Kashanyarazi slum Upgrading: Mbarara Uganda.

INTERNSHIPREPORTAHEEBWA PHILEMON 10/U/4353/PSASupervisor: Dr. Namuganyi Lilian.

MINISTRY OF LANDS, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY. Department of Architecture and Physical Planning.

Contents

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT__________________________________________________3

2. DECLARATION______________________________________________________4

3. PROJECT SUMMARY__________________________________________________2

5. AREA SURVEY______________________________________________________55.1 Background of survey._______________________________________________5

5.2 Objectives__________________________________________________________5

5.2.3 Significance of the survey________________________________________5

5.3 Physical surveys______________________________________________________6

5.4 Topography and climate________________________________________________6

5.5 Vegetation____________________________________________________________7

6. LITERATURE REVIEW_____________________________________________________7

7. LAND TENURE SYSTEMS___________________________________________________7

8. EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS IN KASHANYARAZI CELL_____________________8

8.1 Residential land use________________________________________________8

8.2 Commercial land use.________________________________________________9

8.2.1 Economic activities______________________________________________10

8.3 Institutional land use_____________________________________________13

9. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES IN KASHAYANRAZI_________________________15

9.1 Roads in Kashanyarazi._____________________________________________15

9.7.1 Population structure of Kashanyarazi_____________________________20

10. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT.__________21

12. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF KASHANYARAZI CELL.________________2612.1 VISION______________________________________________________________26

12.2 OBJECTIVES__________________________________________________________26

12.2.1 The idea;_______________________________________________________26

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12.2.2 The goal;_______________________________________________________26

12.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT DETAILED PLAN____________________________2712.3.1 Commercial land uses______________________________________________27

12.3.2 Residential land uses_____________________________________________28

12.3.3 The roads_______________________________________________________29

12.3.4 The river_______________________________________________________29

12.4 WATER AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION__________________________________29

13. HOUSING TYPOLOGIES_____________________________________________31PROPOSED SINGLE FAMILY LOW COST HOUSING BREIF._________________________33

FLOOR PLAN FOR THE ABOVE PROPOSED FAMILY UNITS.________________________34

HOUSE ELEVATIONS_______________________________________________________35

TYPICAL FAMILY HOUSE BREIF.____________________________________________39

TYPICAL FAMILY HOUSE.__________________________________________________39

KEY FINDINGS_____________________________________________________________41

Task relevance_________________________________________________________41

Level of performance___________________________________________________41

Frequency of performance_______________________________________________42

CONCLUSION_______________________________________________________________42

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1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge the efforts of the office of the physical plannerMs. Carol Warugaba of Mbarara Municipality for her professionalguidance to make this exercise a success.

I am great full to the local council chairman Mr. Semujju John,the local councilors and the entire community of Kashanyarazifor their endless effort, support, guidance and time theysacrificed to make the project a success.

Thanks also are extended to architecture and urban and regionalplanning students for their tireless and endless efforts put inorder to come up with this piece of work.

We also deeply thank Mbarara Municipal council for beingresource full in providing with us a good atmosphere to carryout this work.

And above all, special thanks go to the Almighty God for the good health, knowledge, wisdom and understanding to undertake aproject of this magnitude.

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2. DECLARATION

I Philemon Aheebwa do declare that what is contained in this Report is a true manifestation of what I covered during my Internship, in Mbarara Municipality, an internship program aimed at achieving the primary objective (objective 3) of the Programme for Transforming Settlements for the Urban Poor in Uganda (TSUPU). . This Report has never been presented for any academic award to any institution of higher learning.

Signature----------------------------------

PHILEMON AHEEBWA

2.1 APPROVAL

Student: PHILEMON AHEEBWA

Signature: -------------------------------------

Training Coordinator:

DR. OMOLO FREDRICK

Signature: -------------------------------------------

Department Supervisor:

DR. LILIAN NAMUGANYI.

Signature: -------------------------------------------

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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY© aheebwa 2014.

Date of submission: ----------------------------

3. LOCATION OF THE SITE

Kashanyarazi is located in Kamukuzi division within Mbarara municipality, a district found in southwestern Uganda. Kashanyarazi is bordered by Mbarara- Kabale highway in the north, Mbarara University in the east, River Rwizi in the southand GBK factory in the west.

The site is located at coordinates 00 36’ 56.16’’, 00 37’ 22.08’’ S, 300 39’ 32’’, 300 38’ 45.48’’ E.

MBARARA

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Figure.1 showing location of Mbarara district on the map of theRepublic of Uganda.

3.1 Area background.

The name Kashanyarazi comes as a result of the location of the electricity substation in the area which supplies power to mostparts of the western region.

The area was zoned as an industrial area in 1986 by the town council. This plan was based on the presence of river Rwizi to provide adequate water for the industries, presence of electricity, and Mbarara-Kabale-Kampala high way for easy transportation of goods.

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4. PROJECT SUMMARY

4.1 Project Definition The Kashanyarazi Slum Housing and Upgrading Project is aimed atmobilizing and engaging communities to participate in the planning and implementation of slum upgrading works in their area. It aims to sustainably upgrade and mainstream the settlement by connecting it to the Municipality’s main social infrastructure, improving housing structures of poor quality, creating equity in service delivery, enabling the community to build sustainable livelihoods and preserve their cultural heritage. Once fully upgraded, the settlement shall also be de-notified and regularised. The settlement plan shall develop all poor households in thissettlement using an area-based and comprehensive developmentapproach. The settlement is proposed to be upgraded in-situwith incremental housing, as most families here have landownership/property titles. Social infrastructure shall beaccessed by convergence and engagement with concerned serviceproviders. It shall also be designed to conserve the culturaland physical heritage of the area, both as an economic growthopportunity and to ensure preservation of the old heritage.

The proposed plan shall also promote environmentallysustainable development of Kashanyarazi, in accordance with theMunicipal guidelines laid down for development in the area. Inparticular, aiming at the revival of traditional water bodiesand aquifers in the area, to ensure greater communityresilience.

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4.2 Project Scope The project area spans three major land marks of GBK, MbararaUniversity and River Rwizi.

Figure.2 showing site extent (in transparent yellow)

The Proposed development shall fully upgrade the settlement with housing improvements, in-house services with last mile connections to trunk lines and improved access to social infrastructure. It shall promote livelihood opportunities linked to the area’s cultural and architectural heritage that shall also contribute to its preservation. The plan shall overlay on the existing development for creating the trunk infrastructure of roads, drains, sewerage, water supply etc.

4.3 Inclusive and Participatory Planning The approach to development of the settlement has been participatory. It has followed a process of community engagement and mobilization, starting at the family level and moving up to the community and area level. Communities in each

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area have been engaged through street level meetings and use ofparticipatory tools. Slum plans have been developed by people during these community meetings. Slum planning has been followed by consultations at the local council level to discussand find solutions for crosscutting issues. Local council levelconsultations have included other area stakeholders, elected representatives and service providers. Communities have also participated in developing the designs for houses in their areas and a typology of housing has emerged as part of this activity. Some quick win activities have been initiated in those slum communities where people have demonstrated willingness to come together and take collective action. This has helped mobilize and organize communities for inclusive planning and development. Self-help groups are also proposed tohelp people save up for contributing their share of resources for home improvements.

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Figure.3&4 showing the community involvement in one of the Urban Appraisals.

5. METHODOLOGY

5.1 This involves processes that were undertaken to generate the proposed physical development plans. They also include the equipment/tool that aid in the generation of the physical development plans.

Meeting with the community/stake holders together with thephysical planner.

The survey commenced with a visit to the Mbarara Municipalcouncil who provided the physical development information including cadastral plans and aerial photographs.

The survey conducted covered all the area of Kashanyarazi including new village.

We then had interviews with the leaders of Kashanyarazi cell (Mr. Ssemujju the LC.1 including some of the committee as well as the LC. 2 councilor) who provided thebasic by-laws governing Kashanyarazi and the insights on how the people live and their challenges.

The method applied for data collection was mainly by interviewswhere we had to meet all the parties influencing the current plan status and economic situation of Kashanyarazi settlement area.

Parties interviewed included Ankole UNGA 2000 which is a maize and millet milling industry and GBK a milk industry in the area.

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A visit was made to several businesses in the area e.g. nurseryschools, lodges, food joints etc. who provided the current situation on the stand of the businesses in the settlement. Thevisits made to these small informal businesses helped us understand the financial stand of several people.

Study images were taken analyzing the different attributes on site.

5.2 Community Participation.

Community meetings and discussions were held with the local council I Mr. Ssemujju, the L.C 1 Councilor, Municipal planner Ms. Warugaba Carol and the community members. Various information concerning planning problems and people’s ideas on different issues were recorded which helped us establish a basefor our plan proposals.

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6. AREA SURVEY

6.1 Background of survey.Reconnaissance surveys helped us to understand community perception and level of understanding towards the overall planning process of this area.

The purpose of this survey was to investigate the existing landuses, land use patterns, land cover, land use trend, landtenure and environmental concerns and having a wider view ofthe planning area and assess the impacts caused by each ofthese areas of concern so as to come up with practicalsolutions to this current situation for the betterment ofKashanyarazi cell.

There was need for investigation on the effect of increasingdensities within the settlement on land uses and therecompatibility with different functions.

The data was to be the basis for proposing a livable and cleancommunity.

Knowing the different project stake holders and theirparticipation as well as role during the whole planning and thelater stages.

To know and understand the way of life in Kashanyarazi, hencethe need for further investigation.

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6.2 Objectives

6.2.1 Main objective;• To appreciate and document Kashanyarazi inventories and

what is.

6.2.2 Specific objectives;• To identify the features that would help to integrate the

area from industrial land use to residential.• To determine the effect of increasing settlement densities

within Kashanyarazi and deal with it.

6.2.3 Significance of the survey

This study is intended to provide information that will help inproposing a settlement that belongs to Kashanyarazi

6.3 Physical surveysThese were carried out to identify the topography, planning constraints, development opportunities, land use pattern, administrative boundaries and identification of many other resources and infrastructure within Kashanyarazi cell. Tools used included; observation, photographic cameras and topographic maps, Google images and cadastral maps.

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Figure 5. Showing Google image showing the topography (section direction shown in red arrow.) of Kashanyarazi cell.

6.4 Topography and climateKashanyarazi cell is a gently sloping towards river Rwizi in the southern direction.

In case of heavy rains, the surface water run-off is channeled off to river Rwizi through undefined trenches though the area faces a problem of proper drainage system.

As part of Mbarara District, the municipality experiences two rainy seasons which are separated by two dry seasons in a year.The average annual rainfall is 1,125mm, while the average temperature is 25 degrees Celsius.

The site experiences two seasons that is the dry and wet seasons. Each of these is in two ranges. That is the short dry

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season (from the end of February through the whole march and June to August) and the long rainy season (September to February).

However the variation in climate has a shift in season due to climate change. The hot sunny conditions favor the use of solarenergy. All these partly contribute to a good livelihood for the residents of Kashanyarazi cell.

6.5 VegetationThe vegetation of Kashanyarazi cell is made up of shrubs, savanna grass and papyrus grasslands, elephant grass. The vegetation is also characterized by tall trees citrus and eucalyptus trees.

Figure 6. Showing short shrubs along River Rwizi.

However man`s activities have tended to interfere with the natural vegetation of the place due to need for settlement space especially towards River Rwizi where people have put up houses in need for houses for rent and others as homes.

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7. LITERATURE REVIEWThis involved looking at various documents related to planning activities in the town council. Socio-economic conditions and population statistics. Different documents were also reviewed to get information about the area. And some of them included the following; the constitution of the republic of Uganda, (1995), the national physical planning standards and guidelines(2011), the physical planning act (2010) among others.

8. LAND TENURE SYSTEM.This refers to the manner in which land is disposed of within acommunity.

Land in Kashanyarazi is customary owned. Land in previous yearswas public land and was transformed to private land where by people buy pieces of land and own them through the presence of the local council chairman by signing the agreements of land between the buyers and the seller.

The area has 90 registered landlords who sale off small portions of land to new inhabitants who wish to settle in Kashanyarazi. This explains why most people do not have land titles.

Kashanyarazi cell has not faced a challenge of land conflicts according to the area chairman.

9. EXISTING LAND USE PATTERNS IN KASHANYARAZI CELLLand uses help in the management and modification of the natural environment as well as the built environment. Land use planning is important because it ensures orderly development of

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competing land uses and regulates the use of land in an efficient manner and thus prevents land use conflicts. In addition to providing useful information that can be used to develop solutions for natural resource management, improving the social cohesion and economic vibrancy.

The existing land uses in Kashanyarazi cell include; institutional, civic, light industry, commercial, public utilities, mixed agriculture residential, residential, that is to say, high density, medium density and low density developments.

Figure 7. Showing land uses and their percentages.

9.1 Residential land use Residential settlement covers about 25.6% of the land in Kashanyarazi cell.

The housing typology in this area is high density Residential as well as mixed commercial and residential.

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Majority of houses are permanent made of cement, sand and bricks and most of the houses are in poor state with old iron sheets and some of the houses are almost collapsing.

Figure 8&9. Showing some of the housing typologies in Kashanyarazi used for mixed use and residential purposes and the poor condition they are in.

9.2 Commercial land use.This covers about 10% of the land use in Kashanyarazi cell. It includes building along the major route Mbarara- Kabale high way and Kwirigyira road. The commercial area serves as a Centreof trade for both the local residents and the neighborhood community that is new village with a number of items such as salt, sugar, clothes, furniture, soft drink, alcohol in bars among others that help improve the livelihoods of the people.

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Figure 9, 10&11. Showing roadside shops along Kwirigira Road.

Commercial areas are quite significant in Kashanyarazi cell because they indicate livelihood options and provide employmentthat is both to the local residents and some few others from neighboring areas of Rwebikona. They are also centers for growth and centers of service provision, interaction and networking that lead to economic development.

9.2.1 Economic activitiesThe most dominant economic activities in this area are bars, taking up a percentage of 45% restaurants 25%, vending stalls 5%, shops 20 %and others 5%.

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45%

25%

20%

5%5%

Percentages for Economic Activities

bars resturantsretail shopsvending stallsothers

45%

25%

20%

5%5%

Percentages for Economic Activities

bars resturantsretail shopsvending stallsothers

Figure 12. Showing Percentages for economic activities.

Other economic activities are Cascade dealers, charcoal sellers, salons, washing bays, and small scale industries like UNGA 2000, brick making and hotels like Acacia.

Most washing bays carry out their activities during the day starting at 5:00am to 10:00pm. The area where they operate fromis rented at cost 300,000 per month. Their main target customers are the people from Mbarara town and few others from Kashanyarazi and neighboring places like Rwebikona. The price of washing a car depends on the size of the car but the minimum

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cost of washing the car is 5000. And the maximum goes for 25000-30000. There are 6 workers and each is being paid depending on the cars one washes per day.

9.2.1.1 Coffin dealersThey share their premises with the washing bay and the cost rent is 300,000 Uganda shillings.

These people deal in all kinds of coffins that differ in pricesdepending on the quality for example the maximum goes for one 1000000 plus and the minimum goes for 100000. The workers were not willing to reveal their numbers as well as their salaries.

Figure 13&14. Showing the Mbarara coffin dealers along Kabale road.

9.2.1.2 Retail shops.They are one of the most common economic activities in this area with their target customers being university students of MUST.

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The shop operators interviewed were renting and the rent chargeranges between 50,000 to 300,000 Uganda shillings depending on the quality of structures.

They further informed us that on a good working day one can earn profits of 50000 to 70000 Uganda shillings especially whenthe semester is on but when the semester is closed one can earn30000 to 40000 Uganda shillings a day.

Most of them operate from 6:00am to 10:00 pm but there are those that work up to mid night while targeting customers from work and students from reading. Some few people have mixed commercial and residential where they reside behind and operatefrom the front.

Small scale industries like the milling industry UNGA 2000 mainly deals in maize milling and millet milling and it employs6 workers where they have 4 males and 2 females. Their main target customers are mainly schools within Mbarara and the surrounding areas.

The maize and millet is got from neighboring districts of Ibanda, Isingiro, and Kasese among others. The final products are priced differently for example a sack of posho goes for 160,000 Uganda shillings, and for millet they sale in kilos since that market is limited, a kilo of millet of millet is 3000 Uganda shillings.

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Figure 15&16. Showing some of the small scale industries in Kashanyarazi cell that is the UNGA milling industry and the maize milling industry.

The minimum wage paid to a worker in this industry is 150,000 Uganda shilling and the maximum is 300,000 Uganda shillings. This industry is owned by the Indians who bought it in the year2000.

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Some of the challenges faced by this industry are the high costs of electricity and other industries dealing in the same products that operate illegally hence causing step competition because their prices are less.

9.2.1.3 Bricks and Block CompanyIt has permanent workers and usually hires temporary workers about 6 when the company has a big contract. They get contractsfrom people who are building and the workers are paid accordingto one’s output. Generally, the levels of income in this area are not so high and people are engaged in different activities.Some have vending stalls, charcoal shops, salons, bars and restaurants. The local residents are the ones engaged in such income generating activities however other residents move out of Kashanyarazi to work in the neighboring areas of Mbarara town, Rwebikona among others.

Figure 17&18. Showing the brick and block company with in Kashanyarazi cell.

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9.3 Institutional land use Kashanyarazi cell has got few institutions and these include churches, a drug shop and schools.

9.3.1 Schools.Kashanyarazi cell has only two nursery schools which include ST. Jude nursery school and Kashanyarazi nursery school. The schools have got few facilities in relation to the number of children. First and foremost the class rooms are too small compared to the number of students who use the class rooms.

There are few sitting facilities for the students, teaching facilities like charts, black boards, chalk, text books are inadequate. Prayers are also held in the classroom on Sundays and during the week the room acts as a nursery school.

Figure 19&20. Above showing Kashanyarazi nursery school which acts as a church at the same time with inadequate facilities.

Kashanyarazi cell does not have primary and secondary schools though it has one institution known as Ankole institute of vocational studies and this calls for the young children to

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travel long distances hence putting their lives at risk like road accident while crossing the road.

Figure 21. Showing the Ankole institute of vocational studies.

9.3.2 Health facilityKashanyarazi cell has only got one drug shop. It is located along Kwirigyira road. This facility is able to offer first aidto the residents of Kashanyarazi and in case of an emergency; the people can always refer to Mbarara referral hospital which is close to Kashanyarazi cell.

The drug shop is not equipped to deal with patients for a long time, it has only one medical personnel.

9.3.3 ChurchesKashanyarazi has got two born again churches within walkable distances from the settlement. The catholic and protestant churches are just adjacent to Kashanyarazi therefore the residents can easily walk to these churches because of their nearness to the cell.

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Therefore there will not be need to propose for other churches but improving the born again churches in terms of materials used for building, sitting facilities and parking facilities.

10. INFRASTRUCTURE AND UTILITIES IN KASHAYANRAZI

10.1 Roads in Kashanyarazi.The area has only Kwirigyira road as an existing road. Kwirigyira is a murum road located in the central part of Kashanyarazi; it is 8m wide and like many other roads it does not cater for other road users like: pedestrian walk ways and cyclist lanes.

Kwirigyira road does not have a drainage channel. Since the area is on a gently sloping area, running water forms its own gullies passing through people’s homes therefore channels that have been created are not maintained and are loaded with a lot of rubbish.

Figure 22&23. Showing Kwirigyira road-the only existing road inthe area without drainage facility.

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Most of the houses are not accessed and this makes it difficultfor the people to reach their homes. This kind of arrangement has turned Kashanyarazi to be more like a slum settlement. Since many homes are clustered in one area, it makes it difficult for access roads to be created because it involves breaking of people’s homes without hope of compensation from Mbarara municipal council hence people are not willing to give up their spaces.

10.2 DrainageThe drainage of the area is water surface. During the rainy season, water flows in galleys to the river, also known as galley erosion which is evidenced by the large galleys during our field survey.

Some drainage channels drain their water into river Rwizi and this contributes greatly to the contamination of the river.

Figure 24&25. Showing the drainage channels existing in the area that is both paved and unpaved drainage.

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10.3 ElectricityKashanyarazi is the home to the sub-station that serves the whole of Mbarara municipality. Despite this fact some of the residents are not supplied with hydroelectric power for examplenew village area. Other power sources used include thermo energy, lamps and candles. This can be attributed to the different levels of income of the residents and the informal development in the area whereby each household adheres to the power source that is affordable to him/ her.

Most of the electric poles do not follow the road lanes but pass through people’s plots. This is partly because the area was formerly planned as an industrial area.

Figure 26&27. Showing the power sub-station in Kashanyarazi cell which supplies hydro power to the whole of Mbarara.

10.4 Water.Kashanyarazi is among the cells in Mbarara municipality that has access to clean and safe water. Water in this area is accessed through water pipes and a Jerri can of 20 liters costs200/=.

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However other sources of water are river Rwizi for those who cannot afford to buy a Jerri can of water. However this poses arisk to their lives because the water from the river is not clean.

The majority of the people have piped water and the few buy from vendors for domestic uses such as cooking and drinking.

10.5 River Rwizi.

The river acts as a boundary between Kashanyarazi, Katete cell and Nyamitanga.The source of river Rwizi is mainly from different areas like Rwampala hills, Kyangyenyi and Buhwezu hills.

During the rainy seasons, the river tends to get full and ends up flooding hence the water volume increases during the rainy seasons and reduces during the dry season.

The water from river Rwizi is used for different purposes like cooking; washing clothes while others use it for making of bricks. However, the river is polluted by the people in Kashanyarazi who dump their rubbish, and some of them residing near the, river direct their solid wastes into the river hence becoming dangerous for those who use the water from the river for domestic.

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Figure28. Showing one of the landmarks in Kashanyarazi cell that is river Rwizi and it acts as a boundary between Katete, Nyamitanga and Kashanyarazi.

The river is being protected by the trees especially eucalyptusthat are being planted alongside the river banks. Some agriculture is also practiced along the river for example maize, beans, yams, banana growing. However practicing agriculture along the river is done illegally.

Some by-laws to protect Rwizi have been strongly upheld for example no developments allowed along the river in less than 30meters from the shores of the river.

10.6 Waste Management.Most of the homesteads do not own a private toilet because of the expense involved and the lack of space to construct them. In terms of cost the pit latrines do not last for long periods because the water tables are high with in Kashanyarazi therefore after given periods of time say 6 months the toilets sink and are destroyed. This discourages most people from

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constructing pit latrines and end up using bushes as well as sharing with other households.

However, because of the land fragmentation problem in Kashanyarazi, people do not have space for constructing toilets. The pit latrines are in poor condition that is dirty and not maintained because they are communally used.

However, they are vulnerable to weather since they are made out of shanty materials like papyrus reeds, mad and wattle.

Figure 29, 30&31. Showing pit latrines in Kashanyarazi area.

10.6.1 Solid waste managementKashanyarazi faces the problem of proper waste management whereby well-defined waste collection points are not available.This explains why the place is littered with rubbish in most ofthe areas. Most of the garbage is produced from the house hold units because Kashanyarazi is a residential zone while some is produced by the commercial land uses.

However, the local authorities came up with the root-chat system to manage waste in Kashanyarazi. Individual households

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collect their waste in sacs or polythene bags and wait for the municipal truck to collect it on Mondays.

Figure 32&33. Showing poor waste management that end up contaminating river Rwizi.

10.7 Social Infrastructure

10.7.1 Population structure of KashanyaraziKashanyarazi cell has a population of approximately 2500 peoplewith the female population taking up a bigger percentage than the male population. The adult to children ratio is on average 1:4 per household.

The area is mostly occupied by the youths because of the nearness to Mbarara University while the elderly are very few in the area.

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Kashanyarazi is a dormitory area with a less population during day time because most people move out to work in the town whileothers are students who go to school or compass in the neighboring areas.

10.8 Tribes in Kashanyarazi cell

There is a mixture of tribes for example the Bakiga, Baganda, Batooro, Banyankole, Bagishu and Swahili speaking people. This is due to the inter marriages amongst different tribes as well as migration factors.

10.9 Education Schools are generally not present within or near all settlements, which are, Mbarara Municipal, Window Internationaland Mbarara Preparatory Primary Schools. However, there is onlyone private nursery school whereas there are no municipal or government schools within the settlement. Dependence on privateschools for primary and high school is high as compared with the Government due to lack of infrastructure and staff.

10.10 Health

The settlement mainly benefits from the services of a government health facility Mbarara Referral Hospital within walkable distance from the settlement. Most others at least usethe services of a drug shop within the settlement. However there is need for an advanced health facility within the settlement. Distance to the facilities results in high opportunity costs with most people needing to forgo their daily

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wage for medical care. Majority of slum residents therefore, prefer local private doctors, largely untrained.

10.11 Livelihood

About half the working population in the settlement (44%) comprises skilled/ unskilled workers earning a daily wage mostly in casual labour. About one-fourth (26.22%) are also self-employed, having either micro enterprises or work as vendors. About 5% were reportedly, salaried people, some of whoare in formal government jobs. Slum women mostly work as daily wage workers or in traditional family occupations such as washerwomen, tailoring or shoe making. Many are domestic workers. Many also work out of homes doing piece rate work suchas making chains, binds, brushes, shoe boxes, packing charcoal,etc. They earn very little from these activities and are usually exploited by the contractors.

11. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT.Key development issues emerging from the above data with implications for slum upgrading according to the baseline studywere:

11.1 Poor Quality Housing: Housing in Kashanyarazi is mostly “pocket sized”. However there are houses that are detached, semi-detached, structurally unsafe, lacking in toilets and water services, and which require upgrading. Since land is mostly owned by the residents, the challenge is to customize the housing to people’s requirements, affordability, plot dimensions, etc. enabling them to build incrementally. Since home-based economic activity is common practice in the

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settlement, the challenge is to design houses that will enable people to pursue their livelihoods.

11.2 Unequal Access to Quality Services: Despite the expansion of main trunk infrastructure, there continue to be issues with respect to equity, access in dense settlements, last-mile connectivity to homes, operationalizing of services due to lackof supplies, poor maintenance, infrastructure damage, etc. Besides issues related to physical infrastructure and connectivity, there is a lack of community involvement in the planning and maintenance of these services. These concerns cut across all basic services of roads and pathways, water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, etc. The key challenges to integrating slums within the settlement will therefore be to ensure inclusive service delivery with equity with accountability.

11.3 Accessing Services Informally/Privately: An emerging area of concern is the informal access by a large numbers of residents to services especially water supply. This may be boththe result of poor quality service delivery and unwillingness of the municipal to supply in illegal settlements. Inadequate service delivery has also resulted in the mushrooming of private vendors and contractors that make available services tothe poor at prices higher than the municipal rates, and add to their cost of living. The challenge is therefore to ensure thatthe municipality is able to provide essential services adequately, legally and efficiently to the poor.

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11.4 High Incidence of Open Defecation: Incidence of open defecation in dense communities is high, especially in houses without access to toilets. This is both undignified and leads to environmental and health hazards. Under RAY, by upgrading this settlement and improving the houses and adding private toilets to them, Kashanyarazi can move towards the settlement Sanitation Goal of becoming an Open Defecation Free City. This shall be a major challenge for the dense communities.

11.5 Poor Sanitation and Solid Waste Management (SWM) Systems: Poor SWM also adds to the deteriorating environment of the settlement and is a major challenge for Kashanyara. The reasonsfor poor SWM and other sanitation services are institutional (poor planning, low management capacity, low accountability, inefficiency, etc.), infrastructure related (lack of tools and implements for efficient collection and disposal), systemic (irregularity of collection and poor disposal) and community-based (lack of involvement and contribution for SWM). These challenges will need to be addressed to bring about significantimprovement in the settlement sanitation.

11.6 Restricted Opportunities for Decent Livelihoods: Over the years, production and manufacturing sectors including traditional handmade industries in Kashanyarazi have been underrapid decline. Some of the reasons for this are the oppressive environmental regulations, low investment in the region, etc. This has resulted in a severe crunch in livelihood options bothformal and informal, for the poor. More imagination is needed to create new opportunities for the income generation for the people.

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11.7 Social Justice Issues: Kashanyarazi has several marginal groups and communities such as the Muslims the scheduled castesthat need special attention to alleviate their poverty and to mainstream them. Besides these, there are many vulnerable groups inside the settlements that need support to access housing, services, livelihoods, social infrastructure etc. Transforming the settlement will need to adopt a socio-spatial approach to address challenges of access among the marginal communities.

12. METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN PREPARATION (DPP)This DPP has been developed using a participatory and inclusiveplanning process. Besides engaging and organising the communityand involving them in the process of planning, the DPP has alsorelied on several data bases generated at the household, communal settlement and Municipal levels that have helped gather together the facts and deepen the understanding of Kashanyarazi.

12.1 Community Participation Process in Planning the DPP

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Figure 35. Showing a discussion we hand with the community on our first meeting with them 8th July 2014 in the community.

12.2 Community Mobilisation and Organisation

Communities in settlement have been included in the process of participatory planning. The communities have been mobilised by Municipal facilitators. Street Meetings, Focus Group Discussions and other Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) tools have been used to identify various issues of concern and discuss causes and find solutions. Based on identified priorities, we regularly sat in a group to discuss long-term action plans and solutions. Some quick win actions have been initiated in some of the settlements where communities have demonstrated keen interest and willingness to contribute resources, time etc. to improve service levels. We have also proposed groups be organised for livelihood development and are being linked to the TSUPU and MDF

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programmes through Municipal Council. This area is very important having several important structures, (UMEME) and River Rwizi.

12.3 Preparation of Slum Development Plans

In a series of community interactions, each community was helped to prioritise its needs and come up with a slum development plan. The Slum Development Plan emerged from a clear understanding of each problem, its causes and effects on various people and parts of the slum. The Slum Plans also listed possible solutions to these issues which people felt were feasible.

12.4 LC.1 Level Consultation

A review of the various plans suggested that across the settlement, there were several common areas of concern. These include certain environmental features that intersect across settlements or missing services in the area, etc. that require common /area level solutions. Along a steep slope to River Rwizi a large uncovered settlementdrain cuts through many of the communal settlements. Its poor maintenance has reduced its capacity and flow causing it to flood during the rains and causing highly unhygienic conditions. There is also a River Rwizi that passes through the area that has over the years of neglect been reduced to a drain. Most settlement areas also lack access to household water supplies, solid waste management services, sewer systems, schools for children, public health centre, etc.

Local Council level consultations (one in each community) were organised to discuss these common concerns. The consultations were broad based and included several stakeholders besides the

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community representatives; councillors, local families, Land Lords Implementation sanitary staff.

12.5 Small Group Meetings to Detail Solutions

Following the LC.1 level meetings, small groups to individual basis were formed to discuss the specific solutions that were proposed at the consultations.

12.6 Data generation

Quantitative information has been generated at the settlement and household level using surveys and mapping processes. This has helped to quantify the qualitative information developed above.

12.7 Household Survey

A household survey has been undertaken in Kashanyarazi and for most of the houses with adaptations to the Kashanyarazi context. Specific information generated from the survey such asdemographic profiles, occupational patterns, levels of income and access to civic amenities, etc. has contributed to the DPP design. The household survey was done with support the locals from the settlements. Household survey analysis is presented inabove

12.8 Livelihood Profile

Local livelihoods in settlement were profiled. Kashanyarazi residents are mostly engaged in mixed residential-commercial livelihoods. A detail of the livelihood patterns in the settlement were conducted which is shown in the sketch below.

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Figure 36. Revealing the nature of the settlement in Kashanyarazi.

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13. PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF KASHANYARAZI CELL.

13.1 VISION To create a livable and reachable community that belongs to theresidents.

13.2 OBJECTIVES • Create a vibrant economic cell with capacity to generate

house hold incomes to sustain the families.• Provide efficient utility supply.• Improve provision of social services.• Improve on land management.• Increase accessibility.

The proposal plan has been a result of data analysis of the existing situation, recommendations from our various supervisors as well as suggestions from community members and stake holder such as the LCI chairman, area councilors among others.

This report is intended to guide the physical planner in the development planning of Kashanyarazi cell, provide the council and the community with the most effective building plans suitable for the area basing on social and standards of housingand lastly provided mitigation measures to the problems facing the community.

13.2.1 The idea;Enhancing places of great human energy, community spirit, creativity and happy places that we think many should consider home.

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13.2.2 The goal;Create a settlement that enhances the viability, and increases economic opportunities for all residents within the settlement.

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14.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT DETAILED PLAN

14.3.1 Commercial land usesCommercial plots have been suggested along Kabale road ranging from 15 -20 and 25-30 meters. These have been located in such areas because of their ability to capture a wider market compared to other possible locations. Secondary, the area is already having economic activities such as carpentry, hotels and light industries by natural selection.

The plots are designed to face the road at an angle of 900 and so are the proposed structures. However due to the topography

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of the area topography some plots and structures may not be exactly at 900 as it has been recommended.

Figure 37&38. Showing proposed mixed residential commercial land uses along Kwirigira Road.

14.3.2 Residential land usesResidential plots have been proposed away from the main road i.e. towards the river. This was suggested after analysis of issues related with the residential areas being placed near primary roads such as noise and air pollution. Residential areas have plot sizes of 15m by 30m. Residential plots and structures are too suggested to be aligned along the roads at 900 just like the commercials. Utilization of residential plotswill follow the dimensions as illustrated below in the diagram.

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14.3.3 The roadsThe roads in Kashanyarazi are proposed to have a width of 8m, this is because the area has few vehicles and cyclist but it isalso a standard measure for a residential area. We have tried to reduce roads that are giving direct access to the river because it may encourage flooding and soil erosion depending onthe nature of the terrain in the area. All major access roads of 8metres in Kashanyarazi have been proposed to have drainage channels with a width depending on the quantity of water that runs along it. However some drainage channels are not necessarily located along access roads but where need be.

14.3.4 The riverThe river which is approximately 6metres wide is proposed to have a buffer zone of 30metres wide as it was suggested by the bye-laws though contrary to the environmental and planning standards. This is intended to protect the river from pollution

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of solid waste which is the major environmental problem facing it and also to filter running water before flowing into the river.

To add value to the community, a pedestrian route has been suggested along the river to allow the community access it, enjoy its presence and also to a good impression that will act identification for Kashanyarazi as a cell.

14.4 WATER AND ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

Water pipes and electricity lanes will be aligned along the access roads for easy distribution to the various plots in the area. This will also help to reduce the costs of connection by the individual clients and make the grid pattern follow up easier to comprehend.

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15. HOUSING TYPOLOGIES

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EXPAND AFFORDABLE HOUSING

Create a settlement where everyone—including elderly, disabled, and low-income residentscan afford housing and living expenses.

Building materials commonly used in Kashanyarazi.


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The life span of these houses are short since they are constructed with sub-standard specifications.

PROMOTE KASHANAYARAZI PROSPERITY Create an economic climate that enhances the viability, and increases economic opportunities for all residents with in the settlement.

Community involvement is very vital for the success of this project. It was important for us to develop our ideas with the people to create a settlement which the people feel they own and are responsible for it, were able to achievethrough communal meetings as well as appraisals with the residents.We also think that at each stage of implementation the community should havean input.


Housing Objectives.

To provide dwellers in this area access to permanent,decent and affordable shelter.

To allow for the community to initiate income generating projects.

To improve the quality of the living environment of the people and enhance their socio- economic welfare trough the green space on site.

To popularize within the community a non-motorized transport system (improved bicycle transporter) for the improvement of livelihoods within the urban poor

To enhance income-earning opportunities. To install basic infrastructure such as; roads,

sanitation/waste collection, storm water drainage, flood prevention, electricity, security lighting.

Initiate small-scale door-to-door waste collection and recycling initiatives

To encourage the residents to stay in Kashanyarazi through all phases of life, childhood, to youth hood,as well as at an elderly stage.

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PROPOSED SINGLE FAMILY LOW COST HOUSING BREIF.

Function

Space Min area

considerations

Living room

To carter for a maximum of 6 people

16 Consider circulation and dinning space

Bedrooms

Master bedroom

Children's rooms

149

Kitchen 12 Preferably outdoor but could have an indoor section

Toilet and bathroom

1 & 4 respectively

With a shower & W.C

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BLOCK PLAN SHOWING PROPOSED HOUSING DENSITIES.

KWIRIGIRA ROAD

3D showing one of the single family units.

These are low cost typical housing family units which have been proposed on currently virgin site.


Open space

Green area 25 To be well drained, and should be more than half of the plot area 25x15sqm.

HOUSE ELEVATIONS

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FLOOR PLAN FOR THE ABOVE PROPOSED FAMILY UNITS. A

B

C


ELEVATION B

ELEVATION C

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• Each proposed prototype is to have storm water drained from the roofs and harvested for domestic use.

• The materials proposed for building structures are the common building materials used in Kashanyarazi as briefly listed above as well as their costs.

BEDROOM BEDROOM

SHARED SPACE

PROPOSED FAMILY RESIDENCES INTERGRATED WITHIN EXISTING COMMUNITIES

SECURITDesigning defensible spaces...Defensible space is "a residential environment whose physical characteristics—building layout and site plan—function to allow inhabitants themselves to become key agents in ensuring their security. “There are four factors that make a defensible space:

• Territoriality – the idea that one's home is sacred.• Natural surveillance – the link between an area's physical


SECTION A

MIXED RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL. HOUSE BREIF.

Function

Space Min area

Considerations

Living room

To carter for a maximum of 6 people


Bedrooms

Master bedroom

Children's rooms

149

Kitchen 12 Preferably outdoor but could have an indoor

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Designing defensible spaces...Defensible space is "a residential environment whose physical characteristics—building layout and site plan—function to allow inhabitants themselves to become key agents in ensuring their security. “There are four factors that make a defensible space:

• Territoriality – the idea that one's home is sacred.• Natural surveillance – the link between an area's physical


section

Toilet and bathroom

1 & 4 respectively

With a shower & W.C

Open space

Green area 25 To be well drained, and should be more than Half of the plot area 25x15sqm.

Shops To have two shops in the building frontage.

20sqm To be at the front along major proposed And existing road (Kwirigira) in Kashanyarazi.

DRAWING SHOWING THE BUILDING PLAN AND THE PROPOSED BLOCK PLANRESPECTIVELY.

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MIXED RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL

RESIDENTIAL

PROPOSED GREEN SPACE

BUFFER

RIVER RWIZI

F


BUILDING ELEVATION F.

TYPICAL FAMILY HOUSE BREIF.

Function Space Min area considerations

Living room

To carter for a minimum of 5 people


Bedrooms Master bedroom

Children's rooms

149

Kitchen 12 Preferably outdoor but could have an indoor section

Toilet and bathroom

1 & 4 respectively

With a shower & W.C

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Open space

Green area 25 To be well drained, and should be more Than half of the plot area 25x15sqm.

Parking Each family proto type should have at least one slot.

12.5 Should have water surface drainage.

TYPICAL FAMILY HOUSE.

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WATER Utilizing rain water Piping should be done from the

water area to reach more housingdensities in this settlement.

From a ratio of one water point per 9 out of 10 homes, the desired ratio should fall to a water point per home. As we observed that an average courtyard holds 5 to 6 homes andthe water is in a reachable

ENERGY Use of cheap sustainable

alternative means of energy for electricity generation such as bio fuel and solar energy.

Use of the roadside electrification to enable public night lighting along all roads.


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WASTE MANAGEMENT The use of septic tanks these

densities should be encouraged.

For the disposal of other household waste, the existinggarbage bankers will serve asthe collection points before the garbage is further taken care of through the route chart system.

AN IDEAL SITE PLAN FOR THE TYPICAL FAMILYHOUSE IN NEW VILLAGE


Figure 39. Showing the typical family houses in the New Village.

KEY FINDINGS The data resulting from this Internship provides a significant

and robust amount of information representing a sample of

individuals and professionals, architects, supervisors, and

mentors, as well as the voice of interns. The supervisors,

consisting of training supervisors, the department supervisor,

and other subject-matter experts who use the findings to

support and enhance the existing study framework. The findings

can also be used to inform the development of our future

internship experience as a learning students, with the insights

of our new Intern Think Tank, we were also able to undertake a

fresh and comprehensive understanding of how architectural and

planning internship serves as an important bridge in connecting

education with licensure.

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Task relevance Supervisors and mentors, determined over 70 percent of the

tasks performed in a project, as a part of the internship

program requirement. (In reference with internship brief and

guidelines as issued by the department.). After taking part in

several of these tasks identified, (as being performed

throughout the course of a project) which span multiple design

experience areas, the linking study, which linked tasks to the

appropriate experience areas, was used to inform any suggested

revisions to the context of the existing design areas.

Level of performance By completion of my internship experience, as an intern I

expect to be able to perform tasks included in any design stage

during the course of a project with minimal assistance, most

importantly to enhance my creativity. It was and is hoped that

a combination of program enhancements and improved

supervisor/mentor education can raise the level of intern

performance. Thanks to Dr. Namuganyi Lilian, Mr. Barugahare and

Madam Carol Warugaba.

Frequency of performance The scope of the internship tasks were expanded to provide as

much information for our internship learning experience ranging

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from site work to office work. These tasks were considered as

the existing core and elective hourly requirements for each

experience area were promptly reviewed.

CONCLUSION This internship provides me as an aspiring architect an

essential, hands-on opportunity to experience the actual

practice of architecture. With accredited architectural

education serving as the foundation, internship provided me

with a structured environment where theory and precedent can be

applied to actual projects, and knowledge of materials and

systems is transformed into thoughtful construction details.

The findings of the Practice will be used to ensure the

internship experience is viewed by educators, interns,

supervisors, and the profession as a valuable step in the

development of the next generation of practitioners.

THE END.

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Kashanyarazi slum Upgrading: Mbarara Uganda.

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