen to be doing something. … They may gain in reputation – indeed may make a career out of – ‘modernizing’ and ‘streamlining’ activities.” (Pollitt and Bouckaert 2004: 6 cited by Drechler, 2005)

Polidano views three factors, i.e. defining the scope of changes, limiting the role of aid donors and the firm leadership, are the success factor. He argues it is worthless unless they are well addressed. ‘‘……….three important success factors in civil service reform: keeping the scope of change narrow, limiting the role of aid donors, and giving reform firm leadership while simultaneously allowing for line management discretion. These are strategic and tactical issues in relation to which the wrong choices are made again and again, whether by design or default, often leading to the failure of reform efforts (Polidano, 2001, p. 20).’’ The three factors are valid even to Nepalese ground reality. Looking at a couple of years’ experiences, it can be inferred that Nepal has never run its past reforms by itself. Instead, there were some aid donors who pushed the process. Furthermore, they were the force who demarcated the boarder line of the scope of changes. Moreover, its leadership very often failed to coordinate inter-agency and intra agency gulfs. Consequently, efforts put in place remained weak. Another ‘killer’ factor in reform movement is the ‘perspective clashes’ that occur within the same government. For example; in Nepalese experiences, perspectives of Ministry of Finance, Ministry of General Administration and other concerned central agencies collided several times. It happened mainly when it came the issue of prioritization. The back-door reason is allocation of resources because of perceptional problem. A regular phenomenon prevails that most ministries are in a quarrelling of accumulating as much budget and other resources as possible. McCourt (1998: 181, following J. Corkery and A. Land) speaks of ‘‘…….the almost universal distrust between ministries of finance and public service’. Public service commissions are likely to have not only a distinct perspective but considerable statutory autonomy from the rest of government’’ (A. Land and Polidano and Manning, 1996 cited by Polidano, 2001, p. 11). Miscarriage of The Reforms by Interest Manipulation Administrative reforms per se coordinate conflicting interests in a way so that a kind of synergic effect is successfully generated. It is Nepal’s bad luck that it failed in most of the

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tasks. Among key reasons, personal interests take place first while considering this agenda. In this cognizant, a normative precondition is essential to the country that personal interests are to be sacrificed and replaced with common interests. But next question about whose interests to be sacrificed has been igniting a tug of war amongst various interest groups. The ground reality has been persistently showing that bargaining for the sake of individual interests set aside the core issues of common interests. This tendency prevails all the way down starting from problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, and implementation and so on. ‘‘When all wanna win, none gonna win’’ sort of scenario exists. In such backdrop, new era of administrative reforms underway too is ill of miscarriages. The reason of the reform-miscarriage is caused by the struggle of interest articulation versus interest manipulation. As an outcome of the extreme struggle, the effort of administrative reforms ends up with its miscarriage when the interest is gravely manipulated by petty interest-groups. However, the point here is not for preventing stakeholders from participating in the policy process. Rather, it is for devising a balanced strategy so as to ensure success of the reforms with constructive participation of concerned stakeholders. Only constructive participation can let a hygienic partnership and minimize a chance of miscarriage of the reforms. Looking at recent clashes amongst different interests in Nepalese civil service, a bleak picture seems all over. On the issue of proposed Nizamati Sewa Ain (Civil Service Act-CSA), which came into discussion during the year 2006-07, a matter of fact was that almost all had put their hands but with own hidden agenda. Sadly, less focus was laid down on how to increase the efficiency of public administration on the eve of post-conflict challenge of country whereas more focus was on baduwa (promotion) as if it was the mantra to pave the country towards the widely referred ‘new-Nepal’. The extremely heated bargaining and lobbying which were brought in to safeguard individual interests had been the prime-mover in pursuance of the reform decision. Finally, the CSA was amended in mid of 2007 by Parliament amidst the circumstances. By this fact, the likelihood of another miscarriage is still not a distance chance. In fact, CSA is a principal instrument that would have been useful in the reforms. Looking at the possibility of miscarriage, few more times will be required in order to make a conclusion whether the last amendment on CSA also was a miscarriage of the reform. In this light, the CSA amendment 2007 could be a good thematic plot for future researches aiming at various aspects of its processes and implications. What Can Nepal Learn from Others? As regard to governance reform, six aggregate indicators about quality of governance (WB, 2006, p. 4-5) focus on following regimes of the reforms: voice and accountability; political stability and absence of violence; government effectiveness; regulatory quality; rule of law; and control of corruption. Although the six aggregate regimes have scored a great space in recent governance reforms, no a single solution can be taken as ‘magic model’ fitting to all. Indeed, when contemplating civil service reform, one prescription does not cure the ills of all countries (Condrey, Purvis and Slava, 2001, p. 277). A tacit thesis is that reforms can be neither imported nor exported. Rather it should be indigenous and tailor-made. However, the bottom line is it should not be contaminated with petty-interests. Others’ empirical experiences can be rich inputs in design and implementation processes as long as they are not copied as a ‘blue print’. To this, empirical cases especially from developing worlds with resembling political, social, economic and institutional settings would be of real help.

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In A Nutshell Nepal seemingly is not yet ready for the reforms. The reform attempts made so far are not free from contamination of personal-interests. Similarly, most of its appetite is not above than gimmicks and fads. Noteworthy to keep in mind, a cheap mockery never pays in long-run. In view of this, the first condition for success is turning the personal-interests into common-interests skillfully. Second, having an honest willingness in both political and bureaucratic leaders aiming at the reconstruction of a new Nepal is a must. For this, all should be ready to sacrifice their own share, if necessary. It is not the time to calculate personal benefits and to look for one’s pie of cake. Third, the modality of reforms needs to be an ‘indigenous product’ rather than a ‘blue-print’ of others. The indigenousness is a subject to be decided by such criteria as environmental, polity and political-administrative cultural factors. They breed local model while reforms in its melting pot. Fourth, the key to country’s administrative reform is a visionary and doggedly determined political leadership. Finally, emphasis should be shifted to institutional parts such as attitudinal and behavioral changes from conventional measures like structural or organizational changes. The call of the day is to bring changes in attitude since enemy of the changes lies in the mind-set of both bureaucrats and politicians. On the whole, being honest to the people at large, a fresh reform has to be geared up with a new slogan ‘‘Change Yourself First’’.

References: • Adler, Paul S. and Bryan Borys. Mar 1996. Two Types of Bureaucracy: Enabling and

Coercive. Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 41, No.1, 61-89. Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University. JSTOR webpage http://www.jstor.org/ Fri Aug 19 07: 28:10 2005.

• Christensen, Tom and Per Laegreid. 2000. New Public Management- Puzzles of Democracy and the Influence of Citizens. Bergen: LOS-senter Notat.

• Condrey, Stephen E., Purvis, Kelly and Slava, Svitlana S. 2001. Public Management Reform Under Stress: The Ukrainian Civil Service Experiences. Development Papers. Volume 3, Issue 2, 271-280. Public Management Review. Taylor & Francis Ltd

• DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W. 1991. The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organization Fields. W.W. Powell and P.J. DiMaggio (eds). The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

• Drechsler, Wolfgang. 2005. The Rise and Demise of the New Public Management. Post-autistic economics review. Issue no. 33, 14 September 2005 article 2.

• Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. State Building: Governance and World Order in The Twenty-First Century. London: Profile Books Ltd.

• Habermas, J. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action I: Lifeworld and System. Boston: Beacon.

• Hughes, Owen H.. 1994. Public Management and Administration: An Introduction. New York: The Macmillan Press Ltd.

• Lynn, Lawrence.E., Jr. 2001. Globalization and Administrative Reform: What is Happening in Theory? Public Management Review. Vol 3 Issue 2, p. 191-208. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals.

• March, James G. and Johan P. Olsen. The Logic of Appropriateness. ARENA- Working Papers WP 04/09. Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo.

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• Olsen, Johan P., May Be It is Time to Rediscover Bureaucracy. Working Paper No. 10, March 2005. Oslo: Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo.

• Peters, B. Guy and John Pierre (eds.) 2003a, Handbook of Public Administration. London: Sage Publication.

• Peters, B. Guy. 1996. The Future of Governing: Four Emerging Models. Lawrence: University of Kansas.

• Polidano, Charles. 1995. Should Administrative Reform Commissions Be Decommissioned?’. Public Administration 73(3): 455–71.

• Polidano, Charles. 2001. Why Civil Service Reforms Fail?. Manchester: IDPM Public Policy and Management Working Paper No. 16. The UK.

• Schiavo-Campo, S. and Sundaram, P.S.A. 2001. To Serve and To Preserve: Improving Public Administration in a Competitive World. Manila: Asian Development Bank.

• Scott, W. Richard. 2001. Institution and Organizations (Second edition). Sage Publications, Inc.

• The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ World Bank. 2006. A Decade of Measuring The Quality of Governance: Governance Matters 2006 Worldwide Governance Indicators. http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance.

• The Kathmandu Post. November 29, 2007. 10.30-11.00. • Zartman, I.William. 2003. The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe

Moments. J. Darby and R. Mac Ginty (eds). Contemporary Peacemaking: Conflict, Violence and Peace Processes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

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Restructuring of Policies and Institutions of State

Yubaraj Sangroula∗

Summary: This paper has envisaged to ‘initiating discussion on the ideas of 'restructuring of policies and institutions in the changed context of Nepal'. As such it proceeds with deliberation on some important underpinnings of the inclusive democracy’. It is viewed that 'failure of post 1990 liberal democracy to be inclusive is one of the major factors for emergence of insurgency'. The underlying objective of the discussion is to gear up the ongoing efforts of the civil society to 'help pragmatically think on modalities, process and strategies to 'restructure the policies and institutions of State' by the Constituent Assembly. The political change brought about by the 1990 popular movement was 'guided by political formalism', i.e. to set up a 'west minister modeled-liberal democracy'. It thus failed to 'aspiration of entire population to be an integral part of the State'. Marginalized groups, women, dalit and indigenous groups had been kept aside from 'political deliberation' and 'constitution making process'. Most importantly, the constitution making process failed to understand that 'the nationalism and social progress could not be ensured in absence of each other'. Unity in a country with diversity of cultures, languages and ethnicity does rest on 'recognition and protection of every culture, language and ethnicity' as an integral component of the nationalism backed by equal access to opportunity for social progress-social and economic empowerment. The concept restructuring of the policies and institutions of the State is thus a 'demand for proportional inclusivity of the entire population in the political as well as socio-economic process'. Attainment of socio-economic justice in an atmosphere of sustainable democratic structure of the State is primary goal of the 'widely felt and discussed need of restructuring of the policies and institutions of the State. The concept of State's policy policies and institutions' restructuring demands for 'reformulation' of policies and institutions of State's institutions alone does not meet the requirement. The mission of restructuring follows four agenda, i.e. the progressive restructuring of government institutions, progressive restructuring of the organization of political parties, replacement of the first past the post system of election by the proportional one, and establishment of constitutional mechanism for adoption of law for elimination of anti-equity practices being followed by the society. The 1990 Constitution overlooked the need of restructuring of the State following these agenda. Obviously, the many of the State apparatus established by the autocratic system in the past remained unchanged, and continued to function in their conventional autocratic set up and mentality. The exclusion of larger part of the population thus was not addressed by the 'democratic system established by the 1990 constitution'. By at large, the democratic system established by the 1990 Constitution was nothing but a 'copy of the West Ministerial Model' in UK.

∗ Advocate and Law Teacher. Kathmandu School of Law .

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To be brief and concrete, the 1990 Constitution failed to 'address the need of accommodating cultural, linguistic, geographical and ethnic diversity as a basis of national unity'. In addition, it could not realize the need of 'ensuring accountability of political parties; ensuring mechanism for people's control over governance (devolution of power); and progressive socialization and reforms of cultural values of people. This model of restructuring is expected to achieve 'grounded nationalism along with continuous prospect for equality-based socio-economic progress; diffusion of powers held by the central government, or one or few political; consolidation of people's sovereignty; and secular participation of people in the government'. The successful model of 'restructuring of State's policies and institutions need to take those elements into consideration necessarily. Progressive restructuring is neither possible not feasible without 'reforms of conventional values being practiced by the society'. The protection and preservation of cultural values does not mean 'protection and preservation of anti-human rights, anti-equity or anti-progress, or superstitious or orthodox values'. The agenda of restructuring of State in this sense 'is a mission of restructuring of the governance policies and institutions as well as social structure'. The post-1990 Constitution failed to realize the need of 'successful transformation of the liberal (political) democracy into the social and economic democracy along with opportunity and access for entire population to participate and contribute in its pragmatic progress'. The definition of 'democracy was taken in a strictly limited sense', i.e. the multi-party system along with adult franchise. However, the progressive reforms in the political parties had never been thought about as 'pre-condition' for sustainability and 'inclusivity' of the democracy. The respect to proportionality of cultural, linguistic, geographical, ethnic and sex representation of the population in the 'political parties' was minimal, if not totally absent. The political parties were neither demonstrated preparedness to 'recognize the need of devising a system for democratizing their procedures and practices', nor were they seen ready to 'conceive accountability' to people. The system of governance and politics were thus 'infiltrated by the former collaborators' (autocratic panchyati elements). The convention bureaucracy reared by the former autocratic system did it best to 'destabilize the democratic growth of the State's institutions, including parliament'. Eventually, the failure to reform the conventional, feudal and autocratic nature of the State emerged instrumental to 'forge insurgency in Nepal". The major objective of the 'proposed restructuring of the State policies and institutions is thus to 'transform the conflict by providing an equitable space of inclusion for all stakeholders in the political process and the system of governance'. Restructuring of the State's structure into 'federal system' is one of the prime agenda of the time for 'sustainability and consolidation' of democracy in Nepal. To observe the past, it can be seen that the civil society is equally responsible for the failure of 1990 Constitution. The hypocrisy of a smaller segment of the intellectual community' continuously played a destructive role. It played crucial role in misleading the political parties as well as State's institutions for their 'private gains'. Soon after the first general election, two tendencies among intellectuals had been obvious. One group of intellectuals was notoriously engaged in 'nepotism'. This group made access to higher level of 'leadership of the political parties' and 'highest posts of the State' and glued itself like 'essential component' of the political life of the political parties'. Wrong policies advised by this group to political parties were largely responsible for the 'result' of increasing exclusion of the larger part of the population from democratic process as well as socio-economic well being'. The unregulated and unlimited 'privatization' was one of the most pernicious setbacks. This policy was anti-poor and anti-marginalized groups.

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This so-called intellectual group was entirely 'motivated for its self-interest'.85 There was another group seemingly neutral in nature. It, however, demonstrated a tendency of 'less interested in political activism' in order to 'promote inclusion, consolidation of democracy, fairness in political process and advocacy of the interests of socially, economically and politically marginalized groups access to socio-economic justice'. Such intellectuals 'often segregated themselves from political processes. They also advocated policy of 'depoliticization of development', and thus tempted to 'isolate development affairs from politics'. For them, the politics and development had no 'relationship'. This misunderstanding also seriously hindered the 'course of building inclusiveness in the democracy'. The tremendous 'growth of corrupt practices' in the government was induced by these groups in two ways: the group 'holding of powers was engaged in extortion of all kinds, including selling of 'posts' and manipulation of 'recruitment examinations'. On the other hand, the other group exhibited pessimism towards' prospect of democracy. 'This group often expressed its 'dissatisfaction' towards the performance of the governments, but had been unable to 'give constructive ways out from the problems'. The cynicism demonstrated by this group significantly helped the 'anti-democratic' element to condemn 'the democracy' and 'frustrate the reforms in political parties as well as governance system'. The virtual consequence was increased chaos in the country coupled by the 'mounting insurgency', which provide a rich spectrum for growth of corruption'. Had the people from all walks of life been given the proportional access to space in the democracy, the Maoist insurgency could/would have been averted to national development. As indicated above, the democracy reinstalled in 1990 ensured the political rights, but it failed to ensure the economic and social rights. Obviously, it could not be ‘inclusive’. This setback could be well addressed by enacting 'inclusive legislation'. The Parliament with consensus of all political actors could also address weaknesses facing the constitution. However, the political parties had been disoriented towards this need.86 The history of liberal democracy unfolds that it is potential of being abused by the ‘minority’. The liberal democracy, without economic and social elements adequately and properly included, is exclusively exploited by elite class- the state is organized and administered by a smaller minority elite class for its vested interest of power monopoly, and subjects the majority to its violent control.87 It was a fatal mistake committed by the post 1990 governments. They

85 . The role of this group in 'system of governance' during various parties' governments has been

'catastrophic'. Politicization of the bureaucracy is one of the most obvious examples. This group was dominant in every sphere of the 'governance' in the name of 'advisors, general managers, board members, etc'. Many of them right of the 'changed scenario of the politics in Nepal after King's assumption of power have turned against the political parties.

86 . Both Nepali Congress and CPN UML often argued that there was no need of even changing a 'word in the constitution'. This assertion was their ignorance of need to 'achieve inclusion'.

. Dr. Shreedhar Gautam in his discourse on politics of awareness (Honda workers and Marx) in the Kathmandu Post dated August 4, 2005, referred to a memoir of Mulk Raj Ananda (Apology for Heroism), in which he writes as to how an incident during his student days in England changed his entire concept about parliamentary system. As Dr. Gautam mentions, in 1926, London Police manhandled him (Mulk Raj Ananda), along with other students for supporting the coalminers’ strike. The repressive measures taken by the British Government shocked him, and he came to a conclusion that Britain was organized and run in the interest of minority which could control the majority as violently at homes as it did in the Empire. Dr. Gautam has rightly remarked that the police action in Guragaun against the workers was not only brutal but also totally inhuman. Such incidents prove that

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thought that the Maoist insurgency was a problem of law and order. They failed to see that the 'people's expectations had been unaddressed and a kind of rebellion' was unfolding. Obviously, they resorted to the brutal and indiscriminate suppression of the people with massive police power of the State, which ultimately resulted in the high cost to the democracy. The transformation of the conflict has been viewed by the Nepalese people as the only way out of the present crisis. The counter violence cannot be the ‘solution of violence’. They could not realize that a gun could not be a ‘substitute’ of gun. State’s terror could not be an ‘answer to the rebellion’. The rebellion was ‘stationed’ on causes, and causes were ‘entirely political and socio-economic in nature’. The transformation of the conflict thus means ‘creation of political condition where 'socio-economic disparity’ among people is truly addressed. The political condition must also create a 'sense among all people that the nation belongs to them all without any kind of discrimination'. The inclusion of ‘socially and economically’ marginalized population in political process and governance is the only way out for elimination of socio-economic disparity, and as such is a prelude to the 'mission of restructuring of polices and institutions' of the State. Obviously, this paper has made attempt to analyze hindrances of facing the Nepalese democracy and 'system of democratic governance'. The transformation of the ‘liberal democracy into inclusive democracy’ followed by restructuring of the State has been viewed as the only way out of the crisis. The paper holds a conviction that the nation should go ahead with ‘strategic restructuring of the state through fostering inclusive democracy’. The suppression of will of people to be active part of the life of the nation with their cultures, languages, and ethnic originalities may be a cause for breakdown of the nation itself. The inclusive democracy will enable people to enjoy right to ‘self-governance’, and thus it will end the exclusion of majority of the population from political life of the nation. The process of peace building in this context connotes to a series of ‘carefully devised scheme to include people in the wider and phenomenal participation in political process and governance’. This ‘scheme’ facilitates the ‘devolution of powers at the hands of people, and as such it is a strategy to ‘end the power monopoly of a minority’- in the context of Nepal a ‘feudal aristocratic and economically powerful elite class’. In this context, the inclusive democracy can be defined as a political process to ‘transform the society’ into a condition that ensures equity of all people in the ‘power of governance’. The change leading to progress is essential element for transformation. The sustainable peace therefore means nothing but the ‘desired’ progress of the society. The thesis of 'restructuring in this article is built on three ‘foundation principles’- a) no scheme of conflict transformation would be meaningful in disregard of ideology of political pluralism( multiparty democracy with adult franchise), b) the sustainability of democracy is dependent on the capacity of a given society to achieve consistent change towards socio-economic progress, and c) the socio-economic progress is impossible unless the state’s power is both horizontally and vertically devolved to the people (local governance, including federal system). In brief, the paper has made attempt to lay down some fundamental premises for 'future strategies of restructuring of policies and institutions of the State' from the perspective of need

the government in liberal democracy operates to protect the ‘interest of the politically and economically powerful class’. Many liberal democracies in the contemporary world have seriously failed to be rational to all the population, and thus they are not ordinary people friendly. The significance of democracy without being 'inclusive' will cease to exist.

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to promote inclusive democracy. The paper assumes that 'the right to self-determination' is limited in scope to cultural and development empowerment; distribution of powers of governance into federal states in the ethnic line may further escalate the conflict in the Nepalese society; no inclusive democracy can sustain without unlimited commitments of all ethnic groups to 'liberal democracy', with emphasis on individual freedoms and liberty; and ensuring individual people's right to reside, work and conduct business in any part of the country as national of Nepal. Fundamental elements of Nation State: In a nation state, its citizens pay loyalty on common ground, while their identities might be different culturally, religiously, ethnically, and linguistically. Every nation has to be able to identify 'this common bond'. The history may be such bond for some countries, whereas the 'typical geography' may also provide basis for such bond. Politically, certain form of democracy may be a 'basis for the loyalty too. For instance, Switzerland in Europe is a nation State with several forms of diversity. The political system with consensus democracy is the most 'trusted or shared' ground of 'Swiss nationalism'. India, for instance, despite having several civilizations has been transformed into a 'nation state'. It, as a modern nation state , was marked out with precise geographical boundaries by a British Act of Parliament in 1899. India as a integrated State was forged on, as Arundhati Roy has said, the anvil of the British empire for the entirely unsentimental reasons of commerce and administration. But India with such a birth began her struggle against her creator- the British Empire.88 The diversity in India is as unique as in Nepal. As Arundhati Roy, a famous writer, has said, the majority' of India's citizens will not (to this day) be able to identify its boundaries on a map, or say which language is spoken where or which god is worshipped in what region'. To them idea of India is, at best, a noisy slogan that comes around during wars and elections'.89 The creation of India by British and Indian's struggle to independence are two major factors for emergence of a 'status of Indian nation state'. Gandhi's political imagination had been able to transform the independence struggle to a 'national movement' that combined all civilizations, languages, cultural identities and religions, and ultimately which created a 'milestone for Indian nation state'. The democracy established as a consequence of the national movement for independence and the perceived importance of unity provided a basis for the 'nationalism' in India.90 In Nepal, several elements might be raised that may 'emotionally justify' its nationhood, while none of them may be beyond 'controversy'. Earlier, some people tried to use 'Hinduism' as a bond for loyalty to Nepal, at least for majority.91 These people also tried to make the 'Nepali Language' as the basis of 'Nepali Nationalism'. Unfortunately, the drive for that purpose almost posed a challenge to the 'existence of other language', and the 'many ethnic or linguistic communities' took the drive as 'a humiliation' and 'systematic strategy to extermination of their unique and historical identity'. One can thus categorically argue that 'Nepal's failure to evolve a common ground for its emergence of a nation state lies on its consistent ignorance to recognize that 'it is a nation of minorities', and as such 'the common ground of nationalism lies on recognition of diversity'. The political system of Nepal thus must

88 . Arundhati Roy, 1997. the algebra of infinite justice. Penguin Books India (P) Ltd. New Delhi. 89 . Arundhati Roy, 1997. the algebra of infinite justice. Penguin Books India (P) Ltd. New Delhi. 90 . Arundhati Roy, 1997. the algebra of infinite justice. Penguin Books India (P) Ltd. New Delhi. 91 . Some defected Congress and Communists under leadership of King Mahendra made attempt to

develop a 'Nepali nationalism founded on Hinduism and Nepali language'. It was possible to make some headway for such plan in an autocratic system, as no people could speak against it. However, in the growing context of consciousness, the idea failed. The massive political movement of 1990 was 'also an expression of dissatisfaction to the imposed nationalism or integration'.

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endorse a 'concept that the inclusive democracy with greater local governance system can be the only realistic ground for integrating people' in to a nation'. The monarchy in the past had been imposed as a basis of 'national unity'. It was simply a myth. The people's movement has now forged out a 'basis for national unity'. The political system to be established by the forthcoming constitution will be the basis of 'national unity'. Obviously, Nepal has, like in India, the people's movement followed by the Constituent Assembly can provide a 'strong basis of national unity. To look from this perspective, the following elements need to discuss in elaboration with greater clarity. a. People's sovereignty: Myth about people's sovereignty is rampant in Nepal. In countries

like Nepal, people's sovereignty is a 'catchy word' for politicians for generating support of people in their political mission. Political parties often take this term 'as a synonym of representation system'. They take it as power of political parties to 'fight election and form the government' against autocracy. The 'concept of sovereignty of people have three attributes, a) accountability of government to people, b) power of people to control the system of governance, and c) freedom and liberty of people to make decision of their choice. In a country like Nepal with long feudal history with its remnants, every political party tends to 'argue that it is a 'sovereign representative of the people', and thus ignores the democratic rights of people. Freedoms and liberties of individuals are often overlooked. Sovereignty of nation lies with and on the people, and thus cannot be transferred to any organization or institution. The process of transforming a State into a "Nation State' is an attempt to 'consolidate the sovereignty on the people'. It is from this perspective that the 'restructuring of the State' is not only important, but also indispensable. In the context, the 'process of restructuring of the State' can be defined as an essential socio-economic and political movement to forge out 'a common identity of the nation', which is defined as nationalism or the basis of 'nation state'. The necessity of the 'restructuring of the state' in therefore founded on the need of Nepal to transform it into a 'nation state'. Elements of accountability to people, power to control governance system and individual freedom and liberty constitute a "composite condition of people's supremacy'. These three elements are basic foundations of a 'nation state'. In this context, the sovereignty of people is both the impetus and attribute of nation state. To make the constitution through popular will of the people (constituent assembly) is therefore an attempt to 'consolidate sovereignty of people'. It was exactly what the national movement followed by making of Constituent Assembly in India achieved. The popular will expressed through national movement in India provided a basis for 'Indian nationalism'. The national movement recognized the diversity of the civilization, language, race, and geography. The popular movement of the people against absolute or authoritarian monarchy to be followed by restructuring of the state is to 'recognize the diversity as core value and set up as basis for national unity', a foundation for nation state. The sovereignty of Nepalese people is thus founded on 'need of proportional sharing of the state's power'. It is truly democratic concept and thus secular.

b. Recognition of diversity and basis of unity: Condition of diversity of civilizations, languages, cultures, geography, race and ethnicity inevitably demands inclusion of all groups in the 'political, social and economical' lives of a nation. As mentioned above, the 'inclusion' constitutes the basis of national unity. The right of people to have their 'individual as well as group identity' recognized is an expression of their 'sovereignty' to the nation. This right necessarily underlies a need of inclusive democracy.

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Socially and politically, the recognition of diversity, to be forged out through inclusivity in the political process and system of governance, results in breakdown or elimination of ‘elite power-centered politics’, the most pernicious hindrance for society to 'emerge as a nation state'. As outlined by Yash Ghai, the value of national unity and diversity requires for:

- an open and conducive environment for preservation of ethnic and regional diversity and communal rights, including the right of communities to organize and participate in cultural activities and the expression of their identities,

- harmonization of objects for recognition of ethnic and regional identities so that national unity is not threatened by secession of the nation on ethnic basis.92

The right to self-governance and determination therefore cannot be exercised or interpreted concepts against the national unity and integrity. They are components of 'nation state'. The issue of unity in a society with cultural, linguistic, ethnic and geographical diversity does not ignore the 'individual as well as group identity'. However, the 'individual identity and group identity should not contradict with each other'. The individuality of person should not be overlooked by the concept of 'group identity'. New emerged theory of 'sociological constitutionalism' known as ‘consociationalism’, believes that the right of group existence in the public life of a nation is not an antithesis to individuality of person.93 The recognition of the 'group identity' is in no way a threat to the 'unity of the nation'. The concept of 'secularism' is a mechanism to 'preserve the unity'. It means that 'the recognition of group identity' does not 'provide a basis for exclusion of a dissimilar group from the State'. The 'composition of federal state on the line of race and ethnicity with a sense of 'exclusive power' by a group is thus an 'anti-nation state' concept. Some scholars argue that the modernity breaks the boundary of cultural division of people. However, a number of studies in Africa have suggested the opposite of theory. In many cases, the modernization has led to strengthening rather than weakening of ethnic identification.94 The worst attempt of the past panchyat regime to cultural unification of Nepal by destroying cultural identities has been one of the causes for outbreak of violent conflict in Nepal. The preservation of cultural identity of each group should therefore be a basic value of the constitution. All constitutions of Nepal in the past have made attempts to ‘impose mechanical’ unity of diverse groups, which adversely affected the emergence of Nepal as a “Nation State”. The following expressions are examples of 'imposed unity'. a. 1990 Constitution regarded ‘monarchy’ as the symbol of the unity, whereas the monarchy

itself was declared as “Hindu”. The entire constitution was thus framed to indirectly deny the existence of cultural, linguistic and religious as well as geographical groups. Thus, the Constitution thus prohibited to assert group rights, and condemned any such efforts as ‘communal’ and unacceptable to the State. It was the most serious setback for Nepal to emerge as a 'nation state'.

b. 1963 Constitution recognized that all powers of State virtually emanated from the King, and as such there was no room for concept of people’s sovereignty. This constitution absolutely refused to accept the existence of ‘differences in ethnic origin, culture,

92 . Ghai, Yash, 2002. "Values for New Constitution". www.kenyaconstituion.org/docs 93 . Ogot, Bethwell A., 2002. “Building on the In 94 . Ogot, Bethwell A., 2002. “Building on the Indigenous in Constitution Making” in

www.kenyaconstituion.org/docs

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language and geography’. Nepal under this constitution was nothing but a 'feudal bond' of people classified as 'rulers and ruled'. The failure to recognize and respect the diversity as a basis of Nepalese nation’s unity in the 1990 constitution was thus an ‘obsession of a centralized absolute sovereignty95 and deeply founded tendency to refute existence of, and recognition to, cultural values of other groups than that of so-called higher caste Hindus’.

c. People's control over nation's resource: "Inclusive democracy" in its very plain meaning connotes existence of a condition that allows people of all groups and strata participate in the power sharing of the State's political, social and economic structure.96 The liberal democracy mostly practiced by western European countries and America emphasizes the element of ‘political rights,’ and overlooks the essentiality of economic and social democracy. The liberal democracy implies a) right to elect government through free and fair elections; b) freedom of speech; c) rule of law; d) right to form political associations and hold assembly; and e) freedom from discrimination and exploitation. Obviously, in view of the followers of the liberal democracy, ‘political rights, the right to vote being the most important one,’ are determining constituents of the democracy.97 “Economic and social’ elements of democracy are virtually ignored, or undermined by the liberal democracy In liberal democracy, as Wolf DeVoon has pointed out, anarchic institutions like an open market for goods and services (survival of the fittest) plus the discretionary (arbitrary and

95 The political change brought about by the 1990 popular movement was 'largely guided by political

formalism'- sharing of political powers by political parties and the monarchy. The political empowerment of the excluded groups was hardly considered as ‘objective’ of the movement by the Constitution Drafting Commission. The post 1990 political conflict was among political parties and Maoist insurgency as a consequence of tendency of political actors to see the ‘societal relations’ from political formalism point of view. See for detail analysis on Sangroula, Yubaraj, 2006, “Inclusive Democracy”, URL www. ksl.edu.np

96 . Customarily, democracy is understood to mean a ‘form of government in which people, either

directly or indirectly, take part in the governing. In this sense, democracy is an instrument of ‘transforming the so-called political system into a system of governance controlled by the people through direct or indirect participation. In democracy, people (demos- the people or population) are decisive. In abstract sense, the democracy is a ‘power to help people’ resist or avoid ‘exclusion’. ‘Inclusion’ is, therefore, essence of the democracy. No political system without ‘inclusion’ can constitute ‘democracy’. Intellectually developing countries like Nepal, academics and so-called informed people wrongly understand or define ‘inclusion’ as ‘the benefit’ to be made out of democracy. In this context, it is not the democracy; instead the ‘benefit’ from it is the matter of concern for them. So for them, the issue of ‘inclusion in democracy’ for them generally means strategies for ‘affirmative actions’, or exclusive benefits. The ‘issue of inclusion’ in its true sense is the ‘inherent power of people’ to have decisive role in the ‘system of governance’.

97 . This concept has been dominant in political parties of Nepal. In 1990, when it was achieved they believed that ‘the problems facing the Nepalese society’ had been fully addressed. Lost in the mist of this misconception, they could hardly think of a ‘national vision’ for socio-economic development of the society. The ‘inclusion’ of the huge population that had been marginalized by the previous regimes was thus not an agenda of ‘political parties’. Obviously, several groups of disenfranchised population that were economically marginalized and socially alienated could sense no change in their lives even after the political change in 1990. This is, indeed, the crucial factor for loss of ‘credibility’ of the political parties as ‘development actors or change stimulators’.

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self-serving) powers of public officials are limited by the rule of law. This understanding of liberal democracy is odd. Of course, the rule of law as an interesting and powerful concept inhibits public officials (including political leaders not in government) from abuse of powers. The concept of liberal democracy, indeed, encapsulates nicely the goal of a ‘free society’. Nevertheless, its principles98 and mechanisms fail to understand that ‘realization of the dream of a free society is not possible only by inserting political rights in the structure of the government’. The recognition and protection of economic and social rights is equally important to materialize the ‘dream of a free society’.99 Based on opinion of Wolf DeVoon, the liberal democracy without economic and social empowerment of population at large has resulted in: a. Disparity in opportunity to, and consumption of, resources, thus giving rise to

implausible gape of wealth between a smaller rich elite group and larger marginalized poor population,

b. Betrayal in legacy of liberty of the majority by imposition of economic subordination of population by a smaller elite group,

a. Nationalization of local resources, Viewed from Asian and African perspective, the state of abuse of power by public

officials and marginalization of common folks is alarming. Resources are drawn to central authority's control and corruption is rampant. One can very much compare it with medieval age, where governments of elite groups decide and citizens obey. Poor people are taxed to 'live' whereas the rich ones are taxed only on 'luxury and profits'. Lands are means of subsistence but they are taxed too. The control of people over local resources is

98 . Cardinal principles of ‘liberal democracy are Human Rights, Equality, Rule of Law , Individual

Freedom, and Private property and Free Market. It is believed that the legitimacy of democracy as a system of government is derived from the human rights principle that ‘the human dignity is inalienable and uninfringeable’. Constituents of human dignity are right to life and personal liberty, freedom from slavery or exploitation and subordination, freedom of belief or decline to have belief, freedom of expression, and freedom of association and so forth. The right to equality is a guarantee to have protection against discrimination. The rule of law is a set of safeguards against arbitrary and tyrannical treatment by the authorities. It also means and efficiency in service from such authorities. The fairness in treatment by authorities is the crux of the concept. Individual freedom means the rights of people to make ‘free decisions for themselves and not be told what to do all the time’. It means a bundle of rights that allow individuals to lead the life they want to live. Finally, it is believed that people can own property, and also to make dispose of its in accordance with the choice.

99 . A democracy without economic and social elements equally integrated, is defined to be merely a ‘political democracy. As it has been understood, the political democracy demands free and fair elections, which are held regularly and in which all-eligible citizens, are allowed to vote. This right is however meaningful if there is commitment to fundamental human rights, equality, rule of law, individual freedom and private property and a free market. Further, in order to render these fundamental values workable, the power of the state is divided. This means that there is body that has power to make laws. Another body is there that has power to execute those laws, and there is another body that power to adjudicate disputes. Liberal democracy thus rejects the idea of ‘one party democracy’ or ‘power in hands of one institution or person’. These characters of democracy are fundamental and important for a ‘free society’, but they not exclusive, and all. Democracy with these elements prevents autocracy, and citizens are freed to think and believe. However, in absence of economic and social empowerment and powers to participate in economic and social decision making process, the democracy is not perfect.

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a major component of inclusive democracy. This empowers people to exercise 'sovereignty', and separates condition of people from feudalism to 'democracy'.

d. Participation in political process and governance: Political philosophy or agenda which asserts that a majority (sometimes characterized by religion, language, race, ethnicity, political ideology, and so on) of the population is entitled to the unfettered and unbounded exercise of majority rule within a liberal democratic framework, holds ‘majoritarianism’ as the foundation of democracy. Obviously, it gives no place for inclusion of all’. Majoritarianism believes that ‘the majority’ must prevail, and the minority for simply not being in a position of majority must accept the ‘rule of majority’. The 1990 Constitution was drafted with majoritarianism as a fundamental underpinning of the constitutionalism. It obtained expression from the following provisions of the Constitution: • The" first-past the post voting system”, in which the ‘majority’ is counted or

determined by ‘head counts of elected member in the legislative body’. What size of population the ‘total number of so-called majority’ represents is never a matter of concern. In this type of electoral systems, the minority in the name of “perceived majority” rules the “legitimate majority” by fictitiously reducing it to ‘minority’. In a society like Nepal where the larger part of the population is culturally, linguistically and geographically marginalized, the minority nationalities can hardly be a part of the political system in this system.

• The socio-economic rights that constitute the basic rights of people had been ignored. It failed to recognize the fundamentality of the economic, social and cultural rights as a foundation for enjoyment of civil and political rights. While majority of the population was subjected to economically and socially deprived condition of life.

• The “concept of secularism” was interpreted with wrong notion. On the one hand, the recognition of Nepal as a Hindu State was not considered as anti-secular concept, whereas the people’s rights to ‘form political parties or association with cultural, geographical or linguistic group identity was condemned as unauthorized and communal’. Obviously, the concept of secularism was interpreted to prohibit the ‘cultural or linguistic group identity of people for exercise of’ political rights. This notion of thought was essentially anti-diversity.

• The constitution of 1990 did not oblige the political parties to follow principles of ‘intra-party democracy. The political parties thus became ‘clan clubs’.

1990 Constitution failed to provide schemes for inclusion of deprived or disenfranchised communities in nation’s decision making process and its public administration. The failure to provide for a system of devolution of powers’ to the local governance body and reservations for minority groups in various sectors of state’s services are examples. The ‘democracy’ under 1990 Constitution was in essence was nothing but a majoritarianism-based liberal democracy which effectively excluded the diversity as a core value. The marginalized and disenfranchised people's participation in political process was negligible, which is one of the 'setbacks' for a nation state.

e. Model's of Power Sharing- horizontal and vertical: State's power is shared by different institutions horizontally and vertically. The scheme of power sharing is necessary to prevent abuse of powers, and thus forestalling the prospect of autocracy. There are two major politico-legal theories developed in this regard. They are the 'doctrine of separation of powers', and the 'doctrine of devolution' of powers. The concept of 'rule of law' is both the goal and justification for such sharing. The power vulnerable to be corrupt and absolute

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power corrupts absolutely. The separation and devolution of powers forestall the 'prospect of corruption of power', which is a serious enemy of the democratic system.

Through the doctrine of separation of powers, the State's power is distributed into three different institutions, viz. Legislature, and Judiciary and Executive branches. According to this doctrine, State's entire powers should not be placed in one of these institutions. The concentration of power in any of these institutions will destroy the foundation of democracy because the concentration of powers makes the given institution absolute. In a democratic State, these powers entertained by three different branches with 'fully defined and specified scheme of check and balance'. One of the fundamental goals of the Constitution is, therefore, to devise a workable 'scheme of separation powers and check and balance in exercise of such powers' by different institutions. Politically speaking, this scheme is 'called horizontal distribution of power sharing'.

The prevention or control of abuse of powers is not entirely possible only through distribution of powers between State's central institutions. The horizontal distribution of power alone is not adequate scheme to forestall the prospect of abuse of powers. The distribution of powers vertically among different levels of State is equally important. The diversity composed of geography, population structure or characters as well administrative and service supply needs make vertical distribution of powers equally important. The emerging concept of powers of 'control over the resources' as well as 'right to self-governance' are further popularizing the notion of vertical distribution of powers. In this sense, the 'federalism', which is the most common form of vertical distribution of powers, is a concept of vertical distribution of powers. This concept is called devolution of powers.

Some misconception looms large about the decentralization and devolution. Politically, both of them connote to the 'vertical distribution of powers'. Legally, however, the meaning is different. The 'devolution connotes ownership over the power, whereas the 'decentralization only delegation'. Decentralization means 'delegation of center's power to subordinate institutions'. Obviously, the power they exercise is not their own. The devolution of powers, however, creates ownership of the power. The present local governance power is 'nothing but the decentralization of central' power. Federalism will on the other hand, does create ownership over the powers. As a matter of fact, it is a normal and necessary component of democracy. The suspicion that it will break the nation is a futile logic. Nonetheless, the following issues need to take into serious consideration while restructuring the State vertically: • The federalism should not promote communal sentiments among people. The

secularism in all aspects of Nation's life should be promoted. The integrity of the nation should not be overlooked.

• No creation of federal constituents should be guided with a sense or scheme of bifurcation of State's sovereignty, but the need of strengthening the unity through recognition of diversity.

• The creation of federal should mean rule 'by a group' over others, but a device to promote inclusion.

• The creation of federal state should not be viewed as a platform to isolation of the part of the country from other.

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(Nationality)

(Geography)

In the context of Nepal's restructuring plan, the concept of federalism is to be considered necessary for:

• Establishing a medium institution to devolve powers to local level, so that every smaller group of people with separate ethnic, linguistic or geographical identity would be able to participate in the political process and system of governance.

• Strengthening secularism as a basis of politics, governance and administration, and • Ensuring economic and social development of people, the marginalized or

disenfranchised groups in particular. Federalism in this sense is essential component of inclusive democracy. It is neither a challenge to the 'integrity' of the nation, nor is it a 'threat to the harmony among the people'. The most important question is as to how the 'scheme of federalism would be implemented'? What seems necessary in the present context of Nepal with regard to 'federalism' is to understand in its 'proper and true dimension'. Politically, federalism connotes a philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. In the system of government, the term federalism is used to describe a system of government in which 'the sovereign power of governance is constitutionally divided between a central governening authority and constituent political units' (like states or provinces). Obviously, the concept of 'federalism' is not antithesis to the 'national unity', it fact it is a 'milestone of national integrity'. How much power the 'federal constituent units and the central governing authority must possess' is virtually an issue of 'consensus among the people, who sovereign authority of the nation. This issue is to be settled by the Constituent Assembly. Hence, the demand for 'federality' prior to the CA election can be termed as a 'subversive attempt to frustrate the Constituent Assembly'. The composition of the 'federal constituents and central governing authority in the context of 'restructuring of the state' can be seen from the perspective principle of Asymmetrical federalism. It is a constitutional structure under which some of the constituent units (such as states or provinces) within a federal system have more extensive powers than others relative to the central government. It is frequently proposed as a solution to the 'dissatisfactions that arise when one or two constituent units feel significantly different needs from the others, as the result of an ethnic, linguistic or cultural difference'. But again this issue needs national consensus. The 'inconsitency in powers of contsittuent units and cnetral governing body might fuel the conflict with the state'.

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As it has been already discussed in length, the concept of asymmetrical federalism can be divided into two types of agreements or arrangements. The first type resolves differences in legislative powers, representation in central institutions, and rights and obligations that are set in the constitution. This type of asymmetry can be called de jure asymmetry.100 The second type reflects agreements which come out of national policy, opting out, and (depending on one’s definition of the term) bilateral and ad hoc deals with specific provinces, none of which are entrenched in the constitution. This type of asymmetry is known as de facto asymmetry. In Nepal, the people's concerns seems to opt the first aysmetrical model. Some countries shuch as Canadian federation uses a combination of these. Obviously, at present the country is supposed to discuss on the issue of 'model of federalism'. Asymmetrical federalism is also seen in such federal systems as Belgium, Spain, and Switzerland, where two or more languages are official and well established. It is strikingly absent in the United States, where the Constitution and long practice make the states, no matter how different in size or culture, precisely equal in standing and powers. In the United Kingdom, it has been argued that asymmetrical devolution of powers (most notably to the Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly) was inherently unfair. Asymmetrical federalism has been suggested as an important part of any solution for the conflict in Sri Lanka, where tension between majority Sinhalese and minority Tamils has led to periods of civil war separated by periods of general mistrust. The Nepalese context for several reasons is haeading towards deepen conflict. Hence, the asmystrical federalism with clearly constitutionally defined powers to 'provinces' would be an early solution to the 'crisis' that may otherwise engulf the country into a serious problem of 'diintrigity'.

2 Necessity of recognition of Group and Individual Identity: Nepal is a country of minority groups with varying ethnic and linguistic identities. They speak different languages and practices different cultures. The recognition of group identity implies 'recognition of diversity' as a core value of the 'nation state'. The recognition is therefore necessary to 'establish a common identity' of all nationals as 'Nepali'. As mentioned above, Nepal has been organized as a nation based on certain 'specific civilization, ethnic identity or linguistic commonality'. Obviously, no civilization, or ethnic or linguistic identity can provide a basis for 'unification or integration' of the nation. This condition demands for 'secularity' of culture, language, religion or ethnicity as the only basis of Nepal's existence as a nation. Unification of Nepal prior to Prithwi Narayan Shah had largely been unsuccessful on the ground that they made attempt to 'impose some ethnic domination'. While Prithwi Narayan made attempt to 'unify recognizing the diversity as a core value',101 the idea was later on flouted, and the powers of the state had been transformed to 'a smaller group of Thakuri, Chettri and Brahmin elites'. Right after unification, the Thakuri autocracy and family oligarchy was strengthened, which excluded people of other ethnic groups. Brahmins and Chettris clinging to 'royalty' obtained utmost position in the "State's position', and they together with Thakuris played crucial role in exclusion groups with indigenous and tribal identity. The exclusion 100 . Brown, Douglas. 2005. “Who’s Afraid of Asymmetrical Federalism? A Summary Discussion.” 2005

Special Series on Asymmetric Federalism. Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, Queens University.

101 . Prithwi Narayan Shah 'declared Nepal as nation with 'Char Varna and Chattis Jat (four varana groups and thirty six castes). This statement implies that there had been a sense of 'need to recognize diversity of population'. It was probably the reason; his mission of unification was successful.

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imposed over the centuries consolidated the 'monopoly' of these groups in the State powers, and as such created a 'volatile circumstance of structural violence', on which the present conflict is rested on. The restructuring of the state is thus necessary for 'making inclusive democracy as a foundation of the nation state', which can address the longstanding problem of 'structural violence in the Nepalese society created by exclusion of people'. 3. International Experiences and Best Practices a. Historical Scenario of Nation Building Process: The earliest forms of the state emerged whenever it became possible to centralize power in a durable way.102 Development of agriculture and writing played crucial role in emergence of earliest States. The agriculture allowed development of state due to emergence of a class of people who did not have to spend most of their time providing for their own subsistence. The writing on the other hand made the centralization of vital information possible.103 The history of the state in the West usually begins with classical antiquity. During that period, the state took a variety of forms, none of them very much like the modern state. There were monarchies whose power (like that of the Egyptian Pharaoh) was based on the religious function of the king and his control of a centralized army. There were also large, quasi-bureaucratized empires, like the Roman empire, which depended less on the religious function of the ruler and more on effective military and legal organizations and the cohesiveness of an aristocracy.104 Perhaps the most important political innovations of classical antiquity came from the Greek city-states and the Roman Republic. The Greek city-states before the 4th century granted citizenship rights to their free population, and in Athens these rights were combined with a directly democratic form of government that was to have a long afterlife in political thought and history. In contrast, Rome developed from a monarchy into a republic, governed by a senate dominated by the Roman aristocracy. The Roman political system contributed to the development of law, constitutionalism and to the distinction between the private and the public spheres. The story of the development of the modern state typically begins with the dissolution of the big empires, the Roman empire in the west and Bhart Barsa and Mongolia in the east, a few to mention. This led to the fragmentation of the imperial state into smaller states with political, judicial, and military roles, but the econmy played vital roles in shaping of such states. In these conditions, according to Marxists, economic unit of society was the state. Both in the west and east, the structure of the states was necessarily of fedualitic. A monarch, formally at the head of a hierarchy of sovereigns, was the leader. But the monarch was not always an absolute power who could rule at will; instead, relations between lords and monarchs were mediated by varying degrees of mutual dependence, which was ensured by the absence of a centralized system of taxation.105 This reality ensured that each ruler needed to obtain the 'consent' of each estate in the realm violence. With the development of the concept of taxation, the struggle between the

102 . G. Poggi 1978. The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction.

Stanford: Stanford University Press. 103 . Giddens, Anthony. 1987. Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism. 3 vols. Vol. II: The

Nation-State and Violence. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 0520060393. See chapter 2. 104 . G. Poggi 1978. The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. Stanford:

Stanford University Press. 105 . This character of state is widely seen in the Lichhavi period in Nepal. Along with king, the feudal

lords were considered to be equally prominent. Ansuverma is an example.

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'head of the State'-the monarch- and the lords sharpened, and consequently a concept of Parliament emerged. The rise of the "modern state" as a public power constituting the supreme political authority within a defined territory is associated with western Europe's gradual institutional development beginning in earnest in the late 15th century, culminating in the rise of absolutism and capitalism. As Europe's dynastic states—England under the Tudors, Spain under the Habsburgs, and France under the Bourbons—embarked on a variety of programs designed to increase centralized political and economic control, they increasingly exhibited many of the institutional features that characterize the "modern state."106 This centralization of power involved the delineation of political boundaries, as European monarchs gradually defeated or co-opted other sources of power, such as the Church and lesser nobility. In place of the fragmented system of feudal rule, with its often-indistinct territorial claims, large, unitary states with extensive control over definite territories emerged. This process gave rise to the highly centralized and increasingly bureaucratic forms of absolute monarchical rule of the 17th and 18th centuries, when the principal features of the contemporary state system took form, including the introduction of a standing army, a central taxation system, diplomatic relations with permanent embassies, and the development of state economic policy—mercantilism. Cultural and national homogenization charaters figured prominently in the rise of the modern state system. Since the absolutist period, states have largely been organized on a national basis. The concept of a national state, however, is not synonymous with nation-state. Even in the most ethnically homogeneous societies there is not always a complete correspondence between state and nation, hence the active role often taken by the state to promote nationalism through emphasis on shared symbols and national identity.107 b.The state and international law: By modern practice and the law of international relations, a state's sovereignty is conditional upon the diplomatic recognition of the state's claim to statehood. Degrees of recognition and sovereignty may vary. However any degree of recognition, even recognition by a majority of the states in the international system, is not binding on third-party states. The legal criteria for statehood are not obvious. Often, the laws are surpassed by political circumstances. However, one of the documents often quoted on the matter is the Montevideo Convention from 1933, the first article of which states: "The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states". From international point of view, a nation state is an organized political community occupying a definite territory and possessing internal and external sovereignty. Recognition of the state's claim to independence by other states, enabling it to enter into international agreements, is important to the establishment of its sovereignty. In this sense, the modern state is an entity that enjoys extensive autonomy in its domestic economic and social policy, largely free from interference from other states and powers. However, the sovereignty of the State at present is what is defined by Westphalia concept of State- a political entity without limitation of sovereignty. A number of modern commentators have claimed the decline of the Westphalia

106 . G. Poggi 1978. The Development of the Modern State: A Sociological Introduction. Stanford:

Stanford University Press. 107 . Breuilly, John. 1993. Nationalism and the State. New York: St. Martin's Press.

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notion of state as the principal actor of the emergence of the international system, pointing to economic, cultural, political, and technological changes in the world, such as globalization and the emergence of regional and supranational groupings such as the European Union. While article 3 of the Convention clearly states that statehood is independent of recognition by other states, the existence of functioning of the state with its true sense is largely determined by the 'international law'. Advoctes of constitutive theory of statehood attack article 3 of the convention, and profess that a state exists only insofar as it is recognized by other states. While this theory is controversial in international law, the ground reality is that the international law counts much for the smaller states, at least smaller states. In this perspective, one can claim that a state may exist without recognition of other states, but its significance would largely be diminished without interaction with the international community. An example is the collapse of central government in Somalia in the early 1990s: the Montevideo convention would imply that the state of Somalia no longer existed, and the subsequently declared republic of Somaliland (comprising part of the so-called "former" Somalia) may meet the criteria for statehood. However the self-declared republic has not achieved recognition by other states. c.Experiences of federalism in some countries: Federalism in the context of State's development plays an important political philosophy for governance. However, the modalities adopted by different countries are different. A few popular models have been included here: -Canada: Asymmetrical federalism has been much discussed as a formula for stability in Canada, meeting the aspirations of French-speaking Québec for control over its cultural and social life without removing it from the national federation, where it coexists with nine largely English-speaking provinces which have more in common culturally and socially. Although the constitution of Canada does not formally recognize such a system, arrangements over the past several decades have introduced asymmetrical federalism piecemeal. For example, Québec operates its own pension plan, while the other nine provinces are covered by the federal Canada Pension Plan. Québec has extensive authority over employment and immigration issues within its borders, matters that are handled by the federal government in all the other provinces. Such an arrangement is not widely understood in the English-speaking provinces, where there is fear that Québec is enjoying favouritism in the federal system. It does, however, provide a useful lever for those who want to decentralize the structure as a whole, transferring more powers from the centre to the provinces overall, a trend that has dominated Canadian politics for the past decade. - US: In the U.S., Federalism is the system of government in which power is divided between a central government and states government. Before the U.S. Constitution was written, each American state was essentially sovereign. The U.S. Constitution created a federal government with sufficient powers to both represent and unite the states, but did not supplant state governments. This federal arrangement, by which the central federal government exercises delegated power over some issues and the state governments exercise power over other issues, is one of the basic characteristics of the U.S. Constitution that checks governmental power. Other such characteristics are the separation of powers among the three branches of government--the legislative, executive, and judicial. The authors of the Federalist Papers (Hamilton, Madison and Jay) explained in essays number 45 and 46 how they expected state governments to exercise checks and balances on the national government to maintain limited government over time. Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section. However, it contains numerous mentions of the

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rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials vis-à-vis the federal government. The federal government has certain expressed powers (also called enumerated powers), including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the so-called elastic clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Powers that the Constitution does not delegate to the federal government or forbid to the states—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments-- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government. After this, the federal government has increased greatly in size and influence, both in terms of its influence on everyday life and relative to the state governments. There are several reasons for this, including the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders, attempts to secure civil rights, and the provision of social services. Although many people believe that the federal government has grown beyond the bounds permitted by the express powers, from 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. - Europe: Several Federal systems exist in Europe, such as in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and Belgium. In Germany during the first part of the twentieth century, Adolf Hitler viewed federalism as an obstacle, and he wrote in Mein Kampf as follows: "National Socialism must claim the right to impose its principles on the whole German nation, without regard to what were hitherto the confines of federal states." After World War II, several movements began advocating a European Federation, such as the Union of European Federalists or the European Movement, founded in 1948. Those organizations were influential in the European unification process, but never in a decisive way. Europe remains far from being a federation, although the European Union includes some characteristics of federalism. The European federalists have been campaigning in favor of a directly elected European Parliament, and were among the first to put a European Constitution on the agenda. Their opponents are both those in favor of a lesser role for the Union and those who wish the Union to be ruled by national governments rather than by an elected European government. Although federalism was mentioned both in the drafts of the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, it was never accepted by the representatives of the member countries. Governments in favor of a more federalist European Union are usually the German, Belgian and Italian governments. Those traditionally opposed to this idea are the British and French governments. Today, the Poles and Austrians are also increasingly noted for their opposition to a more federal union. - India: India practices a semi-federal system, where the Constitution clearly chalks out the 'powers of provinces' on issue of governance. The Constitution provides extenisve power to the Central Government to impose emergency rule, and shake the government if it deems necessary. It means that the Indian Constitution has not followed the aysmmetrical model of federalism. c.Domestic perspective of state: Looked at from the point of view of an individual nation, the state is a centralized organization of the whole country. Those studying this dimension emphasize the relationship between the state and its people. The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued that in order to avoid a multi-sided civil war, in which life was "nasty,

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brutish, and short," individuals must necessarily surrender many of their rights -- including that of attacking each other -- to the "Leviathan", a unified and centralized state. In this tradition, Max Weber and Norbert Elias defined the state as an organization of people that has a monopoly on legitimate violence in a particular geographic area. Also in this tradition, the state differs from the "government": the latter refers to the group of people who make decisions for the state. One of the most basic characteristics of a state is regulation of property rights, investment, trade and the commodity markets (in food, fuel, etc.) typically using its own currency. Different political philosophies have distinct opinions concerning the state as a domestic organization. In the modern era, these philosophies emerged with the rise of capitalism, which coincided with the (re)emergence of the state as a separate and centralized sector of society. Nowadays, there are four major philosophies of the state: liberalism, conservatism, Marxism, and anarchism. In broadly-defined liberal thinking, the state should express the public interest, the interests of the whole society, and to reconcile that with those of individuals. This job is best performed by a democratically-controlled state. Within this school, there is a wide variety of differences of opinion, varying from free-market libertarianism to modern, New Deal, or social liberalism. The main debate along this line concerns the ideal size and role of the state. While libertarians argue for a small or "minimal" state, which simply protects property rights and enforces individual contracts, the New Deal or social liberals argue that the state has a greater positive role to play, given the problems of market failure and gross inequalities in the distribution of income and wealth inside a capitalist system. In general, almost no liberals see the state as currently living up to the philosophical ideal, and therefore argue for change in one direction or another. The views of social liberals regarding the state are also broadly shared by the social democrats and democratic socialists. In the Marxist school of thought, the main role of the state in practice is to use force to defend the existing system of class domination and exploitation. Under such systems as feudalism, the lords used their own military force to exploit their vassals. Under capitalism, on the other hand, the use of force is centralized in a specialized organization which protects the capitalists' class monopoly of ownership of the means of production, allowing the exploitation of those without such ownership. In modern Marxian theory, such class domination can coincide with other forms of domination (such as patriarchy and ethnic hierarchies). Further, in Marxist theory, classes and other forms of exploitation should be abolished by establishing a socialist system, which must involve a democratic state. This state will then slowly "wither away" as the people take more and more power in their own hands and representative democracy slowly transforms into direct democracy. Once the process is complete, the communist social order has been achieved and the state no longer exists as an entity separate from the people. Thus, the ideal condition of the state in Marxist theory is the same as in anarchist theory: ideally, the state would not exist at all. The discussion above clearly presents that the 'evolution of States has strived for democracy'. Nonetheless, it has been a source oppression of people in history. The concept of 'horizontal and vertical' distribution of powers of the State is therefore emerged as a powerful political philosophy to 'protect and preserve democracy'. The current restructuring proposal of Nepal is thus a 'drive to consolidate democracy'. The restructuring in any sense should not be understood, and allowed to be understood, to overlook the democratic values and government system.

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4. Problem Analysis a. Exclusion of People in Making Constitution: History of democracy in Nepal is not consistent and smooth. It has frequently encountered turbulences, conspiracies, invasions, divisions and most importantly ‘neglects’. Feudal elements have consistently attacked the ‘course of democracy’, whereas the intellectuals and politicians have committed severe betrayals many times. After series of upheavals, the democracy was reinstated in 1990 pushing the history of 30 years’ absolute monarchy back, and giving the way for pluralistic democracy, the ‘constitutional monarchy and sovereignty in the people being two fundamental features. As the ‘Constitution” framing process went on, the Nepali people enthusiastically participated by expressing their views, but framers were preoccupied with the west ministerial model and thus very rarely heard the voices of people. Expectations of people towards a ‘prosperous’ economy, inclusive democracy, and honest and meritorious leadership swelled, but constitution largely failed to address these issues; it appeared as a crippled document. Its expressions did not fully detail or outline the compromise between feudal and liberal actors.108 b. "Obsession to Majoritarianism": The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990, introduced purely a ‘majoritarianism rule’ in Nepal.109 It was a great setback, as it clearly flouted to ‘give effect to the inclusiveness’ in democracy. The democracy devised by the constitution was nothing but an outcome of the ‘political game of elites’. It hardly had concern of the majority population of the country, which was subjected to poverty and socially marginalized condition. The so-called democracy set forth by the Constitution introduced a system in which ‘a legal minority in the name of technical majority could rule the legal majority in the name of technical minority’. The system of representation was thus not realistic, but fictitious. The constitution gave no space of political representation for linguistic and religious minorities, dalits and women. The Constitution was primarily drafted in view of few dominant political parties and their compromise with the monarchy; it was not the ‘democracy for mass dwelling in the rural countryside, but the elites, the dominant political parties and the monarchy’ was the ‘point of attention or the focus for the constitution drafters’. Obviously, the Constitution even failed to project the ‘scheme’ of power devolution at the local bodies. It even

108 . Ignorantly, intellectuals and political actors, particularly the democrats and liberal lefts, had been

filled with pride and hope. They sensed that Nepal was in offing. But they were wrong. They failed to analyze the ‘framework and contents’ of the constitution. Structurally, the constitution had every thing that any constitution is supposed to have. It had separation of power, it had vested sovereignty on the people, and most importantly it had opened the way for political parties to exist, function and contest for governmental power. Spiritually, however, the constitution had failed to do away with feudal structure of the society, and had formalized existence of more than one power centers in the country. Royalties, political parties, military and those out of the constitutional framework constituted varying power centers. Many intellectuals wrongly throw the post 1990 unwanted political happenings on the back of political actors. These incidents, however, largely occurred due to constitutional failure to address the ‘political, economical and social development needs of the Nepali society’.

109 . The Constitution of 1990, as suggested by Deepak Thapa, provided for the formal trappings of parliamentary democracy but true representation, besides the quite perfunctory recognition of the country’s multiethnic, multilingual character, was lacking. The paramountcy accorded to the Hindu religion and Nepali language was carried over from the’ undemocratic’ 1962 Constitution. Deepak Thapa with Bandita Sijapati, 2003, A Kingdom under Siege: Nepal’s Maoist Insurgency, 1996-2003. the printhouse . Nepal. PP.76-78

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did not provide for the ‘structure of the local governance’ system’, and thus gave a ‘clean cheat to the central government to control the local bodies’. c. Failure to Recognize to Diversity: Nepali nation is a ‘population’ with diversity of ethnicity, language, religion, culture, region and race. The diversity is, therefore, the core value of the system of governance as well as polity. This reality was fully ignored by the constitution drafters. Nepali language was exclusively declared as the ‘official’ as well as national language. Hindu religion was declared as a ‘national religion’. Monarchy was declared as the ‘center of national unity’. The basic spirit of the constitution was thus apparently exclusive, not inclusive. It neither gave place for minorities, nor believed in the ‘secularism’. Majoritarianism plus dismissal of secularism fully avoided the ‘notion of inclusiveness in democracy’, and ultimately this design did perpetuate the exclusion of the majority population in economic, social and political process. This failure was costly, and indeed acted as a most powerful factor for the ‘outbreak of the conflict’. The radical leftist force that was attempting the ‘raise arms’ obtained the most desired ‘excuse or pretext’ to denounce or flout the democracy. The disrepute or defamation110 perpetrated to the democracy by the political parties tremendously contributed to ‘legitimize the armed rebellion’ initiated largely based on ‘romanticism of communist revolution’. The failure in consolidation of democracy in Nepal is largely attributed to these fundamental setbacks in the constitution making process.111 These setbacks fully discard the ‘features of 110 . The dissolution of the House of Representatives by the then Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala

was the first stigma sprinkled over the democracy. This dissolution was induced by an ill-motive, i.e. to punish the dissident party colleagues popularly known as ‘Group of 36’. The dissolution of the HR was badly rejected by voters, as they denied giving majority to the Congress Party in the mid-term election. CPN (UML) got victorious but without required majority. The Nepali Congress and CPN (UML) could reach an agreement to ‘give a coalition government’ commit themselves to ‘foster the democracy’. They failed to this historic responsibility despite the ‘wish of people’. CPN (UML) formed the minority government. It was an unexpected event for them. This victory caused them to ‘forget reality’, and made its leaders and cadres ‘blind’. The ‘ego-centrism’ emerged following the induction of the party in the government induced its ‘leaders and cadres’ to develop an illusion that onwards now nothing was going to stop them from ‘being in the government’ in future. They were therefore assertive in every matter. The false pretence or illusion that ‘the future’ of Nepal was in their hands prompted them to ‘adopt a policy of welcoming corrupt bureaucrats, sycophants and members and collaborators of the Panchyat regime. Genuine party members and intellectuals were driven out. The growing tendency of the UML’s growth as a ‘sluggish’ and ‘ideologyless’ throng of peoples disenchanted the population. This in turn sparked an unending unprincipled ‘factionalism’. This tendency aroused an ‘apathy to leftist’ movement. This was another stigma of the Nepalese polity. Incidents of ‘Dhimaja scam (deal about aero plan tickets), Tanakapur dam and eventually the ‘Makhali ( the western border river)Treaty’, were some issues that fully stigmatized the ‘two big political parties’. Congress Party’s unprincipled game to ‘topple UML’s government and its ‘handshake’ with former panchas (actors of former autocratic regime) introduced an unholy political gimmick in Nepal, which later on embroiled the ‘UML’. The horse-trading then continued till the date the ‘democracy’ came into obvious attack.

111 . Despite these setbacks, it is interesting to note that with the reinstatement of the political democracy, an open and participatory culture began to quickly take root. People had been quite enthusiastic to participate in the democratic institutions. Peoples from all walks of life aggressively volunteered to join the political parties with the ideology of their choice. They proved to be matured and astute voters in the general elections, based on their ideology. Trade and industry flourished. Private sector jumped to invest in the education sector, and hundreds of schools with tremendous quality emerged in a very short period of time. Tourism industry grew tremendously. Hospitals in urban sector

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inclusive democracy’, and hence were instrumental in institutionalizing the ‘long standing’ discriminatory socio-economic and political practices. The 1990 constitution thus failed to ‘address the deep rooted structural violence’ against overwhelmingly larger population. Obviously, the consolidation of democracy in Nepal thus demands intervention in multiple sectors. It is plain that the transformation of the existing conflict is not possible without development of a consensus for ‘inclusive democracy’. The consensus for ‘inclusiveness in the democracy’ is, in turn, in dependent on development of the ‘intra-party inclusive democracy’. The movement for the ‘inclusive democracy’ in Nepal is, therefore, a revolution in itself. In Nepal, the discussion on issue of ‘inclusiveness in democracy’ has become a regular 'fashion'. The lack of clarity of concept is 'confusing' more peoples than helping to boost up 'democratic governance'. One of the major causes of 'confusion' is that the concept is treated or dealt with in lack of interdisciplinary approach. For lawyers or jurists, the issue is nothing but a 'general theme' of human rights, so that for them 'the issue' revolves around the 'UDHR'. For political scientists, the scope of the issue is confined to 'electoral system'. Obviously, for them if larger number of people have prospect of free and unrestricted access to participate in the electoral process, the issue if inclusion is addressed. For the governance experts, the issue of inclusion is nothing but a system of governance in which 'people's represent have power to decide on policy matters'. This sectoral approach is pervasive and widespread in Nepal. This problem thus creates a problem of understanding 'of the issue of inclusion'. d. Political Parties and Inclusiveness in Democracy: One need not say much in this regard. The organizational structure of political parties is largely aristocratic in Nepal. The position consciousness, working relation of party members based on hierarchy, and unquestioned loyalty of members to leadership are only very few 'feudal or aristocratic organizational characters of the Nepalese political parties'. These factors have severely affected the 'inclusiveness' in policies and programs of the political parties, and ultimately of the State itself. The failure of democracy in party is widely reflected in the failure of democracy in itself. The following tendencies and attributes imply to a condition of 'acute lacking of inclusiveness within the political parties": • The leadership of the political parties is elected 'based on caste and sex basis'- the so-

called higher caste and male being absolutely dominant. • The leadership is almost perpetual. The leadership is not affected by failure and success

of the party. The accountability of the political leaders to the constituents for their failures is almost zero. The change in the party thus invites 'emergence of factionalism', dividing the political party into groups and creating a 'terrible feud'.

• The president or the chief of the party wields massive power to 'nominate members in the apex body of the party'. The system of patronage is widespread.

• All leaders are not elected by the party cadres. They are entitled to 'be deputies in the general conference' for their being in the central committee. Their position in the party is

mushroomed. In a few years, the country had over a dozen medical colleges established. In a very short period of time, five universities had been established. The new universities had been able to ‘introduce the most modern sectors of education with most modern methods and technologies’. A critical and scientific minded adolescent generation emerged, with diverse choice and talents. International banking system became fully established. And most importantly, the foreign investment started to make way to Nepal. Further, the non-resident Nepalis interest to invest in Nepal aroused. Most importantly, Nepali could take pride of being a part of the democratic community. These were promising development and outcomes of the political democracy in Nepal.

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thus unchallengeable by general members. The coterie of the central committee member is thus 'supreme in position all time'. Leaders are thus not accountable to party cadres.

• Youth cadres have not scope of playing crucial role in the higher position of the party. There are several age bars for 'youth leaders' to be promoted in the party's apex position.

• Most of national parties have no 'mechanisms' to secure induction of diverse population through fair practice, such as fair elections.

• Leadership is often defined as 'supreme' in decision making. The decision made by the apex body is not 'debatable' among the cadres, and doing so is considered as violation of 'disciplines'.

These tendencies and attributes 'have seriously hindered the process of intra-party' democracy, which ultimately reflects on the national politics and policies on inclusivity. No democracy at government or state level can flourish without 'democracy and inclusivity within' the political parties themselves. To analyze the current situation of the political parties' organizations and procedures of forming them, one can conclude that the 'feudal hierarchical' values are deeply rooted hindering the consolidation of democracy and functioning of the state. e. Political, Economical and Social Dimensions of Inclusive Democracy: The foundation of the emerging concept of ‘inclusiveness’ in the democracy following the cessation of the ‘cold war’ is rested on the need for ‘equal attention towards ‘rights to economic and social development’ of the population as the core thrust of the ‘democracy’. In this sense, the issue of economic and social rights is an indispensable agenda of the restructuring of the state, without which the mission of inclusive democracy is not complete. The conventional liberal democracy that excludes ‘rights to economic and special development’ as a core value of the democracy is nothing but a system or theory of ‘political elitism’.112 It ignores the economic and social development as an essential constituent of a democratic system. Hence, the ‘question of inclusion’ of entire population in the political process for its economic and social development is the primary concern of the ‘issue of inclusiveness.’113 The ‘concept of

112 . The debate on ability of ‘western liberal (political) democracy to properly represent both the ‘will of

the people’ and to do what is ‘right’ is going on for long time, at least from the famous quote of Winston Churchill, the Second World War time Prime Minister of UK. He said: “Democracy is the worst from of government except for all those others that have been tried” (Cited from, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia). This statement indicates to inherent ‘inability of the western liberal (political or the west minister model of UK in particular) democracy. The main objective of the liberal democracy is to prevent tyranny (the accumulation of too much authority in the hands of one or few). Obviously, the democracy in this sense of limited political objective is not intended to give the people ‘ a good government’, but to put some limits to the abuse of power.

113 . ‘Inclusiveness in democracy’ refers to a form of social structure or organization that integrates ‘economic-and social development rights’ the fundamental constituents of ‘a system governance’. The ‘system of governance’ does not indicate to the ‘power’ that traditional political theories grant to the state with a view to ‘control’ affairs of the population. Traditional political theories recognize ‘determining power’ of the state to ‘effect benefits of the so-called majority’. The concept of ‘economic and social development rights’ of individual, however, as opposed to the concept of ‘state’s power to control human individuals’, recognizes that ‘each and all individual has inherent right to participate in the governance process ( policy formulation as well as implementation thereof) in order to ensure equity in economic and social development. This theory rejects the validity of the political conception that ‘individual’s participation in governance system essentially means participation in the ‘political contest’. An individual may participate in the governance system without any zeal of political contest. “Inclusiveness in Democracy’ in this sense is a system that

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inclusion’ in democracy therefore intends to ‘transform the political democracy’ into a ‘social structure or organization that allows integration of economic and social development agenda with political rights, and thus provides a ‘foundation for good governance’. In good governance, the people are the only source of ‘state’s power’ and ‘owner of the nation’s resources’. The integration of the ‘rights to economic and social development’ with political rights constitutes the character of ‘inclusiveness in democracy’ and as such it calls for ‘elimination of political elitism’ through devolution of power. The devolution of power in the form of federalism in this sense has three basic characters, i.e. (1) localize and control over the bureaucracy, excluding security agencies, through laws enacted by popularly and directly elected legislative body, (2) constitutional demarcation of powers between the central governing authority, constituent federal units, and local government units, and (3) freedoms of local government agencies to decide on matters of tax, resource mobilization and development priorities or agenda. The liberal or political democracy fails to address these attributes of the ‘devolution of power’ for the following limitations or weakness or lapses: • The purpose of the liberal or political democracy is to prevent accumulation of vast

authority in the hands of one or a few. The separation of the power between the central agencies of the state is its sole concern. Empowerment of the people to play decisive role in governance system is in no way a matter of concern for the central government. Thus, the liberal democracy is not free from vicious design of ‘centralization’ of the state power. That is to say, the liberal democracy does not give the people a ‘right to self-governance'. Its edifice is not founded on ‘right-based approach’; rather it is primarily founded on ‘regulatory notion’. Obviously, it does not enable people to rule; rather it regulates state through mechanism of separation of power between state’s central agencies so that abuse of power is prevented.

• The liberal democracy is not morally ideal. At the heart, it believes that if the majority is in ‘agreement’, it is legitimate to harm the minority. This belief virtually rejects the character of ‘inclusiveness’. The ‘concept of inclusiveness’ does not function or operates with the ‘scheme of majority versus minority’. The division of the population in the form of ‘majority and minority’ in matters of the ‘state’s policy or political decision making process’ is most serious anti-inclusiveness character of the liberal democracy.

• The liberal democracy by eliminating one person’s tyranny gives rich space for emergence of ‘an elitist group’, which in the form of de-jure majority coerce the ‘de-facto majority’. De-jure majoritarianism is the ‘essence of the liberal democracy’ which essentially operates to ‘marginalize the majority population’ from access to opportunity, development and political process.

• The right to vote is the ‘crux’ of the political or liberal democracy. Rights to economic and social development are neither guaranteed nor considered as crucial. Vast population is thus cornered and decapacitated from participating in political process and affairs of governance. The liberal democracy does not recognize the economic and social development of the population as a prelude for its participation in the political process.

offers ‘place for each and all individuals” in the governance system with or without zeal for political contest.

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• Liberal democracy ignores or undermines importance of a political system in which all citizens are allowed to influence policy by means of a direct vote, or referendum, on any particular issue. The direct democracy is necessary because it devolves power.114

• In liberal democracy, the representatives of the party are forced to follow the party line on issues, rather than either the will of their conscience or constituents. While it can be argued that the electors have expressed their will in election, in a system where politics is concerned with ‘power’, the importance of popular accountability manipulated and the power is used to silence constituents.

Politically, the campaign for ‘inclusiveness’, as most important element of 'restructuring plan, in democracy intends to address two ‘anti-demos characters which dangerously threaten the ‘supremacy of the sovereignty of people over the system of governance’. These characters are ‘politics for power’ and ‘elitism for politics’. Inclusiveness in democracy is thus a ‘strategically designed political mission (restructuring plan) to integrate rights of people to economic and social development against ‘power centric-politics based on hierarchical scheme’ and ‘elitist control over means of production or resources’. Philosophically, the plan for restructuring of State is an attempt to create a’ blend of two historical traditions, the classical democratic values- freedoms of conscience and thoughts- and socialist paradigm of justice-equal distribution of resources. Some scholars have even attempted to ‘define it as a synthesis of these two traditions’. Whatever may be the academic definition, in crux the ‘concept of inclusiveness in democracy’ ‘rejects the concentration of power in hands of a smaller ‘ruling elites’ in the level state as well as the political body such as political parties.115 The mission for restructuring of the State in this context means an ‘antagonism to, or rejection of, all those efforts or attempts that directly or indirectly establish or foster ‘power-centric’ government system. Functionally, it calls for breaking of a government system that concentrates the power of the state in hands of elites led by the king, or a clan or despotic

114 . In many countries, people govern villages, parishes and smaller towns by meetings of eligible

members. In Switzerland, for instance, even two states (cantons) practice a form of direct democracy where all eligible residents (landsgemeinde) gather in the open air and decide forthcoming policy by show of hands. In Denmark, for instance, the municipalities hold their elections by their own decisions. Constituents have power to withdraw the councilors and the elected body.

115 . This is exactly what is the political parties of Nepal have miserably failed to address. In 1990, the transfer of power form absolutist monarchy was achieved without destroying the ‘power center’ this traditional institution maintained for last two centuries. The restoration of democracy left the ‘feudal institutional power center unaffected’ except some changes in the system of decision making process. For instance, the decision of the Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister could not be effective till it was finally approved by the king. The political parties on the other hand did not only have intra-democratic practices, but their leadership also exhibited an unprecedented ‘competition for forming power blocs’ and ‘unhealthy competition to usurp power’. The zeal for the ‘power’ hindered the democracy flourish within the political parties. The quest for centralization in various vestiges was phenomenal. In CPN (UML), for instance, its central leadership never faced ‘election’ to ‘be selected as deputies’ for the party congress. The seats had been reserved for the central ‘leadership’. This practice promotes ‘power concentration on leadership’, and thus rules out the possibility of the growth of a system that is founded on the ‘concept of inclusiveness’. In this context, the issue of inclusiveness is functionally related with the issue of ‘accountability to constituents’.

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leader(s). The distribution of ‘power at various level of governance’ is founded on the ‘conceptual basis of rule of law and right to self-governance. The demand for’ distribution of power among all people’ on the other hand receives its legitimacy from the exclusive ownership of people over the sovereignty of the state. The uncompromised constitutional safeguard of the ‘exclusive ownership of the people over the sovereignty’ of the state is legally is what is called “inclusiveness in democracy”. Restructuring plan in the context of inclusiveness in democracy must have three different dimensions, i.e. political, economical and social. • The political dimension is related with the sphere of ‘peoples’ power in matters of

political decision making. Inclusiveness in this context has two aspects: accountability of representatives (leadership) to constituents and unrestricted exercise of rights of people in political process. The accountability of political leadership to constituents along with people’s unrestricted exercise of rights in political process’ breaks the concentration of power in the hand of elites’.

• The economic dimension is related with the sphere of people’s power in matters of economic decision making. Inclusiveness in this context refers ‘policies of the state to allow every individual and groups of people take maximum economic advantage without causing disadvantage to others’. In other words, inclusiveness in this sense calls for ‘equity or stake of all people in resources of nation’.116 The equity and stake in means of production or resources allow people to utilize their potentiality for development. In the meantime, it grants them power to control and manage such resources. The devolution of political power is thus a prelude for the ‘economic development’ population.

• Social dimension is related with sphere of people’s power in matters of decision making in the workplace, in the education place and any other development or cultural institutions. The recognition of the individual as well as social dignity of each and all individual is the crux of this dimension. Rights concerning unrestricted use of language for communication in the group, cultural behaviors and social or religious rituals are social sphere of people’s power in decision making.

Conclusion:

The mission of 'restructuring of the State' from people's perspective has the 'socio-economic justice' as the goal. The goal is achieved through progressive reshaping of the government institutions, progressive restructuring of political parties, and adoption of proportional election system and elimination anti-equity traditions.

116 . In this concern, the political parties had serious fault. None of the political parties had any

concrete programs or policies to ‘prevent the 10% elites of Nepal consuming 47% of the national income. Obviously, their economic development policies were not pro-poor.

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SocioEconomicJustice:

Agenda ofRestructuring

Progressive Restructuring

of Government Institutions

ProgressiveRestructuring

of Political Parties

For Accommodating

Diversity andPromotingNational

Unity

EnsuringDemocratic

Practices Withinthe Political

Parties

Nationalismand

SocialProgressPromoted

PowerConcentration

Diffused

Adoption ofElectoral System

EnsuringProportionality

Representation of Entire Population

Elimination of Anti-Equity andSuperstitious

Practices

For SecuringPeople's Control

OverExercise of Political

Power byGovt. Institutions

Encouraging People for

ProgressiveSocialization

People'sSovereignty

Secured

People'sEmpowermentIn Governance

is Ensured

The restructuring entails certain primary expectations of people. They are accommodation of diversity for promoting national unity, ensuring democratic practices within the political parties, securing people's control over the exercise of powers by government institutions and empowerment of people to practice progressive socialization. Restructuring mission is therefore not typically political agenda. It is rather an agenda of 'reformulating the state politically, socially and economically'.

This mission is achieved through various interventions, as listed in the chart below.

ProgressiveRestructuringof Political

Parties

Adoption ofElectoral System

EnsuringProportionality

Representation of Entire Population

Elimination of Anti-Equity andSuperstitious

Practices

Progressive Restructuring

of Government Institutions

Adoption ofFederality forVertical Power

Sharing

Devolution ofPowers to

Local GovernanceBody

Constitutionalizationof

Accountability of PoliticalParties

Adoption of Scientific andDemocratic Education

System

The approaches to adopt for achieving the mission can be outlined as follows:

Adoption ofFederality forVertical Power

Sharing

Devolution ofPowers to

Local GovernanceBody

Constitutionalizationof

Accountability of PoliticalParties

Adoption of Scientific andDemocratic Education

System

Provincial System is 'Decentralization' of Unitary Power of the State. It can be defined as Semi-federality.

Federal State Structureis devolution of Power

Autonomous region council: Possess all rights a Federal

Constituent State has. The council or region is created based special character, such as

language, culture, landscape etc.

Constituent State is an unit of the Nationthat exercises all powers independently that are

granted by the Constitution. Its concept is foundedon principle of smaller, precise and accessible

administration

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Public Administration Online Network and Award of United Nations

Damodar Regmi♦

1. The United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance (UNPAN) The United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance (UNPAN) is the umbrella organizations of all the national, regional and international institutions involved in the field of public administration. UNPAN was established in 1999 by the Division for Public Administration and Development Management of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Main objective of the establishment of UNPAN is to help the countries, especially developing countries and countries in economic transition, to respond to the new challenges facing by respective governments and try to bridging the digital divide between the 'haves and have-nots' and lead them for their development. 2. Objective of UNPAN

Immediate objective of UNPAN is to establish an internet-based network linking the regional and national institutions devoted to public administration and finance online for information exchange, experience sharing and on-the-job training in the area of public sector policy and management. Its long-term objective is to build the capacity of these regional and national institutions to access, process and disseminate relevant information and communication technologies (ICTs) for the promotion of better public administration in the member countries. 3. Mission of UNPAN Mission of UNPAN is to promote the sharing of knowledge, experiences and best practices throughout the world in sound public policies, effective public administration and efficient civil services, through capacity-building and cooperation among the United Nations Member States, with emphasis on south-south cooperation 4. Feature of Network Far-reaching access to regional experience in the practice of public policy development and management at the regional, national and local levels; Capacity-building and south-south cooperation in information and knowledge management; Ease of access to worldwide information in all areas of public sector policy and management; Demand-driven and interactive two-way provider of information and knowledge network. ♦ Director, Department of Civil Personnel Records

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5. Core theme of UNPAN Governance systems and institutions Public service and management innovation Social and economic governance Public financial management Knowledge systems and e-government

6. Services/ Products Online information services Online training services Online advisory services Online conference services Online directory services

7. Partners UNPAN, sponsored by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), is executed and managed by the Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM), UNDESA, as UNPAN in close partnership with a group of international and regional and sub-regional institutions devoted to public administration and finance in the context of social and economic development. These institutions are titled UNPAN Online Regional Centers (ORCs) and UNPAN Online International Centers (OICs) as follows: 7.1International

• Division for Public Administration and Development Management, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DPADM/UNDESA)

• International Center of Innovation and Exchange in Public Administration (CIIIAP) • International Institute of Administrative Sciences (IIAS) • United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) • United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of

Women (INSTRAW) • United Nations Project Office on Governance (UNGC)

7.2 Africa • African Association for Public Administration and Management (AAPAM) • African Civil Services Observatory (OFPA) • African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP) • African Training and Research Center in Administration for Development (CAFRAD) • Center for Public Service Innovation (CPSI) • United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)

7.3 Arab States • Arab Administrative Development Organization (ARADO) • Dubai School of Government (DSG) • United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

7.4Asia and Pacific • Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration (EROPA) • Regional Cooperation Office for City Informatization (RCOCI) • Center for Good Governance (CGG) • United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP)

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7.5 Europe • Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern

Europe (NISPAcee) • Center for Administrative Innovation in the Euro-Mediterranean Region (CAIMED) • Supreme School of Privatization and Entrepreneurship (SSPE) • Program on Leadership, Ethics, Accountability and

Professionalism in the Public Sector (LEAP) • United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)

7.6 Latin America and Caribbean • Caribbean Center for Development Administration (CARICAD) • Institute of Public Administration in Central America (ICAP) • Latin American Center for Development Administration (CLAD) • United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)

7.7.North America • American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) • Institute of Public Administration of Canada (IPAC)

Institut d'administration publique du Canada (IAPC) International Public Management Association for Human Resources (IPMA-HR)

• Park University International Center for Civic Engagement (ICCE) 8. UN Public Service Awards Establishment of UNPAN is one of the important initiations taken by United Nations. This network has given common forum for all the administrators, academicians, scholars and institutions to exchange ideas, views and new trends among network members. Another major initiation taken by United Nation is the establishment of UN Public Service Award (UNPSA). The United Nations Public Service Awards is the most prestigious international recognition of excellence in public service. It rewards the creative achievements and contributions of public service institutions to a more effective and responsive public administration in countries worldwide. Through an annual competition, the UN Public Service Awards promotes the role, professionalism and visibility of public service. The Economic and Social Council established the United Nations Public Service Award to recognize the institutional contribution made by public servants to enhance the role, professionalism, image and visibility of the public service. It was established in 2003. 9. Objectives of the Award: (a) To reward service to citizens and motivate public servants worldwide to sustain the

momentum of innovation and the improvement of the delivery of public services; (b) To collect and disseminate successful practices and experiences in public administration

in order to support efforts for improvements in country level public service delivery; (c) Through success stories, to counterbalance any negative image of public administration,

raise the image and prestige of public servants and revitalize public administration as a noble discipline on which development greatly depends;

(d) To promote, encourage and facilitate networking among institutions and organizations relevant to public administration and strengthen the networks of the United Nations program on public administration and development; and

(e) To enhance professionalism in the public service in rewarding the successful experiences in innovations and excellence in the public service. In brief, the awards aim to:

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• Discover innovations in governance; • Reward excellence in the public sector; • Motivate public servants to further promote innovation; • Enhance professionalism in the public service; • Raise the image of public service; • Enhance trust in government; and • Collect and disseminate successful practices for possible replication.

All Public organizations/agencies at national and sub-national levels, as well as public/private partnerships and organizations performing outsourced public service functions, are eligible for nomination. The United Nations Public Service Awards take into consideration a geographical distribution of five regions. In order to level the playing field for nominations received from countries with varying levels of development and income, five regions : Africa; Asia and the Pacific; Europe and North America; Latin America and the Caribbean; and Western Asia have been established. Government departments and agencies; universities, non-governmental organizations, professional associations can submit their nomination for this award. The UN General Assembly, in its Resolution 57/277, designated 23 June as Public Service Day (A/RES/57/277). The UN Public Service Day intends to celebrate the value and virtue of public service to the community; highlight the contribution of public service in the development process; recognize the work of public servants, and encourage young people to pursue careers in the public sector. Award ceremony takes place on UN Public service day or near to the UN Public service day. 10. Categories and criteria for the awards In 2007, the United Nations Public Service Awards were given in the following three categories: Category1: Improving transparency, accountability, and responsiveness in the Public Service

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION Promotes transparency

Creates mechanisms to increase the public’s ability to observe, monitor and analyze government decision-making and processes. The mechanisms can be documentary, face-to-face, meetings, and/or electronic.

Promotes accountability

Utilizes documentation in various forms which can serve as evidence of a government’s conformity to legal, procedural and fiscal requirements, and improves processing of complaints and handling of grievances.

Promotes responsiveness

Enhances the monitoring and filtering of public opinion and the views of concerned sections of the community, and includes an obligation to share information and demonstrate openness through consultative mechanisms with the public.

Promotes equity

Extends service delivery to vulnerable groups and/or enables service delivery to a wider population particularly through mechanisms that promote social inclusion relating to gender equality, cultural diversity, the youth, elderly, disabled and other vulnerable populations.

Transforms administration

Involves transformation within a large framework rather than incremental improvements. Innovative methods, tools and techniques, in the context of a given country or region, are applied to themes such as

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modernization, change of organizational culture, administrative reforms or the overhaul of government service delivery procedures.

Introduces a new concept

Introduces a unique idea, distinctively new approach to problem solution, or unique policy or implementation design, in the context of a given country or region, for transparency, accountability and responsiveness in the Public Service.

Category 2 Improving the delivery of services

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION Increases efficiency

Streamlines processes, reduces red tape, and improves coordination and other measures increasing efficiency. An increase in efficiency must be supported by quantifiable indicators, surveys, questionnaires, etc.

Provides high-quality service delivery

Provides timeliness, courtesy, access and client-orientation in public service delivery. Includes the availability of government services at times and in ways that are more convenient to the public, speedy processing of applications or claims, reduction in the amount of paperwork and other activities citizens must perform in order to demonstrate compliance.

Transforms administration

Involves transformation within a large framework rather than incremental improvements. Innovative methods, tools and techniques, in the context of a given country or region, are applied to themes such as modernization, change of organizational culture, administrative reforms or the overhaul of government service delivery procedures.


Introduces a unique idea, distinctively new approach to problem solution, or unique policy or implementation design, in the context of a given country or region, for transparency, accountability and responsiveness in the Public Service.

Category 3- Fostering participation in policy-making decisions through innovative mechanisms

CRITERIA DESCRIPTION Promotes responsiveness

Enhances responsiveness of government to the demands and needs of citizens; favours the inclusion of the views of concerned sections of the community in public affairs; and demonstrates openness through consultative mechanisms with the public.

Promotes participation through new institutional mechanisms

Implements new processes and institutional mechanisms to channel the demands and views of citizens. This may include decision-support systems, government networking, and consultation mechanisms leading to more effective policymaking and implementation as well as holistic and “horizontal” approaches to public service delivery and management.

Facilitates e-Participation

Enables governments – policy makers and public officials – to better interact with the public, particularly individual citizens, and allows citizens, for instance, to better express their needs, participate in and influence policy-making; comment on policy implementation; provide

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feedback on government services (on and off-line services); and file complaints.


Introduces a unique idea, distinctively new approach to problem solution, or unique policy or implementation design, in the context of a given country or region, for greater participation of citizens in policy-making decisions, particularly the poor.

11. Application Process The application process consists of two stages. 1 - An application form has to be completed online through the United Nations Public Service Awards Online Application System in one of the six official United Nations languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian or Spanish). 2 - Upon reception of the applications, the Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) pre-selects nominations. Pre-selected candidates are asked to submit additional information such as a cover letter, letters of reference, supporting documents (e.g., evaluation and audit reports, results of client surveys), etc. DPADM then shortlists candidates on the basis of the documents provided. The short-listed are subsequently considered by the United Nations Committee of Experts in Public Administration. After due consideration, the Committee advises the UN Secretary-General concerning the winners of the Awards. 12. The Award Certificate and Trophy The Winners of the UN Public Service Awards receive a United Nations certificate of recognition and they are awarded with the prestigious UN Awards Trophy. No monetary compensation is given for this award. 13. Conclusion Nepal is member of Eastern Regional Organization of Public Administration (EROPA). EROPA is member /partner of The United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance (UNPAN). Main aim of UNPAN is to promote the sharing of knowledge, experiences and best practices throughout the world in sound public policies, effective public administration and efficient civil services, through capacity-building and cooperation through online network. The United Nations Public Service Awards is the most prestigious international recognition of excellence in public service. Nepal has already implemented administrative reform programs which includes better service delivery system, e governance initiatives, public private partnership programs etc. These initiations have shown indication of comparatively better public service system. Therefore it is necessary for us to keep close relation with aforementioned UN initiatives and try to benefit from it. References

1. Publications of Eastern Regional Organization of Public Administration (EROPA) 2. Publications of United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance (UNPAN)

3. Report of UN Public Service Award (UNPSA) 2007

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Monitoring and Evaluation: A Context of Japan

Bishnu Bahadur G.C.♦

Introduction Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) as an integral part of the development activities, has been a flourishing new concern of the governments. The eighth plan adopted a separate M&E policy in Nepal. In the case of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), it set up the Evaluation Study Committee in 1981. Similarly, Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), started ex-post evaluation in 1975 and ex-ante evaluation in 2001. In the latter days especially after 1980s and 1990s, M&E is becoming more popular across the nations. Monitoring and Evaluation is a tool of management and a process to keep track of event for analyzing the plan/policies and reviewing the progress. This is an organized activity, means of solving problems, and verifying accountability. Moreover, this is a mechanism to assure the consistency between investment and output/outcome/impact. Monitoring Monitoring is a process of periodic review, inspection and examination of the activities. It wants to make sure that the targeted objectives and activities are in the right direction. In other words, Monitoring is a regular, purposeful and systematic observation to check on how project/program activities are progressing. It aims at obtaining feedback at each level of implementation for achieving the better performance. Monitoring checks whether activities are performed and output produced as planned soon after the project starts to run. On the basis of the feedback, adjustments are made if needed. Enhancing good performance lies in the organizational system and the, system needs to be established within the planning phase. Sufficient considerations as who monitors, what and when kinds of questions must be considered before the project is started. Monitoring mainly verifies the output, activities, input, and carefully keeps track of the actual situation of the implementation process. Monitoring helps consider whether the activities should be continued as planned. When doing so, the objectives, output indicators, and targets established in the ex-ante evaluation study become the base for the comparison with the plan. The Table given below gives a summary of general monitoring items. Main Checkpoints in Monitoring

How is the actual input? Performance To what degree is output achieved? Is output produced as planned? Production of

Output Are the important assumptions from the activities to the output true?

♦ Under Seretary, Ministry of Education and Sports

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Do the “issues to remember” single out in the ex-ante evaluation pose no problem?

What factor impedes the production of output? Are activities implemented as planned? Is there no problem in the method for technology transfer? If activities are not as planned, what factor impedes the activities? Were the preconditions satisfied? Is there sufficient communication within the project? Is the degree of participation of the target group and related organizations in the project high? Is the recognition with respect to the project high? Do the “issues to remember” single out in the ex-ante evaluation pose no problem?

Activities and Implementation Process

Is the implementation process transparent? Is input performed as planned? Is there no problem in quality, quantity and timing of the input? Is the input sufficiently put to use in order to produce output? If there is a problem, what is the impeding factor? Do the “issues to remember” single out in the ex-ante evaluation pose no problem?

Input

Is the input available for the project transparent? Is an achievement of the project objective possible in the current condition (changes in the target group or target society)? Is it necessary to adjust the input, activities and output? Are there any new important assumptions that influence the Project?

Necessity of Adjustments

What issues must be remembered for the future? Evaluation Evaluation is the act of making a value judgment backed up by evidence. On the basis of evidence analysis is made and recommendation is provided. Evaluation does not satisfy only with the achieved objectives, but it explains how, and that contributes to the better performances in the future. Evaluation is the process of determining the value or worth of a program, initiatives towards the ultimate goal of making decisions about adopting, rejecting or revising the innovation. For Carol H. Weiss “Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the operation and /or the outcomes of a program or policy, compared to a set of explicit or implicit standards, as a means of contribution to the improvement of the program or policy”. Evaluation is thus, a systematic and objective assessment of policy, process, output, outcome, and impact against a set standard and it improves the whole system of the functioning. Evaluation is more important from the viewpoint of the taxpayers as they want to know the utilization of the public purse/money. Context of Japan There are three levels of evaluation: Policy, Program and Project. Evaluation is conducted in all levels, however, references of prefectures on policy level evaluation, references of JICA and JBIC on programs and project level evaluations are being attempted to present here. Policy

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level evaluation covers policies and related issues. Program level evaluation covers country program evaluation and thematic evaluation and project level evaluation concentrate on the project. Policy evaluation by Prefectures Policy evaluation is new phenomenon for Japan and only a few prefectures have started to evaluate their policies. Iwate Prefecture is the leading one to conduct such evaluations. The basic aim of Iwate Prefecture is “A dreamland Iwate created by everyone”. In order to fulfill the aim, five objectives are fixed as: a society of sustainable development, a society that lives safely and comfortably, a society with creative and industrial, an actively connected networking society and a society that emphasizes both individuality and mutuality in progress. Keeping this in view, policies and plans are formulated and various services are rendered by the Prefecture. With participation of the local citizens, polices, plans and services are evaluated and further decisions are made. While making the decision for policy the questions such as: has the comprehensive plan been accomplished? are resident satisfied? what are the optimal policies? what are the implementation priorities?, are bear in mind. JICA’s evaluation: JICA is an organization, which is responsible for funding/operating projects on behalf of the Japan Government. In process of funding new project or in order to evaluate the running project, it goes through different phases of evaluation and they are as follows: 1) Assessing the performance of a project; 2) Making a value judgment on the project using Five Evaluation Criteria; and 3) Making recommendations, drawing from the lessons learned, and feeding them back to the next program/project. (1) Assessing Performance: The performance of the project is looked at from the viewpoints of Results, Implementation Process, and Causal Relationships. Measurement of results is to see what is achieved in a project. The measurement of results is for the purpose of understanding what the project has achieved and for the purpose of verifying whether it has been achieved as expected. The achievement level of objectives, outputs, and inputs are measured at the time of evaluation, and those results are compared with what has been planned. In ex-ante evaluation, the evaluator examines the appropriateness of the contents of plans. It is also necessary to see the validity of the target values in comparison with the baseline data. Examination of implementation process is to analyze what is happening in the process towards its achievement. The examination of implementation process is for the purpose of investigating the whole process of activities and what is happening during project implementation. Several factors in the implementation process may have influenced the achievement of its objectives need to be examined. Information about the implementation process often becomes supporting evidence for efficiency and effectiveness, and thus may be useful for analysis of the hindering or contributing factors of project’s success. In the case of ex-ante evaluation, the information can be utilized to avoid obstacles in advance, and to re-design the original plans or the planning of a similar project in the case of mid-term, terminal and ex-post evaluation. Lastly, examination of causal relationships is to examine whether the project performance resulted from intervention by looking at causal relationships between the project and the effects. The examination of causal relationships is for the purpose of investigating whether

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project purpose and overall goal are or will be achieved as a result of project implementation. A project is merely one intervention for a whole society and thus, there always are influences caused by other factors. Even though some effects are observed as expected, there might be other influential factors that are not related to the project’s implementation. In order to examine causal relationships between effects and a project, different approaches from the ones used for performance assessment will be adopted. Those approaches include the method of comparing a target group with and without a project and seeing changes before and after a project.

Assessment of Performance – Three Aspects

(2) Value Judgment Based on Five Evaluation Criteria Evaluation is undertaken for the purpose of making a value judgment based on the achievement of results. JICA adopted Five Evaluation Criteria for conducting an evaluation (mainly project evaluation), which was proposed by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1991. These five criteria, as shown below, are meant to be used for evaluating development assistance activities from a comprehensive range of criteria. i) Relevance A criterion for considering the validity and necessity of a project regarding whether the expected effects of a project (or project purpose and overall goal) meet with the needs of target beneficiaries; whether a project intervention is appropriate as a solution for problems concerned; whether the contents of a project is consistent with policies; whether project strategies and approaches are relevant, and whether a project is justified to be implemented with public funds of Official Development Assistance (ODA).

(Assessment of Result) - Measure the extent to

which inputs, project purposes, and overall goal are achieved

- Compare them with targets

(Examining Implementation process) Examine whether activities are conducted as originally planned and what is happening in the process of implementation Analyze hindering or

(Examination of causal Relationships)

- Examine whether the effects for the beneficiary resulted from the project - Analyze hindering or contributing factors

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ii) Effectiveness A criterion for considering whether the implementation of project has benefited/ will benefit the intended beneficiaries or the target society. iii) Efficiency : A criterion for considering how economic resource/inputs are converted to results. The main focus is on the relationship between project cost and effects. iv) Impact This is a criterion for considering the effects of the project with an eye on the longer term effects including direct or indirect, positive or negative, intended or unintended. v) Sustainability This is a criterion for considering whether produced effects continue after the termination of the assistance/project. Evaluating a project by using the five criteria makes it possible to see the value of a project from different viewpoints, and as a result, various factors that influence the success or the failure of the project can be specified. When evaluating projects, whether to assess performance or to foresee the future, perspectives will differ depending on the timing of evaluation study in operating cycle. Focus of each criterion also will vary among projects. However, JICA considers all five criteria in the evaluation. (3) Make Recommendations, Learn Lessons and Feedback Results of an evaluation are meaningful only when they are utilized. JICA recognizes the evaluation as a practical management tool, and therefore specific recommendations should be made and lessons should be drawn from the evaluation results. The recommendations and lessons learned have to be fed back to relevant departments of JICA and related organizations so that they will be utilized for the improvement of the target project or future operations. It is indispensable to specify the hindering or contributing factors influencing a project when making such recommendations and understanding. For instance, when the project is found to be not effective, the hindering factors should be identified by examining both the implementation process and the causal relationships, and based on those factors, recommendations or lessons learned should be proposed. Types of evaluation Three types of evaluation: external, internal and participatory are being practiced in JICA system. External evaluation is conducted by third party, whereas, internal evaluation is conducted by the JICA staff and participatory evaluation is conducted by the joint efforts of JICA and stakeholders. JBIC Evaluation JBIC also follows almost the same process and types of evaluation. Five criteria are adopted while evaluating the programs and projects. The JBIC is found more inclined to use the external evaluation. The stages of evaluations in JBIC system are ex-ante evaluation (appraisal) in planning stage, mid-term evaluation at the implementation stage, ex-post evaluation as a follow-up and ex-post monitoring. Ex-post monitoring is conducted in some projects to see/observe their major activities and to ensure if they are functioning well. In JICA system terminal evaluation (post evaluation) at the completion stage is conducted and other stages are almost the same. Monitoring and Evaluation: Two Sides of a Coin

Monitoring Evaluation

Measurement Comparison Description Judgment

Tools Indicators Achievement Suspension, adoption, Revision

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Tools As the figure itself speaks that monitoring is preliminary task of M&E and evaluation is the end task. Monitoring plays an important role with respect to evaluation. Monitoring is routine work and provides information for re-designing a project’s plan if necessary. If monitoring is not carried out appropriately, necessary data and information for evaluation might be lacking. They both complement to each other; they cannot be separated and one is not possible and not meaningful in isolation. Conclusion M&E are two sides of a coin, evaluation takes its shape on the basis of monitoring. However, there needs a careful attention, resources and skilled hands and minds to prepare a good peace of evaluation. This may be the reason that developed countries like Japan concentrate on Evaluation and in the case of Nepal Monitoring is more in use. M&E is one of the means of management that contributes to getting things done as set in the past. Moreover, this is one of the best means to streamlining the government's objectives. Therefore, many nations in the world are in favor of strengthening the M&E system and donors are also working in this line. In the case of Japan, new projects are initiated on the background of the recommendation given by the past projects. Recommendations of an evaluation are taken as the guidelines. Moreover, there is a provision of a column in the new project document, where the gist of recommendation of the past project is mentioned. Monitoring is an ongoing task, which cannot be done all the time by central level organizations. In the case of Nepal, there are many organizations, which are responsible for monitoring, but seem confused with their responsibilities. Similarly, there looks overlapping among the organizations for their responsibilities. This is why also, it may be best use of the resources if we left the monitoring responsibilities with the local level organizations and take the initiatives of evaluation by central level organizations. More than that we need to focus is, the real meaning and objectives of the M&E is practiced in real term. References: Acharya, M.R. (2002). Business of Bureaucracy. Kathmandu: Phulchowki Printing. FASID (2006). Management Tool for Development Assistance. Tokyo: Author. JBIC, (2006).Evaluation Highlights on ODA Loan Projects, 2006. Japan: Author. JICA (2004). JICA Guidelines for Project Evaluation. Japan: Author.

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Strategic Management in Nepalese Bureaucracy (Is it really worked?)

Basu dev sharma♦

The concept and use of strategic management in the corporate sector is becoming very much concerning subject. How much capable and competitive the management team is and what vision it articulates in the market? Totally depends on management perception, knowledge, values, culture and tradition. If the management can transform its dream in to result it will be a competitive advantage for the corporation if it is not able to catch the desired destination then the times come for change the grand strategy. Strategic management is the concept used for managing turbulent, cut throat and keen competition in the uncertain, risky and unpredictable environment. The business sector usually prefers to use this concept for their survival, growth and development. Every organization has resources some may have money, others may have human strength or positioning or location or any other strength. It is the core advantages or may have positioning advantages of the organization that make it success and failure. What ever resources you have, planned that for getting desired destination? The smart managers know this and use core strategic competency for getting strategic advantages from challenging environment. In fact it is the mantra of strategic management which makes it difference from policy. Policy first make the plan then only think about resources where as strategy make the plan seeing the resources. Strategy always detect anticipate, expect and measure the trends of external forces that have an impact on overall functioning of the organization, Which is called proactive style of management in bureaucracy. A proactive bureaucratic system always thinks in advance about the probable changes in future and makes plan and policy accordingly. Whether strategic management concept can be used in Nepalese bureaucracy or not? Before making a critical analysis, let’s discuss with the core concept of strategic management. Strategic management is the set of decisions and actions resulting in formulation and implementation of strategic designed to achieve the objectives of an organization. It includes the planning, directing, organizing and controlling of the strategy –related decisions and action. By strategy, managers mean their large scale, future oriented plans for interacting with the competitive environment to optimize achievement of organization objectives. Strategy can be said as “game plan”. A strategy reflects a companies awareness of how to compete, against whom, when, where, and for what.

It involves following critical area.

Determining mission of the organization, including broad statements about its purpose, Philosophy and goal.

Developing an institutional profile that reflects internal condition and capabilities. Assessment of the company’s external environment, in terms of both competitive and

general contextual factors.

♦ Under secretary, Revenue Administration Training Center,

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Analysis of possible option uncovered in the matching of the organization profile with the external environment.

Identifying the desired options uncovered when possibilities are considered in light of the organization mission.

Strategic choice of a particular set of long term objectives and grand strategy needed to achieve the desired options.

Development of annual objectives and short term strategies compatible with long term objectives and grand strategy.

Implementing strategic choice decision based on budgeted resource allocations and emphasizing the matching of tasks, people, structures, technologies and reward system.

Review and evaluation of the success of the strategic process to serve as a basis for control and as an input for future decision making.

Nepalese bureaucracy really determining its mission in statement and process but what is lacking is the quantitative and qualitative target in terms of tangible benefit with respect to its dependent variable “The customers and Key Stakeholders" is still undefined. Its philosophy and goal stated only in the name of the people and generalized it every where. But what exactly the philosophy of bureaucracy the policy makers themselves are in confusion. Each and every ministry and department have their own profile, Mission, vision, Goal, broad policy, sect oral and functional policy, citizen charters .But what is lacking is they have no profile of real beneficiaries, the real needs, desire, test and preferences of their target consumers the people. Besides this still there is no rational justification why these organization are their? Every organization has good qualified manpower but they are not able to say that we are capable or strength on this aspect. Each and every organization is not able to say about their potentiality. Nepalese Bureaucracy is able to analyze its competitive position in the internal and external environment, it knows its challenges and opportunity but what it can not sketch and realized is the “Game plan” That’s why its success are also counting on failures. When the process of democratization injects in bureaucratic system it adopts an open interactive system within and outside the organization but what are lacking is it can not states clearly what are the core competency of bureaucracy. In what area or sector it can bring changes and institutionalize the changes? How it can transform feaudocratic model in to people enteric and employees enteric model. In these days Bureaucracy is going to fight with its challenges with those human assets who are capable and strength in out looking but not confident internally to win the challenge and problems. The concept of Neutral bureaucracy is almost collapses in these days. But what is increasing is separation in different political wing. The employees are applying strategic alliances with “Ministerial and political leader” To capture the benefited growth market for their career. Service is more secure when nexus is stronger with political party and party leaders. Satisfying people employees will get reward of self satisfaction. In fact grand strategy of wining the difficulties and turbulences are only the dreams of the bureaucracy but not the realities. Still there is no Consumers survey in the government office for the identification of people choice and ranking the performance of employees on the basis of peoples or clients satisfactions. The boss wants to maximize their value on the basis of “chakari, nagrana and other benefit. The resources benefit and facilities do not allocate on equity basis. First priority is given to the “Aafno manchhay”. Total transformation is rare in bureaucracy. Opportunistic feelings itself providing poison for the destruction of the system. Bureaucratic organizations are

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running on the basis of common values but not on the values of critical success factor of the general organization. Different aspect of Strategic management (Concerning bureaucracy) Strategic management is a composition of different variables. The first important point is clarity about mission goal objectives and purpose. For what purpose that organization is standing? Who are the customers of that particular organization? What product or service that particular organizations offer to the customer? What are the core values of that organization? What competency and core capability is existed with this organization? How this organization can survive on risky and crisis situation? These are the questions asked while opening the organization. Unfortunately our bureaucracy is unable to give appropriate answer of these questions. But these issues are very important and relevant in the present context of restructuring the state and its operationalization. The second important point that is very crucial in strategic management is Assessment of internal capability, Resources, competitive position, Strength on finance, Human capital, technology and information. Organization that has good market positioning, sound financial position qualified, dedicated and professional management team and strong commitment and confidence of the members to achieve the desired goal can enjoy in the competition and can meet every threaten imposed by external environment. Looking these things on bureaucratic organization we will be disappointed. The talent and dedicated bureaucrats are themselves frustrated from the systems. The vision of the bureaucracy is still in the consent and assumption of the politician. Dynamism is gradually decreasing. Analysis of external environment is the next important ingredients of strategic management. What is happening outside bureaucracy is more important then inside bureaucracy. It makes proactive for the bureaucratic organization? But still bureaucrats are confused on the external matters they are not able to distinguish between what are appropriate external issues and what are not? Formulation of different level strategy is another important aspect of strategic management. Basically three levels of strategy corporate, business and functional level strategy must be formulated to go in to action. In bureaucracy usually corporate level strategy are formulated no doubt but functional level strategy are not still clear in front line office again there is no uniformity and consistency regarding these three different level of strategy. These strategies are not made on mutual understanding of these three different levels. Besides these issues strategy regarding product and service, marketing, expansion and Human resources, technology advancement and growth aspect are not clarify because of the confusion regarding these subject matter. Usually strategic strength must be matched with opportunities and strategic threat must be converted in to opportunities through minimizing weakness and exploiting strength. In unfavorable and crisis situation how to operate the bureaucratic organization the government has not any strategic option only adhoc practice are done for this purpose. Scenario building is another important part of strategic management. It constructs picture of possible futures. It generates forecast of different future condition when the environment has high level of uncertainty. Scenario allows organization to prepare for future surprise. Nepalese public organizations are not used to on such exercises. The government organization themselves are unable to find out their competitive position policy analysis is done on

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directional basis and five forces analysis for environmental analysis is not in practice. Environmental scanning is not made in detail even in the situation of crisis. Symptoms of ineffective organization structure

o Too many levels of management o Too many meetings attended by too many people. o Too much interdepartmental conflicts. o Too large a span of control. o Too many unachieved objectives. o Distorted authority – responsibility relationship. o One way communication o Massive changes required to implement new strategy.

Dimension of strategic issues and their application Various dimensions of strategic issues plays important role for the implementation of strategy in practice. Unless and until we are not able to address these issues in the organization strategy remains only in the statement but not in the practice. Maximum attention is needed for the application of strategic action in the organization. Before concluding the fact of Nepalese Bureaucracy it becomes essential to discuss on strategic dimension Strategician says that following strategic dimension can be used to address the strategic issues in the organization. These dimensions if used very consciously will be very helpful for implementing strategy in practice. Strategic issues require Top Management Decisions. Without support of top management it is very difficult to implement the strategy. Once strategies are formulated they must be supported by the top management for their betterment. If the Top management do not realize and conceive the strategic issue in the positive sense the strategy remain idle it can not perform the real work. In our bureaucratic organization unless and until the leader do not realize that they are the main actor to give mobility on strategy it is very difficult to implement them. What is lacking in bureaucracy is that government makes the policy for implementation but it does not care about its implementation that’s why it is difficult to implement because of the political will and commitment. Top executives' decisions are the real declaration and commitment of overall management. The whole team of organization must be concentrated towards it to get the appropriate discharge of strategic function in practical field. Strategic issues are conscious about the future It is called a proactive approach, because these strategic issues are concentrated towards getting thing in future. They always think about the future uncertainty and factor concentrates with it. As we know that future is unpredictable. It is very difficult to guess about the future scenario and prospect of present strategy and policy. They will be work as desired or they will be worth less due to their inappropriateness in practice. Whatever the policy the government initiates for the well being of its people? They all are directed to achieve public welfare mission and goal in future once the policy goes in to action they will not work as desired by the immediate people themselves because there is a big gap between policies forming and put it in to action. Still the bureaucratic mechanism is unable to define about the probable future scenario of business. What business they are going to conduct in the name of people that are still confusing and

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unclear. Realizing these facts we cannot say that government mechanism is clear about its future destination and prospects and able to react for any signals that is posed by external and internal environment it self. But Nepalese bureaucracy is able to perform the direction that comes from its bureaucratic wing itself. Various trade unions and lobbying group of bureaucracy are interested to fulfill their own interest but they are not interested to lobbying to fulfill the needs desire and expectation of the people as desired by public. Strategic issues have a significanst impact on the long term prosperity of the organization This fundamental characteristic of strategic management exactly functioning in the bureaucracy because what ever the legacy bureaucracy have from its past historical events it does not wants to replace it as quickly as possible. The long term survival of organization in bureaucratic sense is just continuity of organization it self. The prosperity of organization really depends on what it wants to achieve and what it wants to realized from the different prospects. The long term vision, mission, goal and operational activities will guide in reality what exactly the organization is? If we do not act and follow the real rules of organization and its prospects it will be very difficult to tolerate the threats that are imposed organizational stimuli. The long term prospect of organization really depends on how it works and performs. If it really performs in well manner it will be much benefited otherwise it will be very complicated. The strategic impact of all these activities will be in a sequence. The long term prosperity of organization remain on how it perform the work otherwise it will be very doubt to say how well it is working and why it is not working as expected. Strategic issues are very crucial for the long term prosperity. What will be the future prospect of particular organization in terms of its growth, stability and restructuring that is designed by strategy. Either strategy will succeed in the particular situation that can be designed only after the future game plan of that organization. The existence and collapsed of organization in the long run is directly concerned with its future vision and commitment on that vision guided by strategy. Different level of strategy and its use in bureaucracy Truly speaking three levels of strategy we can use in organization.Corporate level, business level and functional level. A corporate level strategy is concerned with broad policy making, overall grand strategy preparation and making result oriented and action oriented plan. This strategy is directly concerning with fixing goal objective mission vision etc. Usually central level bureaucratic agency performs these types of function. Another types of strategy is called functional level strategy. This strategy is called functional in the sense that it is concerned with the operational activity or implementing activity. This strategy is basically concerned with different function and their action plan for operations. Usually different department of Nepal Government are associated with this strategy. This strategy is connected with overall direction and coordination between different business level strategies. The third one is business level strategy which is prepared by different office unit or implementing unit or project unit in terms of policy program action plan and the real working of the organization. The overall working of organization actually depends on business level strategy prepared by different district and unit level office. The concept of decentralization matches here with business level strategy. For the efficient use of scarce resources, allocation and distribution of different means and instruments business level strategy realized the concept and formulate a criteria or standard to implement designed action. Different level strategy plays an important role for the overall implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policy, program activity and action. How much effective a planning system is that depends on how well the strategy is conceived and used? Higher the level of confidence in

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strategy formulation and implementation higher the chances of getting right use of resources for right purpose and right result. Whatever the situation external environment provide for the organization in a particular season? That describes the real effectiveness of its human and non human assets in the accomplishment of organizational goals. When we see the picture of bureaucracy in a turbulent situation we do not consider it’s strategic solution but we want to use political solution that’s why bureaucracy is going to deteriorate continuously in the political favor ground. The neutrality of bureaucracy is almost in crisis because of the strategic game plan that is not used by bureaucrats on their personal business. In bureaucracy we see that only corporate level strategies are strong as compare to other types of strategy. With in the corporate level strategy there are other different styles of strategy pushing and pulling with in the bureaucracy in the different political flavor. The strategic science is the basic solution for addressing different types of problems and cross cutting issues. But these issues are very crucial for solving and using all these strategy in practice. In Nepalese bureaucracy different level of strategic model are perceived in conceptual level but they are not used properly in practice. For the practical applicability of strategy in practice what is needed is the projected outcome and tangible result of the organization. Due to the confusion of public sector tangible result in different sector it is difficult to apply business level strategy. Different levels of strategy are very crucial in different aspect of project management. Various projects are doing their strategic exercises on project management work but there is no consistency between different phases of project management. As we realized that different phases of project are going towards better networking and better utilization of resources but they are lacking behind due to their inappropriateness and mismanagement in whole strategic management process. Nepalese bureaucracy still not realizing proactive strategy in their behavior they are not committed to achieve their own mission. Instead of this they are devoting their time for non core function. In such a situation how we can say that Nepalese bureaucracy is going toward getting something new and working in a very serious manner. Whatever may be the grand thinking regarding strategy political agenda and political interest directly kill it with out any justification. How to reorient towards strategic vision? The turning point in Nepalese bureaucracy is how to adopt strategic way in working. The overall reform of bureaucracy itself is connecting with the strategic vision and its honest implementation. Whatever the changes we are conceiving and initiating in our new act they will be in action only with the strategic game plan. In the coming days with out making strategic action plan it is not possible to deliver the sprit of action in to practice. The strategic vision itself is the basic fundamentals to take into action the progressive reform. Our traditional organization cultures do not permit for speed working and do not give permission to avoid the process that will be a difficult part to go towards strategic thinking. Reorienting towards strategic exercises for bureaucracy itself is a reform in administration. With the initiation of concept of new Nepal formation the bureaucracy also needed to do some remarkable changes on their performance not only on organizational setting and hierarchical changes. To make it performing what is needed is strategic choice? Which strategy among the different option should be selected to get an attracting positionining in the sociopolitical context? Our bureaucratic setup usually believes on justice equality and rational distribution Peoples are the owner or promoters and bureaucrats are the manager and management. Again ownership and management is separate here. But what is different is the CEO or the secretary do not get a direct contractual agreement with the people he get all power from concerned minister. In fact ministers are the representative of the owner so they themselves feel as an owner of the

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ministry. If the minister do not support strategic action plan and prescribed his own model of strategy then there will be conflict between owners and managers. If both the owner and manager are agree to implement same strategic vision then there will be no confusion regarding their choice and selection. Usually in Nepal strategy changes with individual personality changes. Stability in strategy is lacking in Nepal. Without stable strategy it is very difficult to operate in a dynamic situation. Stability in the proclamation itself is a remarkable point towards the reorient strategic way. Different alternatives can be imposed to reorient towards strategic vision. Among them the most important are (1) Search the overall threat, Weakness, challenges, Risk and uncertainty which are giving

tourcher for the initiation of strategic culture in the organization. Make a kind of explicit and implicit agreement and understanding with these barriers and fixed their tolerable limit. If the tolerable limit is exceed than the expected losses go counter attack with these challenges. If they are in the neutral position go on defense strategy and when their position is weak hit on the places where our barriers can’t move. This is one of the ways towards strategic orientation.

(2) Scanning socio political and global environment to know whether our vision is consistent with the international thinking or not. If our activity are exactly on the international norms values and beliefs do not change the strategy. If our perceived matter is ethnocentric convert it into geocentric. Bureaucracy today can’t perform well only realizing the national parameters. Different international variables must be taken in to consideration for tackling domestic problems too.

(3) Empowerment of individual, institutions and overall system for energy generation. When we talk about devolution decentralization and disbursement of power, it is only for spending not for earning although there is a provision of resource generation but the strategic vision is not going in this way. Our Strategic vision for reorientation must focus on above issue. It should not be confused with absolute representation or majority representation. Thinking critically about power delegation and make them independent implementation unit became the real path towards strategic orientation.

(4) Reorientation towards strategic vision provides flexible nature of working environment. But how much flexibility is needed in political and administration ground that should be strategically defined for strategic orientation. If the existing ecology do not permit flexibility than the provisional flexibility with condition should be placed before entering in to the action. What is reality in strategic management is “an organization system failed with the strategy”. Considering this fact what we need to do is what really we conceived and what really we want to do for change. A strategy will be very popular only in that condition when it wins the race with large no of competitors from its core competency. So this is a time to search what are the real core competencies in bureaucracy. Going towards strategic vision with core competency became an alternative to go a head.

(5) Whether a strategy work or not that depends on Strategician. If the Strategician knows the existing and probable situation he will be able to make scenario planning other wise he can’t simulate the future picture and can not prescribed strategic solution. Providing strategic solution is the duty of Strategician. Therefore for strategic orientation who is it? A minister, a planner, or a project manager that should be clarifies before making action.

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Conclusion If we see the past history the concept of strategic management was used on army organization. But today it is very popular in business world. Public organizations are also interested to use this concept in their working style. But what is reality is “No company and no country, can afford to ignore the need to compete. Every company and every country must try to understand and master competition” That’s why strategic management is important from the national point of view. To make competent nation we need a strong and stable bureaucracy with broad strategic vision who can fight with any challenged imposed internally as well as externally. Using various concept theory, Technique, Tactics, and practice of strategic management bureaucracy can perform distinctly in the competitive environment. Whatever may be the subject and matter of development it can competently perform with the help of strategic management? Public organizations are also using private style of management in place of their traditional thinking. Various government offices are working in participatory approach considering the interest of the stake holder. Bureaucratic organizations are working in business like manner but not with the aim of profit maximizing. The human resource of public sector is conscious with the result. Various dynamism are using there for the benefit of the people. Resource are using for the direct benefit of user group. A dynamic reform is contentiously operating in public sector. Considering all these positive aspect we can expect that strategic management can consciously applied in bureaucracy. But what is needed is strong commitment from political leadership and executive execution is needed. If the leadership trust on strategic management it will be really applied in each and every aspect of bureaucracy. It works successfully whatever may be the surrounding. References: Adhikari, D.R, (2006) Strategic Management, Kathmandu: Buddha acedemic publication and distribution. Agrawal, Govind Ram (2007) Business Environment in Nepal, Kathmandu: M.K. Publishers. Bienen, Henry and John Waterbury, The political Economy of Privatization in Developing countries, “World Development, 17.5, 1989, pp.617-632. Enabling State Program (ESP) (2001), Pro-Poor Governance Assessment Nepal: September 2001, p .p 63-68. Ghimire, R.P. (2005) Privatization of Public Enterprises in Nepal: Efforts and Achievement. The Nepalese Journal of Public Finance and Development, 2004/2005 Dec-Jan Volume3: 208-218. Kathmandu University School of Management (2005) Business vision spring 2005, a journal by MBA Student (2003-2005) of Kathmandu University School of Management Robinson,J.R Peares II, j.A & Richard , B.(2005) Strategic Management formulation and Implementation, Delhi: A.I.T.B.S. Publisher and distributers.

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