Journal of Coatings Technology 1995 Vol.67 No. 845

Federation of Societies for · Coatings Technology

1995 Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show Creativity + Adaptability = Gateway to Success

Unlock the Future

To be successful in the coatings indus

try, you must unlock the future and

sample all available technologies.

Only by expanding your vision

and knowledge of new and

parallel technologies ca n

you adapt to better serve your customers.

The Federation of Societies for Coatings

Technology will sup

ply the key at the

73rd Annual Meeting and 60th Paint Industries' Show,

October 9-11 , 1995

in St. Louis.

Are You Ready for the Challenge

of the 21st Century?

Education is the key that unlocks the "Gateway to Success," and FSCT's Annual Meet

ing and Paint Industries' Show offers a unique learning experience for every attendee.

This year's theme, "Creativity+ Adaptability = Gateway to

Success," will focus on the challenges and opportunities facing coatings industry professionals. On the show floor, key supplier technical and sales person

nel will be at more than 280 exhibits - providing you with an opportunity to learn the latest developments

in the industry.

The Future Begins in St. Louis

Annual Meeting presenters represent the most pro

gressive and dynamic coatings companies in the world - ready to share their expertise and vision

with you.

The Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norristown Road Blue Bell, PA 19422 (610) 940-0777 Fax (610) 940-0292

Cervant tsConvention Crntu St.louis, Missouri

October 9· 10 · 11, 1995

Circle No. 9 on the Reader Service Card

October 9 • 10 • 11, 1995 Cervantes Convention Center

St. Louis, Missouri Creativity +Adaptability = Gateway to Success

On the Show Floor • More· than 280 Exhibitors

At the Technical Program Annual Meeting Sessions Topics include: • Future Coatings Technology • Advanced Research Trends • Color Technology • Corrosion-Inhibitive Coatings • Low VOC Coatings • Manufacturing Advances • Powder Coatings • Radiation Curing • Environmental Concerns ... and more!

How to Get Your Key to the Future See the future this October in St. Louis. Join the thousands of worldwide coatings professionals who will attend the FSCT Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show by registering today. A variety of registration options are available to meet most attendee requirements - whether you attend for the entire event or just a single day. A guest program has also been designed with a "social" vision. To receive your Advance Registration Packet, write or fax the FSCT today.

Registration

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology Members . Full Three-Day Show

Advance Registration $75.00 On-Site Registration $90.00 . One Day (Mon. or Thes.) Advance Registration On-Site Registration $70.00 . One Day (Wed.) Advance Registration On-Site Registration $40.00

Non-Members . Full Three-Day Show Advance Registration $100.00 On-Site Registration $125.00 . One Day (Mon. or Thes.) Advance Registration On-Site Registration $90.00 . One Day (Wed.) Advance Registration On-Site Registration $50.00

Special Social Program . Call for program details . Advance Registration $60.00 On-Site Registration $70.00

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Technical Articles

59 Characterization of Particle Coalescence in Waterborne Coatings Using Atomic Force Microscopy-R.M.

Rynders, C.R. Hegedus, and A.G. Gilicinski

The coalescence of latex particles is an important aspect of coating technology and atomic force microscopy provides insight into the nanoscale processes involved that is not obtainable through any other analytical technique.

71 Swelling Stresses and Strains Associated with Moss Transport in Polymeric Films-C-S. Jou, S.T. Sockinger,

and R.J. Farris

Coatings are often used to protect moisture attack; an understanding of the swelling stress and strain that will allow better choice of the material and processed condition is highlighted.

79 Adherence Strength and Smoothness of Cathodically Deposited Paints on Aluminum-F. Beck and U.A. Kruger

A systematic study of two important qualities of electrocooted aluminum substrates-adherence strength and surface roughness-was conducted on four industrial point systems.

Feature Article

89 Flow Modifiers: A Key to Developing High Quality Surface Coatings-M.A. Grolitzer and D.E. Erickson

The role flow modifiers play in the development of high quality surface coatings is a primary focus.

Committee Activities

19 Special Section-Coatings Education 22 University Coatings Programs 31 1995 Educational Committee Guide for Coatings Courses, Symposia, and Seminars

Federation News

14 James Lovell , Commander of Apollo 13 Mission, Is Keynote Speaker for 1995 Annual Meeting 51 1995 Annual Meeting & Paint Industries' Show Advance Housing and Registration Information

52 Message from the President 56 General Information 53 Hotel and Registration Details 57 Advance Registration Form 54 Hotel Rates and Map of St. Louis 58 Current List of 1995 Paint Shaw Exhibitors 55 St. Louis Hotel Reservation Form

Departments Comment .... .. .... ....... . .... . ... . ...... ..... . .. .. .. .... .... . ... . 7 People in the News Technical Abstracts .. ....... .. ...... .. 8 Obituary ....... ................. . Industry News ............ .... ... . . 15 New FSCT Members Meetings Update 1 7 New Products .... .. .. . Regulatory Update .... . . 49 Calendar of Events ................ . Society Reports .. . .... .... ............. 94 Hu'1lbug from Hillman .. . ........ . ... .

WBPA

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© 1995 by FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOi()C€>ATlNfu rE~~~OLOGY THE JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY (ISSN 0361-8773) is published monthly by the Federofion of Societies for Coatings Technology, .492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350, Phone (610)94().()777; Fox: (610)9.40{)292.

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98 98

101 103 106 108

Coatings MSOS CO Retrieval System A new vista in Material Safety Data Sheet access and

storage for the Coatings Industry

Only from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

A Comprehensive MSDS Access, Storage, Retrieval System on CD Panorama'M is a new vista in Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) access and storage for the coatings industry. Each entry on Panorama is fully indexed, and integrated information searching software is included, permitting users to locate an individual MSDS by:

A Product name

A Manufacturer

A CAS number

A Chemical name

A Key words

A Specific in-house codes

Satisfies Government Regulations Panorama meets the requirements of government legislation mandating that manufacturers maintain a 30-year fi le of MSDS information, without supporting a mountain of paperwork . The single Panorama CD replaces over 1,000 computer disks or 250,000 pages of typewritten text.

Continuous Improvement, Continuous Updates In an effort to provide users the most current and comprehensive MSDS information, Panorama is available only by annual subscript ion. Each quarter, a new Panorama CD will be supplied to subscribers. The updated version will contain all original MSDS, plus all new and revised sheets. Superseded MSDS, whi le remaining on file as required by law, will be labeled to alert the user that they have been replaced by more current data.

Panorama: Only from the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology It was inevitable the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology (FSCT) would develop the Panorama system. In concert with the FSCT's Chicago Society, Panorama development began in 1991 . Today, over 8,700 individual raw material products are contained on the system's single CD, and the number is growing weekly.

Never before has such information been available in a single, affordable, easy-to-use package, providing users wi th comprehensive information on over 8,000 raw material products in the coatings industry.

Subscribe Today One and two-year subscriptions are available . Special discounts are provided to FSCT and NPCA member companies.

For Additional Information To subscribe, or if you have additional questions , call the Panorama lnfoline at 1-610-940-0777. Write inquiries to: Panorama, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Road, Blue Bell , PA 19422-2350. Fax (610) 940-0292.

PA.NDRA.I'v'IA"

Instant MSDS access A Information management .i. User customization Satisfies government regulations .i. Developed and backed by the FSCT

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norristown Road Blue Bell , PA 19422-2350 (610) 940-0777 Fax (61 0) 940-0292

An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry

Two Volumes-1024 Pages, Over 2500 Spectra This revised and expanded two-volume,

fourth edition contains a compilation of more than 2500 spectra. fully indexed, of materials commonly used in the coatings industry. All spectra have been generated on high resolution Fourier Transform spectrophotometerswith recorded spectral ranges covering the region between 4,000 and 400 cm - 1 .

Authored by experts in the field of coatings infrared analysis, the 1024-page text consists of eight fundamental and comprehensive chap ters, including theory, instrumentation, IR insttu- mentation accessories, sample preparation. and qualitative and quantitative analysis.

A fully indexed Merature survey represents the most complete bibliography published in

this type of text. It is organized into sections such as theory, general information. reviews, instrumentation, experimental techniques, compilation of spectra. quantitative analysis, coatings, polymers applications and pigment applications. Each section is in chronological order.

This handsome set is packaged in a sturdy slip case for easy shelf storage.

Also, a computerized database of all the spectra featured in the Atlas has been developed by the Nicolet Instrument Corp., in coop eration with the Federation. The Nicolet Coatings Technology Database is available at additional cost from Nicolet to assist in computer searching during quantitative infrared analysis.

$ 150-Federation Members/$200-Non-Members Please make all checks payable In U.S. Funds on a U.S. Bank

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350

(61 0) 940-0777 Fax: (610) 940-0292

Circle No. 1 on Me Reader Service Card

492 Norristown Road Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350

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......... ....................................... Technic01 Editor ... Robert F. Brad Jr .................................................... Managing Editor Kathleen M. ~ i i e r i

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Edilorial Revim Bwrd Robert F. Brody Jr., Choirman D.R. Bauer H.E. Hill P. E. Pierce A. H. Broudou 1. W. Hill G.R. Pilcher J.H. Braun T. Hockswender T. Provder D. Brezinski S.F. Kio R.A. Rynh R.A. Dickie J.V. Koleske C.K. Schoff F.L. Floyd H. lowrey R. Slonriolo P.R. Guevin, Jr. J. W. Martin J.O. Staffer C.R. Hegedus J.L. Mossingill

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The Federation of Societies for Cootings Technology assumes no responsibility for the opinions by authors in this publicotion.

Copyright 1995 by he Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology. All ri hts resewed. No portion of mir publitation me be reproduced or utilized in an t%rm or by ony means, electronic or mechonica[including phokopying, recur&ng or by any information slomgeor retriewlsystem withoutpermission in writing horn the publisher. Authorization to p h o h y items for intern01 or personal use, or he internal or personal use of specilic cPtfnts y a n f e d by the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology for users reglster w~th the Copyright Clearance Center (CCCj Tronsoctional Reporting Service, provided that the base lee of $1.00 per copy, plus .25 per page is paid directly to CCC, 27 Congress St, Salem, MA 0 1970. For those organizations hot have been granted o photocopy license by CCC, o seporote system ofpayment hos been arranged. The lee code for users of the Tronsoction Reporting Sewice is: 00323352/86 $1.00 + .25.

6 Journal of Coatings Technology

Director of Educational Services

# T F l lTtW9 Vol 67, No. 845, June 1995 7

Technical Abstracts

Translations provided by: Sponish-Beotriz Alonso Torres, of lnstituto Mexicono de Tecnicos en Pinturos y Tintos. (Due to unforeseen circumstances, the French translation is not included.-Ed.)

Characterization of Particle Coalescence in Waterborne Coatings Using Atomic Force Microscopy-R.M. Rynders, C.R. Hegedus, and A.G. Gilicinski

JCT, Vol. 67, No. 845, 59 Uune 1995)

Caracteri:zacion de Coalescencia de Particula en Recubrimentos Base Agua Usando Microscopia de Fuer:za Atomica-R.M. Rynders, C.R. Hegedus, and A.G. Gilicinski

Swelling Stresses and Strains Associated with Mass Transport in Polymeric Films-c.-s. Jou, S.T. Sackinger, and R.J. Farris

JCT, Vol. 67, No. 845, 7l Uune 19951

8

A major factor affecting the protective nature of waterborne latex coatings is the degree of particle coalescence that occurs during film formation. Atomic force microscopy IAFM) was used to image coatings formed from blends conta ining various ratios of three waterborne acrylic/ polyurethane hybrid polymers. Tapping and contact mode atomic force microscopies were evaluated for this application, end tapping mode AFM proved to be the best method for imaging the fil ms due to the low friction forces. It was shown that when the ti p and feature sizes were similar, the superposi tion of the tip morphology on the surface features in the AFM image was significant. In these polymer dispersions, the particle size distribution ranged from 40 to 60 nm, and the AFM tip radii were 20-30 nm. AFM imaging of gold colloids dispersed on mica and scanning electron microscopy of the tip were used to characterize the shapes and sizes of the AFM tips. A method was developed to estimate the tip radii using the gold colloids; in turn, the tip size was accounted for in analyzing and reporting the dimensions of the surface features imaged on the coatings. The degree of particle coalescence for each coating was evaluated from the surface morphologies imaged by AFM and was expressed as a number density of protruding particles. The coatings that exhibited a high density of 30-50 nm diameter protruding spheres were considered to be poorly coalesced, while coatings that exhibited a smooth morphology were considered to be welkoalesced . The polymer blends were ranked according to the degree of particle coalescence; end the results correlated well with other methods of characterization of the polymer film physical structure, such as the degree of corrosion resistance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy end Prohesion TM cabinet exposure tests.

Elgrado de coolescencio de particula que ocurre durante Ia formocion de peliculo es un foetor que efecto Ia naturolezo protectoro de los recubrimientos de latex base ague. Se uso microscopic de fuerza atomica IAFM) para evaluar mezclas que contenion diferentes porcentajes de tres polimeros hibridos base ague acrilico/poliuretano. Para este proposito se evaluo el modo de contacto para Ia microscopic de fuerza atomica. Se mostro que los parometros eran similares, y lo superposicion de lo morfologia en Ia superficie en Ia imagen de AFM fue sign ificative.

En estes dispersiones polimericas, Ia distribucion de tomono de particula vario de 40 a 60 nm, y el radio en el AFM estuva entre 20-30 nm. Se uti lizo Ia imagen en AFM de coloides oro disperses en mica r monitoreo por microscopic electr6nica para caracterizar formes y tamoiios de las muestras de AFM. Se desarrollo un metoda para estimar el radio usando los coloides oro; y el tamano se cuantifico analizando y reportando las dimensiones de las proyecciones en los recubrimientos. El grade de coalescencia de particulo se evaluo a partir de lo morfologia de las imogenes del AFM y se expreso numericomente como densidad de particulos proyectadas.

los recubrimientos que exhibieron alta densidad 130-50 nm de diometro de esferas proyectadas) se consideraron como de baja coalescencia, mientras que las que presentaron morfologias discretas se consideraron con buena coalescencia.

las mezclas polimericas se clasificaron de acuerdo al grade de coalescencia de particula; y los resultados correlacionaron bien con otros metodos de carocterizacion de estructura fisica, como el de grodo de resistencia a Ia corrosion medida por espectroscopia de impedancia electroquimica y pruebas de exposicion en gabinetes ProhesionrM.

An experimental technique using a force-strain setup has been developed to measure the swelling stresses and strains of polymeric films. The idea of the force-strain setup is similar in concept to the thermomechanical analyzer ITMA) except that the driving force is the moisture distribution, not the temperature distribution. This technique has been used to characterize the swelling behavior of polyimide film that has been used os passivation coatings in integrated circuit fabrication . Coatings are often used to protect moisture attack; an understanding of the swelling stress and strain will allow better choice of the material end processed condition . One objective of this investigation is to use the swelling information to determine diffusion coefficients. Gravimetric measurements are also performed to verify the results calculated from the swelling experiment. With the information of mass uptake and swelling strain, the swelling coefficient can also be determined.

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Esfuen:os de Expansion Asociados con Transporte de masa en Peliculas PolimericasC·S. Jou, S.T. Sackinger, and R.J. Farris

Adherence Strength and Smooth· ness of Cathodically Deposited Paints on Aluminum-F. Beck and U.A. Kriiger

JCT, Vol. 67, No. 845, 78 ~une 19951

Fuen:a de Adherencia y Suavi· dad de Pinturas Depositadas CatOdicamente en Aluminio- F. Beck and U.A. Kriiger

10

Se ha desarrollado una tecnica experimental para medir esfuerzos de expansion y alargamiento de peliculas polimericas. La idea del dispositive es similar en concepto al Analizador Termomecanico (TMA), excepto que Ia fuerza motriz es Ia distribucion de humedad, no Ia de temperatura. Esta tecnica se ha usodo para caracterizar el comportamiento expansive de peliculas que se han usodo como recubrimientos para pasivacion en fabricacion de circuitos integrados. Los recubrimientos se usan frecuentemente para proteger ataques de humedad; par lo que un mejor entendimiento de los esfuerzos de expansion y alargamiento permitiran una mejor eleccion del material y sus condiciones. Un objetivo de esta investigacion es utilizer esta informacion para determiner coeficientes de difusividad. Se llevaron a cabo tambien mediciones gravimetricas para verificar los resultados calculados a partir del experimento de alargamiento. Con esta informacion, tambien se puede determiner el coeficiente de elasticidad.

Four industrial paint systems for a cathodic deposition from BASF AG/PPG Co.; namely Cathodip® ( 1), Cathoguard 100 B® (2), Cathoguard 300® (3), and Cathoprime® (4), were employed for a systematic study of two important qualities of electrocoated aluminum substrates, adherence strength t and surface roughness R,. Other parameters, such as the nature of the aluminum-alloy, the aluminum surface treatment, and the pigmentation were varied too. Electrodeposition and staving were performed under standard conditions.

It was found that two factors hove a great influence on t. One is the presence of an appropriate pigmentation of the paint. In some cases, nonpigmented paints led to very poor t values. Under industrial conditions, t values were generally high, exceeding 14 MPa. However, some surface treatment modes seem to have a negative impact on t. In some cases, the values fort can be interpreted in terms of AIO,H,-particles, which precipitate in the CDP after cathodic corrosion of aluminum in the course of the CDP-process, weakening the adhesion of the paint coating accordingly.

R, increases in the order of the paints No. 3 < 2 « 1 < 4. The paint system determines the strongest effect. These results respond to the aluminum-substrate in some cases. But the surface treatment mode has no influence. The aluminum-corrosion products seem not to play any role . These findings point to specific effects of the viscous behavior of the paint system in the course of baking procedure and/or the influence of the pigments at the surface.

Se emplearon cuatro sistemas industriales para una deposicion catodica de BASF AG/PPG Co.: Cathodip (1), Cathoguard 100 B (2), Cathoguard 300 (3), y Cathoprime (4), que se utilizaron para un estudio sistematico de dos cualidades importantes de substrates de aluminio recubiertos electronicamente: Ia fuerza de adherencia t y rugosidad de Ia superficie R otros parametres, como Ia naturaleza de Ia aleacion de aluminio, el tratamiento de Ia superficie de oluminio y Ia pigmentocion tambien se variaron lo electrodeposicion y el horneado se llevaron a cabo bajo condiciones estandor.

Se encontro que dos factores tienen gran influencia en t. Uno es Ia presencia de pigmentacion adecuada de Ia pintura. En algunos casos, pinturas no pigmentadas conllevan a volores de t muy bajos. Bajo condiciones industriales, los valores de t fueron generalmente altos, excediendo 14 Mpa.

Sin embargo, algunos modes de tratamiento de superficies parecian tener un impacto negotivo en t. En algunos casos, los valores de t se pueden interpreter en terminos de particulas, de AIO,H,, que precipitan en el CDP despues de corrosion catodica del aluminio en curso del proceso de CDP, concordando con Ia adhesion del recubrimiento de pintura.

R, se incrementa en el arden 3 < 2 << 1 < 4. El sistema de pintura determine el efecto mas fuerto. Estes resultados responden al sustrato de aluminio en algunos casos. El modo de tratamiento de Ia superficie no tiene influencia. Los productos de Ia corrosion del aluminio parecen no tener papel importante. Estes hallazgos puntualizan efectos especificos del comportamiento de Ia viscosidad del sistema durante el proceso de horneado y/o Ia influencia de los pigmentos en Ia superficie.

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9 pflflo*fl

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(610) 940-0777 Far: (610) 9400292 7

Henkel introduces WATERPOXY'" Water-borne Epoxy System specifically designed for tough-duty industrial and

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Circle No. 17 4 on the Reader Service Card

I Federation News

James Lovell, Commander of Apollo 13 Mission Is Keynote Speaker for FSCT 1995 Annual Meeting

hile serving as Commander of the Apollo 13 mission, Captain James Lovell faced the challenge of a

lifetime. As he and his crew rocketed toward the moon, an explosion destroyed the ship's crucial oxygen system. They were 200,000 miles from Earth. Lovell's skill and personal courage ensured the crew's survival in space . . . as well as their safe return to earth.

Twenty-five years after the perilous mission, the Federation of Societies for Coat- ings Technology is pleased to feature James Lovell as the Keynote Speaker at the Open- ing Session of its 1995 Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show. The event will be held October 9-1 1 at the Cervantes Con- vention Center in St. Louis, MO.

The accomplishments of Captain Lovell, navigator of man's maiden voyage to the moon and the first to visit the moon twice, are daunting.

James Lovell was chosen in 1962 for the space program following extensive experience as a naval aviator and test pilot. He executed various commands in the Gemini mission program, including the history-making Gemini 7 flight which saw the first ren- dezvous of two manned spacecrafts.

At the close of the Gemini program, Lovell became Commander Module Pilot and Navigator for the Apollo 8 mission,

F--. ..-,..-.- --..-. --...-- -.-I1 will soon be pawed on the big screen by Oscar winner, Tom Hanks, in *pollo 13 -the year's most anticipated film.

where he and fellow crewmen were the first humans to leave the earth's gravitational influence. Lovell held the record for time in space, a record that was only surpassed with the Skylab missions.

Some of that time was spent in the perilous Apollo 13 mission in 1970. As Space- craft Commander of that flight, Lovell and his crew successfully modified their lunar module into an effective lifeboat when their cryogenic oxygen system failed. Their emergency activation and operation of lunar module systems conserved both electrical power and water in sufficient supply to assure their survival in space and their safe return to earth.

In 1994, Lovell wrote Lost Moon, the story of this courageous mission. Hollywood has decided to bring the harrowing adven- ture to the big screen this July with the release of Apob 13, the film version of Lovell's best-seller. Apob 13, produced and directed by Ron Howard, stars Academy Award winner Tom Hanks as Captain Lovell, and features Kevin Bacon, Ed Harris and Gary Sinise.

In 1973, Captain Lovell left the space program for the Bay-Houston Towing Com- pany. He became President and CEO of Bay-Houston in 1975 and then furthered his corporate experience by joining FiskTele- phone Systems, again as company president.

The company was acquired by the Centel Corporation in 1980 and Lovell became Ex- ecutive Vice President overseeing human resources, corporate communications, investor and government relations, and technical planning. Today, Lovell is President of Lovell Communications, a business devoted to dis- seminating information about the U.S. Space Program.

Captain Lovell's education prepared him for the change from explorer to business- man. He is a graduate of the University of Wisconsin, the U.S. Naval Academy, the University of Southern California and the Harvard Business School's Advanced Man- agement Program. He has received honor- ary doctorates from Rockhurst College, Illi- nois Wesleyan University, Western Michi- gan University and Mary Hardin-Baylor College.

He has garnered an impressive share of honors and awards, including the American Academy of Achievement Gold Plate Award, the lnstitute of Navigation Award and the AlAA Haley Astronaut Award. He was also appointed to the President's Coun- cil on Physical Fitness in 1967 by President Johnson, and he is still a consultant to that forum.

The Opening Session will be held on Monday, October 9, at the Cervantes Con- vention Center.

FSCT Publishes 2nd Edition of "Organic Pigments"; Aggressive Monograph Publication Schedule Planned

The Federation has announced the pub- is covered, as well as the dispersion process lication of the second edition of "Organic and the testing of pigments for use in coat- Pigments," authored by Dr. Peter Lewis, of ings. Sun Chemical Corp. Originally released in The #-page "Organic Pigments" is the 1988 as part of the Federation Series on Coat- 23rd monograph in the Federation Series on ings Technology, the monograph has been Coatings Technology. The Series, produced expanded and revised, including new pig- under the direction of editors Dr. Thomas J. ment structures and additional information Miranda, and Dr. Darlene Brezinski, of Con- on dispersion and the mechanisms of solidated Research, lnc., serves as an educa- premixing. tional resource covering the many aspects of

"Organic Pigments" is designed to give coatings technology. the coatings formulator an indication of the Three additional titles are currently un- classes of organic pigments that are avail- der production: "White Pigments," by Dr. able in today's marketplace. Additionally, Juergen Braun; "Methodologies for Predict- the booklet provides an insight into the ing the Service Lives of Coatings Systems," chemistry involved in the manufacture of by Jonathan W. Martin, Sam C. Saunders, each pigment type, and the properties asso- F. Louis Floyd, and John P. Wineburg; and ciated with pigment types as they relate to "Silicones," by William Finzel. These mono- use in a coatings application. graphs will be released this summer.

Detailed information is provided on in- For additional information, or to order ternational nomenclature (the Colour In- copies of the monograph, contact Meryl dex System), pigment selection, and physi- Simon, FSCT, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue cal forms. The classification of organic pig- Bell, PA 19422; phone: (610) 940-0777; ments by chemical composition and by color FAX: (610) 940-0292.


Sun Chemical Colors Group Expands in Cincinnati

S un Chemical Corporatton's Colors Group, manufacturers of organic ptgments and pigment dispersions,

recently celebrated the grand opening of its new divisional headquarters at 5020 Spring Grove Ave., in Cincinnati, OH. The 10-acre site was formerly occupied by the Drackett Company.

While the main intent of this acquist- tion was the expansion of the Colors Grouv's technical service laboratortes, the new iacilities will also house the administrative offices, as well as the sales, research, engineering, and data processing departments. The new site, located one-quarter mile from the Color Group's Chickering

Avenue pigment plant, features more than 230,000 square feet of space.

"This larger facility enables us to consolidate the bulk of our non-manufacturing operations in the Cincinnati area," said Paul W. Klein, Sun Chemical Senior Vice President and Colors Group General Manager.

Among the facility's features are its 50,000 square feet of laboratory space and its pilot plant. The Colors Group is preientlj in the process of relocating to the new facility. The division expects transfer to the new complex to be completed by the summer of 1995. All manufacturing operations in the Cincinnati area, however, will remain at the Chtckering Avenue and Amelia, OH, locations.

The Cincinnati operation is the largest phtha l~c~anine blue and green manufacturing facility in the United States and the largest flushed color manufacturing complex in the world. The Colors Group presently employs more than 600 people in the Cincinnati area, and another 1100 worldwide.

In addition, the Colors Group operates pigment manufacturing facilities in Staten Island. NY; Newark, NJ; Muskegon, MI; and Koge, Denmark. The company also

PPG Industries Releases Waste Reduction Report According to a report released by PPG In- dustries, Pittsburgh, PA, the company's worldwide total waste generation declined 3,350 tons in 1994. This number is down one percent from 1993, despite greater production levels and extension of monitoring additional units.

Higher coatings and resins and chemicals production rates resulted in a six percent companywide increase in hazardous wastes. However, glass and fiber glass operations achieved a 64% reduction.

Generally, waste is classified as hazard. ous if it is flammable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic.

Of 22,143 fewer tons of waste last year in glass and fiber glass, 20% was in the hazardous category. Coatings and resins wastes increased 6,751 tons, 97% hazardous, and chemicals wastes increased 12,042 tons, one- third hazardous.

50%. Coatings and resins wastes increased for the first time since measurement began by 16%, although aggregate reductions since 1988 total 37% Chemicals wastes increased by three percent, with aggregate reductions since 1988 22%.

Annual totals were corrected back to 1988 when ongoing efforts to assure classification and measurement uniformity revealed in 1994 that some wastes had been over- looked at three North American chemicals units.

Nine additional chemicals units-most of them outside the United States and established or acquired between 1989 and 1994--contributed to increasing waste generation tools for 1994.

Hiils' New Facility Seeks End-Use Applications

PPG 's North American facilities pro- Hiils America lnc., Piscataway, NJ, recently 2,666 fewer tons of waste in 1994. reported that new end use applications, es-

Reductions since 1988 total 166,618 tons. pecially in the industrial sector, are being North American glass and fiber glass explored for the company's platinum cata-

wastes for the company declined 12%, with lysts now being produced in a new facility at total reductions since 1988 amounting to the Piscataway locat~on.

manufactures aqueous pigment dispersions at its Amelia, OH facility.

The international arm of the Colors Group is located in Wavre, Belgium.

Five of Sun's pigment manufacturing facilities have been awarded IS0 9002 registration.

PDCA Argues Against OSHA's Respirator Proposal In comments submitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Washington, D.C., the Painting and Deco- rating Contractors of America, Fairfax, VA. criticized OSHA's proposed revisions to its respirator standard and called for the agency to withdraw the proposal and reissue it with appropriate supporting data and analyses.

PDCA acknowledges that there may be a need to revise the current standard to be consistent with contemporary technologies. "However, OSHA has made neither a com- pelling nor statutorily required case for the revisions proposed," according to Marc Freedman, PDCA's Director of Government Affairs, who submitted the comments.

OSHA's proposal is based on data compiled between 1977 and 1982 and reflects input received from a request published in 1982. Mr. Freedman stated that "If OSHA cannot find any more contemporary data with which to support this proposal, it is highly questionable whether the proposal is necessary in the first place."

Another aspect disturbing PDCA was the complete refusal of OSHA to conduct a construction-industry specific analysis of the impact as required by the Regulatory Flex- ibility Act. Instead, OSHA extrapolated results from an analys~s of the manufacturing sector to conclude that the proposal would have little impact on construction employers. In doing so, the agency did not take into account significant differences in the construction industry such as the lack of cen- tralization, multi-employer work places, the predominance of small businesses, the highly competitive market, and the high rate of employee turnover. "For OSHA to ignore these distinctions suggests complete igno. rance of how the construction industry operates," stated Freedman.

PDCA also expressed concern that OSHA was overreaching its statutory authority to set exposure levels by mandating that employers adhere to exposure levels other than OSHA's Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) when there was no PEL for a substance. This practice was prohibited by the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in 1992.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 15

NPCA's Annual Meeting Slated for October 23-24; Challenge to California Paint Tax Successful Focusing on "Painting a Bright Future," the National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA), Washington, D.C., will hold its 108th Annual Meeting, October 23-24, at the San Francisco Hilton and Towers, San Francisco, CA.

This year's annual meeting will be a continuation of last year's "NPCA Today" talk show format by discussing "NPCA Tomor- row." The two-day program, which will explore the ways to ensure a bright future for companies, communities, and the associa-

tion, will Include live interviews, panel discussions, taped presentations, and interactive discussions.

During the Tuesday morning session, author Phillip K. Howard will discuss the government's regulatory process. Mr. Howard describes what is wrong with the regulatory process and shares his vision of an America where the process is based on common sense in his book, The Death of Common Sense: How Law is Suffocating America.

For more information on the Annual Meeting, contact Cheryl Matthews, NPCA, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W.. Washing- ton, D.C. 20005-6272.

Paint Tax Invalidated in California According to a report by NPCA, a Califor- nia Superlor Court has invalidated a tax on paint in California. The Court ruled in

1 Sinclair Paint Company et al. u. Board of Equal- 17anon that as~r~smenis Imposed by thisthte'5 Childhood Lea.4 Po~sonlnr Prevention Act

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of 1991 were in fact "taxes" subject to the "super majority" vote requirement of Propo- sition 13. The State of California had con- tended that the assessments were fees, which require only a slmple majority vote of the state legislature.

The ruling was a result of an ongoing effort by the California Paint Council (CPC) and NPCA to overturn the illegal tax. CPC, in conjunction with NPCA, initiated the litigation last June with a complaint filed in Sacramento Superior Court by Sinclair Paint Co., Los Angeles, CA.

Matt Dustin, Executive Director of the CPC, stated that the victory was a vindica- tion of the industry's decision not to "sit still and pay an illegal, retroactive, discrimina- tory tax." Mr. Dustin also pointed out that the Act implementing the tax had unfairly focused on the paint and petroleum industries to the exclusion of other sources of environmental lead contamination. The paint industry voluntarily began phasing out the use of white lead pigments more than 60 years ago, long before federal regulations officially banned lead-containing house paint in the 1970s.

"The ruling could have a far-reaching effect on the ways some government programs are funded. This decision sends a clear message to the legislature that they cannot circumvent the constitutionally imposed restrictions on its taxing authority merely by calling a tax a fee," commented Mr. Dustin. Officials at NPCA were also pleased with the Court's decision.

Minerals Technologies to Expand in Port Hudson, LA

Minerals Technologies Inc., New York, NY, has revealed plans to expand production capacity at its precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) satellite plant serving Georgia-Pa- cific Corporation's paper mill In Port Hudson, LA. The expansion will be the equivalent of one satellite unit, which is between 25,000 and 35,000 tons of PCC per year.


SCAA's 1995 Conference and Exhibition To Feature Technical Program and Exhibits

T he 1995 Conference and Exhibi- Phillip Ruthven, of IBIS Business Informa- tion of the Surface Coatings Asso- tion Pty. Ltd. Vic.; ciation Australia (SCAA), Mel- ~ ~ E ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~

Legal Implications!"-Murray The theme of the event is "A oP Ravenhall, of Country Fire Author- Focus on Quality, Technology, ' O ity, Vic.; and Safety."

The exhibitionopens with a D ~ ~ ~ ~ , cia1 program of lectures and displays titled "Back to Basics" for new members of the industry. "UV-Curable Pressure Sensitive Adhe-

sives"-Rob Zwanenburg, of Sartomer Co.; The following are papers scheduled to

be delivered during the main conference: "The Role of the Analytical Laboratory in the Surface Coatings IndustrynSteven

Keynote Address"Role of Leadership R ~ ~ ~ , o f ~ a t t y l ; in Developing Quality, Technology, and Safetys--warren of ICI Australia "SPC-Control Charting Techniques for Ltd., Vic.; Batch Processes"-Anthony Bell, of Ashland

Pacific Pty. Ltd. "Surface Coatings in the New Age

Economy: Implications for the Industry and "Film and of pol^ its auali ty, Safety, and Technologyn- mer Dispersions"-Thomas Wirth, of BASF

AG, Germany; and Peter Pfoehler, of BASF Australia Ltd.;

Penn State Offers Applied Powder Mechanics Course

The Particulate Matertals Center of the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, will conduct a short course on "Applied Powder Mechanics" on July 17- 19. The short course covers storage, flow, and consolidation of powders and will include the following: powder mechanics principles, understanding the powder system, applications such as flow and compaction, testing methods, hands-on testing, parameter determination, and industrial experience.

This course is designed for engineers, de- signers, and practitioners directly or indi- rectly involved with storage, flow, handling, and consolidation of powders and powder systems. Specific objectives include:

(1 ) a working knowledge and understanding of powder mechanics principles and their applications to storage, flow, and consolidation of powders;

(2) an introduction to current testing methods with hands-on experience using selected testers;

(3) a meaningful, practical problem solving experience; and

(4) an overview of the current testing analytical and computer methods development.

For more information on the program, contact The Particulate Materials Center, 147 Research Building West, University Park, PA 16802-6809.

"Surfactant Free Polymer Dispersion for High Performance Waterborne Industrial Coatings"-Allan Fream, of Goodyear Chemicals Europe;

"A Novel Fluoride-Based Route to Pig- ment Grade Titanium Dioxide7'-Tom O'Donnell, of University of Melbourne, Vic.;

"Rheological Modification of Solvent- Based Industrial Coatings3'-Derek Homer, of Cray Valley Ltd.; and

"Surface Characterization Techniques for Coatings Technology'-Bill Skinner, of University of South Australia.

The exhibition is designed to give suppliers the opportunity to promote products and services to a technical and commercial audience. Over 30 exhibit booths have already been reserved.

For additional information o n the SCAA's 1995 Conference and Exhibition, contact Kahren Giles, The Meeting Plan- ners, 108 Church St., Hawthorn, Victoria 3122; (61) (3) 819 3700.

Golden Gate Society Manufacturing Committee to Sponsor "Engineering Your Manufacturing Process" The Golden Gate Soctety for Coatings Products through the Same Mills"-M.H. Technology'sManufacturing Committee will MacKay, of Unton Process; conduct Conference '95: Engineering Your y-ompleting t ~ e ~ r o ~ u c t i o n ~ y c ~ e ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ Manufacturing Process on June 19 at the ing, washing, and vapor R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ Ramada Inn, South San Francisco, CA. G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , of~ockmeyer;

This program will present methods for - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l i ~ ~ solvents and paint sludge.- production optimization and waste minimi- K~~~~ zinc, o f ~ o m i c chemical; zation that will take a formula from laboratory scale through the production process "A Successful Pro- and beyond. gram"-Mike Traquina, of Aervoe-Pacific;

addition, the program will examine "Metal Container Recyclingn-Betsy

how to properly scale a formula from labora- Me~ers, Institute; and

tory size to production batch. Methods to "Filtration Methods: New Program for use the same milling equipment for solvent Recycling Spent Cartrldgesn-Marty and waterborne coatings will be ~resented. Swiergosz, of Schuller Filtration. Added focus will be given to waste minimi- ~ ~ ~ ~ d d i ~ i ~ ~ ~ l informationon the~olden zation and recycling of materials through Gate Seminar contact, John Davis, of R.J. the production process. Additionally, de- McGlennon co., inc., 198 u tah st., sari tails on setting up or improving an in-plant ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ , CA 94103; (415) 552-031 1, recycling program will be presented.

Tooics to be discussed include the foI- 7 FOR SALE 7 lowing:

"Process Control and Reproducibility of Dispersions in Scale Up from Laboratory to Production"-John M. Pope, of BYK- Gardner;

"SPC and Process Optimization1'-Jeff Tinianow, of Hiils America lnc.;

"Milling Processes in Coatings Manufac- turing. Processing Water and Solvent-Based

Quality Used Equipment for the Chemical Process Industry. Allow us to supply your equipment needs at a fraction of the cost compared to new prices. We also purchase used equipment!

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Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 17

Pittsburgh, PA, Is Site for SSPC Conference; Industrial Structure Deleading Program Planned The Steel Structures Painting Council Conference should be submitted to Laurie operations and the methods used to control (SSPC), Pittsburgh, PA, is inviting protec- Bialosky, SSPC, 4516 Henry St., Ste. 301, those operations. Ventilation and contain- tive coatings, industrial hygiene, and envi- Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3728. ment systems; air, soil, and ronmental professionals to submit papers for In SSPC news, a water regulations will also its Ninth Annual Industrial Lead Paint new lead paint abatement be evaluated. In addition, Abatement and Removal Conference sched- cou,e entitled ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / compliance with solid uled for March 11-13, 1996, at the Pitts- Competent person for and hazardous waste regu- burgh Hilton and Towers, Pittsburgh, PA. Deleadingof~ndustrial~tmc- lations are explored.

The conference will be comprised of 20- tures" is slated for July 17-20, at the Balti- Hands-on workshops will focus on the 25 presentations, panel discussions, and more-Inner Harbor Holiday Inn, Baltimore, typical, on-the-job duties of a competent SSPC committee sessions on industrial lead MD; and September 18-21, at the Stamford person, such as: waste sampling procedures, paint removal, worker protection, air and Marriott, Stamford, CT. work site preparation, worker protection, en- soil monitoring, recyclable abrasives, and This lead abatement course begins with vironmental monitoring, and deleading com- trainlng and certification. In addition, an background information on the health, pliance program. exhibition of 70 products, services, and latorv, and legal aspects of deleading projects. To obtain additional information, con- equipment for deleading is also being some of the issues to be discussed in- tact Dee Boyle, SSPC, 4516 Henry St., Ste. planned.

Authors should submit a title, 25-word clude the various lead producing exposure 3011 Pittsburgh* PA 15213-3728.

or less description, and a 50- to 100-word - abstract of their proposed papers by August 15, 1995. Conference topics on which pa- "FOCUS on the Future" Theme Highlights pets may be submitted include:

J Controlling and monitoring lead dust CSCTfs 38th Annual Technical Symposium

emissions to meet PEL; The Cleveland Society for Coatings Tech- "Reactive Diluents for High-Solids Poly-

J owner with overcoating, nology conducted their 38th Annual Tech- urethane Coatings"-Thomas L. Johnson,

replacement, and other alternatives; nical Symposium "Focus on the Future" May of ANGUS Chemical Co.; 4-5 at the Quaker Square Hilton, in Akron, *,paint problem solvingn-~im ~ ~ 1 1 , of Lead paint issues relating water OH. The following topics were presented: ne shenuin.williams co.; tanks and military and government facili-

ties; "The Future of the Coatings Scientist3'- fc~cryrylic powder J Environmental and worker controls

Darlene Brezinski, of Consolidated Research; G ~ ~ ~ ~ , of F~~~ cop.; for nonblast removal; "Film Formation and Film Quality"- "stress ~~~~i~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~

Clifford K. Schoff, of PPG Industries; J How to comply with the fall protec- Berk, of Health Commitment, Inc.;

tion standards; "Depletion Stabilization Strategies for G~ormulating id^ for the 9osn- J Lead in soil: regulations, extent of

Improved Fiber Coatings"-Donald L. Feke, G~~~~~ W, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ k , of union carbide; of Case Western Reserve University;

contamination, monitoring procedures, con- "Paint Problem Solving-Case Stud- trols, and remediation. "Characterization and Analysis of Coat- ies"-~im ~ ~ 1 1 , of The Shewin-William

ings Rheology and Coatings Flows"-Rich- co.; Abstracts for SSPC's Ninth Annual In- ard R. Eley, of The Glidden Co,; dusnial Lead Paint Abatement and Removal "Computer Color Matchingn-Marty

"Architects and Paint"-Bramman M. jansons, o f ~ e shewin-williams co.; Avery, of Avery Specification Consultants;

'Coatings Software for the Lab, MSDS, SCANZ Convention Slated "Predicting Performance of Waxes in ~ p c , ~ ~ b ~ l i ~ ~ , and ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ p < ~ ~ ~ l ~ B ~ ~ ~ , for ~~l~ 27-30 in R ~ + ~ ~ ~ ~ , NZ Coatings"-Eric L. Rohr- of Lubrizol COT.; of Perelandra Systems; and

"Effect of the Surfactant Treatment on 'g~iscover the [,,ventor in you"- Surface Coatings Association New Zealand the Dispersibility of Titania into Polymeric lnventure place, (SCANZ), Auckland, New Zealand, will Materials: Filler-Polymer Interactions"-Ica conduct the SCANZ Convention on July Manas-Zloczower, of Case Western Reserve Areceptionfor the attendees was he'd at

27-30,1995 at the Sheraton Hotel Rotorua, University; the conclusion of the two-day event.

New Zealand. Some of the topics to be discussed in- cape T~~~ to ~~~t O C C A ~ ~ !fCoatings for ~ f ~ i ~ ~ f f

clude: calcite and other minerals; curing agents in powder coatings; spill control; his, Since the South African coatings market is increasing continuously, the Oil and Colour tory ofOCCA/SCANZ; integrated computer Chemists' Association (OCCA), Wembley, England, has selected Cape Town, South Africa systems; epoxies; biocides; and corro- as the site of "Coatings for Africa 96." Slated for March 25-29, 1996 at the Cape Town sion. , :,+,s s oc, Civic Center, this event is the first African Congress for the surface coatings industry.

In addition to the presentations, Y c@ "Coatings for Africa 96" will be comprised of a series of technical meetings and an industry trade show and corto- 2 workshops incorporating the biennial OCCA South African Division Symposium,, sion workshop will also be held. ,

together with SURFEX-Southem Africa. The congress will feature all aspects of

For more information on the ' +> surface coatings, in addition to papers on paint and ink technology. Technical

SCANZ Convention, National\2 '7 $0'- jessions will concentrate on the problems and demands of the Southern African paint - Convention Convenor, Surface Coatings Industry.

Association New Zealand, P.O. Box 5 192, For additional information on "Coatings for Africa 96," contact Chris Pacey-Day, SURFEX Auckland, New Zealand. Ltd., Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd., Wembley HA0 2SF England.


Educational Coordinating Committee

T he Educational Coordinating Committee (ECC) serves many functions. We define the projects

and resources necessary to further the educat~onal and informational work of the Educational Committees of the Constitu- ent Societies. We request and administer Federation funds for identified educational resources and manage the small Society scholarship program. Finally, we administer the annual A. L. Hendry Award.

The ECC most recently met in Cleve- land on Monday, November 7,1994. We continue to work on several major projects that are developing into useful reference tools for each Society's educational activities. It is our purpose to develop and ex- ecute ~roiects that provide "uractical" tools . . for the Soc~ety's projects. Results and updates of our activities are detailed in the following.

Coatings/Science Resource Package

Most of our Constituent Societies participate in educational programs wherein members go into then communities to promote scientific literacy in general, and the coatings industry in particular. A binder has been developed with leadership beinr! ~rovided bv committee member. ~ a u i ~ a u k e m a , of Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc. He has provided a tremendous amount of leadership and hard work in this effort. Thls binder serves as a reference tool to help our members with their local school programs. This "living document" was presented to each educational chairperson at the annual Federation's Educational Committee meeting held June 1-2, 1995, at FSCT Headquarters, in Blue Bell, PA. The binder contains demonstrations to use in the classroom and more experiments will be added. There is also a section on research and science fair projects and a section on mentoring ideas. It is important to note that this binder is intended to be ongoing, with additional experiences added by our members. Tremendous thanks go to Paul and his subcommittee for their efforts.

Improving Monthly Meetings- The FSCT Society Speakers

Program

Strong technical program and absence of commercial product promotion has been identified as an important issue by the Society Educational Chairs. As provided at the last Board of Directors meeting, we are developing a list of notable speakers for whom the FSCT would sponsor and fund

travel expenses. Our goal continues to be that the FSCT-sponsored speakers be available to each Society every two years. Certain leaders in the industry have been identified and abstracts are being ohtamed. This project has many details to work out, so implementation of this program is pro- gressing with the expectation of speakers being provided this fall.

The Southern Socie A.L. "end y Awar?

This award emphasizes undergraduate work, and increases interest hy also reward- ing the sponsoring laboratory. The 1994 A.L. Hendry Award was presented to Jason Giles and William Dechent of the Univer- sity of Missouri-Rolla, for their paper entitled "Synthesis of High Performance Clearcoat Systems Involving Tetrachloro- hydroquione." Greater participation is always encouraged. We encourage local Society members to aid participation in their region, either by acting as a mentor or by contacting local colleges and universities. An announcement has gone out for the 1995 award.

FSCT Small Society Scholarship Program

limited funds for educational efforts: especially in the areas of scholarships and grants. Please encourage your Society to partic~pate.

FSCT Technical Focus Speaker Award

The Technical Focus Speaker, initiating the Annual Meeting program, drew an audience of 134 people In New Orleans. This award recognized current and tlmely contributions of an educational or technical nature, especially those of a younger member of the Federation. The cash prlze for the award is $500. The Annual Meet- ing Program Committee is currently managing this program, with members from the ECC, Profes- s~onal Development Committee (PDC), and the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) participating in the selection process. This committee will select a speaker in April for the Annual Meeting In St. Louis.

We have term limits in place on our

The ECC awarded eight Societies with to guarantee an lnflux of new

matchina funds for their educational ac- insure the generation of fresh


tivities. Support is limited to $400 per Society per year, with the focus being assistance for small-to-medium sized Soci- eties and sections of Societies which have

laeas.

Melinda I(. Rutledge, Chair, FSCT Educational

Coordinating Committee

Upcoming FSCT Events

Polymer Chemistry for the Coatings Formulator June 2 0 2 1 , 1995

Schaumburg Marriott Hotel, Schaumburg, IL

73rd Annual Meeting & 60th Paint Industries' Show October 9-1 1 , 1995

Cervantes Convention Center, St. Louis, MO

Formulating for the New Clean Air Act November 6-7, 1995

Denver, CO

For more information, contact Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

4 9 2 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350 (6101 940-0777 Fax: I6101 9 4 0 0 2 9 2

Coatings Industry Education Foundation

P rimary goals of the Coatings Industry Education Foundation (CIEF) are to advance-through education and

research-the Chemical, Physical and Mathematical Sciences relating to the technology of protective coatings, and to aid in the dissemination of the results of such research and education to the public, through scientific publications and lectures. To accomplish thls mission, the Trustees of the CIEF review requests for fellowships, scholarships, equipment grants, and research grants from institutions of higher education which are actively engaged in offering--or creating- coatings programs as part of their curriculum. Such requests must be submit- red in writing to the CIEF Board of Trust- ees in the summer of each year, by a deadline which is announced annually.

These requests must include at least the following information:

Nature and extent of the college or university's current-or planned--coatings programs;

Type of students-for example, undergraduate, graduate, full-time, etc.;

Number of students in the program;

Number of students who will be affected by potential CIEF involvement;

Targeted uses for CIEF support-for example, undergraduate scholarships, capital and research grants, graduate fellowships, grants-in-aid, direct project support, general program support, student loans, etc.;

Methods which will be employed for verifying the usefulness and effectiveness of the supported programs;

Current employers of Coatings Pro- gram graduates for the previous three academic years;

Availability and amount of Coatings Program scholarships available from other sources; and

Description of the selection criteria for rec~pients of scholarships and fellowships.

After weighing all of this information- and seeking any additional information which it deems necessary to arrive at a balanced decision-the Board of Trustees announces a decision to fund, partially fund, or decline the various proposals which it has received. These decisions reflect not only the quality of the proposals, but also the anticipated future value of the proposed program, given the funds available.

Requests for academic year 1996-97 must be received by the Trustees no later

thanJune 15,1995, and should be sub* mitred to the Presi- dent of the CIEF as follows: George R. Pilcher, Akzo Nobel Coatings Inc., P. 0 . Box 489, Columbus, OH 43216-0489. All properly docu- mented requests will be considered, and a

the originator by or before February 15, 1996.

The future of the coatings industry lies in the education of our youth, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It is the CIEF's mission to foster this educational process through the use of scholarships, grants, and fellowships so that the future of the coatings industry may gain ever increasing benefit from the scholars, scientists, and technologists of tomorrow.

Georre R. Pikher. President disposition sent to Coatings 1ndusG~ducation Foundation

Professional Development Committee he Professional Development Committee's (PDC) mission statement reads as T ~OIIOWS:

A "To promote and maintain technical competence, from basic techniques through state-of-the-art technologies, within the coatings and related industries in a way that will meet the needs of individuals through appropriate training mechanisms, including short courses, technical symposia, seminars, and Annual Meeting sessions, so that coatings professionals can effectively contribute to the success of their respective employers within the global marketplace."

The Committee as such has developed two seminars that will be offered in 1995:

FORMULATING FOR THE NEW CLEAN AIR ACT-March 20-21,1995 in Cleveland and November 6-7, 1995 in Denver. The program, successfully introduced in 1994, will focus on the status of new regulations that challenge the coating formulator and discuss future legislation that is being considered. Topics to be covered include: solvent selection; formu- lat~on; VOC content issues; reactive diluents; abatement technology; additives; and EBWV curine solutions.

The session will also give the attendee the opportunity to "ques. tion the experts" through a problem solving panel discussion.

POLYMER CHEMISTRY FOR THE COATINGS ~ORMULAT~R-June 20- 21,1995 in Schaumburg, IL. This is a newly created seminar intended for engineers, chemists, technicians, and technical service individuals involved in the coatings, inks, and adhesives arenas. The seminar will indoctrinate the attendee to basic polymer types utilized in the coatings industry, describing basic polymer make-up, reasons for selecting particular chemistries, and ways to achieve desired ~rooerties throueh resin selection. The attendee will also receive a . . broad overview of various testing methods used to determine film \ Y properties. e.g., thermal and mechanical rest methods and hardness I R.A. Rlnn I \

testing. Topics to be covered include: condensation polymerization; addition polymerization;

polyesterlalkyd chemistry and formulation; phenolic chemistry and formulation; reactive diluents and formulation; vinyl polymers and formulation; acrylic polymers and formulation; urethane chemistry and formulation; epoxy chemistry and formulation; melamine crosslinking chemistry; isosocyanate crosslinking chemistry; and analytical characterization overview.

The PDC will also organize a session for the Annual Meeting in St. Louis that will be offered twice (Monday afternoon, October 9, 1995 and Tuesday morning, October 10, 1995)-"Computer Applications in Coatings," which will include a general overview of the topic and presentations on various software packages including: design of experiments; solvent selection; and formulation.

Rose A. Ryntz, Chair, FSCT Professional

Development Committee

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 21

California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Undergraduate Polymers and Coatings Program California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo has just completed the fourth year of its polymers and coatings program. This program, which is offered as a concentration within the chemistry major by the Chemistry Department, is the first of its kind in the western United States. Cal Poly/SLO is one of the 21 campuses of the California State Univer- sity system, enrolls over 15,000 students and is nationally recognized for the excel- lence of its programs in architecture, agriculture, engineering, and the sciences. The school maintains a history of graduating students with special abilities in applied fields. Extensive hands-on experience with modem instrumentation and equipment is a hallmark of the undergraduate education offered at Cal Poly.

The polymers and coatings program was developed with the support of the West

foundation is a major source of support for the Cal PolyISLO program. The Los Ange- les Society and the Foundation annually sponsor a golf tournament held in early spring to benefit the Cal Poly program. The current budget crisis in California has delayed the hiring of new permanent faculty for the program but requests from qualified industry and academic personnel to spend a sabbatical year at Cal Poly are most welcome.

During the past year, the polymers and coatings laboratory has been sign~ficantl~ upgraded through the acquisition of new

1 equipment, including a laser light scattering gel permeation chromatography detector and other upgrades for our GPC and G C purchased with funds provided by the Coatings Industry Education Foundation (CIEF). We acknowledge the assistance of

Coast Societies for Coatings Technology and particularly the Los Angeles and Golden Gate Societies. These Societies, including the Pacific Northwest Soci- etv, provide finan-

- -

I

m P O E c~~~~~~~~~ P~LYTECHNIC STATEUNIVERSITY

1 Wvatt Technoloev In obtainine I Wvatt Technoloev ~n obtainine . . cia1 support and equipment necessary for the coatings and polymers laboratory, provide internships and scholarships for students in the concentration, and help with recruitment of disadvantaged students from inner-city areas. The Societies also provide guest speakers and help arrange field trips to appropriate companies several times a year.

Support is also sought from other industries. The Western CoatingslCal Poly Foundation was developed to provide a means for individuals or companies to support the program financially. This

-. the light scsttering detector.

This concentration provides educational and professional experience to chemistry and biochemistry majors who wish to specialize in polymers and coatings sciences, and to materials engineering majors who wish a background in polymers and coatings. The program meets the American Chemical Society requirements for certification as a chemistry/polymers degree. Two Cal PolylSLO students are receiv~ng scholarships sponsored by the LASCT. Ten students are receiving schol. arships supported by the Federation through CIEF.

The concentration includes five courses, including two laboratory courses, and comprises a total of 18 quarter units. An industrial internship, lasting from three to six months, is a central part of the program. Companies participating in the internship program included Kelly-Moore

Paint Co., Dunn-Edwards Corp., Deft Inc., Behr Process Corp., Chemron, and Frazee Paint Co.. Students graduating last year accepted positions with a wide-range of companies, including: Kelly-Moore Paint Co.. Behr Process Corp., Fiji Silysia Chemical Ltd., and Banner Gelatin Prod- ucts Corp. Several of our recent polymers and coatings graduates enrolled in graduate programs in polymer science and chem~stry at schools including the University of Massachusetts, University of Arizona, and California Institute of Technology.

Industry-Related Research Students and faculty are involved in a

number of research projects in the coatings area, with co-sponsorship of industry. Cal Poly has been actively involved in California's paint recycling efforts through the state Paint Recycling Task Force. Projects sponsored by paint companies, major chemical companies, and the Cali- fornia Air Resources Board are also underway.

The development of an improved method for VOC determination at Cal Poly was recently published in the JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY (see February 1995, page 53). All students are required to complete a senior research thesis and industries are encouraged to involve Cal Poly/SLO in their research projects.

A one.week lecture and laboratory short course in basic polymer and coatings chemistry is being offered June 19-23, 1995. This course has become extremely popular and demand has far exceeded the space available. We hope to offer multiple sections of the course in 1996. For further information on the polymers and coatings program at Cal Poly, please contact Dr. Dane Jones, Chem~stry Department, Cali- fornia Polytechn~c State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407. Phone or Fax: (805) 756-2528.


Case Western Reserve University, Department of Macromolecular science The Department of Macromolecular Sci- ence is a major educational and research strength of Case Western Reserve Univer- sity (CWRU), with activities in all areas of polymer science and engineering. The activities of the department continue to reflect the exciting national and intema- tional developments in the polymer field. Faculty interests span the entire spectrum of polymer research, including synthesis, physical characterization, sttucture-property relationships, theoretical modeling, polymer processing, and materials development.

The department was founded in 1963 and is now in its 32nd year. It is one of nine departments in the Case School of Engineering. Currently the department has 13 full time faculty, plus one active emeri- tus member (Professor Simha). In addition, nine professors from other departments (Chemistry, Physics, Biomedical Engineer- ing, Chemical Engineering, Pathology, and Orthopaedics) hold associate appointments in Macromolecular Science. There are 10 adjunct faculty from other institutions and from industry.

In September 1994,115 students were registered for research and course credit leading towards the M.S. or Ph.D. Degrees in Macromolecular Science. The M.S. Degree, from this or another institution, is required of all students before acceptance for the Ph.D. program. Most graduate students are supported by research assis- tantships from research grants to the faculty. During 1993-94,25 Ph.D. and 18 M.S. Degrees were awarded. In addition, 20 undergraduate students were registered for the B.S. In Engineering (major field: Polymer Science and Engineering), of whom four graduated in 1993-94. The latter program was the first such undergraduate engineering degree in the U.S. to obtain ABET (Accreditation Bureau for Engineering and Technology) accreditation (awarded in 1976). There also are 21 post-doctoral research associates and visit- ing scholars working in the research laboratories. The departmental staff comprises 13 administrators and secretaries and three technicians.

The most exciting development for the department last year was the completion of the new home for the department, the Kent Hale Smith Laboratory for Engineer- ing and Science. Planning t h ~ s building was a major activity for the department since the selection of the architects in 1990. The budget for the entire project was $24.1 million, which was raised by a challenge grant of $11 million from the 1525 Foundation, with matching by other foun-

broken in April 1992, and the bulldlng was completed in June 1994. The laboratories and offices were moved in July and August and all of the departmental activities and equipment are now in full operation.

The building officially opened on Sep- tember 16, 1994. It comprises 90,000 gross square feet of floor space, providing 55,000 net square feet of laboratories, classrooms, and offices, which represents an increase of almost 40% over the space occupied previously in the Olin, White, Glennan and Bingham buildings.

Research support for the department exceeded $6 million during 1993-94, from a combination of federal, state and lndus- trial sources. An important facet of the departmental activities throughout its existence has been the Industrial Sponsors Program, which has provided discretionary funds that make possible the initiation of new projects. The 53rd Industrial Sponsors Symposium was held on March 30 and 31, 1994, which Included oral presentations by faculty members, students and post-doctoral research associates, plus student posters.

Six major research centers have their home within the structure of the Depart- ment of Macromolecular Science. The NSF Materials Research Grant (MRG) on Liquid Crystalline Polymers was initiated in 1986 under the direction of Professor Koenig. The present renewal grant is under the joint direction of Professors Blackwell and Percec to support Interactive research projects involving nine faculty from Mac- romolecular Science, Physics and Chemis- try. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals are the subject of interest for ALCOM, the NSF science and Technology Center (STC) for the study of advanced liquid crystalline optical materials. ALCOM is a joint research activity of CWRU, the University of Akron (UA), and Kent State University (KSU). The Director of its activities at CWRU is Professor Koenig. The NASA Center for the Commercializa- tion of Space, directed by Professor Baer, supports research on polymers, metals, and ceramics, in collaboration with faculty in the Department of Materials Science.

Much of the industrial funding comes through EPIC, the Edison Polymer Innova- tion Corp., a consortium of CWRU, UA and over 70 companies, to support polymer research at the two institutions. EPIC

research centers: MACRO EPIC, directed by Professor Lando, and the Center for Applied Polymer Research (CAPRI), directed by Professor Hiltner. EPlC also has provided the collaborative mechanism for establishment of the Center for Mo- lecular and Microstructure of Composites (CMMC), directed by Professor Ishida. The CMMC was initiated in 1990 by a grant from the NSF with state, industry, and university matching funds. The renewal grant in 1994 provides a budget of $990,000 per year for four years.

Research on coatings is focused by the EPIC Center for Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings (ECASC), which evolved from the previous Center for Adhesives, Seal- ants and Coatings (CASC) at CWRU and its successor, the InterUniversity Center for Adhesives, Sealants and Coatings (ICASC) involving both CWRU and UA. The continuing development and expansion of this activity to encompass wider faculty and research topic activity is a substantial component of the overall research underway in the two universities. The ECASC Advisory Board is made up of representatives from EPIC member companies with business interests in adhesives, sealants, and coatings. The Co-Directors of ECASC are Professors Alan Gent from UA and Charles E. Rogen from CWRU. ECASC personnel may be contacted at EPlC at (216) 838-5015.

Research programs related to coatings that have been supported by EPlC and other funding sources include: studies of finite element analysis modeling, with experimental substantiation, of static and dynamic deformations of multilayer coatings (the derived programs will be provided on user-friendly software); materials modification and spectroscopic studies of sutface characterization for improved control of coatings adhesion; shear stability of emulsions; high barrier coatings and resins; low- shrinkage (zero and expanding) coatings and adhesives; electron beam curing; diamond-like coatings materials; the mechanism of corrosive attack on epoxy-coated mild steel; the sutface characterization of electrogalvanized steel for coatings applications (emphasis on blistering); Langmuir- Blodgett films as coatings and membranes; liquid crystalline materials (many related studies of synthesis, characterization, and

properties); m~xing and flow of industrial sponsorship is supple- systems; fa- mented by funds from the State tigue, crazing, and fracture of of Ohio's Thomas Edison Pro- polymeric mater~als, includ- gram. Support is channeled to ing environmental attack; the department through two surface characteristics of

dations, industry, the stateof ~ h i o , and many private individuals. Ground was CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNlVERSlN

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 23

unsaturated polyester gel coats; polymeric emulsions and blends; effects of mechanical deformation on permeability of polymers; effects of mechanical deformation on the photodegradation of automotive coatings polymer materials.

There are many more studies of closely related topics concerned with various aspects such as rheology of sterically stabi- lized dispers~ons, surface chemistry and physics, fracture mechanics, composition and structure of m~l t icom~onent l multiphase systems, sorption, diffusion and permeation of polymer films and coatings, polymer blends and composites, polymer processing and mixing, synthesis and properties of a broad scope of polymeric materi-

als, and an extensive range of polymer characterization studies using many established and new techniques including NMR imaging and state-of-the-art surface and microscopy analysis.

The educational program in coatings is based on the graduate level course, "Funda- mentals of Adhesives, Sealants and Coat- ings" (EMAC 482), with C.E. Rogers and J.C. Weaver as co-instructors with the added participation of R.M. Evans and S.-Q. Wang. This three-credit course is given in the spring semester, usually on the CWRU Instructional Television Network (video tape) which is available to off- campus students and people in industry. Other courses are concerned with surface

science and technology and with the wide curriculum topics of the Department of Macromolecular Science leading to the B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. Degrees in polymer science and engineering. Special semester courses on "Adhesion and Adhesives and Sealants" and on "Coatings Science and Technologyn are to be presented in coming fall semesters. Short courses on topics relevant to adhesives, sealants and coatings are resented on a regular basis by ECASC.

For more information, contact Professor John Blackwell, Department Chairman, or Professor Rogers, CWRU, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7202: (216) 360-417216376; Fax (216) 368-4202.

DePaul University-Masters Degree in Coatings Technology DePaul University provides graduate education in coatings technology in the Chi- cago area. The Master of Science program in coatings technology was insrituted in the Department of Chemistry in 1986. The Chicago area has a high concentration of coatings companies: Akzo Coatings, The Glidden Co., Rust.Oleum Corp., The Sherwin-Williams Co., The Valspar Corp., etc., have manufacturing research and development facilit~es here. There is a continuing need in the Chicago area for chemists schooled and skilled in coatings technology to serve this industry.

The mission of the un~versity's coatings program, which has been set up with the cooperation of the Chicago Society for Coatings Technology, is to provide students with the skills necessary to work in research and development in the coatings field.

The main objectives of the program in coatings technology are twofold: (1) to satisfy the demand for technical profession-

Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry or its equivalent. The 12-course curriculum will require about nine quarters of evening study.

The following full,t~me faculty are involved in the Coatings Technology Master of Science Program:

Physical Chemistry-Professor Avrom A. Blumberg: B.S. 1949, Rensselaer, Polytech- nic Institute; Ph.D., 1953, Yale University.

Organic Chemistry-Professor Fred W. Breitbeil, Ill: B.S. 1953, M.S., 1957, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio; Ph.D., 1960, University of Cincinnati; Postdoctoral Fellow, 1961-62, Iowa State University.

Inorganic Chemistry-Professor Sanat Kumar Dhar: B.S. 1947, Calcutta Univer- sity; MS., 1959, Ph.D., 1961, Wayne State University; Postdoctoral Fellow, 1961, Northwestern University; Postdoctoral Research Assistant, 1962-64, Argonne National Laboratories.

Organic and Polymer Chemistry- Assis- tant Professor Gregory B. Kharas: M.S.,

University of Belfast, N. Ireland; NAS- NRC Postdoctoral Fellow, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

Organic Chemistry- Professor of Chem- istry Thomas J. Murphy: B.S., 1963, Uni- versity of Notre Dame; Ph.D., 1967, Iowa State University; N.I.H. Postdoctoral Fellow, 1967.68, Ohio State University..

The following equipment is used in instruction related to the coating program: Brookfield viscometers models RVT and LVF; fineness of grind gage; wet film gages; film applicators; Sward hardness rock; Zahn viscos~ty cups; B.K.drying recorder; cone and plate viscometer; HunterLab color and color-difference meter model D25D; FT-IR spectrometer 1710 (Perkin- Elmer); FT-IR spectrometer 1600 (Perkin- Elmer); UV-Vis spectrometer (Beckman); DSC-TGA (Polymer Laboratories Inc.); HPLC with UV, IR, and conductivity detectors (Spectra Physics); GC-MS sys, tem (Hewlett Packard); QTest I computerized mechanical tester (MTS Systems

als in the coatings in- i968, Institute of Petro- Corp.); and gel permeation chromatograph dustry at an advanced (Millipore). level, and (2) to Resources of the provide an opportu- rest of the College of nity for Bachelor of Sci- Arts and Sciences and ence level coatings chemists in the Chi- chemical and cjas the university as a cago area to enhance their knowledge and Industry; Ph.D., 1981, Technion-Israel whole are available to skill for improved levels of performance and advancement in salary and rank.

The program has a focus on graduate level (Master of Science). Mostly part-time students are enrolled (part-time/fuli-time student ratio is about 10/1). The program requlres graduate admission to DePaul University through its College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. An Assoctate Dean serves as the Coordinator of Graduate Programs. This program in coatings technology is housed and administered in the Chemistry Department by Dr. Gregory Kharas. Candidates should have earned the

institute of Technology; Postdoctoral Fellow, Case Western Reserve University, 1982-1983; Postdoctoral Research Associ- ate, University of Lowell, 1983-1984.

Inorganic Chemistry- Associate Profes- sor and Chair Sara Jane Melford: B.S., 1964, Bowling Green State University; Ph.D., 1968, Northwestern University, NSF Post-Doctoral Fellow, 1968, Rice University.

Physical Chemistry- Professor Edwin F. Meyer: B.S., 1959, DePaul University; Ph.D., 1962, Northwestern University; NATO, Postdoctoral Fellow, Queen's

provide support in areas ranging from computer usage and statistical design to on-line library searches.

Since coatings systems are complex combinations of polymers, pigments, and other chemicals, the course of study in- volves most branches of chemistry including organic, polymer, physical, inorganic, and analytical chemistry. The program courses include: a minimum of 44 quarter hours, including any five from this set of six (substitutions with other 300 or 400 level chemistry courses may be made with permission of the chair):


(Course; Frequency; Number of Students)

X H E 422,424 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 1,II; Annual; 15-20

X H E 450,452 Advanced Organic Chemistry 1,II; Annual; 15-20

--CHE 470,472 Advanced Physical Chemistry 1,II; Annual; 10-15

ACHE 430 Polymer Synthesis; Bian- nual; 10-15

X H E 432 Physical Chemistry of Polymers; Biannual; 15-20

X H E 434 Polymer Characterization; Biannual; 15-20

X H E 460 Coatings Technology I; Biannual; 10-15

X H E 461 Coatings Technology Laboratory I; Annual; 5-10

X H E 462 Coatings Technology 11; Biannual; 15-20

-CHE 463 Coatings Technology Laboratory 11; Annual; 10-15

About 25 students are participating in the program. All students in the Coatings Technology Program are graduate students enrolled in the Master of Science Degree Program. Most students in the program are part-time students.

During the past academic year, the program was funded by DePaul University. CIEF has generously contributed funds for a graduate fellowship and equipment, which were matched by DePaul University.

Any fellowship monies received by DePaul are awarded according to demonstrated financial need and academic merit. The Office of Financial Aid will assist the Chemistry Department in determining need; the Chemistry Department will determine the academic merit of fellowship appl~cants.

The Coatings Technology Program at DePaul University has received the en- dorsement and active support of the Chi- cago Society for Coatings Technology (CSCT). The department works closely with the CSCT Educational Committee to assure relevancy of the program and provide assistance ranging from technical information to job placement.

DePaul graduates are highly competitive on the open job market, all students having secured positions well in advance of graduation.

For further details, contact Dr. Gregory B. Kharas, Chemisny Department, DePaul University, 1036 W. Belden Ave., Chi- cago, IL 60614; (312) 325-7000, Ext. 1512.

Eastern Michigan University Offers Instructional Programs at Undergraduate and Graduate Levels

Eastern Michigan University (EMU) offers strong instructional programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels in polymers and coatings technology. Currently, there are more than 60 undergraduate majors in the four-year degree program and more than 40 graduate majors in the polymer technology program of study. Both programs work closely with the Computer Science and Chemistry departments and the College of Business. This ensures an interdisciplinary approach to instruction at the undergraduate and graduate levels.

The polymers and coatings program is part of EMU'S Interdisciplinary Technol- ogy Department in the College of Tech- nology. The polymers and coatings instructional and research efforts at EMU are guided by strong industrial input through steering committees in research and instruction. Placement opportunities for graduates are excellent. The average starting salary for current graduates is one of the highest at the university. All of the upcoming graduates are currently placed, with the exception of one who is determining which job offer to act upon.

The Polymer and Coatings Technology program at Eastern Michigan University is focused on three principle goals:

(1) Educate and prepare graduates to join coating industry oriented companies and be productive on the day they begin their employment.

(2) Establish and propagate a strong co-op program to financially help students and provide meaningful experience. Also

allows companies to evaluate students as potential permanent employees.

(3) Provide for a research experience through the Coatings Research Institute which embodies the National Science Foundation Center, the Emissions Evalua- tion Center, and Contracted Research Initiatives.

To attract outstanding individuals to the program, we are focusing on the junior colleges in the area and sponsoring a one- week workshop for high school science teachers. This past year, we visited 25 junior colleges and gave one-hour presentations on the merits of the coating industry. The effort rewarded us with five new students for the next academic year. In 1993 and 1994, there were 18 B.S. graduates and 10 M.S. graduates in the Polymers and Coatings programs at EMU. In 1995, nine students are expected to complete their undergraduate studies and five students are expected to graduate from the master's program.

The majority of our majors are working students. Between employment opportunities at the Coatings Research Institute, academic scholarships and co-ops, students can basically support themselves throughout the program. As long as they maintain a " B average, we assist them with scholarships made possible by grants from ICI Paints, The Valspar Corp., the Trigg Foun- dation, AFPISME Chapter 322, and of course, the grant from the Coatings Indus- try Education Foundation (CIEF). These funds are absolutely essential to attract

appropriate students because it illustrates the strong interaction we have with our industrial base.

In the past four years, EMU received the following CIEF undergraduate scholarship funds:

199111992 -$10.000

These funds were distributed as indicated in Table 1 (see next page).

Summarizing Tabk ]--Of the 24 recipients of the CIEF scholarship funds, 10 were women and 14 were men. All have had co-op experience (four were hired by the companies with which they co-oped) and maintained a 3.0 GPA, except for one. Table 1 also is an illustration of how the educational goals of the Federation provides stability for one of our principle goals of educating students. There is no question of the value of the CIEF educational funds to the success of our program.

We continue to stress the laboratory part of the program to ensure students are familiar with proper procedures and equipment. Chris Bradford, a graduate of the program who is employed at BASF's Re- search Center as a chemist stated, "The classroom material is always intriguing and relevant to the real world; not just the academic arena. The staff teaches with a style that encourages students not only to learn the material presented, but to learn how to use it. In an industry that is so practically based, it is essential that the

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 25

Table 1-Eastern Michigan University ClEF Undergraduate Scholarship Fund Recipients

Student 91192 1 92/93

students be able to make productive use of their knowledge. All the intelligence in the world is of little use without the tools to apply it." State of the art equipment and supplies are necessary in providing an appropriate laboratory environment for students. Financial restrictions make this a very difficult task, but thanks to contributions from the Detroit Paint and Coatings Association, National Sanitation Founda- tion, and Baker & Collision, Inc., our students are provided with up-to-date equipment.

Two other disciplines are also strongly promoted: the quality assurance SPC application in coatings technology and the utilization of computer formulating software programs. Thus, the required course INDT 479 instructs our students on the utilization of various control charts and the application of statistical techniques.

A grant from the Detroit Paint and Coatings Association enabled us to purchase a software formulating program from DSA Consulting, Inc. The dominant attribute of this system IS not actual formulating but the generation of needed data. This data quickly acclimates the student to the relationship of basic pigment and resin properties to their end performance in the finished formula.

Our second goal, to provide the best possible co-op experience, is succeeding to the degree that is difficult for us to provide sufficient students to fulfill the requests. The reaction from the students is best exemplified by a former student, Patrick

Female .................................... X Male-Regents Scholar ........... X Male ........................................ X Female .................................... X Male ...................................... X Male-Regents Scholar ........... X Female-Mich. Comp. Schol. . X Male ........................................ X Male-Regents Scholar ........... X Male ....................................... - Male-Regents Scholar .......... - Male ....................................... - Female .................................... X Male .................................... ...- Female ................................. - Male-Regents Scholar .......... - Female ................................... - Male ....................................... - Male ..................................... - Female-Presidential Schol. ... - Female ................................... - Female-Presidential Schol. ... - Male ...................................... - Female .................... .. ........ -

X X -

X -

X X - - X X X - X X X - - - - - - - -

co-op II 34/95

- - - - -

X - - X - X X - - -

X X X X X X X X X

Automotive Chem. BASF Corp.

Ford Motor Co. -

Sherwin-Williams

Co-op l

Thunderline Corp. Automotive Chem.

Dow Chemical Valspat

Union Carbide Akro Nobel

Sherwin-Williams Valspar

PRA Formulabs

Magni Coatings PRA

Sherwin-Williams No Co-op taken

BASF C q . Guardsman

PRA E.I. du Pont BASF Corp.

Sherwin-Williams Flint Ink

EMU Coating Labs. -

E.I. du Pont

-

Sherwin-Williams Sherwin-Williams

- Valspar - -

- Sherwin-Williams

Guardsman Sherw~n-Wdliams

Frisbee, who stated, "I cannot overempha- size the importance of my co-op experiences. The main benefits included: actual field experience to relate things learned with things done on the job; experience in making you more marketable in in te~iews and enhancing your resume; networking for career use; and good compensation to help defray the costs of living and school." In 1994,18 students were co-op placed at 11 different industrial sites. For 1995, 21 co-op placements are anticipated.

The third goal, to provide a means for an appropriate research experience, is attained through the Coatings Research Institute. Twelve companies contributed a total of $550,000 to establish the Emissions Evaluation Center (EEC) in 1991. The first primary mission of the center was to quantify the odor of paints and adhesives. The uniqueness of the methodology used to quantify odor enables the center to obtain simultaneous responses to an odor exposure from 10 individuals. Thus we can very quickly build a database from which a statistical pattern can be established on population responses to the odor emitted from the product belng tested. We are now beginning a new project which is HAPS directed and attempts VOC verifi- cation via the cure environment of the coating composition.

The successful establishment of a suitable method for odor quantification has enabled us to generate sufficient funds to explore odor in raw materials such as solvents. We are now investigating, with the

Comment

Still a student Graduated & jolned Automotive Chem. Graduated &joined BASF Corp. Graduated &joined Ford Motor Co. Graduated & joined Akzo Nobel Still a student Graduated &joined Flint Ink Graduated &joined Siebert-Oxidenno Graduated & jo~ned Sherwm-Williams Still a student Graduated. Has not accepted an offer Still a student Still a student. GPA below 3.0 Still a student. Dropped program Still a student Still a student Still a student Still a student Graduated &joined Sherwin-Williams Still a student Still a student Still a student Srill a student Still a student

help of a grant from the Coatings Industry Education Foundation, the concentration versus human odor response of paint solvents included in the hazardous air pollutants listed in the Clean Air Act Amend- ment of 1990. These studies hopefully will clarify some of the confusing data found in the literature.

The National Science Foundation Industry/University Cooperative Research Center in Coatings is in its fourth year of successful operation. Frank Jones is the center's Director. The center is a consortium, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the following nine companies and organizations: Akzo Nobel, Dow Chem~cal Co., Flint Ink, Ford Motor Co., ICI-Glidden, PPG Industries, Inc., PRA Laboratories, Rhone-Poulenc, and the South Coast Air Quality Management District. Each organization is represented on the center's Industrial Advisory Board, which meets semiannually and provides input on project selection and operation.

One of the most encouraging accomplishments of the center is that member companies are using the center's results. Members report that five substantial projects have been originated to follow up on center research. Other tangible accomplishments of the center during its first three and a half years include 27 published papers and presentations and three U.S. patents filed. Member companies receive advance copies of the publications and have options to share royalty-free licenses to the patents.


In summary, the true measure of the effectiveness of the undergraduate and graduate instructional programs in polymers and coatings technology and the research efforts of the institute is in the effectiveness of student placement.

A recent survey of graduates of the polymers and coatings programs from the

past four years (1990-1994) indicated a very positive success story. With more than a 67% return rate, 95% of the respondents said that the quality of teaching and their instmctors' knowledge of their field was excellent. All the graduates of the programs participated in a cooperative education experience, with more than 50%

NDSU Polymers and Coatings Tradition Initiates Directions for the Future The Department of Polymers and Coatings at North Dakota State University offers an excellent polymers and coatings program at both undergraduate and graduate levels. The tradition goes back to 1904-1906 when, in Fargo, the first paint chemistry course was offered as part of the chemistry cutticulum. By 1920 a regular paint chemistry curriculum was offered, and grants from Sherwin-Williams, Glidden, ADM, General Mills, and other companies were pouring into the program. As a result of these activities, a number of graduates from NDSU Polymers and Coatings program were offered jobs by Cargill, Glidden, Frost Paint, Twin Cities, Valspar in Brooklyn, NY, and other major chemical and coatings companies.

In the 1930s, many paint and coatings companies had NDSU graduates, who, by majority, were North Dakota natives. In 1946 or so, when Dr. W. Basch took over the program, he established an Industrial Advisory Board, which, at that time, consisted of NDSU graduates employed by major paint and coatings companies in the country. As documentation, there is a black-and-white photograph taken on November 6, 1948 in Congress Hotel in Chicago during the IAB meeting. Among over 40 NDSU graduates there are Carlton L. Rydstrom, Bob Carlson (Mautz Paint), Loren Odell, (James Bute, Houston, TX), Ed Boulger (American Mattietta Co.), Fred Beiery (U.S. Ind. Chemicals), Carlton Roy (Rockford Varnish), John Rooney (Amercan Marietta Co.), Frank Siebatt (American Marrietta Co.), Dr. W. Basch, and many others. All this information was obtained from one of our graduates (1951), Carlton"Bud" Rydstrom, Jr. who, among others, provides scholanhips to the Poly- mers and Coatings Program.

While time-long tradition created a seed for establishine the Deoartment of Polymers and coatings ( l 9 j l ) , today this department is a part of the National Sci- ence Foundation Industry/University Coatings Research Center, and other activities at the undergraduate and graduate levels are blooming. In the last decade or so we have graduated well over 80 M.S. and Ph.D. students, who today have a

significant impact on the direction and future of coatings science and coatings businesses. Therefore, their contributions are affecting not only the national, but also the global economy. Although all of them are successful m their careers, several have done exceedingly well. For example, Lowell F. Wood, who graduated from NDSU in 1937, held several highly tanked positions before his retirement in 1989 as a Vice President of Frost Paint Co. in Min- neapolis. Last year Lowell, a charter member of the P&C Department's IAB, received a Recognition Award from NDSU. His long-lasting support is greatly appreciated by the students and faculty. Among other graduates, Dr. Lany Brandenburger is a Vice President of Research at Valspar, Dr. Loren Hill is a Senior Fellow at Monsanto, and Dr. JosefJilek is a Manager for Rohm and Haas in Vienna, Austria, just to name a few. Many others hold high managerial or research positions in such companies as Akzo Nobel, 3M, Ciba Geigy, Dow Chemical, Armstrong World Ind., Bayer, Coming Glass, GE Plastics, Philips Petroleum, Hewlett Packard, Poly- chrome, Elf Atochem, Amoco, Shenvin- Williams, Monsanto, and others.

One of the companies that is particularly close to the P&C program is 3M Company. Although the adjacent geo- graphical location of 3M and NDSU may have something to do with it, in 1994,3M established a 3M Assistant Professorship in the Department of Polymers and Coatings. It appears that NDSU graduates represent a significant workforce at 3M, after substantially larger schools, such as University of Minnesota, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and Iowa State. As a matter of fact, even non NDSU graduates, recogniz- ing the strength of the program, contlnue to orovide substantial suo-

having two or more placements. For more information on how to ar-

range a tour of our facilities, contact Dr. Taki Anagnostou, Eastern Michigan Uni- versity, Emissions Evaluation Center, 201 Sill Hall, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, (313) 487- 1235.

of Bayer, have been invaluable in getting the undergraduate summer research program established. They are members of our Industrial Advisory Board, which meets every year to critique our program, and their input is essential. Our educational goal is to have a program that will create an environment of mutual interest and benefit in which we are all involved. Be- cause of this philosophy, industrial scientists play a very important part in our program. In fact, the 1994 LAB meeting also included the 2nd Annual P&C Re- search Poster Session, which involved a total of 23 presentations from post-doctor- ate researchers, graduate, and undergraduate students. The poster sessions have proven to be a benefit for students and 1AB members as well, allowing both sectors to interact and observe first-hand the technical and educational applications of each project. This form of academic and industrial interaction further contributes in achieving our program mission and goals.

While graduate education and research represent one level of activity, undergraduate education has always been one of the top priorities at NDSU. Enrollment in coatings courses remains steady, and one of the major attractions to undergraduates IS a scholarship program that exceeds $40,000/ year. The f&ul& and students are gtateful to the scholarship sponsors: PPG lidus- tries, Inc., supporting Donald P. Hart and Frederick M. Loop Memorials; Albert C. Bean; The Glidden Company; the Federa- tion of Societies for Coatings Technology's Coatings Industry Education Foundation, Ernest T. Trigg, and Joseph A. Vasta scholarships; George A. Nichols; Northwestern Society for Coatings Technology;Valspar Corp.; Wicks Fund; Rheineck Memorial; and the Ira R. Messer Award, for providing

port example, for the Dr. program. Dick For

'T) SU Hartshorn serves as Chair of the Industrial Advisory Board for the P&C De- partment, and Dr. Walter Meyer of DuPont, along with Dr. Douglas Wicks

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995

this opportunity for helping our students become involved in coatings science. Over the past 20 years (thanks to all scholarship donors, alumni, and friends), over 500 scholarships have been awarded.

While tradition sets a tone of nostalgia, making all involved proud of the past, new directions, stimulating environment, and hard work open up new opportunities. The visibility of the P&C program is reflected in quality contributions and publications. P&C faculty are highly recognized for their research and publications in the area of coatings.

Dr. Bierwagen, besides his duties as Editor-in-Chief of the Progress in Organic Coatings journal, continues to focus his research interest on Li-polymer battery composite electrodes, PVC/CPVC, and corrosion problems. He established a corrosion research consortium that has received a lot of attention and external funding. Dr. Glass continues research on water-soluble polymers for coatings, with one of the most recent and successful symposia in the history of the American Chemical Society. He edited five books and is also involved in organizing workshops in this area. A particularly active research program in- volves the studies of associate thickeners

with pigments, but much of his activity during the past year has focused on the use of water-soluble polymers in cosmetics and medical technologies. His water-soluble polymers consortium at NDSU receives a lot of attention. Dr. Urban continues his responsibility as the Editor of the Ameri- can Chemical Society book series Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces, a part of the Profes- sional Reference Book Series. He is the author of over 180 research publications, two books, and has edited three books. The latter were published by ACS as a Sympo- sium or Advances in Chemistq Series. He established the P&C Vibrational Spectros- copy consortium at NDSU, with the focus on molecular level understanding of surface and interfacial analysis of coatings and films. Dr. Soucek, our 3M Assistant Profes- sor, is actively working on the synthesis of new coatings, in particular, on utilization of agricultural products leading to the development of high performance coatings. His recent work received very high marks and significant attention in the JOURNAL OF

COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, and he plans to present several research papers at the next ACS National Meeting in Chicago.

There are many new themes on the NDSU campus, and in the P&C Depart- ment. The foremost exciting campus-wide event is the appointment of Dr. Thomas

Plough as the new NDSU President. Dr. Plough comes to us from the Rochester Institute of Technology, a well-recognized institution for technical education, and the P&C faculty are excited about the possibility of working with the new president on many well-suited polymers and coatings research and technological activities.

Although the importance of research and education has been recognized by coatings industries, setting a proper research infrastructure by administration will further enhance the faculty productivity, leading new developments in the state and nationwide. One of the new initiatives that will result in a synergism can be achieved by the National Science Founda- tion Coatings Research Center, of which the P&C Department is a member. The synergism will provide opportunities for coatings industries to conduct research in the joint coatings consortium. For academic researchers at NDSU, it will open up new, unexplored avenues of coatings research and technology transfers.

Contact Dr. Marek W. Urban, Chair, Department of Polymers and Coatings, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105, (701)231-7859, for more information.

University of Missouri-Rolla Coatings Institute's Graduate Program has Enrollment of 70 Since 1958, more than 200 courses have been offered at the University of Missouri- Rolla Coatings Institute, and as of 1994 more than 6,500 people have attended these programs. Several new programs are expected to be developed In the future through the UMR Coatings Institute. The following are some of the main areas where the Institute is making major efforts.

Academic Education The undergraduate program is continu-

ing to strengthen. The first group of our students who major in Coatings and Poly- mer Science within the Chemistry Depart- ment have written a senior thesis. The thesis, to be written in the form of a paper as though it were to be published, is designed to strengthen the students' ability to complete a project, organize information, and technically write in a concise and formal way. The result is a significant improvement in our students written communication skills. The UMR Campus has established a capstone course program for each major; our capstone course is this senior thesis.

The graduate program in Chemistry continues to be strong with an enrollment

of over 70-approximately half are doing coatings and polymer science research. The second largest group within chemistry are those involved in environmental analysis. The need for organic and inorganic ana- lytically trained environmental chemists is and will be strong well into the next century.

Research A few of the current research projects

include: ultra low VOC coatings for aluminum; inorganic polymer complexes; synthesis of new phthalocyanine pigments and

cantly to our ability to disperse laboratory scale batches and help industrial clients evaluate the various technologies as to their applicability to their coatings systems. We have also received a six-gallon Myers high-speed disperser. This unit has a wiper blade and has the capability of milling in a vacuum. Minolta has helped our program through lectures and a color equipment grant. Also, Glldden/lCI donated a scanning electron microscope to our program. Over the course of the past year, we have added numerous pieces of test equipment and hope to continue to expand our capabilities to serve both the industrv and our ~~~~ ~ - ~ ~

dyes; thermal release coatings; water- students. UMR is involved in research reducible acrylic dynamics; control of the projects for numerous corporations both photodegradation of large and small, as well as the Air Force, plastics; ultrasonic NASA, the Navy, and many polymerization; other federal agencies. microwave induced polymerization; and flash rust inhibitor mechanisms.

The Institute has received a donation of a laboratory scale Kady high speed disperser that is a rotor/stator type mill from Kady International. This mill will add signifi-


Faculty The current program offerings are made

by Dr. Michael Van De Mark, Director; Dr. Harvest Collier, and Dr. James Stoffer, along with other lecturers from the coatings industry.

Michael R . Van De Mark is the UMR Coatings Institute Director and an Associ- ate Professor of Chemistry at UMR and is involved in polymer, coatings, and organic synthesis research. Dr. Van De Mark received his Ph.D. Degree from Texas A&M University.

Haruest L. Collier is a Professor of Chemistry at UMR and is involved in the basic research of transition metal compounds, inorganic materials, polymer synthesis, polymer characterization, and their application. Dr. Collier received his Ph.D. Degree from Mississippi State Uni- versity.

James Stoffer is a Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Graduate Center for Material Research at UMR where he has taught and done research in polymers and coatings science for more than 20 years. Dr. Stoffer received his Ph.D. Degree from Purdue University.

Short Courses The Coatings Institute will be offering

eight courses through July 1996. We are excited to once again offer our "Physical Testing" course. Our offerings are as follows:

"Basic Coatings for Sales, Marketing, and General Personnel" is designed especially to aid sales, marketing, and general personnel in the coatings industry to have a better understanding of the composition of coatings-July 17-19, 1995; February 26-28, 1996; July 15-17, 1996.

"Basic Composition of Coatings" is designed to introduce the newcomer, as well as those involved in raw material manufacture, sales, and technical service, to the technical aspects of paint manufacture, testing, and use-september 11-15, 1995; March 18-22, 1996.

"lntroduct~on to Paint Formulation" will take you through the basic steps of paint formulation from understanding the process to an actual laboratory formulation-September 2529,1995; April 22- 26, 1996.

"Physical Testing of Paints and Coat- ings" is designed to improve qual~ty control protocol for paints and coatings as well as

University of Southern Mississippi Highlights Two Recent Graduates

better formula development and troubleshooting-May 13-17,1996.

UMR Coatings Bulletin Bwrd The UMR Bulletin Board has been on

line for over two years and continues to develop. The utility of the system grows with each user or product added. We have found that people are using the system to find employment as well as employees. The system is undergoing major revisions based upon the users' feedback. We expect the growth rate of our user base to increase as more people are added to the system. The UMR Coatings Institute is committed to the long-term development of this very important technology. The advent of the Federal Data Super Highway advocated by President Clinton will allow for future expansion of the UMR Coatings Bulletin Board.

For more information, please contact the UMR Coatings Institute, 142 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, MO 65401, (314) 341-4419.

The article on USM published in the June 1994 issue O~]OURNAL OF COATINGS TECH. NOLCGY (page 37) concentrated on our programs. This year, besides updating program information, we will briefly highlight two of our graduates. Although we have alumni that have reached vice presidential positions, we have chosen two recent graduates to highlight as rising stars.

A new faculty member, Robert Lescanec assumed the position of Assistant Professor as of September 1, 1994. Rob received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering in 1987 at Lehigh Univers~t~. He received his M.S. in 1990 and Ph.D in 1992, in Polymer Science and Engineering at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. He did postdoctoral studies at The Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, Depart- ment of Materials Science and Engineering from 1992 to 1994. His research focuses on relating the structure and physical behavior of self-assembled polymeric systems, both in solution and in the bulk state, to the chemistry of the macromolecules.

Our senior faculty member, Dr. Shelby F. Thames, continues to increase the pace of his coating related endeavors. This year he has organized and will direct five week- long short courses on campus. Call Dr.

Thames at (601) 266-4080 if you would like information on any of these courses.

Dr. Thames' research efforts were recently recognized in our nation's capital. His research group is developing alternative uses for agricultural crops and they displayed a number of items at a reception organized by the USDA in Washington's Design Center. They exhibited a 10 X 10 foot parquet floor that was protected with a 100% solids UV curable coating that had been svnthesized

their industrial applications." Dr. Thames also encourages other persons and organizations to participate in new uses of agricultural crops as a member of the Board of Directors and Vice President of the Inter- national Chamber of Agriculture.

The Department supports industrial efforts to reduce environmental emissions of volatile organic compounds through its annual Waterborne, Higher-Solids, and Powder Coatings Symposium. Dr. Robson

Storev, alone

replacement. A five- foot picnic table was protected

deck - - - - ~

coating synthesized from fatty acids and bees wax. Quoting Dr. Thames, "Bes~des reducing reliance on petroleum based products, the new coatings emit zero VOCs (volatile organic compounds) that can be released into the atmosphere and break down the ozone layer." Thames says, "Most Americans think of agricultural resources as something to eat; they don't think of

had 524 registrants (not counting USM faculty, staff and students) from 13 d~ffer- ent countries. Eastman Chemicals, M~les Laboratory and Witco sponsored functions that allowed for greater interactions avong the attendees at the symposium.

Dr. Storey was the departmental contact to the Coatings Industry Education Foundation (CIEF). The financial support

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 29

provided by them is appreciated by us as well as by many other universities. In some small measure USM was pleased to reciprocate by participation as hosts at the FSCT's Annual Meeting and Paint Industries' Show in New Orleans, LA. Dr. Storey and his wife Melanie chaired the Social Guest Program Subcommittee; Dr. Robert Schlatzer, Director of the Missis- sippi Polymer Institute, chaired the FSCT Hospitality Suite Subcommittee, and Dr. Gerald Mattson was the General Chair- man.

The Mississippi Polymer Institute (MPI), which is completing its second year of operation, interacts with regional industries to facilitate their research and development. They welcome inquiries from coatings manufacturers. For information, call Dr. Schlatzer at (601) 266- 4607.

MPI hired one of our nine students who graduated with a B.S. Degree in May 1994. Three others are in graduate school, one is employed in plastics, and four are at coatings related companies (Buckman Laboratories, INX, and Valspar).

We wish to highlight one young, new Valspar employee and one older, new Valspar employee. The young, new employee, Angela King Nelson, finished her undergraduate program in four years with an outstanding record. Excellent academic petformance combined with an outgoing personality made Angela attractive for industry. She is employed at Valspar's Jackson, TN facility where she is a Chem- ist in the Powder Coatings Group. Angela was honored as the Southern Society for Coat~ngs Technology Outstanding Senior in Coatings in her senior year for which she received a cash award and plaque from the Gulf Coast Section of the Southern Society. Paraphrasing Angela, she feels like she was well-prepared by USM for an industrial coatings position and she enjoys working in a technology so environmentally friendly.

The older, new Valspar employee is Timothy Herrington. After graduation in 1988, Tim did a short term of duty with the Armed Forces. In March of 1989, he accepted the position of Bench Chemist with Sunbelt Coatings in Picayune, MS, and worked in maintenance coatings. But

later that year, Sunbelt ventured into automotive coatings and that provided for substantial growth for the company and an opportunity for Tim. In 1993 he was promoted to Supervisor of the Color Depart- ment where he is responsible for 15 employees. Further opportunity has come by way of acquisition. Sunbelt Coatings is now a Valspar company, hence Tim is an older, new Valspar employee. Tim is active in the Gulf Coast Section of the Southern Society where he is Membership Chalrman.

We are pleased to see our students being attracted to the coatings industry and contributing to the industry around which this department was founded.

For more information about opportunities to interact with our faculty or to learn about our research capabilities, please contact: Dr. Robert Y. Lochhead, Chair, The University of Southern Mississippi, The Polymer Science Research Center, Box 10076, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, (601) 266-4868, Fax: (601) 266-5504.

Creativity + Adaptability = Gateway t o Success ~ C o n w n m n M a

st I d s . MO Ocloba9-10-11. B95

Attendees a t the Federation's 1995 Annual Meeting, in St. Louis, MO, o n October 9-11, can attend technical programs o n a wide variety ofpertinent topics revolvingaround the theme, "Creativity + Adaptability = Gateway t o Success." Program sessions are being developed t o cover the following topics:

Tutorials - Powder Coatings - Radiation Curing (EBIUV) - Adhesives - Inks

Earlv Bird Sessions - State of the Industry - A Look t o the Future

Svecial Presentations - Technical Focus Speaker - Mattiello Memorial Lecture

Technical Sessions - Roon Award Papers - APJlVoss Awards Papers - Computer Applications in Coatings - Corrosion Roundtable - V O C Compliant Corrosion

Inhibitive Coatings - Small Batch Processing - General Coatings Technology

For more information, contact: Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

492 Norristown Road @ Blue Bell, PA 194222350 Phone: (610) 940-0777

Fax: (610) 940-0292


1995 Educational Committee Guide to Coatings Courses, Symposia, and Seminars

j e ~ o f the Federat;,,

CALIFORNIA CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Concentration in Polymer and Coatings Chemistry: Chem 444 Polymers and Coatings I; Chem 445 Polymers and Coatings 11; Chem 446 Surface Chemistry of Materials; Chem 447 Polymers and Coatings Lab 1; Chem 448 Polymers and Coatings Lab 11; Chem 449 Internship in Polymers and Coatings; Mate 206 Materials Engineer- ing. Duration is one year for full program. Individual courses offered fall, winter, and spring quarters.

The purpose of the program is to provide Chemistry and Materi- als Engineering majors with the skills and background necessary to enter the polymers and coatings industry with a proper background, and to prepare students for graduate study in polymers, coatings, or related fields. The Droeram meets the American Chemical Society

and various '"dust~ Sources.

exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.

Contact: Angie McCoy, NACE Education Department, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; Fax: (713) 492-8254.

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERATION WITH THE ASSOCIATION FOR FINISHING PROCESSES OF SME (AFPISME)

.. . coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics iddressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete: insoection. testine and related standards: s~ecifications;

. u

requirements for certification as a chemistry/polymers degree. Stu- dents must be admitted to undergraduate or graduate degree program at Cal Poly. Current in-state tuition is approximately $650 per quarter.

Contact: Dr. ~ a n e Jones, Chemistry Department, California Po~Y- technic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407; (805) 756- 2528; Fax: (805) 756-1670.

Introductory Short Course in Basic Polymer and Coatings Ch emis t yJune 19-23, 1995; June 17-21, 1996 (Tentative)

The purpose of this one-week course is to provide a basic working knowledge of polymer chemisw including methods of preparation, testing, and fabrication of polymeric materials. Specific examples related to modem coatings will be emphasized. Participants will formulate a modem paint using the polymers they synthesized, and will be instructed in the use of modem physical and chemical methods to test coatings. The course is designed for persons with some chemistry background or persons with some work experience in the coatings industry. Cost: $750 (includes all materials for the course, including lab fees, textbooks, meals and dormitory lodging on campus, can be made for those not needing lodging, Accommodations are available for those with families).

Contact: Dr. James Westover, Chemistry Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 (805) 756-2566; Fax: (805) 756-1670.

NACE INTERNATIONAL (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORROSION ENGINEERS)

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-June 3-4, 1996, Oxnard, CA

108th Annual Meeting--October 23-24, 1995, San Francisco Hilton and Towers, San Francisco, CA

Contact: National Paint and Coatines Association. 1500 Rhode

Radiation Curingfor the Electronics Idus-June 23-24,1995, San Jose, CA.

Focuses on the issues relating to the coatings and application equipment pertinent to the electronic industry. Cost: SME member $495; nonmember $595.

Spray Application Methods for Powder Coating-August 22-23, 1995, Irwindak, CA

This program provides hands-on lab experience in proper spray and maintenance techniques; finetune maintenance and trouble- shoot applications. Cost: SME member $545; nonmember $645.

~ ~ ~ d ~ . ~ ~ powder systems ~ ~ & k ~ ~ , ~ ~ t i ~ ~ - ~ ~ t 24, 1995, rrwindale, CA

0ptimiring profits in Powder Coating Job Shop--.October 3.4, 1995, L~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ k ~ , CA

Discusses issues pertinent to custom coaters, such as scheduling, costing, estimating, and quoting. Cost: SME member $545; non, member $645.

Contact: Maria Conrado, SME, One SME Dr., Dearbom, MI 48121; (313) 271-1500, Ext. 376; Fax: (313) 271-2861.

AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Frontiers in Organic Chemistry-June 19.24, 1995, Palo Alto, CA

Contact: ACS Continuing Education Short Course Office at (800) 227-5558 or (202) 872-4508. Fax: (202) 872-6336.

- - - - - - ~ - , ~- . and coating failures. h e seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 2'6005; (202) 462,6272; Fax: multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group (202) 462-8549

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and orocesses reauired to successfullv select and apply NATIONAL PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 3 1

COLORADO person required under SSPC's QP-2. Cost: SSPC member $700; nonmember $775 (two weeks prior); SSPC member $750; nonmember $825 (less than two weeks prior).

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY f"- (FSCT) PRO~~SSIONAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE @ Contact: Dee Doyle, Steel Structures Painting Council, 4516

Henry St., Ste. 301, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3728; (412) 687-1113, Ext. 102.

Fonnulatinn for the New Clean Air Act-November 6-7. 1995. / Embassy ~Giies Hotel and Athletic Club, Denver, CO

This two-day program WIII bring you face to face with indust; / DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA experts who can answer tough questions on how to comply with the new regulations and keep your customers happy. The status of new regulations and of future legislation being considered will be discussed. Also covered will be the following: solvent selection; formulation; VOC content issues; reactive diluents; abatement technology; additives; EBNV curing solutions. A problem solving session will be held at the conclusion of each day. Cost: FSCT members- $295; nonmembers-$395.

Contact: Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350; (610) 940-0777; Fax: (610) 940-0292.


Basic Corrosion-December 3-8, 1995, Denver CO This course will teach how to identify potential problems and

communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored, and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participation is encouraged and ample time is given for question and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance; $850 standard.

Protective Coatings and Linings-December 3-8, 1995, Denver CO

This course will tell how to correctly write a coating and lining system specification with enough confidence and certainty to avoid the pitfalls and traps that cause coatings failures. It provides theoretical and practical information on the use of coatings and linings to control corrosion and the economic benefits derived from proper selection and application. Emphasis is placed on materials, common coating failures, and economics including the presentation of a coating system proposal to management. As an exercise at the end of the course, attendees will write their own coating and lining specification for a storage tank. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.


CONNECTICUT

SupervisorlCompetent Person for Deleading of Industrial StructuresSeptember 18-21, 1995, Stamford, CT

This foureday lead paint abatement course encompasses both classroom discussion and hands-on learning. There are nine hours of workshop instruction. Thls course is designed to meet the requirements of OSHA's Lead In Construction Standard (29 CFR 1926.62) and the December 1993 compliance directive; the requirements for a certified supervisor derived from the EPA proposed rule on certification and training, and authority and responsibility of a competent

Production Planning and Inventory Management Seminar This two-day seminar provides steps to plan production and

avoid layover inventory. Also, extensive section on forecasting plans to fill orders. Cost: $725 for first two persons; additional $600 each (includes breakfasts and lunches).

contact: Juliette D. Benedicto, NPCA, 1500 Rhode Island Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005; (202) 462-6272; Fax: (202) 462- 8549.

Thermal Analysis in Polymer Characterization-October 23-24, 1995, Washington, D.C.

Contact: ACS Continuing Education Short Course Office at (800) 227-5558 or (202) 872-4508; Fax: (202) 872-6336.

1 FLORIDA

Fundamentals of Adhesion: Theory, Practice, and Applications- March 11-13, 1996, Orlando, FL

This three-day course presents chemists, engineers, material scientists, and physicists the basic principles of adhesion with an overview of the latest progress in the science and technology of adhesion. The overview covers molecular forces, thermodynamics of adhesion, acid-base interactions, surface analytical techniques and fracture mechanics of adhesive joints. Practical developments of adhesive technology is discussed with renowned experts in the field. Theoreti- cal applications are demonstrated through group discussions of day to-day unsolved problems related to the science and technology of adhesion. Cost $995 early registration.

Pigment Dispersions: Science and Technolcgy-March 11.14, 1996, Orlando, FL

This four-day course examines in depth the principles of colloid that are relevant to the various stages-incorporation, wetting, disagglomeration, flocculation-involved in the overall process of dispersing pigments into liquid media and their technological application. It will be of significant interest to anyone who encounters in their work the unique effects that colloid and interface science exert on the properties of pigment dispersions and seeks an improved understanding of the processes involved. Cost: $1,200 early registration.

Introduction to Polymer ColloidslEmulsion Polymers-March 11- 13,1996, Orlando, FL

The purpose of this three-day course is to make complex systems and concepts easily understandable. Emphasis is placed on waterborne synthetic latexes for their importance in nonpolluting paints, adhesives, printing inks, floor polishes, and other applications. Re- cent developments and practical applications will also be discussed. This course is designed primarily for the industrial researcher who is


particular problems. Discussion is considered essential to the course. entering the field or who has worked in the field lookine to solve coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include

Polymer Degradation and Stabilkation-March 13-15, 1996, Orlando, FL

This three-day course will cover the following topics: introduction to polymer stabilization; photostability of UV absorbers; stabilization of polyvinylchloride; stabilization of polymers during processing; stabilization of olefin polymers; recent advances in the stabilization of flame retardant polypropylene: stabilization of non- olefin fibers; thermal analysis and other methods of oxidation testing of polymers; stabilization of organic coatings; color development in polymers; thermal oxidation of polyolefins: effects of composition on their measurement; degradation and stabilization of engineering polymers; techniques for additive analysis; antioxidants for elastomers stabilization; stabilization of adhesives; stabilization of recycled polymers. Cost: $995 early registration.

Advances in Polymer Blends and Alloys: Phase Behavior, Charac- terization, Morphology and Alloying Technology-March 13-15, 1996, Orlando, FZ

The strength of this three-day leading edge workshop is the speaker panel which represents the top academicians and industrial- ists in the field of blends and alloys from Europe and the United States. This elite panel will cover the areas of alloying technology toughening, performance upgrading morphology control, phase behavior, theology and processing, along with other key areas. Other topics include: fundamentals of polymer blends-applications; mis- cibility in polymer blends: mean field model; high temperature polymer blends; reactive processing and blendlng of polymers: processing effects on morphology and mechanical properties; polymer blends of amorphous and crystallizable components: morphology developments and properties. Cost: $995 early registration.

Contact: Professor Angelos V. Patsis, State University of New York, 75 S. Manheim BIvd.-HAB 9B, New Paltz, NY 12561; (914) 255-0757; Fax: (914) 255-0978.


Basic Corrosion-May 5-10, 1996, Orlando, FL This course will teach how to identify potential problems and

communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored, and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participation is encouraged and ample time is given for question and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Protective Coatings and Linings-May 5-10, 1996, Orlando, FL This course will tell how to correctly write a coating and lining

system specification with enough confidence and certainty to avoid the pitfalls and traps that cause coatings failures. It provides theoretical and practical Information on the use of coatings and linings to control corrosion and the economic benefits derived from proper selection and application. Emphasis is placed on materials, common coating failures, and economics including the presentation of a coating system proposal to management. As an exercise at the end of the course, attendees will write their own coating and lining specification for a storage tank. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-May 6-7, 1996, Or. lando, FL

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply

an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art. multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard, nonmember-$625 advance; $725 standard.

Contact: Angie McCoy, NACE Education Department, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; (713) 492-8254.

Electrocoat '96--March 20-22, 1996, Orlando, FL This three-day program will teach end-users how electrocoat can

offer high productivity, energy efficiency, high material utilization, outstanding quallty, uniform coating thickness, dense line loading, simple operation, and environmental compliance. Cost: $400.

Contact: Cindy Goodridge, Products Finishing Magazine, 6600 Clough Pike, Cincinnati, OH 45244 (513) 527-8977; Fax: (513) 527-8950.


Basic CorrosiDnSeptember 17-22, 1995, Atlanta, C;A This course will teach how to identify potential problems and

communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored, and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participat~on is encouraged and ample time is given for questlon and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Protective Coatings and LiningsSeptember 17-22, 1995, At- lanta, GA


Successful Coating and Lining of ConcreteSeptember 18-19, Atlanta, C;A

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an ovelview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 33

Contact: Angie McCoy, NACE Education Department, P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; (713) 492-8254.

ILLINOIS

Masters Degree in Coatings Technology To satisfy the demand for technical professionals in the coatings

industry at an advanced level and to provide an opportunity for Bachelor of Science level coating chemists in the Chicago area to enhance their knowledge and skill for improved levels of performance. The 12-course curriculum will require nlne quarters of study. Cost: $230 graduate tuition per credit hour.

Contact: Dr. Gregory B. Kharas, Chemistry Department, DePaul University, 1036 W. Belden Ave., Chicago, IL 60614; (312) 325- 7000, Ext. 1512 or Sec. Ext. 7420; Fax: (312) 325-7421.

The following short courses sponsored by the American Chemi- cal Society are being held in Chicago, IL:

"Dispersion of Fine Particles in Liquids," August 18-1 9, 1995; "Emulsions and Microemulsions," August 18-1 9, 1995; "Synthetic Organic Chemisq: Modem Methods and Strategy," Au-

gust 18-19, 1995; "Emulsion Polymerization," August 19, 1995; "Mechanical Behavior of Polymers: Correlation with Structure," Au-

gust 19-20, 1995; "Polymer Coatings," August 18-1 9, 1995; "Polymer Synthesis," August 18-19, 1995; "Water-Soluble Polymers: Design, Synthesis, Applications," August

18-19. 1995: . . "Experimental Design for Productivity and Quality in RiYD," August

17-19, 1995: "Good Laboratmy Practices and ISO-9000 Standards: Quality Stan-

dards for Chemical Laboratories," August 18-1 9, 1995; "Essentials of Process Validation," August 18, 1995; "Atomic Absorption, ICP and ICP-Mass Spectromeq," August 18-

19, 1995; "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy," August 18-1 9, 1995; "Interpretation of IR Spectra," August 22-24, 1995; "Interpretation of Mass Spectra," August 18-19, 1995; "Spectroscopic Characterization of Polymers," August 18-19, 1995;

and "Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy ," August 17-19, 1995 Contact: ACS Continuing Education Short Course Office at

(800) 227-5558 or (202) 872-4508; Fax: (202) 872-6336

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY (FSCT) PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

Polymer Chemistry for the Coatings Formulator-June 20-21, 1995, Chicago MamottSchaumburg, IL

This two-day seminar is designed to give up-to-date information on all aspects of polymer chemistry. Topics include: basic polymer types used for coatings, inks, and adhesives; reasons for selecting the various chemistries; a description of basic polymer make-up; ways to achieve desired properties through resin selection. Attendees will also gain a broad overview of the various types of testing methods used to determine film properties. These include thermal and me-

chanical test methods and hardness testing. Cost: FSCT m e m b e r s $295; nonmembers-$395 .

Contact: Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350; (610) 940-0777; Fax:

NATIONAL DECORATING PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION (NDPA)

Fall Decor 1995September 29-October 1, 1995, McConnick Place North, Chicago, IL

Contact: Teri Flotron, NDPA, 1050 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63132-2994.

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTUR~NG ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERA- TION WITH THE ASSOCIATION FOR FINISHING PROCESSES OF SME (AFPJSME)

On-site Refinishing and Maintenance-June 20-21, 1995, Chi, cago, IL


INDIANA

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERA- TION WITH THE ASSOCIATION OF FINISHING PROCESSES OF SME (AFPISME)

Spray Application Methods for Powder Coatings-June 5-6,1995, Indianapolis, IN

This program provides hands-on lab experience in proper spray and maintenance techniques; finetune maintenance and trouble- shoot applications. Cost: SME member $545; nonmember $645.


LOUISIANA

NACE INTERNATIONAL (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORRO- SION ENGINEERS)

Basic Corrosion-Februnry 4-9, 1996, New Orkans, LA This course will teach how to identify potential problems and

communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored, and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participation is encouraged and ample time is given for question and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Designing for Corrosion Control-November 12-1 7, 1995, New Orkans, LA

This course will provide the framework to systematically and effectively communicate the benefits of corrosion control to both the technology oriented engineering group and the financially oriented management group. It reviews the principles of corrosion and corrosion control and provides a systematic method for applying the technology of corrosion prevention to the design process. It offers an overview of the steps involved in materials selection common to many industries. It also covers the economic considerations of including corrosion control in system design and the financial prin-


ciples used in evaluating alternative material and designs. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-Nwember 20-21, 1995, New Orkans, LA

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defecw; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art. multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.


MARYLAND

SuperuismlCompetent Person for Deleading of Industrial Struc- tures-July 17-20, 1995, Baltimore, MD

This four-day lead paint abatement course encompasses both classroom discussion and hands-on learning. There are nine hours of workshop instruction. This course is designed to meet the requirements of OSHA's Lead In Construction Standard (29 CFR 1926.62) and the December 1993 compliance directive; the requirements for a certified supervisor derived from the EPA proposed rule on certification and training, and authority and responsibility of a competent person required under SSPC's QP-2. Cost: SSPC member- $700; nonmember $775 (two weeks prior); SSPC member $750; nonmember $825 (less than two weeks prior).

Contact: Dee Doyle, Steel Structures Painting Council, 4516 Henry St., Ste. 301, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3728; (412) 687-1113, Ext. 102.

MASSACHUSETTS

B.S. in Applied Chemistry: Option in Coatings and M.S. in P h - tics: Option in C d n g s B Adhesives: Fall SemesterSeptember to December; Spring Semester-January to May

These are 13-week evening programs to upgrade people working in the local coatings and adhesives industries. Courses offered are: Coatings Science and Technology 1 & 11, Adhesion and Adhesives, Rheology of Coatings, Coatings in Electronics, Polymer Science 1 & 11, Mechanical Behavior of Polymers, Colloids, Seminar, Thesis. Cosr: University tuition and fees.

Contact: Rudolph D. Deanin, Plastics Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 (508) 934- 3426; Fax: (508) 458-4141.

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-Febnrary 12-13,1996, Boston, MA

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply

coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.

Contact: Angie McCoy, NACE Education Department. P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; Fax: (713) 492-8254.

MICHIGAN

IDT 400 Polymer mul Coating Technolo&eptember to De- cember 19,1995

This 15-week course is to acquaint students on the chemistry of polymeric film formation and the use of pigments in coating technology. This program will review the various chemistries of film formation using triglyceride, alkyd, emulsion and phenolic resin and describe the utilization of hiding and nonhiding pigments with their role in pigment-binder, pigment-volume concentration, and critical pigment-volume concentration. Test methods are defined within their role of characterizing film performance. Cost: $283.

IDT 401 Polymer @ Coating Technology Lab I-September 6 to December 19,1995

This 15-week course will acquaint students with laboratoq techniques used in the coatings industry including synthesis of varnishes, alkyds and epoxy esters. Synthesize alkyds including stoichiometry of formulations; formulate paints using various triglycerides; explore various techniques of film evaluation. The above are used to acquaint students with real film performance with the chemistry of the polymers they have synthesized. Cost: $283.

IDT 402 Polymer B Coating Technology 11-Janumy 8 to April 27,1996

The objective of this 15-week course is to acquaint students with the chemistry of film formations and color technology as it applies to the coatings industry. Program will review the chemistry of film formation using isocyanates, emulsions, epoxy resins and amino resins. The concepts of solvents or waterborne along with high-solid systems is stressed. Colored pigments are introduced along with the methodologies of paint fabrication and film evaluation. Substrate pre-treatments are reviewed along with the principles of film failures. Cost: $283.

IDT 403 Polymer d Coating Technology Lab 11-January 8 to April 27,1996

This course will acquaint students with laboratory techniques in the synthesis of polymers and their use in coating technology. Syn- thesize emulsion polymers, amino resins, isocyanate prepolymers, and thermoset acrylics. Prepare finished paint systems and evaluate their films on various substrates as applied by air spray, electrostatic coil, and dip techniques. Basic principles of powder formulation including powder finish coat fabrications. Cost: $283.

IDT 460 Coating Fonnukation Concepts-January 8 to April 27, 19%

This 15-week course objective is to illustrate formulation techniques and presentation of data. Designed to instruct students on formulation techniques using software programs and accumulate literature data via the ACS base in Washington, D.C. Members of industry give presentations, thus illustrating how practicing coating

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995

chemists effectively use suppliers. Culminating student experience is to give a two-hour presentation on a specific assigned project. Cost: $283.

IDT 479A wQ Assurance Techniques for Technot- o w J a n u a r y 8 to April 27,1996

This 15-week course will acquaint students with the application of statistical process control (SPC) techniques in coating technology to achieve maximum quality assurance. The concepts and basic philosophy of SPC are presented including Control Charts, Statistic Principles, and Experimental Design. These tools are included in exercises which illustrate their proper utilization in the coating industry. Cost: $283.

Contact: Taki J. Anagnostou, Eastern Michigan University, 201 Sill Hall, Ypsilanti, MI 48197; (313) 487-1235; Fax: (313) 487- 6947.

Polymer E~~~~~~~~~ and Science I (CHM 420) (CHM 550- adhesion promoters for plastics and metals. Relationships between

Graduate)--early September to mid-December adhesion, corrosion resistance, and durability of coatings.

are compared. The effects of polymerization technique on processing characteristics are examined.

Science and Technology of Adhesion (PPE 4741574)-Fa11 1995

Provides a comprehensive view of adhesion from the baslc theory to current applications. The main types of adhesives such as epoxies, polyurethanes, acrylics, and phenolics are studied. Applications to the construction, electrical, and automotive industries are covered.

Advanced Polymer Engineering Laboratory (CHE 4631563)- Fall 1995

A new course designed to provide an in-depth study of the common testing and characterization methods such as rheometry, FTIR, stresslstrain measurements, and TGA. Lectures complement the laboratory experience, which will be based on common polymeric materials.

(Tuiti n schola shi s su or ed b the Federation of cieties for &at& ~ e c h n ~ l o ~ ~ atyasttm $ichiean Universitv 2 available for undereraduate students interested in this curriculum.)

UNIVERSITT OF DETROIT-MERCY

Provides an overview of terminology, synthesis, properties, and fabrication of polymers, and the systematic coverage of major classes of macromolecules including their preparation, properties, and uses.

Adhesion and Durability of Polymeric Coatings [Continuing Edu- cation Units (CEUs)]

Requirements for a good adhesion. Methods of promoting and maintaining adhesion. Relationship between coating resins and adhesion. Effect of adhesion on oerformance of coatines. Selection of

Polymer Engineering and Science 11 (CHM 421) (CHM 551- Graduate)--early January to mid-May

Systematic coverage of major classes of macromolecules including their preparations, properties and uses.

Surface Coatings Technology (CEUs)

Principles of formulation. Pigment dispersions. Paint dryers and additives. Formation and structure of paint films.

Selection of Paints and Plnstics in Automotive Applications (CEUs)

Mastic typeslend use. Factors in selection of plastics. Reasons for coating plastic substrates. Adhesion of coatings to plastics. Plastic surface pretreatments.

, .. , . . . . The effects of solvents and mixtures of solvents, fillers, wetting and flatting agents are related to the special requirements of coatings. The equipment required for the preparation and applications of coatings is discussed, as well as the necessary evaluation tests and the significance of these tests.

Polymer Science Coating I (CHM 425) (CHM 525-@aduate)- early September to mid-December

~~~~~~~d to relate the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of polymers with their functions as protective coatings, corn- parisons are made between coatings made with various polymers such as acrvlics, oolvesters and oolvurethanes, alkvds, and varnishes.

Polymer Science Coating 11 (CHM 426) (CHM 526-@aduate)- early January to mid-May

Problem Solving in Coatings Using Analytical Techniques (CEUs)

Dissection and analysis of coating problems. Fundamental understanding of current analytical techniques. Selection of proper instruments and accessories. Problem solving in paint manufacturing. Analysis of paint defects'

Polymer Technology for Coatings (CEUs)

Overview of basic polymer concepts. Polymers for auto coatings emphasized. Paint calculations. Relationship between polymer structure and coatings properties.

A continuation of CHM 425 includes a review of comparisons made between coatings developed with various polymers such as acrylics, polyesters and polyurethanes. The equipment required for the preparation and applications of these coatings 1s discussed, as well as the necessary evaluation tests and the significance of these tests.

These four polymer-oriented courses will be offered summer and fall 1995 terms; they are scheduled in the evening:

Polymer Rheology (PPE 438 )Summer 1995 1 Emphasizes flow phenomena for non-Newtonian materials. Steady

and unsteady flow, confined and free flow, simple shear, and exten- sional flow are studied. Mathematical models of these flow phenomena are investigated for application to design and control.

Polymerization Engineering (PPE 440 )Summer 1995 I Techniques and equipment required for the polymerization of

vinyl and divinyl monomers and formation of condensation polymers are studied. Bulk solution, emulsion, and dispersion techniques

Auto and Industrial Finish Processing (CEUs)

Cleaning and preparation. Coatings application: manual and automatic. Finish coating. Testing results.

Contact: Dr. Kurt C. Frisch or Mrs. Eleanore Eldred, Polymer Institute, University of Detroit-Mercy, 4001 W. McNichols Rd., P. 0. Box 19900, Detroit, MI 48219; (3 13) 993-1270; Fax: (313) 993- 1409; or Dr. Geoffrey Prentice, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Detrolt-Mercy, 4001 W. McNichols Rd., P.O. Box 19900, Detroit, MI 48219; (313) 993-3378; Fax: (313) 993-1187.

Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Practice-July 16-21, 1995 and July 23-28, 1995, East Lansing, MI

Contact: ACS Continuing Education Short Course m i c e at (800) 227-5558 or (202) 872-4508; Fax: (202) 872-6336.

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERA- TION WITH THE ASSOCIATION FOR FINISHINGPROCESSES OF SlME (AFPISME)


Coatings for plastics composites and aluminum will be discussed. Cost: SME member-$525; nonmember-$625.

Functional/Corrosion Resistant Coatings--October 1995 (Specific date and site to be determined)

Focuses on coatings and their applications formulated for wear and corrosion resistance.

Developing Effective Powder Coating Applications-Nwember 28- 19, 1995 (Site to be determined)

Focuses on developmg, implementing, operating and maintaining effective powder coating applications. Cost: SME member- $495; nonmember-$595.

Coating Appl ica thfor Specialty Substrates-June 12.13, 1995, Detroit, MI

Advanced Powder Systems Troubleshooting-Nwember 30, 1995 (Site to be determined)

taught at the senior undergraduatelgraduate level and includes chemistry and physics of binders, pigments, solvents, and additives for surface coatings. Pigment dispersion, coatings formulation, surface chemistry, quality control, testing of raw materials and products,

Relates to existing powder coaters who now have the basic knowl- cJge and are looking to finerune the process and cllrnlnate pn>trlerns. C u ~ t SME me~nher-$175; nonmernher-$325

Fundmnentals of Tool CoatingSeptember 12,1995, Detroit, MI

Polyurethane Coating--October 17-18, 1995 (Site to be deter. mined)

Liquid Coating Systems-November 1-2, 1995 (Site to be determined)

SPC for Paint Lines-November 14-15, 1995 (Site to be determined)

Electrocoating Applications-Nwember 28-29, 1995 (Site to be determined)

Contact: Maria Conrado, SME, One SME Dr,, Dearborn, MI 48121; (313) 271-1500, Ext. 376; Fax: (313) 271-2861.

MINNESOTA

Coating Process Fundamentals Short Course-June 28-30, 1995, Minneapolis, MN

This three-day course covers the principles by which liquid coatings are applied and solidified. Cost $1,095.

Thin Film Coatings: Topics in Coating and Drying Technology- June 26-17, 1996, Minneapolis, MN.

This two-day course for coating engineers and operators will cover the technology of coating continuous webs from fluid preparation and handling to the drying of the coated web. Cost: $950.

Contact: Susan Burke, 204 Nolte Center, 315 Pillsbury Dr., S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455; (612) 625-3530.

MISSISSIPPI

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI, DEPARTMENT OF POLYMER SCIENCE

Surface Coatings (PSC 470,470L)September to December

This four-hour lecture, one-hour lab course is designed for students with a background in organic and physical chemistry. It is

application methods, corrosion, and coatings specifications are included.

Organic Polymer Chemistry I and I1 (PSC 301,302)September to May

This course (three-hour lecture, one-hour lab each term) is a systematic study of polymers, including polymer formation techniques, kinetics, and properties, with emphasis on step and addition polymerization, and stereoregular polymerization.

Polymer Techniques (PSC 341L, 342L)September to May

Laboratory methods of polymer synthesis, structural determination, and characterization (two-hour lab each).

Polymer Rheology (PSC 360 )Sep t embe~ to December

Theory and practice of fluid flow are emphasized (three-hour lecture).

Polymer Processing I (PSC 361,361L)-January to May

Extrusion technology, reaction injection molding, blown films, and wire coating are emphasized (three-hour lecture, two-hour lab).

Physical Chemistq of Polymers I and 11 (PSC 401, 402)- September to May

Polymer structure, chain confirmation, solution properties, thermo-dynamics, fractionation, molecular weight measurement, instrumental analysis of polymers, morphology, structure-property relations are taught (three-hour lecture).

Introduction to Macromolecules (PSC 412)-June to August

An introduction to the chemistry and physics of natural and synthetic high polymers (three-hour lecture).

Polymer Kinetics (PSC 480)-January to May

Introduction to polymerization kinetics and reactor design (three- hour lecrure).

Undergraduate Research (PSC 490,49OL, 491,491L)

Individual research. Prospectus is prepared and research plan is executed with final status report required (one-hour lecture, three- hour lab each term).

Waduate Organic Polymer Chemistry I, 11, and 111 --(PSC 701, 702, 703)September to May

An in-depth study of polymer forming reactions, their scope and limitations. Relationships between molecular weight, polymer structure, and physical properties of polymers are established (three-hour lecture each).

Qaduate Polymer Physical Science, I, 11, and I11 (PSC 710, 71 1, 712)September to May

Includes such topics as light scattering, end group analysis, os- mometry, polymer fractionation, NMR, IR, UV, and visible spectroscopy, thermoanalytical evaluation, mass spectrometry, polymer chain confirmation, macromolecular solutions, molecular weight distribution, morphology, rheology, structure-property relations, and kinetics of addition-, condensation-, and copolymerization (three- hour lecture each).

Physical Properties of Macromolecular Solids (PSC 8 1 0 ) S e p - tember to December

Advance study of glassy and crystalline physical state of macromolecular solids emphasizing the influence of morphological structure (two-hour lecture).

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 37

Coatlnac Technolow ar the Univerclrv of Southern M I ~ ~ I S ~ I P D I are available for undereraduatc students Interested In this curr1cu1um.l

Polymer Physics [PSC 8 1 1)September to December

study of polymer confornation, phenomenological and molecular theories of polymer relaxation and diffusion in polymers (three- hour lecture).

con-ional ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ ( p ~ c 812) deptder to ~ ~ ~ e m b ~

Study of moleculac interactions that control polymer conformation. Molecular modeling in material design (three-hour lecture).

(Tuition scholarshios suooorted bv the Federation of Societies for

Coatings Science for Coatings Chemists-June 5-8, 1995

This is a four-day, all lecture short course emphasizing both the theory and practical aspects of the principles dictating coatings selection, design, formulation, testing, and performance evaluation. Contemporary VOC lowering technologies to develop environmentally friendly coatings are highlighted and include waterborne, high- solids, powder, and UV curable coatings. The short course teaches the principles of polymer chemistry, strategies for selection of coating components, their use level, mechanism of action, and influence on coatinn orooerties. Cost: $875.

in the manufacture of paints and related decorative and protective coatings held in conjunction with technical program sessions. The theme for this year's Annual Meeting is "Creativity +Adaptability = Gateway to Success."

Contact: Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Nomistown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350; (610) 940-0777; Fax: (610) 940-0292.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA

Coatings Science for Coatings Fmmulators-June 12-15.1995

This is a four-day short course with lectures and laboratory activities. Lectures teach formulating principles, techniques, and equipment for coatings manufacture, as well as performance testing of industrial and trade sales coatings. Polymer design and formulating strategies to reduce VOCs are highlighted. Coatings performance criteria of waterborne, high-solids, and traditional solvent-based coatings are emphasized. Lab sessions are designed to provide instruction in the use of instrumentation and techniques for manufacture, evaluation, and testing coatings performance. Lab sessions constitute approximately 50% of the course and afford participants hands-on experience in selection of raw materials based on economics and anticipated use. Emphasis is placed on the formulation, testing and reformulation of solvent, waterborne, and high-solids coatings as per ASTM and industry standards. Cost: $875.

Introduction to Powder Coatings-Augzrst 7-10, 1995

This is a four-day short course with lectures and laboratory activities. Lectures emphasize powder coatings markets, chemistry of thermoplastic and thermosetting powders, advantages and limitations of powder coatings, equipment used in the formulation, application, and curing of powders, quality control of powder coatings, and trends and new developments in powder coatings. Lab sessions constitute approximately 40% of the course and include demonstration of equipment used in the manufacture, application, evaluation, and testing of powder coating performance. The lab sessions provide participants hands-on experience in applying, evaluating, and testing powder coatings as per ASTM and industry standards. Cost: $875.

Contact: Dr. Shelby F. Thames, The University of Southern Mississippi, Box 10037, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0037; (601) 266- 4080; Fax: (601) 266-5880.

MISSOURI FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY (FSCT)

73rd Annual Meeting and 60th Paint Industries' Show, October 9-11, 1995, Cewntes Convention Center, St. Louis, MO

An educational exhibit of materials, equipment and services used

This program encompasses the standard chemistry curriculum, plus courses in coatings, surface, and polymer chemistry. It is designed to provide undergraduate training in coatings science and technology.

Students seeking coatings science specialization are encouraged to seek summer employment at a coatings-oriented firm, as well as cooperative work-study programs with such firms. Students also participate in a senior research project in polymer and coatings science. This leads to the B.S. degree in Chemistry. M.S. and Ph.D. Degree programs are also available for graduate studies.

I Chemishy and Inherent Properties of Polymers [Chem 381)

A basic study of the organic chemistry of natural and synthetic high polymers, their inherent properties, and their uses in plastic, fiber, rubber, resin, food, paper, and soap industries.

I Polymer Science Laboratory [Chem 384)

Lectures and laboratory experiments dealing with polymerization reactions, solution properties, and bulk or solid properties will be presented. Each student will prepare polymers and carry out all characterization experiments on actual samples which were prepared.

Fundamentals of Protective Coatings I (Chem 385)

Study of the basic principles of protective coatings with particular reference to the paint and varnish industry. Classification, manufacture, properties, and uses of protective coatings.

I Inorganic Polymers [Chem 401)

A study of non-traditional organic and inorganic polymers and polymerization processes. Survey and discussion of classes of inorganic polymers, their characterization, and application.

( Polymer Physical Chemistry and Analysis [Chem 484)

A study of the physical properties of macromolecular systems including polymer solutions, gels, bulk polymers, and rubbers. The chemical characterization of polymers based on their thermal, spectroscopic, microstructure, and molecular weight is also discussed.

1 Structure and Properties of Polymer (Chem E 375)

A study of the parameters affecting structure and properties of polymers. Syntheses, mechanisms, kinetic factors are emphasized from the standpoint of structural properties.

1 Corrosion and Its Prevention (Chem E 381) I A study of the theories of corrosion and their application to

corrosion and its prevention.

Chemical Engineering of High Polymers (Chem E 383)

Solution properties, molecular weight determination, and bulk properties including rheological behavior of high polymers are studied and used to explain techniques of characterization, manufacture, and processing of representative commercial types.

/ Chemical Engineering Ftuid Dpamics (Chem E 439)

I Fundamentals of Newtonian flow, non-Newtonian flow, flow

3 8 Journal of Coatings Technology

through packed beds, two-phase flow, flow around submerged ob- jects, and other related topics are discussed.

Plasma Polymerization (Chem E 475) Fundamental aspects of polymer formation in plasma (weakly

ionized gas), and properties of polymers formed by such a process will be studied.

Polymer Membranes for Separation (Chem E 476) Basic principles of transport through a polymer membrane and

transport characteristics of some polymers are studied. The selection of polymers and the method of preparing functional membranes for some separate processes are also studied. (Tuition scholarships sumorted bv the Federation of Societies for Coatines Technolorn at Universitv of Missouri-Rolla are available for undermaduate students interested in this curriculum.^

Contact: Jim Stoffer or Harvest Collier, Chemistry Department, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401; (314) 341-4419.

The Basic Composition of Coatings-Introductory Short Course- September 11-15, 1995 and March 18.22, 1996

Offered twice a year, this is a fundamental five-day course for anyone Interested in learning about coatings science, with basic information on the materials used, their manufacture, and testing. Many types of paint are studied to show: differences in composition; and quality control tests. Discussion of the chemistry of coatings includes polymer chemistry and analytical chemistry. Also covered are various types of instrumentation. Fee: $845.

Introduction to Paint Formulation-Introductory Short Course- September 25-29, 1995 and April 22-26, 1996

This five-day course is held in the Spring and the Fall, and covers basic fundamental concepts of coatings formulation. Lectures and laboratory sessions explaln and demonstrate through practice, basic raw materials used; their influence on the performance characteristics of finished coatings; manufacture and testing of coatings in the laboratory to meet the stated requirements of the job to be done with a minimum of inventory complication; limitations of plan production equipment and the variables that can be introduced when a coating is moved from the lab to the plant; simple cost accounting and systems for reducing variables in screening serles. Methods of calculating formulas that assure compliance with federal regulations are also covered. Enrollment is limited. Fee: $945.

Basic Coatings for Sales, Marketing and Cjeneral Pevsonnel-July 17-19, 1995; February 26-28, 1996; and July 15-1 7 , 1996

This three-day course is designed to aid sales and marketing personnel in a better understanding of the composition of coatings. In addition, the relationships between composition and performance characreristics are emphasized. The customer's specifications and testing techniques are related to formulation criter~a. This course will benefit paint manufacturers as well as raw materials personnel. J l i s course only will be held at the St. Louis Airport Martiott Hotel. Fee: $745.

Physical Testing of Paints and Coatings-May 13-17, 1996

This course is designed to improve quality control protocol for paints and coatings. Through m-depth lectures and laboratory workshops, you will learn how to better measure the quality of paint from the standpoint of the coating manufacturer. All tests are based on ASTM methods and other currently acceptable practices. Course notes are provided for each attendee. Lectures will concentrate on the purpose, theory, and techniques of quality assurance. Laboratory workshops will include tests on equipment discussed in lectures and how to use the equipment and techniques in your lab. Guest lecturers from industry will also provide a variety of ideas.

Contact: Michael R. Van De Mark, Director, Coatings and Poly- mer Science Program, Department of Chemistry, 142 Schrenk Hall, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, MO 65401-0249; (314) 341- 4419.

NEW HAMPSHIRE

1995 Gordon Research Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of Coatings and Films-July 23.28, 1995, New Concord, NH

This program has been designed to give an overview of new advances in the coatingslfilms field, and covers a broad specttum of topics. Session themes are: environmental compliance; UV curable coatings; degradation and stabilization of coatings; low energy surface coatings and optically active films; film formation: morphology and microscopy; film formation: kinetics and network characterization; high-solids and powder coatings; liquid crystalline films; advanced curing methods and characterization techniques. Cost: $560 registration, single room and meals; $510 registtation, double room and meals.

Contact: Charles E. Hoyle, The University of Southern Missis- sippi, Dept. of Polymer Science, Box 10076, Hattiesburg, MS 39406- 0076; (601) 266-4868; Fax: (601) 266-5504 or Gordon Research Conferences, Univers~ty of Rhode Island, P.O. Box 98, West Kingston, RI 02892-0984; (401) 783-401113372; Fax: (401) 783-7644.

NEW JERSEY

Additives for Coating (9506,422)-June 21-23, 1995 and June/ July 1996, East Bnmswick, NJ

This three-day survey type course will serve as an introduction to, and study of, additives which are basic to the development of paints, coatings, inks, and plastics. The chemical make-up of additives, the way in which they function, their purpose and methods of incorporation will be covered. Cost: $990.

Powder Mixing Technology (9509-301)September 11-14,1995 and SeptemberIOctober 1996, East Brunswick, NJ

This three-day course presents the principles and techniques of mixing free flowing or cohesive powders. Selection of suitable industrial equipment for particular mixing duties will be discussed analyzing mixer performance in terms of process advantages, mixture quality and the flexibility of the mixer for multi-product manufacture. Cost: $1,345.

Contact: Registrar, The Center for Professional Advancement, 144 Tices Lane, P.O. Box 1052, East Brunswick, NJ 08816; (908) 613-4500; Fax: (908) 238-91 13.

JOINT EDUCATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE NEW YORK SOCIETY FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY AND METROPOLITAN NEW YORK PAINT AND COATINGS ASSOCIATION

The following 14-week courses are being held at Fairleigh Dickinson University, Continuing Education Dept., Hackensack, NJ:

Basics of Coatings 1ISpring 1995 Covers application methods, curing methods, testing of raw ma-

terials and finished paints. Cost: $250.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 39

Chemistry of Coatings-Fall 1995 The composition, synthesis, and reactions of binders and other

materials used in paints is discussed. Cost: $250.

Rheology of CoatingsSpring 1996 Viscosity, surface tension and other factors affecting application,

leveling and wetting of coatings are discussed, along with factors involved in dispersion of pigments. Cost $250.

Basics of Coatings I-Fall 1996 This course covers raw materials used in coatings. Cost: $250.

Contact: Mildred Leonard, Executive Secretary, New York Soci- ety for Coatings Technology, 520 Westfield Ave., Elizabeth, N] 07208; (908) 354-3200; Fax: (908) 354-8363.

NEW YORK

Principles of Industrial Color Measurement-June 5.7, 1995, Rochester, NY

A three-day intensive short course designed to teach the color science principles necessary to make effective use of color measurement instrumentation. Key topics include spectrophotometer, derivation of colorimeter through CALEB, and CIE94 and CMC color tolerance equations. The course consists of lectures, instrument demonstrations, visual experiments, and an open laboratory session. Cost: $750.

Industrial Instrumental Color Matching-June 8, 1995, Roches- ter, NY

A one-day intensive short course designed to help participants make more effective use of computer colorant formulation systems. Key topics include spectral analyses of colorants, color matching theory, batch correction, and getting the most out of a system. The course consists of lectures, in-class formulation hand calculations, and a problem-solving session. Cost: $300.

(If registering for both of these courses, cost is $900.)

Device-Independent Color Imaging-June 12-14, 1995, Center for Imaging Science, Rochester, NY

A three-day intensive short course designed to teach methods of achieving h~gh-accuracy color for electronic imaging peripherals, so called device-independent color. Objectives: understanding the limitations of device-dependent color: RGB, CMY, CMYK; derivation of colorimetry including tristimulus values, chromaticities, L*a*b*, and L*u*v*; develop practical methods to calorimetrically characterize CRTs, scanners, and printers; evaluate systems integration using color management systems; understand the complexities of achieving color WYSIWYG. Cost: $1000.

Color-Appearance Models: Theory EP Practice-June 15-16,1995, Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY

A two-day, intensive short course covering the fundamental phenomena, techniques, and models of color appearance. Objec- tives: Definitions of Color Appearance; Review of Data and Models of Color-Appearance Phenomena; Derivation of Nayatani, Hunt, and RLAB Color-Appearance Models; Presentation of Color-Ap- pearance Model-Testmg Results; Overview of Implementation and Applications of Color-Appearance Models. Cost: $750.

(If registering for both of these courses, cost is $1500.)

Contact: Colleen M. Desimone, Munsell Color Science Labora- tory, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623-5604; (716) 475-7189; Fax: (716) 475-5988.

AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS' SOCIETY (AOCS) AND THE CHEMI- CAL SPECIALTIES MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION (CSMA)

New Horizons '95September 19-22, 1995, Omni Sagamore Resort, Bolton Landing, NY

Contact: Rebecca Richardson, AOCS, P.O. Box 3489, Champa~gn, IL 61826-3489.

NORTH CAROLINA

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERA- TION WTH THE ASSOCIATION FOR FINISHING PROCESSES OF SME (AFPISME)

Waterbmne/Ultra Viokt Coatings fw Furniture-Nmember 8-9, 1995, High Point, NC

Contact: Maria Conrado, SME, One SME Dr., Dearborn, MI 48121; (313) 271-1500, Ext. 376; Fax: (313) 271-2861.

NORTH DAKOTA

Intensive Coatings Science Course-June 5-16, 1995, Fargo, ND This course is structured to present a comprehensive, balanced

view of the subjects. This is not a symposium. Lectures and discussions are scheduled from 8:00 am through Noon and from 1:15 pm through 4:45 pm. Faculty meet with participants for optional evening discussion sessions and are available for individual or small-group discussions at meal-time and during breaks. The atmosphere is infor- mal, and our experience ~ndicates that participants will find this format highly profitable. Coverage of the following topics are offered: Chain-growth and step-growth polymerization resins, film formation, acrylic, polyester, alkyds, amine-formaldehyde resins; crosslinking, epoxy resins, urethane coatings, pigments and pigment dispersions, solvents, coatings formulation, rheology, appearance of coatings, coatings performance, powder coatings, high solids, radiation curing, corrosion and structure-property relationships. Cost: two-week attendance-$2500; one-week attendance-$1400.

The Department of Polymers and Coatings offers graduate studies leading to the M.S. degree in Polymers and Coatings, the M.S. degree in Chemistry with the major in polymers and coatings, and the Ph.D. degree in Chemistry with an option in polymers and coatings. Courses offered:

673 High Polymers

Catalysts and mechanisms in the chain-growth and step-growth synthesis of macromolecules from polyesters of the 30s to engineering polymers of the 90s.

674 Coatings I Principles of film formation, synthesis, structure-property rela-

tionships, coating solvents; pigments and their dispersion.

675 Coatings I1 Physical properties of coatings and their components; formula-

tion, design, testing, and applications; color, adhesion, and rheology.


678 Carbohydrate Polymers Variation in carbohydrate polymers, derivation of most abundant

carbohydrate polymers for industrial uses, and utilization of polymers in petroleum recovery.

684 Coatings I-Laboratory Polymer synthests, coating characterization, and properties. Labo-

ratory counterpart to P&C 674.

685 Coatings 11-Laboratory Coating formulation: testing, color measurements, synthesis, ap-

plication methods. Laboratory counterpart of P&C 675. One six- hour lab. Hours flexible.

771 Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization Modem spectroscopic (ITIR, solid state NMR, and light scatter-

ing) and physical (dynamic mechanical analysis, chromatographic, and thermal analysis) methods for characterization of polymers.

773 Organic Chemistry of Coatings Organic reactions involved in film formation and degradation.

775 Color and Appearance Topics in color and appearance in coatings, including color mea-

surements, gloss, color spaces, and color matching.

777 Water-Soluble Polymers Structure of water and tts influence on aqueous solution behavior

of polymers. Synthetic, carbohydrate, protein, and other bio-engineered water-soluble polymers.

778 Physical Chemistry of Polymers Transitions in polymers, molecular weight characterization, blend

compatibility, composite behavior, and other topics, e.g., drug release and liquid crystals. Individual seminar assignment. Introduc- tion to rheological concepts and the flow behavior of macromolecules.

782 Physical Chemistry of Coatings Surface chemistry, colloidal stability, transport phenomena, and

pigment volume concentration concepts and their application to major coating types.

Contact: Dr. Marek W. Urban, Chair & Course Director or Debbie Shasky, Program Coordinator, North Dakota State Univer- sity, Polymers &Coatings Dept., 54 Dunbar Hall, Fargo, ND 58105: (701) 231-7633; Fax: (701) 231-8439.

(3 Coatines Technolow at North Dakota State University are available for undereraduate students interested in this curriculum.)

Courses are offered by either the Department of Macromolecular Science (EMAC) or by the Department of Chemical Engineering (ECHE), as part of full academic program for B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. Degrees in Macromolecular Science and Engineering. Overall coverage of polymer science and engineering includes topics relevant to coatings science and technology, and research projects directly concerned with coatings.

Courses on the 400-level (first and second year graduate students) often are given over the Instructional Television Network

(ITN), via VCR cassette, available to students in industry for either audit or academic credtt. Call (216) 368-2982, or write ITN, CWRU, Cleveland, OH 44106.

Polymer Materials (EMAC 176) The materials properties associated with the use of synthetic and

natural polymers in films, fibers, composites, rubbers, paper, foods, etc., are described and correlated with physical and chemical structures.

Introduction to Polymer Science [EMAC 270) An introduction to the science and engineering of large mol.

ecules; correlation of molecular structure and properties of molecules in solution and bulk; control of significant structural variables in polymer synthesis; analysis of physical methods for characterization of molecular weight, and morphology.

Polymer Analysis Laboratory [EMAC 272) Experimental techniques in polymer synthesis and characteriza-

tion; synthesis by free radical emulsion, anionic and condensation polymerization; investigation of polymer structure by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, infrared, NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy; molecular weight determination by light scattering and viscosity measurement; study of chemical and mechanical properties.

Polymer Properties and Design (EMAC 276) Engineering properties of polymers and their evaluation in terms

of selectton and design procedures. The relation of properties to the chemical and physical structures of polymers and application conditions.

Polymer Engineering [EMAC 376) Mechanical properties of polymer materials as related to polymer

structure and composition. Introduction to melt theology and electrical, optical, and surface properties of polymers.

Polymer Processing (EMAC 3771477) Rheological, molecular, structural, engineering, and compound-

ing factors affecting processibility and properties of polymers; principles and procedures for extrusion, melting, calendering, injection molding, coatings, and other primary processing methods. Consider- ations of pertinent mechanisms and theories with emphasis on the application of theory to practice.

Polymer Production and Technology (EMAC 378) Enplneerlng operations for lndustr~al polymerlz.it~on procedures

F ~ n ~ s h ~ n g and fabr~cat~on ot polymers. Production and technology of plastics, elastomers, fibers, and coatings.

Polymer Processing and Properties Laboratory [EMAC 379) Experimental and industrial production techniques and practice

in mixing, plastics processing, elastomer extrusion, fiber and composites production. Testing of plastics, elastomers, fibers, coatings and composites. Maintenance and quality control. Processing project.

Macromolecular Synthesis [EMAC 470) The organic chemistry of macromolecules. The mechanisms of

polyreactions, the preparation of addition, condensation and biopoly. mers, and the chemical reactions of polymers.

Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules @MAC 472) The major areas of the physical chemistry of macromolecules are

treated; theories and experimental methods of polymer solutions, physical methods for determination of chemical structure and con- figuration.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995

Macromolecular Physics (EMAC 474) I The Scientist in the Indwcrial Environment @MAC 691) Introduction to the physics of amorphous and crystalline poly-

mers. Equilibrium elastic properties of rubbery materials. Viscoelas- ticity. The liquid-glass and glass-glass transitions. The morphology, characterization, and deformation behavior of crystalline polymers.

Applied Macromolecular Science and Engineering (EMAC 476) Properties, processing and technology of plastics, elastomers, fi-

bers, films, and coatings. The mechanical behavior of polymers related to polymer structure and composition.

X-ray Crystallography (EMAC 479) A basic description of the scattering of X-rays by crystalline and

semicrystalline solids including polymers. Techniques of structure analysis.

Polymer Composite Processing (EMAC 481) Factors affecting the selection of composite processing methods.

Characteristics and applications of compression, injection, and rein- forced injection molding of composites. Filament winding and pultusion methods.

Course conducted on a seminar basis, focusing on how R&D management plans, justifies and operates within the corporate structure and the areas which R&D encounters in so doing-finance, law, purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, and environmental control.

Surfaces and Adsorption (ECHE 464) The structure of interfaces including two-dimensional symmetry,

the thermodynamics of interfaces, nature of interactions across phase boundaries, wetting, spreading and surface energetics, adsorption on liquid and solid substrates, properties of adsorbed films; instrumental methods in surface science.

CoUoid Science (ECHE 466) Stochastic processes and interparticle forces in colloidal disper-

sions. DLVO theory, stability criteria, and coagulation kinetics. Electrokinetic phenomena. Applications to electrophoresis, filtration, flotation, sedimentation, and suspension rheology. Investiga- tion of suspensions, emulsions, gels, and association colloids.

Environmental Effects on Materials Behavior (EMSE 41 1) Aqueous corrosion; principles and fundamental concepts recog-

nition of modes; monitorine and testine methods for control and

of Adhesives, Sealants, and Coatings (EMAC 482) prediction. Applications of engineering problems, design, and economics. Mixed potential theory, principles of production, hydrogen

The principles of film formation, film application methods, and effects, and behavior in metal svstems, related fabrication factors and procedures. Relevant adhesion theo- courses also are offered in:'polymers in ~ ~ d i ~ i ~ ~ (EMAC 471); ries and practices, aspects of rheological treatments, optical and Biopolymers ( E M A C ~ ~ ~ ) ; a n d ~ ~ a r a c t e ~ z a t i o n o f ~ i o p o l y m e r s ( ~ ~ ~ ~ other factors which affect applications. The nature and properties of 475). constituent polymer materials, pigments, solvents, and other add- Contact: Charles E. Rogers, School of Engineering, Dept. of tives. Selection and design of systems for mechanical, surface envl- Macromolecular Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleve. ronmental resistance, and other properties. land, OH 44106; (216) 368-6376.

Macromolecular Synthesis I1 (EMAC 570) A series of advanced topics in methods and mechanisms of poly-

merization of synthetic and biopolymers. Coordination, emulsion, ionic, and topochemical polymerizations. Novel polymerization methods.

Physical Chemistry of Mnnomolecules I1 (EMAC 572) A series of advanced topics in the physical chemistry of polymers,

including conformational statistics of flexible chains, optical properties of polymers and the physical chemistry of biological materials and svstems.

Polymer Rheology (EMAC 575) A systematic study of deformation and flow of matter, with

emphasis on polymeric and colloidal systems; topics include rheology of non-Newtonian fluids, the flow properties of simple fluids and dispersions, linear viscoelasticity, polymer solutions and melts, and applications to processing of polymers.

Selected Topics in Macromolecular Synthesis (EMAC 670); Physics (EMAC 671); Physical Chemistry [EMAC 672); Special Topics (EMAC 690)

Content varies depending on the interests of the students and faculty. The topics presented represent advanced and special topics at the forefront of the science and engineering of polymers and polymeric systems. Courses are given on a demand basis.

Characterization of Macromolecules (EMAC 678) Laboratory experience is gained with the synthesis and character-

ization of polymers. Methods used include light scattering, viscosity infrared, circular dichroism, and NMR spectroscopy. Solid samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and differential thermal analysis.

Molecular Modeling of PolymersSeptember 14-15,1995 (tentative), Akron, OH


1 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

Paint Volatile Organic Compounds (V0C)-May 1-2,1996, Cleve- land, OH

A two-day workshop where you will learn the basic principles of ASTM methods used to measure VOC under the U.S. EPA New Source Performance Standard (NSPS). Cost: $670.

Contact: Krist~na Falkenstein, ASTM. 1916 Race St., Philadel- phia, PA 19103; (215) 299-5480; Fax: (215) 299-2610.

39th Technical Symposium-May 7-8, 1996, Cleueland, OH This two-day program of speakers and workshops is tentatively

scheduled for May 7-8, 1996. Cost: $265 (tentative). Contact: Sharie Moskaluk, The Sherwin-Williams Co., 601 Ca.

nal Rd., Cleveland, OH; (216) 566-3661.

Surface Coatings 11--Chemistry 40093 (Undergraduate); Chem- istry 5-70093 (@&te)September 9 to December 9, 1995, Kent State University's Williams Hall

1 This 15-week course is divided into three major areas: pigments, binders, and physical characterization. Topics presented are critical


plgment volume concept, whlte and extender pigments, Inorganic and organic pigments. Binder subjects include non-aqueous film- formers, water-soluble and latex polymers and surfactants. Charac- terization includes intrinsic properties, thermal analysis, diffusion rheology, and weathering techniques. Cost: $540 (tentative).

Applied Rheology for Industrial Chemists-April 22-26, 1996 Aimed at providing practitioners in the coatings, adhesives, elas-

tomers, and plastics industries with insights which will enable them to write and understand specifications, improve quality control and learn techniques in rheology. The course covers subjects related to rheology, kinematics and dynamics, dispersion, interfacial and polymer rheology, with discussions divided equally between principles and application. Fee: $850.

Dispersion of Pigments and Resins in Fluid Media-May 6-10, 1996

The chemistry and mechanical aspects of the dispersion of pigments and resins in fluid media are discussed. Subjects covered include: theoretical underpinnings of dispersion, ranging from fundamentals of dispersion preparation and modification to stabilization. Practical consequences are shown, followed by expert presentation on the operation of a variety of dispersion equipment and plant practice. Fee: $850.

Adhesion Principles and Practice for Coatings and Polymer Scien- tists-May 20-24, 1996

This course is designed for industrial scientists and technologists who encounter adhesion problems. Common problems are addressed through theoretical treatments. Closely allied with coatings, as well as rheology, the subject of adhesion is addressed by topics ranging from principles of bonding to surface chemistry, to a wide variety of mechanical properties. Adhesion principles are discussed first, then applied problems that have been solved in the industrial and academic settings. Fee: $850.

Introduction to Coatings TechnologySeptember 26-29, 1995 Presented in cooperation with Chemistry Department and Pa-

cific Technical Consultants, this introductory course is designed to help technical and non-technical newcomers understand the coatings industry, its challenges and opportunities. It covers the evolution of coatings technology and the progress the coatings industry is making in its rapid change from art to science. Coverage includes: many raw materials and their functions in both architectural and industrial finishes; regulatory restrictions, economic forces; factors that influence the composition and performance of coatings; formulation and calculat~ons Including anatomy of paint and chemicals, weight and volume relationships, testing procedures, basic quality assurance, safety, pollution control regulations, and waste management. Fee: $675.

Accelerated and Natural Weathering Techniques for Coatings and PolymersSeptember 20.22, 1995

Presented in cooperation with Chemistry Department and Por- tage Technical Consultants, this course is designed to help predict the service life of coatings and polymers by accelerated and natural weathering techniques. Lectures include the variation of accelerated and exterior testing as well as a correlation between natural weathering with various spectroscopic methods. Accelerated testing of coatings for corrosion control, along with an overvlew of laboratory accelerated weathering methods are described. Appearance performance modeling for accelerated data, weathering through FTIR spectroscopy and uses of flourescent UV in weathering are presented. Fee: $600.

Fundamentals of Chromatographic Analysis-June 5-9, 1995; June 10-14, 1996

Presented in cooperation with Chemistry Department and Varian, this course is designed to provide a coherent overview of chemical

separations via chromatographic methods. Materials included are: gas, liquid, and thin-layer methods of chromatographlc analysis. The course stresses the three techniques as complementary rather than competing processes and is a blend of fundamental information on theory and instrumentation with applications, including coatings. Fee: $850.

Surface Chemistry-Chemistry 40571-15 Weeks Theory and behavior of inorganic and organic colloidal dis-

persions and their applications to industrial chemistry. Viscosity sedimentation, diffusion, osmosis, Donnan equilibrium, light scattering, surface tension, absorption, wetting, electrical phenomena, van der Waals forces, double layer theory, and electropheresis.

Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules-Chemishy 40583-15 Weeks

An introduction to the physical chemistry of macromolecules. Subjects: molecular forces and bonding, conformation, thermodynamics, molecular weights, collegative properties, light scattering, viscosity, spectroscopy, mechanical properties, rheology, and mass transitions.

Contact: Roger Gilpin, Chairman, Kent State University, Chem- istry Department, P. 0 . Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242; (216) 672- 2032; Fax: (216) 672-3816.

Electroless Nickel '95-Nwember 6-8, 1995, Cincinnati, OH This two.and-one-half day international conference is dedicated

to expanding the use of electroless nickel by providing information that helps end-users Improve their products through the use of this versatile engineering coating. Cost: $395.

Contact: Cindy Goodridge. Products Finishing Magazine, 6600 Clough Pike, Cincinnati, OH 45244; (513) 527-8977; Fax: (513) 527-8950.

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS ( S M E ) IN COOPERA. TION WITHTHE ASSOCIATION FOR FINISHING PROCESSES OF SME (AFP/SME)

Spray Application Methods for Powder Coatings-August 28-29, 1995 and Nwember 6-7, 1995, Amherst, OH

This program provides hands-on lab experience in proper spray and maintenance techniques; finetune maintenance and trouble- shoot applications. Cost: SME member-$545; nonmember-$645.

Finishing '95 ConferenceSeptember 18-21, 1995, Cincinnati, OH

The 1995 event will be designed to focus on painting and coating issues relating to both decorative and functional coatings. This comprehensive event is dedicated to showcasing the latest applications available in finishing processes, materials, and technology. The Finishing Conference will address important issues and examine: environmental compliance, new technologies, surface preparation, powder coatings, systems design, quality, and substrates. New to this year's conference is wood finishing, corrosion resistant applications, abrasive finishing, custom coating issues, container coating, and coil coating.

Hands-on Porcelain Enamel Spray Application-Nwember 8.9, 1995, Amherst, OH


Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995

PENNSYLVANIA

Frontiers in Inorganic Polymers--October 19-20, 1995 (tentative)


26th Annual Short Course - Advances in Emulsion Polymeriza- tion and Latex Technology-June 5-9, 1995, Lehigh University, Sinclair Laboratory #7, Bethlehem, PA.

This is a one-week study of the synthesis and properties of high polymer latexes. The course is deslgned for engineers, chemists, other scientists and managers who are actively involved in emulsion work and for those who wish to develop expertise in the area. Cost: $900/week; $300/day.

Contact: Dr. Mohamed S. El-Aasser, Emulsion Polymers Insti- tute, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Bethlehem, PA 18015; (610) 758-3082; Fax: (610) 758-5880.

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

Paint Volatile Organic Compounds (V0C)-November 1-2,1995, Philadelphia, PA

A two-day workshop where you will learn the basic principles of ASTM methods used to measure VOC under the U.S. EPA New Source Performance Standard (NSPS). Cost: $670.

Contact: Kristina Falkenstein, ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadel- phia, PA 19103; (215) 299-5480; Fax: (215) 299-2610.


Basic Corrosion-April 21-26, 1996, Philadelphia, PA This course will teach how to identify potential problems and

communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored, and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participation is encouraged and ample time is given for question and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-April 22-23, 1996, Philadelphia, PA

This seminar will provide partiupants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing, and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.


Applied Powder Mechanics-July 17.19, 1995

Contact: Robert G. Cornwell, Particulate Materials Center, 147 Research Bldg. W., University Park, PA 16802-6809.

THE AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY AND THE NATIONAL BOARD OF REGISTRATION FOR NUCLEAR SAFETY RELATED COATING ENGINEERS AND SPECIALISTS

Coating Work in Nuclear Facilities-June 25-29, 1995, Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, PA

Contact: Dean M. Berger, Executive Secretary, NBR, P. 0. Box 56, Leola, PA 17540.

TENNESSEE

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTLIRING ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERA- TION WITHTHE ASSOCIATIONFORFINISHING PROCESSES OF SME ( AFPISME)

Pollution Prevention for the Finishing Industry, June 6-7, Mem- phis, T N


TEXAS STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL (SSPC)

1995 lntemational Conference and Exhibition-Nouember 10. 16, 1995, Dallns, T X

Contact: Dee Boyle, SSPC 4516 Henry St., Ste. 301, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3728; (412) 687-1113, Ext. 102.

Basic Corrosion--October 8-13, 1995; March 10-15, 1996; and June 9-14, 1996, Houston, TX

This course will teach how to identify potential problems and communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participation is encouraged and ample time is given for question and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance. $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-October 16-1 7,1995, Houston, T X

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.


Protective Coatings and Linings-March 10-15, 1996, Houston, TX


Designing for Corrosion Control-June 9-14, 1996, Houston, TX

This course will provide the framework to systematically and effectively communicate the benefits of corrosion control to both the technology oriented engineering group and the financially oriented management group. It reviews the principles of corrosion and corrosion control and provides a systematic method for applying the technology or corrosion prevention to the design process. It offers an overview of the steps involved in materials selection common to many industries. It also covers the economic considerations of including corrosion control in system design and the financial principles used in evaluating alternative material and designs. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance; $850 standard.

Contact: Angie McCoy, NACE Education Dept., P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; Fax: (713) 492-8254.

UTAH NACE INTERNATIONAL (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORRO- SION ENGINEERS)

Basic Corrosion-February 25-March 1, 1996, Salt Lake City, UT

This course will teach how to identify potential problems and communicate effectively with other corrosion professionals. It provides a basic but thorough survey of the theoretical and practical elements of controlling corrosion. Participants learn the causes of corrosion and the methods by which it can be identified, monitored, and controlled. A lecture and discussion format enhances learning and retention. Active participation is encouraged and ample time is given for question and answer periods. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Protectiwe Coatings and Linings-February 25-March 1, 1996, Salt Lake City, U T

This course will tell how to correctly write a coating and lining system specification with enough confidence and certainty to avoid the pitfalls and traps that cause coatings fa~lures. It provides theoretical and practical information on the use of coatings and linings to control corrosion and the economic benefits derived from proper selection and application. Emphasis is placed on materials, common coating failures, and economics including the presentation of a coating system proposal to management. As an exercise at the end of the course, attendees will write their own coating and lining specification for a storage tank. Cost: NACE member-$650 advance, $750 standard; nonmember-$750 advance, $850 standard.

Contact: Angie McCoy, NACE Education Dept., P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; (713) 492-8254.

VIRGINIA

Polymer Characterization: Thermal, Mechanical, and Optical- June 4-9, 1995, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

An intensive five-day short course providing laboratory experience with state-of-the-art techniques and equipment. Key topics covered are: dynamic dielectric testing; FTlR microscopy; time temperature superposition; electron and optical microscopy; thermogravimetric analysis; impact, dielectric, and tensile response; birefringence; small angle laser light scattering; fracture toughness; thermal mechanical analysis; linear dichroism; differential scanning calorimetry; wide and small angle X-ray scattering; dynamic mechanical spectroscopy; creep and failure. Cost: ACS member-$1,950; nonmenber-$2,150.

Polymer Chemishy: Principks and Practice-August 13-18,1995 and December 3-8, 1995, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA

This five-and-one-half day session covers polymer synthesis, molecular weight determination, characterization of rheological and viscoelastic behavior; Polymer structure and morphology, mechanical testing; Elastomers, plastics, and fibers; Examples from fields of adhesion and composites; Measurement of properties of polymers, which are then discussed as functions of chemical composition, molecular weight, topology, morphology, etc. Cost: ACS-$1,850 member; nonmember-$2,050.

Applied Rheobgy and Polymer ProcessingSeptember 10-15, 1995, Blacksburg, VA

Lecture-Laboratory Course.

Contact: Harold G. Walsh, Head, Dept. of Continuing Educa- tion, American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Wash- ington, D.C. 20036; (202) 872-4508; Fax: (202) 872-6336.

WASHINGTON NACE INTERNATIONAL (NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORRO- SION ENGINEERS)

Successful Coating and Lining of Concrete-November 6-7, 1995, Seattle, WA

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, multi-media techniques and ~ncludes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACEmember-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.

Contact: Angle McCoy, NACE Education Dept., P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535. Ext. 228; Fax: (713) 492-8254.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 45

AUSTRALIA <til,:

SURFACE COATINGS ASSOCIATION AUSTRALIA 0 - Surface Coatings Association Australia Conference and Exhibi- tion-July 20-22, 1995, Southern Cross Hotel, Melbourne, Aus- tralia.

Contact: Kahren Giles, Conference Manager, SCAA Confer- ence and Exhibition, The Meeting Planners, 108 Church St.. Haw- thorn, VIC 3122, Australia.

AUSTRALIAN X-RAY ANALYTICAL ASSOCIATION (AXAA), INC.

International Schools and Conference on X-ray Analytical Meth- ods-AXAA '96January 18-25, 1996, Sydney, Australia

Contact: The Secretariat, AXAA '96, GPO Box 128, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.

CANADA

TORONTO SOCIETY FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

Coating Technology-3 Semester Program-Starting September 7 , 1995 and January 4, 1996, Cjeorge Brown College of Applied Arts and Technology, Toronto; The Mohawk College, Brantford, Ontario, Canada

Semester I-Coatings Raw Materials (COAT 9120) Semester 2-Trade Sales and Architectural Coatings (COAT

9140) Semester 3-Industrial Coatings (COAT 9160) The three-semester program provides a comprehensive coverage

of basic coatings technology beginning with raw materials to finished coatings application processes. It is designed primarily for people who are already working in the industry and need to upgrade their theoretical understanding of the coatings technology, or people entering the industry. Duration is 15 weeks (each) of one three-hour lecture per week. Cost: $360 (Canadian) per student per semester (includes textbook).

Contact: Walter Fibiger, ITE Consultants, 86 Castlebury Cr., Unit 17, Willowdale, Ontario, M2H 1W8, Canada. Tel: (416) 490- 0714


Contact Angie McCoy, NACE Education Dept., P.O. Box 218340, Houston, TX 77218-8340; (713) 492-0535, Ext. 228; Fax: (713) 492-8254.

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS (SME) IN COOPERA- TION WITH THE ASSOCIATION FOR FINISHING PROCESSES OF SME (AFPISME)

Painting Systems for Industrial Applications-October 3-4,1995, Toronto, Ont.

Contact: Maria Conrado, SME, One SME Dr., Dearhorn, MI 48121; (313) 271-1500, Ext. 376; Fax: (313) 271-2861.

ENGLAND

OIL COLOUR & CHEMISTS' ASSOCIATION (OCCA)

Surcon '95 Biennial International Conferencedebtember 26-28. 1995, London, England

Contact: Ing. Chris Pacey-Day, OCCA, Priory House, 967 Har- row Rd., Wembley, HA0 ZSF, England.

FRANCE

AFTPV

Eurocoat '95September 19-21,1995, Eurexpo Conference Cen. ter, Lyons, France

Contact: E. Andre, UATCM, 5 rue Etex, F-75018 Paris, France.

MEXICO

FEDERATION OF SOCIETIES FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY

MEXICANO DE TECHNICOS EN PINTURAS Y TINTAS IN COOPERATION WITH ANAFAPYT AND INSTITUTO

1996 Latin American Coatings Show-August 15-17, 1996, Sheraton Maria Isabel Hotel, Mexico City

Contact Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422; (610) 940-0777; Fax: (610) 940-0292.

Successful Coatina and Lining of Concrete-JanuaT 15-16,1996, MEXICO SOC~ETY FOR COATINGS TECHNOLOGY oro on ti, Ont. -

This seminar will provide participants with an understanding of the methods and processes required to successfully select and apply coatings and linings to concrete surfaces. Topics addressed include an overview of the properties and weaknesses of concrete; methods for repairing defects; proper surface preparation steps; coatings for concrete; inspection, testing and related standards; specifications; and coating failures. The seminar is presented using state-of-the-art, multi-media techniques and includes lecture, discussion, and group exercises. Cost: NACE member-$525 advance, $625 standard; nonmember-$625 advance, $725 standard.

Technical Seminar '95-Reengineering far the Paint, Ink, and Coatings Industry-July 17-19, 1995, Hotel Hacienda Jurica, Queretaro, Mexico

Objective of this three-day course is to provide technical people with updated information, in order to improve manufacturing processes and technology issues. Cost: N$2,500 + I.V.A. (all included).

Contact: Ing. Beatriz Alonso Torres, Gabriel Mancera No. 309, Col. Del Valle, Mexico, D.F.; (52) 5-682-77-94; Fax: (52) 5-543-64- 88.


THE NETHERLANDS

Additives for Coating-Nwember 20-22, 1995 and Nwemberl December 1996, The Netherlands

This three-day survey type course will sewe as a n introduction to, and study of, additives which are basic to the development of paints, coatings, inks, and plastics. T h e chemical make-up of additives, the way in which they function, their purpose and methods of incorporation will be covered. Cost: $1,395 (USD).

Powder Mixing Technology-April or May 1996, The Nether- lands

This three-day course presents the principles and techniques of mixing free flowing or cohesive powders. Selection of suitable industrial equipment for particular mixing duties will be discussed analyzing mixer performance in terms of process advantages, mixture quality, and the flexibility of the mixer for multi-product manufacture. Cost: $1,475 (USD).

Contact: Registrar, The Center for Professional Advancement, Oudezijds Voorburgwal316A, 1012 GM Amsterdam, The Nether- lands; Tel. 3 1 20 6382806; Fax: 3 1 20 6202136.

First lnternothal Congress on Adhesion Science and Technology (1CAST)--October 16-20, 1995, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Contact: ICAST '95, P.O. Box 346,3700 A H Zeist, The Nether- lands.

NEW ZEALAND

SUFACE COATINGS ASSOCIATION NEW zEALAND @ (SCANZ)

Surface Coatings Association New Zealand Convention-July 27- 30, 1995, Sheraton Rotorua, New Zealand

Contact: National Convention Convenor, SCANZ, P.O. Box 5192, Auckland, New Zealand.

SOUTH AFRICA ,*I .D/

O r &I Co~oun C ~ r ~ i n s ' ASSOCIATION (OCCA) @ Coatings for Africa '96--March 25-26, 1996, Cape Town Civic Centre

Contact: Chris Pacey-Day, OCCA, Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd., Wembley HA0 2SF, England.

Additives ................................................................................................ 39.47 Adhesion ............................................................................ 32,35,36,42,43,47 AFTP Amer' American Nuclear Soclety ....................... .. ........................................ 44 American Oil Chemists Society ................................................................. 40

. . . . . . . . . . . American Soclety for l'r\tlna and M~terlak 41.44 Aus~ral~an X,Kay An.+lyr~<~l h\-11r13tton ...... 46

Cal Poly State Univers. 3 1 Case Western Reserve 41 The Center for Professional Advancement .......................................... 39,47 Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association ................................... 40 Cleveland society for Coatings Technology ............................................... 42 Coattngs Chemistry ................... ... ............................ 31,37.38,39,40,42 Colloid Science ...................... .. ................................................. 32,35,42 Color Measurement ............................................................................. 40,41 Corrosion Control ......................................................... 31,32.33,34,37,38.44

....................................................................................... DePaul University 34 D~persion ................................................................................................... 34

Eastern Michigan University 35 ..................................................................................... Electrocoating 33,37

........................................................................................ Electroless Nickel 43

Federation of Societtes for Coatings Technology ........................ 32,34,39.46 Formulating .................... .. ................................................. 32,34,35,38,39

Gordon Research Conference .................................................................... 39

Institute of Materials Science ..................................................................... 32 Inventory Control ....................................................................................... 32

Kent State University ................................................................................. 42

.......................................................................................... Lead Abatement 32 Lehigh Univenlty ........................................................................................ 44

Macromolecu Mexico Socie Munsell Labs

NACE lnternationa 1.32,33,34,35,44,45

.............................................. National Decorating Products Assoclat~on 34 National Pant and Coatings Association .......................................... 31,32 New York Society for Coatings Technology ............................................ 39

............................................................... North Dakota State University 40

Oil and Colour Chemists' Association Organic Chemlstly ...................... ... .................................................. 31,34

.................................................................... Pennsylvania State University 44 .......................................................................................... Physical Testing 39

...................................................................................................... Plgments 32 Polymer Chemistry .............................. 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,40,41,44,45

................................................................................ Polyurethane Coatings 37 Powder Coatings ........................................................................... 31,34.37,38 Powder Mixing ..................................................................................... 39,47 Production PI 2 Products Finis 3 Protective Co 8

Statistical Process Control ......................................................................... 37 .................................................... Steel Structures Painting Council 32,35,44

................... Surface Coatings ......... 7 Surface Coatings Assxiation Australi 6

........................................................................................ Thermal Analysis 32 Thin Film Coatings .................... .. ........................................................... 37

................................................. Toronto Society for Coatings Technology 46

..................................................................... University of Detroit - Mercy 36 ................... ............................... University of Massachusetts - Lowell ... 35

University of Minnesota University of Missouri -

.......................... .............................................. Waterborne Coatings ... 40

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 47

FSCT Publications Order Form Order From: Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology 492 Norristown Road, Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350 Phone: (610) 940-0777 FAX: (610) 940-0292

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" F i l m FormationD-Z.W. Wicks. Jr. ' R a d i a t i o n Cured Coatings"-J.R. Costanza. A.P. Silveri. and J.A. Vona ' I n t r o d u c t i o n to Polymers and Resins"-J. Prone " C o i l Coatings"-J.E. Gaske " C o r r o s i o n Protection by Coatings"-Z.W. Wicks. Jr. " M e c h a n i c a l Properties of Coatings"-L.W. Hill " A u t o m o t i v e Coatings"-B.N. McBane " C o a t i n g Film Defectsm-P.E. Pierce and C.K. Schoff " A p p i i c a t i o n of Paints and Coatinas"-S.B. Levinson " O r g a n i c Pigments"-P.A. Lewis " I n o r g a n i c Primer Pigments"-A. Smith " M a r i n e Coatings"-H.R. Bleile and S. Rodgers " S e a l a n t s and Caulksm-J. Prane v A e r o s ~ a c e and Aircraft Coatings"-A.K. Chattopadhyay and M.R. Zentner * I n t r o d u c t i o n to Coatings Technologyn-A. Brandau " C a t i o n i c Radiation Curing"-J. Koleske " R h e o l o g y " - - C . K . Schoff * ~ o w d e ; ~ o a t i n ~ s " - ~ . ~ . Jilek " I n t r o d u c t i o n to Pigments"-J.H. Braun " P a i n t i n g of Plastics"-R.A. Ryntz * M e t a l Surface Characteristics Affecting Organic Coatings"-B M. Perfetti " C o l o r and Appearance"-P.E. Pierce and R.T. Marcus

w Audio/Visual Presentations C a u s e s of Discoloration in Paint Films ($40.00) I n t r o d u c t i o n to Resin Operations ($65.00) A Batch Operated Mini-Media Mill ($60.00) - Operat~on of a Ven c a Sand MI ($75 W ) L a ~ o r a t o r y Test Proced-res (VnS Formot) ($50 00) V O C Determinatlon Test Procedures (VHS Format) ($50.00)

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Mexico: CBsar Fuentes. ANAFAPYT. Gabriel Mancera 309. Col. Del Vaile. 03100 Mexico. D.F.. Mexico

Circle No. 2 on the Reader Service Card 2/95

T his digest of current regulatory activi?, pertinent to the coatings industry is

published to inform readers of actions which could affect them and their fim, and is designed to provide sufficient data to enable those interested to seek additional information. Material is supplied by Natlonai Paint and Coatings Association, Washing- ton, D.C. The Regulatory Update is made available as a service to FSCT members. to assbt them in making independent inquiries about matters of particular interest to them. Although all reasonable steps have been taken to ensure the reiiabiliv of the Regulatory Update. the FSCT cannot guarantee its completeness or accuracy.

Environmental Proteclon Agency May 4,1 995-60 FR 22228 Stay of Federal Water Quality Crlte-

ria for Metals Action: Administrative stay

In December 1992, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated water quality criteria for toxic pollutants in order to protect human health and aquatic life in 14 states that had not adopted the necessary toxics criteria as required by the Clean Water Act. Some of the criteria are for protection of aquatic life from the effects of metals in the water. After EPA promulgated the rule, EPA issued a new policy for setting water quality criteria for metals.

In order to allow permitting authorities in the states covered by the rule the flexibility to follow EPA's new policy, the agency is staying the effectiveness of specific metals criteria promulgated in the rule. The stay will remain in effect until EPA promul- gates new metals criteria for the states covered by the rule.

The metals covered by the administrative stay are: arsenic, cadmium, chromium (Ill), chromium (Vl), copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, and zinc. The stay is effective April 14,1995.

For further information, contact Tim Kasten, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water (4304), U.S. EPA, 401 M St., S.W., Wash- ington, D.C. 20460, (202) 260-5994.

Depadment of Labor Occumtional SafeW and

~ealth ~dministrbtion May 1,1995-60 FR 21058 Rules of Procedure Action: Notice of proposed

rulemaking The Occupational Safety and

Health Review Commission is proposing to revise its rules governing simplified proceedings and to institute

a pilot E-Z Trial program. This program would be instituted on a limited basis for a one-year trial period. After the trial period, the commission would evaluate the results and determine whether it should continue the E-Z Trial program and, if so, what modifications should be made.

As the name implies, E-Z Trial would simpliFy and accelerate the adjudicative process for cases that warrant a less formal, less expensive process. The most significant change to the rules would strengthen the role of commission judges in determining whether a case is tried under simplified proceedings. The commission has concluded that the current under- utilization of simplified proceedings could be remedied through a mechanism by which the chief administrative law judge or the judge assigned to an individual case could unilaterally direct that a case be tried under simplified proceedings. Thus, under the E-2 Trial program, the commission's chief judge would have the authority to determine whether a case would proceed by either conventional proceedings or the E-2 Trial program. This should result in greater use of simplified proceedings while preserving the use of conventional proceedings where needed.

E-Z Trial should reduce the time and expense of litigation in such cases. However, the presiding judge may discontinue E-Z Trial proceedings and reinstate conventional procedures if the case no longer is appropriate for the simplified rules. In this way, the commission can provide efficient, user-friendly adjudication, while assuring that due process is met and a hearing is conducted that meets the requirements of the Administra- tive Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 554, 556. At any time, any party may request that conventional rather than

E-Z Trial proceedings be used. Discontinuance of EaZ Trial is at the discretion of the judge after consultation with the chief judge. At the conclusion of an E-Z Trial proceeding, a party may file a petition for discretionary review if they can establish that they have been materially prejudiced either by the use of E-Z Trial rather than conventional proceedings or by a lack of due process during those proceedings.

For further information, contact Earl R. Ohman, Jr., General Counsel, Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, (202) 606-5410.

Environmental Proteclon Agency May 4,199560 FR 22229 Water Quality Standards; Establish-

ment of Numeric Criteria for Prior- ity Toxic Pollutants; States Com- pliance--Revision of Metals Cri- teria

Action: Interim final rule, notice d data availability and request for comments. The administrative stay granted for

federal water quality criteria for metals was in effect for one day before the U.S. EPA published an interim final rule.

EPA is promulgating new aquatic life metals criteria for nine states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. The interim final rule establishes metals criteria that are protective of aquatic life and approximate better than the 1992 criteria the biologically available fraction of waterborne metals to aquatic organisms. Use of the new metals criteria will allow permitting authorities to establish effluent limitations based on the new criteria rather than the 1992 criteria which EPA now considers to be more stringent than necessary to protect designated uses for aquatic life.

The interim final rule (effective April 15, 1995) will stay in effect

while EPA considers public comments and develops a final rule. Needless to say, the interim final rule terminates the administrative stay mentioned previously.

Comments will be accepted until July 3, 1995. An original and three copies of comments should be addressed to Revision of the National Toxics Rule-Dissolved Metals Criteria, Comment Clerk, Water Docket (MC-4101). U.S. EPA, 401 M St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.

For further information, contact Tim Kasten, (202) 260-5994.

Environmental Protection Agency March 23, 1995-60 FR 15264 Consumer and Commercial Prod-

ucts: Schedule for Regulation Action: Notice of the consumer and

commerciol product category list and schedule for regulation EPA has published ailst of

consumer and commercial products identified for possible regulation and a schedule for the promulgation of such regulations. Under section 183(e) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), the EPA is required to conduct a study of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the use of consumer and commercial products to assess their potential to wntribute to violations of the national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for ozone, and to establish criteria for products subject to regulation under that section.

Under section 183(e), the EPA is required to list and schedule for reeulation those categories of oroducts r ~ - ~ ~ ~ -

that the administrator determines account for at least 80% of the total VOC emissions, on a reactivity adjusted basis, from consumer and commercial products in areas classified as nonattainment for ozone. Althoueh this notice identifies -~~ -~

consumer and commercial products that potentially could be regulated, this list and schedule may be amended as further information becomes available or is submitted to the EPA. The public will have an opportunity to comment on the listing and possible regulation of a particular product at the time the EPA proposes to regulate that particular product.

This notice does not represent final agency action. Final agency action occurs upon publication of a final regulation for each product. Products scheduled for regulation:

Grwp I Consumer products

Shipbuilding and repair coatings ........................... 1997

Aerospace coatings ............... 1997 Architectural coatings .......... 1997 Autobody refinishing

coatings ........................... 1997 Aerosol spray paints ............. 1997 Wood furniture coatings ....... 1997

(Group I includes product categories of which some have regulatory activities [rules or guide. lines] already underway.)

Group I1 Lithographic printing

materials .......................... 1999 Industrial cleaning

solvents ............................ 1999 Flexible package

printing materials ............ 1999 Flat wood

paneling coatings ............ 1999

Grwp Ill Miscellaneous metal

products coatings ............. 2001 Large appliance coatings ...... 2001 Fiberglass boat manufacturing

materials .......................... 2001 Miscellaneous

industrial adhesives ......... 2001

Grwp IV Paper, film.

and foil coatings .............. 2003 Letterpress printing

materials .......................... 2003 Plastic parts coatings ............ 2003 Metal furniture coatings ....... 2003 Auto and light truck

assembly coatings ............ 2003

For further information, contact Bruce Moore, Coatings and Consumer Products Group, Emission Standards Division (MD-13), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 277 11, (919) 541-5460.

Deparlment of Justice Drug Enforce- ment Administration

April 19,199560 FR 19509 Records, Rep& and Exports d Usted

Chemicals Action: Final ~ l e

The Drug Enforcement Adminis- tration is add~ng methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as a List I1 Chemical under the controlled substances act (CSA). This action is based on substantial evidence that MIBK is increasingly being used as a solvent in the production of cocaine hydrochloride during the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride. The recent steps by the government of

Columbia to control MIBK further support this action. MIBK is used in the manufacture of paints, glues, and cleaning agents.

This action will only affect specific types of transactions which are greater than 500 gallons or 1523 kilograms of MIBKdestined for countries in the Western Hemisphere (with the exception of transactions destined for Canada). These transactions include ( I ) export transactions; (2) intema- tional transactions in which a U.S. broker or trader participates; and (3) transshipments through the United States. The rule is effective May 19, 1995.

For further information, contact Howard McClain, Jr., Chief, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, Office of Diversion Control, Drug Enforce- ment Administration, Washington, D.C. 20537 at (202) 307-7183.

Senate Passes Product UaMlity Bill-The full Senate passed legislation on May 10 that would overhaul the nation's product liability laws. It has been over a decade since product liability reform was first attempted by Congress. Manufacturers have propelled consistent legislative attempts at reform maintaining that costly product liability litigation has kept them from expanding into new markets and developing new products. The increasing costs are then passed on to consumers.

The legislation, H.R. 956, caps punitive damage awards by juries at $250,000 or twice compensatory damages, whichever is greater. However, it also lets judges override those limits in cases of blatant negligence or disregard for public safety. Small businesses would never have to pay more than $250,000.

Under the legislation, defendants would be granted an automatic right to a retrial if a judge increased a punitive damage award. However, certain Senators have insisted on removing that language during conference. The bill also establishes a dispute resolution procedure to encourage out-of-court settlements.

This bill is narrower in scope than the bill passed in March by the House in that it only caps punitive damages in disputes over faulty products. The House bill caps damages in medical malpractice suits and all civil litigation. A House/Senate conference committee will now be assigned the arduous task of reconciling a final bill that pleases both sides.

(24 categories) .................

49A

?'. , ! ,

Clean Water Bill Debated on " in response to complaints from 534, aims to balance the interests of House Floor-The House is in the businesses, states, and localities that the importing states with those of process of debating legislation that the law has lead to overly burdensome states looking for lower dumping rates. would rewrite the country's primary and expansive requirements. Among One section of the bill authorizes clean water law to eliminate what the GOP argues are supe*luous regulations.

At press time, the bill (H.R. 961) was being considered under an open rule, which means that any member can offer any amendment at any time. There are dozens of amendments still to be offered.

States Proposed Legislation and Regulations ALABAMA ARIZONA feasible. The governor signed the bill

Air Q d t y (Regulation)-A final Air Qdity (Regulation)-The on April 19.

The legislation seeks to ease some legislation that would provide relief to to continue to guarantee disposal fundamental anti-pollution mandates certain states that receive shipments facilities a flow of business.

of out-of-state garbage. The bill, S.

EPA published its regulatory agenda in the May 8 Federal Register. Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) the following actions and deadlines were scheduled: Toxic Substances Conhd Act

Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM) on TSCA Chemical Use Inventory Project, August 1995. NPRM on lead hazard standards, June 1996; final action. December 1997. NPRM on disposal of lead-based paint abatement waste, September 1995. NPRM on evaluation of products for lead-based paint activity, December 1995, final action, December 1996. NPRM on lead-based paint, renovation and remodeling training and certification rule, December 1995; final

action, October 1996. NPRM on lead-based paint, hazard disclosure pamphlet rule, March 2, 1994; final action, September 1995. NPRM on lead-based paint training and accreditation, model state plans, September 2, 1994; final action, October

1995. NPRM for PCB amendments rule for exemptions from the ban on manufacturing, December 6,1994; final action,

December 1996. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act

NPRM for expansion of facility coverage under TRI, December 1995. NPRM for mandatory pollution prevention reporting for TRI, September 25,1991, supplementary NPRM, July

1995; finalization of Form R, December 1995. NPRM for TRI chemical list expansion, January 12, 1994; final action, November 30, 1994, final action, deferred

chemicals, March 1996.

other provisions, the measure would authorize $2.5 billion annually for revolving loans for state water quality projects. Final action by the House is expected later this month.

Full Senate Considen Interstate WasteIFlow Control Legislation- The Senate is currently debating

ARKANSAS Hazardous Waste (Regulation)-A

final rule adopted by the Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology (DPCE) modifies design and operating standards for wood treatment facilities and incorporates by reference federal requirements for hazardous waste. Contact Mike Bates, DPCE, 570-2891.

A proposal of the Arkansas D E E would amend standards for the control of volatile organic vapor emissions from hazardous wastes stored in tanks, surface impoundments, or containers. Contact Tom

rule of the Alabama Department of Environmental Management (DEM) amends requirements for areas that attain the national ambient air quality standard and for sources subject to new source performance standards. The regulation was effective April 27. Contact Tommy Bryan, DEM, (205) 270-5606.

Led-AL H. 296 (Johnson) authorizes the development of a program relating to indoor lead hazard reduction and requires the certification of persons engaged in lead abatement activities. The legislation was introduced on April 20 and sent

monies to local governments that issued bonds to build incinerators, landfills and other disposal sites. A 1994 Supreme Court decision impeded state and local plans that direct waste to designated dumps. The bill would allow municipalities that formally initiated these arrangements or built facilities before May 15, 1994,

the Committee On cleanup standards to be technically Ezell, DPCE, (501) 570-2862,

Arizona Department of Environmen- tal Quality (DEQ) adopted a regulation which changes prevention of significant deterioration particulate increments to the equivalent PM-10 limits. The rule went into effect on February 28. Contact Martha Seaman, DEQ, (602) 207-2222.

Solid Waste (Regulation)-The ~~i~~~~ DEQ announced its intention to establish fees for the review of solid and special waste plans. Contact Martha Seaman, DEQ, (602) 207-2222.

Solid Waste--AZ H. 2197 (gowen) requires

CALIFORNIA CONNECTICUT Graffiti-FL H. 337 (Villalobos)

Hazardous W a s t e X A S. 352 (Wright) exempts solid waste or recycling facilities that process empty aerosol cans and de minimis quantities of nonempty aerosol cans from the requirement to obtain a hazardous waste facilities permit. On May 4, the bill was approved by the Senate and sent to the Assembly.

An emergency rule adopted by the California EPA creates a consolidated program for hazardous materials and waste management by integrating requirements for programs such as hazardous waste generators, underground storage tanks, onsite tier permitting, and hazardous waste release response. The regulation went into effect on March 7. Contact Joan Ferber, CalEPA, (916) 324-9933.

Hazardous Waste Transportation (Regulation)-A final regulation of the Califomia Highway Patrol (CHP) incorporates federal hazardous waste transportation requirements for packaging, hazard communication and spill reporting. The rule was effective on April 5. Contact Steve Brown, CHP, (916) 327-3310.

Occupational Safety and Health (Regulation-The California Occupational Safety and Health Standards Board (OSHSB) adopted an amendment which establishes requirements for controlling employee exposure to airborne contaminants. The rule was effective April 19. Contact Steven Jablonsky, OSHSB, (916) 322-3640.

COLORADO Air Quality (Regulation)-The

Colorado Air Quality Control Commission (AQCC) repealed specific provisions of an emergency rule which required maximum achievable control technology determinations to be made on a case- by-case level for air pollution sources that construct, reconstruct, or modify their operations. Contact AQCC, (303) 692-3100.

A proposal of the Colorado AQCC would incorporate amendments to the federal prevention of significant deterioration standards by replacing the total suspended particulate increment with PM-10. Contact AQCC, (303) 692-3100.

The Colorado AQCC proposed a rule which would incorporate federal hazardous organic NESHAP and general hazardous air pollutant requirements. Contact AQCC, (303) 692-3100.

Toxics-in-Packaging4 H. 6880 (Committee on the Environment) allows the use of packaging which incidentally retains small amounts of heavy metals in the components. On April 26, the bill was approved by the House and sent to the Senate.

DELAWARE Hazardous Waste (Regulation)-A

final rule adopted by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC) incorporates modifications of the federal hazardous waste program, including burning hazardous waste in industrial furnaces and exporting hazardous waste. The regulation will go into effect on July 26. Contact KarenJ'Anthony, DNREC, (302) 739-3689.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Solid Waste (Regulation)-The

Council of the District of Columbia (CDC) has enacted a solid waste management rule, effective March 23, which sets up application fees; bans open solid waste facilities; and prohibits the construction, operation, or modification of existing solid waste facilities without a permit. Contact CDC, (202) 724-8050.

FLORIDA Air Quality (Regulation)-The

Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) adopted regulations which extend the due date of operation permits for stationary air sources and of air permit applications submissions for Title V sources. The rules went into effect on April 2. Contact Lany George, DEP, (904) 488-01 14.

A final regulation of the Florida DEP concerning air pollution permits specifies permit procedures and criteria, establishes recordkeeping and reporting requirements, and sets up notification requirements. The rule was effective April 18. Contact Beth Hardin, DEP, (904) 488-0114.

Advance Disposal Fee (Regula- tion)-A final rule adopted by the Florida DEP clarifies how individuals who were exempted from the advance disposal fee will demonstrate that they met the recycling goals upon which the exemptions were based. The regulation was effective March 29. Contact Celso Alaisa, DEP, (904) 488-0300.

requires that the court revoke, or suspend issuance of, a minor's driving privilege if the minor is convicted of placing graffiti on public or private property. The bill was substituted by S.B. 520 on April 25.

FL S. 520 (Diar-Balart) requires that the court revoke, or suspend issuance of, a minor's driving privilege if the minor is convicted of placing graffiti on public or private property. The bill, which was substituted for H. 337, was sent to the governor for signature on May 1.

Pollution Prevention (Regulation)- The Florida Department of Revenue (DOR) proposed a rule which would eliminate provisions regarding exemptions for equipment used for pollution control before July 1, 1969, as well as the taxability of such equipment. Contact Charles Strausser, DOR, (904) 488-6387.

Water Quality (Regulation)-The Florida DOR has issued a proposal which would repeal regulations to eliminate certain provisions concerning the pollutants tax. Contact Charles Strausser, DOR, (904) 488- 6387.

HAWAII Graffiti-HI H. 819 (Cachola and

Chun) provides a civil penalty for criminal property damage to public property by a minor and holds the minor's parents jointly and severally liable for any civil fine. The bill was sent to the governor on May 1.

IDAHO Air Quality (Regulation)-The

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (DHW) announced its intention to exempt volatile methyl siloxanes from air pollution control regulations. Contact Tim Teater, DHW, (208) 334-5898.

Hazardous Waste (Regulation- The Illinois Pollution Control Board (PCB) has issued proposed regulations dealing with hazardous waste management and disposal, which would, among other things: (1) update hazardous waste underground injection control requirements; (2) incorporate federal hazardous waste management requirements for air emissions methods and phase I1 land disposal testrict~ons; (3) update hazardous waste listings; (4) incorporate air emission requirements for

tanks, containers, and surface impoundments; (5) amend procedures for issuing hazardous waste permits; (6) revise permit requirements for demonstrating compliance with air emissions standards; and (7) add air emission requirements applicable to hazardous waste generators who place the waste in tanks or containers. Contact Michael McCambridge, PCB, (312) 814-6924.

Lead-IL H. 2330 (Zickus and Lyons) provides that physicians shall screen children through six years of age for lead poisoning who live in high risk areas. The legislation passed the House on April 20.

Solid Waste (Regulation)-A final rule adopted by the Illinois Office of the State Fire Marshal (OSFM) eliminates certain general requirements for underground storage tanks (USTs), updates financial responsibilities for USTs, and grants the authority to certify UST contractors. The rule was effective on April 1. Contact James McCaslin, OSFM, (217) 785-1020.

INDIANA Air Qdty-1N H. 1598 (Bosma)

allows a county having a consolidated city to establish an air permit program that complies with the federal Clean Air Act and to obtain approval as an independent program from the U.S. EPA. The governor signed the legislation on May 1.

The lnd~ana Department of Environmental Management (DEM) proposed regulations which would establish volatile organic compound (VCC) emissions limits, and monitoring, compliance and recordkeeping requirements for wood furniture coatings operations in specific counties and for dip or flow operations at miscellaneous coatings operations. Contact Patricia Troth, DEM, (317) 233-5681.

Occupntiaal Safety and Health-IN H. 1399 (R. Young) requires the implementation of any new voluntary protection program offered by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) within 60 days of the program's availability. The governor signed the legislation on May 1.

IN S. 427 (Thompson) provides that at the completion of an occupational safety and health inspection, the inspector shall provide the employer with information concerning the results of the inspection and

the appeal proc ss. On April 24, the Senate concurrld with the House amendments. I

Water Qualitj (Regularion)-The Indiana Water Pollution Control Board (WPCB) adopted a final rule which clarifies procedures to obtain a variance from current water quality' standards which are part of the basis of the national pollutant discharge elimination system permit. The rule went into effect on March 17. Contact WCB, (317) 232-8476.

IOWA Lead-IA S. 452 (Judiciary

Committee) provides for measures related to lead inspection and abatement. On April 18, the bill was withdrawn from further consideration.

KENTUCKY Air Quality (Re&tion)-Final

rules adopted by the Kentucky Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) incorporate by reference the federal national emission standard for equipment leaks and federal maximum achievable control technology compliance extensions for hazardous air pollutant sources that comply with voluntary provisions. The regulations were effective February 22. Contact John Hornback, DEP, (502) 573-3382.

Hazardous Waste Transpunation (Re&tion)-The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KTC) announced plans to issue a proposed rule which would incorporate federal requirements regarding hazardous waste transportation. Contact Sandra Pullen, KTC, (502) 564-4890.

Occupational Safety and Health (Regulation)-The Kentucky Department of Workplace Standards (DWS) issued a notice that it will propose a rule which would incorporate federal requirements for hazard communication. Contact William Ralston, DWS, (502) 564-2778.

LOUISIANA Lead-LA H. 1442 (S.H. Theriot)

makes changes in the lead hazard reduction, licensure, and certification program. On May 1, the bill passed the House.

LA H. 1838 (Flournoy) requires the establishment of a statewide program for the prevention and treatment of lead poisoning. The legislation passed the House on May 1.

MAINE Air Quality (Regulation)-A final

rule of the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) amends current regulations for reasonably available control technology (RACT) standards for facilities which emit or have the potential to emit at least 40 tons of V O O per year. Among other things, the regulation: (1) indicates applicability of the requirements; (2) offers specific VCC RACT alternatives; (3) specifies requirements for alternative plans; and (4) details recordkeeping and reporting requirements. The rule went into effect on February 15. Contact Deb Avalone-King, DEP, (207) 287-2437.

Automotive Refinishing-ME S. 492 (Bustin) requires that automobile refinishing facilities be located outside residential zones and at least 300 feet from any home, that all coating and refinishing operations take place in a completely enclosed building, and that the state enforce VCC and hazardous air pollutant emission standards for such facilities. Intro- duced on April 13, the bill was sent to the Joint Committee on Natural Resources.

Lead-ME S. 528 (Berube and Daggett) limits the liability of landlords for lead poisoning to $250,000 unless the landlord had actual notice of conditions likely to cause lead poisoning and refused to take corrective action. The bill was introduced on May 2 and referred to the Joint Judiciary Committee.

MARYLAND Occupational Safety and Health

(Regulation)-A proposal issued by the Maryland Department of Licensing and Regulation (DLR) would incorporate federal modifications of current hazard communication requirements, specifically indicating that hazardous materials are exempt only when they are fully regulated by the U.S. EPA. Contact DLR, (410) 333-4184.

Occupational Safety and Health- MD H. 259 (Bawe) prohibits the assessment of a fine for occupational safety and health violations if the violation is a nonserious first offense, is identified during a first inspection and the employer corrects the violation within 30 days. On April 10, the legislation was sent to the governor.

MASSACHUSETTS Community Right-to-K-MA

H. 3188 (Petersen), among other things, provides warnings of significant health risks from toxic chemicals; requires warnings from persons that knowingly expose individuals through products to toxic substances; and educates and informs consumers about harmful chemicals and products. The bill was introduced on Februav 14 and referred to the Joint Committee on Natural Resources and Agriculture.

MINNESOTA Lead-MN S. 801 (Berglin)

requires statewide lead surveillance system and reporting, sets inspection standards, and establishes license and certification requirements for lead contractors and inspectors. On April 10, the legislation was amended and released from the Senate Committee on Jobs, Energy, and Community Development.

Solid Waste-MN S. 1614 (Finn) changes sales tax provisions relating to solid waste collection and disposal services and applies the tax to mixed municipal solid waste management services instead. On April 3, the legislation was introduced and referred to the Senate Committee on Taxes and Tax Laws.

MISSOURI Air Quality (Regulation)-The

Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR) issued final regulations which limit the VOC content of traffic coatings and the emissions from solvent cleanup operations in the St. Louis metropolitan area. Contact Roger Randolph, DNR, (314) 751-4817.

MONTANA Air Quality (Regulation)-A final

rule adopted by the Montana Board of Health and Environmental Sciences (BHES) amends current requirements for air quality operating permits. Among other things, the regulation: (1) incorporates federal operating permit requirements; (2) grants the authority to issue permits to stationary sources that would not otherwise need a preconstruction permit; and (3) conforms to the federal standards for operating permits. The rule was effective on April 14. Contact Yolanda Fitzsimmons, DHES, (406) 444-2544.

NEVADA safety requirements, provided that the

Air Quality (Regulation)-A tempo* air quality rule adopted by the Nevada State Environmental Commission (SEC) modifies reporting requirements for excess emissions, extends deadlines for various pro;isions, and grants the authority to setup a list of insignificant activities based on de minimis emissions. The regulation went into effect on April 6, 1995 and will expire on November 1, 1995. Contact David Cowperthwaite, SEC, (702) 687-4670.

Warn Quality (Regulation)-The Nevada SEC adopted a temporary rule which amends current water quality regulations by removing the requirement that effluent limitations be expressed in weight on discharge permits and allowing water pollution discharge permits to include compliance schedules. The regulation was effective April 6 and will expire on November 1,1995. Contact David Cowperthwaite, SEC, (702) 687-4670.

- NEW HAMPSHIRE AH Quality (Regulation)-A

proposal issued by the New Hamp- shire Air Resources Division (ARD) would establish compliance standards for VOC-emitting facilities, including operations in the following categories: plastic parts coatings, wood furniture coatings, metal coil coatings, and gunstock coatings. Contact Susan Collins, ARD, (603) 271-7874.

An interim rule of the New -

Hampshire Department of Environ- mental Sciences (DES) re-adopts amendments dealing with improving

manufacturer petitions the Commis- sioner. On April 25, the legislation was approved by the House

Water Quality (Regulation)-A final regulation of the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Sciences (DES) sets procedures for issuing certification under the federal Clean Water Act for individuals who conduct activities that may result in a discharge into navigable waters. The rule was effective March 10, 1995 and will expire on March 10, 2001. Contact George Berlandi, DES, (603) 271-2458.

NEW JERSEY AH Quality (Re&tion)-The New

Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) has proposed to amend regulations by changing the definition of VOC in order to conform with federal revisions to the Clean Air

.Act. Contact Janis Hoagland, DEP, (609) 292-0716.

Gemal Permits (Regulation)-A final rule of the New Jersey Depart- ment of Environmental Protection (DEP) establishes a fee schedule for specific environmental permits, including payment procedures and penalties. The rule went into effect on April 17. Contact Janis Hoagland, DEP, (609) 292-0716.

Water Quality (Regulation)-The New Jersey DEP has adopted the 1995 annual fee schedule for storm water permits issued under the pollutant discharge elimination system program. Contact Barry Chalofsk~, DEP, (609) 633-7026.

groundlevel ozone air quality by modifiing current VOC requirements. NEW YORK The rule went into effect Aoril14 and Graffiti-NY A. 6561 (Katz and .... .-.. .-.. ---.- - ~ ~ - - ~ - ~

will expire August 12,1995: ~ o n i a c t ~ c ~ a u & l i n ) ~rovides that for any Sue Collins, DES, (603) 271-7874. conviction of making graffiti where

Lead-NH S. 25 (Lovejoy) relates to case management by the state in lead poisoning cases. The bill passed the House and was sent to the Senate for concurrence on April 25.

NH S. 27 (1. King) relates to lead poisoning prevention and control. On April 25, the legislation passed the House and was referred to the Senate for agreement.

Toxics-in-Packnging-NH S. 129 (Rodeschin) exempts packages or packaging components from toxic reduction laws to which lead, cadmium, mercury, or hexavalent chromium have been added in the manufacturing or distribution process in order to comply with health or

the sentence is community service, 50% of the hours sentenced are allocated to removing graffiti from public or private property. Introduced on March 28, the legislation was referred to the Assembly Committee on Codes.

NY S. 4578 (Tully) delays the issuance of a driver's license to any person under age-21 for one year for each conviction or adjudication for making graffiti. Introduced on May 1, the bill was sent to the Senate Transportation Committee.

Led-NY A. 7609 (Committee on Rules) provides for the regulation of activities relating to the removal of lead-based paint from public works

employee rescues and hazard communication in general industry consistent with federal OSHA standards. The regulation went into effect on March 24. Contact Public Information Office, (803) 734-9612.

TEXAS Afr Quality-TX S. 1126 (Nixon)

relates to the definition of "modification of existing facility" under the Texas Clean Air Act. On May 2, the bill was released with revisions from the House Committee on Environ- mental Regulation.

Hazardous Waste (Regulation)-A final regulation of the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (NRCC) removes certain notification requirements for hazardous waste generators who generate: (1) less than 100 kilograms per month of hazardous waste; (2) less than 1 kilogram per month of acute hazardous waste; and/ or (3) 100 kilograms per month of nonhazardous waste. The rule, which was effective April 24, also amends requirements for industrial condition- ally exempt small quantity hazardous waste generators. Contact Hygie Reynolds, NRCC, (512) 239-6087.

Led-TX S. 269 ( T ~ a n ) relates to the identification of children suffering from lead poisoning and to control measures for lead wntamina- tion. On April 28, the bill passed the senate,

Solid Waste (Regulation)-The

~ k ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , " ~ ~ , " ~ ~ ~ ~ , " plans for specific areas in the state. The plans describe current solid waste management programs and make recommendations for the future. Contact NRCC, (512) 239-0020.

A final rule of the Texas NRCC rn- current regulations concerning the modification of solid waste permits at the request of the permitees. The regulation went into effect on April 17. Contact Susie Frizlen, NRCC, (512) 239-6087.

A final rule adopted by the Texas NRCC eliminates current requirements concerning the review and approval of plans for waste disposal systems and the notice of applications for state quality certification of NPDES permits. The regulation went into effect on April 24. Contact Mark Jordan, NRCC, (512) 239-4640.

Spray Paint Restrictions-TX H. 21 15 (Lewis) relates to creating an offense for the possession of aerosol paint by a Person younger than 18 years. The bill was amended and

facilities. On May 3, the bill was introduced and sent to the Assembly Committee on Transportation.

Solid Waste (Regulation)-The New York Department of Environ- mental Conservation (DEC) has withdrawn a proposal which would have modified requirements for the beneficial use of solid waste. Contact Sally Rowland, DEC, (518) 457-7336.

Toxic Chemicd Rekase-NY A. 3970 (DiNapoli) requires certain facilities to report releases of toxic chemicals on a toxic chemical release form. On May 1, the bill passed the House and was referred to the Senate Committee on Environmental Conservation.

NORTH CAROLINA EnGronmend Regartine--NC H.

874 (Richardson) requires certain packing and processing facilities which are located near specific rivers and which significantly affect water quality to prepare an environmental impact statement. Introduced on ~~~~l 12, the bill was referred to the House Committee on Health and Environment.

Water (Sualit~ (Regulah)-The North Carolina Environmental Management Commission (EMC) plans to issue a state national pollution discharge elimination system general permit for storm water point-source discharges associated with certain construction activities. Contact Bill Mills, EMC, (919) 733-5083.

OHIO Lead (Regulation)-A final

regulation of the Ohio Department of Health (DOH) concerning lead abatement standards establishes: (1 ) licensing requirements for abatement workers; (2) recordkeeping and reporting requirements; and (3) lead abatement system standards and respiratory protection systems. The rule went into effect on April 9. Contact Jacqueline Vermillion, DOH, (614) 466-4882.

A proposal issued by the Ohio DOH would establish lead abatement activities for the lead poisoning prevention program. Contact Jacqueline Vermillion, DOH. (614) 466-4882.

OREGON Air Quality (Regulation)-The

oregon D~~~~~~~ of~nvironmen. tal Quality (DEQ) has proposed a

508

regulation that will limit VOC content of aerosol coatings products for the metropolitan Portland area. The regulation will go into effect on July 1996. David Nordberg, DEQ. (503) 229-5519.

Hazardous Waste (Regulation)-A proposal of the DEQ would incorporate federal hazardous waste requirements, including standards for land disposal universal treatment and for toxicity characteristic waste. Contact Chris Rich* DEQl (503) 229-6775.

Lead-OR H. 2971 (Repine) establishes lead-based paint activities programs to conform to federal law including training, licensing, and registration programs for peTSOns who engage in lead-based paint activities. The bill was amended and released on May 1 from the House Labor Committee.

Occupational Safety and Health (Reguldon)-The *gonOccu~a- tional Safety and Health Division (OSHD) adopted a final regulation which incorporates federal OSHA Standards for waste operations and emergency response. The rule was effective on February 22. Contact Sue Joye, OSHD, (503) 378-3272.

PakagingqR S. 950 (Commit- tee on Agriculture) exempts rigid 'latic 'Ontainers hazardous materials from recycling or reuse requirements. On May 2, the bill was approved by the Senate and referred Natural to Resources. the House Committek on

RHODE ISLAND splay paint ~ ~ ~ h ~ t i o n s - ~ ~ S. 403

(Palazzo) prohibits minors from

~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ s case under lock and key. The bill passed the Senate on April 25 and was sent to the House Committee.

Water Quality (Reghion)-A proposal of the Rhode Island Depamnent of Environmental Management (DEM) amend

water quality requirements. Contact Connie Carey, DEM, (401) 277-6519.

SOU^ CAROLINA Occupational Safety and Health

(Regulation)-A final rule of the South Carolina Department of Labor (DOL) makes current requirements concerning enforcement violations for

released on April 20 from the House Committee on Criminal Jurispru- dence.

I T S . 707 (Rosson) relates to the accessibility of specific paints to business patrons in certain municipalities. On May 3, the bill was amended and released from the House Committee on County Affairs.

Water Quality (Regulation)-A proposal of the Texas Railroad Commission (TRC) would setup procedures for applying for a water quality certificate, criteria for water quality permits, and penalties for violations. Contact Jeb Boyt, TRC, (512) 463-7562.

UTAH Air Quality (Regulation)-A

proposed regulation of the Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) would require new or modified air pollution sources which emit certain pollutants above established levels to develop dispersion models and would set toxic screening levels. Contact Jan Miller, DEQ, (801) 536-4042.

The Utah DEQ has issued modifications to a proposed rule concerning operating permits. The revisions would change the definition of "synthetic minor sources." Contact Jan Miller, DEQ, (801) 536-4042.

A final rule adopted by the Utah DEQ incorporates changes to the state implementation plan regarding ozone control for area and point sources. The amendments remove provisions requiring case-by-case determinations of RACT, sets RACT for existing major sources of VOCs, and revise RACT requirements for new and minor sources. The regulation went into effect on March 3. Contact Jan Miller, DEQ, (801) 536-4042.

Hazardous Materials Transportation (Regulation)-A proposal of the Utah Department of Transportation (DOT) would incorporate by reference, federal ameidments~oncernin~ safety requirements for transporting hazardous materials and/or waste. Contact Shirleen Hancock, DOT, (801) 965-4781.

Solid Waste (Regulation)-The Utah DEQ adopted final regulations which, among other things, specify the type of underground storage tank (UST) work that must be performed by a certified consultant, application, and eligibility requirements for

certification, and amends standards for UST closure. The regulation was effective March 31. Contact Patrick Sheehan, DEQ, (801) 536.4100.

VERMONT Hazardous Waste (Regulation)-A

final rule of the Vermont Department of Health (DOH) revises current requirements for hazardous waste operations and emergency response by adding training curriculum and programs. The regulation went into effect on March 13. Contact Raymond McCandless, DOH, (802) 865-7730.

Labe l i n~VT S. 163 (Macaulay and ~ a r z a ) repeals the law that requires shelf labeling where hazardous products are sold at retail and replaces it with a requirement to provide consumer information on waste stream reduction. On April 20, the bill was signed by the governor.

VIRGINIA Occupat id Safety and Health

(Regulation)-The Virginia Depart- ment of Labor and Industry (DLI) adopted a final regulation which incorporates federal OSHA requirements for general industry concerning the retention of U.S. Department of Transportation placards, labels, and markings. The rule was effective on June 1. Contact DLI, (804) 371-2631.

Water Quality-VA S. 763 (Howell) eliminates the requirement that applicants for permits to discharge sewage, industrial wastes or other wastes to, or adjacent to, state waters provide a certificate from the local government where the discharge will take place. The governor signed the legislation on March 16.

WASHINGTON Air Quality (Regulation-A

proposal of the Northwest Air Pollution . . Authority (NWAPA) would amend current regulations concerning air pollution control. The proposed rule would: ( 1 ) setup exemptions for specific air pollutant sources from registration and new

-. -

source reviews; (2) exempt Class C sources from registration fees; (3) implement a $100 new source review fee for automotive spray coaters; and (4) reduce fees for all sources participating in pollution prevention or emission reduction programs.

Contact James Randles, NWAPA, (360) 428-1617.

A final rule adopted by the Washington Department of Ecology (DOE) revises the source category list by adding sources subject to federal toxics program and sources not participating in the operating permit program and by establishing a fee structure. Contact Judy Geier, DOE, (206) 407-6850.

Water Quality-WA S. 5888 (Sutherland) authorizes the consideration of the nature of type of land user in establishing charges for storm water control systems. The legislation was signed by the governor on April 20.

WlSCONSlN Air Quality (Regulation)-A final

regulation of the Wisconsin Depart- ment of Natural Resources (DNR) corrects deficiencies found by the U.S. EPA in the state implementation plan for prevention of significant deterioration and permits major new sources of air pollution in clean air attainment areas. The rule went into effect on May 1. Contact Darryl Oseen, DNR, P.O. 7921, Madison, WI 53707.

A proposal issued by the Wiscon- sin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) would incorporate by reference federal new source petformance standards and would include requirements for municipal waste combustors, dryers, and calciners in synthetic organic chemical manufacturing facilities. Contact Mark Harder, DNR, (608) 267-2016.

The Wisconsin DNR proposed a regulation which would deal with discrepancies between the state and federal prevention of significant deterioration permit provisions and would exemvt low-use or s~ecialtv . . coatings from VOC emission limitations. Contact Mark Harder, DNR, (608) 267-2016.

Hazardous Wasre (Regulation)-A final rule of the Wisconsin DNR concerning hazardous waste management allows the enforcement of specific federal requirements, including standards for: ( I ) organic air emissions for Drocess vents and equipment; (2) wood preservation operations; (3) land disposal restrictions; and (4) corrective action management units. The rule goes into effect on June 1. Contact Al Matano, DNR, (608) 264-6008.

Meet Us in St. Louis.. .

1995 FSCT Annual Meeting & Paint Industries' Show

+ Advance Registration Form

+ Reservation Application

+ Hotel Information

'Zrea t ivity + Adaptability

Gateway t o Success"

October 9 - 10 - 11,1995 Cervantes Convention Center

St. Louis, Missouri

Sponsored by ' Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology

4 9 2 Norristown Road, Blue Bell. PA 19422-2350

m the FSCT President:

y, this message echoes to the pioneers of the Coatings Industry who will find rtunities in the "Gateway City" at the FSCT's 73rd Annual Meeting and 60th

Paint Industries' Show.

With the theme "Creativity + Adaptability = Gateway to Success," the FSCT

"Gateway to Success." Joseph P. Walton President, FSCT

Creativity + Adaptability = Gateway t o Success Success starts with a vision. A vision for the coatings industry must include the creative use of all available technologies. Only by expanding one's knowledge of new and parallel technologies can industry practitioners adapt to the ever-changing requirements of the marketplace. Above all else, education is the key that unlocks the "Gateway to Success."

With this in mind, the 1995 FSCT Annual Meeting Techni- cal Program will provide attendees with a vast amount of information on a variety of topics pertinent to the industry. In both presentation and information, attendees will find this year's event has the data needed to achieve success in the fast-paced coatings arena.

Four tutorials are scheduled during the event, on topics ranging from adhesives and inks to powder coatings and EBlUV curable coatings. These tutorials are designed to allow attendees to learn about the latest information and where the similarities exist between these disciplines and the more familiar liquid coating technologies. Each of the tutorials will be presented by an industry expert, with ample time available to ask questions on the presented information.

The program will also feature a presentation on Computer Applications in the Coatings Industry. This session includes a report on the benefits of computer use and will also feature hands-on workshops where you can sample the

ipment and meet with the experts to learn how this equipment can assist you in your profession.

Anyone with an interest in the latest information on corrosion-inhibitive coatings must attend the case study being arranged by the FSCT Corrosion Committee.

discussing scenarios related to the best uses of corrosion- inhibiting coatings. Attendees will select the discussion subjects from a series of pre-arranged topics.

The highly popular "Early Bird" sessions will return in 1995. These sessions are one hour in length, focus on specific areas related to the industry and feature one speaker. Early Bird sessions are held on Tuesday, October 10, at 8:00 a.m.

Making the opening of the "Gateway to Success" complete are the Roon Award Papers, the Technical Focus Speaker, the Mattiello Lecture, the APJNoss Award Papers and the Manufacturing Committee session. All of these highly attendee favorites will aaain be held this vear.

World's Premier Paint Show Features Over 200 Exhibits The largest coatings-related exhibition in the world-the FSCT Paint Industries' Show-will be held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting at the Ce~antes Convention Center. Over 280 supplier companies to the coatings manufacturing industry will be present to discuss their newest products and services. In over 90,000 sq. ft. of exhibits will be displayed a wide variety of raw materials, production equipment, containers and filling equipment, laboratory apparatus, and testing devices for the paint and coatings producer.

Key personnel from the top technical and sales staff of supplier companies will be available to provide attendees with an opportunity to learn of the latest developments in their products and services. Listed on the last page of this brochure are the exhibitors who have currently resewed space in the Paint Industries' Show.

Exhibit hours will be:

Monday, October 9 ..................... 10:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Tuesday, October 10 .................... 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Wednesday, October 11 .......... 9:00 a.m.-12:OO Noon

Hotel Information Whether you desire the value of a moderately priced hotel, or the luxury of an upscale property, the choice is yours. The FSCT has arranged for convention rates at 12 official convention hotels. All reservations must be placed through the FSCT Paint Show Housing Bureau, serviced by Destination, Inc., to obtain the preferred rates. The Housing Bureau will mail an acknowledgment of the reservation and the hotel assigned will then forward a confirmation.

Do IT YOUR WAY AND SAM! You have the convenience of placing a phone call or faxing your request for hotel accommodations to the FSCT Paint Show Housing Bureau. If you place your request by phone you have the added convenience of scheduling your air travel as well.

CALL! 800-243-4019 Have the information requested on the Hotel Reservation Form available before you place your call. Rese~ationiSts are available 9:00 a.m. - 5 3 0 p.m., Monday through Friday, Eastern Time. Reservations will be immediately acknowledged over the phone and also by mail or fax, when fax number is provided International participants, please call 404-584-7458.

Anytime, any day. Fax the Hotel Reservation Form at your convenience. Be sure to include a phone and fax number and retain your copy of the form for your records. Acknowl- edgments will be sent via fax within three working days of receipt of request.

MAIL! Send your form to the FSCT Paint Show Housing Bureau for processing. Be sure to include a phone and fax number and keep a copy of the form for your records. Your acknowledgment will be mailed or faxed, when a fax number is provided.

To avoid duplication of reservation, please use one reservation method only.

GUARANTEE A credit card guarantee, or check for the first night's deposit is required in order to process requests. Checks should be made payable to the hotel selected. Credit card choices include American Express, MasterCard, Visa, or Discover. The credit card will m b e charged if the reservation is cancelled within 72 hours of arrival or if the reservation is a no-show.

DEADLINE^ To obtain the convention rates, reservations must be placed by September 8. Reservations placed after September 8 will be on a space available basis.

C H A N G E ~ / ~ A N C E L L A T ~ ~ N ~ For changes or cancellations, call the FSCT Paint Show Housing Bureau at 800-243-4019 or fax your change to 404-584-0685.

P ~ I O counesy of SI ~ou ir conventson B V S , ~ O ~ commsso,

America's Center, site of the newly remodeled Cervantes Convention Center.

Registration Information Advance Registration fees include three days' admission to the Paint Industries' Show, the Opening Session, and all concurrent program sessions of the Annual Meeting. To register, complete the Advance Registration Form and forward it with payment to FSCT by August 30. Advance Registration prices will be available only for registrations received by August 30. Registration options include:

Full Time Advance On-Site FSCT Member ................ $ 75 $90 Non-member ................. $100 $1 25 Social Guest .................. $ 60 $70

Registration credentials for U.S. attendees will be mailed in advance, provided the registration form and payment are received by August 30. International attendees may pick up their badges on-site at the Registration Services Area at the Cervantes Conven- tion Center. Badges for all registrations received after August 30 will also be available in the Registration Services Area.

The Registration Area will be open over the following days and times to assist you.

Day Time Sun., Oct. 8 .......................... 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Mon.-Tues., Oct. 9-10 .......... 7:30 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Wed., Oct. 1 1 ....................... 7:30 a.m. - 12 Noon

METHOD OF PAYMENT Acceptable types of payment include checks in U.S. funds made payable to FSCT, as well as credit cards: VISA, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover. Payment is due with registration form. Forms received without payment will not be processed. Please note: if payment i s made with a credit card, the form may be faxed to FSCT Headquarters Office. If faxing, please do not mail original form.

CANCELLATION AND REFUND POLICY All cancellations must be submitted in writing to the FSCT Headquarters Office. All badges that have been mailed must be returned to FSCT for refund processing. Cancellations received by August 30 will be subject to a $10 handling charge. A $25 charge will apply after that date. Refunds will be issued after October 15.

1995 Paint Show Hotel Summary Room Type and Rates

Suites No. of

Restaurants1 Hotel Single Double" 1 BR 2 BR Bars

~p

'St. Louis Marriott $113 $113 $250-350 $350-450 211

'Adam's Mark 129 139 375-1200 510-1405 212

Doubletree Mayfair 110 110 225-400 111

Drury Inn-Arch 94 94 1H

Druty Inn-Union Station 99 99 120-1 50 1

Embassy Suites 107 107 111

Hampton Inn-Union Station 89 89 1

Holiday InnConv. Ctr. 90 90 250-295 275-350 111

Holiday Inn-Riverfront 89 89 1

Hotel Majestic 114 114 290-375 650 111

Hyatt Regency- 119 119 280-300 395-440 2 Union Station

Regal Riverfront 99 99 250-500 375-1 000 312

Shuttle Service Health Club to Conv. Ctr.

yes yes

yes yes

yes no

no yes

no yes

yes yes

no yes

Yes no

no Yes

no yes

no yes

'Marriott and Adam's Mark will be co-headquarters. Guest rooms at both hotels will be limited to 10 per company. **The Double rate applies to DoublelDouble room type as well.

Legend

1 America Center (Cewantes Convention Center)

2 Adam's Mark (Co-Hq.) 3 Marriott's Pavilion (Co-Hq.) 4 Doubletree Mayfair Suites 5 Drury Inn-Gateway Arch 6 Drury Inn-Union Station 7 Embassy Suites 8 Hampton Inn-Union Station 9 Holiday Inn-Convention

Center 10 Holiday Inn-Riverfront 11 Hotel Majestic 12 Hyatt Regency 13 Regal Riverfront

St. Louis Hotel Reservation Form (Housing opens June 15)

-cmm,,mnCvblr St. L0uis.m

MAIL FORM: PHONEIFAX: Octabu9-10-ll. 1995

FSCT Housing (800) 243-4019 Continental U.S. and Canada Destination, Inc. (404) 584-7458 International 240 Peachtree St., Ste. 13A11 FAX: (404) 584-0685 Atlanta, GA 30303

HOTEL PREFERENCE List the hotels of your preference. First choice will be assigned if available. List other preferences to avoid delay. If your first choice is not available, your deposit will be applied to your next available choice. The deadline is September 8.

Hotel Hotel Hotel

RESERVATION REQUEST Number of rooms requested

Names of Occupants 1 Arrival 1 Departure / 0 single 0 dblldbl 0 double 0 suite -(BR) 0 sinale 0 dblldbl

Room Type: single (1 person, 1 bed); double (2 people, 1 bed); doubleldouble (2 people, 2 beds); suite (1 or 2 bedrooms (BR) plus parlor).

For additional reservation requests, feel free to copy this form. Requests for the Marriott and Adam's Mark will be limited to 10 rooms per company.

0 d B 0 single 0 dblldbl 0 double 0 suite -(BR) Cl single 0 dblldbl 0 double 0 suite JBR) 0 single 0 dblldbl 0 double 0 suite JBR)

Guarantee A credit card guarantee, or check for one night's deposit, is required for processing requests. Credit cards will be billed

&if the reservation is cancelled within 72 hours or if the reservation is a no-show.

--

Credit Card: AMEX OMasterCard VISA Discover Cardholder's Signature:

Card Number Exoiration Date Print Cardholder's Name

DIRECT CONFIRMATIONS TO:

Name: Telephone:

Company: FAX:

CityIState (Province): Zip Code (Mailing Code):

Country (if other than U.S.):

If requested accommodations are not available, the reservationists will call for further information. We cannot guarantee that the accommodations will be assigned to your preferred hotels.

E! requires special assistance. Please call: Name Phone Number

Slash Air Fare Expense Convention discounts are available on TWA and United Airlines. Contact the FSCTTravel Desk:

FSCT Travel Desk: mention Paint Show .......................... Domestic U.S. 800-448-FSCT

.............................. International 21 5-628-2549 Fax: .......................................... 21 5-628-031 0

I The new Educational and Discovery Center adds a high-tech dimension t o the world-class 5 t . Louis Zoo in Forest Park.

In addition, transportation from the airport to downtown St. Louis may be made on the Metrolink, a new light rail system which charges only $1.00. The trip takes approximately 30 minutes.

Airport & City Transportation From Lambert-St. Louis International: Airport shuttle (service to downtown hotels, provided by Airport Express) is $8.00 one way or $14.00 round trip. The shuttle may be boarded by the baggage claim area. The trip takes approximately 30 minutes.

Taxi Sewice from the airport to downtown hotels is a flat rate of $18.00. For a second passenger, add $1.00; for a third passenger, add $2.00.

FSCT Industry Luncheon

The Federation's IndustryIAwards Luncheon will be held on Tuesday, October 10. Luncheon tickets can be purchased in advance or on-site at $25.00 each.

Social Guest Program

I More than loo stores on four levels await shoppers a t st. Louis The activities arranged for Social Guests (formerly referred Centre. America's largest enclosed urban shopping mall, located in to as Spouses) begin On Monday, October 9, with a downtown st. Louis. Welcome Social at the Adam's Mark.

I On Tuesday, following a continental breakfast at the Adam's Mark, Social Guests will depart on deluxe

motorcoaches for a visit to St. Charles, the oldest city on the Missouri River and the first capital of

stroll the streets and visit the many types of shops located throughout the area.

From St. Charles, the tour travels to the Randall Gallery where lunch will be sewed. Originally used for supply storage during the Civil War, the reno- vated building offers a unique setting for the many pieces of art displayed there.

Following lunch, participants will visit Forest Park, site of the 1904 World's Fair and home to the Art Museum, St. Louis Science Center, and History Museum, as well as other points of interest. Participants will have their choice of which attrac-

1995 Advance Registration , r-,

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 COMPANY

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MAILING ADDRESS (or P.O. Box)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

FSCT Annual Meeting & Paint Industries' Show St. Louis, MO October 9-1 1,1995

DEADLINE-AUGUST 30

I INDUSTRY AlTENDEE BADGE INFORMATION: F:;11 r.$iT wl'l"Bd and I FIRST NAME (nickname)

1111111111111 FIRST NAME LAST NAME

CITY STATEIPROV.

v m COUNTRY (OTHER THAN US.) POSTAL CODE

mnnnn c l l n n n n TELEPHONE NO. FAX NO.

ulnnnn - ~ ~ . i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ; t ~ s ~ ~ ; l e d to the address noted if received at FSCT Headquarters by August 30.

If received after that date, they may be picked up on-site at the Celvantes Convention Center.

International registrations will be available on-site.

I SOCIAL GUEST BADGE INFORMATION: ~Willb.mailedtoindustnlaUendw) I FIRST NAME (nickname)

FIRST NAME LAST NAME

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 STATEIPROV. F m

COUNTRY (OTHER THAN U.S.)

1 ~eaistration Fees: 1 , " I

1 O FSCT Member $75.00 FSCT Society

1 2 Non-Member $100.00 I 4 Social Guest $60.00

7 0 Special Fee for Retired Member $25.00

8 0 Special Fee for Social Guest of Retired Member $25.00

1 24 0 Student $25.00

FSCT Industry Luncheon Tickets: (Tues., Oct. 10 )

0 NUMBER REQUIRED: I $25 EACH

I~ethod of Payment: I Payment is due with registration form. We are pleased to accept faxes for credit card payment only.

I Total Amount Due $-

I Please Check One:

n n n n J n 0 Enclosed is Check # - payable in U.S. Funds to FSCT

BUSINESS CLASSIFICATION DATA FOR INDUSTRY AlTENDEE:

All U.S. registrations received by August 30 will be processed and registration credentials will be mailed to the address provided. Registration materials for international attendees and all registrations rece~ved after August 30 will be processed and can be picked up at the Paint Show Registration Services Area. A $10 charge will be made for cancellations received prior to August 30. A $25 charge will be made for cancellations received after that date. Mail completed form to:

FSCT + 492 Norristown Rd. + Blue Bell, PA 19422-2350 + (61 0) 940-0777

0 Charge to the following card:

C 0 Manufacturers of Equipment Pa'nt P fl Technical Sales Service

and Conta~ners Y 0 Environmental Services Q fl Sales S Marketing

0 0 Sales Agents for Raw R D Consultant

Materials and Equ~prnent OIher S D Ed~catodSl~dent/Librarian T D Oiher

(For credit card registrations only-FAX: 610-940-0292-do not mail original)

Signature (credit card registrations only)

Please print cardholdeh name

YOUR COMPANY (CHECK ONE ONLY) YOUR POSITION (CHECK ONE ONLY)

A 0 Manufacturers of Paints. E 0 Govemmenl Agency K D ManagamenVAdm. Varn'shes. Laquerr. printing F ~ e s e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ g / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l t i ~ ~ L D Mfg. S Engmeenng Inks. Sealants, Adhestves

Of Raw G D Educational lnstitutionl Qualihl Lrbrary N D Research S Oeveiopmant Materials

A M E X -VISA - MC - DIS Card Na

Expiratloo Date. - - - - Ma. Yr.

1 Aceto Corp. ACT Laborarories, Inc. Advanced Software Designs 1 Al Process Sysrems Ltd.

' Air Products & Chemicals, Inc. Air (lual~ty Sciences, Inc.

I Akzo Nobel Chemicals & Akzo , Nobel Resins

Alar Engineering Corp. Alcan Toyo America, Inc. 1 Alcoa Industrial Chemicals AlliedSignal Corp. Allied Colloids Alnor Oil G. I ACS/Memher Services C.M. Ambrose C a Amoco Chemicals I ANGUS Chemical Co. Anker Labelers USA Inc. Aqualon

1 Arco Chemical Co. Ashland Chemical, Inc. Atlas Electt~c Devices Aztec Peroxides. Inc.

I B.A.G. Corp. BASF Corp. BatchMaster Software. Inc. Bohhn Instruments, Inc. Hewer.; Pn,ces, Fqu~pment Inc. Hrc).,kf~cl.l Enrlncer~nd Lab - " 1 Brookhaven lnstrun~ents Co. George Brown College Buckman Laboratories Buhler Inc. Hulkcon Systems Intl. USA Ltd Burgess Pigment Co. BYK-Chemie USA BYK-Gardner, lnc.

Cabot Corp./CAB-0-Sil & 1 Special Blacks Divs. Caframo Ltd. Calgon Corp.

1 Cardolite Corp. CB Mills, Div. Chicago Bailer Co. CCP Polymers Celite Corp. Center for Applied Eng. Inc. C&E NewsIACS

I Chemtox, Div. of Resource Consultants

CIBA-GEIGY Corp. Ciha Additives, Ciha Polymers,

Ciba Resins Cimbar Pedormance Minerals I The Coatings hh ra to ry lnc. I Coatings Magazine Color Communications. Inc. Color Corp. , Color Tec Associates Consolidared Research lnc. Cortec Corp. Coulter Corp., Scientific Inst. CR Minerals Corp.

1 Crosfield Co. CYTEC Industries Inc.

D/L Laboratories Daniel Products Co., Inc. Datacolor International

1 Day-Glo Color Corp.

Degussa Corp. University of Detroit-Mercy

1 1. De Vrec & Co. N.V. Dtsti-Kleen, Inc. Dominion Colour Corp. Dow Chemical Co. 1 "ow Coming Corp. Draiswerke. Inc. / Drew Industrial Division-Ashland Dry Branch Kaolin Co. DSM Resins U.S.. Inc.

Eastern Michigan University I Eastman Chemical Co. Ebonex Corp.

1 Eiger Machinery, Inc. Elcometer, Inc. Elf Atochem North America, Inc.

I EM lndustries. Inc. Engelhard Corp. Engineered Polymer Solutions Epworth Mfg Co., Inc. EROIGwdrich Forest Prods., Inc. Etna Prods. Inc., Spec. Chem. Div. European Coatings Journal Exxon Chem~cal Co.

Fanuc Robotics North America Fawcett Co., Inc. Federation of Societies for

1 Coatings Technology Filter Specialists, Inc. Fischer Technology, Inc.

1 Fluid Management FMJ International Publications Ltd. Fuj~ Sllysla Chemical Ltd.

1 H.B. Fuller Co.

Paul N. Gardner Co.. Inc. Georgia Pacific Resins, Inc.

I BFGwdrich Co., Spec. Chems. Goodyeat Tire & Rubber Co..

Chemical Div. Guertin Polymers

Haake, Inc. The C.P. Hall Co.

1 i:L:os Pigments tnc. Heraeus DSET Laboratories, Inc.

I Heucotech Ltd. Hickson Specialities, Inc. Hilton Davis Co.

1 Hockmeyer Equipment Corp. Hoechst Celanese Corp. Horiba Instruments Inc. J.M. Huber Corp. Hiils America, Inc.

1 Hunterlab Huntsman Corp.

/ Ideal Manufacturmng & Sales Corp. IKA Works INDCO, Inc. Industrial CoPolymers Ltd. I Intl. Compliance Center Ltd. Internat~onal Specialty Prod. ITT Marlow PumpsIITT A-C

Pumps

S.C. Johnson Polymers

Kady International 1 Kem~ra Pigments, Inc

I Kenrich Petrochemicals, Inc. King Industries, Inc. KTA-Tator, Inc.

Labsphere, Inc. ' LaQue Center, Kure Beach Atmospheric Testing

Lawter lnternational 1 The Leneta ~ o . Liquid Controls Corp. Littleford Day Inc. 1 Longview Fibre Co. The Luhrizol Corp. Lucas Meyer, Inc. 1 Lurenac America

3MIZeelan Industries. Inc. 1 3M. Specialty Chem D~vision MacBeth, Div. of Kollmorgen Magnesium Elektron, Inc. I Malvem Instruments Malvem Minerals Co. McWhorter Technologies, Inc The Mearl Corp. ( Micro Powders, Inc. Micromer~tics Mid-States Eng & Mfg Co. Millipore Corp. Milwhite, Inc. Mineral P~gments Corp. MiniFIBERS, Inc.

, Minolta Corp. I Mississippi Lime Co.

University of Missouri-Rolla Modern Paint & Coatings / Morehouse~Cowles, Inc. Morton International - UCD

1 Myers Engineering

1 Nacan Products Limited Nametre Co. 1 Natlonal Paint & Coatings Assoc. Netzsch Incorporated Neupak Inc. New Way Packaging Mach. Inc.

I North Dakota State University

Obron Atlantic Corp. Ohio Polychemical Co.

1 Olin Chemicals Omnimark Instrument Cop . OSi Spec~alities, Inc.

/ Oxy Chem

Paar Physica USA, Inc. Pan t & Ctgs Ind. Magazine 1 Peninsula Polymers Phenoxy Associates Polar Minerals

1 Poly-Resyn, Inc. PPG Industries. Inc., Silica Prods. PPG Industries. Inc., Specialty

Chemicals Group P Q Corp./Potters lndustries . Precslon Dapensmng

Premier Mill Cop . / Progress~ve Recovery. Inc. Pyosa S.A. De C.V.

I Q-Panel Lab Products

Raabe Corp. Radtech Intl. North America

1 Ranhar Technology, Inc.

Reichhold Chem~cals Inc. 8 RHEOX. lnc. I ( Rhone-Poulenc

Rohm and Haas Co. Ronningen-Fetter I

( Charles Ross and Son Co. Russell Finex, Inc. I Sandoi Chemicals Corp. 1 1 Sarromer Co. Inc. Schenectady Chemicals Schold Machine Co. I Schutz Container Systems, Inc. 1 Semi-Bulk Systems Inc. SEPR (Ceram~c Beads & I

Powders) I Shamrock Technologies Inc. Shell Chemical Co. Shenuln-W~lhams Chemicals ,

I Sdberline Mfg Co., Inc. Snyder Industries Software 2000 Inc. 1 Sonoco Products South Florida Test Services Southern Clay Products Inc. Univ. of Southern Mississippi

1 Specialty Minerals Inc. Spencer Machine &Tool Co.,

Inc. Spraymation, Inc. 1 Startex Chemical Co. 1 Steel Shipping Container Inst. Sub-Troplcal Testing Service 1 Sud-Chemie Rheologicals I Summit Prectsion Polymers Corp.

2lst Century Contamers Ltd. 1 Taotek Norrh America. Lnc.1 Corob North Amer~ca Div.

Tech Pak, Inc. Bulkcon Systems 1 Intl. Ltd. I Tego Chemie Servlce USA

Thlele Engineering Co. Transac, Inc.

1 TRICOR Systems, Inc. ~

Troy Corp.

U.F. Strainrlte U.S. Aluminum. lnc.

1 U.S. Borax, Inc. U.S. Polymers. Inc. U.S. Silica Co. 1 Union Carbide Corp. U n ~ o n Miniere 1 1 Union Process, lnc. United Mlneral& Chem. Corp.

Van Waters & Rogers Inc. R.T. Vanderbllt Co.. lnc. 1 Versa-Matic Pump Co. Vorti-Siv Div./MM Ind., Inc. 1 Wacker Silicones Corp. I

( Western Equipment Co. Wilden Pump Witco Corp. I / World Minerals lnc.

X-Rite, Inc. 1 / Yamada America, Inc. 1

Zaclon, Inc. Carl Zeiss, Inc., Mtcroscope Div. 1 Zeneca BiocideslZeneca, Inc. 1 Zeneca Reslns

-

5 8 Journal of Coatings Technology

Characterization of Particle Coalescence in Waterborne Coatings Using Atomic Force Microscopy

R.M. Rynders, C.R. Hegedus, and A.G. Gilicinski-~ir Products and Chemicals, Inc."

INTRODUCTION

T he technical objectives of this effort were: (1) to develop a methodology using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine coatinglpaint surface morpholo-

gies; and (2) to apply this technique in the quantitative assessment of waterborne latex film formation. The latter objective was approached by analyzing coatings formed from blends of latex particles which varied in hardness, thus dis- playing a wide range of film formation potential.

Coating Performance Issues

The interest in waterborne polymeric coatings is growing tremendously due to environmental protection and worker safety concerns. Aqueous systems offer the potential to significantly reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) compared to their solvent-borne counterparts. Use of waterborne coatings has been well-established in low to moderate duty applications such as architectural coatings, wood finishes, floor polishes, printing inks, and business machine coatings. Advances in polymer synthesis and coating formulation technologies are increasing the potential for use of polymeric materials in higher performance, heavy duty applications.

Traditional waterborne coatings are prepared from an aqueous dispersion of polymer particles, commonly referred to as a latex. Other ingredients within the coating may include pig ments, solvents, and additives (i.e., surfactants, rheology modifiers, adhesion promoters, etc.). The ultimate performance of the applied coating is highly dependent on the quality of the film, which is formed by coalescence of latex particles as volatile components evaporate. Some latex coatings coalesce well and produce continuous, nonporous films. Other coatings coalesce poorly and produce films with cracks, high po- rosity, or even a powdery residue. In some cases, defects from poor film formation are microscopic and difficult to ascertain; nonetheless, they adversely affect strength, flexibility, protection of the substrate, and other critical coating properties.

Figure 1 is a schematic that depicts the generally accepted mechanism for film formation. Upon application of the latex, water and other volatile components begin to evaporate,

Presented ot the 72nd Annuol Meeting of the Federotlon of Societies for Coatings Technology. October 13. 1994. New Orleans. LA.

'7201 Hamilton Bivd..Alientawn. PA 18195-1501

image coatings formed from bl o w ratios of three waterborne

ends contai aqlic/pol:

I rnxltnrt m.

ning vari- yurethane -,IA A E A A

ication, a n ethod due t , . I

0 the low r . .

hybrid polymers. Tapping and LVII.UIL.L lllVUT I

were evalwlted for this appE mode proved to be the best m friction forces. It was shown tnat when the tlp and feature sizes were similar, the s 1 of the tip morphology on the surface ft the AFM image was significant. AFM imagrng vjgold colloids dispersed on mica and scanning electron m of the tip were wed to characterize the AF

turn, th dimensi A P ~ P P r

blends we? icle coalesc, ..L . I

~icroscopy M tips. A . *.,.,I;:. :.n method was developed to estimate the tip r u c l r t ,

e tip size was accounted for in analyzing the o m of the coating surface features. The

,,. -- ~fparticle coalescence was evaluated from the AFM images. The polymer according to the degree of part the results con-elated well wlrn orner mernoas OJ

characterization.

,e ranked e w e ; and

1 J r

forcing the polymer particles closer together to form a solid film on the substrate. Numerous models and mechanisms have been proposed to describe formation of films from latex dispersions. Dillon et al.' proposed that as water and other volatiles evaporate, neighboring latex particles are forced into intimate contact due to surface tension of the polymer. The process is followed by dry sintering (dry caking); coalescence of the particles occurs by viscous flow. Brown2 suggested that both particle-particle attraction and repulsive forces exist from a number of sources, including interstitial capillary forces, van der Waals forces between spheres, coulombic repulsion, and resistance to deformation. Each of these forces can be measured or calculated for specific latex systems. Coalescence

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 59

R.M. Rynders, C.R. Hegedus, and A.G. Gilicinski

LATEX FILM FORMATION MECHANISM

COATING APPLIED, PMYMER SPHERES DISPERSED IN WATER

C INm*L BULK WATER NAPORa/LTMN AND PARTICLE PACKMQ

4 CLOSE.PACKED PARTICLES WI7H WATER-FILLED INTERSTICES

4 wmwa N A W R A ~ OF VOUTILES, INITIAL PARTICLE COMPACTION

C INITIAL FILM FORMATION WITH COMPACTED PARTICLES

C INERRPARTICLE DIFFUSION OF POLYMERMOLECULES

C

Figure 7-Schematic of the film formation process in coatings cast from a latex.

occurs when the attractive forces between particles are higher than the repulsive forces. VanderhofP proposed that as particles approach each other, their electrical double layers hinder intimate contact. Additional water evaporation exerts a force due to the surface tension which can rupture adjacent double layers, causing polymer-polymer contact (wet caking). The remaining polymer/water surface tension then increases the particle-particle contact pressure, causing further coalescence. Sheets et aL4 suggested that capillary forces cause initial film formation (similar to Brown). After close particle packing, further coalescence is controlled by complete diffusion of water out of the coating. Voyutskii et aL5 theorized that the critical contributions to film formation occur during the latter stages of coalescence when polymer chains diffuse from particle to particle. The residual structure of spherical particles diminishes and the film becomes homogenous and cohesive. This process is commonly referred to as autohesion or self- diffusion. Eckersley et aL6 proposed that as water evaporates, both interfacial and capillary forces in the water-filled interstices of the particles cause viscoelastic behavior in the polymer. This response results in particle-particle contact and eventual film coalescence.

Although the suggested mechanisms of film formation differ, most agree that good film formation requires diffusion of polymer molecules from particle to particle as the coating dries and adjacent particles come into contact. As this diffusion occurs, coalescence becomes complete and cohesive strength of the film is enhanced significantly by increased chain entanglements and secondary bonding. The diffusion process is associated with the onset of large-scale motion of molecular chains, such that polymers at temperatures above their glass transition temperature (T,), will form films more easily than those below their T, or with high molecular weights. Unfortunately, polymers with lower T,s normally produce coatings with lower strength, durability, and chemical resistance. These properties are required for many high performance applications.

The balance that must be attained between film formation and mechanical properties of the coating is exemplified in a series of aqueous acrylic-polyurethane hybrid dispersions.* These materials are latex dispersions containing acrylic and polyurethane chains that are entangled at the molecular level. This molecular level mixing significantly improves the mechanical and chemical resistance properties compared to coatings prepared from traditional, physically blended materials. Pertaining to the film, two of the hybrids, Flexthane 610 and 620, will film form at room temperature (T, range is -40 to 50°C), but the films are relatively soft. In contrast, the film formed by Flexthane 630 is harder (T, range exceeds 100°C), but it will not adequately film form at room temperature without added co-solvents. It would be desirable to have a dispersion with the film formation properties of 610 and 620, while exhibiting the hardness of 630.

The traditional approach to achieving these improved performance characteristics is to use harder polymers with high glass transition temperatures and add organic solvents, surfactants, and/or other plasticizers to the latex. These added ingredients improve coalescence by swelling (softening) the polymer and lowering the T, of the system. Unfortunately, these ingredients also have the undesired side effect of increasing the VOCs of the emulsions, which negates one of the main advantages of water-based systems. Also, the additives may have a detrimental effect on the water resistance of the applied coating.

An alternative approach to improve film formation without added coalescing aids is to mix dispersions of soft (low T,) and hard (high T,) polymers. In this manner, the soft particles may coalesce around the harder particles to produce a composite-like effect. Preliminary studies performed with various mixtures of 610, 620, and 630 suggested that some mixtures had the potential to form high quality, continuous films that were relatively hard, tough, and durable. Although promising synergistic coating properties were observed with some of these mixtures, other mixtures displayed less attractive properties due to the apparent tradeoff between hardness and good film formation. A problem encountered in these preliminary studies was the lack of a method to accurately assess film formation characteristics, i.e., extent of particle coalescence. This assessment was necessary in order to define the effects of film formation on coating properties and to determine the potential for long-term performance properties of applied coating systems.

Coating film formation is difficult to study, and it is especially difficult to quantify the degree of particle coalescence. Analytical techniques applied to studies of film formation include scanning electron microscopy (SEM),3,6-8 small angle neutron scattering (SANS),9-'I and nonradiative energy transfer techniques.I2 More conventionally, the extent of particle coalescence and quality of film formation have been deduced from mechanical properties of polymer films.6 The results generated from such methods do not provide explicit, quantitative data that describe the extent of particle coalescence. Of these methods, SEM provides the most direct information on film morphology. However, with small particle size latexes, such as the 40-60 nm particle sizes of these hybrid polymers, the three-dimensional aspects of the surface features are difficult to ascertain by SEM.

*Flexrhane*610,620, and 630, Air Piw.tucrs and Chemicals, Inc.


Particle Coalescence in Waterborne Coatings

Concerning a closely related issue, ASTM D 2354 describes a method to determine minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) of emulsion (including latex) coatings. The procedure is performed by using an instrument consisting of a substrate plate with a temperature gradient. The coating is cast on the plate and allowed to dry at the substrate temperature. After the film has dried, it is visually inspected for film formation damage, such as cracks and other discontinuities. The lowest temperature on the substrate at which a consistent and coherent film is formed is the MFET. This test is more simplistic than those described previously, although it is extremely practical for quick evaluations. It allows for the determination of the MFIT at a visual (or slightly magnified) level; however, it provides little insight into the details of particle coalescence, film formation, or film quality.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has recently emerged as a tool that can produce three-dimensional results of surface morphologies on a 10-lo to meter scale.13J4 AFM is, therefore, an ideal technique to study coating morphologies. In addition to enhanced resolution, the AFM offers distinct advantages over the SEM. A key advantage of AFM lies with the ease of sam~le ore~aration and the abilitv to examine . . A

nonconductive surfaces in ambient conditions or under fluid. In addition, AFM provides three-dimensional numerical data that can be analyzed quantitatively using image analysis software. If our hypothesis that coating morphology reflects the extent of particle coalescence is correct, the AFM can provide direct, quantitative information on the film formation quality.

AFM Imaging Issues

AFM has been used to study film formation of polymeric rnaterial~.l~-'~ As with any technique, artifacts associated with AFM can lead to misinterpretation of the results. Since soft materials, such as polymers, were first imaged, it was recognized that sample deformation could be a problem under forces that are present during the imaging process (van der Waals, capillary, friction, and electrostatic forces).20 Contact mode AFM (CMAFM) was the original mode in which AFM was implemented in 1986. In this mode, the surface is scanned beneath a stationary tip. Frictional forces between the sample and the tip can be sufficiently high to damage a soft surface. To reduce frictional forces imposed on the surface by this scanning mechanism, a method known as tapping mode AFM (TMAFM) was invented in 1992. In tapping mode AFM, the sample is scanned beneath a tip that is attached to a bimorph driver that oscillates the cantilever at frequencies in the range of 300 kHz, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the scanning frequency. In this manner, the same information obtained from CMAFM is collected without the frictional forces imposed by CMAFM.

A second caveat of AFM arises from artifacts induced by superposition of the AFM tip morphology on true surface features; careful interpretation is critical when features of interest are similar in size or smaller than the AFM tip radius." Juhu6 et al.18J9 have used AFM to study the effect of surfactants and annealing on poly(buty1 methacrylate) latex film formation. The latex particle size was 300 nm, and they did not account for the 10% error introduced on the particle size by superposition of a 20-30 nm AFM tip radius. The particle size distribution of the hybrid polymer series investigated in this work ranged from 40-60 nm, and the tip size and

morphology could not be ignored. Various methods for measuring the tip size and/or shape include reversal imaging (surface features of known size and shape are used to image the AFM tip),Z2-26 height standard calibrations (calibration of AFM height data using a well-characterized stepped sur- f a ~ e ) , ' ~ , * ~ and force calculation^.^^-^'

In this work, coatings formed from various blends of Flexthane 610,620, and 630, were analyzed by AFM and the degree of particle coalescence of each film was assessed. Both contact and tapping mode AFM and three types of probe tips were used to determine the best method for imaging the films. The AFM results were compared to SEM micrographs of platinum-coated films. To account for the tip size and shape, reversal imaging was applied using gold colloids fixed to mica. The results from the AFM analyses were correlated with coating performance data from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and ProhesionTM tests. The results of this study were used to correlate the extent of film formation with coating performance and, more specifically, to select mixtures of 610,620, and 630 that will provide optimal performance in waterborne coating formulations.

EXPERIMENTAL

Coating Sample Preparation

Commercially available samples of acrylic polyurethane hybrid dispersions (Flexthane 610, 620, and 630) were used in this evaluation. Their preparation and properties are described e l ~ e w h e r e . ~ ~ , ~ ~ The initial screening experiments for mixtures of the three dispersions were established according to a simplex centroid designj4 as listed in Tabk 1. Prior characteriza- tions indicated a compositional region of improved coating properties and this area was highlighted and studied according to an extreme vertices mixture design.35 These latter mixtures also are included in Tabk 1 and all of the coatings evaluated are illustrated on the tri-coordinate graph in Figure 2.

The coatings were prepared by mixing under mild agita- tion with a low speed mechanical stirrer for 10 to 15 min. The mixed coatings were allowed to sit for 24 hr before application

Table I-Design Composition for Hybrid Mixtures

Initial Simplex Design:

Sample ID % Composition by Weight

610 620 630

Exireme Vertices Design:

K ................................... 31 22 47 L ................................... 24 30 46 M .................................. 19 28 53 N .................................. 26 19 55

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 61


I FLEXTHANE MIXTURES

610

Figure 2-Three-phase composition chart of hybrid coatings blended from Flexthane 670, 620, and 630.

to steel specimens using a 152 micron (6 mil) draw-down bar. The metal substrates were cold-rolled 1020 steel with a zinc phosphate treatment (Bonderite 952). The substrate was measured to have an average roughness (Ra) of 1.5 microns. The applied coatings were cured at constant temperature and humidity conditions of 21°C and 50% relative humidity for 14 days prior to characterization. The dry film thickness was measured with a film thickness gauge to be 50.8 + 7.6 microns.

Atomic Force Microscopy

Figure 3 is a schematic that shows the AFM imaging mechanism. In contact mode AFM, a sample surface is rastered in a plane perpendicular to a sharp tip held near the sample surface. As the forces on tip change, due to protruding or recessed features on the sample surface, the tip is deflected upward or downward, respectively. Concurrently, a laser beam signal is focused on the end of a cantilever that holds the tip. The deflection of the tip is then detected at a split photodiode by a change in position of the reflected laser beam. In tapping mode AFM, the scanning mechanism is as described previously, but the tip is oscillated at a frequency that is much higher than the sample horizontal scanning frequency. This "tapping" of the tip reduces frictional forces that are encountered in conventional contact made AFM.

A digital instmments nanoscope I11 multimode AFM using version 2.4 of the software and a 15 pn scanner head was used in both tapping and contact modes to image the coatings at a scan rate of 5 Hz. Images were collected at 1 ,2 , and 5 pn on three different regions of the surface.

A PelcoTM gold colloidal standard kit (Ted Pella) was used to disperse a mixture of gold colloid spheres on mica. The colloid diameters were certified by the manufacture to be 7.70 nm + 7.74%, 14.36 nm + 5.68%, and 27.80 nm f 8.87%. Before each coating sample was imaged, the tip size and shape was checked with the gold standard. lf the spherical shape of the colloids was distorted, the tip was not used. The analysis used to characterize the tips using the gold standards is described in detail in the Results and Discussion Section.


Scanning Electron Microscopy

The coated samples were glued to aluminum SEM sample mounts using conductive carbon paint and allowed to dry. An ion beam sputter coater (VCR Group, lnc. model TM 200s) was used to apply a 1 nm thick platinum film to enhance conductivity and signal for SEM.

SEM analysis was performed using a JEOL JSM-6300F field-emission scanning electron microscope. Secondary electron images were obtained at 2 kV accelerating voltage with no tilt on the specimen stage.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was done with a Princeton Applied Research (PAR) Model 273 potentiostat and a 5210 lock-in amplifier, and was controlled using PAR Model 398 software. Experiments were done in two parts: single sine wave measurements from 100 kHz to 5 Hz, and multisine measurements from 5 down to 0.05 Hz. One cm2 of the coated panel was used as the working electrode, and excitation voltages were applied against open circuit potentials versus Ag/AgCl reference. Equivalent circuit modeling was done using Boukamp's linear least squares program Equivcrtj6 using a simple coatings model with pore resistance and coating capacitance calculated from E1S spectra??

Prohesion Cabinet Exposures

Coated specimens were exposed in a mebon Prohesion cabinet for 500 hr as described el~ewhere?"'~ The exposure was performed according to ASTM G85 with the following modifications. A cyclic salt fogldry cycle was established with one hour fog at ambient temperature and one hour dry-off at 35°C. The salt solution consisted of 0.05% sodium chloride and 0.35% ammonium sulfate by weight. Upon removal, the specimens were visually inspected and ranked according to the degree of corrosion and coating defects.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In Part 1 of this section, the quality of images obtained by atomic force and electron microscopies is evaluated. A gold colloid standard was employed to screen AFM tips as well as measure the tip radii. Quantitative analyses of the coating surface features were performed, and measurements were cor-

Loser Beam - Split Photdodc ' ~\h,

v ,, - Sample Su&ce

Figure 3-Schematic of AFM mechanism.

Figure &-(a) TMAFM image of gold colloid dispersion imaged with a defective tip, (b) TMAFM image of coating i imaged with the same defective tip, (c) TMAFM image of gold dispersion imaged with a "good" tip, and (d) TMAFM image of coating I imaged with the same "good" tip.

rected for AFM tip size. Because the polymers in this study were soft, it was expected that tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) would be more appropriate than contact mode atomic force microscopy (CMAFM) due to the lower friction forces associated with TMAFM. Both methods were used to image a subset of coatings to verify that TMAFM should be the main technique employed in this study. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the same coatings were obtained, and the complementary aspects of SEM and probe microscopies are discussed. The reader should note that the AFM images scale in microns in the xy plane but scale in nanometers in the z plane; that is, the vertical features are significantly enhanced.

In Part I1 of this section, characterization of particle coalescence in the applied coatings is presented. The quantitative information obtained from AFM was incorporated into a quadratic least squares fit on a three-phase composition graph so rhat the degree of particle coalescence for any formulation could be predicted. The results were compared to results from other coating characterization techniques, including electrochemical impedance and prohesion exposure tests.


PART I: Evaluation of Imaging Methods

IN SITU CALIBRATION STANDARD FOR AFM TIP CHARAC- TERIZATION: The AFM tips used have apex radii of 20-30 nm (at a height of 5 nm), which is similar to the size range of the latex prticles, 40-60 nm. Due to this size similarity, knowledge of the AFM tip morphology was required for reasons discussed in the Introduction Section. Gold colloids bound to a mica surface using a layer of 1-lysine were used as a standard to estimate the tip shape and size. The information obtained from imaging the gold standard was necessary to avoid image distortion from defective tips and to correct for AFM tip size on measurements of latex particles.

APPLICATION OF CALIBRATION STANDARD TO SCREEN FOR IMAGE DISTORTION: Figure 4 demonstrates the use of the gold standards to screen AFM tips. AFM images of the gold spheres and coating I that are shown in Figures 4a and 4b, respectively, were obtained with the same defective tip. The gold colloids (see Figure 4a) appeared distorted, which indicated that the tip was defective and that the data in Figure 4b were not representative of the surface morphology. The SEM micrograph of this tip is shown in Figure 5a and confirms rhat the tip was defective. The defective tip was replaced with a tip similar to the one shown in the SEM micrograph in Figure 5b.

Figure 4c shows that the AFM image of the gold colloids obtained using the replacement tip appeared spherical, which indicated that the tip was not defective and could be used to image the coating morphology. The AFM image of coating 1 that was obtained with this "good" tip is shown in Figure 4d. The coating exhibited spherical protrusions, which we assume to be uncoalesced particles. These protrusions appeared as elongated, aligned features in the images obtained with the defective tip (see Figure 4b). Without the gold colloid standard, the AFM operator would not have known that the tip was defective and would have presumed that the image in Figure 4b was representative of the true coating morphology. This series of images demonstrates that the gold standard was an effective and necessary tool to screen AFM tips for defects.

APPLICATION OF CALIBRATION STANDARD TO ESTIMATE TIP SIZE: The average particle width in coating I measured by AFM in Figure 4d was 70 nm; whereas, the average particle width measured by SEM was 40 nm (image not shown). The difference in the widths imaged by AFM and SEM demonstrated that the AFM tip size was superimposed on the coating morphology. Characterization of the AFM tip size by the gold standard and the method of analysis applied to account for tip size on the AFM images is described in this section.

Figure 6a shows a schematic of an AFM tip that has a finite sharpness (cone angle, 8, of 20") and size (apex radius, RI , of 30 nm). The tip is scanning, from left to right, across a 50 nm diameter sphere. The resultant trace is shown in the following schematic. The tip edge first contacts the particle between points [a] and [c]. This first point of contact depends on the tip sharpness; for an infinitely sharp tip, the point of contact would be at a height of l/zD, and point [a] and would approach point [c] as the t ~ p cone angle, 0, widens. The first contact between the tip and the sphere in the schematic is at point [b]. As the tip scans across the sphere, the measured distance

Vol. 67, No. 845, J u n e 1995 63


Figure 5--SEM micrographs of: (a) defective tip, and (b) defect-free tip.

Figure &Schematic of tip scan and resultant trace across: (a) a sphere, and (b) a recess. r

would follow the tip edge morphology until the tip apex reaches point [b]. The distance traversed by the scanner during this deflection is equal to half the tip radius at the point of first contact, R,, less half the radius of the tip apex, RI, such that

The sphere morphology is then imaged until the right edge of the tip apex contacts point [c], and the measured distance is

where <D is some distance less than the sphere diameter and depends on the tip cone angle and position of the first point of contact. The tip sharpness, and thus the magnitude of <D, is not always known. For a tip with a cone angle of 20°, <D is

97% of the full diameter, D; therefore, for this analysis <D was approximated as D. At point [c], the sphere then images the tip for a distance of RI. The sphere morphology is again imaged between points [c] and [dl, such that the distance traversed when the tip reaches point [dl is

After the tip apex reaches point [dl, the tip left edge morphology is imaged until the tip touches the substrate. The total distance measured, D,, is

Combining equations (1) through (4) yields:



Thus, the protruding features would appear wider by R2, which varies with feature height. The measured height, however, is accurate and equal to the particle diameter. The set of R2 values were measured at 8, 14, and 29 nm diameter gold spheres. The estimated R2 was then subtracted from the measured diameter of the coating features.

Figure 6b shows a resultant trace obtained from the superposition of a TMAFM tip scanning a hemispherical recessed region. As the tip apex reaches the recess comer, point [a], it would hang above the recess until the left edge of the tip also crossed point [a]. Consequently, the scanner would have traversed across the recess for a distance R,, but no change in morphology would have been detected. Upon descent of the tip into the recess, the comer, at point [a], would trace the tip left edge morphology. When the tip edge clears the recess side wall, the tip would trace the inner morphology of the recessed region until the right edge of the tip contacts the right recess comer, point [b]. This comer would then trace the morphology of the right tip edge. The resulting trace would show a recessed feature with a measured diameter,

and the side walls that have the morphology of the tip edges. In short, the recessed feature would appear more narrow than the actual diameter, and the measured depth would be accurate if the tip could penetrate to the bottom of the feature, i.e., if R2 is less than D.

The value of R, measured for the 8 nm gold colloid was used to represent the tip apex radius, R,. The diameters of the recessed features imaged in the polymer coatings were corrected for the tip apex radius. The feature sizes discussed in the remainder of this paper have been corrected for tip size.

COMPARISON OF IMAGING METHODS: Contact and tapping mode AFM, as well as SEM, were used to image a subset of coatings. SEM and AFM showed similar qualitative results, but the SEM resolution and contrast was very poor. Quantita- tive, three-dimensional information was not available from SEM images and the lateral features sizes of these coatings were near the 20 nm resolution limit of SEM in bulk materi-

Table 2--Classification and Ranking for 14 Blended Hybrid Coatings

Figure 7-TMAFM image of: (a) I Coatlng 620, (b) Class I1 Coating N, and (c) Class 111 Coating 630.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 65

- -

Recessed Features # Density Sample ID DiameferIDeplh Particle Size (t/wunl)

C l m 1 CoaHngs ........ 620 (C) ................... ... 70 nml2 nm

B .................. .. ................. 60 nml2-5 nm H ........................................... 80 nm12-5 nm

Class II Coatings 610 (A) ...................................... few

D ................... .... ............ 70 nm/3 nm J .................. ... ..... . . . . . . 70 nm/3 nm G ......................................... few N ........................................ 75 nm/3 nm K ...................... .. ............. 70 nm13 nm

Clau Ill Coatings F ........................................ few L ............................................ few I ......................................... few

M ........................................... 45 nml3 nm 630 (E) ....................................... few

Widlh Helght none none 30 nm I0 nm

35-40 nm 15 nm

20-40 nm 5-10 nm 25-70 nm 5-20 nm 25-70 nm 5-20 nm 30-40 nm 10-20 nm 25-70 nm 5-20 nm 20-70 nm 520 nm

10-60 nm 5-20 nm 40 nm I0 nm

40,70 nm 15 nm 50 nm 15-20 nm

30.15 nm 15, lOnm

none 15 25

27 35 40 50 50 60

60 60 80 80 85


Figure &Quadratic regression analysis on a three-component composition chart of: (a) particle density, (b) pore resistance, and (c) corrosion spot density, where X,=Flexthane 6 10, X,=Flexthane 620, andX,=Flexthane 630.

als. The contrast in the SEM images of these small particle size latex films was poor. Although the surfaces were coated with a thin layer of platinum (1 nm), the secondary electron yield was dependent on the bulk material. Because the poly meric materials do not provide good secondary electron yields, the signal to noise ratio is lower than would be expected for a conductive material. Another problem associated with SEM

imaging of coatings was that the material was beam sensitive; heat generated from the penetrating electrons would melt or vaporize the polymer. Consequently, there was a low maximum time and beam intensity that could be applied to image an undamaged surface. These limits further decreased the resolution.

CMAFM, in general, provided acceptable results, but the friction forces caused image streaking. As well, SEM of used CMAFM tips showed that the tips were frequently contami- nated with the polymer and/or other debris. TMAFM provided clear, reproducible images of the coating morphology and was defined as the most appropriate and more accurate technique for imaging these polymer samples.

PART II: Evaluation of Polymer Film Formation

CHARACTERIZATION OF PARTICLE COALESCENCE: A series of 14 waterborne latex coating blends was studied in order to characterize polymer coalescence as a function of composition. The coatings were developed by blending three acrylic- polyurethane hybrid polymer dispersions, Flexthane 610,620, and 630. Tabk 1 in the Experimental Section lists the coating labels with their corresponding compositions and Figure 2 shows the position of each blend on a three-phase composition diagram.

Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) was chosen as the main imaging technique used in this study for reasons previously discussed. Particles were defined as features that protruded above the average surface plane and had a diameter (after correction for the tip radius) of 20-60 nm, consistent with the particle size distribution of 40-60 nm measured by light scattering methods. The average particle size distribution for each dried coating was approximated by measuring the size of the particles (with the cross-section analysis software) and correcting for tip radius. The number of particles that protruded at least 8 nm above the average surface plane was counted to yield a number density of particles within the film. This count was manually performed on images with a contour color scheme set such that features protruding more than 8 nm were white, while the remaining surface was black.

In Tabk 2, the coatings are ranked according to the degree of particle coalescence as determined by particle size distribution and particle number density. Qualitative and quantitative examination of the TMAFM images and degree of particle coalescence led to classification of the coatings into three types of films. Figure 7 presents the images of one coating representative of each class listed in Tabk 2. Figure 7a shows coating Flexthane 620, which was classified in Class I. Class I films were smooth with few detectable individual particles. These coatings had an ordered array of recessed features that were 70 nm in diameter and 2-3 nm deep. The protruding features seen in these coatings were relatively small, 30-35 nm wide. These coatings were considered the best film formers. Figure 7b shows coating N, which was representative of films in Class 11. Class I1 films exhibited the coalescence of particles into large clumps with few discrete (20-60 nm) features. Some of these coatings exhibited recessed features and there were a wide range of protrusions observed (20-70 nm). Class I1 coatings were considered fair film formers. Figure 7c shows an image of coating 630, which was representative of



films in Class 111. Class 111 films showed numerous distinct particles. These films showed no ordered array of recessed features and were considered to be poor film formers. It is noted that coatings in Class I and I1 contained higher concentrations of 620 and/or 610; whereas, coatings in Class 111 were high in 630.

Figure 8a shows the results from a quadratic regression analysis of the particle density data (see Tabk 1) as a function of composition. The contours show that 620 provided the best coalesced films while 630 produced the least coalesced films. This trend was not surprising since, as discussed in the Intro- duction Section, the T, of 620 is relatively low, while that of 630 is relatively high. Quantitative information from the AFM data that can be used in such contour plots will facilitate the ability to predict the film formation characteristics of other mixtures.

COMPARISON OF AFM RESULTS WITH OTHER CHARACTER- IZATION METHODS: To further substantiate the ability of AFM to explicitly determine the film formation characteristics of coatings, EIS and Prohesion cabinet exposures were performed on metal specimens coated with the same hybrid materials. These evaluations were performed because improved film formation should produce improved barrier properties. Poor film formation should lead to poorly coalesced regions within the coating, such as pinholes and/or cracks, which cause the substrate to be more susceptible to a corrosive environment. EIS yields a coating pore resistance, which reflects the ability of a coating to protect the substrate from a corrosive electrolyte. Figure 8b shows the results from a quadratic regression analysis of the pore resistance values of the specimens im- mersed in 1M NaCl solution. The contour plot of the EIS data clearly displays a dramatic increase in pore resistance as the 630 concentration decreases, especially in the direction of increasing 620. This result reflects an increased resistance to penetration of electrolyte ions and reflects good film formation. Prohesion cabinet exposures directly ascertain corrosion protection of the substrate povided by the coatings, and the results are quantified by a count of localized corrosion spots per a unit area. Figure 8c shows the results from a quadratic regression analysis of the corrosion spot density. Consistent with EIS results, these data show that corrosion protection improves with decreasing 630 and increasing 620 concentrations. The AFM results suggest that increasing 610 and 620 concentrations in the hybrid coatings improved film formation, which, in turn, as shown by the EIS and Prohesion test, improved the barrier properties of the coatings.

It should be noted that certain mixtures of these dispersions have displayed synergistic effects in hardness and adhesion. For example, when comparing coatings without additional coalescing solvents, a 17:17:66 blend of 610:620:630 has a higher pendulum (ASTM D 4366) and pencil (ASTM D 3363) hardness than 630, while still having theG.E. impact strength (ASTM D 2794) as 610 and 620. This seems to be additional evidence that the blending of the harder 630 with 610 and 620 aids significantly in film formation without additional coalescing aids or heat. It is important to note that these benefits can be obtained at a minimum volatile organic component (VOC) level (<l50 gb) .

OTHER OBSERVATIONS: One notable observation from the AFM images obtained in this study was the presence of recessed areas in the surface morphologies (see AFM images of coatings in Class I). Similar recessed features have been rarely

reported. VanderhofF performed SEM analysis on replicas of coatings from a poly(styrene-butadiene) copolymer latex dispersion and observed a number of "extracted" particles. He noted that the number of extracted particles decreased with increased film coalescence; and, therefore, attributed the phenomenon to removal of uncoalesced particles during the rep- lica sample preparation. More recently, Juhue et al.'8,19 used AFM to study film formation from poly(buty1 methacrylate) latex dispersions. Their studies focused on the effect of surfactants on the face-centered cubic packing structure of the particles and particle coalescence at various stages of annealing. They observed deformations that were smaller than the particle diameters and the spherical nature of the particles were evident at each stage of coalescence. It should be noted that the particle size in these previous studies was 250-500 nm, which is substantially larger and easier to analyze than the 40-60 nm particle size in this work. We have observed similar features on a coating containing Flexthane 620 and titanium dioxide pigment.

The recessed features observed in this work were promi- nent in the smoothest films and were not evident on the films with high particle densities. These features are not clearly visible by SEM, as discussed in Part I, and it is likely that they have not been previously observed since AFM has not been widely applied in such applications. The recessed features in the hybrid coatings were 2-3 nm in depth and their diameter was approximately 70 nm. A solvent-based coating and four other aqueous dispersion coatings were analyzed by AFM and compared to the hybrid coatings in this study. The solvent- based coating, as expected, exhibited molecular-level smoothness (<5 nm roughness). There were no recessed or protruding features observed in this coating. In fact, this surface appeared substantially smoother than 620 (coating C), which was the best hybrid film former. The four latex-based coatings showed both smooth and rough morphologies, but none exhibited the network of recessed features. However, these films were in storage for several months and it is well-known that coalescence can continue over a period of months. The films studied in this work were allowed to film form for less than one month. A study of film formation with time will be performed using AFM.

The source of the ordered network of recessed features is unknown; future studies in this area could lend new insight into the film formation mechanism of latex-based coatings.

I O d B Power Spectrum I

Figure 9-Power spectral density plot of Flexthane 620. The peak indicates the spacing of the ordered network of recessed

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 67


Figure 9 is a power spectral density plot generated from an AFM image of 620. It is seen that a peak occurs in this plot at a wavelength of 60 nm, which corresponds to the diameter of the recessed features. The distinct peak is clear evidence that the recessed features form an ordered network. Because the features are ordered, it is plausible that their formation is related to the packing arrangement of the particles during the drying process. The particles have sufficient time during the drying process to pack in the most thermodynamically favored arrangement, i.e., close packed. As the solvent evaporates, the particles come closer and begin to coalesce; and as the particles dry, they also begin to shrink. A sequence of events where the particles pack, coalesce, then shrink would result in the coalesced network observed in the AFM images. For example, Figure 10a shows a topview AFM image of a hybrid coating being investigated in a parallel study. This film was very level and exhibited a clear hexagonal arrangement of recessed features. The circles superimposed on this image illustrate the original face centered cubic particle packing that could lead to the coalesced network imaged by AFM. Figure lob is the power spectral density plot for this same image and a peak is observed at 100 nm, which when cor-

0 dB Pouer Spectru~

b

t e n u a

I 0 n

100 dB l o 6

fb)

rected for an apex tip size of approximately 15 nm indicates that the recessed features are 115 nm in diameter. The number average particle size in this emulsion was 64 nm. The fact that the recessed regions are nearly a factor of two larger than the original size supports the idea that the polymer shrinks significantly upon drying. If this proposed mechanism is valid, the recessed feature size should depend on the packing arrangement, the particle size, the extent of particle swelling in the dispersion, and the rate of drying versus coalescence.

-

CONCLUSIONS

figure 10-(a) Topvlew AFM image of a Flex- thane coatlng that exhfblts a h~ghly ordered array of recessed features, (b) Power spectral density plot of AFM Image shown in (a)

This work had demonstrated that AFM is an excellent tool for assessing film formation. Techniques, such as SEM, that have conventionally been used for similar studies cannot provide the vertical resolution or quantitative information available from AFM. Although artifacts are imposed on the results by the AFM tip, a gold colloid standard can be used to correct for them. With this technique we have developed a means of describing the extent of particle coalescence in the system studied. The AFM results, which were supported by other harrier characterization techniques, such as EIS and Prohesion cabinet tests, indicate the Flexthane 620 was a better film former than Flexthane 610 and, especially, Flexthane 630. By formulating hybrid blends, film formation of the Flexthane 630 was improved. The results suggest that benefits may be obtained from mixtures of the dispersions by offering a compromise between polymer hardness and film formation. A notable observation from this work was the ordered network of recessed features in the better film formers. These recesses were not observed by SEM. The clear hexagonal order evident in these networks indicates that their source was dependent on the packing structure of the coalescing particles. Further investigation of this phenomenon could provide new insight into the film formation mechanism and lead to improved methods for tailoring coating formulations to yield the desired characteristics.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to acknowledge J.R. Stets for the SEM work and L. Mercando for enlightening discussions throughout this effort.

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(13) Binnina. G. and Quate. C.F.. "Atomic Force Microscow." Phvs. Rev. . . >

Let., 56930 (1986). (14) Alexander, S., Hellemans, L., Marti. 0 . . Schnei. 1.. Elings. V.. and

Hansma, P.K.. "An Atomic-resolution Atomic-Force Micr-ov Imple- mented Using an Optical Lever," J. Appl. Phys., 65, 164 (1988).

.

(15) Goss, C.A., Brumfield, J.C., Irene, E.A., and Murray, R.W., "In Situ Atomic Force M~croscopic Imaging of Electrochemical Formation of a Thin Dielectric Film. Poly(Phenylene oxide)," Langmuir, 8,1459 (1992).

(16) Stange, T.G., Mathew, R., and Evans. D.F., "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Characterization of Polysty- rene Spin-Coated onto Sillcon Surfaces," hgmuir. 8,920 (1992).

(17) Saraf, R.F., "Earlv-Staee Phase Separation in Polvimide Precursor Blends: An Atomlc Force M I & O S C O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ . " ~ a n o m u k c u k s . 26.3623 (1991).

(18) IuhuC. D. and Lane. I . "Effect of Surfacrant Patadded to Larex Dsner- . . -. . . sion on Film Formation: A Study by Atomic Force Microscopy," hgmuir , 9.792 (1993).

(19) Goh, M.C.. JuhuC. D., Leung, O., Wang, Y., and Winnik. M.A.. "An- nealing Effect on the Surface Structure of Latex Films Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy," hgmuir , 9, 1319 (1993).

(20) Radmacher, M.. Tillmann, R.W., Fritz. M.. and Gaub, H.E., "From Molecules to Cells: Imaging Soft Samples with the Atomic Force Microscope," Science, 257, 1900 (1992).

(21) Westra, K.L.. Mitchell, A.W.. and Thornson. D.J.. "Tip Artifacts in Atomic Force Microscope Imaging of Thin Film surfaim," J. Appl. Phys., 74,3608 (1993).

(22) Magonov, S.N., Gorenberg, A. Ya.. and Cantow, H.-J., "Atomic Force Microscopy on Polymen and Polymer Related Compounds," Polymer Bulletin, 28, 577 (1992).

(23) Jensen, F., "Calibration of the Atomic Force Microscope by Means of a Pyramidal Tip," Reu. Sci. Instrum.. 64.2595 (1993).

(24) Montelius. L. and Tegenfeldt, J.O., "Direct Obsetvation of the Tip Shape in Scanning Probe Microscopy," Appl. Phys. Lett., 62, 2628 11993). . .

(25) Barbet. J., Gamin, A., Thimonier, J., Chauvin. J.. and Rocca-Serra,]., "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Colloid Gold Beads," Ult~mrcro- scopy, 50,355 (1993).

(26) Vesenka, J.. Manne, S., Giberson, R.. Marsh, T.. and Hendenon, E., "Colloidal Gold Particles as an Incompressible Atomic Force Micro- scope lmaging Standard for Assessing the Compressibility of Biomolecules," Biophys. J., 65,992 (1993).

(27) Ohmi. T. and Aoyama, S., "Calibration of Height in Atomic Fome Microscope Imaaes with Subnanometer Scale Silicon Dioxide Steos." . . Appl. PhYi. Lett.r61. 2479 (1992).

(28) Sheiko, S.S., Moller. M., Reuvekamp. E.M.C.M.. and Zandbergen, H.W., "Calibration and Evaluation of Scanning-Force-Microscopy Probes," Phys. Rev. B. 48.5675 (1993).

(29) Thundat,T..Zhene.S-Y.. (2hen.G.Y.. Sham. S.L.. and Warmack. R.1.. , . "~haract~rization & ~ t o i i c ~ o r c e ~icto&Pe ~ i p s by Adhesion Force Measurements,"AppI. Phys. Lett.. 63. 2150 (1993).

(30) Hutter, J.L. and Bechhoefer, J., "Calibration of Atomic-Force Micro- scope Tips," Rev. Sci. Insmm., 64, 1868 (1993).

(31) Bumham, N.A.. "Apparent and True Feature Heights in Force Micros- copy,"AppI. Phys. Lett., 63.114 (1993).

(32) U.S. Patent 5,173,526 "Aqueous Polyurethane-Vinyl Polymer Disper- sions for Coatings Applications!'

(33) Hegedus. C.R. and Kloiber, K.A., "Acrylic-Polyurethane Aqueous Dis- penions: Structure and Properties in lndusnial Coatings," Prof. 21st Warerbome, Hider-Solids 6' Powder Coatinm Swnb.. New Orleans. LA. " . . . . February 9-1 1,1994.

(34) Gotman, J.W. and Hinman, J.E., Technomerks, 4(3), 463 (1962). (35) McLean, R.A. and Anderson, V.L., Technomenicr, 8(3), 447 (1966). (36) Boukamp. B.A., Solid State lonics, 20, p. 31 (1986). (37) Skew. B.S.. Alavi. A.. and Lindmen. K.I.. "Environmental and Elec-

troch&nical Test Methods for t& ~valuakon of Protective Organic Coatings," JO~NALOFGJATINGS TECHNOLCGY, 60, NO. 765,97 (1988).

(38) Cremer, N.D.. "Prohesion Compared to Salt Spray and Outdoors Cy- clic Methods of Accelerated Corrosion Testing," Presented at the Fed- eration of Societies for Coatings Technology Annual Meeting, October 1989, New Orleans, LA.

(39) Simpson, C.H., Ray, C.J., and Skerry, B.S., "Accelerated Corrosion Testing Using a Cyclic Corrosion Weathering Method," J. Protective Coat. Linings, 8(5), 28 (1991).

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Swelling Stresses and Strains Associated with Mass Transport in Polymeric Films

Chon-Shin Jou, S.T. Sackinger, and Richard J. Farris-university of Massachusetts*

INTRODUCTION

T here are many researcher^'.^ studying the moisture diffusion of polyimide films based on the measurement of the mass uptake by a gravimetric method using Cahn

electrobalance5 that is capable of measuring weights within 0.1 microgram. Carefully controlled conditions are critical for obtaining meaningful results. The objective of this work is to develop a simple experimental technique using a force-strain setup to evaluate transport properties of polymeric films exposed to a penetrant. In this study, a force-strain apparatus is used to study the swelling behavior of polymeric films exposed to water or moisture. For the constant strain experiment, the sample is initially stretched to a constant elongation. After stress relaxation, water or moisture is introduced into an environmental chamber, and the changes in the stress can be monitored in situ. The change in the Xress is called swelling stress, which is associated with moisture diffusion. For the constant tension experiment, the sample is put under tension by a small weight (0.2 N) that straightens the test sample, and the changes in sample length can be monitored in situ. It is shown that if the swelling stress and strain are proportional to the mass uptake, the mass diffusivity can be retrieved with the information of transient swelling. The swelling technique can obtain not only the swelling stress and strain but also the diffusion coefficient. The conventional gravimetric method using a Cahn electrobalance is also applied for comparisons. The swelling coefficient of polyimide film exposed to water can also be determined, and this is similar in concept to the thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) for determining the thermal expansion coefficient. Also, the experimental technique can be easily applied to characterize the moisture effect of polymers used in coatings.

EXPERIMENTAL

Gravimetric Measurements

The sample used was a Kapton@film (a polyimide film used for insulation or dielectric layer, DuPont) with dimensions of 10 cm x 0.5 cm x 74.5 pm. A schematic diagram of the gravimetric measurement is shown in Figure 1. Moisture uptake is measured by using a very precise Cahn model-2000 electrobalance with a resolution up to 0.1 pg. The apparatus

'Depaitment of Chemlcoi Engineering and Polyrnei Sclence and Engineering Department. Amherst. MA 01003.

A n experimental technique using a face-soin setup has been developed to measure the swelling stresses and strains ofpolymericfilms. The idea of the face-strain setup is similar in concept to the thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) except that the drivingforce is the moisture distribution, not the temperature distribution. This technique has been used to characterize the swelling behavior of polyimide film that has been used as passivation coatings in integrated circuit fabrication. Coatings are often used to protect moisture attack; an understanding of the swelling stress and strain will allow better choice of the material and processed condition. One objective of this investigation is to use the swelling information to determine diffusion coefficients. Gravimetric measurements are also performed to wrify the results calculated from the swelling experiment. With the information of mass uptake and swelling strain, the swelling coefficient can also be determined.

consists of a gas system, a series arrangement of a mechanical pump and a diffusion pump, a chart recorder, and a data acquisition system. The sample chamber in the Cahn electrobalance has been designed to minimize noise in the measurement. The sample is hung in the quartz chamber. Before the experiment, the sample is first purged with dry nitrogen and then the chamber is evacuated using a mechanical pump and a diffusion pump. This procedure will ensure the sample is free of moisture. After resetting the zero reference in the Cahn electrobalance, moisture, supplied by a moisture reservoir with nitrogen as the carrier gas, is introduced into the chamber. The transient mass uptake is monitored in situ by the data acquisition system.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 7 1

C-S. Jou, S.T. Sackinger, and RJ. Farris

Swelling Stress and Strain

Weiphioe Mechanism I

Salt soln

.................... Control Unit

lpqm1"-""") : Recorder

Figure 1-Schematic diagram of the gravimetric measurement system. 7'

Salt Solution "P i Figure 2-Tensile tester setup. Schematic

diagram to measure swelling stress. 1

A force-strain setup is developed to i n situ monitor the diffusion of water into polyimides. The apparatus for measuring swelling stress and strain are schematically illustrated in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. The apparatus for measuring swelling stress uses a 10 Ib load cell, a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), sample clamps, and an environmental chamber. Following sample mounting, the environmental chamber is raised to cover the sample and clamps as shown in Figure 2. The film is first deformed by applying an external stress (50 MPa), and it is allowed to stress-relax. During the stress relaxation, a dry nitrogen purge is used to dry the surface of the sample and prevent moisture uptake. After the film reaches an apparent equilibrium stress, the nitrogen purge is stopped and water is introduced into the chamber. Care must be taken not to put water over the upper clamp; otherwise, buoyancy can cause errors. While the sample is exposed to water, absorption will lead to a decrease in stress caused by the resulting swelling. When the swelling caused by moisture absorption reaches equilibrium, the stress will not change, and it is called the apparent equilibrium stress. Dry- ing occurs by removing the water with a gentle dry nitrogen purged through the chamber. The stress will increase due to the desorption of the permeants. Similarly, for the experiment of swelling strain, an LVDT is used to measure the dimensional change in the axial direction. The film is first subjected to a small force (0.2 N) maintained constantly through the experiment, and then dry nitrogen is purged through the chamber to prevent moisture uptake. After the dimension of the sample reaches an apparent equilibrium state, moisture is introduced into the environmental chamber. The axial strain increases by penetrant absorption and decreases by the desorption of the penetrant. During the experiments, more than three cycles of wetting and drying are performed, and the data is analyzed i n situ by the data acquisition system.

ANALYSIS

The one-dimensional stress and strain relationships for linear and isotropic materials take the form6:

Introducing the average property through the volume by:

where: r can be one of E,,, ox,, AT, and Ac.

V = volume of the sample = (thickness) x (width) x (length)

Hence, the average mass uptake per unit volume can be written as:

and the total amount of penetrant absorbed by the film is given by:

Integrating equation (1) through the volume yields:


Mass Transport in Polymeric Films

Figure 3-Schematic diagram to measure swelling strain.

If the system is maintained at an isothermal condition, equation (5) can be simplified as:

The measurement of swelling stresses and swelling strains associated with mass diffusion can be obtained from equation (6) as follows:

A,, (t) = -PEAE(t) where : AEX,(t) = Ex,([)- Ex, (0) (swelling stress) where AE,, = 0

( 7 )

AE,,(t) = PAC(t) where : AE,,(t) = Ex,([)-E,,(O) (swelling strain) where AD,, = 0

(8)

It can be seen in equations (7 ) and (8) that swelling stress and strain are proportional to mass uptake and the diffusivity can be evaluated from the swelling information by normalizing transient swelling stress and swelling strain with respect to the equilibrium swelling stress and strain as:

A t - A t M - - = I and A x - A t ) - M (9) A+) M- AExx(-) A?(-) -K

Therefore, with a suitable model for the mass transfer, the mass diffusiviq can be retrieved based on the swelling information. Moisture diffusion in polyimide films has been shown to be described fairly well by Fick's law.7." The basic differential equation describing the transport of moisture through the film is the following Fickian expression:

1.C. c = c, = 0 -h/2 < y < hj2 B.C. c = c,, y = f hj2

The solution can be found elsewhere12 as:

a absorption

o desorption

Time (min)

tion of polyimide film exposed to 100% RH by Cahn electrobaiance.

There are several techniques available to retrieve the mass diffusivity in the literature.12 In this work, the methods of initial slope, half-time, and a moment method are used to calculate the diffusion coefficient as follows:

INITIAL SLOPE METHOD: For short times, a plot of M,/M, vs tli2 is linear up to M,/M, = 0.6 and the diffusion coefficient can be determined from the initial slope ad2:

Nomenclature

a ................. thermal expansion coefficient (cm/cm°C)

p .................. swelling coefficient (cmlcm per unit wt% mass uptake)

........ ox,, E,, stress and strain components, respectively

c , c ................. initial and equilibrium concentration, I eq

respectively Ac .................. concentration difference with respect to

the reference dry state A T .................... temperature difference with respect to

the initial temperature E ......................................................... Young's modulus

h .............................................................. film thickness

M ................................................................ mass uptake

V ............................................... volume of test sample .......................... y the coordinate through the thickness

r ......................... average property through the volume

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 73

C-S. Jou, S.T. Sackinger, and R.J. Farris

I

0 absorption

desorption

Figure 5-Gravimetric measurement: normalized plots to calculate mass diffusivify in initial slope and half-time methods (data from Figure 4). r

Polyimides: Swelling Stresses

Time (min)

desorption of polyimide film exposed to water with the condition of constant strain.

Table I-Mars Diffusivity of a Kapton" Film Calculated Table 2-Mass Diffusivity of a Kapton" Film Calculated from the Gravimetric Technique from the Swelling Stresses

Gravlmetric D., (cm2/sec) D, (cm2/sec)

Measurement Absorption Desorption Tesl Methods Absorption Derorptlon

Initial slope ................................ 2.00 E-9 1.65 E-9 Initial slope ................................ 2.22 E-9 1.53 E-9 Half-time .................................... 1.95 E-9 1.60 E-9 Half-time .................................... 2.15 E-9 1.40 E-9 Moment analysis ...................... 1.92 E-9 1.78 E-9 Moment analysis ...................... 2.29 E-9 1.34 E-9

(Data from Cahn Balance)

0.8

- 0.6

\

0.4 desorption I -

0.2

0.0 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

t (min)

Figure bGravimetric measurement: normalized plots to calculate mass diffusivity by

desorption

Figure 8-Sweliing stress: normalized plots to calculate mass diffusivity by initial slope and half-time methods (data from Figure 7).



HALF-TIME METHOD: The value of tl12 is defined as the time when M,/M, = 112. For a plane sheet of thickness h, the diffusion coefficient can be obtained asL2:

0.0492h2 D,, = - (13) tl/2

MOMENT METHOD: Following the moment method," the diffusion coefficient can be obtained as:

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Gravimetric Measurement

The moisture absorption and desorption of a Kapton film exposed to 100% relative humidity measured by a Cahn-2000 electrobalance are presented in Figure 4. The data presented in Figure 4 are then normalized with respect to the equilibrium moisture uptake, and the result is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the initial portion of mass uptake versus t1I2 is linear; hence, it confirms that the moisture diffusion in Kapton is a Fickian diffusion. The mass diffusivities are calculated by the initial slope and half-time methods as described in equations (12) and (13); the results are shown in Figure 5. The moment method requires the information of area under the normalized curve as described in equation (14), and the result is presented in Figure 6. The curve (solid line) calculated from Fick's law is also shown in Figures 5 and 6 for comparisons. The calculated mass diffusivities are summarized in Tabk 1.

Swelling Stress

For the experiment of measuring swelling stress, a Kapton film with the dimensions of 10 cm x 0.5 cm x 74.5 pm is first deformed by applying an external stress (50 MPa) with its length held constant, and is allowed to stress relax for 10 hr. After the initial stress relaxation, three cycles of absorption and desorption are performed. The change in the stress between transient and initial states is called swelling stress. The stress-time cycles for a typical system are presented in Figure 7. It can be seen in Figure 7 that the swelling associated with the diffusion process is reversible with swelling stress that decreased by absorption and increased to the initial state after desorption. With the information of transient swelling stresses shown in Figure 7, the third stress-time cycle is normalized with respect to the equilibrium swelling stress as described in equations (7) and (9), and the result is shown in Figure 8. Thereafter, the mass diffusiviq is calculated based on the methods of initial slope and half-time as described in equations (12) and (13); the results are presented in Figure 8. The moment method requires the information of area under the normalized curve as described in equation (14) and the result is shown in Figure 9. The mass diffusivity is summarized in Table 2. It can be seen that the absorption curve agrees well with the Fickian curve. However, the desorption curve devi- ates a little from Fickian diffusion, and the reason may be attributed to the process condition of nitrogen purging, the condition of atmospheric humidity, and stress assisted diffusion due to initial stretching.

Table 3-Mass Diffusivity of a Kapton" Film Calculated from the Swelling Strains

1 .o

0.9

0.8

0.7 desorption

0.6 9 \ 0.5

0.4 I

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0 0 60 120 180 240 300 360

Time (min)

Test Methods Abrorplion Desorption

Initial slope ................................ 2.03 E-9 2.17 E-9 Half-time .................................... 1.95 E-9 2.00 E-9 Moment analysis ...................... 1.92 E-9 2.07 E-9

-

Polyimides: Swelling Stra in

Figure 9-Swelling stress: normalized plots to calculate mass diffusivity by moment method (data from Figure 8).

desorption of polylmlde film exposed to water measured by the swelling strain apparatus.

VO~. 67, No. 845, June 1995 75

C-S. Jou, S.T. Sackinger, and R.J. Farris

Figure 1 1-Swelling strain: normalized plots to calculate mass diffusivity by initial slope and half-time methods (data from Figure 10).

Swelling Strain

For the experiment of measuring swelling strains, a Kapton film with the dimensions of 10 cm x 0.5 cm x 74.5 p is held under a constant stress (0.3 MPa) with dry nitrogen purging through the sample. After there are no further changes of the axial dimension, three cycles of absorption and desorption are followed sequentially, and the results are shown in Figure 10. It can be seen in Figure 10 that the swelling strain associated with the diffusion process is reversible with an axial strain that increased by absorption and decreased to the initial state after desorption. In Figure 10, the third strain-time cycle is then normalized with respect to the equilibrium swelling strain as described in equations (8) and (9), and the result is

1.1 1.1 (Data from Swelling Strain)

1 .o 1 .o

0 60 120 180 240 300

Time (min)

0.25

0 = 0.095+0.005(%strain/%mass uptake)

presented in Figure 11. From Figure 11, the mass diffusivity is evaluated by the methods of initial slope and half-time. As before, the mass diffusivity using the moment method is shown in Figure 12. The results of mass diffusivity are summarized in Tabk 3.

Once the transient mass uptake and transient swelling strain are obtained, one can calculate the swelling coefficient by the plot of swelling strain versus mass uptake. The result is shown in Figure 13. The swelling coefficient is just the slope of swelling strain versus mass uptake and is 9.5 f 0.5 E-4 (cmlcm per unit wt%). The data shown in Figure 13 indicate there is a time delay between these two techniques, and this may be due to the response of instrument and the transient condition of humidity introduced at the start of the experiment. The cal-

0.00 - 0.00 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Mass Uptake (Z)

culated slope is based on the assumption that there is no offset at the origin. Hence, if one neglects the data obtained at the start of experiment, the swelling coefficient calculated is 12.0 k 0.5 E-4 (cmlcm per unit wt%).

-

From Figures 7 and 10, it has been observed that swelling stresses are about 6.5 + 0.5 MPa and swelling strains are about 0.23 + 0.05%. Larger swelling stress and strain often cause delamination in coatings. With the swelling information, optimum processing condition in coatings can be achieved.

Figure 13-Swelling coefficient by polyimide film exposed to 100% RH calculated from the slope of swelling strain versus mass uptake.

CONCLUSIONS

Experimental techniques using a force-strain apparatus were able to characterize the swelling behavior of polyimide films subjected to water. Polyirnides have been the material of choice as a passivation layer in integrated circuit fabrication. An understanding of the swelling stresses and strains would allow for better design of the circuit boards since it often leads to the failure of the devices. With a little modification of a TMA, this techniaue can be easilv imolemented and ao~l ied


. . . . Figure 12-Swelling strain: normalized plots to calculate mass diffusivity by moment method (data from Figure 1 1).

to study the swelling stress and strain of polymeric films used in coatings. From a direct gravimetric measurement and the swelling experiments, moisture transport in Kapton has been shown to obey Fickian diffusion. For polyimide films, it is


shown that the mass uptake is proportional to the changes of swelling stress and strain, and the mass diffusivity is determined. The techniques are simple and easy to use compared with conventional gravimetric methods, and the results from the swelling technique are consistent with a gravimetric measurement.

References (1) Iler, L., Koros, W.J., Yang, D.K., and Yui, R., "Sorption and Transport

of Physically and Chemically Interacting Penetrants In Kaptonm Polyimide," Polyimides, Vol. 1, Mittal, Ed.; 443-460 (1982).

(2) Sacher, E. and Susko, J.R., "Water Permeation of Polymer Films I. Polyimide," I. Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 23, 2355-2364 (1979).

(3) Sacher, E. and Susko, J.R., "Water Permeation of Polymer Films. 111. High Temperature Polyimides," I. Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 26, 679-686 (1981).

(4) Yang, D.K., Koros. W.J., Hopfenberg, H.B., and Stannett, V.T., "Sorp- tion and Transport Studies of Water in Kaptonm Polyimide. I," J. Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 30, 1035-1047 (1985).

(5) Cahn Instruments, Inc., Cerritos, C A 90701. (6) Sih. G.C.. Michopoulos, J.G., and Chou, S.C., Hygrothemoehticity,

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1986. (7) Sacher, E. and Susko, J.R., "Water Permeation of Polymer Films. Ill.

High-Temperature Polyimides," 1. Applied Polymer Science. Vol. 26, 679-686 (1981).

(8) Chipalkatti, M.H., Stress and Deformation Coupled Moisture Transport in Polymers, Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. 1989.

(9) Sackinger, S.T., The Determination of Swell~ng Stresses in Polyimide Films, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 1990.

(10) Pranjoto, H. and Denton, D.D., "Gravimetric Measurements of Steady- State Moisture U ~ t a k e in S~in-Coated Polvimide Films," J. Abblied Polymer Science. ~ b l . 4 2 , ~ - 8 3 (1991).

(11) Molylan, C.R.. Evans Best, M., and Ree, M., "Solubility of Water in Polyimides: Quartz Crystal Microbalance Measurements," J. Polymer Science, Part 8: Polymer Physics, Vol. 29, 87-92 (1991).

(12) Crank. I.. The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford Univectitv Press. Ox- . . . .. , . ford, G l a n d , 1956.

(13) Felder, R.M. and Huvard, G.S., Methods of Experimental Physics, Aca- demic Press, New York, 1980.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995

CI

Revised and updated edition of this manual (previously titled "Exposure Standards Manual") has been compiled in conjunction with the American Society for Testing and Materials, and includes definition. description, and photographic standards for each of the following defects: Adhesion; Blistering; Chalk- ing; Checking; Cracking; Erosion; Filiform Corrosion; Flaking; Mildew; Print; Rust; Traffic Paint Abra- sion and Chipping.

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Adherence Strength and Smoothness of Cathodically deposited Paints on Aluminum

Fritz B e c k and Ulrike A. Kruger-Universitat Duisburg*

INTRODUCTION

C athodic deposition of paint to provide the first layer (primer) onto steel in industrial painting processes has gained great importance in recent years. The in-

troduction of cationic paint systems by the relevant industries has assisted in the improvement of steel with the development of nearly perfect corrosion protection. However, with aluminum, which will substitute the conventional material for part or even all of present automobile bodies, some problems developed, mainly in connection to the cathodic corrosion of this metal. This is a result of the fact that the cathodic reaction in the aqueous bath is due to hydrogen evolution:

1 H,O + e + OH- + - H, 2

(1)

The electrogenerated OH- -ions accumulate in the diffusion layer at the aluminum surface and are needed for the electrocoagulation of the dispersed paint system.'J However, these OH- -ions may also undergo a chemical reaction with the (hydrated) aluminum oxide layer at the surface of the metal to form water-soluble alumlnate ions:

Al, a blank surface atom, is released and undergoes a rapid chemical follow-up reaction, where H2 is stoichiometrically generated:

A1 + 2 HZO -% AlOOH + 312 H, (3)

AIOOH, the protection layer, is re-established. Up to the threefold of the cathodically evolved hydrogen [reaction (1 )] may be formed by reaction (3). The AlO; -ions according to reaction (2) are transported into the growing paint layer, where they find a lower pH value. Thus, they precipitate as hydrated aluminum oxide AIOOH (shift of the equilibrium (2) to the left side). In the past, the cathodic corrosion of aluminum was only a phenomenon of theoretical intere~t.'.~ The need to minimize-this effect in the present practice has led to new and considerable interest in the fundamental aspects. Accordingly, electrochemical measurements at aluminum cathodes in aqueous model buffers were under- taken.6-8

The structure of the phase boundary aluminum/cathodic paint CDP is schematically represented in Figure 1. Immedi-

'Fachgeb~et Elektrochemle. Lothontr. I , D--47057 DuaDurg. Germany

F o u r industrial paint systems for a cathodic deposition were employed for a systematic study of two important qualities of electrocoated aluminum substrates, adherence strength z and surface roughness R,. Other parameters, such as the aluminum-alloy , the aluminum surface treatment, and the pigmentation were vaned too.

It was found that two factors have a great influence on 2. One is the presence of an appropriate pigmentation of the paint. In some cases, nonpigmented paints led to very poor 2 values. Under industrial conditions, 2 values were generally high, exceeding 14 MPa. In some cases, the values for 2 can be interpeted in tenns of AlO$-I,-particles, which precipitate in the CDP after cathodic corrosion of aluminum in the course of the CDP-process.

R, increases in the order of the paints No. 3<2<<1<4. The paint system determines the strongest effect. But the surface treatment mode has no influence. The aluminum-corrosion products seem not to play any role. These findings point to specific effects of the viscous behavior of the paint system in the course of baking procedure a d o r the influence of the pigments at the surface.

ately adjacent to the metal, a compact "barrier layer" BL of n- AI20, and a porous layer PL of AI2O3/A100H must be assumed according to the Alcoa model (duplex structure)?JO The electrodeposited paint should contain reprecipitated AIOOH in a fine dispersion, according to the hydrolysis (2) mentioned previously. As a consequence, a couple of negative impacts can be foreseen. The first and most important is

VO~. 67, No. 845, June 1995 79

F. Beck and U.A. Kriiger

related to the adherence strength of the baked paint layer. In general, adherence is a complicated function of the actual structure at the phase boundary between the solid phases." Electrical, mechanical, and molecular bonds are discussed as the mechanism. In particular, adherence strength at the phase boundary metallpaint is regarded as the most important parameter for the corrosion protection quality of organic coatings.'*.IS If the quality fails, water films are laterally spread between the two phases, and heavy corrosion is initiated. Moreover, cathodic corrosion and the accumulation of its products in the paint coating have a negative impact on the surface smoothness and eventually on the flow of the paint in the baking phase. It is the aim of this paper to investigate

BL PL

(a) pigmented(-), U = 240 V, TEp = 30°C; (b) nonpigmented (- -1, U = 250 V, TEp = 35°C; (c) pigmented, Bo Zn (- - - -1. U = 340 V, TEp =

(d) nonpigmented, BoZn (- - - -4 U=250 V, T,

-


these effects on industrial paints. Adherence strength z and surface roughness R, were measured in detail. The influence of the paint system, the pigment, the surface treatment, and the aluminum substrate was studied. Recommendations for the minimization of these faults are given.

Figure 1-Schematic representation of an aluminum sheet Al after the application of cathodicaily deposited paint CDP. BL = AI,O,- barrier layec PL = AI,OdAiOOH porous layec p- (AIOOH) = particles of reprecipitated AIOOH.

EXPERIMENTAL

-

The starting materials for cathodic electropainting were four industrial systems, provided by BASF Lacke & Farben AG, Munster-Hiltrup. Tabk 1 summarizes the properties of the industrial paint concentrates (epoxide type resin). The paint systems can be characterized by the degree of neutralization a, which is given by:

a - %c,d

nac,d + nhsw (4)

n,,,,, is the ac~d value, determined by titration of the paint with 0.05 M NaOH up to neutralization (deprotonation of the amino groups). Accordingly, n,,, is the base value, determined by titration with 0.15 M HCI. The degree of neutralization was controlled in our laboratory and the two results were averaged. The bath compositions are characterized in Tnbk 2. System 4 is derived from 1 (A). The organic solvent component was reduced from 10 to 2-3 wt%. System 3 is derived from system 2 (B) after a further development; it is characterized by a very low content of organic solvent. The pigment systems are predominantly composed of inorganic pigments, such as TiO,, etc. Systems 1, 2, and 4 have lead silicate PbO*Si02 as an additional component, but system 3 does not. Each pigment system was specific for the resins, which contained a specific crosslinking catalyst. Small amounts of an organic acid were added as a solubilizer.

The metal substrates were predominantly Al 99.5 (main impurities Fe and Si) and some aluminum alloys, especially Al

8

6

m P

I,'

2

- - Figure 3-Adherence stength .r for nonpig- rnented paint system 1 for thirteen different AC substrates. U = 250 V, TEp = 35°C. Bo Zn =zincphosphatation; 80 Cr = yellow chromatation; n.r. = no rinse, B = Bona-zinc; els = anodized in chromic acid and sealed in boiling water (LN 9368, KN 2 10 1); Borate = anodried in borate buffer pH 1 1 (300 W. Strip sheets (I).

Cathodically Deposited Paints on Aluminum

Table 1-Properties of the Industrial Paint Concentrates. cf . BASF Data Sheets

Paint System No . Resin 1" 2 O 3 4

Commercial No ........................... FT83-0270 FT 23-0025 FT 23-0 126 FT 80-0628 Solid material SMb ............. 32-34 31-33 29-3 1 32-34 pH .................................................. 6.7-7.0 5.8-6.2 5.8-6.2 6.2-6.8 pHC ................... ... .................... 6.3 5.8 5.7 6.5 n,,,, (rnequ/100 g SM) ................ 29-37 21-31 30-40 23-30 n,,, (mequ/100 g SM) ............... 37 28 33 30 n,, (mequ/100 g SM) ................ 57-63 62-72 70-80 46-56 nheC (mequ/100 g SM) .............. 63 65 69 42 a (averaged) (%I ......................... 35 29 32 34 aC (%) ......................................... 37 30 32 42 Organic solvents (wt %)d ............ 9-1 1 2-3 0-2 2-3

Pigment Paste Commercial No ........................... FT 84-7042 Solid material SMb (wfh) ............. 46-47 Organic solvents (wl%)t .............. 9-1 1

(a) 1 and 2 correspond to 'A' and 'B' In our former p~blicationr.~~ (b) Soild residual after removal of the solvent far 30 mm at 180°C (c) Own mearuremenh . (d) Rest: wotei .

Mg 3 . They are compiled in Table 3 . Carbon steel was used for comparison . The blank materials were merely degreased with tetrachloroethene C2CI4 and isopropanol . Al Mg 3 was pretreated to build a crystalline zinc-phosphate coating or an amorphous yellow chromate layer, respectively . These two had been stored in welded plastic bags . The alloy Al Mg 5 Mn was specifically coated by a Zn/Al-dust paint (Bonazinc 20009 with a yellow chromate interlayer . A1 Mg 3 and Al Mg 5 Mn with yellow chromate bonder no rinse, which had been stored

without any packing up. were also tested . The influence of anodizing was studied with Al 99.5. With respect to the format of the substrates to he electropainted. the following categories have to be distinguished (thickness of the metal sheets about 1 mm):

(1) Strip sheets ........... 3.5 x 8 (4) cm (11) Panels .................... 10 x 20 (15) cm

The values in parentheses indicate the depth of immersion in the CDP.baths . It should he mentioned that the sheets (I)

Table 2.. Composition of the Baths for CDP. cf . BASF Data Sheets

Paint System No . l o Z0 3 4

Trade Name Calhodip Cathoguard

I00 B

Commercial No ........................... Paint concentrate (Wh) ............ Pigment paste (wt%) ................... Resin concentration (wt%) ......... Pigment concentration (Wh) ... Solid material SMb (Wh) ............. Pigmentfbinder-ratio .................. Deionized water (m) ................ 15% acetic acid (wl%) ................

.................. 30% lactic acid (Wh) pH .................................................. pHC ................................................. n,,,, (mequ/100 g SMY ............... nhSeC (mequI100 g SM) .............. Degree of neutraliz. aC (%) ......... Voltage U/V ................... ... .... CDP-time t,, (s) ............................ Temperature of the bath ("C) .... Temperature of stoving ("C) ...... Time of stoving (min) ................... Coating thickness d (pm) ...........

(a) 1 and 2 correspond to 'A' and '6' in our former publicationr.6B (b) Solid residual aner removal of the solvent for 30 mm at 180°C . (c) Own measurements

Cathoguard 300 (free of lead)

FT 25-7425 50.8

Cathoprime

(d) Rest: water .

Val. 67. No . 845. June 1995 81

F. Beck and U.A. Kriiger

Table %Metal Substrates and Pretreatment, Eight MetalsfAlloys and 17 Combinations

MetalIAlloy Manufacturer (Standard)

Al 99,5 .................................................... VAW. Bonn DIN 1712

Al Mg 3 .................................................. Alusingen, Singen DIN 1725

Al Mg 4.5 Mn ........................................ VAW, Bonn DIN 1725 Al Mg 5 Mn ........................................... Alusingen/Alusuisse DIN 1725

Al Mg 0.6 Si 0.7 Cu 0.3 ......................... Alcoa, Davenport (Audi) AA 6009

Al Mg 2.2 Zn 5.7 Cu 1.6 Cr 0.2 ............ (Dornier, Friedrichshafen) AA 7475 Al Mg 1.2 Si 0.5 Cu 4.0 (Al3.1354) ...... (Dornier. Friedrichshafen) Al3.1354

Pretreatment

Degreased Anodized in borate buffer pH 11 (300V) Zincphosphate bonder 2611 (Chemet~ l l )~~ Degreased Zincphosphate bonder 2611 (Chemetall)ob Yellow chromate bonder 723 (Chemet~ll)~ Degreased Yellow chromate bonder no rinse (Accomet 0 (BMW) dto. + Bonazinc 20W (BMW) Degreased Zincphosphate bonder 2611 (Chemetall)ob Yellow chromate bonder (Alodine 1200") + Bonazinc 200P (BMW)O Degreased Zincphosphate bonder 2611 (Chemetail)aD Zincphosphate bonder 2611 (Chemetall)ab Anodized in chromic acid. sealed in boiling water (LN 9368. KN 2101) (Dornier) Yellow chromate bonder (Dornier)Ob

(0) Second Serles I1 (b) Stored in welded piortic bogs.

8

6

B T '

2

0 2 " s ::,:; s g . s 2 2 ; $ : : : : z - .";;;; p , : . : . - ' "

a , , Z a . " " a a z a

Table 4--Cathodic Electrodeposition (A) and Baking Parameters (0) for the Panels (11)

Z Z

Paint System No. 1' 2a 3 4

A Voltage U (V) .................................... 250-360 290-3Wb 290-320b 220-290 CDP-time t,,(s) ................... ... ...... 120 120 120 120 Temperature of the bath T,, (OC) ... 27 29 30 28

- -

B Baking temperature T,,, PC) ........ 185 Baking time t ,,, (min) ................... .. 20 Coating thickness d (pm) ................ 16-20

- - Figure 4-Adherence strength z for nonp$- mented paint system 2 for thirteen different A/- substrates. U = 250 V, T, = 35°C. Abbreviations ash Figure 3.

(0) 1 ond 2 correspond to 'A' ond '8' in our former p~blicotions.~ (b) Eiechodeposition wlth 0 resistance in series R = 150 a.

Figure &Adherence strength rfor pigmented paint system 1 for nine different A/-substrates. U = 240 V, T, = 30°C. (Abbreviations as in Figure 3.1



Table 5-Adherence Strength T According to the Vertical Pull- Off Test with Four Different CDP-Coatings 1-4 at the Panels II affer 244 Days Accelerated Open Air Corrosion. All Paint Systems were Appropriately Pigmented, All Panels Were Surface Pretreated

Substrate

r/MPa

Paint Point Paint Paint 1 2 3 A

(a) Mlxed breaks (partly coheslon breaks within the point)

were only coated on one side, the other side was shielded with an insulating self-adhesive plastic strip. The panels (11) were electrocoated on both sides. The conditions for cathodic electrodeposition of paint are compiled in Table 4. The slowly stirred bath was in a polyethylene beaker. Somewhat deviating from the data of the manufacturer, the following uniform voltages and bath temperatures were employed in case of the strip sheets: for nonpigmented paints: U = 250 V, T,, = 35°C; and for pigmented paints: U = 240 V, T,, = 30°C.

A uniform time for electrodeposition, tEP = 2 min, was used throughout. In the nonpigmented systems, film thicknesses of 13 to 40 pm were observed. The pigmented systems achieved film thicknesses between 16 and 40 pm. The larger panels (11) were coated under individually optimized condition^.'^

While the strip sheets were alternately blank or pretreated, all panels were precoated with conversion layers according to the industrial conditions. Table 4 (B) shows the parameters for the subsequent baking process. The coating thickness was controlled directly with the aid of an Isoscope@MP3B (Fischer, Sindelfingen).

The measurement of the adherence strength 7 of the polymer coatings to the metal surfaces (blank or with a conversion layer in between) was performed by the vertical pull-off test in a homemade test machine, which is described in detail.18 A cylindrical steel body with a sandblasted area of 50 mm2 was glued to the paint films and drawn off with a force applied

surface roughness via D-profiles, A1 99.5. zhcphosphatation, only. (a) Measurement in direction of the rolling markers. (2) Measure- ment perpendicular to the rolling markers.

Figure &Adherence strength z for pigmented - paint system 2 for nine different Al-substrates. U = 240 V, T, = 30°C. (Abbreviations as in Figure 3.)

perpendicularly to the substrate. In test-series (I) we used a two-component epoxide-adhesive (UHU endfest 300), which hardened for 24 hr at room temperature. The glue for testing the second series (11) was Pattex Stabilit Ultra (two-component epoxide-type, Henkel), which hardened for 1 hr at 70°C. The panels (11) had been separated into 4.5 cm x 10 cm parts and glued to a second Al-sheet over the whole area. Al-sheets of 1 mm thickness alone deform in the course of pulling off the test-stamp, even though every sheet is fixed into the machine with a well-fitted iron-blend. This fact was detected when the backside of a probe was rubbed with emery paper. The design of the probe holder is described elsewhere.19

The roughness R, of the surface was measured with a commercial mechanical profilometer (Feinpriif Perthen GmbH, Gottingen, Perthometer model S6P). The tracing system was model RFHTB 50 with a cone-shaped spire of 90°, radius of 5 pun, and a supporting force of 0.7 mN. Three measurements along the line of 1.75 cm were performed both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of rolling the sheets. Due to the fact that no differences could be observed regarding the direction, these six measurements on each side of the panels were averaged.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 83

F. Beck and U.A. Kruger

figure 8-Measurement of the surface roughness v ~ a D-profiles Other pretreatment modes, but w~thout CDP (a) A1 Mg 0 4 SI 1 2, z~ncphospha- tatlon, (b) A1 Mg 0 4 5'1 1 2, yellow chromatat~on + Bonazlnc, (c) A1 Mg 1 5 SI 0 5 Cu 4 0 yellow chromatatlon

U"*IPY "ma=- ;nrc. , ,u

.... . - . . . . . . - . . . . -- - -

...-.. .. .......... -....... - ........- -- -. -- -. - - .. - - - -. ..

. .... ..-.. - . . . - .. - - - - ....................

- - - .- - ...... .. . .

N ~ ~ B , 2.5 mm ,,., :.*o",,sa ~ldlllk.lr4L"

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... ..... ;. .

............ - ... .- ... - . - -- . - -- - -

-. ..... - ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... - ..................... ... ......

W4Y.d 'Yn s.i+zd

L,. ,. b >,,, . ,. ,- ,, . , . . . . - - . . . . . . . . .- . .

. . . . . . - . . - .... .-...- - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - ...

. -- .. .- ..... - ... ..

-. ... -- - . . - . -. ..- ........... .- ....

,, 2.5 mm . ' - + . - ".W

oil,*.l," .... l.....ii. .......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

....

'W "W WIU . . . - .......


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Electrocoating Process

CDP was performed at a constant voltage U. The currentltime-curves were measured with an HP 7090A measuring and plotting system and transferred to a personal computer for further documentation. Several curves were recorded by measuring the current with a multimeter HP 3478A and direct transfer of the data to a PC with a homemade program. The curves document the general history of the electrocoating process. As a characteristic example, the derived j/t-profiles measured in the case of the paint system 1 are shown in Figure 2. The general behavior of a rapidly decreasing current is found under all conditions. The initial high peak current leads to an early electrocoagulation.

A large part of U drops within the polymer layer immediately, and this part grows rapidly due to the fast thickness growth of the polymer layer itself. Early attempts for a theoretical interpretation led to a (I/i)I = Kt relationship.IO However, the continuous decay is only formed for the blank aluminum sheets and for the two systems with the nonpigmented paints, at least for paint system 1. However, the pigmented paint system 1 on the phosphated Al Mg 3 showed a more complicated curve, which was S-shaped. The voltage for this example was relatively high, U =

340 V, while it was 240-250 V for the other three. This behavior is also well-known," and it is attributed to the development of an excess of Joule's heat in the CDP-layer due to the high voltage and the very low conductivity.I A strong influence of the temperature was also Finally, a constant residual current is established after approximately 20 sec, which is a consequence of the counter voltage and is established in a space charge layer in the polymer c ~ a t i n g . ~ ~ ~ ~

Adherence Strength z

Prior to presenting the results, an important remark must be quoted with respect to the types of breaks in measuring adherence strength 7 (adhesion) by the vertical pull-off

Figure 9-Surface roughness measurements via D-profiles at electropainted panels. System: A1 Mg 3, zincphosphatation. Ca- thodic deposition of paint systems 1 through 4, indicated by (1)-(4). Curves at the left: front side; curves at the right: rear side. ( I ) U = 340 V, T, = 27" C; (2) U = 350 V, TEp = 2PC; (3) U = 300 V, TEp = 30°C; (4) U = 290 V, TEp = 28°C


test. Funke" discriminates six categories. However, only the metal/paint coating adhesion break gives an unequivocal value for T, which is depicted in Figures 3-6 as a closed column. In the other categories, adhesion breaks at the phase boundaries stamp/adhesive or adhesive/paint, cohesion breaks in the adhesive or in the paint coating, and mixed breaks indicate only a lower limit of T. This is shown in Figures 3-6 as an open column with an arrow directed upwards. Mixed breaks with more than a 50% share of an adhesion break metallpaint coating are handled as the first category. The lines indicate the standard deviation from the average of five to eight measurements. In Figures 3-6, the values for the adherence strength T with the dimension N/mm2 = MPa are plotted throughout versus the individual systems. Further details on these systems can be found in Tabk 3.

Figures 3 and 4 depict the results with the nonpigmented paints 1 and 2, respectively. The first six results correspond to blank aluminum (-alloy) substrates and steel, the subsequent ones are due to pretreated Al-shee~. The following conclusions can be derived from these results:

(1) Paint system 1 is highly superior over system 2, if the blank metals are regarded. Al Mg 3 is an exception. This result seems to be supported by the analytical that the rate of cathodic corrosion of aluminum is five to eight times higher for the unpigmented paint system 2 (B) in comparison to the nonpigmented paint 1 (A). However, steel behaves very similar to the nonpretreated aluminum; and

(2) Some pretreated metals lead to much lower ~ ' s , and the large difference between paint systems 1 and 2 nearly disappears. This is due to the fact that those samples were stored in the open air rather than sealed in plastic bags.

The remarkable decrease in T in these cases may be additionally rationalized in terms of an attack of the cathodically generated OH--ions to the conversion layer. The hydrated chromate layers may dissolve through the formation of chromate ions. These somewhat unexpected results seem to indicate that cathodic corrosion of aluminum does not have a negative influence on T.

Surprisingly, the general picture changes totally in pigmented paint systems, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. The large discrepancy between paint systems 1 and 2 practically disappears. Only a relative difference remains; T is somewhat lower for paint system 2. In addition, blank and surface-treated substrates now lead to similar results. It is only for two samples with a special surface treatment mode that the poor behavior is maintained.

A possible explanation for these findings could be that the pigmentation leads to an appreciable inhibition of cathodic corrosion. We have studied this in detail by quantitative chemical analysis of the corrosion products of aluminum in the wet film.23 Unfortunately, pigmented systems were outside the possibility of our study due to the presence of aluminum containing components in the industrial pigment systems. The inhibition may be chemical, but a physicochemical mechanism is conceivable as well; the precipitation of AlO,H, from the Al0,--ions is catalyzed by the presence of the finely dispersed pigment particles, which act as nuclei for crystalliza- tion. Thus, a high concentration of dispersed aluminum oxidehydrate is established immediately in front of the electrode, shifting back the further dissolution via buffering the high pH value. Buffering would also be possible if AlO,H, has the form of a jellium layer, depending on the proportion of

Figure 70-Surface roughness measurements via D- profiles. Systems: A1 99.5. zincphosphatation. Cathodic deposition of paint systems 7 through 4, indicated by (7)-(4). (7) U = 330 V, TEp = 2P C; (2) U =340V, T,=29'C;(3)U=25OV, TEp=30"C:(4)U= 270 V, T, = 28°C.

water and the pH. It should be mentioned that no significant changes in the general behavior after Figures 5 and 6 were found after the addition of 10 mM AI(N03), to the bath. Only the hydrated chromate bonder adherence strength increased strongly. Al"' may act as an acid, buffering the electrogenerated OH--ions.

A high level of T is found in all cases of the electrocoated panels (11). T is bigger than about 14 MPa for freshly coated

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 85

F. Beck and U.A. Kruger

-

Figure 1 1-Surface roughness values R, for various aluminum panels (11) with a variety of pretreatments. Without organic coating (zero) and after electrodeposition and stoving of the paint systems 1-4. The various surface treatments are indicated as well. Conditions for the electrodeposition of paint cf. Table 4. The columns represent averaged R;values from 12 measurements at each of 2-3 parallel probes (format I).

and baked samples, which is much more than the data presented in Figures 3-6. This is attributed to the optimized CDP- conditions in the case of the larger panels (11).

Tabk 5 contains the results of panels that were exposed to an accelerated practical open air corrosion test over 244 days (Dr. Strobl, Audi AG, Ingolsradt). Acceleration was introduced by one spray with five percent NaCl per week. It can be seen that T did nor decrease appreciably, but in a few cases, poorly reproducible mixed breaks were observed (partly cohesion break inside the paint). This fact holds mainly for some samples with paint systems 2 and 3, which are related to each other.

Flnally, the results of the cross-hatch adhesion testz4 may be summarized as the following: each paint coating exhibited very good adherence strength.

Surface Roughness

Some initial roughness may be Introduced by the markers, which are generated in the course of the rolling process for the metal sheets. However, Figures 7 and 8 indicate that surface treatment thereafter extinguishes this kind of surface structure almost totally.

As in the other cases, the direct profiles (D-profiles) are shown. For each individual system, two to three parallel measurements were performed showing excellent reproducibility. Figure 7 proves that the direction of rolling (and accordingly of rolling markers) are not visible in the D-profiles after the

application of a conversion layer coating. They are partially equalized by the corrosion process, which is involved. Figure 8 gives some other samples, showing clearly that individual behavior (frequency, amplitude) is found for different surface pretreatment modes and aluminum alloys.

A second transformation is detected after the CDP-process itself. Figure 9 gives an example for paint systems 1-4 under otherwise identical conditions. The surface roughness increases in the order 3 < 2 << 1 < 4. It is a matter of the viscosity1 temperature (time) profile of these paints, in the course of the baking process, which leads to these results. Minimum of the viscosity curve increases in the previously mentioned order. Eventually, these effects could be attributed to the variety of degrees of dispersion of the individual paint systems. Remark- ably, this is not changed at all for the other systems. Figure 10 depicts another example where the results at the merely phosphated panels are shown in Figure 7.

Finally, Figure 11 summarizes the average results for all systems. From the direct profile, the R-profile is derived, which shows the deviations from a calculated center-line along the D-profile. The average roughness depth, &, represents those deviations (difference between highest and lowest peaks), calculated from five parts of the tested distance. In Figure 11, these R;values are compiled and compared with the roughness of the substrate itself (conversion layer). The previously mentioned general order with respect to the paint system is confirmed again. In a few cases, an individual effect of the substrate is detected. Relatively high R,s can be recognized for Al Mg 0.4 Si 1.2 with bonazinc for all four paints. No. 7 has an especially high R,-value for paint system 4. In

Figure 12-Increase in surface roughness A R, for various aluminum panels with a variety of pretreatments with the paint systems 1-4 after 244 days accelerated open air corrosion. The various surface treatments are indicated as well, ref Figure 7 1. The columns represent averaged R,-values from 2-3 measurements at each of 3 parallel probes (format: triangle- shaped segments of the panels I\).


Cothodically Deposited Paints on Aluminum

general, the R,-data for paint system 4 and those for the unpainted (but pretreated) substrates do not differ significantly. However, the other three paints exhibit a pronounced smoothing effect.

In the case of the samples after the accelerated open air corrosion test, an increase of the R,-values was found in a few cases, as shown in Figure 12. While an increase of up to 20% is tolerable, the most significant change can be seen at paint system 3 with the substrates (3b)-(7). The absence of a lead containing pigment-interlayer in the case of paint system 3 seems to facilitate a direct interaction between the substrate and the polymer during the coating process, where the composition of the alloy is the most important point. Even bondering cannot hinder this effect due to the pores. Critical elements in the alloys seem to be silicon, copper, and zinc. Magnesium (Al Mg 3) and small amounts of silicon and iron (A1 99.5) do not react significantly.

It can be derived, in connection with the results of the adhesion strength test in case of the corroded panels, that obviously paint system 2, and especially paint system 3, become brittle, depending on the composition of the alloy.

CONCLUSIONS

The present results offer new insights to a possible interaction of the rate of cathodic corrosion of aluminum and two very important qualities of electropainted aluminum substrates; namely, adherence strength T and the surface roughness R,.

Concerning adhesion strength T, strong influence of the pigment has been found. While nonpigmented systems show poor adherence strength in paint system 2, the difference disappears for the pigmented CDP-systems. Another pronounced effect is that in some cases the nonpretreated aluminum substrates show significantly higher vvalues than the pretreated ones. This is attributed to an attack of the OH- - ions to the hydrated conversion layer.

Surface roughness RI is determined by the paint system. It increases in the order 3<2<<1<4. Surface treatment of the metal does not influence this property. In paint system 3 (without lead silicate in the pigment), a strong increase of the surface roughness after an accelerated open air corrosion test is observed, depending on the composition of the alloy.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen, Federal Ministry of Economy (AIF)

for financial support. We also appreciate the support by DFO, Mr. Vesper, and would like to thank Mrs. B. Gartner for experimental assistance. We are indebted to BASF Lacke & Farben AG, Miinster-Hiltrup for their kind provision of industrial CDP-systems and for valuable instructions on their practical application. We are obliged to VAW and Alusingen for provision of industrial aluminum alloy sheets, a part of which were surface treated by Chemetall, FrankfurtIMain. Special materials were supplied by BMW AG, Munich, and Dornier AG, Friedrichshafen. Practical corrosion tests were performed by Audi AG, Ingolstadt. The cross-hatch adhesion tests were measured at BASF Lacke & Farben AG, Munster- Hiltrup. We express our sincere gratitude to all colleagues in these companies for their cooperation during the project.

References (1) Beck, F..farbe + lack, 72. 218 (1966). (2) Beck, F., Prog. in Org. Coat., 4, 1 (1976). (3) Kaesche, H., Werkttoffe und Kmsion, 14, 557 (1963). (4) Heusler, K.E. and Allpier, W.. Werkstoffe und Kmsion, 22,297 (1971). (5) Kaesche, H., Die Korrosion'der Meralk, Springer Verlag Berlln and

Heidelberg, 210-213 (1978). ( 6 ) Beck, F. and Hulser, P., Dechema-Monographs Vol. 124, V C H

Verlagsgesell-schafr We~nheim, 1991. (7) Htilser, P. and Beck F.. Aluminium, 67,999 (1991). (8) Beck, F. and Hulser, P.. Proceedings of the DFO-Meeting. Neue

Enrw~cklungen in der Oberflachenbehandlung uon Aluminium. Diisseldorf, 19.120.3.1991, pages 161-187.

(9) Keller, F.. Hunter, M.S., and Robinson, D.L., I. Ekcnochem. Soc., 100, 411 (1953).

(10) Malachesky, P.A., in Encyclopedia of Ekctrochemisny of the Ekmenu, Bard, A.J. (Ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976.

(11) Mittal, K.L., (Ed.), Adhes~on Aspects of Polymeric Coatings, Plenum Press, New York, 1983.

(12) Zorll. U., farbe + lack, 82, 821 (1976). (13) Funke, W.,] Oil 6" Colour Chem~sts' Assoc., 68 (9), 229 (1985). (14) Leidheiser, H. and Funke, W., J. Oil 6"Colour Chemists' Assoc., 70 (5),

121 (1987). -115) ~pengler, E., Margarit, I.C.P., and Mattos, O.R., Ekctrochim. Acra, 38

(14), 1999 (1993). (16) Cowers, K.R. and Scantlebury, J.D.,]. Oil E4Colour Chemists' Assoc., 70

(3), 64 (1987). (17) Kriiger, U.A., Kunmann. P., and Beck, F., Werkttoffe und Kmsion, In

press. (18) Michaelis, R., Ph.D. Thesis, Unlvers~ty of Duisburg, 1992. (19) Beck, F. and Michaelis, R., "Strongly Adherent, Smooth Coatings of

Polypyrrole Oxalate on Iron," JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLCEY, 64, No. 808,59 (1992).

(20) Finn, S.R. and Hasnip, J.A.,]. Oil 6" Colour Chemists' Assoc., 48, 1121 11965) \----,.

(21) Brown, W.B. and Campbell. C.A.. in Elecnodeposition of Coatings, Brewer, G.E.F. (Ed.), American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1971. - .-

(22) Beck, F., Ber. Bunsenges Phys. Chem., 72.445 (1968). (23) Beck, F. and Kriiger, U.A.. Meralloberfl., in preparation (24) DIN 50017, October 1982; DIN 53151, May 1981.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 87

Flow Modlflen: A Key to Developing Hlgh Quality Surface Coatings Marilyn A. Grolitzer and Dennis E. Erickson-~onsanto, specialty Products"

tension contaminate induces flow towards areasofhigherST, leaving a void such as a crater or fisheye.

S urface coatings serve to provide both protection and decorative appeal to a substrate. Surface defects, which de-

tract from the appearance of a coating, also may compromise the integrity of the substrate. For many years, flow mod~fiers have been formulated into coating systems to enhance film properties by eliminating surface imperfections. In this presentation, we review the basic causes of surface defects and approaches to preventing and overcoming them. The primary focus of the artlcle will

these additives work to perform such a wide variety of functions, it to understand the

pound (VOC) systems, and powder coatings, have reduced or eliminated the ahillty of solvents to overcome the effects of poor wetting and flow. Further, the resin vehicles which have been developed for these coatings exhibit poor wetting and flow characteristics, increasing the occurrence and frequency of surface defects. These trends have resulted in a greater reliance on additives such as flow modifiers to provide flow and leveling to the coating surface. Flow modifiers play a key role in both preventing surface defects and in providing the smooth, mir- ror-like surfaces [high distinction of image (DOI)] the marketplace now demands.

Flow modifiers perform many functions in a coating. They are used primarily to reduce or eliminate surface defeca such as craters, fisheyes, pinholes, and orange peel. They also aid in pigment dispersion, help facilitate air release, improve suhstrate wet. tlng, and promote flow and leveling. This breadth of activitv amears at times to he

he on the role flow modifiers play in the Of surface defects.

development of high quality surface coat- 1 ings.

Recent advances in coating technology, such as high-solids, low volatile organic com-

High Surface Tension

4

F-WW Flud Fbw

LOW Surface Tenslon Conterninam

Surface Defect Formation

Surface defects result from (1 ) poor appllca- tion techniques and (2) differences in surface tension.

The key force driving the formation of

, surface defects can be summarized in one word-flow. Surface defects result from either too little flow or too much flow. Most surface defects develop during the application of the coating material onto the substrate. Here, too little flow results in brushmarks, roller striations, orange peel, and uneven film thickness. Too much flow during application results in sagging, run- ning, or curtaining.

Surface defects also result from differences in surface tenslon. This surface tension flc~w is induced hy the presence of low surface tension contaminants, thermal gradients, and composition changes.

When there are differences

-730 Worcester St, Springfield. MA 01 151. I Presented at the Waterborne, Higher-Solids,

and Powder Coatings Symposium. February 9- 1 1. 1994. in New Orleans, LA.

, .. somewhat in <hat these are effective at extremely low use levels. These additives are typically used at 0.25- 0.5% in liquid coatings and at 0.5-1.5% in powder coatings. Their effectiveness is oh. served at levels as low as parts per million. In order to gain an understanding of how

induced by solvent evaporation flowleads to formation of Benard cells andothersurface tension driven defects.

or variations in surface tension, material flow sfrom areas of low surface tension to areas of higher surface tension. Most

resins, both vehicles and crosslinkers, used in coatings exhihit fairly high surface tensions of approximately 40-60 dynes/cm. The solvents employed exhibit surface tensions from the mid 20s to mid 30s. Therefore, the introduction of any low surface tension for- eign material (oil, dirt, airborne silicone particles), including overspray or resin gels, will result in flow away from that material, thereby leaving a void such as a crater or fisheye (Figure 1).

Surface tension gradients also arise from composition changes which occur during solvent evaporation and cure. Evaporation of the low surface tension solvents effectively raises the surface tension of the uncured coating. During the evaporation process there will be solvent rich areas and other

Val. 67, No. 845, June 1995 89

M.A. Grolitzer and D.E. Erickson

~. . the rapid solvent evaporation from the edges of a substrate.

Differences in temperature (thermal gradients) will also promote flow. The action results from both the relationsh~p of viscosity with temperature and also that of surface tension with temperature. For most materials, viscosity decreases as temperature increases, so materials flow much easier a t higher temperatures. T h e surface tension for most mater~als decreases as temperature increases, thereby promoting flow. Material will therefore flow from hot areas to cooler areas, due to a lowertng of both surface tension and viscosity with increasing temperature. It should also he noted that solvent evaporation is a cooling process and changes In temperature will occur durtng this time also inducing a surface tension gradient. Or- ange peel, picture framlng, and telegraphing are commonly the result of thermal induced flow. A n extreme example of telegraphing is the appearance of an oven grating pattern In the cured painted panel (Fipre 4).

Another common type of defect in coatings is the occurrence of ptnholing or pop- ping. This defect is due to the delayed release of entrapped air or other volatiles. Pmholing results when the entrapped volatile IS released during the cure stage of the coating process. Pinholing is related to flow in that it occurs due t o retarded flow of the volatiles to the surface. A lower overall vis-

cosity will allow for quicker movement of the bubble to the surface. Modifying surface tension, therehy dtsrupting the bubble wall, is also an effective means of controlling pinholing.

Flow modifiers also help wet out pigments and improve pigment dispersion allowing up to a 20% higher pigment loading at the same coating viscos~ty, when employed at I-2% based o n total resin solids.

T h e main force which op- poses all surface tension induced flow, regardless of whether it is

su t ofsurface tension produced due to composition or thermal changes, is viscous drag which arises from the viscosity of the coating. The higher the

As mentioned earlier, cratering can result from contamination of the substrate or the wet film with low surface tension material, such as silicones, greasy dust, solvent droplets, or overspray. Surface cratering results from in- sufficient wetting of the substrate by the wet or molten paint. In order to achieve good wetting, the liquid paint must have a surface tension equal to or lower than the suhstrate. High-solids coating systems wet poorly due to the high surface tension of the resins and the use of polar solvents. To control cratering it is necessary to achieve better suhstrate wetting and to have a low surface tension. The low surface tension minimizes the differential between the low surface tension contaminant and the high surface tension resins, therehy reducing the size of the surface tension gradient. Better wetting is achieved via a low interfacial tension or contact angle.

areas of low solvent content, thus producing the surface tension gradient. When these differences in surface tension arise, material will flow resulting in bumps and sinks (uneven film thickness), orange peel, and low DOI. In pigmented systems, ptgment float- ing and flooding may also be observed. Sol- vent evaporation also induces the formation of Benard cells, which result from vortex circulation, as shown in F i p e 2. The circulation currents lead to separation of the coating components thus resulting in color and surface irregularities as shown in Figure 3. One of the main causes of picture framing, also called fat edees. 1s flow induced from

As discussed, orange peel can be formed due to application of the liquid or powder coating material onto the substrate. T o

viscosity of the coating, the lower the amount of flow. Viscosity is an important parameter Or which can be used to help promote flow if flow is desired, Or undesired flow.

It should now be quite clear that surface defects are the result of either too little or too much flow. Surface tension and viscosity are the key factors controlling flow. Let us now take a look at means of controlling defects in the cured films.

Surface Defect Control

overcome this effect it is necessary to promote flow and leveling. Low viscosity, long leveling time (time before cure takes place), and high surface tension all contribute to promoting flow and leveling. Orange peel which is the result of surface tension flow can be prevented by minimizing the formation of surface tension gradients, by providing an even surface tension across the surface. A high coating viscosity will also help reduce the undesirable flow. A high overall surface tension 1s desirable to achieve a minimum surface area, i.e., flattest possible surface.

What now becomes apparent is that the control of cratering and the control of orange peel require different and opposing levels of surface tension. Thus, how do flow modifiers act to achieve control of cratering, orange peel, and other surface defects?

Flow Modifier Mode of Action

Almost all flow modifiers act by modifying surface tension. Some materials which are used as flow modifiers, such as surfactants, fluormated alkyl esters, silicones, and solvents, are extremely surface active. They significantly reduce the overall surface tension of the coating even when employed at parts per million levels. Polysiloxanes will reduce the surface tension of alkyd/melamine topcoats by approximately 4 dynes/cm when

Figure 4-Oven grating pattern appears in coating due to temperature


Haze. Tackiness, Loss of Gloss,

a Recoat Adhesion

% ~odaflow@ 7

g S !I

Recommended Level: 0.1% to 1.0% on Total Resin Solids (TRS)

used at 0.2%. Other materials, such as the polyacrylates (I), will exhibit only a very weak effect on bulk surface tension even at high use levels. A reduction of 0.1-0.4 dynes/ cm may be observed even at use levels of 0.5-5%. Polyacrylates act to prevent surface defects by helping the coating develop an even surface tension across the film surface and this surface tension remains fairly constant. The even surface tension develops as the acrylic polymer migrates to the coating surface forming a monomolecular layer across the surface, thereby resulting in equaliza- tion of the surface tension across the coat- mg. The flow modifiers migrate to both the substratelpaint interface and to the coating1 air interface. By maintaining an even surface tension in the film, undesirable flow as the result of surface tension gradients IS prevented. Polyacrylates offer the additional advantage in promoting leveling due to the higher overall surface tension of the film. Although silicone-based flow modifiers may offer advantages in substrate wetting due to their very low surface tenstons, polyacrylates are also effective, because the surface ten. sion of the polymer is lower than the resin vehicles, and its presence at the interface provides for a lower interfacial tension.

Care must be taken when using flow modifiers which act like surfactants, such as the silicone and fluorocarbon based materials. Use level is critical even down to the parts per million level. Overuse results in surface defects, and in problems with recoatability. In addition, coatings containing these products are very susceptible to overspray cratering problems, since the curing film will be of much higher surface tension than the overspray particles. Overall, the highly surface active products are very effective in promoting wetting and controlling defects, if used very carefully.

Polyacrylates allow more freedom in handling. They can be used effectively at con-

-

Flow Modifiers

Figure 5--Effect of M o d a f l o f l on coa t i ng a p - p e a r a n c e .

Joncryl 500 Acrylic Resin .................... 75.93 Tinuvin 328 (30% solution ...................... 6.37 Tinuvin 292 ............................................... 0.05 PM Acetate ............................................. 14.44 n-Butanol .................................................. 5.52 Xylene ..................................................... 14.02 Modafiow 2100 Resin ............................... 0.25 Resimene 755 ........................................ 35.98 DDBSA Catalyst ....................................... 0.95

Bake schedule: 130°C (270°F) for 30 mln.

Figure b A u t o m o t l v e c l e a r c o a t fomulatlon.

centrations of ppm to several percent. Over- all, they are more effective at promoting levellng due to the h~gher bulk surface ren- sion. Problems with overspray cratering and recoatability are much less of a problem.

Flow Modifier Usage

In evaluating any flow modifier it is important to evaluate it at several use levels. Too little flow modifier will result in cratering and orange peel. Too much flow modifier

will result in hare, loss of gloss, and problems with recoat adheslon as shown in Fig- ure 5. In liquid coatings, it is recommended that the polyacrylic flow modifiers be used at 0.1-1% based on total resin solids, although some applications may require additional material, such as coil coating. In general, pigmented and higher viscosity systems require higher levels of flow modifier to achieve a smooth high DO1 finish versus clear coatings and lower viscosity coatings.

Coatings applied by direct or reverse roll require defoaming performance as well as

MARILYN A. GROLITZER is employed as a Senior Technical Leoder in Speciolfy Resins R&D in the Specioliy Products Group of Monsanto.

She received the Ph.D. Degree in Synthetic Organic Chemistry in 198 1 from Brandeis Universify, in Waltham, MA. She joined Monsanfo in 1984. The main focus of her work at Monsonto hos been in the area of coafings and adhesives, primarily utilizing acrylic resin technology. Prior b 'oining Monsanto she wos employed at Olin Corporation, worling in surfactant research and development.

Dr. Grolitzer presently manages the Acrylics Group at Monsanb. Her expertise is in the area of additives for flow, leveling, and defoaming, and materials for powder coatings. She has several patents and publications in this area and on surface active agents.

DENNIS E. ERICKSON is employed in the Speciolfy Products Group of Monsanfo os on lndushiol Technicol Specialist in the Specialty Resins Business Development Deportment.

He received the B.S. Degree in Chemical Technology in Coat- ings and Polymers from Norfh Dakota State University in 1963, ond an MBA from Western New England College, MA, in 1969.

Mr. Erickson worked several years of a major coating company's reseorch center before joining Monsanto's Coating Research in 1966, where he worked on waterborne orchitectural and indus- trio1 resin development. He was transferred to Marketing Technicol Service in Special Resins in 1970, covering the United States and Canado. He Xos several potents in the area of waterborne and high-solids, low tern erature cure coatings.

Presently, he is worEng on amino crosslinking resins, flow, leveling, and defooming aids for high performonce coatings in world areas now including the Pacific Rim countries.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 91

M.A. Grolitzer and D.E. Erickson

flow and leveling. Some flow modifiers which offer superior flow and leveling are poor de- foamers, and conversely, some flow modifier products which effectively control foaming and air release may give less than desired flow and leveling. It is therefore important to choose the optimum flow modifier for a given coating system.

Powder coatings also require much higher levels of material, since the benefits of solvents, in providing flow and leveling, are not available; 0.5% active polymer in clearcoats and 1.35% active polymer in highly pigmented polyester powder coatings. The flow modifier can be added to the coat- mg formulation in a powder form, or used as a liquid in the form of a masterbatch. In a masterbatch, the liquid flow mod~fier is mixed with the epoxy or polyester resin in the molten state, followed by cooling and

Distinaion of Image (DOI) 60' Gloss

100

95

90

85

80 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Modaflow 2100 Resin. TRS

Specular Reflectance

Modaflow 2100 Resin, TRS

- - Figure &Effect of flow modifier on gloss. Gen- eral industrial coating formulation.

Figure 7-High gloss, high DO/ coating. Clear acrylic automotive topcoat.

~ackout in the form of a flake or bead. Flow modifiers are commonly used in the form of masterbatch resins in powder coating due to the ease of handling and incorporation into the coating system.

Masterbatch flow modifiers can also be used in liquid coatings, again, for ease of handling and to avoid the introduction of additional solvent which will adversely affect VOC. Liquid coatings made using a masterbatch flow modifier may not require the use of any additional flow modifier thereby further simplifying the work for the coating formulator and batch processors.

Acrylic flow modifiers have been used effectively to provide high quality surface coatings ~ r e ~ a r e d from a wide variety of vehicles: epoxy, melamine, urethane, silicone rubber, acrylic, alkyd, phenolic, EVA I


Frequency of Defects

......... 0.0 ' " " " "

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1 3 1.4 1 5 1 6 1.7

Active Flow Modifier, PHR

copolymers, polyester, and cellulosic. Certain melamine-formaldehyde resin

crosslinkers, such as methylated/butylated coetherified melamine formaldehyde resins (2), also ~rovide good flow and leveling and help to prevent pinholes, craters, and picture framing in coating films.

In powder coatings, flow modifiers are used in epoxy, hybrid, acrylic, polyester- TGIC, polyester urethane, and polyester hy- droxyl alkylamide systems.

-

The liquid and powder coatings, employ- ing flow modifiers, are used in many applications, such as: automotive OEM and refinish, coil coatings, container, wood and furniture coatings, general industrial and maintenance, gel coats, decorative, conventional solids, high-solids, waterborne, powder coatings, inks, radiation cure coatings, and thermosetting and thermoplastic.

Figure 9-Eliminatingsurface defects. Pigmented polyester TGiC powder coating.

Distinction of Image (DOI) 80 - 75

70

Modaflofl Powder Ill

-

50

45

40 " " " " " ' 0.5 0.6 0 7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1 3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Active Flow Modifier, PHR

- Figure IC-Controlling orange peel. Hybrid powder coating.

Material Sources

Product Company

DDBSA Catalyst ......................................... King Industries

Joncryl 5M) .......................................... S.C. Johnson Co.

Modaf loP Resin ................................. Monsanto Modoflow 2100 Modofiow Powder I l l Modafiow Powder 2000

PM Acetate ........................................... Ashland Chemical Co. Dow Chemical Co. ..............................................

Res1menea 755. 751 .................................. Monsanto

Tinuvin 292, 328, 1130 ............................... Ciba-Geigy Corp.

The ability of the polyacrylate type flow modifiers to control surface defects and promote flow and leveling is shown in Figures 6-10. Too little flow modifier gives cratering and orange peel and too much results in loss of recoat adhes~on. Only 0.25% acrylic flow modifier is required to produce automotive type finishes in the formulation shown In Figure 6. The high degree of gloss and DO1 in this formulation is readily apparent in Figure 7. Very high levels of gloss were obtained in a white volvester bakine enamel . . used in general industrial coatlngs (Figure 8).

In powder coatings, surface defects can be readily controlled through the use of an acrylic flow modifier, as shown in Figure 9. Higher levels of flow modifier are required to obtain a smooth, high DO1 finish in a polyester powder coating (Figure 10). When lower levels of flow modifier are emoloved. a

Summary

In summary, the use of flow modifier additives, such as the polyacrylates, results in smoother films with fewer imperfections and better appearance compared to unmodi- fied coatings. The excellent flow and leveling characteristics of these products enable the application of thinner coatings, providing improved performance while gain- ing material savings. This combination has

Flow Modifiers

made flow modifiers a necessary ingredient in many surface coating formulations.

(1) Polyacrylates, such as the Modaflowm family of flow modifier products, supplied by Monsanto.

(2) Melamine formaldehyde resins, such as the Resimene' family of crosslinkers, supplied by Monsanto. Resimene 755 and 751 are methylatedibutylated melamine formaldehyde resins.

1 References and Suggested Reading (1 ) Gmlitzer, MA., Am. Paint Coat I , 75. No.

46,74 (1991). (2) Feyt, L. and Bauwin. H., "Action Mecha-

nisms of Flow M o d ~ f i e r s , " J o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ OF COAT- INGS TECHNOLOCY, 52, NO. 664,87 (1980).

(3) Hahn, F.J.. "Cratering and Related Phenom- ena." T ~ U R N A L OF PAINT TECHNOLOGY. 43. . . No. 562,58 (1971).

(4) Prerce, P.E. and Schoff, C.K., Proc. lXth Inr. Conf. Or~anic Coatings Science and Tech- nology, ;. 2 5 (1983); also "Coating Film Defects," Federation Series on Coatings Tech- nobgy, Philadelphia, PA, 1988.

(5) Suzukr, S., Tachi. K., and Okuda, C., Ad- vances in Organic Coatings Scrence and Tech- nology Serres, Vol. 12, p 67 (1990).

(6) Chemical Specialties, 3M Industrial Chemi- cal Products, "Presenting the Solutions for Your Problems," 1990.

very tight orange peel is obtained. AS the level of acrylic flow modifier is increased, a longer wave orange peel is observed.

A flow modifier's ability to produce a high quality surface coating will vary from system to system. The nature of the res- inslvehicles, crosslinkers, the choice of solvents, and the application technique will impart different flow and leveling characteristics to the coating. This makes the choice of flow modlfier and the usage level critical. It should be noted that some flow modifiers are des~gned for general purpose use, while others are designed for specific resin systems. In addition, some are more effective at crater control, others at providing flow and leveling. The proper selection of product, which is then used at the optimum usage level, will re-

Reprints of articles appearing in the JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY can be obtained.

I I

I Quantities of 100 to 25,000 are available.

To order a specific article, call the Reprint Department at (610) 940-0777 and state the t i t l ~ . n i i thnr i qsiio d a t e and I page nur

- - - - -- - , -- ----- , +L L - - , nber .

Reprints takc days .

sult in smooth defect-free coatings. A high quality flow modifier will Improve coat- I Thank YOU

2 approximately 18-22 working

ing flow, wetting of the substrate, enhance leveling, aid in the elimination of ! I Reprint Department surface defects, improve pigment disper- , T n r r a h r n r , n w r n n ~ ~ m i c c T w r u m r n r n c v I sion, and help facilitate air release. The low level of use required makes them ex-

" ...... ..- "L Aw..LLL""u"u,

492 Norristown Rd. tremely cost effective in produc~ng high I I Blue Bell, PA 19422 1 quality surface coatings.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 93

LOUISVILLE-APRIL VOCs via increased solids, control of sheen,

CHICAGO-APRIL 1 and adjusted viscosity, e t c In addition, ex- 1 tenders can he classified by chemical type,

,,small Media Mill Processing,, such as carbonates, sulfates, oxides, and sili- 1 Joint Meeting with LPCA

Durlng the business meeting, election of officers for 1995-96 was held.

President Mike Moilanen, of Siid Chemie Rheologicals, mentioned that the Executive Committee has selected Paul Baukema, of Akzo Nobel Coatings. Inc., to be the 1995- 96 LSCT Secretary.

cates. During his presentation, Mr. Broomedis-

cussed silicas as well. He stated that s~lica is

Mr. Moilanen announced that the edu- ' cational grant recipient was Tim Franklin, of Fosroc Corp. Mr. Franklin will attend the "Coatings Science for Coatings Formulators" course conducted hy The University of Southern Mississippi.

1993-94 Educational Grant Recipient Bobbie Pearl, of Courtaulds Coatings, Inc., spoke on her experience when she attended "Basic Com~osition ofCoatinesn at the Uni- 1 dustrial coatin; (high gloss enamel). ) versity of M'issouri-~olla. - "Kaolin Pigments" , Mr. Broome stated that these clavs and I

the primary oxide used in coatings due to its

NOLCGY FOR SMALL MEDIA MILLING.''

Nominees to serve as Society Officers for the 1995-96 year are as follows: President- Michael A. Wolfe, of Seegott, Inc.; Presi- dent-Elect-Richard A. Mikol, of Tremco, Inc.; Secretary-James J. Currie, of Jamestown Paint Co.; Treasurer-Jennifer Rumberg, of The Mahoning Paint C o p ; Assistant Treasurer-Lamar Brooks, of Coat- ings Research Group Inc.; Member-at- Large-Phil Hagensen; Society Representa- t~ves-Brenda L. Carr, of Coatings Devel- opment Co. and DeVilla Moncrief, of The Sherwin-Williams Co.

Mr. Way covered the quality considerations and production rates as affected hy residence time, media size, and number of passes for small media milling.

V1(70R

structured pigments contain less than 0.1% crystalline silica and can be used in many interior and exterior architectural coatings to replace ground silica and/or diatomaceous earth while improving some performance properties.

Q. Is there residual crystalline silica in your clays?

A. They do not contain crystalline silica hecause of the area where they are obtained.

RICHARI) A. MIKOI., Secretary

The speaker then covered kaolin clays. Categories discussed included airfloated clays, waterwashed clays (which can be further processed hy milling or delamination),

S, Publicity calcined clays, and structured pigment. A process to prepare structured pigment

was introduced hy Mr. Broome. These two 1 structured pigments were evaluated in both

architectural coatings (interior and exterior CLEVEIANbMARCH 1 latexes) and a gloss exterior mint and in-

The CSCTICPCA joint manufacturing seminar "Manufacturing Principles to Sur- vive the 90s" will be held April 4, at the

first used as inexpensive fillers to reduce the raw material cost of pants. However, extenders have become an ~ntegral part of paint formulations and can he used to optimize the aesthetic and performance properties of coatings. According to the speaker, extenders can provide many benefits, including: lowering raw material costs by more efficient spacing of titan~um dioxide, lower

KANSAS CITY-FEBRUARY

"Career Day" for local high school students, parenn and teachers Scheduled for April society Representative Mark Algaie~, of 22, this event w~ll he held at Cleveland Hillyard Industries, Inc., reported that of- State University. ficer training will occur during FSCT Spring

Week in Cancun, Mexico. The technical presentation entitled "Us-

IN(; KAOLIN ~ ~ M M T S TO REPLACE CRYSAL- Nominations for 1995-96 Treasurer were LINE SILIC.~ CONTAINING PI(;MENTS," was de- held. Those nominated were Debbie Koss.

Michael P. Diehold, of E.I. DuPont was the speaker for the evening. Mr. Diebold discussed "PHOTO(:ATALYTIC ALTIVITY OF TI- TANIUM DIOXIL)E.''

The speaker explained that molecular orhitals usually follow the same rules as atomic orbitals.

RANDALL L. EHMER, Secretary

livered by Southern Society member Thad Broome, of J.M. Huber.

Mr. Broome noted that extenders were

Mr. Moilanen stated that FSCT Spring Week will take place on May 19-21,1995 in Cancun, Mexico. Dan Fortney, of Ameri- can Dispersions, Inc. and Larry Pitchford, of Reynolds Metals Co. will he attending.

DAN FORTNEY, Secretary

Hilton South, Independence, OH. In addi- Fedemtion Officer visit tion, the educational symposium "Focus on ; the Future" is slated for May 4.5, at the FSCT Secretary-Treasurer, lay Austin,

of Davis Paint Co.; Tom Hilton, of Weskem- Hall, Inc.; and William Claibourn, of Davis Paint Co.

NEW ENGIANbMARCH

Quaker Square Hilton, Akron, OH.

The Cleveland Society is snonsorina a

I "Latex Technology for Semi- I I Transparent Stains"

of Halox Pigments, addressed the memher- ship on FSCT's strategic planning in~tla- fives.

Program Chairman Charles Shearer, of Zeneca Resins, reported that the April meeting will he a joint seminar with NECA.

Society President Joanne Monique, of Ashland Chemical Co., announced that the Society is seeking a Technical Committee Cha~rman.

Art Leman, of Rohm and Haas Co., delivered a presentation on "LATEX TECHNOL- CGY FOR SEMI-TRANSPARENT STAINS."

Mr. Leman discussed a market and new product ~dentification process. He also addressed the need for lower VOC coatings and stains that meet the performance of the current h ~ g h VOC products. The speaker reviewed some advantages of high VOC coatings: adequate dry time, good substrate penetration, package stability, and flow and durability.

However, conventional latices dry too fast, do not resolubilize and are difficult to refinish (i.e., they fail by flaking and peel- ing). In addition, they do not provide adequate substrate penetration.

Mr. Leman introduced a new latex that can be used in the manufacture of stains that nearly duplicates the properties of the


high VOC standards. This latex is designed to formulate with no coalescing solvents, fast dry, crosslinking for water resistance, achieve good wood penetration, fail by micro erosion (not flaking, etc.), and provide mechanical stability.

The speaker stated that all of their test panels indicate that the new latex meets, and is some cases surpasses, all the requirements achieved with the solvent hased coat-

Q. 1s the latex formaldehyde free? A. Yes.

GENE C. ANDERSON, Secretary

NEW YORK-APRIL

"Titanium Dioxide"

Technical Committee Chairman, Sheila Westerveld, of Standard Coating Corp., reported on the progress of the rheological paper that IS being written. It will he presented at the NYSCT September meeting prior to the FSCT Annual Meeting presentation in St. LOUIS, MO.

In addition, a new project t~tled "Reac- tive Diluents" is underway.

Al Sarnotsky, of Spraylat Corp., announced that OSHA has identified the paint industry as an inspection target. The OSHA Consultation Service is available. This no fee service assists companies in OSHA compliance.

Society Representative Mike Frantz, of Daniel Products Co., announced two upcoming events: May 15-Philadelphia So- ciety Technical Seminar "Industrial Main- tenance Coatings, More than Just a Coat of Paint"; and May 3-6-Pac~hc Northwest Society's 48th Annual Spring Symposium.

Larry Waelde, of Troy Corp., reported that the New York Society Spring Sympo- sium "Recent Advances in Additives and Modifiers for Modern Coatings" will be held on May 3-4 at the Holiday InnNorth, New- ark, NJ. Mr. Waelde said that 14 papers are scheduled to he presented.

An amendment to the By-laws was introduced by Ken DePaul for its second reading. Since the Society has been operating at a net financial loss, a dues increase from $65 to $80 for active and associate memhers was proposed, as well as an increase from $20 to $30 for retired members. A motion was made, seconded, and passed by membership vote to accept the Bylaws change.

Steve Valente, of Kronos, Inc., spoke on "TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENTS."

Mr. Valente identified the characteristics of the universal grades of TiO, as better

particle resolution-elimination of larger particles resulting in higher gloss; novel surface treatments-result~ng in better weatherability; oil absorption is equal to enamel grades; surfactant demand is low, equal to general purpose grades 94-95% TiO,; higher tint strength than enamel or general purpose grades; and higher gloss, equal to enamel grades.

According to the speaker, to fully ohtain the benefits of the un~versal grades, the following formulation changes may be needed:

(1) Millbase--due to the universal grade's lower oil absorption, p/k ratlos should he

adjusted (Increases) if replacing general purpose grades. No change is needed for enamel grade replacements; and

(2) PVC-Increasing the P\IC by five percent with fine particle extender pigments will improve the tint strength of the universal grade pigmented coating.

Q. What are the differences in gloss due to? A. Physically, the universal grade has

fewer large particles, and chemically, the silica surface treatment replacement; both contributed to higher gloss.

JOHN W. Du, Secretary

AnInfkared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Ixldustry

T his two-volume edition contains acompilation of more than 2,500spectra. fully indexed, ofmaterials commonly usedin thecoatingsindustry.AUspectrahave beengeneratedonhigh

resolutionFourierTransform spectrophotometers withrecorded spectral ranges covering the region between4.000 to 400 cm-'.

Authored by experts in the field of coatings infraredanalysis, the 1024-page textconsists ofeightfundarnentalandcomprehen- sivechapters, includingtheov, instrumentation, IRinslmmentation accessories, sample preparation, and qualitative and quantitative analysis.

This handsome setis packagedinasturdy slip case foreasy shelfstorage.

Also, acomputerizeddatabase ofall the spectra featuredin the Atlas has been developed by t h e N i c o l e t I n s t . , in cooperationwiththeFederation. TheNicoletCoatingsTechnology Databaseis available atadditionalcostfrornNicoletto assistin computersearching during quantitativeinfmred analysis.

$150-Federation Members $200--Non-members

Formoreinformation. contact Federation ofsocieties for CoatingsTechnology

492Nomstown Rd.,BlueBell, PA 19422 (610) 940-0777 Fax: (610) 940-0292

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 95


NORTHWESTERN-APRIL

ternotes betwe II, A h o Nobe

'ark, 11). C. DAV ,0633. idence, OH). 1 44104.

- 8 . ,,

BALTIMORE (Third Thursdoy-Martin's West, Baltimore, MD). CONNIE SAUER, Duron, Inc. 10460 Tucker St., Beltsville, MD .

BIRMINGHAM (First Thursday-Strothallon Hotel, Birminghom, Englond). DAVID C. MORRIS, PPG Industries [UK) Ltd., P.O. B Pork St., Birmingham, 81 6 OADS, Englond.

CDlC (Second Monday-locotion al ~n Cincinnati, Columbus, Doyton, and Indionopolis). WIWAM JELF, I I Coatings, Inc., P.O. Box 147, Columbus, OH 432 16-0147.

CHICAGO (First MondayJhorko's Restaurant, Villa I ID STROMBERG, Standard T Chemical, 290 E. Joe Orr Rd., Chicago, lL t

CLEVELAND (Third Tuesdoy-Roadhouse, lndepel RKHARD A. MIKOL, Tremco Inc., 10701 Shoker Blvd., Clevelond, O t

DALLAS (Second Thursdoy following first Wednesdoy-noo~sson notel, Dallas, TX). CHIP NEWCOMB, 1448 N. Joe Wilson Rd., Cedar Hill, TX 75104.

DETROIT (Second Tuesdoy-meeting sites vory). JAN SPALDING, E! 26701 Telegraph Rd., Southfield, MI 48086-5809.

GOLDEN GATE (Mondoy before third Wednesdoy-olternotes bet..,., , .,,., exo's in Ooklond, CA, ond Holiday Inn in S. Son Fronscisco). DON MAZONE, Dowd &Guild, Inc., 14 Crow Conyon Ct., #200, Son Ramon, CA 94583.

HOUSTON (Second Wednesdoy-Medollion Hotel, Houston, TX). G w SUUAWAY, Courtaulds Cootings, P.O. Box 4806, Houston, TX 772 10.

KANSAS CITY (Second Thursday--Coscone's Restouront, Kansos City, MO). RANDALL L. EHMER, Wolsh &Associotes, Inc., 500 Roilrood Ave., N. Konsos City, M O 641 16.

LOS ANGELES (Second Wednesday--Steven's Steokhouse, Commerce, CA). JOSEPH 8. EVANS, Troil Chemical Corp., 9904 Gidley St., El Monte, CA 91 731.

LOUISVILLE (Third Wednesday-Executive West Motor Hotel, Louisville, KY). DAN FORTNEY, American Dispersions Inc., P.O. Box 1 1505, Louisville, KY 4021 1.

MEXICO (Eve~y fifteen days--Gobriel Moncero, Mexico City, Mexico). S E R ~ ROJAS, Pinturos Internotionol, S.A. De C.V., Gonoderos 234, Col. Gronios Esmerolda, 098 10 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.

MONTREAL (First Wednesday--Le bed. Luc M ILLE~ . Fronk E. Dem~sev & Sc

Bihhbque Steo Ins Ltd., 2379-

~khouse, St. Laurent, Que- 46nd Ave.. Lochine. Que..

NEWENGLAND (Third ThursdoySheroton Lexington Hotel, Lexington, MA). GENE C. ANDERSON, Chemcentrol Corp., 38 Spindlewick Dr., Noshuo, NH 03062.

NEW YORK (Second Tuesday-Landmark 11, East Rutherford, NJ). JOHN W. Du, Huls Arnerico, Inc., P.O. Box 365, Piscotowmy, NJ 08854.

NORTHWESTERN (Tuesday following first Monday-Jox Cofe, Minneapolis, MN). JOSEPH J. MIUS, MilsolP Corp./M 0 Rose PI., Ro 551 13.

PACIFIC NORTHWEST ~PORNWD ! doy-Tony Romo's, Moll 205, Portland, (

Wyndhom Garden Hotel, Sea-Toc, WA; Wednesday-Abercorn Inn, Richmond, B.L.J. COWARD LINTON, LIoverooIe rolnr LO.,

6950 King George Hwy., Surrey, B.C., V3W 421, Con PHILADELPHIA (Second Thursday-Williornson's R 8 Bldg., Bolo

Cynwyd, PA). THOMAS G. BROWN, Consultants Consortium, Mollingford, PA 19086.

PIEDMONT (Third Wednesday-Romoda Inn Airport, Greensboro, NC). ROY MOD~EWXI, Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc., 1431 Progress St., High Point, NC 27261.

PITTSBURGH (Second Monday-4ontemurro's Restouront, Shorpsburg, PA). JAMES REDISKE, Boyer Inc., Moboy Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15205.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN (Mondoy following first Wednesdoy-Zongs Brewery, Denver, CO). CHARLES SHROEDER, FeCPro Inc., 6120 E. 58th Ave., Commerce City, CO 80022.

ST. LOUIS (Third Tuesday-The Salad Bowl Restaurant, St. Louis, MO). MICML P. HEFFERON, Wolsh &Associates, Inc., 1801 S. Honley Rd., St. Louis, MO 63144.

SOUTHERN (Guw COAST S~cnokthird Thursday; CEMRAL FLORIDA SKTK)N-- third Thursday ofter first Monday; AWNTA SECTION--third Thursdoy; &IS SEC- now-bimonthly on second Tuesdoy; and MIMI S~cno+Tuesdoy prior to Central Florida Section). WALTER R. NAUGHTON, JR.. Scott Point Corp., 7839 Fi ' ' ' " '

Sorosoto, FL 34240. TORONTO (Second Mondoy-4eeti NATALIE JAWS

Conodo Ltd., 4261 Moinway Dr., Burlins 3YB, Canada. U'ecfCRN NEW YORK -MARK" wsnnrurr, 182 Forminy~uts mu.,

10. NY 14225

innesoto, 234

ng sites vary). !ton, Ont., 17R "^ **.",^-r

loy before thi~ no+Third W :T-Thursdo ,., 3 1

lodo. estauront, GSB ,209 Fox Ln., l

seville, M N

.d Wednes- ednesdoy- y ofter third

m . .?.

"Model Associafive Thickeners"

Technical Committee Chairman Ed Ferlauto, of The Valspar Corp., informed the members that the Society's paper on acid rain was provisionally accepted by the JCT. He also stated that the Techni- cal Committee is continuing to work on a new paper "Wet Adhesion and Filiform Corrosion Paper." The committee is trying to relate these issues to the water permeability of coating materials. Their cur. rent focus is on technologies to measure the adhesion of wet coatings with an instron tensile strength tester. The Com- mittee plans to collect another set of panels on exposure for Part I1 o f the acid rain paper.

RobinNorcutt, of George C. Brandt, Inc., reported on Springfest '95.

Environmental Affairs Committee Chair- man Mark Uglem, of Hirshfield's Paint Mfg., Inc., stated that activity on the state level is quiet. He said that the issue of tax on lead paint is dead for now.

Educational Committee Chairman, Mustapha Bacchus, of The Valspar Corp., presented a check for $2,500 to Marek Ur- ban, of North Dakota State University in support of the university's educational efforts.

The first speaker of the evening, Wylie Wetzel, of North Dakota State University, presented "MODEL ASSOC~A~VE THICKENERS AND COATINGS FORMULATIONS."

Mr. Wetzel hypothesized that varying polyethylene glycol backbone lengths of hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethane associative thickeners would affect the efficiency of the thickener and gloss of the finished coating.

The associative thickeners were isocyanate modified and amine and acrylate finished and the bonding of the associative thickener was to the titanium dioxide pigment.

Mr. Wetzel found that long PEG back- bones gave better gloss retention but dis- rupted the hydrophobic bonding with titanium dioxide and decreased the thixotropy of the associative. Therefore, there is an optimum size of PEG backbone.

The second speaker of the meeting was Brian Pennington, of North Dakota State University. He discussed "NEW METHODS FOR

MEASURING ADHESION." Mr. Pennington speculated that photo

acoustic spectroscopy would be a viable method of measuring adhesion. Acrylic, polyester, polypropylene and epoxy-based coatings were tested on metal substrates.


Mr. Pennington explained that adhesion is measured by determining the strength required to separate two materials. The most commonly used test is peel strength. For his experiments, the stress was applied by linear elongation of the metal substrate. Through various diagrams, Mr. Pennington explained that the coating would have to be wiped dry first, thus making it unacceptable. He was also asked if he could tell whether the coatings' adhesion was mechanical or valence and he explained that the phenomena of the bonding was unknown, but was ptob- ably hydrogen.

Mr. Pennington found that the best bonding by his measure was a poly di-methyl siloxane system.

The final speaker of the evenmg, North- west Society member MarekUrban, of North Dakota State University, delivered "NEW DIRECTIONS OF POLYMERS AND COATINGS."

According to Dr. Urban, there is now a movement to form consortiums between industry and education with a goal of producing graduates who can provide immediate benefits to the companies that hire them. One group now in existence IS the Coatings Research Center consisting of North Da- kota State University, Eastern Michigan Univers~ty, Michigan Molecular Institute, and approximately 10 sponsoring corporations.

Dr. Urban also explained that the goal of NDSU is to become a world leader in education related to polymeric coatings. They have programs on the undergraduate, graduate, post graduate, and continuing education level, with several scholarship programs in place. He explained that the society's annual contribution is an important part of their scholarship program. The main focus at NDSU is on coatings not just polymers, with an emphasis on instrumentation.

JOSEPH J. MILLS, S e c r e t q

NORTHWESTERN-MAY

Election of 1995-96 Officers

It was announced that the following were elected to serve as Society Officers for the 1995-96 year: President-Joseph Mills, of Milsolv@ Minnesota Corp.; Vice-President- Jeff Gundry, of Horton Earl Co.; Secretary- Michael Coad, of Ti-Kromatic Paints, Inc.; Treasurer-Glen Vetter, of Dyno Overlays Inc.; and Society Representatwe-Larry Brandenburger, of The Valspar Corp.

The following members were honored as 25-year members: Arnold Anderson, of Anoka Corp.;James Edwards, ofThe Valspar Corp.; Richard Fricker, retired; James Haering, retired; Brian Heath, of The Valspar Corp.; James Larson, of Sierra Corp.; Charles Lechner, of Carl Lechner, Inc.; Ray Mooney,

of McWhorter Technologies Inc.; Kenneth Rice, of Kenneth M. Rice Co.; James Robinson, of Diamond.Vogel Pamt; James Stanton, retired; and James Stuhr, of The Valspar Corp.

Educational Committee Chairman, Mustapha Bacchus, of The Valspar Corp., will be attending the F S m s Educational Coordinating Committee meeting on June 1-2 at Federation Headquarters in Blue Bell.

In addition, a discussion on the Society's student scholarship paper was held.

The first speaker of the evening, New York Society member Ashok C. Khokhani, of Engelhard Corp., presented "SURFACE, TREATED ALUMINUM SILICATE FOR INDUSTRIAL COATINGS."

Mr. Khokhani stated that hydrated aluminum silicate kaolin benefits coatlngs by improving adhesion and corrosion resistance. There are two types of kaolin available commercially: (1) air flotation-used primarily in the rubber and plastics industries; and (2) water-washed-used in the coating and ink industries where a purer product is required. According to the speaker, kaolin is produced by a series of processes, which include slur- rying, degritting, fractionation, high intensity magnetic separation, bleaching, drying, and pulverization.

Kaolin is divided into one of the three following tvves: hvdrous, calcined, or sur-

PACIFIC NORTHWEST (VANCOUVER SECTION)-

MARCH

General Meeting

A moment of silence was held in memory of John Bennett, formerly of Color Your World and General Paint.

Techn~cal Committee Chairman Yoichi Seo, of Flecto Coatings, Ltd., has received nine responses to his survey soliciting comments on the topics of the monthly meetings and technical areas of industry interest.

Ed Linton, of Cloverdale Paint Inc., reported on the Bill Biddle Memorial Schol- arship. A candidate will be decided on by the spring symposium.

He also stated that Ben Prins, of Imasco Minerals, Inc., applied to attend the Kwantlen College paint and coatings course; however, it has been canceled due to lack of interest.

KELVIN J. HUGET, Secretary

PACIFIC NORTHWEST (VANCOUVER SECTION)-

APRIL - .. .

face-treated. The surface-treated type of kaolin is comprised of kaolin with one of sev- "Titanated Lithopone era1 woes of additives. These additives are Encapsulation"

treated aluminum silicates maintain, or improve, the properties of the coating. 1 1 i'3rd Annual Meeting (L 1

either polyacrylates, organosilanes, stearates, or others that are used infrequently. Sur- face-treated kaolin has been tested in polyester-melamine systems as well as 2-k ~ 0 1 ~ urethane systems.

The speaker noted that kaolin can be used as an effective titanium dioxide extender. When substituted for titanium dioxide, similar particle sized kaolin will aid in the spacing of titanium dioxide and improve its light scattering capability. Referring to the systems previously mentioned, Mr. Ashok was able to replace 44 Ib. of titanium dioxide in the formulations with 25 Ib. of kaolin.

Mr. Ashok concluded with the benefits of using surface-treated aluminum silicates. They are: cost effectiveness, easy dispersibility, versatility, develops high-gloss, good clean color. In addition, the surface-

The second soeaker of the meet in^ was 1 6 0 th Paint Indu5tries' show 1

~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ committee chairman Valerie Braund, of General Paint Ltd., informed the members that the paint industry is coming under scrutiny and companies may be targeted for inspection.

During the Educational Committee report, the possibility of Art Bragg, of Endura Manufacturing Co. Ltd., conducting the education course in Alberta was discussed.

The featured speaker of the evening was M~ke Issel, of Sino American Pigments, who discussed "TITANATED LITHOPONE ENCAPSU- LATION."

KELVIN J. HUGET, Secretmy

-1

Tom Casper, of " re 4th Street ~ u i l d . He discussed "SHELLAC-CONSIDERATIONS IN 1 1 October %KJ-11.1985 1 MAKING FURNITURE IN MINNESOTA."

Mr. Casoer focused on the orie~n of shel- Cervantes Convention Center lac and tts properttes. He also covered some of the dtfferences tn wood types available. 1 1 st. Louis, MO I

JOSEPH J. MILLS, Secretary

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 97

Linda Elliott, of the Dallas Society, has I Pacific Northwest Societv memher Dennis 1 The Coatines Raw Materials Groun of Hiils oined Hitox Corp., Corpus Chrisri, TX, as Regional Sales Manager for the Southwest region. Ms. Ell~ott, who will be responsible for sales of the company's products and coordinating sales efforts with distrihu- tors, will be based in

1. Elliott Irving, TX

Hatfield has retired as President of the J.F. Shelton GI., Tukwila. WA. Mr. Hatfield 1s succeeded by Daniel T. Kiefel, also a member of the Pacific Norrhwest Society, who will assume president~al responsibilities while remaining active in marketing and sales.

In other news, Brad Campbell, also a member of the Pacific Northwest Society, has accepted the position of Executive Vice President for J.F. Shelton Co.

Rick W. Strellman has been appotnted the company's General Manager of Opera-

to Senior Technical

vide customer technical service support and application de-

tions. line. R. Guida

Sales Represent;ltive. Mr. Powers w~ll sell advanced polymers to the paints and coatings, adhes~ves and sealants, and graphic arts markets in Illinois. Kentuckv. Indiana.

~h~ position o f ~ e n e r a l M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , specialty and F~~~ chemicals, for ~~l~ A~~~~~~ lnc,, Piscataway, NJ, has heen accepted by Jo. seph H. Fuhrman. Mr. Fuhrman will super- vise the company's intermediates and fine chemicals, silanes and silicones, and specialty lubricants product areas.

Ameron Inc., Pasadena. CA, has promoted R.S. Friedrich to Vice President, Corporate Research and Development. He is credited with the development of a range of product lines and manufacturing equipment.

Engelhard Corp., lselin, NJ, has announced the appointment of Robert J. Schaffhauser to Vice President of Technology and Cor- porate Development. He will oversee R & D, filling a vacancy to be left hy the upcoming retirement of Harmon Garfinkel.

In a related move, the position of Vice President of Strategic Planning and Corpo- rate Affairs will he shifted from Dr. Schaffhauser toFrancis X. Vitale, Jr. While continuing in his current responsibilities as Vice President of Investor Relations and Corporate Commun~cations, Mr. Vitale will guide the corporation's strategic direction and work with ~ t s business units to align business strategies with corporate goals.

In other news, Engelhard's Paper Pig- ments and Chemicals and Specialty Miner- als and Colors Groups are being consolidated, as the Pigments and Additives Gr(lup, under Barry W. Perry* Group Vice Presi- dent and General Manager. Mr. Perry currently heads the Paper Pigments and Chemi- cals business. I

I Thc New York Soc~ct)- for C o d t ~ n ~ s Iowa, and Missouri. Technology has presented the PaVaC I I

Jeannie Jacobs has joined National Starch and Chemical Co., Bridgewater, NJ, as Sales

Resin

Lee Bower has been named Regional Vice President of Seegott. Inc.'s new Houston- based Southwest distribution location, which covers Texas,

Okla- homa, and Arkan- sas. Mr. Bower has experience in the coatings, epoxy resins, adhesives, water treating, and oil field markets, 1. Bower

Sauereisen, Pittsburgh, PA, has announced the appointment ofPatrick Connell to Presi- dent and chief operating officer. ~i~ new position embraces day-to-day management of company operations in all domestic and international divisions,

~ h , company has also named ~~~d sauereisen chairman ofthe b a r d and chief ~~~~~~i~~ officer. ~i~ function %,ill he to set the direction for the company and provide general oversight of company performance.

D~~~ ~~~~~~d has heen to vice president-~inance, this M ~ , Leonard will have overall responsihllity for the company's financ~al performance.

Zeneca Resins, Wilmington, MA, has ap- no~nted Pat Powers Midwest Technical

Award to memher Marvin J. Schnall. This award recognizes outstanding devotion to the Society and technical developments and educational efforts contributing to the advancement of the protectlve coatings industry.

Rob Henderson has accepted the position of National Business Development Manager for Custom Building Products, Seal Beach, CA. In this role, Mr. Henderson will coordinate and further develop the company's paintlwallcovering sundry product group.

Ralph A. Shutterly has been hired as a Sales Representative by The M.F. Cachat Co., Cleveland, OH. Mr. Shutterly will maintain a Pittshurgh, PA, satellite office.

BatchMaster Software Corp., Seal Beach, CA, has announced the appointment of three international sales representatives for their RatchMasrer product line. S.S. Gokharu, of P.T. Gokharu Microsystems, Jakarta, will service Indonesia; Debbie Watkins, of PlatSoft Ltd., London, will service the United K~ngdom; and David Peterson, of Platinum Russia Ltd.. Moscow, will service Russia.

/ Howard Bartley Burchett, Jr., a 30-year memher of the Kansas City Society, died on

I March 23, 1995. He was 67. 1 Mr. Burchett was District Manager of

Thompson Hayward Chemical Co., where ~ he worked for 33 years. After retiring, he purchased Abner Hood Chemical Co., where he served as President and Chairman of the Board.

Mr. Burchett was also a member and Past-President of the Kansas City Paint and Coatings Association and Sales Marketing Executives.

He is survived hy his wife, Carol; his 1 daughter, Carla Griffin; and two grandsons.

Al Kitun, a Chicago Society member, passed away on March 24, 1995.

Upon his retirement from Sun Chemical Corp. in 1983, Mr Kitun operated Kitun & Associates, Inc., a consulting firm to the paint industry, until his death.

Mr. Kitun is survived by his wife, Marie; his son, Michael; and two grandchildren.

After a long illness, Sally Gaetsky passed away on April 12,1995. She was 87.

Unti l her retirement in 1978, Ms. Gaetsky was Managing Director of the Cornelius Chemical Co., Ltd., London, En- gland.


Joumal of Coatings Technology

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Varnishes. Lacquers. Printing hh. SBOlants. Adhebes

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February 1994 Issue Y I I Your Company

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Materials CC O Manufacturersof Equipment

and Contalnen ' DD O Sales Aoentsfor Raw ~atenGk and Equipment I EE o Government Agency 2 0 Researchll~nalComuiiing

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1 JJ O Other

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Journal of Coatings Technology Reader Service Center 650 S. Clark St. Chicago, IL 60605-9960

BALTIMORE

Acfive

Alkn, Debar W.-Bruning Paint Co., Baltimore, MD.

Black, Joseph F.-Tnemec Co., Inc., Baltimore. Bowles, Christine A,-Naval Su$ace Warfare Cen-

ter, Silver Sptlngs, MD. Chapman. Dauid M.-W.R. Grace Co., Colum-

bia, MD. Rotman, Tatyam-Duron, Inc.. Beltsville, MD.

CHICAGO

Active

Conti, Ronald S.-Varn Products, Addison, 1L. Cuny-Nkansah, Mam E.-Amoco Chem~calCo.,

Naperville, IL. Dimas, Jerald A.--Color C<,mmunicatlons, Chi-

cago, IL. Fiegura, Samuel G.-Acme Barrel Co., Chicago. Guyer, Owdk B.-Delta Resins & Refractories,

Milwaukee, WI. Jesseph, Steven P.--Cabot Corp., Tuscola, 1L. Lin, Bob T.--Cabot Corp., Tuscola. Pawlikowski, Richard F.-Nicoat, Bensenville, 1L. Pennanen, Hannu K.-Pre Finrsh Metals, Elk

Grove Village, 1L. Ray, Charks1.-TheShenvm-WilliamsCo., Chi-

cago. Satek, Larry C.-Amoco Chemical Co.,

Naperville. Swanqu~st, William R.-Nil- Chemical Paint Co.,

Ndes, MI. Yokelson, Howard B.-Amoco Chemlcal Co.,

Napewille.

Associate

Ball, Jason. 1.-McWhorter Technologles, Chi- cago Heights, IL.

Barrett, Dautd L.-McWhorter Technologies, Carpentersvllle, IL.

Belks, Andrew E.-Koch Materials Co., Chicago, IL.

Berg, Daniel T.-DR Associates, Muskego, WI. Lawson, Kenneth R.-DSM Desotech Inc., Elgln,

IL. Roy, Charlie-Atlas Bag Co., Skokie, IL.

CLEVELAND

Acfive

A~tman, Edward D.-Jamestown Paint Co., Jamestown. PA.

Fisher, Vicki C.-Jamestown Paint Co., Jamestown.

Hamm, Bradley W.-lamestown Paint Co., Jamestown.

Johnson, Chmles S.-Jamestown P a n t Co., Jamestown.

T~scher. Leo A.-Sealmaster, Parma, OH. Zndroga, Albert C.-PPG Indusrt~es, Inc.. Cleve-

land. OH.

Associote

H q m e n , Philipl.--Chem-MateriaIsCo., Cleve- land, OH.

HOUSTON

Active

Barnes, Calton R. 11-Howell Hydrocarbons, Channelv~ew. TX.

Brassey, Ruareigh-care of the Environment America, Ltd., Houston, TX.

Brooks, Kelly C.-H~tox Corp., Corpus Christi, TX.

England. Arthur D.-Dexter Corp., Brownsville, T Y . '..

Landshof, Thomas A.-Httox Corp., Corpus Christi.

Menill, RaymondB -Texas Department ofTrans- portation. Aust~n, TX.

Pi~odr~nskas, Algis ].-Hempel Coatings, Hous- ton.

Prince. David W.-Triarch Industries. Houston. Prmce, Scott B.-Tr~arch Industries, Houston. Ragsdak, Steuen R.-lntercoastal Paint, Houston.

Associote

Bower, Lee-Seegott Southwest, Kingwood, TX. Funk, Dough W.-Hitox Corp., Corpus Chrtstl,

TX. Garra. D a d R.-Ashland Chemical, Houston,

TX. Goffimt, Don R.-Witco Corp., Missouri City,

TX. Hummer.lamer M.-Cron Chemical Corp., Hous-

ton. Knight, Karl R --Cron Chemical Corp.. Houston. McFarland, Jeffrey A.-Hitox Corp., Corpus

Christ!.

KANSAS CITY

Ac#ve

Sykes, lark-Prosoco Inc., Kansas City, KS.

Associote

Smith, Jeny L.-Rheox, Inc., Channahon, IL

Mairena, Domingo A. Jr.-Ellis Pant Co., Los Angeles.

Perry, Ron S.-Keystone Aniline, Tempe, AZ.

LOUISVILLE

Active

Brndky, Mark A,-Red Spot Paint, Evansville, IN.

Elkgood. Charks D.-Alucobond Technologles, Benton, KY.

Robertson, Joe P.-Alucobond Technologies, Benton.

Whitt, Clyde W.-Accumetric, Elirabethtown, KY.

Associote

McQua.de, Michael 1.-UCB Chemicals, Louis- ville, KY.

Stephens, Bobbi-Red Spot Pamt, Evansville. IN.

MONTREAL

Associate

DeWitte, Claude M.-BFGoodrich. Waterloo, Ont.

NEW ENGLAND

Active

Beaumont, Reg F.-Union Specialties, Newburyport, MA.

Frost, Michael W.-Union Specialties. Newburyport.

Gauthier, Kevin].-C L Hauthaway, Lynn, MA. Greene, Bill-Union Specialties, Newburyport. Gunn, Valerie E.-Soluol Chemical Co., West

Warwick, RI. Nelson, John R.-Arnel Co., Inc., Danven, MA. Nelson. Roy A.-Amel Co., Inc., Danvers.

CA. David, Nmma G.-Kansas City, MO. Dhahwal. Peter S.-Duro Plastics, Upland, CA. Krikor, Hrant E.-Ellis Paint Co., Los Angeles,

LOS ANGELES

Active

1 Ash. Ralph K.-RAK G. Associates. Torrance.

CA. Lowe, William W.-Guardsman Products, South

Gate, CA. McNaughton, Michael P.-Bria Graphics,

Hawthorne. CA. Rodriguez, Jorge J.-Continental Coatings,

Fontana. CA. Schuk, Martin-T W GraphicsGroup, Commerce,

CA.

Associote

Dooling, T~mothy M.-Fish-Callahan Chemical Co., Walpole, MA.

O'Brien, Dam 2.-Fish-Callahan Chemical Co., Walnnlr

Associote

Brett, F~olini A.-Dowd & Guild, Pico Rivera, CA.

Garcia, Roberra-Sinclair Paint Co., Los Ange- les. CA.

--r --- ' Shaw, Kevin F.-Scharr Industries, Shrewshury, MA. ' Patterson Thomas R-Hilton Davis Ca., Clarksburg, NJ.

NORTHWESTERN

Acfive

Halm, Leo W.-3M, St. Paul, MN. Stenson, Paul U.-Valspar Corp., Minneapolis,

MN. Weiss, Keith D.--Grace Inc., Minneapolis.

Associote

Sm~th, Mark G.-Performance Process, Wausau, WI.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 101

SOUTHERN

Active

Reid.]tmJ.-Akro Nohel SurfaceChemistry Inc., Stratford, CT.

Stephens, Marjorie M.C.-Akro Nohel Coatings. Norcross, GA.

Associate

Almand, Wilham-Floridin Co.. Big Canoe, GA. Barbanel, Philip. I.-Dock Reslns Corp.. Linden.

NJ. BolaNl. Mich1G.-Whittaker. Clark 61 Daniel,.

Mar~etta. GA. Brown. Thomas E.-Brown Woodworks. Ft.

Myers, FL. Brown. Vtuian H.-Georgia Marhle Co. ,

Kennesaw, GA. Burkett. ,MI.Ys~ K.-Ashland Chemical Co.,

Doraville. GA.

Capser. F~ed-Troy Chemical Co., Tampa, FL. Champine. Norman G.-J.M. Huber Engineered

Mmerais. Quincy. IL. Craft. Rohin L.-Ashland Chemical Co.. Arlanta,

G A. Crook, Todd--Union Carhide Corp., Atlanta. Fnust, Ron A.-Rheax, Jamestown, NC. Hume, Douglas A,-BASF Corp.. Arlanra. lohnsm, Ertk N -Rhone-Rulenc. Atlanta. Koepkc, Lee E.-McCullough & Benron. Tampa. Laird, Richard E.-Engelhard. Harrishurg. NC. Lamond, Trevor G.-Georgia Marhle Co. .

Kmnesaw. McLaughlin, Thorn5 C.-Harcros P~glnents Inc..

Fairvlew He~ghrs. IL. McSuain, Frank T -Alchemy South Ltd.,

Lilharn, GA. Nablo, Carl].-ECC Internat~onai. Atlanta. Sanzalong, David-Krnnos, Inc., Lnmhertville. NJ. Sieber, W. Vonn-S E Pigments 14 Resins. Tuckcr.

G A.

-------------

Snyder. William H.-Rhrne-Poulenc, Marietta, GA.

Talhor, Carl H.-Hickson Spec~alties Inc.. Smytna, GA.

Walrer, Ketth ti.-Gulf Coast Chemical, Tampa.

Retired

Macrae, John-Port Orange, FL.

WESTERN NEW YORK

Active

Shaur-Kiein. Lori-Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY.

Walker, Edward L.-Guardsman Pmducts, Lcw~arcm, NY.

Reading This Ad Can Improve Your Career

I I I The Federation's Series on Coatings Technology I I Has the Facts to Make You Succeed I I I I

The Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology gives you the tools you need to enhance your career I

I with its Series on Coatings Technology, an innovative series of booklets on various phases of coatings I I technology and manufacturing. Each booklet is authored by a coatings expert, and thousands of copies I ! have been sold to coatings manufacturers, chemists, suppliers, and students worldwide. I I From the Introduction to Coatings Technology and Film Formation to Corrosion Protection and Coatings I I Film Defects, each booklet in the ever-expanding series provides an authoritative and comprehensive I 1 insight into an important industry subject-information vital to you in today's changing environment. I I I I A Must for Every Reference Library, Perfect for Educating Sales Representatives I I Complete sets of the Series can be used as reference tools for any laboratory or library. Many are also I I useful for sales representatives-teaching them more about various aspects of the industry and its I I products. I . . I

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L-------------------------------------A Circle No. 10 o n t h e R e a d e r Service Card


Environmental Compliance The Environlnental Management System, which integrates with core business functions such as manufacturing, Inventory, and purchasing, provtdes comprehensive management of inforlwation to meet environmental, health, and safety regulatory reporting requirements. Modules of this HazoxT" compliance technology include MSDS management, MSDS dispatch, HazMat labeling, dynamic MSDS formulation, and chemical reporting.

Circle No. 30 on Reader Service Card

Laboratory lnformation The Perkin-Elmer Corp. ~ntroduces Con- nect 2.0, a software package designed to integrate the company's laboratory information management system (LIMS) and chromatography da ta h a n d l ~ n g system (TurhochromT" ). With this product, laboratory samples and worklists can he converted into chromatography sequence files. Also possible is the select~ve approval of chromatography results prior to automatic transfer.


Chromatography Data PC-based chro~natograph~ data acquisition systems software contains data processing andcompliance tools, automated batchfeed- back, and control of instruments. The Class- VP (chromatography lahoratory automation systems software-validation productivity) is a multi-tasking chromatography data acqui- sitionand inventory controlsystem. Included in this Shimadzu Scientific Instrumentssoft- ware are data manipulatlun, GLP, and custom report features.

Circle No. 32 an Reader Service Card

Flatting Agent A new stlica flattingagent for coil and industrial use coatings is designed for effective and consistent sheen control in low-gloss and sheencoatings. SyloidSC812 silica~sformu- lated toprovide 1:l glosslsheenbalance, high flatting e f f i c~enc~ , improved metal marking properties, weatherability, and resistance to overgrind at high shear. This Grace Davison product allows production of low-gloss and sheen coatings with minimal flatting agent.


Wax Dispersions Daniel Products Co., Inc. has added three new wax dispersions to its SlipAydS line of surface conditioners. Now available are Slip- Ayd SL 19 polyethylene dispersion, S l i p Ayd SL 547 aqueous carnauha wax dispersion, and Slip-Ayd SL 1753 polyethylene dispersion. Further technical information and samples of these products are obtainable.


Hardcoat Resins G E Silicones has introduced a line of solventless, UV-cured sllicone hardcoat resins which are designed to produce a tough. durable coating in high gloss or matte finish withprimerlessadhesion toplasticsubstrates. UVHC 8552, 8553, 8556, 8559, and 8563 reportedly offer abrasion and chemical resistance and are solventless.


Polymer Emulsions Information isavailable on a numberofpoly- mer emulsions for palnts and coatings that are engineered t o be environmentally friendly. Commercial applications for these products include Interior and exterior architectural palnts, craft paints, clear overprints and varnishes, wood finishes, and industrial finishes. A product guide descrihes these Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. emulsions.


Wax Emulsion Technology A new wax emulsion technology reportedly bridges the gap hetween emulsion wax and dispersion wax particle size distribution. Liquilube 405TM isdesigned tooffer glossand clarity properties as well as rub and slip performance. This product has been developed by Carroll Scientific, Inc.


Flame Barriers lnorganlc CylaTMTherm intumescents are nonfibrous, noncrystalline, and expand 20 to 30 tlmes under high heat conditions into a barrier of nonflammable, fine celled, inert glass insulating foam. These Cylatec, Inc. products go through a plastic transition state during expansion, resulting in a kni t t~ng of the Inorganic foam and a continuous barrier to aflameor heat front. Applications include fire stop caulks, sealants, and coatings.

Circle No. 38 on Reader Service Cord

Crystalline Silica A noncarcinogenic, nonquartz crystalline silica, by General Chemical and Plastic Ser- vices, Inc., reportedly offers all of the property qualities ofquartz crystalline silica without its hazards. PumaS11, an amorphous material ground from volcanic glass, is designed for chemical and temperature resistance.

Circle NO. 39 on Reader Service Card

Industrial Water Treatment Buckman Labs. offem plant-wide water treatment capab~lity, including development of water t reatment solutions for specific problems. Products and services are available for wastewater treatment, closed heating1 cooling systems, heat exchangers, cooling towers, aquatic weed and algae control, raw water clarification, pretreatment, boiler waterside, steamlcondensate system, and boiler fireside. Applicable industries include hydrocarbonprocessing, chemical processing, utility, steel, and pulp and paper.


Sale of Finishing Line Equipment New Dry Filter Booths-eight (8) available: 4' to 24' wide; Ransburg Reciprocating Booths and Equipment-two (2) available; Gas Fired Oven, 5' wide x 9' high x 185' long; c/w multi-conveyor lines. Can be converted to two ovens, elevated or floor mounted-350°F: Pacline and similar conveyor, total 2000'-3000'-four (4) lines available; Webb+" I-Beam Conveyor; 3-stage washer (reconditioned).

Powder Cure Oven 5' wide x9' high, gasfired.6' walis,insulated floor for elevated orground level installation; will supply from 20' to 90' long.

CGS Group Ltd. 6380 Glanworth Dr.

London, Ontario, NOL 1LO (5 19) 652-1 203

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 103

UVIEB Curing Primer RadTech International has published the fourth edition of the "UVIEB Curing Primer-Inks. Coatings, and Adhesives." Topicsdiscussed include energy transfer, how UV and EB svstems ouerate. how different . . materials and formulation components react to curing, UVjEB technology applications, the importance of good manufacturing practices, and environmental issues. A glossary of terms and bibliography are also included.


Annual Review Degussa Corp. has published its 1994 annual review. The review spotlights manufacturing, marketing, and services throughout the company's chemical, pigment, and metal operating groups. Emphasis is placed on the Responsible Carem initiative, designed to improve membercompanies' performance In health, safety, and pollution control while fostering open dialogue with plant communities and the general public.

Circle NO. 42 on Reader Service Card

Roof Coatings Radiation-Cured Products A brochure covers cold-applied roof coat- Amulticlientmarketresearchstudy,"Radia- ings. The Roof Coatings Manufacturers As- tion-Cured Products & Systems 1994," is sociationpublicationisintendedforthepub- currently being conducted by Kusumgar & lic as well as for those in the roofing industry Nerlfi, Inc. Available by subscription, this unfamiliar with cold-applied coatings. Back- technical and business analysis examines ground on cold-applied coatings andcements is included, as well as general descriptions of the formulation, manufacture, and characteristics of various coating types.


Water Clarification A brochure highlights water and wastewater equipmentforclar~f~cation,precipitation,and softening processes. Major treatment options for industrial, commercial, and mun~cipal treatment needs are discussed. This U.S. Filter literature includes photos and charts.


Chemical Solutions A brochure addresses chemical management concerns for appliance manufacturers. "The Man-Gill Success Formula for the Appliance Industry" highlights alkaline cleaners, pretreatment zinc and iron phosphates, and full rinse seals as well as drawing and stamping compounds. Alsodiscussed are thecompany's chemical managementprogramsandse~ices.


applications of ultraviolet, electron-beam, and visible light-cured coatings, adhesives, and inks. The analysis includes estimates of formulated products, raw materials, pricing. and pricing trends.


Outdoor Durability Testing Q-Lab Weathering Research Service, a new division of Q-Panel Lab Products, offers outdoor exposure tests for determining product durability. Outdoorexposureservicesinclude standard Florida weathering, marine, and accelerated outdoor. Also available are laboratory exposure services including QUV, xenon, salt spray, and cyclic corrosion tests, as well as complete visual and instrumental evaluations of weathering damage.


When bulk shyp@'s too much, semi-b&'s easier to handle. Besides having a range of

sizes for our calcium carbonates, we also have a few different ways to ship them. And semi-bulk is one very manage- able way. With semi-bulk calcium carbonates from Genstar, it's easier to order only what

you need. As opposed to SO Ib. you up to 30% of what a bulk bags, which can leave you with handling system would cost. Call forty empty bags lying around us at 1-410-527-4221 to get for every ton. Plus, it's much more information about Semi- more efficient than investing Bulk. It's the easy way to ship. tens of thousands of dollars in your own bulk handling system.

In fact. semi-bulk saves GENSTAR

104 Circle No. 201 on the Reader Senrice Card

Paint Disposal The National Paint &Coatings Association is spearheading an outreach campaign called the "Six-Point" program to educate consumers on how to reduce the amount of post- consumer paint destined for disposal. The program provides six guidelines for the responsible purchase and use ofpaint, illustrating purchasing, recycling, storage, donation, discarding, and collection. Program materials include a pre-written article for use in newspapers or magazines, a camera-ready flyer. and a consumer brochure.


Spill Control A spill control system that prevents con- taminated discharges of regulated material from exiting a plant has an upgraded control center which allows for user customization. Before release exlts a facility, the Stream SaverTM ST deploys an inflatable hydrostat whichstopstheflowofdischargesfrom reaching nearby waterways or POTWs. The new controlcenter in this ILCDover, Inc. mechanism permits the user to choose either re- mote or manual actuation and incorporates inflation source and hydrostat deployment monitoring.


Treating System A corona discharge treating system for use on three-dimensional plastic containers is available from Corotec Corp. The Plasma-Jet" system treats selected surfaces of plastic bottles, boxes, caps, and closures to improve the bonding of inks, label adhesives, foils, and coatings. This treatment, which uses an electrical discharge to increase surface wettability beforedirect printing, hot stamping, labeling, and laminating operations on containers, is reportedly benefic~al for water- based and UV-curable inks.


Safety Solvents Two new experimental safety solvents are offered by Dynaloy, Inc. Dynasolve XD 22-1, for cleaning and degreasing applications, is recommended for the removal of commonly encountered petroleum-based oils and greases. Dynasolve XD 27-2, forcleaningand defluxing printed circuit boards, is recommended for the removal of ionic contamination from electronic devices. Both are nonchlorinated, nonflammable, noncarcinogenic, and nonozone-depleting.


Drum Liner The 55CBN smooth-wall plastic insert offers a band of corrugations below the lip which expand and contract to allow for easy adjust- ment to variations in the height of new and reconditioned drums. The CDF Corp. product also features a contoured lip to prevent slippage during follower plate pumping applications. This liner canbe used withgreases, paints, inks, adhesives, urethanes, dyes, and other applications.


Heat Pump Technology In cooperation with the 3M Co., the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technologies has developed the Brayton- cycle recovery heat technology for recover- ing industrial solvents, minimizing solvent emissions, and reducing energy consumption. The technology, based on a thermody- namiccycle, enables solvent recovery through condensation at low temperatures, reportedly minimizing solvent emissions while reducing energy consumption. Applications include the fuels, plastics, textiles, and industrial coatine and cleanine industries.

table conversion HVLP outfits that utilize a new or existing 1.5 HP portable air compres- sor. The 90P air nozzle is engineered to operate at optimal atomization for soft spray effects and high transfer efficiencies. This instrument, which serves as an alternative to turbine HVLP, is adjustable from 1 to 10 psi atomizing pressure and can be converted to conventional air spray.


Coating Thickness Removable and interchangeable Smart Probes, from Fischer Technology, are available for use with the company's hand-held and benchtop coating thickness measurement devices. Each probe consists of a measuring element, a memory chip, and a con- nector. The probe's resident chip stores information necessary for measurement, primarily the calibration parameters.

Circle No. 5d on Reader Service Card

Colored Fluoroelastomers Two new colors, blue (PLV 2002) and white (PLV 2038), join black in Pelmor Labs., Inc.'s line of adhesives, sealants, and coatings. The two-component products have been compounded from a fluorine-containing synthetic rubber, and may be used inapplica- tions where resistance to a harsh environment is needed.


Waterborne Silanes Huls America Inc. introduces a new line of waterborne silane coupl~ng agents for the adhesive and sealants industry. Supplied in aqueous solution, Hydrosilm waterborne silanes are engineered to release less than one percent VOC. These agents reportedly provide shelf stability in acrylic latex sealants.


The follow~ng references were inadvertently left out of the article, "Interpretation of Corrosion Resistance Properties of Organic Paint Films from Fractal Analysis of Electrochemical Noise Data," by Molly Moon and Brian Skeny, of The Sherwin- W~lliams Co. The article appears in the April 1995 issue of JO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TEHCNOLGGY (Vol. 67, No. 843, p. 35). We aresorry for any inconvenience thisomission may have caused.-Ed.

(33) Faidi, S., Costa, I., Hepbum, B.J., and Scantlebuy, J.D., "The Meaning of the Corrosion Potential of a Coated Metal Electrode," in PTOC. Symp. Aduances in Cmosion Protectton by Organic Coatings, Proc. Vol. 89-13, Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJ, 21, 1989.

(34) Crandall, R., Mathemarica for the Sc~ences, Addison-Wesley, Redwood City, CA, 1992. (35) Williams. J.M. and Beebe, T.P., "Analysis of Fractal Surfaces Using Scanning Probe

Mtcroscopy and Multiple-Image Variography,"J. Phys. Chem., 97, 6249 and 6255 (1993). (36) Mola, E.E.. Mellein, B., Rodriguez de Schiapparelli, E.M., Vicente, J.L., Salvarezza, R.C.,

and Arv~a, A.J., "Stochastic Approach for Pitting Corrosion Modeling," .I. Ekctrochem. Soc., 137, 1384 (1990).

(37) Williams, D.E., Fleischmann, M., Stewart, J.. and Brooks, T.. In Ekcnochemical Methodr in Corrosion Research, M. Duprat (Ed.), Materials Science Forum, Vol. 8, Trans Tech Publica- tions, Ltd., Switzerland, 1986.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 105

;""", For informotion on FSCT meetings, contoct Federation ,C$I, of Sooeties for Cootings Technology, 492 Norristown Rd., Blue Bell, PA 19422 (6 10) 940-0777, FAX. (6 10)

940-0292.

(June 20-21 )-"Polymer Chemistry for the Coat~ngc Fc~rmulator." Semi- nar sponsored by the Pn~fersi~~nz~l Drvelopment Committee. Schaumburg Marriotr Hotel. Schaumburg, IL.

(Oct. 9-11)-73rd Annual Meetang and 60th Paint Induar~es' Show. Cervantes Convention Center. St. Louis, MO.

( N w . 6-7)-"Formulating fnr the New Clean Air Act." Seminar sponsored by the Profess~onal Llevelopment Comm~tree. Embassy Surtes and Athletic Club, Denver, C O

Rolla, MO. (Cynthia N. Camphell, UMR Cnatings lnatitute, Dept. of Chem~stry, 142 Schrenk Hall, Rolla. M O 65401-0249).

(July 24-28)kGordon Research Conference on Chemistry and Physics of Coat~ngs and Films. New Haanpton, NH. (Gordon Research Conferences, University of Rhode Island. P.O. Box 98. West Kingsam, RI 02892.0984).

(Aog. 7-10)-"lntn~duction to Powder Coattngs Technology." Short course sponsored by University ofSouthem Mississippi (USM), Hattaesburg, MS. (Shelhy F. Thamcs. Director, USM, Box 10037, Hattlesburg, MS 39406-0037).

(Scpt. I I-15)-"Basic Composition of Glat~ngs." Short course span- sored by University of Mi*sour~-Rulla (UMR). Rolla, MO. (Cynthla N. Camphell, UMR Coat~ngs Institute. Dept. ofChemistry, 142 Schrenk Hall, Rolla, M O 65401-0249).

(Sept. 14-15)-"Advanced Radiation (UVIEB) Curlng Marketmgrech- nolngy." Seminar spmsored hy Armhruster Acv~ciates Inc. Newpnrt Beach Marriott Hotel and Tennis Club, Newport Reach. CA. (David Armhrusrcr, Armhruster Assnciates Inc., 43 Stockton Rd., Summit, NJ 07901).

(Sept. 19-21)-"Finishing '95." Conference and exposition spanv,red hy the Soc~ety of Mant~facturina En~ineers (SME). Albert B. SabinConven- tion Center. Cincinnati, OH. ( ~ a r ) . Kromc. SME. One SME Dr., P.O. Box 930. Dearhorn. MI 48121-0930).

(Sept. 19-22)-"New Horizons '95." Conference jointly sponsored by (Oct. 23-25)-74th Annual Meet~ng and 61st Pamt Indunries' Show. [he A~~~~~~~ ~h~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ( A ~ S ) and the Chemical SpcciI,lties McCnrmick Place North, Chicago, IL. Manufacturers' Asociation (CSMA). Omni Sagamore Resort, Fnrlton Land-

ing, NY. (Rehecc;~ Richardson, AOCS, P.O. Box 3489, Champalgn, IL 1007 61826.3489). . s ,.

(Sept. 20.2 1 )-"Advanced Radiaricm (UVEB) Curing Marketinflech- (Nov. 5-7)-75th Annual Meeting and 62nd Paint Industries' Show. nolc,gy." Seminar sponsored hy Annhruster Associates Inc. Newark Airport

Georgia World Congress Center, Arlant.1. GA. Marrintt Hotel, Newark. NI. (llavid Armhmster. Armhruster Aasoc~ates Inc., 43 Stockton Rd., ~ummlt . NJ 07901).

( S e ~ t . 20-22)-"Acceler.~trd and Natural Weathering Techniours hr

(May 8-9 )-Eastem Tratning Gmference and Show. Sponsored by the Phi lde lph~a Society for Coatings Technoloo. Valley Forge Convention Center, Valley Forge, PA. (Wayne Kraus, Hercules Inc.. Research Center, 500 Hercules Rd., W~lmingron, 1)E 19808; (302) 995-3435. Raoth reservations: Larry Kelly, Eastech Chemical. Inc.. 5700 Tacony St.. Philadelphia, PA 19135; (215) 537-1000).

1997 (Feb. 18-20)-Western Coatings Societ~es' 27rd Brennial Symposium

and Show. Sponsored hy the Golden Gate. Los Angeles. Pacific Northwest, and Rocky Mountam Societies. Disneyland Hotel and Convention Center, Anaheim, CA. (Bruce Cotton, Pluess-Staufer (C;alifi>rnia), Inc., P.O. Box 825, Lucerne Valley, C A 92356; (619) 248-7306; o r Ron Elliott, J.R. Ellic,rr Enterprises, Inc., 300Thor PI., Brea, C A 92621; (714) 529-0711).

1995 - North America

(June 25-28)bMeetingofthe Ameri- can Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Committee DO1 on Paint and ! Related Coat~ngs, Materials, and Applicataons. Hyatt Regency Hotel, At- lanta, GA. (W. Scott Orthey, ASTM, 1916 Race St., Philadclphla, PA 19103-1187).

(June 25-29)-"Coating Work in Nuclear Facll~t~es." Symposium sponsored hy The American Nuclear Suc~ety and The National Board of Regis- trarwn for Nuclear Safety Related Coatine Ene~neerb and Sneciallsts. Marri- .. \

ott Hotel, Philadelphia, PA. (L7can M. Berger, Exccurive Secretary, NRR, P.O. Box 56. Leola, PA 17540).

(July 17-19)&"Applied Powder Mechanics." Short course sponsored hy Pennsylvania State Universlry. Srate Cnllege, PA. (Parttculate Materials Center, 147 Research BulU~ng West, Univerrlty Park, PA 16802-6809).

(July 17-19)-"Basic Coatings for Sales, Marketing, and General Per- sonnel." Short course sponsored by Univers~ry of Mismuri-Rolla (UMR),

" ~ ~ , ~ - - ~ - Coat~ngs ;and Polymers." Short course sponsored hy Kent Srate University, Kent. OH. (Carl J. Knauss. Director, Pn~fessional Ilevclc,pment Institute, P.O. Box 1792, Kenr, O H 44240).

(Sept. 25-29)-"InrnKlucti~~n to Paint Formulation." Short course spnn- rored hy University of M~ss<~uri-Rolla (UMR), Rolls, MO. (Cynthla N. Cemphell. UMR Coating* Inst~tutr. Dept. ofChem~stry, 142 Schrenk Hall, Rc>lla, M O 65401.0249).

(Sept. 26-29)-"Inrn~ducrion to Coatings Technology." Short course sponsored by Kent Stare University. Kent, OH. (Carl J. Knauss, Director, Professional Developlnent Inst~tute. P.O. Box 1792. Kenr, O H 44240).

(Sept. 29-Oct. I )-"Fall Decor 1 9 9 5 . " S p ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ r c d hy theNational L k o - rating Products Association (NDPA). McCormick Place North. Chlcap,, IL. (Teri Flotron, NIIPA, 1050 N. Llndbergh Rlvd., St. Louis, MO 631 32- 2994).

(Oct. 16-20)-42nd National Symposium. Sponsored by American Vacuum Soclery Minnapolls Convention Centcr, Mlnneapol~s, MN. (An- drea Mulligan, Anler~can Vacuum Soc~ery, 120 Wall St.. 32nd Fltx,r. New York, NY 10005).

(Nov. 6-'2-1 Ith Annual Adwnccd Composites Conference and Ex- pos~tion. Sponsored by ESD-Engineering Soc~ety and SAE International. Hyatt Regency. Dearhorn, MI. (Wael Berrached, The Englnuering Society, 2350 Green Rd.. Ste. 190, Ann Arbor, MI 48105).

(Ncrv. 7-9)-5th Annual Advnnccd Coatings Technology Conference and Exposation. Sponsored by ESD-Engineering Society and SAE Interna- tional. Hyart Regency. Dearhxn. MI. (Wael Benached. Thc Engineering Sr~cicry. 2350 Green Rd., Sre. 190. Ann Arhur. MI 48105).

(Ncrv. 10-16)-1995 Inrernarlnnal Conference and Exlilhition. Spon- sr~rcd hy the Steel Structurer P.~inring Cuunc~l (SSPC). I>allas, TX. (Dee B)ylc, SSPC, 4516 Henry St., Ste. 301, P~ttsburgh, PA 15213.3728).

(L>ec. 12-16)-Fourth Pacific Polymer Conference. Sponsored by the American Chemical Soc~ety, Divis~on of Polymer Chemastry. Hyatt Re- gency Kauai Resort and Spa. Koloa. Kauai, HI. (ACS, Meetmgs Dept., 11 55 16th St.. N.W., Washington, L7.C. 20036-4899).

1996 - North America (Mar. 11-13)-Ninth Annual Industrial Lcad Paint Abatement and

Removal Conference. Sponsored by Steel Srrucrr~res Painting Council (SSPC). P~ttrhurgh Hllton and Towers, Pittshurah, PA. (Dee Boyle, SSPC, 4516 Henry St.. St. 301, Pltt,burgh, PA 15213-3728).

(Mar. 20-22)-"Elecrr~~coar '96." Conference sponsored by PT(,~UCCY Finishing. Clarion Pla:a Hotel, Orlando, FL. (Cindy Goodridge, Ganlner Management Ser\.~cc\. 6600 Clough Pike. Cincinnatie, O H 45244).


....... (Mar. 25-29)-"Coatings for Africa '96." Sponsored by Oil &

.. Colour Chem~st's Association (OCCA). Cape Town Civic Centre, Cape Town, South Afnca. (Chre Pacey- Llay. SURFEX Ltd., Priory House, 967 Harrow Rd., Wembley HA0 2SF En- gland).

Australia

<@ (July 20-22)-Surface Coatings Associar~on Australia Cunfer- ence and Exhibition. Southern

Cross Hotel, Melbourne. Aostral~a. (Kahren Giles. Conference Manager, SCAA Conference and Exhihit~on. The Meeting Planners. 108 Church St.. Hawthorn, VIC 3122).

New Zealand ., .,., (July 27-30)-SCANZ Convention. Sponsored hy Surface Coat-

tngs Assocvatlon New Zealand (SCANZ). Sheraton Hotel, Rotorua, $$I.; ew Zcaland. (National Convention Convenor. SCANZ. P.O. Box

5192. Auckland. New Zealand).

1996 - Australia (Jan. 18-25)-International Schools and Cnnference on X-ray Analytt-

cal Method-AXAA '96. Sponsored hy the Australtan X-ray Analytical Association (AXAA), Inc. Sydney, Australia. (The Secrerarrat, AXAA '96, GPO Box 128, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australla).

(Aug. 11-16)-Third International Hydrocalhids Conference. Cospon- sored by the CSlRO and the Cooperative Research Centre for lndusrrlal Plant Biopolymers. Landmark Park Royal Hotel. Ports Polnt, Sydney, Aus- tralia (Gad Hawke, Third Internatbanal Hydrncolh,ids Conference, P.O. Box N399, Gmsvenor Place, Sydney, NSW 2000. Australia).

zerland. (Tina Persson, CEI-Europe AB, P.O. Box 910, 5-612 25 Finspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 11-21 )-"S~hcon Semiconductor Materials and Process Tcchnol- (:BY." Short course sponsored by Contlnu~ng Education lnstitute (CE1)- Europe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Swltzerland. (Tina Perraon. CEI-Eurnpe AB, P.O. Box 910, S-612 25 Finspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 12-13)-"Merging of Precision Engineering with Micro Fahrica- tion." Short course sponsored hy Cnnt~nulng Educatlnn Institute (CE1)- Europe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Switzerland. (Tina Prrsson. CEl-Eunrpe AB. P.O. Box 910, S-612 25 Fmspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 12-15)-"Flat Panel Dlsplay Technology." Short course sponsored by Continuing Education lnstltutc (CEI),Eun,pe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Switzerland. (Tina Persson, CEl-Europe AB, P.O. Box 910, S-612 25 Fmspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 14-16)-"Semic~1nductc~r Wafer Fah Technology." Short course sponsored hy Cont~nuing Education Institute (CE1)-Europe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Sw~tzerland. (Tina Persson, CEl-Europe AB, P.O. Box 910, S-612 25 F~nspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 16-23)-"Merallizarion Systems fnr VLSI and ULSl Circuits." Short course sponsored hy Continuing Education lnstttute (CE1)-Europe. Seehof Hotel. Davor, Switzerland. (Tina Persson, CEl-Europe AB, P.O. Box 910.5-612 25 F ~ n s p o n ~ , Sweden).

(Sept. 18-2 I )-"Yleld and Reliahlllty In VLSI Development and Manu- factunng." Shorr course sponsored hy Cont~nuing Educat~on lnstitute (CEI). Eumpe. Seehof Hotel. Davos. Switzerland. (Tina Persson, CEI-Europe AB, P.O. &>x 910. S-612 25 Flnspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 19-21)-"Eurucoat '95." Congress-Exhihltion organized by AFTPV. Eurexpo Confrrcnce Center, Lyons, France. (E. Andre, UATCM, 5 rue Erex, F-75018 Pars, France).

(Sept. 19-22)-"VLS1 Lithography and Nanoli~hograph~." Short cnurse sponxlred by C n n t ~ n u ~ n g Education lnstitute (CE1)-Europe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Switzerland. (Tina Persson. CEI-Europe AB, P.O. Box 910, S-612 25 Finspang, Sweden).

(Sept. 26-28)-"Surcon '95." Biennial International Cunference ....... : " rponsored by the Od & Colour Chemists' Assoc~atlon. London, *P[I Heathrow (Chris Pacey-Day. 967 Harrow Rd., Wernhley HA0 2SF.

United Kingdom). (Oct. 16-20)-Rrst International Congress on Adhesion Science and

Technology (ICAST). Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (ICAST '95, P.O. Box 346, 3700 AH Ze~st, The Netherlands).

(Dec. 13-15)-"Spec1al1ty Plastics '95." Sponsored by Maack Business Services. Ziirich, Swltierland. (Manck Business Services, Moosacherstrasse 14, CH-8804 AUIZlirtch, Switzerland).

Europe (June 19-22)-"Science and Tech-

nology af Pig~nent Dispersion." Lurern. Switzerland. (A.V. Patsis, Institute of Materrals Sc~cnce. State University of New York, New Palti, NY 12561).

(June 20-23)-"Polymer Blends and Alloys." Luzern, Switzerland. (A.V. Patsia, Institute of Materials Science, Sratc University ofNew York, New Palti, NY 12561).

(July 10-14)-"21st Annual International Conference In Organic Coat- i n s Science and Technology." Athens, Greece. (A.V. Pntsrs, lnst~tute of Materials Science, State University of New York, New Palti. NY 12561).

(Aug. 21-25)-"Advances in Emulsion Polymerization and Latex Tech- nology." Ilavos, Switzerland. (Gary W. Poehleln. Interd~sciplinary Prn- grams, Georg~a lnstitute ofTechnology, Atlanta, GA 30332.0370).

(Sept. 1 I-I2)-"PolyPr<1pylene '95." Sponsored hy Maack Busmess Ser- vices. Ziirich, Switzerland. (Maack Business Services, Moosacherstrasse 14, CH-8804 AU/Zur~ch. Switzerland).

(Sept. 11-15)-"Epnaxtal Film Llepns~tlon and Characteniatlon ofsemi- conductors." Short course sponsored hy Continu~ng Education lnstitute (CEO-Europe Seehof Hotel, Llavos. Switzerland. (Tina Persson, CEI-Eu- rope AB. P.O. Box 910, S-612 25 Finspong, Sweden).

(Sept. 11-16)-"CMOSIBICMOS Pn~cess Integration and Engmeer- mg." Short course sponsored hy C o n t ~ n u ~ n g Education lnstltute (CE1)- Europe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Switzerland. (Tma Penson, CEl-Europe AB, P.O. Box 910.5-612 25 Finspong. Sweden).

(Sepr. 11-19)b"Thick and Thln Ftlm Microelectron~cs and Related Technologies Including Quality and Reliahil~t~." Short course sponsored by Cont~nuing Wucation lnstitute (CE1)-Europe. Seehof Hotel, Davos, Swit-

Air Products and Chemicals ................................ 1

Consolidated Research ...................................... 5 1 Dexter Corp. ................................................ 16

I Exxon .............................................................. 9

I Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology ........................ Cover 2, 4

Genstar ....................................................... 104

Henkel Corp. ............................................. 13 Hiils America Inc. ........................................... 2

Kerr-McGee ........................................... Cover 3

Shamrock Technologies ........................... Cover 4

R.T. Vanderbilt ................................................ I 1

* * * * Classified ............................................... 17, 103

NOTE: The Advert~sers' lndex is for the convenience of our readers and os on oddltionol service to our advertisers. The publisher assumes no lioblllfy for errors or om~rrions.

Vol. 67, No. 845, June 1995 107

rom Cambridgeshire, England, Dr. Luxman De Silva has written a very kind letter to Humbug and ~ncluded a few quotes for those of our readers m. who collect sage sayings in their struggle toward

more meaningful lives:

-Life is a story in volumes three, the past, the present, and the yet to be.

-Anything that storts with certainty ends in doubt. Everything that starts with doubt ends in certainty.

-It's nice to be important. But it's more important to be nice.

-His wife's favorite: What makes an unhappy mar- riage? . . . The husband beeing [sic] brainy!

Doc must be a very nice man!

nd thinking of being "ve nice" and clean living, it brings to mind my uxnown contributor who proves it by reading the Boy Scouts magazine. Boy's Lifeand The Lion. The unknown contributor

forwarded several pages titled "Think and Grin" from Boy's Lifeand a page from the Lions Club magazine (which I have on file anyway-thank you).

From Boy's Life, for example:

-Don't worry when all your dreams don't come true. Remember, your nightmares don't either.

-Have you ever noticed how the road to successalways seems to be under construction.

-Dabnition: Quadruplets-Four c r ing out loud. -Junk is the stuff we throw owoy an stuff IS the lunk we

asked his startled neighbor. "None of yer durn business," snapped Billin s "An' I wouldn't tell yer that much if yer 1 warnft an OM Bind..

A little boy and irl both between five and six, were playing house one aterkoon. Suddenly the little girl tugged at her mother's skirt. "We have to leave now," she said gravely. "My husband iust wet his pants."

"Wallis," said Mrs. Howefirmly. "Willieisnow 1 I-years old and it's high time you told him about the bees and the flowers."

"Aw gee," said Howe, "I can't go through that song and dance." -~ - -

"You'll have to," insisted Mrs. Howe, "or Lord knows what trouble he'll be getting himself into."

The reluctant father closeted himself with his bright eyed young son. "Willie," he said slowly, "I guess you're old enough to know how babies come, aren't ouz"

"Why, ofcourse, Pop," said Willie. "l've lnokn all about thot for years."

"Thank heaven," sighed Howe with relief. "Well Willie, it's exactly the same with the bees and flowers."

A famous maestro had a tough time deciding whether to marry a very beautiful but stupid girl or a rather painful looking creature who was blessed with a magnificent voice. Art triumphed. He married the soprano. The mornin after their nuptials, he woke up, took one look at his %ride, nudged her and shrieked, "For God's sake, SING."

keep. -Our American slang has got to be the only place "slim

chance" and "fat chance" mean the same thing. -"What happened to your finger?" "I was trying out my

new hammer-and hit the wrong noil!" -That last joke made os much sense as a bald porcu-

pine--no point."

0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

Two taciturn Vermont farmers met each other every morning for 20 years in the village post office without exchanging a single word. One day, Farmer Billings turned left when he exited instead of right. "Where ya goin'?"

0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

onk Stoner, a socalled addicted reader of "Hum- bug," sent me several items via Jeff Sturm, some worthy of being sewed to our readers.

Hank asks-Did I tell you about this neighbor who isn't all that bright? He was trying to sell his car without much

I

~ ~ ~ ~ k l ~ ~ , a pupil reported to his nature Then there is a friend who was talking to this old fellow.

-Herb Hillman, Humbug's Nesf, P.O. Box 135, Whifinghom, VT 0536 1 .

, success, robably because he hod 180,000 miles on it.

ne of my favorite sources of amusing is Thenhe cund a mechanic who turned back the mileage.

Benne,+~erf's laughingStock, published in 1945. , "Did you sell the car?" he was asked. "Why should I sell it?"

Here are some samples:- , he replied. "It's only got 25,000 miles on it."

teacher, "Dis morning I hoid a boid choiping." ,,No, John," corrected the ,,You heard a bird

chirping." "Funny," commentedJohn, "I coulda swore it was a boid

choiping."


He pointed out to the old boy that he had a suppository in one of hisears. "Oh," the gent said, "Now I know what 1 did with my hearing aid."

Secret-Something you tell one person at a time. . .More later!

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' . . .- When it Comes to,

u .

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., . . - ' 4 #-

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• c ,. - integrated producer of micronized PTFE f ,, . - ' ' inks and coatings. Other powder and

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- A b. :, their high quality standards, but Shamror the only one who actually certifies total

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+

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Foot of Pacific Newark, New Jersey

Phone: (201) 2, Telefax: (201) 2.

.. I SETTING THE STANDARD.. . SINCE 1945

Circle No. 235 on the Reader Sewice Card - L d .

Journal of Coatings Technology 1995 Vol.67 No. 845

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Transcript of Journal of Coatings Technology 1995 Vol.67 No. 845