LDP Mathewos 2006

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consult

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MATHEWOS ConsultArchitectural, Engineering, Urban Planning, Urban Development and Urban Management ConsultantsTele: +251-091-168 33 56; +251-011-651-38-35 P.O. Box: 17761, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaE-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]

MINISTRY OF WORKS AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Federal Urban Planning Institute

LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLANMANUAL

September, 2006Addis Ababa

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TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page

LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................iii

LIST OF FORMAT...........................................................III

LIST OF STANDARDS........................................................III

ACRONYMS..................................................................IV

PART I BACKGROUND STUDY...................................11. INTRODUCTION......................................................21.1 . BACKGROUND............................................................21.2. LDP IN THE CONTEXT OF ETHIOPIAN URBAN PLANNING SYSTEM.......................3

1.3. PURPOSE OF THE MANUAL...................................................4

1.4. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES ADOPTED.......................................4

1.5. HOW TO USE THE MANUAL.................................................4

1.6. CONTENT OF THE MANUAL..................................................5

2. REVIEW OF PRACTICES...............................................62.1. GENERAL...............................................................6

2.2. INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES.................................................6

2.3. LOCAL PRACTICES........................................................9

3. CONCEPTION, GENERAL PROVISIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS................143.1. CONCEPTION AND PRINCIPLES................................................14

3.1.1. KEY ISSUES AND CONCEPTS...........................................14

3.1.2. KEY PRINCIPLES AND THE IDP APPROACH ADOPTED.........................15

3.1.3. THE KEY LDP DEVELOPMENT FRAMES....................................16

3.2. GENERAL PROVISIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS......................................16

3.2.1. GENERAL PROVISIONS...............................................16

3.2.2. URBAN LEVEL CLASSIFICATIONS........................................19

3.2.3. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS CONSIDERATIONS..........................19

PART II THE PROCEDURE MANUAL...........................21PHASE 1: PREPARATORY WORKS.........................................23PHASE 2: DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS................................28PHASE 3: DEVELOPING STRATEGIC OPTIONS..............................35PHASE 4: PROPOSALS.................................................37PHASE 5: INTEGRATING PROPOSALS.....................................46PHASE 6: APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL...................................49

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultPHASE 7: IMPLEMENTATION............................................52PHASE 8: MONITORING AND EVALUATION.................................57PART III ANNEXES.........................................59ANNEX I: FORMATS..........................................................IIANNEX II: STANDARDS.......................................................XXXREFERENCES..............................................................XXXII

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig.1. A Framework of the Trend in the Ethiopian Urban Planning System

Fig 2. Sample LDP from Merkato, Addis Ababa

Fig 3. Strategies for Implementation of LDPs

LIST OF FORMAT

Format No. 1. Example of Stakeholders Identification and Analysis in

LDP Planning Process

Format No. 2. Demographic Data Collection and Analysis Format

Format No. 3. Social Data Collection and Analysis Formats

Format No. 4. Economic Data Collection & Analysis Formats

Format No. 5. Institutional Information Collection and Analysis Format

Format No. 6. Legal Frameworks Data Collection & Analysis Format

Format No. 7. Financial Data Collection and Analysis Format

Format No. 8. Physical Data Collection and Analysis Formats

Format No. 9. Population Data Collection and Analysis Formats

Format No. 10. Economic Data

Format No. 11. Example of Existing Environmental Physical Data

Collection Format

Format No. 12. Example of Existing Landuse Data Collection and

Analysis Format

Format No. 13. Housing Data Collection and Analysis Format

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultFormat No. 14. Institutional Information Data Collection and Analysis

Format

Format No. 15. Legal Frameworks Data Collection and Analysis Format

Format No. 16. Financial Information Collection and Analysis Format

Format No. 17. Example of Action Plan Format

Format No. 18. GAPS Identification Sample Format for an LDP Area

Format No. 19. LDP Outputs Formats

LIST OF STANDARDS

Standard 1. Data Types/Components

Standard 2. LDPs Preparation Levels

Standard 3. Typical Road Profile Showing Utility Lines Alignment

ACRONYMS

AAWSA = Addis Ababa Water and Sewerage Authority

BAR = Built-up Area Ratio

BWUD = Bureau of Works and Urban Development

CBO = Community Based Organization

CSA = Central Statistical Authority

EEPCO = Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

ETC = Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation

FAR = Floor Area Ratio

FDRE = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

FUPI = Federal Urban Planning Institute

HIV/AIDS = Human Immune Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome

IDP = Integrated Development Plan

LDP = Local Development Plan

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultLEDP = Local Economic Development Plan

LP = Local Plan

MoFA = Ministry of Federal Affairs

MWUD = Ministry of Works and Urban Development

NGO = Non Governmental Organization

PPP = Public Private Partnership

RF = Representative Forum

SC = Steering Committee

SNNPRS = Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples

Regional State

SDP = Social Development Plan

SP = Structure Plan/Specific Plan

SWOT = Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and

Threats

TC = Technical Committee

TOR = Terms of Reference

TVET = Technical, Vocational, Education and

Training

WSA =Water and Sewerage Authority

UURP =Urban Upgrading and Renewal Project

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PART I

BACKGROUND

STUDY

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1. INTRODUCTION

Background

Urban planning is one of the most important tools of urban management.

It guides the socio-economic and spatial/physical development of a

given urban center. Hence, urban development effort without the

guidance of urban planning is like walking blindfolded.

Ethiopia is not only least urbanized but also most urban centers in

the country are predominantly unplanned. A naked eye observation on

current urban morphologies suffices to retrace the minimal role of

planning in the Ethiopian urbanization process. This predominance of

unplanned development in Ethiopian urbanization poses a substantial

need for re-planning in all urban centers of the country. The re-

planning involves an extensive land-use readjustment, fundamental

reorganization of infrastructure networks as well as revitalizing run

down urban fabrics. In this respect, LDPs play key roles, since

wholesale interventions are both unfeasible and unadvisable in built

up urban areas.

LDP is a lower level urban plan, which is prepared within the

framework of a structure plan. It is detailed and focuses on specific

locality of an urban center for immediate implementation. It is,

therefore, an important tool for implementation of structure plan

proposals.

The preparation of LDPs in Ethiopia has a very brief history.

Moreover, it is limited to few urban centers. The methodology has been

ad-hoc lacking systematized approaches. The approaches, pursued by the

LDPs prepared for various localities in Addis Ababa are not similar

due to the fact that there are no standardized guidelines. This has

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultsignificantly affected the quality of the local development plans so

far prepared and impeded their effective execution. Evidently, most of

the LDPs prepared for the various localities of Addis Ababa are either

left on shelves or wrongly implemented.

The knowledge gap in the preparation of LDPs in Ethiopian urban

centers has necessitated the preparation of simplified LDP preparation

and implementation Manual. The manual attempts to standardize the

spontaneously used LDP preparation knowledge and techniques. More

importantly, the manual preparation has adopted the recently

introduced IDP approach in order to secure strong public participation

and integrated development efforts of urban centers.

1.2. LDP in the Context of Ethiopian Urban Planning System.

Fig.1. A Framework of the Trend in the Ethiopian Urban Planning

System

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Level

Level 1Long Term

Level 3

Level 2

Long Term IntegratedRegional Development Plan

Long Term Integrated Urban Development Plan(IDP)

Urban Structure Plan

IUISP(Integrated

UrbanInfrastructureand Service

Plan)

UTTMP(Urban Transport

and TrafficManagement

Plan)

LDP(Local

Development Plan)

LEDS(Local Economic

DevelopmentStrategy)

SDS(Social

DevelopmentStrategy)


In the Ethiopian Urban Planning System, LDP may be conceived as a

detailed urban development plan of a locality or neighborhood or part

of an urban center. It is a major tool through which SP is implemented

and may have a life span not exceeding that of the SP. LDPs have two

major objectives:

1. To guide a long term development of a locality by providing tools

such as building permit procedures; design guidelines and brief;

2. To facilitate efficient and effective implementation of projects

such as city center business development, UURP, real estate

projects, etc by providing detailed land use and urban design

proposals.

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Level 4

5 yearsIUISP

5 years UTTMP

5 yearsLDP

5 yearsLEDS

5 yearsSDS

5 yearsUURP

PROJECTS

5 years

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consult1.3 Purpose of the Manual

The main purpose of the manual is to fill the long observed detailed

urban planning knowledge gap in the Ethiopian urban development

planning practice. The manual is intended to bring optimal LDP

preparation and implementation approaches and procedures in one

simplified document for easy reference by practitioners.

1.4 Methodology and Approaches Adopted

Cognizant of the time given for the preparation of the manual and its

urgent need for immediate use by the client, rapid assessment

technique has been chosen as a strategic approach to prepare the

manual. Accordingly, the following methods have been pursued:

Available printed and non-printed relevant materials have been

reviewed especially to derive lessons from international and

national experiences on the issues under consideration. The

materials reviewed covered planning books, laws, regulations,

policies, study documents etc,

First hand information has been gathered on same issues from

the four regional states of Oromiya, Amhara, SNNPR and Tigray.

The relevant government offices of the regional states have

been interviewed, requested to fill out questionnaires and

participated in focus group discussions,

More importantly, accumulated knowledge of pioneer urban

professionals has been effectively used by including them in

the study team, and

Series of brainstorming sessions, in-house presentations and

debates were also arranged among multi-disciplinary urban

professionals to enrich the study.

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consult1.5 How to use the Manual

The manual is meant to serve urban professionals working at all levels

of urban centers. The first part of the Manual, which briefly

discusses concepts, principles, strategies and standards, should be

clearly understood before embarking on the preparation of the manual.

In using the manual, urban professionals are highly advised to

seriously examine their local conditions and adapt some of the

prescriptions stated in the manual to their contexts. All activities

and actions stated in the manual are not necessarily mandatory to

every urban context. This, however, doesn’t mean that most of the

activities and actions stated in the manual are not useful to all

conditions; and therefore they should be strictly followed for

successful LDP preparation and implementation

1.6 Content of the Manual

In the first part of the document, the concepts of LDP, principles and

strategies that should be applied in the preparation and

implementation of LDP have been stated. The manual has also tried to

incorporate international and national practices of LDP preparation

and implementation. In the second part, all the necessary steps and

procedures that should be followed to prepare LDP (starting from

preparatory activities through implementation up to monitoring and

evaluation) have been provided in an orderly manner. The third part

presents model formats and standards to be used in the LDP planning

process.

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2. REVIEW OF PRACTICES2.1. GeneralAll over the world, urban areas are always operating under a pressure

of continuous changes. As economic and social fabrics of urban areas

constantly change over time, importance and spatial organization of

urban functions are also undergoing similar changes. Along the course

of this constant change, City Governments make various efforts to

influence, guide and lead the development of urban centers along a

sustainable path. To this end, different urban plans are used widely

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultas tools of urban management and become part and parcel of their day–

to–day management routings.

Depending on local contexts and planning systems in place, different

planning approaches are pursued in different cities/towns. For

instance, in some cities, broad development goals are framed by long-

term urban plans, while specific development issues are governed by

detail urban planning norms & standards. In other cases, different

plans with varied levels and hierarchies are used together in such a

way that one complements the other.

These days, in most cities of the world, three major planning

hierarchies, in a top-down hierarchy, are distinguished: ,

a city-wide long term urban plan (master plan, development plan,

structure plan, etc),

a city-wide medium term strategic/integrated development plan,

and

a local development plan (plan that refers to a specific

geographic location)

2.2 International Practices LDP takes different forms and names in various countries. In USA, for

instance, it is referred to as Specific Plan whereas in the

Netherlands and Germany it is dubbed as Local Land Use Plan and Local

Development Plan respectively. In UK, it is referred to as Local Plan

while in Uganda it is called Zonal Plan.

In USA, Specific Plan (SPP) of an urban area consists of different

urban plans, policy statements & regulations pertaining to development

of that particular urban area and ensures the integration between13

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultindividual development proposals and broad development goals set in a

general development plan of a city/town (Eisner, et al, 1993). The

physical plan component of the SPP diagrammatically depicts detail

land-use plans, right-of-way of infrastructure networks and public

spaces to be protected, while details of development programs,

regulations & policy provisions, implementation strategies and public

work finances are presented in the text component of the SPP.

LDP in Germany presents detail spatial plan of an urban area

designated for a specific development program. The urban plan is

supplemented with implementation strategies which outline the

development proposals, policy statements, financial and institutional

frameworks in detail regarding development of that particular urban

area.

In the Netherlands, a municipal council is required to draw up a local

land use plan for part of a municipality. The plan is legally binding

and serves as one of the grounds upon which the municipality decides

whether or not to issue a building permit in a specific area. The

local land use plan also provides the legal basis for:

Construction permit;

Obliging private developers to contribute to

the costs of providing certain public services;

Claiming compensation for loss of value;

Compulsory purchase;

Besides these legal functions, the local land use plan has the formal

function of giving legal certainty to citizens (landowners) and

private developers with respect to the spatial development of a

certain area.

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultIn the Netherlands, a local land use plan comprises of:

A description of the designated land uses contained in the

plan, including an indication of the goal(s) for each

designation;

(If necessary), regulations on the use of land and buildings;

(If necessary), regulations that the Municipal Executives or

the Municipal Council should observe while drawing up or

modifying the plan and granting exception or imposing further

requirements.

A local land use plan is accompanied by an explanation, setting out

the ideas that form the basis of the plan and results of relevant

research, consultation and participation procedures. A local land use

plan may be drawn up in detail or in general terms.

The experiences of Kampala (Uganda), Durban (South Africa) and Dar es

Salaam (Tanzania) may serve as good reference to see the variety of

approaches in LDPs. For

instance, in Kampala, LDP is referred to as Zonal Plan and prepared at

Parish level.1 The Kampala zonal plans provide a framework for

development of urban components relevant to Parish and are composed of

detail land-use plans and written provisions. The written provisions

of Kampala Zonal Plans constitute a legal code governing the

administration and enforcement of the plan.

In Durban, Local Plans are developed in two phases; first, the spatial

development framework designed in a way that contains,

the key spatial characteristics, trends and issues;

1 Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Lands, Housing & Physical Planning (1994),The Kampala Structure Plan: Prepared by John van Nostrand Associations Ltd.,Kampala, Uganda

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the key spatial elements and policy guidelines to be

considered in future development of an urban area

spatial development parameters, norms & standards.

As the process of developing the spatial development framework is

completed, the second phase, which is the process of developing

implementation strategies and action plans, follows. Here it seems

important to note that, in Durban, the actions considered in local

plan of a locality are to be prioritized before the process of detail

plan preparation commences. Moreover, in planning system of Durban,

LDPs are linked with municipal budgets of the metropolitan government.

Since 1999, the Dar es Salaam City has made a paradigm shift in its

urban planning from Master Planning to a Strategic Urban Development

Frameworks.2 According to the Dar es Salaam urban planning system, two

city-level binding urban plans are distinguished; i.e.

Strategic Urban Development Framework and

Strategic Development Action Plans (Issues)

The Strategic Urban Development Framework provides broad development

goals and long-term strategic development frameworks, while the key

development issues that need to be addressed during a specific

planning period are spelt out in Strategic Development Action Plans.

On the other hand, citywide strategic plans can hardly be implemented

without detail local development plans. In Dar es Salaam, the task of

preparing such detail local plans is left for the discretion of local

governments just to give sufficient rooms for flexibilities. Indeed,

loca plans prepared by local governments should be in congruence with

citywide development frameworks.

2 Strategic Urban Development Planning .Framework for the city of Dar es Salaam.1999

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultKey Lessons

The following lessons can be drawn from experiences of cities

discussed above.

Implementation of citywide urban development plans is unlikely

without their complement of detail local development plans,

Local plans should contain both proposed plans and policy

statements (legal provisions) which are required to enforce

implementation of plans

The role of local urban actors is crucial in the preparation and

implementation process of LDPs

2.3. Local Practices The practice of LDP evolved as distinct planning component during the

Addis Ababa Master Plan Revision process (1998 – 2002). Since then,

this planning component has been considered as an important planning

tool and is practiced in few urban centers, namely, Addis Ababa,

Adama, Dessie, Dire Dawa and Mekele.

Indeed prior to revision of the Addis Ababa Master Plan, efforts were

made to prepare detail plans for area developments as planning tools

for implementation of former master plans. For instance, following the

completion of the 1986 Addis Ababa Master Plan, detail plans were

prepared for different districts. Greater Mekanisa District Detail

Plan, Keranio District Detail Plan and Gerji Detail Plan and Megenagna

Ketena Center Plans are some of these detail plans. Apart from these,

various regional bureaus and municipalities, in collaboration with the

NUPI, now FUPI, have made similar efforts to develop detail

implementation plans for different towns, among which, detail plans of

Axum, are worth mentioning.

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultThe introduction of detail urban planning concept and practice in the

1986 Addis Ababa Master Plan has made a significant contribution

towards the evolution of LDP in the Ethiopian urban planning system.

Recognition of ‘District Plan’ and ‘Detail Plan’ as distinct component

of the City Master Plan has also facilitated development of planned

neighborhoods in the Capital. The developments of Mekanissa, Keraniyo,

Lafto and Kotebe expansion areas as well as renewal of Kazanchis area

are worth mentioning.

evertheless, these local plans were largely spatial/physical with

little focus on socio-economic, institutional, financial and legal

issues. Apart from this, earlier area development plans were

predominantly project-based (construction of road network, development

of settlement or industrial estates), which were drafted directly from

general development/master plan of a

city/town. Since these district plans were not accompanied by the

necessary implementation strategies, their subsequent implementations

were haphazard and suffered from absence of basic urban facilities. As

a result, significant number of residents is left without access to

water, electricity and road connection.

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District Plan:

A diagrammatic view of the area showing the main relations between areas

with surroundings and with the whole urban system in general at the scale

of 1:1000 and 1:2000 and a written statement about the plan and its

conformity with the master plan.

Subject Plan:

It contains a detailed treatment of particular/ specific planning aspects

in the urban area. I.e. quarry site, historical building.

Action Area Plan:

The action area plan will accompany the implementation program; it deals

Types of Implementation Plan Prepared in line with the 1986 Addis Ababa Master Plan


Cognizant of this very fact, Office for the Revision of Addis Ababa

Master Plan Project (ORAAMP) came up with a new framework for LDP

which rectifies major drawbacks of the former detail planning

approaches. As a result, LDPs introduced in Addis Ababa after revision

of the City Master Plan are quite different in scope and content from

the detail area plans practiced earlier. In the recent LDPs, detail

spatial plans, major proposals of socio-economic development, the

necessary implementation instruments (financial, institutional, legal)

and strategies are provided. Apart from this, social, economic,

environmental and financial consequences of the LDPs are presented

together with proposals of coping strategies. The major approaches

pursued in LDP preparation in Addis Ababa are summarized hereunder.

Initiation: in principle initiation for preparation of LDP for a

specific area could come either from government, private investor or

from the community. In the case of Addis Ababa, however, so far LDPs are

prepared largely based on the City Government initiatives. In this

respect, the revised structure plan of the City clearly states that if

one of the following conditions is fulfilled, LDP could be prepared for

a portion of the city.

Problem pressure: deterioration of social, economic and physical

fabrics

Development pressure: major investment proposals in pipeline

Strategic Location: Potential to trigger further development

Ease of implementation: availability of adequate infrastructure

services

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Goal setting: The goal depends on the area where LDPs are prepared,

i.e. business area, industrial area, and residential area. The

problems and opportunities identified through assessment help as

corner stones for developing LDP goals. In addition to these, major

development directions provided in the structure plan served to refine

the goals. The overall goal of an LDP is given from the City

Government, then planners translate these general directions into

workable goal.

Vision: International experiences strongly suggest that LDP visioning

should be done with strong stakeholders’ participation. In line with

this belief, efforts were made to involve relevant stakeholders in

visioning process of earlier LDPs. The visioning processes of Mercato

and Piaza are worth noting in this regard. However, these efforts

couldn’t continue as LDP visions turned out to be merely technocrats

driven.

Conceptual Framework: Visioning is usually followed by development of

conceptual framework. The concepts are mainly translated and presented

in spatial forms. Indeed, though spatial alternatives are emphasized

in LDP concepts, general ideas regarding forthcoming socio-economic

developments are also embodied. Furthermore, the concept plan explains

the merits and demerits of different alternatives and provides a rough

cost-benefit analysis to enhance informed decisions.

Approval: Few of the earlier LDPs prepared by ORAAMP were endorsed by

the then BWUD. Though the City Government planning law requires formal

approval of LDPs by the council before they proceed into

implementation process, none of the LDPs prepared in the city so far

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultreceived a formal approval of the council, but almost all entered into

implementation.

Implementation: In Addis Ababa, the spatial detail of LDPs doesn’t go

beyond block levels. This is so mainly because implementation of LDPs

was assumed to start with the City Government’s proactive development

measures in LDP areas by implementing proposed public works at block

levels (particularly infrastructure networks) where as private

investments were assumed to follow thereof. However, such public

development measures were seldom in Addis since LDPs have been

introduced. As a result, private investments couldn’t take place as

desired and envisaged in the LDPs.

Fig 2. Sample LDP from Merkato, Addis Ababa

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Contents of the plan

Due to high prevalence of

resettlement and the

dominance of market function

in the area, the study has

different components: social,

economic and physical.

Programs and proposals are

forwarded in each component


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Outputs

The outputs of the lDP

exercise are:

A report that explains the

whole proposals in the

specific areas,

Maps in different scales:

the road network, land

use, environment map and

rules and regulation maps

Major regulations

The regulation focuses on the

following physical development issues.

Road width;

Land use;

Built up area;

Building line;

Building height;

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultLessons Learned

The following lessons can be drawn from local experiences

The importance of community participation during LDP

initiation for the subsequent smooth preparation and

implementation. It was clearly observed that without active

community and stakeholders’ participation from plan initiation

through planning and implementation, one would end up in

either plan-to-shelves or strong opposition from the community

under consideration.

There is a need to give equal attention to both socio-economic

development aspects and physical and spatial development

issues in preparing LDPs for achieving integrated urban

development. Most of the LDPs so far prepared had focused more

on spatial and physical planning particularly in their

implementation phase. This has led to little socio-economic

and governance improvements of the localities under

consideration. Therefore, the socio-economic aspects of the

area under consideration should get equal attention to fill

the gap so far observed.

Participation of all stakeholders and creating consensus among

them throughout the LDP preparation process.

The need to clarify roles of various actors in the

implementation of LDPs is crucial. One of the main factors

that contributes to the failure of LDP implementation is the

missing of specific actor or responsible body for each

proposal.

The missing link between LDP proposals and city government

budget or absence of viable financial strategies for

implementation is one of the key challenges.

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LDPs should get formal approval before implementation process

commences.

The 5 years (2005/6-2009/10) PASDEP urban component states various

programs and actions such as housing, MSEs, land development and

infrastructure and services program. Moreover, it envisages Small

Towns’ Development Program targeted at small towns with population

less than 20,000. The implication is that these small towns need

urgent LDP to enhance their programs and projects.

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3. CONCEPTION, GENERAL PROVISIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS 3.1 Conception and Principles 3.1.1. Key Issues and Concepts

LDP is a detail development plan of a defined locality. LDP is a

statutory instrument that zooms out the general and broader proposals

of a structure plan of an urban center. It serves as a transition

between a structure plan and projects in the process of implementation

of urban plans.

The key elements of an LDP include, detail land-use plan of the area

(two and three dimensional); proposals of major infrastructure

networks; proposals of key socio-economic measures; implementation

strategies; regulations; standards & norms. The integration of these

elements can be illustrated in diagram as follows.

LDP is an element and integral part of an urban planning system (Fig

1) of an urban center. System of urban planning refers to a set of

policies, laws, statutory plans, norms and standards as well as

institutional and financial frameworks placed in a particular urban

center for preparation, approval, implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of urban plans.

Hence, if LDP is to fit into such a system, it needs to be linked with

other urban planning components in the system. LDP of a given locality

of a town should stem, first of all, from the town structure plan, and

needs to fit into existing urban planning and development policies,

laws and regulations (both federal and regional) and be linked and

integrated with other development programs and strategies set by

government of the respective town.

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultA local plan deals with local issues (physical, social, economic),

which refers to a definite spatial unit whose boundary may or may not

coincide with the formal administrative boundary. The size or

geographical limit of an area to be covered in LDP can vary from one

case to another depending on the level and complexity of the urban

center. In this regard, it seems important to note that the size of a

geographical unit to be covered in an LDP would be wider in urban

centers with less complex urban set ups than in cities or large towns

where local issues are more complex.

The content of LDPs needs to cover physical, economic and social

fabrics of an urban area. The scope of the plan should also include a

brief presentation of existing situation, development proposals for

the area in question, implementation strategies for the proposed

development actions, mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the

implementation process.

3.1.2 Key Principles and the IDP Approach Adopted

Integrated Plan: LDP is not an isolated issue that stands alone;

rather it forms an integral part of the urban system that exists in a

specific urban center. LDP of an area is required to fit into the

overall development vision, strategies and development plans of that

particular urban center as a whole. For instance, infrastructure

networks or development projects in a specific LDP area need to be

integrated with citywide networks or development programs. Moreover,

different components of LDP proposals (physical, economic, social,

financial and institutional, etc) should be integrated with each other

and designed in a holistic way. Integrated approach is one of the

basic principles to be emphasized in due course of LDP preparation.

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultParticipatory Planning: The other important principle that deserves

due emphasis in LDP preparation is participatory planning approach,

which lays down a strong foundation for its implementation.

Participation of relevant stakeholders is vital at different steps

where critical decisions are made (for instance, at a time when local

development agenda are defined, while LDP proposals are developed, and

when the LDP is approved). In the process, sector departments within

the municipality that have a stake in implementing the plan, local

communities who would be affected by implementation of the LDP,

potential private developers who would have strong interest in LDP

implementation, donors, professionals, policy makers, have to take

part.

Plan for Performance: LDP is more than a statutory plan. It is

expected to bring the overall development goals and strategies of

structure plan closer to concrete development programs/projects. To

this effect, LDPs need to be linked firmly with municipal budgets as

well as with concrete development programs/projects of a municipal

government. A well-defined implementation strategy is thus not an

option but rather a critical element of LDPs.

Sustainability: LDPs should be perceived and fit into national,

regional and local contexts properly so as to be sustainable. Further,

LDPs are supposed to respond both to future and current development

needs of a locality, thus, striking the right balance between the two.

Moreover, proposals of an LDP have to be visible within the context of

local capacities (financial, technical, institutional and local

economy) for effectiveness of implementation.

Accommodative Plan: Proposals of LDPs should accommodate needs and

interests of local communities as well as the existing local urban

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultfunctions and characters. Proposals that completely presuppose new

urban fabrics in lieu of existing local urban functions could hardly

succeed, mainly due to the huge social and economic costs.

3.1.3 The Key LDP Development Frames

Local development doesn't take place in a vacuum; development pattern

and pace of a specific locality is influenced by both external and

internal factors. Situation of national and regional economies,

existing legislatives, policies, population dynamics, economic profile

of local communities as well as competence of government agencies

operating in a given locality are important factors that form its

development context. Accordingly, the restraining and reinforcing

impacts of these factors should be analyzed properly and thereby taken

as input in the process of LDP development.

3.2. General Provisions and Considerations

3.2.1 General Provisions

In general, the provisions presented hereunder are general guides that

can be considered and adopted in LDP planning & implementation

processes. As such, the provisions should not be considered as

prescription of compulsory applications regardless of contextual

variations.

Regardless of diversities and specificities in character and contexts

of urban centers in the country, physical standards, planning

procedures and techniques are common for all urban levels.

Depending on location and specific character of an LDP site, different

approaches can be followed in different project sites or urban areas.

I.e.

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Detail of an LDP study can go deep into the level of detail

implementation plan in expansion areas or where the LDP is

prepared for implementation projects. In this situation the LDP

would proceed directly into implementation process with no need

for further detail study.

Since specific projects and detail plans are required for

implementation of LDPs in inner city areas, block level LDPs

suffice in built up inner city areas.

For Small Towns, the LDP and the SP may coincide. There may not

be need to prepare separate SP and LDP.

Factors that obstruct implementation of LDPs should be minimized as

much as possible

LDP Area Coverage: the main purpose of LDP is to pave the way for

implementation of citywide structure plans. Thus, it does not

make sense to prepare LDP for the whole city at a time rather

priority should be given for strategic locations where prompt

development is likely to happen.

Administrative Boundary: Unless good planning reasons dictate, it

is better to take an LDP site that falls within one

administrative boundary (Sub-city or Kebele)and that includes

existing socio-economic networks such as Iddir, Ekub, market place,

etc, for ease of planning and implementation process.

Physical Barriers: In LDP area delineation, avoid an LDP site

intercepted by major physical barriers such as trunk roads,

mountains, gorges, etc.

General Land use Considerations: Specify only prohibited land-

uses

29

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultWithin the land use proposals indicate only prohibited functions. This

would allow possibilities to consider alternative functions in case

the proposed urban function fails to come.

Basic Urban Design Elements: The ultimate goal of an LDP and its

subsequent implementation is to create an urban form that defines the

living pattern of dwellers. Therefore, the preparation of LDP should

consider the final three-dimensional effects of the action areas. The

elements of urban design are listed here:

Aesthetics

Building blocks

The space between buildings

The function and use of space

Facades, skyline and silhouette

Street pattern, road design and parking

Public Participation: Full participation of stakeholders in planning

process of LDPs paves the way for effective implementation, since it

enhances sense of ownership among key stakeholders and provides

opportunities to capture the interest of the community at large.

However, participation of stakeholders should go beyond formalities;

rather it should provide stakeholders with opportunities to influence

decisions in favor of their future.

Scope of LDP Study: The scope of an LDP study needs to cover both the

‘Planning Area and Action Area’, with different levels of details.

Planning Area: The major physical, social, economic and

environmental links that exist between the LDP ‘action area’ and

its surrounding influence areas should be

30


scanned and analyzed in general terms. This will help to

determine how development of the action area is to be

connected and harmonized with its immediate influence areas.

Action area:- This is the area where concrete LDP implementation

is supposed to occur. Both the study and ensuing proposals need

to be detail and specific as much as possible.

Integration of LDPs with other Development Programs: As discussed

earlier, LDP is one element in a given urban planning system which

needs to be designed in a way that complements other development

strategies and be implemented in conjunction with other development

programs underway at national, regional and city levels. In this

respect, LDPs should establish a strong link with city

structure/development plans, sector development programs and other

development strategies carried at all levels of the government

hierarchy (national, regional, local).

Sector Plans: Since LDP consists of development proposals to

be undertaken by different municipal or sectoral departments,

consensus should be reached with the key development agencies

(like ETC, EEPCO, WSA) regarding the execution of development

proposals in their respective sectors.

Structure Plan: The major development frameworks and goals

provided in a city structure plan have to be well taken in

LDPs; i.e. LDPs should not disregard the key frameworks of a

structure plan and generate proposals that contravene with

overall visions of city structure plans.

Urban Development Strategies: One of the main purposes of

detail plans, such as LDPs, is to translate national, regional

and citywide Urban Development Strategies into reality.

31


Accordingly, proposals of LDPs should adequately capture

government development agendas relevant to the city/town in

which the LDPs are prepared. For instance, promotion of MSEs

and low cost houses provision can be emphasized, in this

regard.

Revising LDPs: LDPs are more close to a development process as

compared to other citywide plans, such as a structure plan. Apart from

this, the statutory attribute of LDP entails an element of rigidity in

it. Accordingly, a timely readjustment is required to LDP in a way

that catches up the changing urban dynamics. Hence, LDP revision is

mandatory when some of the following conditions are apparent:

If the major assumptions of LDP have changed;

If the proposed land uses are no longer relevant due to too

much changes on the ground;

If a wide gap prevails between proposals and existing

reality

If there are lots of questions from the public.

3.2.2 Urban Level Classifications

Level of LDP details, type of urban planning standards to be applied

as well as type and contents of urban data to be collected vary among

different levels of urban centers. Accordingly, to facilitate this

process, five levels of urban centers are distinguished based on

population size as follows.

Small Towns ---------- with population from 2001 to 20,000

Medium Towns --------- With population of 20,001-50,000

Large Towns ---------- with population 50,001 – 100,000

Cities ----------- with population 100,001 – 1,000,000

Metropolitans ----------- with population over one million

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As stated earlier, in small towns, LDPs need to be prepared in a way

that can be implemented directly. Thus, LDP studies in these urban

centers should be detailed enough. That means,

Socio-economic and property data should be collected and

analyzed in a way that would serve as basis for subsequent

practical measures such as compensation, resettlement, etc.

Spatial plans should be detail enough to guide specific

development activities in the area of land and infrastructure

development

3.2.3 Data Collection and Analysis Considerations

The Need for Data Collection: Since LDPs are plans that translate

broader goals and strategies of a structure plan into localized and

concrete development proposals, collection and analysis of information

are also localized and more concrete.

Collection and analysis of basic data on different urban fabrics of

the area provide the factual basis of LDPs, which in turn make

informed development choices possible, while proposals derived from

informed decisions are close to the reality.

Data Types and Sources: Depending on the level of the specific urban

center, the detail of LDP can vary from one case to another. Since the

degree of urban complexities in large cities necessitate further

specific projects for implementation, the level of LDP details may not

go beyond block plans. General data obtained from secondary sources

may suffice for preparation of LDPs in towns of urban level 3 and

above. But this doesn’t refer to LDP of expansion areas, because in

expansion areas, the detail of LDPs should go as far as the level of

parcellation where primary data are vital.

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LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS ConsultLDPs in towns under urban level 1 and 2 should be detail enough for

implementation. For this reason, the data collection is required to

be at household and firm level. Information on the Structure Plan of

the urban center are the points of departure. In this respect,

zoning/land use plan, road network plan, service plan, etc suggested

for that specific locality need due emphasis.

Minimum Institutional Requirement: As any other urban plans,

effectiveness and sustainability of LDPs call for the existence of

specific government agency responsible for issues of urban planning in

a given urban center; but this doesn’t mean that such institutional

set up is feasible at all level of urban centers, or all municipal

governments need to have their own force to undertake LDPs. In this

regard, outsourcing or supports from regional governments could be

considered as alternative options. However, consideration for such

institutional options doesn’t necessarily rule out the requirement for

LDPs implementation capacity in urban centers at all levels.

Accordingly, existence of a planning unit is a minimum requirement for

considering an LDP in a given urban center.

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35


PART IITHE

PROCEDUREMANUAL

36


Introduction The previous part of this manual gives the background, concepts,

principles, standards and considerations within which to apply the

manual. This part of the manual gives a road map that guides users

through eight phases of planning, each phase broken down into major

tasks and the tasks into detailed activities and actions. Each task is

followed by ‘Tips’ (to expose approaches and examples how to do the

task)

The eight planning phases are:

Preparatory Phase

Data Collection and Analysis Phase

Strategies Phase

Proposals Phase

Integration Phase

Appraisal and Approval Phase

Implementation Phase

Monitoring and Evaluation Phase

At the end of each phase expected deliverables and key checkup

questions have been included. This will enable the involved planners

to monitor and evaluate each planning phase and check whether that

particular phase has met its objectives before proceeding to the next

phase.

Here it seems important to note that the width and breadth of

preparatory works in this regard depends on complexity of the urban

systems in a particular city/town. Bearing this in mind, the following

37

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultsteps are aimed to provide a general applicable sequence for the

process of preparing LDP.

PHASE 1: PREPARATORY WORKSThe main purpose of the preparatory works is to make the key decision-

makers and actors aware of the necessary preparations that need to be

made prior to commencement of the project.

38

Activity 1: Initiate LDP Submit the initial proposal to a relevant municipal

department

Review the proposal and submit to higher relevant officials

for consideration

Get agreement of the higher official

Activity 2: Organize Stakeholders (use format No.1) Identify the major stakeholders

Conduct stakeholder analysis

Set up a SC, RF and TC.

Activity 3: Conduct public awareness campaign Generate brainstorming agendas from ongoing LDP initiatives

Conduct SWOT analysis on general development issues of the

area in question

Generate preliminary general vision, goals and objectives of

the ongoing LDP initiative

Reach consensus with key stakeholders regarding the need for

having LDP

Generate minutes of understanding from preceding stakeholder

forums

TASK 1. INITIATION AND AWARENESS CREATION


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Tips to the TasksThe first initiative of undertaking LDP for a specific urban area may

come from municipal government, a private developer or from local

community. As the initiative emerges, it needs to be shaped by a

relevant municipal department in a way that briefly states the key

problems to be addressed and the institutional and financial

implications. The initiatives should be evaluated against the PASDEP

Urban Component focusing on the contribution towards job creation and

poverty eradication. Then the issue is formally submitted to the

mayor/respective official through an appropriate municipal

department. As the agenda gets approval of the mayor/respective

official, then the forum will be organized by the department. The

forums should be opened and attended by the mayor/appropriate

officials to show commitment of the municipal government. The

department is to report outcome and summary of the discussions. After

the summary report is reviewed by appropriate officials, a go ahead

instruction is expected from the municipal government to proceed into

the next step.


40

Tips to the TasksExamples of TOR Outline

Introduction/Background

Objective: The main objective of this Project is to provide a

block level detail plan for development X area in ____

town/city.

Scope of the project: Spatial scope of the project refers to ____

hectare of land that falls within the LDP action area, as well as

the surrounding planning areas that have strong influence on

development of the action area. Sectorally, the plan covers

social, economic, physical/environmental development aspects of

the area as well as the institutional, financial and legal

frameworks which implementation of the forthcoming LDP calls for.

Activities: The activities to be undertaken may include,

Assessment on existing situation of the area in question

Organizing extensive stakeholder-forums

Undertake detail plans, strategies and mechanisms for

monitoring and evaluation

etc

Deliverable: Major deliverables of the project are,

A shared vision for development of X area

Concrete goals to be achieved with implementation the LDP

Strategies for implementation, monitoring and evaluation

etc

Required Resources

TASK 2. PREPARATION AND APPROVAL OF PROJECT TOR Once a general consensus is reached among the key actors regarding

the need for and purpose of the LDP, the next issue would be how

to go about it; hence the purpose of this task is to provide a

road map for the whole LDP process. To this end, the following

activities and actions should be accomplished.

Activity 1: Prepare TOR of the Project Set objectives of the Plan

Define scope of the Plan (spatial, sectoral, time frame)

Determine major activities to be covered

State approaches to be followed

Determine major deliverables that come out from the processActivity 2: Approve the TOR Make sure a strong political support exists

Get rubber stamp of the appropriate authority

Include budget allocation

Officially assign responsible body for the whole process

Approve organizational structure and staff of the LDP

preparation Project


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TASK 3. PROCUREMENT OF PROJECT LOGISTICS & HUMAN

RESOURCES

The purpose of this task is to start the planning process with

organized project input and thereby to enable the project proceed

smoothly. The procurement can take place in one of the following

institutional options.

Option 1: To carry out the Project by Own-force

Activity 1: Establish the Project office Issue legal notice/act for establishment of the project

Approve the project structure and budget

Assign ‘Project Manager’ with core staff required for

project kick-off

Activity 2: Procure project logistics Arrange an appropriate working space/office

Procure required equipment, machineries and office supplies

Hire/assign the necessary project staffs

Option 2: A Project to be outsourced

Activity 1: Prepare a tender document Issue a Request for Proposal (RfP)

Make sure that the proposals include technical and financial

proposal

Activity 2: Process the tender and sign a contract

agreement


42


43

TASK 4. DEVELOP OPERATIONAL/ACTION PLAN

Major Deliverables Approved project TOR

Organized project management body

Key Checkup questions 1. Is the LDP under consideration perceived a priority by

all stakeholders?

2. How far is every key actor aware of and committed to

discharge his/her respective role in the LDP processes?

Tips to the Tasks The project staffing, in case of option one, can be made

by drawing permanent staff from relevant municipal

departments, provided that the staff assigned to the

project have the required skill and would be relieved

fully from any other assignment. If sufficient office

space and equipments are available, additional

procurement may not be required.

In case of option two, tender document preparation is

critical and requires proper attention. Strong technical

The purpose of this task is to translate TOR of the Project

into detail activity plan and thereby enable relevant actors

aware of their respective responsibilities by providing detail

information regarding what action is to be done when, by whom

and what deliverable is expected at the end of each activity

Activity 1: Detail out the activity plan (Refer to Format in the Annex)

Prepare detail operational plan that translates the TOR

into detail activities


PHASE 2: DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS

The major purpose of this phase is to collect the necessary data

required and to identify the gaps to inform the LDP planning process

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TASK 1. MOBILIZE FOR DATA COLLECTION

Tips to the task The data collection formats may be checked against and

synchronized with the ongoing programs focusing on poverty

alleviation and job creation.

To make sure that every preparation is finalized, the project

manager/coordinator should receive a written report/proof from

respective sections, and then the manager/coordinator needs to

The purpose of this task is to make sure that every preparatory

work, formats, etc are in order before data collectors are

mobilized.

Activity 1: Make sure the necessary tools for data collection

are ready Duplicate data collection formats given in appendix 1 below

Prepare detailed data collection action plan

Organize necessary logistics such as transport services,

stationeries, etc

Activity 2: Launch the data collection process Give orientation to data collectors about their assignment

Team-up the data collectors

Publicize launching of the data collection process through

appropriate means (media, notice board, etc)

Mobilize data collectors

Activity 3: Formally inform the data collection program to key

data sources and collaborators


45

The main purpose of this task is to provide subsequent planning

phases with factual basis regarding local, regional and national

contexts relevant to the LDP area

Activity 1: Collect the relevant socio-economic data Collect demographic data by using data collection formats

Collect Social information by using data collection formats

Collect the key economic data by using data collection

formats

Activity 2: Collect the relevant physical/spatial and

environmental data Prepare topographic maps in 1:2000 or 1:2000 scale

Collect the existing detailed land use data and indicate on

the prepared map

Indicate the existing housing condition (Good, Fair, Bad)

Identify and locate MSEs in the areas

Locate the existing road network and indicate their right of

ways

Describe the existing functions of the roads

Indicate the type traffic and the flow

TASK 2: DATA COLLECTION (Use Formats in Annex I)

To commence the data collection process,

The project manager is to give a general guideline to

data collectors

Working-teams and team coordinator are notified with

official letters

Details of transport servich mobilization schedules are

disseminated both to working-teams and general service

department

The data collection process can be notified to key data


46

Review relevant secondary sources (Kebeles, sub cities,

Idirs,) and discuss with key informants regarding functions

and objectives of institutions operating in the area

Organize the information informant in the Annex.

Activity 4: Collect the necessary legal information Consult the appropriate institutions/experts (in the

municipal legal department) regarding existing legal

instruments relevant to the LDP area and gaps in legal

frameworks

Take list of relevant legal documents from these sources

Identify the legislatives that have direct relevance with the

LDP purpose

Organize the information in format provided in the Annex.

Tips to the task Depending on sources and types of data to be collected by

using formats given in the appendix,

Opinions of individuals can be collected directly

from the respective informant either through

interview or by disseminating questionnaires

For secondary data, data collectors should review

relevant reports, studies, correspondences, minutes,

archival documents, etc

Depending on size of data sources, the data collection can

cover the whole population or be limited to representative

samples.


47

Activity 1: Compile collected data systematically Encode the empirical information in appendix 1

Tally the qualitative information

Interpret the data organized, and attach the necessary

explanatory notes

Site sources of data properly

Activity 2: Analyze economic fabrics and identify the gaps Identify the main economic stay of residents in the LDP area;

Identify local households by level of income and type of

occupation,

Identify working age population by employment status

(employment, unemployment in %)

Identify the most competitive sectors and sub-sectors in local

economy,

Identify major constraints to investment in the LDP area

Identify the potentials and constraints of MSE in the area

Identify role of informal economy in the area and informal

business by type of activities, by size of capital and employees

Identify the major economic fabrics in influence areas that have

strong impact on economy of the action area

Based on the foregoing analysis, identify the major gaps

The employment gap

The formal/Informal employment ratio

Size of families with income below poverty line

Activity 3: Analyze social fabrics and identify the gaps

(format 5-5) Identify the size of unmarried /married/ divorced persons

TASK 3: DATA ANALYSIS


48

Identify the level of burglary, robbery, theft, etc

Based on the foregoing analysis, identify

Major social problems specific to the LDP area

Social problems which call for urgent response, which

can be dealt with locally and that require

city-level/supra city solutions

Activity 4: Analyze spatial/physical and environmental

information Compare the existing land-use vis-à-vis the land use plan

proposed in the structure plan by using topographic map with

appropriate scale and identify the gaps

Analyze the slope condition, soil condition and accessibility

of existing open space, green area and public spaces

Identify critical traffic congestion and accident spots

Identify key problems of infrastructure networks (water, power,

telephone)

Identify key problems of solid and liquid waste in the LDP area

Identify key problems of open spaces and greenery

Identify potential threats of natural catastrophe (land slide,

flooding, seismic)

Activity 5: Analyze existing institutional frameworks within

LDP implementation scope Analyze the capacity of municipal agencies relevant for

planning & implementation of LDPs

Identify availability of potential partner in non-public

sectors for implementation of the LDP

Identify the missing institutional elements for effective

implementation of the forthcoming LDP

Based on the out come of the aforementioned institutional


49


50

Activity 7: Analyze existing financial framework for local

development Identify deficit of major infrastructure networks and public

services in the LDP area

Estimate engineering cost of public investments required to

fulfill existing service gaps

Organize the information in format number F-1

Analyze past experiences of the city/town in financing local

development projects

Explore alternative/potential sources of finance for local

development projects

Identify the major issues in financing the LDP in question

Activity 8: Generate the key thematic issues to be presented

on stakeholder forums Identify and elaborate the links as well as the cause-effect

relationships that exist between different sectoral problems

(economic, social, physical/spatial/environmental)

distinguished by the foregoing analysis

Generate the major thematic issues that deserve emphasis

Activity 9: Undertake public discussion on preliminary

conclusions and thematic issues generated from the

foregoing analysis Present the preliminary findings to steering committee

Reach general consensus regarding issues to be emphasized in

subsequent planning process

Integrate inputs obtained from stakeholder forums and then

generate revised versions of key findings, with particular

emphasis on,

Major urban planning elements missing in existing urban


51

Tips to the Tasks Use formats presented in appendices to summarize

numeric information

Before you proceed to analysis of surveyed opinions,

organize them in brief statements

From menu of summarized opinions, generate a check list

of interrelated issues and then put them in tabulation

Based on summarized opinions & data, undertake a

critical analysis and then draw the key issues that

need to be emphasized in subsequent planning process

without telling long theories or stories of LDPs, just

dwell on major issues in presenting the preliminary

findings to stakeholders

The collected and analyzed data shall be summarized and

documented (submitted to an information center or any

other appropriate organ) for future use.

Major Deliverables Collected and analyzed data

Key Checkup questions1. Are the essential and key issues covered and captured in

situation analysis?


PHASE 3: DEVELOPING STRATEGIC OPTIONS

52

Activity 1: Develop shared vision for the LDP area Undertake further SWOT analysis on thematic urban issues

identified at conclusion of PHASE 2

Reshape and concretize the vision for the LDP with

involvement of relevant stakeholders (Format No1.)

Restate the goals and objectives of the LDP

Activity 2: Translate/interpret the major findings into

planning issues Aggregate/integrate the major thematic issues under broad

category of planning components;

Develop a conceptual framework which integrates the major

LDP components

Activity 3: Develop alternative conceptual frame Develop alternative spatial conceptual plan under different

scenarios;

Clearly articulate major components of the LDP in the

conceptual plans

Conduct jury on developed planning concepts and scenarios

TASK 1: DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE PLANNING SCENARIOS AND

CONCEPTS


53

TASK 2: DEVELOP STRATEGIES FOR VARIOUS LDP COMPONENTS

Major Deliverables

Shared vision

Options for carrying out LDP

Key Checkup Questions1. Are the vision and objectives refined corresponding with

the gaps identified?

2. Are all possible management and financial options

identified?

Activity 1: Develop management strategy Identify potential plan making and implementation

institutions (exesting or new, public or private)

Identify possible logistics and human resources;

Identify options for preparation of LDP other than public

institutions

Indicate the optimal usage of the existing institutions;

See possibilities for upgrading of the existing

institutions;

Identify options for partnership with private sector;

Activity 2: Develop financial strategies


PHASE 4: PROPOSALS This phase is a step where the LDP enters into recommending solutions;

issues emerging from the preceding phases are taken as basis for proposals.

This process covers five major planning areas, namely, socio economic,

spatial, institutional, financial and legal aspects of the LDP. The key

principles of IDP are followed as principal approach in this process.

54

Activity 1: Analyze how the identified development scenario can be

taken into the subsequent planning & design process

Identify the type of development to be considered for the LDParea under consideration i.e.

Renewal development,

Upgrading development, or

New expansion development,

Select appropriate strategy and standard for identified

development intervention based on the manual specifically

prepared for it.

Activity 2: Spell out list of items to be incorporated in the plan

for each of the LDP components vis-à-vis set standards Prepare planning and design program (qualitative & quantitative

list of accommodation) by referring the key planning issues

generated from the preceding planning processes;

Link set standards with the development issues and scenarios

identified in activity #1 above;

Compile and analyze the detailed quantitative and qualitative

planning elements to be taken into account in each of the LDP

components;

Reorganize systematically the required elements (requirements)

into groups (clusters) and units to simplify the next planning

TASK 1: DETERMINE THE KEY PLANNING AND DESIGN TOOLS


55

Activity 1: Determine economic proposals to fill the economic

gaps Recommend potential main stay of the residents

Propose potential household income and type of occupation

Propose potential size and category of employment to be

generated

Propose major potential investments

Recommend actions to remove constraints of MSEs

Recommend the potentials of informal businesses

Recommend the formal/informal employment ratio

Recommend how to fill the gaps in the informal businesses

Activity 2: Determine social fabrics proposals Recommend measures to minimize the ratio of unmarried/divorced

persons

Recommend actions to solve problems of CBOs

Recommend measures to minimize crimes

Recommend measures to minimize beggary

Activity 3: Based on the planning ideas generated from activity 2

above, re-develop concepts of each planning component Prepare as many typologies for each unit as possible based on

set standards; Prepare as many combinations out of the many units as possible

based on set standard; Put elements hierarchically from the general to the parts

within the selected optimal scenario following the existing

context based on the standard;

Check uniformity and integration with the list of requirements

prepared in activity #2; and make rectification accordingly;

Check uniformity and integration among the component parts and

make rectification accordingly;TASK 2. GENERATE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS


56

Activity 1: Generate Existing land use and general spatial

configuration proposals Rearrange spatial/physical & environmental elements hierarchically

(from general to specific) following existing and envisaged

physical fabrics and based on set standard;

Prepare innovative composition taking the hypothetical concepts of

selected options using the principle of ‘Urban Design’ described in

2D drawings, 3D animations, Models, sketched and summary reports;

Prepare as many typologies as possible for each units based on

standards;

Prepare different combinations of listed units based on standards;

Insert the exact sizes of existing features which are preserved

with in the action area and that are projected from the planning

area of LDP; and those standards set in structure plan;

Activity 2: Propose infrastructure and utility lines needed A) Road and associated physical facilities: -

Prepare Hierarchy of street network plan, well dimensioned and

labeled typical cross section and typical detail plans of all

typologies of roads found within and the periphery of LDP;

specifying

Right of way,

Center line mark,

Centerline designed elevation in comparison with adjacent NGL

elevation,

Radius and angle of curvature at winding and junctions,

Maximum load capacity of each street

Pedestrian walkways & their crossing on street where ever

necessary,

TASK 3: GENERATE SPATIAL, PHYSICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL PROPOSALS


57

Multiple function of streets in addition to

transportation where ever obligatory.

Street furniture where ever necessary,

Street designation,

Traffic flow (lanes and direction of movement),

B) Utility Lines

Water supply lines: The position, size, depth, network,

hierarchy, area coverage by each branch, connection point,

direction of flow and control points, source /reservoir and

connection to the main proposal of the structure plan;

Rainstorm-water drainage lines: The position, size, depth,

network, hierarchy, area coverage by each branch, connection

point/manholes, direction of flow and connection to the main

proposal of the structure plan;

Waste water lines: The position, size, depth, network,

hierarchy, area coverage by each branch, connection point,

direction of flow and connection to the main proposal of the

structure plan;

Telephone lines: The position, cable size, depth/ height,

network, area coverage / beneficiaries, connection boxes,

location of manholes, location & ways of crossing against

roads, location of telephone booths, and connection to the

main proposal of the structure plan;

Electric/power lines: The position, cable size and voltage

capacity, depth/height, network, area coverage /

beneficiaries, connection boxes, location of manholes,

location & ways of crossing against roads, location of

transformers, direction of power flow and connection to the

main proposal of the structure plan;


58

Determine number, location, entry and exit of public car parking

per block;

For LDP in small town and expansion area in any urban level,

prepare plot parcels for

Residential (housing),

Business and commerce and services,

Green area, open spaces and environment,

Manufacturing and storage,

Road, transport and infrastructure,

Offices for various institutions,

Special functions

based on set standard and that enhance incremental development

according to the land use;

Propose potential vehicular and pedestrian access to each plots;

Determine the BAR and FAR of buildings;

Determine the building line/ setbacks of buildings;

Determine spaces between buildings;

Determine the three dimensional character/volume;

Set regulation and implementation tool for the proposal based on

the standard;

D) Environmental aspect: -

Ensure the sustained livability of the area in every aspect;

Come up with proposals of sustainable use of resources;

Incorporate environmental proposals of the structure plan;

Determine the minimum ratio of green area, hard surface and

built-up area per plot;

Determine the size and location and shape of green and open

breathing spaces in every block where ever required;


59

Determine parks and forest where ever appropriate based on set

standard;

Determine environmental considerations with aesthetics and

landscaping (e.g. street planting, public squares,

playgrounds/ residential open spaces environmental

conservation and revitalization),

Recommend solid waste disposal sites and means

Integrate cart away of surplus materials of construction sites

and solid waste disposal with land fill sites where ever

appropriate;

Undertake proposals of individual and communal solid and/or

liquid waste collection and disposal system and also its

Activity 1: Identify optimal scenario of institutional options

for planning & designing Identify the key factors that determine the type of

responses to institutional needs of implementing the

proposed LDP;

Select appropriate institutional strategies, standards and

special considerations for the identified development

scenario for the LDP area

Activity 2: Prepare institutional plan Undertake proposal of the necessary institutions (existing

and/or new) for the implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of the LDP;

Assign institutions for the activities proposed in the LDP;

Come up with proposals towards incorporating LDP

implementation in mandates of assigned institutions, and

TASK 4: GENERATE THE NECESSARY INSTITUTIONAL PROPOSALS


60

Activity 1: Identify ways in which selected optimal scenario

of financial option can be followed in planning &

designing financial proposals Identify existing local potentials towards financing of

implementing proposed LDP programs

Come up with appropriate financial strategies, and special

considerations for financing identified developments in the LDP

area.

Come with feasible public private partnership in financing

proposed LDP programs

Activity 2: Prepare the required financial plan for

implementation of the proposed LDP Make rough estimate of development cost for basic public

facilities in the LDP area

Prepare long term and short term financial plan for identified

basic urban facilities

Suggest innovative financing schemes for meeting long and

short term financial needs;

Forecast impact of the LDP on revenue generation (taxes and

non-taxes)

Come up with sound proposals cost-sharing among government and

other stakeholders (private companies, NGOs, CBOs and local

community);

Come up with source of finance proposals which consider,

Government’s direct capital budget to activities where

TASK 5: GENERATE THE NECESSARY FINANCIAL PROPOSALS


61

Activity 1: Identify how the selected optimal scenario of

legal option can undergo into the planning & design Specify the legal requirements, list the necessary legal

documents to be prepared and identify detail issues to be

addressed in the policy statements;

Draft proposal legislatives for implementation, monitoring and

evaluation of the LDP processes

Check the consistency, harmony and complementarities between

proposed LDP legislative and other legislatives

Conduct internal jury on the plan and make rectification

accordingly;

TASK 6: GENERATE THE NECESSARY LEGAL PROPOSALS


62

Tips to the tasks For socio economic proposals Excel Software may be used. For physical

and spatial proposals AutoCad Software may used

Special attention may be given to preserve historical/heritage sites andstructures that are identified during data collection.

APPROACH TO THE TASK

CHOOSE APPROPRIATE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE SELECTED OPTIMAL SCENARIO

ComprisingSocioeconomic, Spatial,

Institutional, Financial and Legal proposals

GATHER LIST OF ITEMS TO BE INCORPORATED FUR-THER INTO THE PLAN & DESIGN OF EACH COMPONENT PARTS OF LDP VIS-À-VIS STANDARDS, AND THEN RE-ORGANIZE SYSTEMATICALLY THE REQUIRED ELEMENTS INTO GROUPS AND UNITS TO MAKE EASY FOR PLANNING & DESIGN.

2nd

CHECK UNIFORMITY & INTEGRATION, CONDUCT INTERNAL JURY & THEN PARTICIPATORY DISCUSSION

3rd

CONDUCT PLANNING & DESIGN ON THE COMPONENT PARTSSocioeconomic Component with its spatial, institutional, financial and legal implications & considerations.

Spatial/Physical/Environmental Component with its socioeconomic, institutional, financial and legal implications & considerations.

Institutional Component with its socioeconomic, spatial, financial and legal implications & considerations.

Financial Component with its socioeconomic, spatial, institutional, and legal implications & considerations.

Legal Component with its socioeconomic, spatial, institutional, and financial implications & considerations.

4th

CHECK UNIFORMITY & INTEGRATION, CONDUCT INTERNAL JURY & THEN PARTICIPATORY DISCUSSION

5th

WORKABLE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

1st


PHASE 5: INTEGRATING PROPOSALS.

The purpose of this phase is to integrate different components of the

LDP in a way that feeds and complements with each other. The planning

& design team is expected to give special attention to this task,

mainly because unless proposals are integrated with each other, the

proposals will be contradictory and conflicting. When the proposals

63

Major Deliverables Summary of proposals on major issues

Key Checkup Questions 1. Are all the major gaps identified filled with proposals?

2. Are the proposed solutions sound enough and in correspondence

with the vision and objectives?

3. Are the proposals shared by the relevant stakeholders?

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consultbecome integrated, one activity in one of the proposals would have a

positive spillover effect on the other proposals eventually satisfying

the planning goals.

64

Activity 1: Identify key areas of integration Synchronize interdependent/interlinked planning elements

proposals

Articulate the cause-effect relationship and linkages that

exist between different development proposals as well as LDP

components

Spell out the key areas of integration

Activity 2: Ensure that proposals of the five LDP componentsare integrated with each other

Accommodate socio-economic implications of

The spatial, physical and environmental proposals,

Institutional proposals,

Financial proposals, and

Legal proposals.

Accommodate the spatial, physical and environmental

implications of

socio-economic proposals,

Institutional proposals,


Legal proposals

Accommodate the Institutional implications of

The socio-economic proposals,

TASK 1: INTEGRATE THE LDP PROPOSALS


65

Activity 1: Integrate the LDP with other plans Synchronize the LDP proposals with other urban plans relevant to

the LDP area (Structure Plan, Integrated Urban Infrastructure

Service Plan, Local Economic Development Plan, Local Social

Development Plan)

Integrate the LDP proposals with the ongoing development

programs/projects in the area

Communicate the integration proposals to relevant bodies and

thereby incorporate their feedbacks

Conduct consultative meeting with the relevant stakeholders on

the proposals;

Rectify conflicting proposals with other plans.

Come up with proposals to be accommodated in other plans in

favor of the LDP proposals;

Activity 2: Synthesize proposals generated in the preceding

planning processes Undertake a synthesizing analysis on outcomes of the foregoing

planning processes

Elaborate financial, institutional and policy implications of

the proposed LDP, and come up with summary of each implications

Sum up and produce synthesis of economic, social, physical and

environmental changes supposed to be generated from

TASK 2: INTEGRATE MAJOR LDP PROPOSALS WITH OTHER PLANS

Institutional proposals, and

Legal proposals

Accommodate the legal implications of

The socio-economic proposals,

The spatial, physical and environmental proposals,


The institutional proposals


Tips to the Tasks

APROACH TO THE TASK

66

The process of integrating the proposals into one holistic package

Major Deliverables Major issues proposals integrated with each other

LDP proposals integrated with other plans and programs

Key Checkup Questions1. Are all components of LDP proposals incorporated in the integration

process?

2. Are all conflicting areas dealt with?

3. Is there consensus among key stakeholders (steering committee)

4. Is there consensus among key stakeholders (steering committee) on

Check conformity and identify areas of conflicts with other plans (SP,IUISP, Ongoing projects etc.

1. Preparing list of planning items to be incorporated in integration

process

Check conformity and Identify areas of conflicts

Socio-economicproposal

s

Spatial,physical

andenvironment

FinancialProposals

Institutional

proposals

Legalproposals

Make adjustments and produce integrated LDP

Make Rectifications and integrated proposals


PHASE 6: APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL

67

Activity 1: Disseminate relevant documents to key stakeholders

(steering committee, Representative forums and

relevant institutions) Spell out key issues for stakeholders discussion

Prepare executive summary of the LDP documents

Duplicate LDP synthesis documents in sufficient copies

Disseminate the necessary documents to the respective

stakeholders

Activity 2: Publicize the process of public discussions on the

draft LDP Disclose the public forums through available means of

communication such as,

media

notice board

TASK 1: UNDERTAKE PRE-APPROVAL CONSULTATIONS

TASK 2: UNDERTAKE STAKEHOLDER FORUM DISCUSSIONS

Activity 1: Approve agenda for wider public discussions Submit proposal agenda to the steering committee

Undertake discussion on the proposed agendas in presence of key

officials and head of municipal departments

Get the agendas approved

Activity 2: Finalize the public forum preparations Send official invitation to participants

Prepare official speeches and brief presentations for the

planned public forum

Organize venue and other necessary workshop logistics

Activity 3: Undertake the public discussion Officially open the forum and introduce the agendas


68

Activity 1: Prepare the final LDP documents for approval Integrate stakeholders’ feedbacks

Prepare the final documents both in graphics and texts

Prepare executive summary of the final documents

Prepare the required legal document for enactment of the LDP

Activity 2: Approve the LDP Disseminate executive summary documents to members of the

decision-making body at least a week before

Hold formal decision-makers meeting

Respond to any request for clarification

TASK 3: APPROVAL OF THE LDP

Activity 1: Publish the LDP document Make final refinement to the LDP documents by integrating input

generated in the approval process

Produce the final version of the LDP document

Duplicate and put official stamp on the LDP documents

Gazette the LDP approval document

Activity 2: Disseminate the LDP documents Publicize the LDP enactment officially with possible means

In national and regional capitals through medias and official

letters

In medium and small towns through official letters

Disseminate LDP documents to municipal documents and other

institutions with accompanying official letters

Make available for those who want to get the documents on sale

Activity 3: Declare the LDP

TASK 4: DISSEMINATION OF APPROVED LDP DOCUMENTS


69

Major Deliverables; Appraisal Report

Approved LDP

Approval notice

Key checkup Questions 1. Have all stakeholders participated in the appraisal process?

2. Has the approval notice been issued?


PHASE 7: IMPLEMENTATION

Strategies towards Integrated Implementation

Implementation of an LDP follows different paths in different

contexts; in some cases proposals of LDPs can directly proceed into

implementation, while in other cases additional project plans (such as

urban renewal) are required to translate LDP proposals into reality.

The diverse processes which involve in LDP implementation can be

depicted schematically as follows.

Fig 3. Strategies for Implementation of LDPs

70

OfficiallyApproved LDPs

LDPs in ExpansionAreas & Small

LDPs in Inner City

UrbanRenewal

UrbanUpgrading

Public Investments PrivateInvestments


PPP

71

Activity 1: Identify the role of the various actors

Proposed activities by the LDP should get owner and be directed to

an already established institution or to a newly established one for

effective implementation. Therefore, identification of the role of

the various actors in the city/town is of great importance.

Identify the sole responsibility of the municipality, sectorbureaus, the private sector, and the community

Identify activities that could be undertaken jointly by the

different actors such as municipality and private sector,

private sector and community, community and municipality

Engage in an effective & pragmatic partnership with non-public

urban actors for realizing implementation of LDP proposals

Activity 2: Conduct training

Training the implementing arm of the town/city on the newly prepared

local development plan is the first and the most critical part of

the preparatory task since failing to do so will certainly weaken

the implementation process. It is therefore mandatory to train all

implementing institutions to bring about clear understanding of the

plan and facilitate the subsequent implementation. The following are

the key actions to be taken to conduct successful training.

Prepare training materials ( it could be prepared by plan

TASK 1: PREPARATORY WORK Undertaking preparatory works before embarking on implementation of

local development plans would help to bring efficient and effective

implementation process. It also helps to conduct smooth

implementation without confusion among all stakeholders involved.

Accordingly, the following key preparatory works are identified as


72

Activity 3: Prepare Action Plan The municipality should develop its action plan for both its

sole responsibilities and coordinating the activities of the

other actors. Preparing action plan would facilitate successful

and efficient implementation and the subsequent evaluation. Give

priority for activities that are considered to be prerequisite

for the private or community development endeavors notably

infrastructure development and establishing enabling regulatory

framework

Decide on the phasing of the main activities


73

Establish regular public hearing forums to get feedback from

the beneficiaries regarding the performance of each

institutions

Activity 3: Fund raising Development undertakings in resource deficient areas inevitably

demand pulling together available resources in order to bring

meaningful impact. Accordingly, local development endeavors could

be best sponsored by strong involvement of the community through

pooling together their resources (finance, labor, know-how and

material). Pooling these local resources needs concerted effort

from all stakeholders mainly the government and CBOs. The

following activities could be mentioned as the best mechanisms of

pooling local resources for development purposes;

Establish locality development committee in which all

interest groups of the community should be represented,

notably;

Representatives of

o various formal associations like trade,

professionals, women, youth etc

o Elderly and prominent personalities

o Social and environmental activists

o Government institutions

o Utility companies

Introduce innovative institutional and financial schemes,

which lead into self-financing LDP implementation

In cooperation with the committee the following fund raising

and community mobilization activities could be undertaken;

Arrange local lottery through strong participation of

the local community

Organize social events like music concert, theatre

Activity 1: Promotion activitiesFor successful implementation of the LDP all the responsible

institutions should engage themselves in promotion of their

respective tasks. This could be done through various mechanisms, of

which the following could be sited;

Organize city wide exhibitions in order to create sufficient

understanding of the plan

Publish the various sector city plans in a reduced format and

distribute to the main stakeholders and the community at large

Introduce incentives for individual plot developers and

investors

Activity 2: Coordinate activitiesThe activities of the various actors should be coordinated mainly by

the responsible government institution to bring about integrated

TASK 2: COMMENCEMENT OF WORK After the completion of the aforementioned preparatory activities

the actual implementation of the LDP should commence in a very

organized manner. At this point it is assumed that different actors

have taken up all the proposed activities. However, the

municipality of the city/town will have the sole responsibility of

coordinating these activities. With this understanding the


74


75

Allocate plots for private developers up on demand

Delineate and undertake further study in areas that are

proposed to be redeveloped or upgraded.

Delineate plots proposed for public services (Education,

Health, Public Offices etc)

Major Deliverables Implementing bodies identified

Training given

Implementation schedule

Key Checkup Questions1. Are all the necessary things for the implementation works

fulfilled?


PHASE 8: MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring and evaluation should be undertaken at predefined and

critical stages of the implementation process to bring about better

efficiency and timely correction of defects at work. Moreover,

monitoring and evaluation serves as not only curbing existing problems

of the implementation process but also helps to improve future

implementation capacity. With this understanding, the process of

monitoring and evaluation has been indicated separately for better

understanding and successful accomplishment.

Monitoring & evaluation, on LDP implementation process itself, demands

a regular follow up and legal frameworks. Secondly, monitoring &

evaluation experienced on sporadic implementation process is

tantamount to a hide-and-seek game. With out effective monitoring &

evaluation mechanisms, the LDPs would never proceed beyond a blue

print. Accordingly, the following strategies are suggested for

monitoring and evaluation.

76

Activity 1: MonitoringMonitoring is an integral part of day-to-day management of

implementation process that helps to detect and solve implementation

irregularities. The most important advantage of monitoring

implementation process is its contribution to early identification

of problems before it gets complicated, which in turn simplifies the

effort of resolving the problems.

Lay down milestones that indicate what is to be done whenand by whom

Have a clearly defined monitoring & evaluation schedule

Establish a strong teamwork spirit among relevantinstitutions

Create well-established reporting mechanisms

Have updated land information Establish plan implementation monitoring unit

Clearly regulate the mandate of the unit

Strengthen the capacity of the unit in all aspects for better

efficiency

The unit could conduct its functions through the following

mechanisms;


77

Activity 2: Evaluation Determine the critical stages to undertake evaluation.

Evaluation might take place:

During deployment, to check whether all the necessary

manpower and material as well as techniques to begin

activities are fulfilled,

When a fourth of the activities is completed,

When it reaches half way,

When 75% is completed and

When all the planned activities are completed.

Identify who should undertake the evaluation

Present achievements vis-à-vis pre-set objectives

Major Deliverables Monitoring and evaluation formats

Key Checkup Questions1. Do we have pre designed monitoring and evaluation plan?

2. Do we have the consent of all parties involved


PART IIIANNEXES

78


79


ANNEX I: FORMATS

Format No 1. Example of Stakeholders Identification and Analysis in LDP PlanningProcessLDP Type

Key Stakeholders

Area of Participation Roles to be Played

Level of Representation

Mode of Representation

Potential Interests

LDP inUrbanRenewal[Havingonlylocalconcern

s]

1. Local Communities (Residents)

Phase I: Need assessment and visioning

Expression of needs and vision

SC & RF Individuals, households, etc

SC RF

Idirs, Youth Associations,

Women Association,

Producers/ Servicecooperatives

Sustain their settlements

Sustain & increaseincome

Phase II: Data collection Information supply

Phase VI: Appraisal Ensure their needs are addressed

Phase VII: Implementation Financial and resources contribution

2. Local Business Community



SC BusinessAssociation

Known businesspersons

Sustain their business


RF

Phase III: Appraisal Ensure their needs are addressed

SC

IV: Implementation Financial and resources contribution

RF

3. Neighboring Communities


Information supply

Cooperation andcollaboration

RF Local administration

Business

Align programsand interest

Phase II: Data collection RF Phase III: Appraisal RF

II


associations

s IV: Implementation RF

4. Utility companies (Road, Water, power, telephone)



SC Institutional representatives

Sustained service provision


TC

Phase V: Integration Ensure their needs are addressed

TC

Phase VI: Appraisal Align interests SCPhase VII: Implementation Resource

allocation and execution

TC

Phase VIII: M&E Periodic evaluation and progress monitoring

TC

SC – Steering Committee RF – Representative Forum TC – Technical Committee

III


Data Collection and Analysis Formats for Small, Medium &

Large Town

Format No 2. Demographic Data Collection and Analysis

Format 2.1. Population Size by Age, Sex, Education Level

S/NHouseNo.

Size of Family Members

By sex By age By level of education

M F < 4 4 -6

7-14

15-18 18-60 >60Illiterate

Elementary

Highschoo

l

Diplomaand

above1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19 +

III


20

21

Total

2.2. Number of Households in the Area

S/

N

Area

Total No. Of

Households

Sex of Household

Heads

Average

Family

SizeM F1 LDP action area2 LDP planning

area

IV


Format No. 3. Social Data Collection and Analysis

Formats 3.1. Marital Status of Residents with age 18 and Above

S/

N

House

No.

HH HeadMarital Status

Married Divorced Widow UnmarriedM F M F M F M F M F

123456

V

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consult789101112131415161718192021

Total

3.2. Families in the Locality by Sex of Family Heads (in

percentage)

S/N AreasSex of Household Heads (%)

M F1 LDP action area2 LDP planning area3 City/town

3.3. Participation of Families in Different Social Networks

VI


S/

N

House

No.

Type of Social Networks in which Family Members are

ParticipatingEdi

r

Equb Religio

us

Associa

te

Relativ

es

Associat

e

Ethnic

s

Associat

e

Friendsh

ip

Associat

e

Profession

al

Associate

123456789101112131415161718192021

VII


Total

3.4. Number of Children at School in a Family by Level of

Educatio

S/

N

House

No.

Number of Children at the Specified Level of

EducationKG Elementa

ry

High

School

Preparato

ry

College/

University123456789101112131415161718

VIII


Total

3.5. Number of Social Service Institutions Available within and

in the Vicinity of LDP Area

S/N Social services

Number of FacilitiesWithin the

LDP action

area

Within the

LDP

planning

area

In the

town/city

1 Schools o KGo Elementaryo High schoolo College/

University 2 Health institutions

o Clinic

o Health center

o Hospital3 Sport fields4 Recreation centers

IX


3.6. Level of Criminal Acts and Social ills in the LDP Planning and

Action Areas (indicate by marking X)S/N Type of

Social

Problem

Level of the Social Problem

Criti

cal

Moderat

e

Negligi

ble

1 Crime 2 Juvenile

delinquency

3 Prostitution 4 Beggary

5 Juvenile

delinquency

6 Drug addiction7 Sexual abuse

and

trafficking

8 Streetism9 Burglary,

robbery and

theft

Format No. 4. Economic Data Collection & Analysis

Formats4.1. Employment Status of Families in the Area

S/N House No.

Employment StatusEngaged in Unemployed

Employment Schooling

X


M F M F M F

123456789101112131415161718192021

Total

4.2. Employed Family Members in ‘X’ Area by Type of Employment XI


S/N House No.

Formal Sector Informal SectorGov't

Employee

Private

Company

Employe

e

Self-

Employed

Daily

Laborer

Petty-

Trader

Others

M F M F M F M F M F M F

123456789101112131415161718192021

Total

XII


4.3. Residents by Size and Source of Income

S/N

House

No.

Source of income Average monthly income in birrFormal

employmen

t

Inform

al

activi

ty

Transfer

from

relatives

Pensio

n

< 500 500 -10001000 -

1500

1500 -

2000

> 2000

1234567891011121314151617

XIII


18192021

Total

4.4. Families by Location of Work-places and Transport Types used

for Home, Work place Travel

S/

N

House

No.

Location of Work Place Type of Transport

At home

Within

LDP

area

Outside

of LDP

area

Outside

of

town/ci

ty

On

foot

Publi

c busTax Office

service

1

2345678910

XIV


1112131415161718192021Total

XV


Format No. 5. Institutional Information Collection and Analysis

Format

S/N Types of

Institutions

Number Key Areas of

Operation

Major

Objectives

1 Government

---

2 NGOs

----

3 CBOs

----

Format No. 6. Legal Frameworks Data Collection & Analysis Format

S/N

List of

existing

legislations

Scope of the legislation (mark

by X)

Missing legal

instruments

National Regional Local/

City

XVI


Format No. 7. Financial Data Collection and Analysis Format

S/

N

Major Infrastructure Networks

and Public Services in Short

Supply in the LDP area

Estimate of Public

Investments Required to

Fulfill Prevailing Gaps

XVII


Format No. 8. Physical Data Collection and Analysis

Formats 8.1. Houses by Type of Ownership and Value

S/N House No.

Value of Houses in ‘000 birr

Private Government Int'l

organization

NGO/CBO

123456789101112131415161718192021

Total

XVIII


8.2. Housing by Condition

S/N Housing No.

Housing condition

Good Fair Bad

1

23456789101112131415161718192021

Total

XIX


Data Collection and Analysis Formats for Cities and

Metropolitans

Format No. 9. Population Data Collection and Analysis

Formats9.1 Size of Population in the LDP Planning Action Areas

S/N AreaPopulation Size by Sex

M F Total1 LDP action area2 LDP planning area3 City/ town

9.2. Number of Social Service Institutions Available within and

in the Vicinity of LDP Area

S/N Social Services

Number of FacilitiesWithin theLDP Action

Area

Within the LDPPlanning Area

In theTown/city

1 Schools o KGo Elementaryo High schoolo College/

University 2 Health Institutions

o Clinico Health centero Hospital

XX

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consult3 Sport Fields4 Recreation Centers

9.3. Level of Criminal Acts and Social ills in the LDP Planning and

Action Areas (indicate by marking X)S/

N AreaLevel of Crime Prominent Social Ills

Critic

al

Moderat

e

Negligi

ble

Juvenile

delinquenc

y

Prostitu

tion

Beggar

y1 Action

area2 Planning

area

Format No. 10. Economic Data10.1 Mainstay of Local Economy (Mark by X)

S/N Sub-city/Kebele

Dominant Economic Activity by SectorIndustry/

ManufacturingRetail/wholesale Trade

Services(Hotels and other

Services)Farming

1

2

3

4

5

XXI


6

7

8

9

10

Total

10.2. Data on Major Characteristics of Local Economy (Mark by X)

S/N

CharacteristicsNumber of Firms by Sector

Trade Service Industry Agriculture

1 Formal2 Informal3 Large4 Medium5 Small

10.3. Data on Local Residents’ Level of Income (in percentage)

S/NSub-city/Kebele

Families with the Specified Monthly Income Category(in percentage)

<400 birr 400 – 2000 birr >2000 birr1234

XXII


10.4. Level of Unemployment in the area (% of Total Economically Active Population)

S/N Areas Employed Unemployed1 LDP action area2 LDP planning area3 City/town

Format No. 11. Example of Existing Environmental Physical Data

Collection Format

XXIII


Format No. 12. Example of Existing Landuse Data Collection and Analysis Format

XXIV


Format No.13. Housing Data Collection and Analysis Format

13.1. Example of Existing Housing Type Data Collection and

Analysis Format

XXV


XXVI


13.2. Existing Housing Data

1. LEGAL STATUSFormal

Informal

2. IDENTIFICATIONLOCATION: House Number

Kebele

Woreda

“Other remark”

3. HISTORICALYes:

No:

4. HOUSING CONDITION Good:

Medium/ Fair:

Bad:

5. TYPOLOGY: Row House:

Detached House:Storey Building:

No. of storey:

No. of rooms:

6. TYPE OF FUNCTION INTHE HOUSEPurely residential

Mixed with informal business

Mixed with formalbusiness

Type of Additional Business:

Shop/Kiosk

Bar/Catering

Cottage industryAnimal husbandryOthers

Character of additional business:Noisy: Yes: No:

Dusty Yes: No:

Smelly Yes: No:

Out flowing Yes: No:

Other hazard Yes: No:

7. USERS OF THE HOUSE

No. of families of main userNo. of other familieswho share house

8. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS:ROOF Thatched:

CIS:

Others:

WALL Chika:

HCB:

Brick/stone

Others

FLOOR Earth floor:

Cement screed:

Wooden/ Tile Floor :Others:

9. TENURE TYPEKebele:RHAPrivate OwnerRental Price Other

10. KITCHEN

Yes:

No:

11. KITCHEN TYPE Shared:

Private:12. TOILET

Yes :

No:

13. TYPES OF TOILET PIT LATRINEPrivate:

Shared:

SEPTIC TANKPrivate:

Shared:

SEWER

OTHERS 14. DRAINAGE

- to ditch- natural surface- other

15. DRY WASTE DISPOSAL- Local Pit & burning/ Bury- Municipal

- Throwaway16. WATER SUPPLY

- Private tap:

- Shared:

XXII

LDP MANUAL (FINAL DRAFT) MATHEWOS Consult- None:

17. ELECTRIC SUPPLY- Private meter:

- Shared meter :

- None: 18. TELEPHONE

Yes: No:

19. EASTIMATED MONTHLYRENT

0-150 151-300

301-500 501-1000

1000-1500 1501-2000

2001-2500 >250120. MAJOR MEANS OF

TRANSPORTATION TO SERVICES- on foot

- on bicycle

- by vehicle

- on animal

- Other21. ACCESSIBILITY FOR

CARSYes:

No:

22. PROPER FENCEYes:

No:

Data gathered by_____________________Date________________________Signature____________________

XXIII

LDP MANUAL (FIRST DRAFT) Mathewos Consult

Format No. 14. Institutional Information Data Collection and

Analysis Format S/N Types of

Institutions

Number Key Areas of

Operation

Major

Objectives

1Government

---

2 NGOs

----

3 CBOs

----

Format No. 15. Legal Frameworks Data Collection and

Analysis Format

S/N

List of

Existing

Legislatio

ns

Scope of the Legislation (mark by

X)

Missing Legal

InstrumentsNational Regional Local/

City

XXIII


Format No. 16. Financial Information Collection and

Analysis Format

S/N

Major Infrastructure Networks

and Public Services in Short

Supply in the LDP Area

Estimate of Public

Investments Required to

Fulfill Prevailing Gaps

Format No. 17. Example of Action Plan Format

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S/N DetailActivities

Timeframe

Institutional framework ExpecteddeliverableCore

actorsstakeholder

s

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Format No.18. GAPS Identification Sample Format for an LDP Area

Key Areas ofNeed Assessment

Existing Data (Facts & Figures)

Required Level to meet the vision

Gaps/problems identified

Causes for the problems

Options/ strategies to meet the gaps

Proposals

Indicators

Housing 10,000 HU 12,500HU 2,500HU 1000 new housing units

1500 HU to be upgraded

Social Services

Schools

Play

Grounds

NKG 2KGs 2KGs Establish 2 Private KGs

1 Elementary school

1 ElementarySchool - -

No Secondary School in the LDP area but there is one in the neighbouringarea

1 Secondary School

1 Secondary School

Use the neighbouring School

No Children play ground inthe LDP area, but there is one in the neighbouring area at 1km distance from center

1 play ground

1 play ground

Use the nearby play ground

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LDP MANUAL (FIRST DRAFT) Mathewos ConsultMSEs Small shops

10 shops available

25 shops 15 shops 15 new shops to be established

Carpentriesand wood works

None 5 5

Metal workshops 1 3 2

Bicycles maintenance 2 5 3

Horse shoesmaking 1 3 2

Format No. 19. LDP Outputs Formats

19.1. Building Height and Building line

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19.2. BAR and FAR

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19.3. Road Network and Infrastructure Alignment

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19.4. Three Dimensional View of LDP Study Area

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ANNEX II: STANDARDSNB. For elaborated and detailed spatial and physical standards refer to the SP Manual, the IUISP Manual and the Draft Urban Planning Manual (by the Ministry ofFederal Affairs.)

Standard 1. Data Types/Components Data Types Potential Sources Socio-economic Information Kebeles, Municipality, CBOs, NGOs, House

holds, structure plan, the business

community Physical/Environmental

Information

Structure plan, site survey, planning and

sectoral offices Institutional Information Kebele, Sub-City, Municipality,

Woreda/Zonal/Regional Urban Development

Offices Legal Information Kebele, Sub-City, Municipality,

Woreda/Zonal/Regional Urban Development

OfficesFinancial Information Finance Offices, business community

Standard 2. LDPs Preparation Levels

Urban category Type of LDP Responsible body Small Towns - Having mainly city

level concerns

- Having wider concerns

than the city

- Woreda

Administration

Medium towns - Having mainly city

level concerns


than the city

- Municipal

- Woreda or Zonal

Administration

Large towns - Having mainly city

level concerns

- Municipal

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than the city

- Woreda or Zonal

Administration Cities and

metropolitans

- Concerning mainly

stakeholders of the

specific locality

- Sub city/ Kebele

- Concerning city wide

stakeholders

- Municipality

- Concerning wider

stakeholders outside

the city

- Zonal

Administration

Standard 3. Typical Road Profile Showing Utility Lines Alignment

W T Ts

PJ J Ts

PT W

P = power transmission lineT = telephone, telegraph, televisionTs = traffic signal lineJ = Inlets and drainage lineW = Water

N.B. The service provision could depend on the levels of urban center. Telephone could be optional for first levelurban center.

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REFERENCES

Abrham Workneh (2003): Urban Planning in Ethiopia in Light of

International Experiences: Problems and Prospects. A paper

Presented on the 3rd National Conference on Urban Planning and

Related Issues, 2003, Addis Ababa

Addis Negari (2004): Proclamation for Approval of the Addis

Ababa Structure Plans, Addis Ababa City Government, Addis Ababa.

Addis Negari (2004): Proclamation for Preparation &

Implementation of Urban Plans, Addis Ababa City Government, Addis

Ababa

Akale Kifle (1996): Action Planning as Alternative for Future

Urban Development Undertaking, NUPI, 1996, Addis Ababa

Baross P. (1996): Action Planning. IHS, 1996, Rotterdam

Council of Ministers, FDRE (2005): A Proclamation to Provide for

Urban Plans (Draft), Addis Ababa.

Davidson F. (1981), “Ismailia“ From Master Planning to

Implementation, Third World Planning Review vol. 3. no. 2

Davidson F. (1996): Planning for Performance: Requirement for

Sustainable Development, Eisevier Science Ltd. 1996, Great

Britain

McNeill, D. (1983): “The Changing Practice of Urban Planning”

Habitat International, vol. 7, no. 5

McNeill, D. (1985): “Planning with Implementation in View”,

Third World Planning Review vol. 7, no. 3

Ministry of Federal Affairs (July 2004) Draft urban Development

Policy, Addis Ababa, Amharic Version.)

Ministry of Federal Affairs (nd): Draft Urban Planning Manual,

Addis AbabaXXXII


Ministry of Works and Urban Development (2006): Plan for

Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty (PASDEP),

Urban Development and Construction Industry Component, Addis

Ababa.

Republic of Uganda, Ministry of Lands, Housing & Physical

Planning (1994), The Kampala Structure Plan: John van Nostrand

Associations Ltd., 1994, Kampala, Uganda

Strategic Urban Development Planning Framework for the City of

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, 1999

LEGEND

USE

STAN

DAR

D F

UPI

’s L

IST

OF L

EG

ENDS

, R

EMAR

KS &

COD

ES

LEGEND

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STAN

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D F

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’s L

IST

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, R

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TITLE BLOCKTITLE BLOCKUSE STANDARDFUPI’s LIST OF

LEGENDS,REMARKS &

CODES

TITLE BLOCKDrawings shallbe made inlayers thatmakes easy tofilterRecognized

USE STANDARDFUPI’s LIST OF

LEGENDS,REMARKS &

CODES

LEGENDIt could be

Photographor sketch

TITLE BLOCKLEGEND FirstDraftLDP

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LDP Mathewos 2006

Documents

Transcript of LDP Mathewos 2006