ISBN 978-92-2-126808-6

789221 2680869

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

ILO Dar es Salaam Country Office for the United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda

P.O. Box 9212 Dar es Salaan - TanzaniaTel: +255 22 2196700 - Fax: +255 22 2126627

Email: daressalaam@ilodar.or.tzwww.ilo.org/daressalaam

www.ilo.org/ipec

Kenya labour market survey for older children withdrawn from worst forms of child labour: Kitui district report

February 2012

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

Ministry of Labour

Kenya labour market survey for older children withdrawn from worst forms of child labour: Kitui district report FEBRUARY 2012

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

International Labour Organization

ii

Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 First published 2012 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: pubdroit@ilo.org. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.

IPEC Kenya labour market survey for older children withdrawn from worst forms of child labour: Kitui district report / International Labour Organization; ILO International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour - Geneva: ILO, 2012 ISBN: 978-92-2- 126808-6-2 (Print; 978-92-2- 126809-3 (Web PDF) International Labour Organization; International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) child labour / young worker / labour market analysis / Kenya - 13.01.2

ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication was researched by Consumer Trends Ltd and written by Mr. Charles Munene, consultants for IPEC and coordinated by Ms. Wangui Irimu and Mr. Titus Kithome from IPEC Office in Kenya. We wish to acknowledge the many young men and women who shared with the researcher’s invaluable information, upon which the synthesis, conclusions and recommendations of this report are drawn. These youths are the real owners of the information used in preparation of this report. Without them, this survey would have been meaningless. Special thanks to the members of the Kitui District Child Labour Committee for their support and commitment to fighting child labour in the district. Funding for this Publication was provided by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL) KEN/09/50/USA. This publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government.

The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: pubvente@ilo.org or visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns.

Visit our website: www.ilo.org/ipec

Cover photos: Copyright © International Labour Organization 2012 Printed in Kenya Photocomposed by IPEC Geneva

Table of contents

Pages

Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................v

Executive summary.................................................................................................................vii

1. Introduction and background information ............................................................................1

1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Survey objectives..............................................................................................................1 1.3 Survey methodology ........................................................................................................2 1.4 Study site ..........................................................................................................................2 1.5 Child labour situation .......................................................................................................5

2. The labour market and the youth..........................................................................................7

2.1 Situation at the global, regional and national Level ........................................................7 2.2 Implications for Kitui District............................................................................................8

3. Situation and needs assessment of older children (15-17 years) .........................................11

3.1 Background information on the respondents................................................................11 3.2 Knowledge of the labour market and skills needs by older children (15-17 years) ......14

4. Viable economic/employment opportunities for older children (15-17 years) ....................17

4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................17 4.2 Identified economic opportunities and job creation avenues.......................................17 4.3 Skills requirements, providers and skills training gaps ..................................................21 4.4 Transition to decent work ..............................................................................................27

5. Social protection schemes...................................................................................................29

5.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................29 5.2 Social protection in Kenya..............................................................................................29 5.3 Social protection in Kitui ................................................................................................30

6. Summary, conclusions and recommendations ....................................................................33

References..............................................................................................................................35

Annex: Key informants ...........................................................................................................37

iii

iv

TABLES

Table 1: Identified economic opportunities and job creation avenues.......................................17 Table 2: TIVET institutions............................................................................................................22 Table 3: Government ministries training skills ............................................................................24 Table 4: Apprenticeship training providers..................................................................................25

FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of Kitui district..........................................................................................................4 Figure 2: Age distribution of respondents ....................................................................................11 Figure 3: Person respondents lived with.......................................................................................12 Figure 4: Employers.......................................................................................................................13 Figure 5: Preferred mode of employment ....................................................................................15 Figure 6: Need and access to education bursary ..........................................................................30

Abbreviations

CDF Constituency Development Fund CDK Catholic Diocese of Kitui CL Child Labour CLM Community-based Child Labour Monitoring CT Consumer Trends Ltd CWSK Child Welfare Society of Kenya DCLC District Child Labour Committee ESVAK EX-Spring Valley Kayole FPE Free Primary Education ICT Information and Communication Technology IGA Income Generating Activities ILO International Labour Organisation LCLC Location Child Labour Committee KDC Kitui Development Centre KIHBS Kenya Integrated Household and Budget Survey MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOYAS Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSSF National Social Security Fund NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund OSH Occupational Safety and Health OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children PTA Parent Teachers Association SEUCO South Eastern University College SNAP Support to the implementation of the National Action plan SMS Short Message Service TIVET Technical, Industrial, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training WEF Women Enterprise Fund WFCL Worst Forms of Child Labour YEF Youth Enterprise Fund

v

vii

Executive summary

This report details key findings of a labour market survey for youth in age range 15-17 years in Kitui Central District, Kenya. The survey sought to understand the situation of the older children and youth and consequently carry out a labour market assessment with a focus on this target group. This exercise is part of the baseline surveys project that is supporting the implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP) for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour with special focus on agriculture and older children (SNAP Kenya). It was carried out in Kitui Township, Kyangwithya East and Kyangwithya West in Kitui Central district.

The survey first embarked on an extensive review of literature on key thematic issues. This informed the research design in addition to augmenting data collected from other sources. Quantitative as well as qualitative methods were employed. Quantitative approaches featured a survey that targeted 151 children, 51 percent of whom were male and 49 percent female. Qualitative techniques on the other hand featured key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Key informant interviews targeted employers, project staff, TIVET institution administrators and officials from line government ministries1. In total, 23 key informants were interviewed. Focus group discussions on the other hand targeted youth groups and parents/caregivers. A total of 12 FGDs were conducted.

Kitui Central District forms part of the arid and semi arid lands in Kenya. Poverty rates are high with an estimated 64 percent of the population living below the poverty line. Although agriculture is the main economic activity, the area experiences erratic rainfall patterns making agricultural activities largely unreliable. Access to basic needs including clean water is poor.

The district is vast with low population densities in some sections which further compounds the provision of essential services such as water and health due to the high costs involved. These and other factors have heightened the vulnerability of the population which has in turn taken a toll on children who have inevitably been pushed into activities inappropriate for their ages. Child labour in the district is for instance prevalent with an estimated 69.3 percent of children above five years involved in laborious engagements.

64 percent of the children interviewed reported that they have worked for economic gain at some point in their lives. Farm-hand and related labourers took the largest share of working children at 56.2 per cent, followed by cleaners, launders and domestic workers at 33.4 per cent. Other frequently mentioned activities were domestic work, sand harvesting, stone crushing and brick making, water vending, charcoal burning, masonry, bodaboda (bicycles and motorcycles offering public transport services) and hawking.

1 Line Ministries include, Ministry of Youth and Sports, Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Gender and Children affairs, Ministry of cooperatives.

viii

Kitui town, Kyangwithya East and West, Wii, Mutune, and Mutitu were some of the areas where incidences of child labour were frequently reported. According to most respondents, parents and caregivers did not understand where to draw a line between child labour and child work. In addition some illegal enterprises were also blamed for employing children. Such include sand harvesting fails to comply with regulations. It is also noted that child labour varies with seasons and locations. For instance, during the dry spell, child labour manifests itself in charcoal burning, increased operation of boda-bodas and sand harvesting.

Kitui District has experienced high school enrolment rates in both primary and secondary schools since the introduction of free primary and subsidized secondary education. However, the drop–out rate is also high at 7 per cent in primary school and 3 per cent in secondary school. These high drop-out rates were attributed to the high levels of poverty, child neglect and socio-cultural factors that have a bias against education especially for girls. Transition rate from primary to secondary schools in Kitui District is estimated at about 43 percent (RoK, 2008). This is lower than the national average of 64.8 percent recorded in 2008.

While the district is well served by TIVET2 institutions, their accessibility is limited owing to the learning costs. Consultations during this survey indicated that both the artisan and professional courses were beyond the reach of many parents.

Furthermore, youth polytechnics are not positively viewed by the public. They are seen as institutions for those that have failed in the mainstream education or those that have dropped out of school. Children from poor backgrounds thus have limited alternatives for learning or skills acquisition. They join the market unskilled which paves the way for their exploitation. For most of them, joining the labour market at an age less than 18 years poses serious challenges given that they cannot be employed formally given that legally they are still minors.

81.1 percent of the respondents reported that they lived with their parents. Another 15.5 percent lived with relatives or well wishers while a significant 3.4 percent lived with siblings. This is an important finding as it points to the reality that even though most children live with parents or caregivers who ideally should protect them, it still does not prevent them from falling into child labour and other vulnerabilities. Yet on the other hand, a child’s vulnerability to abuse increases among children without proper care. This situation was generally blamed on poverty which forces many children into labour.

77.3 percent of the respondents were in school at the time of the survey, while 22.7 percent were not. 69.7 percent reported that they were out of school because they did not have school fee. This finding suggests that there were additional costs besides tuition fee that kept children out of school since primary school education is free in all public schools.

2 TIVET institutions include National Polytechnics, Technical Teachers Colleges, Institutes of Technology, Technical Training Institutes, Industrial Training Centres, Youth Polytechnics, Vocational Training Centres and other Private Commercial Colleges.

64.2 percent of the respondents reported that they have at some point in their lives worked for economic gain. 79.1 percent of this had been employed. Asked who the employer was, respondents mentioned complete stranger (39 percent), family friend (32.5 percent) relatives (26 percent) and parents (2.6 percent). This implies that combined, more than half the respondents (61.1 percent) were employed by a relative or a family friend.

Consultations with stakeholders revealed that children worked under deplorable conditions. Children involved in sand harvesting and stone crushing, for instance, were reported to be working at night and without any protective gear. They are further exposed to irresponsible behaviours such as irresponsible sex, drug abuse and use of illicit brews in the environments they worked in.

71 percent of working children said they knew other children their age that worked for economic gain. Asked what activities these children engaged in, the following activities were mentioned - domestic work (27 percent), sand harvesting, brick making and stone crushing (25.7 percent), and farm work (21.8 percent). Other activities were bodaboda business, sale of firewood and charcoal burning, waste collection and herding as reported by 6, 5, 5, and 4 percent of the respondents respectively. A few respondents also mentioned car-washing, masonry and construction.

Although 67 percent of the respondents reported that it was not easy for someone their age to get a job in Kitui, they went ahead to mention a number of economic activities which, in their opinion, one could locally get employed in if they went searching. These include domestic work, bodaboda services, farm work and hairdressing. 56.1 percent of the respondents said these jobs were easy to get because they did not require much training. This underscores the importance of training in accessing job opportunities in Kitui. Other reasons given on why it was easy to access these jobs were that there were readily available opportunities (22 percent), low capital requirements (12.2 percent), demand for cheap labour in some of the jobs (7.3 percent) and no age restriction (2.3 percent).

Most respondents preferred professional jobs that require high education grades, training and skills such as medical jobs, teaching, engineering and nursing. These choices were based on the perceptions that the professional jobs were better paying as mentioned by 43 percent of respondents. Others were of the opinion that the jobs were interesting, marketable and offered job security.

When asked if they knew where they could acquire various skills, majority of the respondents mentioned universities and technical training institutes such as Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC) and Utalli College. Notably, the institutions mentioned offer higher levels of training for people in possession of secondary level certificates. It was noted that even though farm work engaged most of the working children, agriculture was not mentioned as one of the preferred career aspirations. Most (74.5 percent) of the older children reported that given a choice, they would prefer to be self-employed while 25.5 percent would prefer to be in wage employment.

ix

x

On barriers to skills acquisition a majority, 88.2 percent, reported that they lacked money to pay for training. Another 9.8 percent said the high entry grades into the skills training institutions were another barrier, while others noted that vacancies, and therefore admissions in most of the institutions were limited.

The identified opportunities feature the commonly practiced types of work as well as innovative opportunities, which, if explored have the potential to create employment for youth and or support youth in transiting into decent employment. Green jobs3 were also mentioned and others are proposed. However, at the time of this survey, only a few groups were involved in green activities. This was attributed to lack of knowledge, policy directed support and tangible incentives for people involved in green jobs.

Key opportunities identified were in agriculture and livestock farming and value addition of related products such as fruits, milk and fish, opportunities in the manufacturing sector including, construction and welding, the service industry, such as shop keepers, mechanics, electricians, transport, and hair dressing. Others were opportunities in ICT including cyber cafes, ICT training, video editing, repairs and maintenance computer and other ICT related technologies such as photocopiers, scanners, printers etc. Green jobs such as waste management, water harvesting, paper recycling etc, and opportunities in the entertainment industry and sports were also identified.

Different economic opportunities and job creation avenues will require specific training. The situation of the older children in Kitui demands that each one of them will need basic training in the activities they select. In addition, there will be need for training in entrepreneurship skills so as to prepare the older children to identify, run and manage their identified income generating activities. TIVET institutions and government ministries offer the most accessible opportunities for training. Nonetheless, while the TIVET institutions have made considerable efforts in providing marketable courses, there were salient training gaps in ICT, customer service, entrepreneurship and intensive/modern agriculture training.

Discussions with parents as well as youths indicated that most of the social protection needs are met through informal social mechanisms that place mutual responsibility and reciprocity among the community members. This takes the form of contributions in cash and in kind, in times of sickness or death of a community member. Formal schemes such as pension schemes, NSSF and NHIF largely covered people in formal employment. For instance, while 61.6 percent reported that they had heard of NHIF and NSSF, only 12.9 percent reported that they or their family members had registered for either. The government, however, offers other support mechanisms such as OVC cash transfer, cash transfer to the elderly and people with disability, free primary and secondary education, Njaa Marufuku (eradicate hunger) project among others.

3 Jobs are green when they help reducing negative environmental impact ultimately leading to environmentally, economically and socially sustainable enterprises and economies. More precisely green jobs are decent jobs that: Reduce consumption of energy and raw materials, limit greenhouse gas emissions, minimize waste and pollution, protect and restore ecosystems.

Establishment of child labour free zones will thus require concerted efforts that broadly seek to improve the working conditions of the youth and the general welfare of the vulnerable families where the youth are brought up. To achieve this noble objective the labour market survey recommends the following:

• Sensitization and advocacy on child protection through a mix of approaches including; Chief’s barazas (public meetings), use of local media, billboards and notice boards in strategic places such as health facilities, chief’s office, schools, youth groups, community groups etc. Sensitisation should also include sensitization of parents on the long-term advantages, child protection and support for youth to transit from child labour to decent work.

• Economic empowerment of parents and/or guardians through groups such Self Help Groups (SHGs) is most recommended. These can progressively evolve into Village Savings and Loan Schemes, Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies and link to micro-finance institutions. Additionally, the Ministry of Co-operative Development and Marketing should be lobbied to revive and promote non-performing cooperatives, which can be utilized by guardians to broaden their economic opportunities.

• Create awareness among the youth on the advantages of joining TIVET institutions for skills development. This should be delivered in form of career talks in schools and through other forums such as religious gatherings, public barazas, etc.

• Promote apprenticeship programmes. These are cheaper and offer more flexible timetables for training by youth. Acquisition of employable skills among the youth has potential to propel them from poverty. Furthermore, synergies should be forged between formal institutions and artisans for more comprehensive packages in skills training.

• Law enforcement should ideally go hand and hand and complement efforts towards the promotion of engagement of young people in decent employment activities. While children are in most of the cases pushed by circumstances to engage in child labour, in other cases employers simply take advantage of children. Moreover, issues of occupation safety and health (OSH) of children in the environments that they work in should take precedence.

• Support for youth should go beyond skills training to provision of support towards accessing requisite tools. Tools and equipments for specific skills such as spanners for mechanics, blow dryers for hair dressers, testers for electrical technicians are essential particularly in the informal sector. These can determine whether one gets a job or not.

• There is need to build the capacity of the youth offices in the districts to act as youth information centres. These should ideally focus on creating awareness on training, apprenticeship and employment opportunities available for youth. District youth centres under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MOYAS) can be strengthened to take up this role.

xi

xii

• There is need to promote talent-building events and possible establishment of academies for training on the same. Corporate and NGO sponsorship for competition would give opportunities for youth to explore their talents.

1. Introduction and background information

1.1 Background

International Labour Organisation-International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour is implementing a project titled “Creating the enabling environment to establish models for child labour free areas in Kenya: Support to the implementation of the National Action Plan for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour with special focus on agriculture and older children (SNAP Kenya)”. The project’s key pillars are hinged on the prevention of children from engaging in child labour, withdrawal (removal and protection) of children from the worst forms of child labour and reintegrating them in formal schools and for those who cannot continue with formal school, integration into vocational skills training.

The project supports the Kenya government to strengthen the National and Local (District) level policies and institutional and social foundations for action against WFCL. The project targets Busia, Kilifi, and Kitui Districts.

It is supporting the implementation of the National Action Plan (NAP) and two strategies are in use. The first targets the implementation of the National Action Plan at district and local levels. This is taking place at the district level through the Integrated Area Based Approach (IABA, whereby the capacity of the local authorities is being enhanced to deal with child labour in a holistic and coherent manner at district level. Using this approach, children in child labour are withdrawn and those at risk prevented. At the same time, families and communities are supported so that they are better able to provide for their children’s needs. Partnerships and networks with key stakeholders are also forged. Such actions will prevent child labour and protect children’s rights. Ultimately, the area-based approach lays foundations for the establishment of “child labour free zones” which would act as an inspiration for all others to join the movement.

The second strategy is the continued provision of support to the national level authorities to further integrate child labour concerns into other sector policies and programmes and to strengthen enforcement capacities.

1.2 Survey objectives

A clear understanding of the situation of the target group and the labour market situation in Kitui is crucial to the effective implementation of the project interventions. This need informed the commissioning of a labour market survey in Kitui District.

They objectives of this survey were:

• To establish the market opportunities for employment of youth in the Kitui district within the SNAP project implementation areas.

1

2

• To determine the situation and needs of children aged 15 to 17 years at risk of child labour in pursuit of decent livelihoods in Kitui district.

• To establish the available opportunities for IGAs for the youth and heads of families and establish the existing social protection schemes in Kitui district.

Busia and Kilifi are the other two counties where this project is being implemented and separate surveys have been carried out.

1.3 Survey methodology

Both secondary and primary data sources were used. Secondary data sources included the child labour baseline report, census reports, reports on green jobs, government reports and records on TIVET institutions among others. Primary data sources on the other hand include older children aged 15-17 years, youth, parents, TIVET institutions’ administrators, employers, and government officers.

Qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used in collecting primary data. Qualitative methods included Key Informant Interviews (KII) with implementing partners, members of the DCLC, officers from line ministries4, employers and representatives of TIVET institutions and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with older children 15-17 years, youth and parents. In total twenty three (23) in-depth interviews and twelve (12) focus group discussions were conducted. The qualitative interviews were guided by a checklist of issues. These discussions were also audio-recorded to improve on accuracy5.

Quantitative procedures used included a survey and analysis of quantitative data as documented in various reports. The survey reached a sample of one hundred fifty one (151) older children 15-17 years old, who were interviewed using interviewer administered questionnaires. Of these, 77 were girls while 74 were boys. The quantitative data from various documents augmented and complimented data collected from the primary sources. Data collection targeted three divisions namely Kitui Township, Kyangwithya East and Kyangwithya West. The survey was implemented in the months of August and September 2011.

1.4 Study site

Kitui District is one of the districts in the lower part of Eastern Province of Kenya. It borders Yatta and Makueni Districts to the West, Mwingi to the North, Tana River to the East and Kitui South District to the South. According to the 2009 Population and Housing Census, the district recorded a total population of 447,613 persons. Of these, 214,253 were male while 233,359 were female. Further, the district’s population pyramid shows that the proportion of

4 Line Ministries include, Ministry of Youth and Sports, Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Gender and Children affairs, Ministry of cooperatives. 5 Please refer to annex one for more details on the people interviewed.

young people was much higher than that of older people, with more than half the population being less than 20 years of age. About 3 percent of the population was more than 65 years (KNBS, 2011b).

Kitui District experiences arid and semi-arid climatic conditions. Rainfall is erratic and unreliable in the range of 500-1,050 mm annually. Only about one third of the district population have access to clean drinking water, a situation that can be attributed to recurring drought and limited investment in the use of alternative sources of water like roof catchments (KNBS, 2011a).

Land use and settlement patterns are based on the agro-ecological zones and they are also influenced by soil fertility and rainfall. Central, Matinyani and Mutonguni Divisions receive fairly moderate rainfall and have fertile soils and great agricultural potential. Population densities in these divisions are also higher. Mwitika and Mutitu divisions experience harsh climatic conditions. The low population densities coupled with the vastness of the divisions make provision of essential services such as water, health and education expensive.

3

Figure 1: Map of Kitui district

4

5

1.5 Child labour situation

The Kitui District Development Plan (DDP) 2008-2012 (RoK, 2008) notes that close to 64 percent of the population faces absolute poverty while about 52 percent are food poor. In addition to the high poverty levels partly occasioned by relatively harsh environmental conditions, HIV/AIDS prevalence is the other social challenge. The rate stands at 4.8 percent and accounts for about 19,496 infections each year (RoK, 2008).

These factors have put relative pressure on households in Kitui and possibly the reason why 69.3 per cent of children above five (5) years were reported to be working (KNBS, 2011b). The largest population of these children were those aged 10-14 years. The report further noted that most of these children were engaged in elementary occupations across various industries. This is expected since a child below 18 years is not likely to have undergone any specialized training (ibid, 2011).

The baseline survey further noted that the occupational group of ‘farm-hand and related labourers’ took the largest share of working children at 56.2 per cent. The occupation of ‘cleaners, launders and domestic workers’ took the second largest share at 33.4 per cent. Messengers, porters, watchmen and related workers’ occupied 7.8 per cent of all working children.

These results compare well with the findings of the labour market survey which shows that 64 percent of the children interviewed reported that they had at some point in their lives worked for economic gain. Of these, 27.7 percent were involved in farm work, 17 percent in domestic work, 11.7 percent in sand harvesting and 8.5 percent in stone crushing and brick making respectively. Other widely mentioned activities include water vending, charcoal burning, masonry, bodaboda (bicycles and motorcycles offering public transport services) and hawking.

Consultations with various stakeholders in the course of this survey further confirmed the prevalence of child labour in Kitui district. Kitui town, Kyangwithya East and West, Wii, Mutune, and Mutitu were some of the areas where incidences of child labour were frequently reported. According to most respondents, parents and caregivers did not understand where to draw a line between child labour and child work. In addition, some illegal enterprises were also blamed for employing children. These include sand harvesting which is done at night by business people who fail to comply with set regulations. It is also noted that child labour varies with seasons and locations. For instance, during the dry spell child labour manifests itself in charcoal burning, increased operation of boda bodas and sand harvesting, while in wet seasons children work more in farm related activities.

There are other dimensions though. For example, during sand harvesting, much of which usually takes place at night, other activities such as drinking of illegal illicit brews, irresponsible sexual behaviours and drug abuse take place (ILO, 2011a). These expose children working in these activities to imminent danger.

2. The labour market and the youth

2.1 Situation at the global, regional and national Level

The Global Employment Trends Report 2012 (ILO, 2012) notes that 74.8 million youth aged 15–24 were unemployed in 2011. This is an increase of more than 4 million since 2007. The global youth unemployment rate stood at 12.7 percent. Globally, young people are nearly three times as likely as adults to be unemployed.

In addition, an estimated 6.4 million young people have given up hope of finding a job and have dropped out of the labour market altogether (ibid, 2012). The report further notes that even those young people who are employed are increasingly likely to find themselves in part-time employment and often on temporary contracts. The situation is worse for youth in developing countries where youth are disproportionately among the working poor. Of concern is that the number and share of unemployed youth is projected to remain essentially unchanged in 2012.

In Sub-Sahara Africa, population growth puts strong pressure on labor markets for youth and in particular in an environment where decent work opportunities are in short supply. Further, youth often have more difficulties in securing decent work than adults for reasons such as limited experience and weak or lack of professional networks. Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for almost 14 percent of youth population, 90 percent of whom lived in developing economies in 2010 (ILO, 2010).

In Kenya, employment opportunities for the youth are limited. According to the Kenya Integrated Household and Budget Survey (KIHBS), 2005/06, unemployment rate stood at 12.7 percent. A 2008 report by the government further notes that 67 percent of the unemployed in Kenya were the youth (RoK, 2008).

Analysis on unemployment further reveals that compared to other age groups, unemployment for youth aged 15-34 years has either significantly increased or remained the same over the last three decades. For instance, Kiiru, et al, (2009) documents that while unemployment for youth aged 25-29 years rose from 4.8 percent in 1978 to 15.9 percent in 2005/06, that of older people aged 45-49 years increased from 1.1 percent to 5.7 percent in the same period.

The slow pace of economic growth has further negatively impacted growth in employment. This is particularly the case in the formal economy. For some time, the informal sector has continued to account for the largest proportion of new jobs in the Kenya market. The Economic Survey Highlights 2011 (KNBS, 2011a), for instance, show that the informal sector accounted for 440,900 jobs representing 80.6 percent of all jobs created in the economy in 2010. With the youth forming about 60 percent of the total labour force, it means that the bulk of young people are gaining employment in the informal economy.

7

8

The Global Employment Report (ILO, 2012) observes that the youth are generally often less experienced and not professionally networked. These are factors that partly prevent most of them from getting quality and decent jobs. This view is shared by other writers such as Omollo (2010), who notes that youth are inadequately prepared to join the job market. They lack adequate education and requisite skills needed in the job market. The labour market survey results confirm this. A majority of the older children interviewed (83.3 percent) only had primary school as their highest level of education. Just about 16.7 percent have attained secondary level education while none reported to have had post secondary education.

In the last decade, the government has invested heavily in increasing enrolment and completion rates in both primary and secondary levels of education. This kicked-off with the rolling out of free primary education in 2003. This policy directive resulted in an increase in the gross enrolment rate from 86.8% in 2002 to 101.5% in 2004 (MoEST, 2004). This was followed by the rolling out of the free secondary education in 2007 which in turn led to the rise in the primary to secondary school transition rates from 47 percent in 2002 to 64.8 percent in 2008.

While releasing the 2011 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Results in February 2012, the Minister for Education noted that the primary to secondary transition rates had increased to 72 percent. Fewer students however, eventually join the post secondary level institutions. This trend results in significantly large proportions of young people who miss out on opportunities to further their education or train in skills they could utilize to earn a decent living.

2.2 Implications for Kitui District

Kitui District has experienced high school enrolment rates in both primary and secondary schools since the introduction of free primary and subsidized secondary education. However, the drop–out rate is also high at 8 per cent in primary school and 20 per cent in secondary school. These high drop-out rates were attributed to the high levels of poverty, child neglect and socio-cultural factors that have a bias against education especially for girls. Transition rate from primary to secondary schools in Kitui District is estimated at about 43 percent (RoK, 2008). This is lower than the national average of 64.8 percent recorded in 2008.

While the district is well served by TIVET6 institutions, their accessibility by youth is limited owing to relatively high learning costs. Consultations during this survey indicated that both the artisan and professional courses were beyond the reach of many parents. Notably, the government subsidizes learning in public youth polytechnics to the tune of KES 15,000 (USD 187.5) for each enrolled student each year. This subsidy covers the costs of instruction and equipments but does not include costs of external examinations, payment of non teaching staff and boarding fees etc. Even though, information on the fee subsidies was not to be widely known by the public.

6 TIVET institutions include National Polytechnics, Technical Teachers Colleges, Institutes of Technology, Technical Training Institutes, Industrial Training Centers, Youth Polytechnics, Vocational Training Centers and other Private Commercial Colleges.

Beyond access, youth polytechnics are not positively viewed by the public. They are seen as institutions for those that have failed in the mainstream education or those that have dropped out of school. This tag has negatively impacted on the polytechnics as alternative institutions for skills acquisition. In addition, though existing, the connection between skills training at this level and higher levels of education is not clear. This implies that to most people, training in youth polytechnics is an end unto its self and students cannot pursue further training after that. This is not appealing to most youth.

Most youth polytechnics are generally ill prepared for provision of training. Their physical facilities are rundown and they have inadequate equipment. The courses they offer are neither market oriented nor do they allow for horizontal and upward mobility. Graduates from these institutions are not employable because they lack appropriate technical skills or/and they further lack resources and entrepreneurial skills that can support them to start their own businesses. This situation is compounded by instructors who lack motivation or are inadequately trained.

More recently, the middle level TIVET institutions have increasingly been taken over by universities and converted into university colleges, further making them inaccessible to most people from poor backgrounds. This also implies that graduates from youth polytechnics have limited options on where they can further their skills training.

These factors have left older children from poor backgrounds and generally the youth with limited alternatives for learning or skills acquisition. They therefore join the market unskilled, which paves the way for their exploitation. For most of them, joining the labour market at an age less than 18 years poses serious challenges given that they cannot formally be employed. 18 years is the age at which one acquires an identification card which is necessary for entering into contracts in most cases.

Kenya’s legal provisions pose yet another challenge to the employment of youth and older children. Kenya has ratified both the ILO Conventions 138 (Minimum Age) and 182 (Worst Forms of Child Labour). Following the ratification of the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and the Africa Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) in 1989/90, Kenya enacted the Children Act in 2001, which combined all pieces of legislation on children’s issues. Notably, the Minimum Age Convention 138 places on the ratifying countries the obligation to fix the minimum age and defines a range of minimum ages below which no child should be required to work. In all cases though, a child will not be allowed to work if they are below the age of completion of basic or compulsory schooling.

In line with this convention, the Employment Act in Kenya allows for children aged 16 to work. Work done by children aged between 16-18 years is however meant to be light work and not hazardous labour. Neither should this work be a substitute for schooling and growth or holistic development of the child. The average age of primary school completion is 14 years while that of secondary school completion is 18 years.

9

10

On the other hand, the Children’s Act defines a child to be someone below the age of 18 years. This means that someone aged 16, and otherwise allowed to work under Employment Act is technically a child before the law. The implication is that they cannot be issued with an identity card having not reached the recognised age of consent and thus cannot be legally contacted or employed. Financial institutions would also regard anyone below 18 years as a minor and therefore not allowed to open a bank account. This further complicates employment opportunities for older children.

3. Situation and needs assessment of older children (15-17 years)

This section presents the situation of older children 15-17 years based on interviews conducted with the target group and a cross-section of stakeholders in Kitui District.

3.1 Background information on the respondents

A total of 151 older children were interviewed for this survey. This sample was evenly distributed across the three target areas of Kitui Township, Kyangwithya West and Kyangwithya West. Of the total sample, 51 percent were girls while boys were 49 percent. In addition, 23 stakeholders were interviewed as key informants and 12 focus group discussions were held with parents and youth.

Age of the respondents

Older children aged between 15 to 17 years were targeted for the survey. In terms of age distribution, 44 percent were - 15 years, 30 percent were 17 years while the 16 year olds were 26 percent of the sample.

Figure 2: Age distribution of respondents

44 %

26 %

30 %15 years16 years17 years

A majority of the respondents (81.1 percent) reported that they lived with their parents as shown in Figure 3. Another 15.5 percent lived with relatives or well wishers while a significant 3.4 percent lived with siblings.

11

Figure 3: Person respondents lived with

0 20 40 60 80 100

Parents

Relatives

Siblings

Well wishers

81.1

13.5

3.4

2

%

This is an important finding as it points to the reality that even though most children live with parents or caregivers who ideally should protect them, it still does not prevent them from falling into child labour and other vulnerabilities. Yet on the other hand, a child’s vulnerability to abuse increases among children without proper care. This situation was generally blamed on poverty among the people which forces many children to labour.

Parents were also the main providers of basic needs including school fees. This notwithstanding, about 14.2 percent reported that their basic needs were provided for by relatives or siblings and a significant 7.4 percent reported that they provided their basic needs for themselves.

77.3 percent of the respondents were in school at the time of the survey, while 22.7 percent were not. When asked why they were out of school, 69.7 percent reported that they did not have school fees. This finding suggests that there were additional costs besides tuition fee that still kept children out of school since primary school education is free and secondary level education is subsidized in all public schools.

More than half the respondents (64.2 percent) had at some point in their lives worked for economic gain. In terms of the work they engaged in, close to half (47.9 percent) were involved in farm work, and related activities, sand harvesting and stone crushing. Another 17 percent were involved in domestic work. Other activities mentioned included charcoal burning, water vending and bodaboda service. Work for economic gain was therefore not strange to more than half the respondents. Fewer respondents however, (39.2 percent) of those interviewed in the survey reported that they would still work for economic gain if given an opportunity to. But most of those interviewed in focus group discussions reported that they would rather learn in school or enrol for skills training.

12

A majority of the respondents (79.1 percent) reported that they had been employed at some point in their life. About 20.9 percent reporting that they were self employed. Asked who the employer was, respondents mentioned complete stranger (39 percent), family friend (32.5 percent) relatives (26 percent) and parents (2.6 percent). This implies that combined, more than half the respondents (61.1 percent) were employed by a relative or a family friend. This is shown in the figure below.

Figure 4: Employers

0 10 20 30 40

Stranger

Family friend

Relatives

Parents

39

33

26

2.6

%

Respondents further reported the amounts of money they earned each week when they were in employment. 27.1 percent earned between KES 401-600 (USD 5-7.5). Another 26 percent earned between KES 201-400 (USD 2.5-5) while 16.1 percent had even lower incomes of between KES 1-200 (USD 0.01-2.5). A small number of respondents (16.6 percent) earned between KES 601-1000 (USD 7.5-12.5), while 14.2 percent reported to have been earning amounts above KES 1,000 (USD 12.5) each week.

The conditions in which the children worked were probed during the focus group discussions and key informant interviews with stakeholders. These consultations revealed that most children worked in deplorable conditions. Children involved in sand harvesting and stone crushing for instance, were reported to work at night and for long hours. They are also not provided with any protective equipment. They are exposed to irresponsible behaviours such as irresponsible sex, drug abuse and use of illicit brews. Those involved in boda-boda service provision face serious risks of being involved in accidents because they are not trained on road safety. They also do not use reflective jackets and helmets.

In addition, children involved in domestic work were said to be overworked. One of the key informants observed that a typical house help works for about 17 hours at the minimum each day. Both the employers and children are generally ignorant of labour laws and occupational safety and health requirements. More often, children involved in work for gain are often overworked and grossly underpaid.

13

3.2 Knowledge of the labour market and skills needs by older children (15-17 years)

The respondents were asked if they were aware of other children, their age, in the areas they came from, who worked for economic gain. To this, 71 percent answered in the affirmative. About 29 percent did not know of other working children. Asked what activities the children engaged in, the following activities were mentioned; domestic work (27 percent), sand harvesting brick making and stone crushing (25.7 percent), farm work (21.8 percent). Other activities were bodaboda, sale of firewood and charcoal burning, waste collection and herding as reported by 6, 5, 5, and 4 percent of the respondents respectively. A few respondents also mentioned car-washing, masonry and building and construction.

This notwithstanding, 67 percent of the respondents reported that it was not easy for someone their age to get a job in Kitui. They nevertheless listed a number of economic activities which, in their opinion, one could locally get employed if they went searching. These include domestic work, bodaboda services, farm work and hairdressing.

To the respondents, these jobs were easy to get because they did not require much training as noted by 56.1 percent. This underscores the importance of training in accessing job opportunities in Kitui. Other reasons given for the ease in accessing the jobs were readily available opportunities (22 percent), low capital requirements for those establishing own businesses (12.2 percent), engagement of cheap labour (7.3 percent) and no age limit (2.3 percent).

Respondents were also able to itemize the jobs that are more difficult for people their age to get in Kitui. These included teaching, clerical work, mechanics, driving, engineering, clinical officers, nursing and accounting among others. Asked why it was difficult to get these jobs, a majority of the respondents (80.7 percent) indicated that the jobs required skills and knowledge. Others mentioned that they lacked facilities and funds to train in the requisite skills. This portrays some general understanding of skills requirements for the types of work.

Additionally, when asked which kind of jobs they would prefer to undertake, most reported professional jobs that require training and skills such as medical jobs, teaching, engineering and nursing. These choices were based on the perceptions that the professional jobs were better paying as mentioned by 43 percent of respondents. Others were of the opinion that the jobs were interesting, marketable and offered job security.

However, even though the respondents were able to mention their preferred professions, half of them (50.7 percent) did not know the specific skills required to get them in those jobs. Further when asked if they knew where they could acquire various skills, majority of them mentioned universities and technical training institutes such as Kenya Medical Training College and Utalli College. These institutions offer higher levels training and target people in possession of secondary level certificates. It was noted that despite the fact that farm work engaged most of the working children and is the mainstay of the economy in the area, agriculture was not mentioned as one of the preferred career aspirations.

14

74.5 percent of the older children reported that given a choice, they would prefer to be self employed while 25.5 percent would prefer to be in wage employment. This is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Preferred mode of employment

0

20

40

60

80

Employed Self employed

25.5

74.5%

The knowledge and perceptions about the job market possessed by the young people in Kitui offer important lessons that can guide interventions aimed at addressing youth employability in the area. Perceptions about the preferred jobs for instance give an indication of the type of skills that the youth would wish to have. Additionally, the most commonly accessible job opportunities for people their age would guide actors and specifically this project on the areas that need to be targeted in enabling youth transit to decent employment.

On the main factors that had hindered respondents from accessing training opportunities and career aspirations of their choice, 88.2 percent reported that they did not have the money to pay for training. Another 9.8 percent blamed this on the high entry grades into the skills training institutions, while others noted that admission capacities in most of the institutions were limited. This finding underscores the notion that there was no clear understanding of the linkage and transition within the different TIVET levels. Training, at the artisan level for instance is not seen as a means to higher levels of learning but a means to primarily equip a person with basic skills to join the labour market.

Like in many other poor districts in Kenya, youth in Kitui face salient challenges that hinder them from accessing decent employment opportunities. For various reasons, many are not able to proceed with their formal education beyond primary and or secondary levels. This is irrespective of the high transition rates reported by the Minister for Education in February 2012. Capacity challenges within the TIVET institutions, negative public image on the institutions, failure to clearly understand the role of TIVET and poverty, combine to deny young people alternative training and requisite preparation for the job market. Young people therefore join

15

16

the labour market literally without any skills. This effectively works to their disadvantage, often denying them decent incomes, safe working conditions, and opportunities to understand and advocate for their rights or to improve themselves through further training.

4. Viable economic/employment opportunities for older children (15-17 years)

4.1 Introduction

Withdrawal of older children from child labour conditions, ensuring that they transit to decent work and preventing vulnerable children and youth from falling into similar labour situations must be sustainable. For this to happen, there is need for deliberate efforts aimed at supporting older children and youth with viable and practical alternatives that offer them decent work opportunities to actively and economically engage in the labour market. More importantly, support to caregivers will be essential in order to break the poverty-child labour cycle. This section explores some of the economic opportunities and job creation avenues that older children, youth and their caregivers can exploit in Kitui and surrounding areas.

4.2 Identified economic opportunities and job creation avenues

The identified opportunities feature the commonly practiced activities as well as innovative activities which if explored, have the potential to create employment for youth and or support youth in transiting into decent employment. Green jobs are also proposed. At the time of this survey only a few groups were involved in green jobs.

This survey observed the lack of policy support or tangible incentives for people involved in green jobs. Their operations are therefore still rudimentary, yet there were opportunities in modernising activities under green jobs, and most importantly making them more market or commercial oriented. There is therefore need for deliberate efforts in, for instance, building the capacity of people interested in green jobs through training, credit support and further linking them with viable markets for the products they produce. Community sensitisation and awareness creation on green opportunities will expose the community to many other economically viable alternatives.

Table 1 below summarizes possible employment opportunities and job creation avenues that youth and their families can explore and exploit.

Table 1: Identified economic opportunities and job creation avenues

Sector Opportunity Potential in the opportunity Knowledge, skills and other support required

Target

Agriculture and livestock

Dairy farming- Cattle and goats

• Demand for milk surpasses supply

• Dairy goat breeds in high demand

1. Animal husbandry 2. Knowledge of the target

market 3. Marketing 4. Book keeping 5. Technical support from

Ministry of livestock, breeding, 6. (immunisation, etc.

Youth/ parents

17

18

Sector Opportunity Potential in the opportunity Knowledge, skills and other support required

Target

Rabbit rearing • Rabbit meat gaining popularity (Rabbit meat butcheries)

• Initial costs not high • Adequate technical support from

Ministry of livestock • Requires little space

7. Rabbit rearing skills 8. Marketing

Youth

Kienyeji (Free range) Chicken

• Demand for Kienyeji chicken is un-met

• Production and sale of eggs

9. Skills in poultry rearing 10. Marketing 11. Book keeping 12. Technical support from

Ministry of livestock

Youth/ parents

Growing of fruit trees • Area is good for fruit trees e.g. mangoes, oranges, papaya.

• Demand for fresh fruits is high within and outside the area

13. Grafting and general maturing of fruit trees

14. Support from Ministry of agriculture and cooperatives for marketing

Youth/ parents

Green house and horticulture farming

• High demand for vegetables • Requires little space

15. Agronomic practices 16. Green house technology 17. Marketing skills 18. Preservation technologies 19. Technical support from

Ministry of Agriculture

Youth/ parents

Growing of grains such as green grams, cowpeas, millet (which are common in the area)

• These are common foods grown in the are

• Demand for grains is high including in school

20. Farming skills 21. Irrigation practices where

possible 22. Marketing 23. Storage techniques

Youth/ parents

Milk packaging, yogurt, cheese processing

• Large demand for products • Low capital requirements

24. Food processing 25. Packaging 26. KEBS certification 27. Technical support from

Ministry of Agriculture (home economics Department)

Youth

Juice extraction and packaging

• Environment favours consumption of Juices

• Area well served with fruits • Can supply pulp to other larger

industries

28. Food processing 29. Packaging 30. KEBS certification 31. Technical support from

Ministry of Agriculture (home economics Department)

Youth

Cassava crisps and packaging

• Cassava grown in areas such as Museve

• Presence of outlets such as supermarkets

32. Food processing 33. Marketing 34. Technical support from

Ministry of Fisheries and agriculture

Youth/ parents

Value addition in Agriculture

Vegetable and fruit drying and packaging and grain sorting and packaging

• Improve storage of vegetables • Ability to widen the market • Access more markets for

instance supermarkets

35. Food processing 36. Packaging 37. KEBS certification 38. Ministry of Agriculture (home

economics department)

Youth

19

Sector Opportunity Potential in the opportunity Knowledge, skills and other support required

Target

Carpentry • Un-met demand for furniture • Opportunity for wage and self

employment

39. Carpentry and Joinery 40. Design and arts

Youth/ parents

Welding • Opportunity in the construction industry for wage and self employment

41. Welding and fabrication 42. Arts and design

Youth

Manufacturing and construction

Construction • Boom in infrastructure and buildings construction

• Opportunities for decent engagement as masons, plumbers, electricians, roofing experts, painters etc.

• Youth groups could supply materials

43. Skills is the respective activities

Youth/ youth groups

Mechanics, panel beating and spray painting

• Opportunity for wage and self employment

• High demand for service. Vehicle population is increasing

• Influx of motor cycles in the market

44. Motor vehicle, motor cycle mechanics, driving

45. Panel beating and spray painting

Youth

Electricals • Demand is high as construction soars

• Opportunity for self employment even in garages

• Repairs of electronic goods as use increases with rural electrification, use of mobiles and computers

46. Electrical installation & electrical repairs

Youth

Hairdressing/ Saloon, Barbershop

• Low capital requirements • Demand for service is high

47. Hairdressing and Beauty therapy

Youth

Employment in supermarkets retail shops, petrol stations etc

• High demand for employees in the service industry

• Level of training and skills required is low

48. Skills specific to the service, e.g. customer care for shop attendants

Youth

Hotels & Guest houses

• Busia Town is a border town with high demand for the service

49. Hospitality training 50. Housekeeping

Youth

Domestic work • Demand is high in towns • New regulations in the sector • Many actors in the area not

formally trained

51. Housekeeping 52. First Aid 53. Labour laws (may be for all

issues such as contracting, 54. Occupational Safety and

health

Youth

Green grocery • Demand for green vegetables, cereals etc is high especially in the municipality

55. Quality standards, 56. Customer service

Youth/ parents

Services

Transport • Opportunity for group based investment in motorcycles, bicycles etc

57. Group dynamics, 58. Savings

Youth

20

Sector Opportunity Potential in the opportunity Knowledge, skills and other support required

Target

Cyber services such as printing, typing, photocopies

• Demand for services is increasing as people embrace ICT

• Demand for typing, printing and copying services from college students

59. ICT skills Youth groups

ICT related services • Photography, music production, video recording

60. Media production 61. ICT Skills

Youth

ICT

ICT Training • Demand for ICT trainers • Training in online trading • Business process outsourcing

62. ICT Skills 63. ICT trading

Youth

Water harvesting • Kitui generally faces water scarcity

• Water selling is common in almost all townships

64. Water harvesting storage and treatment skills

Youth/ parents

Planting of tree seedlings

• Drive towards re-forestation of forests and agro forestry thus high demand for seedlings

• Existing demand for export of fruit tree seedlings for example to Rwanda

65. Tree nursery management 66. Grafting

Youth/ parents

Brick making • Bricks common type of building materials

• Raw materials easily available

67. Brick making technology Youth/ parents

Paper recycling • Adequate papers for recycling 68. Recycling technology

Youth

Making of fireless cookers and rocket stoves

• Energy saving and less costly to use

69. Skills in making the cookers and stoves

70. Marketing

Youth

Organic farming • Increasing demand for organic products

71. Skills in organic farming 72. Market identification and

marketing of products

Youth/ parents

Green Jobs

Waste management especially in urban areas including scrap metal

• Increased population leading to more waste generation

73. Skills in waste handling and waste management

74. Licensing requirements by NEMA

Youth

Singing, music and entertainment

• Common and popular among youth

• Demand for entertainment during weddings and other functions

75. Composition and recording of music,

76. Entertainment skills 77. Copy righting

Youth

Art (Sculpturing, curving, drawing, designing) basket making

• Good demand for artefact • Crafts design of jewellery etc

78. Basic knowledge relevant to the talent in the numerous areas

Youth

Entertainment and others

Sports • Good pay for sportsmen and women such as athletes and footballers

79. Support for and nurturing of sports among youth

Youth

The above opportunities are mainly non-professional occupations and contrasts with the preferred job opportunities for the youth. Consultations with key informants and in group discussions revealed that accessing professional jobs for the people that have low levels of skills and weak academic qualifications will be an uphill task. Stakeholders and youth therefore identified practical and easily accessible opportunities that can be easily explored and that rely on locally available resources. Most of these skills also require basic skills training.

Most of the activities identified are appropriate for both youth as well as care givers/parents. Most activities may be pursued by individuals but others are better undertaken by groups so as to spread the risks. It was noted by some key informants that group-based activities be it in farming, value addition, transport etc are more preferable. They allow more people to pool resources, promote mutual accountability, and distribute risks among several people. Groups are also more attractive to donors and in some cases to financiers such as the decentralised government funds including Youth Enterprise Fund (YEF) and Women Enterprise Fund (WEF).

In light of the above, there is opportunity for targeting parents through existing village or community based groups, first with training and capacity building on chosen activities and later, supporting them in establishing income generating activities from those listed above or in expanding the activities they have already undertaken. This support should aim at increasing their incomes and food security. Youth should also be encouraged to form groups that have a shared objective.

4.3 Skills requirements, providers and skills training gaps

Different economic opportunities and job creation avenues will require specific skills training. The situation of the older children in Kitui demands that each one of them will need the basic skills training in the activities they select. This is because most youths reported to be unskilled, and the few who possessed some skills learnt them on the job and in most cases at home, implying that they actually had some basic understanding but were not well skilled. In addition, there will be need for training in entrepreneurship and life skills so as to prepare the older children and youth to run and manage their economic activities. Notably, majority of the older children interviewed reported that they would rather be self employed. Essentially, this training should among other things include basics of business management skills such as bookkeeping, marketing, customer care, savings, maintenance of stable quantities etc.

Given the target group and the nature of training required, youth polytechnics and training through apprenticeship programmes in the informal sector will form the dominant providers of training. They are cheaper, easily accessible and in some cases, training programmes can be flexible in such a way as to allow older children to perform their other duties.

With support from the project, synergies should be explored and forged between the youth polytechnics (formal training) and informal sector. This could strategically position the youth polytechnics to deliver theoretical training while players in the informal sector offer

21

22

practical lessons. Capacity building on occupational safety and health and workers’ rights would inevitably be essential especially for the informal sector workers.

Possible channels for skills provision

There are some TIVET institutions in Kitui and the neighbouring areas providing skills for the youth who have either completed primary education, secondary school as well as for those who have dropped out of school. Some of the TIVET institutions, the courses they offered and costs are listed in Table 2.

Table 2: TIVET institutions

Institution Courses Offered Cost7 Duration Certification

Mulango Youth Polytechnic (Government sponsored)

• Tailoring and dress- making • Metal processing and welding • Masonry, Carpentry • Electrical Installation • ICT • Agribusiness • Hairdressing

Tuition was KES8. 12,950 per year for Boarders KES 9, 000 per year day scholars

2 years Certificate

Kitui Polytechnic (Sponsored by the Catholic Diocese of Kitui)

• Motor vehicle mechanic • Metal processing and panel

beating • Plumbing and Fitting

KES. 35,646 per year boarders KES. 29,646 per year day scholars Exam fee KES. 2,500 Uniforms & Student ID KES. 2,480

2 years Certificate

Syongila Youth polytechnic (Government sponsored)

• Fashion design & Garment making technology

• Appropriate carpentry and Joinery

• Building technology • Metal Fabrication Technology • Information communication

technology (Computer packages)

• Home economics/Knitting • Entrepreneurship

KES. 16,800 per year boarders KES. 11,100 per year day scholars Uniform KES. 2,100 Industrial attachment KES. 2250 Development fund KES. 1,200 Examination fees KES. 1,300 (Government trade test grade III)KES. 150 for school ID

2 years Certificate

Ithiani youth polytechnic (Government Sponsored)

• Dressmaking and tailoring • Carpentry • Metal processing • Electrical

KES. 12,950 per year Boarders KES. 9,000 per year day scholars

2 years Certificate

Mumbuni Engineering & Driving School (Private)

• Motor Vehicle Mechanics • Arc Welding and Fabrication • Motor Vehicle Electrician • Carpentry and Joinery • Electrical Installation • Electronics

Ranges from 500 for short courses to 19,000 per annum for longer courses

Range from 1 month to 2 years

Certificate and Diploma

7 Some of the main costs are part of direct costs that are subsidized by the government. 8 1 USD = KES 80.

23

Institution Courses Offered Cost7 Duration Certification

• Secretarial • Computer IT • Dressmaking • Tailoring • Fashion & Design • Catering and Hotel

Management • Tourism • Hairdressing, Beauty Therapy

and Salon Management • Driving

Class BCE Class E Class F& G (Motorbike) Class D (Tractor) Special (Articulated & Special Carriage)

Machakos Technical Training Institute (Government sponsored)

• Motor Vehicle Mechanics • Turning and Fitting • Welding and Fabrication • Masonry • Plumbing • Carpentry and Joinery • Electrical Wireman • Garment Making

Joining Fees KES. 18,050 paid once Fees per term KES. 8,950 Boarding Fees KES. 7,000 per term

2 years Certificate

South Eastern University College - TVET Programmes (Private)

• General Agriculture • Entrepreneurial Agriculture • ICT • Business management • Fashion design and Garment

making Technology • Automotive Engineering • Electrical and Electronics

Engineering-power option • Building Technology • Civil Engineering • Building construction (Masonry

option, • Carpentry and joinery option,

plumbing)

Tuition Fees KES.29,680 per year Boarding Fees KES. 4,320 per term

Range from 3 terms to 2 years

Certificate and Diploma

NON TIVET COLLEGES

Budget Driving School (Private)

Driving Class E – KES. 7,000 Class BCE – KES.8,500 Motorbikes – KES. 5500

20 lessons Driving License

Kenya Medical Training College (Government sponsored)

• Diploma in Community Health Nursing

• Diploma in Medical Laboratory Sciences

Regular KES. 40,000 per year Boarding Fees of KES. 20,000 Self Sponsored KES. 80,000 per year and KES. 30,000 boarding fees

3 years 3 years

Diploma Diploma

Table 2 shows that the cost of training in various institutions in Kitui range from KES 500 (USD 6.25) each term, to KES 80,000 (USD 1,000) per year. This varies depending on the course and its time frame. From discussions with the youth and other stakeholders, costs of both the artisan and professional courses were reported to be beyond the reach of many parents.

It is also noted that the Kenya government gives subsides to registered public youth polytechnics to the tune of KES 15,000 (USD 187.5) for each registered trainee per year. This however only covers tuition, payments to instructors and purchase of equipments. Uniform, boarding fees, external examinations and payment for non teaching staff are additional costs, which are directly paid for by trainees.

In additional, separate government funding has been channelled towards the expansion and refurbishment of youth polytechnics such as Ikutha and Kyatuni youth polytechnics. These had been expanded at a cost of KES. 5.6 million (USD 70,000) and KES. 5.8 million (USD 72,500) respectively. Reports from the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MOYAS) indicate that plans were underway to establish a bursary fund by the government to assist the needy youth in the TIVET institutions as they are not catered for under the CDF.

Some TIVET institutions such as Syongila Youth Polytechnic and Mumbuni Engineering and Driving School reported to have been receiving some support from non-governmental organisations such as Tumaini and Machakos Catholic Church.

Skills Training in government line ministries

From in-depth interviews with officers from government line ministries, there are opportunities for respective ministries to offer skills training as follows:

Table 3: Government ministries training skills

Ministry Skills Target Group

Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

Leadership and mentorship, group dynamics, proposal writing and business planning, and entrepreneurship. Life skills such as courtship and marriage, teenage pregnancies, early marriage, FGM, reproductive health family life and sensitization on campaign against crime, drugs and substance abuse.

Training conducted to groups which have applied for loans before disbursement of loans.

Ministry of Livestock Train on technologies and provision of livestock extension services on cattle, goats, chicken, bee keeping, rabbit, pigs and sheep rearing

Farmers in groups who request for the training

24

25

Ministry Skills Target Group

Ministry of Agriculture Agricultural farming such as food crop farming, vegetable, fruits and horticultural farming including weed, pest and insects control. Fish farming and green house farming, Value addition on agricultural products

Farmers individuals and in groups when requested.

Kenya Institute of Education Entrepreneurship in addition to certification in ILO business skills tool kits

Business enterprises in manufacturing and production.

Probation Office Poultry rearing, brick making, fish farming and tree planting Youth offenders

Ministry of Co-operative Development and Marketing

Identification of markets, pricing and packaging of products. Groups on request for training.

The above mentioned skills were available for established farmers and youth groups. The farmer training centre reported under-utilized capacity while the Ministry of Livestock reported a lack of capacity to reach out to the farmers.

Apprenticeship

Besides skills provided by TIVET institutions, there are other informal players providing skills to the youth through apprenticeship. Youth are attached to the craftsmen/women for between three and six months where they acquire skills training in various fields. In most cases, training at this level is less costly, and it allows for flexibility in training schedules. Apprenticeship is also preferred especially for those who have dropped out of school since entry is not pegged on level of education. After completion, trainees are employed by the trainers in some form of attachment. This gives them practical experience besides earning them some income that they may use to purchase start-up tools. After sometime, they get into skilled employment or start their own enterprises, (ILO-IPEC, 2011).

This study further documented some training opportunities and indicative costs of training as shown by Table 4.

Table 4: Apprenticeship training providers

Opportunity Duration of training Cost Tailoring & Dressmaking 6 months – Dressmaking

10 months – Tailoring KES. 2,000 each month KES. 2,500 each month

Hair Salon 6 months KES. 1,500 each month Mechanic 6 months KES. 3,000 – KES. 4000 each month

Welding 4 – 5 months KES. 1,500 each month

Discussion with the informal sector trainers revealed that in tailoring and dressmaking, a trainee who is employed after six months of training earns a commission of KES 50 (USD 0.6) per blouse and KES 100 (USD 1.25) per trouser/skirt completed. In the salon, on completion of training, a trainee could earn up to KES 300 (USD 3.75) each day in commission. In motor vehicle garages, a mechanic trainee earns between KES 300 (USD 3.75) and KES 400 (USD 5).

Informal sector trainers further noted that in all the above mentioned trades, it is advisable for a trainee to work for between six months and one year following the completion of the training so as to save enough to purchase his/her own tools. Possession of tools in the informal sector is not only important for self employment but for the general ability to effectively work in the sector. Tools are individually owned. While borrowing of tools is common, one can only borrow when the owner is not using them.

Discussions with administrators in Kitui Polytechnic revealed that plans were underway to introduce an apprenticeship program at an average cost of KES 20,000 (USD 250) per trainee for each skill one is trained in. This cost will include on the job training, payment for the Government Trade Test, Grade 3 and meals for the trainee within the institution.

Notably, Kitui did not have an informal sector artisans association (Jua Kali Association) at the time of this survey. In its absence, training relationships in the informal sector could be formalized by the SNAP project implementing partners. A key component of such training relationship would involve capacity building of the trainers so that they can themselves implement proper occupational safety and health standards and workers’ rights in their work places and further offer basic training of the same to trainees attached to their businesses. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports should similarly include occupational safety and health and issues on workers’ rights to the training they offer to youth groups. This can effectively be done in collaboration with the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU) or the Federation of Kenya Employers (FKE).

Gaps in market orientation and curriculum development

While the TIVET institutions have made considerable efforts in providing marketable courses, there were salient training gaps in ICT, customer service, entrepreneurship and intensive/modern agriculture training.

This study observed the following gaps:

• In ICT, important skills such as video shooting, music recording, basic computer skills, web design, computer repairs, maintenance, and photography were not on offer in all institutions.

• In customer service training, youth lack basic employability skills in handling clients, communication and negotiation skills and basic business management etc, which can make them work effectively in the service industry.

26

• None of the TIVET institutions in Kitui offered skills training to prepare young people towards gaining employable skills in service industry (MoHEST, 2011).

• Additionally, entrepreneurial courses were not offered except in one TIVET institutions. This creates a big gap for most young people keen on pursuing entrepreneurship and self employment.

• Short term intensive training courses in agriculture were also not on offer. Notably, green house technology, pig rearing, poultry rearing, dairy goat rearing and rabbit rearing presents potential business opportunities, yet the skilled required were not being offered (UNDP, 2010).

• Further, occupational health and safety training will be essential given the increasing demand for safety in construction and transport industries. This presents an opportunity for the TIVET institutions to offer such trainings and also create linkages with these industries.

• Finally, most youth believe they have talent in sports, music and dancing among others. However there are no training opportunities in line with these talents.

• Additionally, the TIVET institutions lack innovative sustainability strategies such as community group training and linkage with the informal sector (jua kali artisans). There are also huge gaps in apprenticeship, business advisory services and curriculum development between TIVET institutions and informal sectors (MoHEST, 2011).

In summary it is observed that TIVET and training through apprenticeship should act as alternative avenues to attaining the desired career goals. This is possible where there is a systematic progression of youth training from the artisan level to technical institutes and finally to the universities. To complement this linkage, TIVET institutions should be encouraged and equipped to offer quality and market oriented skills. This survey noted some significant progress in improving the capacity of youth polytechnics thanks to efforts by the Government through the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in which docket the institutions fall.

4.4 Transition to decent work

Transition of young people from child labour to decent work will require concerted efforts. Children should first and foremost be supported through formal education. This will evidently broaden an individual’s scope of options available in the job market. Following this and including youth that fail to sail through formal education, acquisition of specialised skills will go a long way in preparing the youth to earn a living through decent means. Skills offered for training should nevertheless be market oriented.

Furthermore, it will be necessary to differentiate between training geared towards wage employment and training for self employment. Notably, self employment will require skills in business management, start and improve your business (SIYB), proposal development etc, while wage employment may require training in curriculum vitae development, job searching strategies, grooming, etc.

27

28

Beyond training, youth will need to be facilitated with start-up capital or supported to access paid internships where they can raise money to purchase their start up tools. Otherwise, they could also be linked with institutions that can support them with means to acquire such start up capital.

The above measures will need to be complemented by massive awareness creation and sensitisation of the public on labour laws, child labour and child rights etc, which many people including children are ignorant about. Such sensitisation should then be backed by enforcement of these laws by the relevant organisations.

This notwithstanding, transition of youth to decent employment in Kitui and Kenya in general faces one significant huddle that will need to be addressed. While the Employment Act allows for employment of older children 16-17 years under supervision, the Children’s Act identifies a child as anyone below the age of 18 years. In line with this, a Kenyan citizen can only acquire a national Identity Card (ID) upon attaining the age of 18. The ID is the key to many opportunities, including capacity to get into a legal contract, issuance of a driving licence etc. This means that sometimes, it may be unlikely that an employer will employ a child (below 18 years), openly. Further, the youth will not be able to access some of the courses such as driving, which are only tenable to people above 18 years. These inconsistencies will in one way or another, affect activities in this project.

5. Social protection schemes

5.1 Introduction

According to the World Bank (2001), social protection refers to interventions that assist poor individuals, households and communities to reduce their vulnerability by managing risks associated with livelihoods better (World Bank 2001).

Social protection has indeed been recognized as a human right. According to article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, “everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security”. Further, article 9 of the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also refers to “the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance”. ILO has similarly developed a series of Conventions on social security, the core being ILO Convention No. 102 of 1952, which is generally regarded as a primary international standard and instrument for defining and extending social security. The Convention includes minimum requirements for coverage and cash benefit rates.

Besides these provisions, social protection has also been a prominent issue in international forums. It was, for example, the central theme at the World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen in 1995, where governments committed themselves to “develop and implement policies to ensure that all people have adequate economic and social protection during unemployment, ill health, maternity, child-rearing, widowhood, disability and old age”.

5.2 Social protection in Kenya

Most formal social security schemes in Kenya are limited to formal sector workers. These include pension schemes that cover about 15 percent of the labour force, National Social Security Fund (NSSF), occupational schemes and health insurance schemes such as the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF). Besides limited coverage of workers in the informal sector, premiums paid in some of the schemes such as the NHIF remain high for the poor. This locks out most vulnerable individuals.

Other key social support mechanisms in place include the OVC cash transfer which covered just about 400,000 people in 2010, cash transfer to elderly that reached about 33,000 people in 2010. The coverage for both is low given that for example, the estimated number of vulnerable children in Kenya is 2.4 million (World Bank, 2009).

This notwithstanding, Kenya has a draft social protection policy whose objective is to improve the coordination, impact, scope and effectiveness of social protection interventions so as to create a social protection framework for all citizens. A number of reforms are also underway, aimed at expanding the reach by some of the existing schemes.

29

5.3 Social protection in Kitui

To establish coverage and understanding of the formal social protection schemes, respondents were asked a number of questions relating to knowledge and utilisation of various support schemes. To begin with, respondents were asked if they had heard of education bursaries. To this 79.3 percent of the respondents answered in the affirmative, meaning that 20.7 percent had not heard of any education bursaries. Respondents that had heard of the education bursaries were further asked if they or a member of their household had ever been in need of an education bursary. A majority, 78 percent answered in the affirmative. However when asked if they had ever benefited from any bursary support, only 5.6 percent reported that they or a member of their household had received an education bursary. A staggering 94 percent of those that had been in need of bursary support had not received any.

Figure 6: Need and access to education bursary

78 %

22 %

Ever been in need of bursary support

Yes No

5.6 %

94.4 %

Ever benefited from bursary support

Yes No

Most respondents (96 percent) further reported that they sought treatment from government health facilities. Their medical bills were however paid for by parents (73.1 percent), relatives (15.9 percent), self (4.1 percent), siblings (3.4 percent) and well wishers (3.4 percent). Notably, while 61.6 percent reported that they had heard of NHIF and NSSF only 12.9 percent reported that their families had registered for either of the two.

Informally, respondents did not appear to be actively involved in social protection mechanisms. For instance only about 30 percent of respondents reported that they were members of youth welfare groups. Similarly, just about 28.7 percent reported that they were aware of any youth group. However, 94 percent reported that they would join a youth group given an opportunity.

Discussions with parents as well as youths further indicated that most of the social protection needs are met through informal mechanisms that place mutual responsibility and

30

31

reciprocity among the community members. This takes the form of contributions in cash and in kind, in times of sickness or death of a community member. Further both men and women who participated in the FGD reported that they were members of small welfare groups, where they contributed money for their mutual benefit in addition to supporting a member in times of need. These informal social protection mechanisms are predominant in Kitui. Formal schemes such as pensions NSSF and NHIF largely covered people in formal employment.

There were other support services, mainly from the government that supported sections of the population. These include:

• Orphans and Vulnerable Children cash transfer fund targeting households with orphans. This supports such households with a cash token of KES. 3,000 (USD 37.5) for two months. By the time of conducting the study, about 2,021 households were receiving the OVC cash transfer. This, according to stakeholders, was a low number considering the number of households in need of this support.

• Development Fund for Persons with Disability. This supports people with disability with a cash transfer of KES 1,500 (USD 18.75). The development fund was at the time of this survey being pilot tested. The coverage for this fund was also too small.

• School feeding programme was also operational. Stakeholders rated it well noting that parents were sending children to school so that they could eat at least one meal a day. It was also noted to be positively addressing the problem of school drop outs.

• Njaa Marufuku program under the Ministry of Agriculture. This is a special program to ensure food security by distributing seeds and equipping farmers with farming skills.

• Bursaries. These are disbursed by the CDF to schools for students from needs families. Most parents however complained that their children had never received bursaries even after repeat applications.

• Through the free primary education and free secondary education the government subsidizes learning. However parents still had to pay other levies for school equipments such as the desks and chairs etc, and salaries for teachers directly employed by the school through the Parents Teachers Association (PTA). Additionally, teachers paid more money for after school, weekends and holiday coaching.

33

6. Summary, conclusions and recommendations

Child labour and general child vulnerability is prevalent in Kitui. This comes as no surprise given that 64 percent of the population in the district lives below the poverty line. Another 52 percent are food poor and this may partly explain why over 80 percent of children from the age of five years are engaged in some form of economic activity.

Activities/sectors that employ children include farm work and related activities, domestic work, bodaboda services, sand harvesting and charcoal burning. Children were also reported to be engaged in the construction industry as masons and brick makers. Notably youth join the labour market in Kitui without any skills. It is observed that, while the population of people with primary education is higher at about 74 percent, that of people with secondary population drops sharply to a marginal 10 percent (Kenya county fact sheets9). This implies that young people either drop out of school while still in primary schools, or fail to join secondary school. Ultimately even fewer youth manage to complete secondary education.

Youth polytechnics have unfortunately not been able to position themselves as viable and accessible alternatives for skills training. By and large, they are viewed to be an end in themselves (without possibility of furthering ones education) and institutions for people who fail to sail through the formal training channels. Youth have thus shunned youth polytechnics. The only TIVET institutions that attract trainees in masses are national level polytechnics and technical institutions that offer certificate and diploma courses. Entry to these institutions is nevertheless limited to people with secondary level certificates.

Armed with no formal certificate or, at best, primary level certificate, young people are at a disadvantage as they enter the job market. Without skills they can only settle for low paying jobs where they also end up being overworked. Their chances of transiting into decent employment under these circumstances are thus way too limited. This calls for deliberate efforts to support young people in this transition and further to support caregivers and older youth so as to break the poverty-child labour and indecent work cycle. This, as noted in this report, will require skills training and related placement support for the youth as well as restructuring and rebranding of youth polytechnics.

Parents and care givers on the other hand, live in poor conditions. Any slight shocks in their lives leaves them more impoverished. They rely on informal social protection mechanisms as the formal schemes are in-accessible to most of them.

Establishment of child labour free zones will thus require concerted efforts that broadly seek to improve the working conditions of youth, improve on the livelihood opportunities and the general welfare of the vulnerable families where the youth are brought up. This is the envisaged goal of this project.

9 http://kenya.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/profiles/Kitui_Dec2011%2034.pdf.

34

To achieve this noble objective, the labour market survey recommends the following:

1. Sensitization and advocacy on child protection through a mix of approaches including Chief’s barazas, use of local media, billboards and notice boards in strategic places such as health facilities, Chief’s office, schools, youth groups, community groups etc. Sensitisation should also include sensitization of parents on the long-term advantages child protection and support for youth to transit from child labour to decent work.

2. Economic empowerment of parents and or guardians through groups such Self Help Groups (SHGs) is most recommended. These can progressively evolve into Village Savings and Loan schemes, Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies and link to micro-finance institutions. Additionally, Ministry of Co-operative Development and Marketing should be lobbied to revive and promote non-performing cooperatives, which can be utilized by guardians to broaden their economic opportunities.

3. Create awareness among the youth on advantages of joining TIVET institutions for skills development. This should be delivered in form of career talks in schools and through other forums such as religious gatherings, public barazas, etc.

4. Promote apprenticeship programmes. These are cheaper and offer more flexible timetables for training by youth. Acquisition of employable skills among the youth has potential to propel them from poverty. Furthermore, synergies should be forged between formal institutions and artisans for more comprehensive packages in skills training.

5. Law enforcement should ideally go hand in hand and complement efforts towards the promotion of engagement of young people in decent employment activities. While children are in most of the cases pushed by circumstances to engage in child labour, in other cases employers simply take advantage of children. Moreover, issues of occupation safety and health (OSH) of children in the environments that they work should take precedence.

6. Support for youth should go beyond skills training to provision of support towards accessing requisite tools. Tools and equipments for specific skills such as spanners for mechanics, blow dryers for hair dressers, testers for electrical technicians are essential particularly in the informal sector. These can determine whether one gets a job or not.

7. There is need to build the capacity of the youth offices in the districts to act as youth information centres. These should ideally focus on creating awareness on training, apprenticeship and employment opportunities available for youth. An opportunity already exists, whereby district youth centres under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (MOYAS) can be strengthened to take up this role.

8. There is need to promote talent-building events and possible establishment of academies for training on the same. Corporate and NGO sponsorship for competition would give opportunities for youth to explore their talents.

References

ANPPCAN (2009): Promoting Sustainable Access to Justice for Vulnerable Women and Children in Kenya.

Arnal, E (2003): Combating child labour: A review of policies. Paris: OECD.

ENTWISE Associates Ltd, (2010): Final Report on Skills gap analysis for graduates of youth Polytechnics, vocational training canters and out of school youth. Prepared for UNDP and MOYAS

ILO (2005): Creating Child Labour free sectors. Child Labour indicator Assessment. Geneva.

ILO (2010): Skills for Green Jobs. A global view synthesis report based on 21 country studies. Geneva.

ILO (2010): World Social Security Report 2010/11: Providing coverage is times of crisis and beyond. Geneva.

ILO (2011): Green Jobs Programme of the ILO. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/empent/units/green-jobs-programme/lang--en/index.htm. September 2011.

ILO (2011a): Baseline survey on policy, legislative and capacity analysis in Busia, Kitui-Central and Kilifi Districts in Kenya. Geneva.

ILO (2011b): Social Security instruments in light of the 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization. Geneva.

ILO (2012): Global Employment Trends 2012. Geneva.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2011a): Economic Survey Highlights. Nairobi.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2009): Kenya Population and Housing Census. Nairobi: GoK Printing Press.

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2011b): Kitui District Child Labour project Baseline report. Nairobi.

Republic of Kenya (2004): Educational Statistical Booklet 1999-2004. Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology (MoEST). Nairobi.

35

36

Republic of Kenya (2005): Kitui District Strategic Plan 2005-2010 for the implementation of the National Population Policy for Sustainable Development. National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD). Nairobi.

Republic of Kenya (2008): Kitui District Development plan 2008 – 2012. Nairobi.

Republic of Kenya (2011): TIVET Baseline Survey: Report TIVET Institutions Kenya. Ministry of Higher Education Science and Technology (MoEST). Nairobi.

UNDP (2009): Kenya Human Development 2009. Nairobi.

UNDP (2010): Draft Report on the Priority Value Chain Analysis Study in 24 Selected Political Constituencies in Kenya. Nairobi.

UNICEF (2010): Child Labour Statistics in Kenya. Nairobi.

Annex: Key informants

NAME POSITION

Francis Kyalo District Children’s Officer

Salee Stephen Kitonga District Youth Officer

Milai District Youth Training Officer

Josephine Paul Child coordinator, Catholic Diocese of Kitui

Nobert Ruchungo Outgoing KIE Branch Manager

Felix Muia DGSDO

Dominic Mbindyo Program Officer, KDC

Jacinta M. Pius DTDO – KTI/Mutomo

Veronica Mbaika Special Education Officer

Jemimah Program Officer, Child Fund

George Nduto District Co-operative and marketing Officer

Josephine Muteti District Youth field Officer

F.M. Ngoroi District Livestock Officer

Peter Kamuren Principal Farmers Training Centre

37

ISBN 978-92-2-126808-6

789221 2680869

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

ILO Dar es Salaam Country Office for the United Republic of Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda

P.O. Box 9212 Dar es Salaan - TanzaniaTel: +255 22 2196700 - Fax: +255 22 2126627

Email: daressalaam@ilodar.or.tzwww.ilo.org/daressalaam

www.ilo.org/ipec

Kenya labour market survey for older children withdrawn from worst forms of child labour: Kitui district report

February 2012

International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC)

Ministry of Labour