Βιβλιοκρισία του έργου/Book Review: L. Brubaker, J. Haldon, Byzantium in the...

ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΑΙ ΣΠΟΥΔΑΙ

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ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΑΙ ΣΠΟΥΔΑΙΔEΛTION THΣ ETAIPEIAΣ KYΠPIAKΩN ΣΠOYΔΩN

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BPABEYΘEN YΠO THΣ AKAΔHMIAΣ AΘHNΩN

ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΙΚΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΗ ΕΒΔΟΜΗΚΟΝΤΑΕΤΗΡΙΔΙ ΤΗΣ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑΣ ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ

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Λ E Y K Ω Σ I A K Y Π P O Σ2013

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Kτήριο Παλαιᾶς ἈρχιεπισκοπῆςΠλατεία Ἀρχιεπισκόπου Kυπριανοῦ

TΘ 21436 CY-1508 ΛευκωσίαTηλ (00357) 22 432578 bull Τηλεομοιότυπο (00357) 22 343439

Ἠλεκτρονικὸ ταχυδρομεῖο cypriotstudiesgmailcomἹστοσελίδα wwwcypriotstudiesorg

ISSN 1450-0299

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Σελιδοποιήθη και ἐτυπώθη εἰς τὰ Τυπογραφεῖα τῆς laquoΒιβλιοτεχνίαςraquoἘκδοτικὴ ἐπιμέλεια δρ Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου

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H ΠΑΡΟYΣΑ EΚΔΟΣΗ ΚΑΤEΣΤΗ ΔΥΝΑΤΗ ΧΟΡΗΓΙAι

ΤΩΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΤΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΗΡΕΣΙΩΝ ΤΟΥ

ΥΠΟΥΡΓΕΙΟΥ ΠΑΙΔΕΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ KAI ΤΗΣ ΙΕΡΑΣ

ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΗΣ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ

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Οἱ ἀπόψεις ποὺ ἐκφράζονται ἀπὸ τοὺς συγγραφεῖς δὲν ἀντιπροσωπεύουν κατrsquo ἀνάγκην καὶ τὶς ἀπόψεις τῆς Ἑταιρείας Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν

ΠΙΝΑΞ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΩΝΤΟΜΟΣ ΟΕacute 1 (2011)

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Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου Προλογικὸν Σημείωμα 13

Α ΜΕΡΟΣ bull ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΑΙ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΙ

1 Κωνσταντῖνος Λοΐζου Γυμνάσια καὶ γυμνασίαρχοι στὴν ἀρχαία Κύπρο 17

2 Evanthia Polyviou Th e Jewish Diaspora in Cyprus in Roman Times 69

3 Ἐλευθέριος Ἀντωνίου Παλαιόκαστρον Ἁγίας Εἰρήνης (Κερύνειας) Ἡ ἀρχαία πόλη τῆς Κερβοίας ἢ Κιρβοίας καὶ τὸ λιμάνι Μελαβροῦ 85

4 Ἀντώνης Κ Πετρίδης Οἱ laquoΚυπριακὲς Ἱστορίεςraquo στὶς Μεταμορφώσεις τοῦ Ὀβιδίου (Μετ 10220-502) 101

5 Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου Τὸ βυζαντινὸ λιμάνι τοῦ Κιτίου 115

6 Ἰωάννης Ἠλιάδης Ἀναχρονολόγηση ἔργων τέχνης ὡς ἀποτέλεσμα ἐργαστηριακῶν ἀναλύσεων Ἡ περίπτωση τῆς εἰκόνας τῆς Παναγίας Βλαχερνίτισσας τοῦ Βυζαντινοῦ Μουσείου τοῦ Ἱδρύματος Ἀρχιεπισκόπου Μακαρίου Γ΄ στὴ Λευκωσία 123

7 Ἰωάννης Καραπαναγιώτης κἄ Μελέτη τῆς εἰκόνας τῆς Παναγίας Βλαχερνίτισσας ἀπὸ τὴ Συλλ ογὴ τοῦ Βυζαντινοῦ Μουσείου Ἱδρύματος Μακαρίου Γ΄ τῆς Λευκωσίας μὲ χρήση φασματοσκοπικῶν τεχνικῶν 129

8 Αἰκατερίνη Χ Ἀριστείδου Συμβολὴ στὴ νομισματο-οἰκονομικὴ ἱστορία τῆς Βενετοκρατούμενης Κύπρου τὰ σαράφια 151

9 Νάσα Παταπίου Νέα στοιχεῖα γιὰ τὴ μονὴ τοῦ Ἁγίου Θεοδώρουστὴ Λευκωσία (16ος αἰ) 171

10 Ἀλέξης Μιχαηλίδης Ἡ ἀνακάλυψη στὸ Ρωσικό-Σουηδικὸ Προξενεῖο στὴ Λάρνακα καὶ τὸ φαινόμενο τῶν αὐτόκλητων τιμωρῶν 191

11 Ἀντώνης Κλάψης laquoὉ κ Μακάριος θὰ ἐκτελῇ ἐντολάςraquo ἡ πολεμικὴ τῆς ἐφημερίδας Ἐλευθερία ἐναντίον τοῦ Προέδρου τῆς Κύπρου (Ἰανουάριος 1965) 225

8 Πίναξ Περιεχομένων

ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΟΥ ΣΥΜΠΟΣΙΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΕΒΔΟΜΗΚΟΝΤΑΠΕΝΤΑΕΤΗΡΙΔΙ

ΤΗΣ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑΣ ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ

1 Νάσα Παταπίου Ὁ ναὸς τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννη Πίπη καὶ ἡ ἐνορία του ἐπὶ Βενετοκρατίας 245

2 Ἰωάννης Ἠλιάδης Οἱ Κυπροαναγεννησιακὲς τοιχογραφίες τῆς Μονῆς τοῦ Ἁγίου Ἰωάννη Πίπη (Παλαιᾶ Ἀρχιεπισκοπῆ) ἕδρα τῆς Ἑταιρείας Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 255

3 Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου Ἡ ἀνακαίνιση τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἀρχιεπισκοπικοῦ Μεγάρου καὶ ὁ ἀρχιτέκτων Χαρίλαος Δίκαιος 269

4 Δῶρος Ἰωαννίδης Ὁ Ἀχιλλ εὺς Κ Αἰμιλιανίδης καὶ ἡ Ἑταιρεία Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 277

5 Χριστόδουλος Χατζηχριστοδούλου Προτραῖτα ἀρχιεπισκόπων Κύπρου ποὺ ἔζησαν στὸ Μέγαρο τῆς Παλαιᾶς Ἀρχιεπισκοπῆς 281

6 Κώστας Θεοδότου Τὸ ἀρχεῖο τῆς Ἱερᾶς Ἀρχιεπισκοπῆς Κύπρου 307

7 Παρασκευᾶς Σαμάρας Ἡ πορεὶα τῆς Ἑταιρείας Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν ἀπὸ τὴν ἵδρυσή της (1936) ἕως τὸ 1947 313

8 Βάσος Καραγιώργης Ὁ Κωνσταντῖνος Σπυριδάκις καὶ ἡ Ἑταιρεία Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 329

9 Ἀριστείδης Κουδουνάρης Ἀντώνης K Ἰντιᾶνος (1899-1968) Ἕνας μεγάλος λησμονημένος 337

10 Κωστὴς Κοκκινόφτας Ἑργοβιογραφία Κωνσταντίνου Μυριανθοπούλου (1874-1962) 343

11 Θεοφανῶ Κυπρῆ Ὁ λαογράφος Γεώργιος Χ Παπαχαραλάμπους (1897-1990) καὶ ἡ Ἑταιρεία Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 371

12 Ἀνδρεανὴ Ἡλιοφώτου Ἡ προσωπικότητα καὶ ἡ προσφορὰ τοῦ Ἀδαμάντιου Διαμαντῆ (1900-1994) 379

13 Νικόλαος Παναγιώτου Κύπρος Χρυσάνθης ἔξι σχεδὸν δεκαετίες στὴν ὑπηρεσία τῆς Ἑταιρείας Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 385

14 Δῶρος Θεοδούλου Ὁ Κώστας Προυσῆς καὶ ἡ Ἑταιρεία Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 401

Πίναξ Περιεχομένων 9

ΤΟΜΟΣ ΟΕacute 2 (2011)

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Bacute ΜΕΡΟΣ bull ΣΥΜΜΕΙΚΤΑ

1 Κωστὴς Κοκκινόφτας Κωνσταντῖνος Μυριανθόπουλος Οἱ ἀρχιεπίσκοποι Κύπρου ἀπὸ τὸ 1821 καὶ ἑξῆς 423

2 Νόλη Μωϋσῆ Μαρία Μιχαήλ Ἀπὸ μάνα σὲ κόρη ἀπὸ γενιὰ σὲ γενιά Τὸ μεταξωτὸ νυφικὸ ἀπὸ τὴν ἰδιωτικὴ συλλ ογὴ τῆς Λένιας Περδίου-Παπαδοπούλου 435

Γacute ΜΕΡΟΣ bull ΒΙΒΛΙΟΠΑΡΟΥΣΙΑΣΕΙΣ ndash ΒΙΒΛΙΟΚΡΙΣΙΕΣ

1 Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου Χάρης Φεραῖος Ξυλόστεγος Φραγκοβυζαντινὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ τῆς Κύπρου Λευκωσία 2009 453

2 Δημήτριος Τριανταφυλλ όπουλος Χάρης Φεραῖος Ξυλόστεγος φραγκοβυζαντινὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ τῆς Κύπρου (διδακτορική διατριβή) (Ἱερὰ Ἀρχιεπισκοπὴ Κύπρου) Λευκωσία 2009 459

3 Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου Th e Canopy of Heaven Th e Ciborium in the Church of St Mamas -Morphou (ἐκδ Michael Jones and Angela Milward Jones) Λευκωσία 2010 469

4 Charalampos G Chotzakoglou Th e Canopy of Heaven Th e Ciborium in the Church of St Mamas Morphou (ed by Michael Jones and Angela Milward Jones) Nicosia 2010 487

5 Δημήτριος Λιάκος Μαρίνα Κυριακίδου Ξυλόγλυπτα τέμπλα της Κύπρου Λευκωσία 2011 503

6 Νικόλαος Γραῖκος Μάρω Θ Σωφρονίου Ὄθων Γιαβόπουλος Ζωγράφος Ἀθηναῖος 1862-1936 ἡ ζωὴ καὶ τὸ ἔργο του στὴν Κύπρο Λευκωσία 2011 513

7 Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου Leslie Brubaker John Haldon Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c 680-850 a history Cambridge University Press 2011 525


8 Charalampos G Chotzakoglou Leslie Brubaker John Haldon Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c 680-850 a history Cambridge University Press 2011 537

9 Αἰκατερίνη Λάμπρου Ἡ ποιήτρια Μαρία Περατικοῦ-Κοκαράκη καὶ τὸ ἔργο της 549

Δacute ΜΕΡΟΣ bull ΤΟ ΕΚΘΕΜΑ ΤΟΥ ΜΗΝΟΣ

ΙΑΝΟΥΑΡΙΟΣ Ἑλένη Χρίστου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 579

ΦΕΒΡΟΥΑΡΙΟΣ δρ Χριστόδουλος Χατζηχριστοδούλου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 580

ΜΑΡΤΙΟΣ Ἑλένη Χρίστου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 581

ΜΑΪΟΣ δρ Χαράλαμπος Χοτζάκογλου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 582

ΙΟΥΝΙΟΣ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 583

ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣ ndash ΑΥΓΟΥΣΤΟΣ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 584

ΣΕΠΤΕΜΒΡΙΟΣ Ἑλένη Χρίστου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 585

ΟΚΤΩΒΡΙΟΣ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 586

ΝΟΕΜΒΡΙΟΣ Ἑλένη Χρίστου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 587

ΔΕΚΕΜΒΡΙΟΣ Ἑλένη Χρίστου καὶ Μιχάλης Γεωργίου 588

Εacute ΜΕΡΟΣ bull ΠΕΠΡΑΓΜΕΝΑ ndash ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΑ-ΔΙΑΧΕΙΡΙΣΤΙΚΑ-ΕΠΙΚΗΔΕΙΟΙ

Χρονικὰ τῆς Ἑταιρείας καὶ τοῦ Μουσείου ὑπὸ Χαραλάμπους Γ Χοτζάκογλου 593

Πεπραγμένα Προέδρου τοῦ ΔΣ δρος Χαραλάμπους Γ Χοτζάκογλου 609

Λογοδοσία τοῦ Ταμίου τοῦ ΔΣ Ἑλένης Χρίστου 615

Παύλου Παρασκευᾶ Νεκρολογία dagger Χρύσανθος Κυπριανοῦ 623

Ὅροι Δημοσιεύσεως εἰς τὸ Δελτίον τῆς Ἑταιρείας Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 625

Πίναξ Βραχυγραφιῶν 631

Συνεργάτες τοῦ τόμου 638


ΣΤacute ΜΕΡΟΣ bull ΠΙΝΑΚΕΣ ΕΙΚΟΝΩΝ

Πίνακες 1-102 641

Ἐκδηλώσεις Ἑταιρείας Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν 745

Leslie BRUBAKER John HALDON Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c 680-850

a history Cambridge University Press 2011173X246 ἑκ σελ 944 μὲ ἔνθετες ΑΜ φωτογραφίες καὶ χάρτες

ISBN 978-0521-430-93-7

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Ἡ Εἰκονομαχία ἕνα ἀπὸ τὰ γεγονότα-σταθμὸς στὴν ἱστορία τοῦ Βυζαντίου δὲν ἔχει πάψει νὰ ἀπα-σχολεῖ τὴν ἔρευνα Πολλ ὰ ἐρωτήματα παραμένουν ἀναπάντητα καὶ παραμένει προφανὴς ἡ δυσκολία τοῦ ἐρευνητοῦ νὰ ἑρμηνεύσει τὰ γενεσιουργὰ αἴτια καὶ τὶς ἐκφάνσεις της γιὰ τὴν ὁποία ἡ πλειονότη-τα τῶν πηγῶν ποὺ ἔχουν διασωθεῖ ἔχει γραφεῖ ἀπὸ τοὺς ἀντιπάλους της καὶ τελικοὺς νικητές Τὸ μνη-μειῶδες αὐτὸ ἔργο τῶν συγγ ραφέων καρπὸς ἔρευ-νας τῶν εἴκοσι περίπου τελευταίων χρόνων ἔρχεται

νὰ προστεθεῖ ὡς συνέχεια στὸν πρῶτο τόμο στὸν ὁποῖο ἀναλύονταν διεξοδικὰ καὶ μὲ κριτικὸ πνεῦμα οἱ σωζόμενες σχετικὲς γραπτὲς πηγές1

Στὸν παρόντα τόμο προτάσσονται τὰ Περιεχόμενα (σελ v-viii) Σημείωμα γιὰ τὴ μεταγραφὴ τῶν τοπωνυμίων (σελ ix) Πίνακας εἰκόνων (σελ xi-xiv) Εὐχαριστίες (σελ xv-xvi) Πίνακας Χαρτῶν (σελ xvii) καὶ Βραχυγραφίες (σελ xviii-xxiv) Μετὰ τὴν Εἰσαγωγὴ (σελ 1-8) τίθενται στὸ ἐρευνητικὸ μικροσκό-πιο τὸ διάστημα ἀπὸ τὸν τέταρτο αἰώνα ἕως τὴν ἐποχὴ τοῦ Λέοντος Γ΄ (σελ 9-68) ἡ περίοδος ἐπὶ Λέοντος Γ΄ (σελ 69-155) ὁ Κωνσταντῖνος Ε΄ καὶ ἡ ἐπι-σημοποίηση τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας (σελ 156-247) μὲ ἀνάλυση τῶν μνημείων καὶ τῶν ἐν γένει ὑλικῶν καταλοίπων τῆς ἐν λόγῳ περιόδου ἡ ἐνδιάμεση περίοδος τῆς Εἰκονολατρείας 775-813 (σελ 248-365) ἡ Β΄ Εἰκονομαχία (σελ 366-

1 L Brubaker J F Haldon Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca 680-850) Th e Sources an annotated Survey Aldershot 2001

KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 525-536

526 Χαράλαμπος Γ Χοτζάκογλου

452) Οἰκονομία-Κοινωνία-Κράτος (σελ 453-530) ἡ ζωὴ στὴν πόλη καὶ στὴν ὕπαιθρο (σελ 531-572) ἡ νέα κοινωνικὴ διαστρωμάτωση καὶ ἡ αὐτοκρατορικὴ αὐλὴ (σελ 573-624) τὸ τρίπτυχο Κοινωνία-Πολιτικὴ-Ἐξουσία (σελ 625-664) ἡ οἰκονομικὴ διαχείριση καὶ διοίκηση (σελ 665-722) ἡ στρατιωτικὴ ὀργάνωση καὶ ἡ δημιουργία τῶν Θεμάτων (σελ 723-776) καὶ τέλος τὸ κεφάλαιο μὲ τὰ συμπεράσματα καὶ τὴν ἀνακεφαλαίωση τῆς νέας προσέγγ ισης τῶν συγγ ραφέων γιὰ τὴν Εἰκονομαχία (σελ 772-799) Ἀκολουθοῦν βιβλιογραφικὰ παραρτήματα μὲ τὶς πρωτογενεῖς πηγὲς (σελ 800-814) τὴ δευτερεύουσα βιβλιογραφία (σελ 815-906) καὶ τὸ Γενικὸ Εὑρετήριο (σελ 907-918)

Ὅπως σημειώνεται σὲ πολλὰ σημεῖα τοῦ βιβλίου ἐπιδιώκεται ἡ ριζικὴ ἀναθεώρηση ποικίλων διαδεδομένων καὶ καθιερωμένων ἀπόψεων περὶ Εἰκο-νομαχίας (σελ 6-8 787) ποὺ ἡ ἕως τώρα βιβλιογραφία υἱοθετοῦσε καὶ οἱ συγγραφεῖς ὑπὸ αὐτὴ τὴν ἔννοια διεκδικοῦν τὸν τίτλο τοῦ laquoαἱρετικοῦraquo Θὰ μποροῦσε κάποιος νὰ συνοψίσει τὴ βασικὴ ἰδέα τῶν συγγραφέων στὰ ἑξῆς τὸ 680 λαμβάνεται ὡς σταθμὸς στὴν ἱστορικὴ πορεία τῆς βυζαντινῆς αὐτο-κρατορίας Καίτοι οἱ φορητὲς εἰκόνες ὑπῆρχαν ἤδη στοὺς πρώτους χριστια-νικοὺς αἰῶνες περιοριζόμενες ὅμως κυρίως στὰ ἀχειροποίητα παλλάδια καὶ σὲ λιγοστὲς ἄλλες ἡ μαζική τους διάδοση πραγματοποιεῖται λίγο πρὶν τὸ ξέσπασμα τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας (σ 774 κἑξ) Ἡ σταδιακὴ ἐνδυνάμωση τῶν Ἀράβων καὶ ἡ ἐγκαθίδρυση τοῦ Ἰσλάμ δὲν ἐπέφερε μόνο τὴν ὁριστικὴ ἐδα-φικὴ ἀπώλεια τῶν βυζαντινῶν ἐδαφῶν τῆς Ἐγγὺς καὶ Μέσης Ἀνατολῆς καὶ τῆς βορείου Ἀφρικῆς ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν μαζικὸ ἐξισλαμισμὸ χριστιανικῶν πλη-θυσμῶν καὶ τὴ μετατροπὴ πολλῶν ἐκκλησιῶν σὲ ἰσλαμικὰ τεμένη Ἐνώπιον τῶν ἱστορικῶν αὐτῶν ἐξελίξεων πολλαπλασιάζονται τὰ ἐσχατολογικὰ κείμε-να στὸ Βυζάντιο τὸ αἴσθημα ἀνασφάλειας κορυφώνεται καὶ ὁ μέσος Βυζα-ντινὸς ἀναζητεῖ ἕνα πιὸ ἁπτὸ καὶ ἄμεσο στήριγμα καὶ σύνδεση μὲ τὸ θεῖο Οἱ φορητὲς εἰκόνες φαίνεται νὰ δίδουν κατὰ τοὺς συγγραφεῖς τὴν ἀπάντηση στὴν πνευματικὴ καὶ ψυχολογικὴ αὐτὴ ἀνάγκη τῶν Βυζαντινῶν Ἡ ζήτη-ση εἰκονογράφησης φορητῶν εἰκόνων αὐξάνεται κατακόρυφα καὶ ὁ πιστὸς τώρα βλέπει μπροστά του τὴ θεία μορφὴ ἄμεσα προσεύχεται σὲ αὐτὴν καὶ ἀντλεῖ δύναμη χωρὶς νὰ ἀπαιτεῖται νὰ ταξιδεύει κάθε φορὰ στὰ μεγάλα προ-σκυνήματα ὅπου βρίσκονταν οἱ λιγοστὲς εἰκόνες καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ λείψανα τῶν ἁγίων Ἡ ἀνεξέλεγκτη αὐτὴ διάδοση τῶν εἰκόνων οἱ δεισιδαιμονίες ποὺ

Βιβλιοκρισίες - Βιβλιοπαρουσιάσεις 527

συχνὰ τὶς συνόδευαν ὁ φόβος τῆς ἀπώλειας ἐλέγχου ἐκ μέρους τῆς Ἐκκλη-σίας γιὰ τὰ θέματα ποὺ σχετίζονταν μὲ τὶς εἰκόνες ἡ μετατροπὴ τῆς εἰκόνας σὲ ἀντικείμενο ἰδιωτικῆς laquoλατρείαςraquo καθὼς καὶ ἡ ἀποδυνάμωση τῶν προ-σκυνηματικῶν κέντρων (σελ 782 κἑξ) συνδυαζόμενα μὲ μεγάλες φυσικὲς καταστροφὲς τῆς ἐποχῆς (ἔκρηξη ἠφαιστείου Θήρας καὶ Θηρασίας τὸ 726) καὶ τὶς κατηγορίες τῆς εἰδωλολατρίας ποὺ προσῆπταν οἱ νικηφόροι Ἄραβες στοὺς Βυζαντινούς ὁδήγησε στὴν ἔκρηξη τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας Ἡ πρακτικὴ ἀπόδοσης τιμῆς ἀποτελοῦσε ἕναν νεωτερισμὸ καὶ ὡς ἐκ τούτου μία καινο-τομία ὑποστηρίζουν οἱ συγγραφεῖς Αὐτὸ ὁδήγησε στὴν ἀνάγκη laquoἐξαγνι-σμοῦraquo ἀπὸ τὴν καινοτομία αὐτή ὅπως κατανοήθηκε τότε ἀπὸ τὴν αὐτοκρα-τορικὴ αὐλὴ καὶ πολλοὺς ἱεράρχες καὶ ἐκφράσθηκε διὰ τῆς αὐτοκρατορικῆς πολιτικῆς ἡ ὁποία ὁδήγησε στὴν ἀπόφαση τῆς πιθανῆς ἀπόσυρσης ἢ ἀπο-μάκρυνσης κάποιων ἀπεικονίσεων θείων προσώπων ἀπὸ τὶς ἐκκλησίες καὶ περιόρισε τὴ δημόσια παρουσία κάποιων τύπων εἰκόνων (σελ 153) στὴ βυ-ζαντινὴ αὐτοκρατορία Ὁ φόβος αὐτὸς ἐκ μέρους τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἀποτυπώ-θηκε ἤδη στοὺς ξβ΄ πβ΄ καὶ ρ΄ κανόνες τῆς Πενθέκτης (692) Συνόδου (σελ 772-799) Ἀπὸ τὴν ἔρευνά τους οἱ συγγραφεῖς καταλήγουν πὼς γιὰ τὴν περίοδο βασιλείας τοῦ Λέοντος Γ΄ δὲν διασώζονται οὐσιαστικὰ πηγές στὶς ὁποῖες νὰ σημειώνεται ἐκτεταμένη κυριολεκτικὴ καταστροφὴ εἰκονιστικῶν παραστάσεων ἀλλὰ γίνεται λόγος εἴτε γιὰ κάλυψή τους μὲ ἀσβεστοκονίαμα εἴτε γιὰ ἄρση τῶν εἰκόνων σὲ ὑψηλότερα σημεῖα τῶν ναῶν (σελ 207-210) ἢ προκύπτει ἀπὸ ἀλλοῦ ὅτι πιθανὸν κάποιες εἰκόνες νὰ ἀφαιρέθηκαν ἀπὸ τὶς ἐκκλησίες (σελ 153) Τέλος ἐπιχειρηματολογοῦν πὼς οἱ σχετικὲς εἰκονό-φιλες ἀναφορὲς γιὰ τέτοιες περιπτώσεις ἀποτελοῦν κατὰ κανόνα μυθώδεις περιγραφές συμπιλήματα καὶ μεταγενέστερες προσθῆκες (σελ 210-211) Τὸ μόνο μνημεῖο στὸ ὁποῖο ἐπιβεβαιώνεται ἀναντίρρητα ἡ ἀντικατάσταση τῆς ἀρχικῆς εἰκονιστικῆς παράστασής του ὑπὸ σταυροῦ ὁ ναὸς τῆς Κοι-μήσεως στὴ Νίκαια τὸ ἐντάσσουν στὸ συρμὸ διακόσμησης τῶν ἁψίδων μὲ σταυρούς ποὺ εἰσάγεται ὡς νέος συρμός στὴν Ἁγία Σοφία καὶ στὴν Ἁγία Εἰρήνη Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (καὶ ἀκολούθως στὴν Ἁγία Σοφία Θεσσαλο-νίκης) ἀποτελώντας εἰκονογραφικὸ πρότυπο γιὰ τὴν ἐπαρχία (σελ 296-297) Καταλήγουν τέλος πὼς τόσο ἡ χαρακτηριστική ἀλώβητη διάσωση τῶν πρώιμων ψηφιδωτῶν τοῦ Ἁγίου Δημητρίου Θεσσαλονίκης ὅσο καὶ ἡ


ἀντικατάσταση τῶν σταυρῶν στὶς ἁψίδες τῶν ναῶν (Ἁγ Σοφία Θεσνίκης Κοίμησις Νικαίας) 200 χρόνια ἀργότερα καὶ ὄχι ἀμέσως μετὰ τὸ laquoΘρίαμ-βο τῆς Ὀρθοδοξίαςraquo (843) ὅπως θὰ ἀναμενόταν σὲ τέτοια μεγάλα ἀστικὰ κέντρα καταδεικνύουν πὼς δὲν ὑπῆρξε ποτὲ τὸ ἀντι-εἰκονιστικὸ μένος τῶν Εἰκονοκλαστῶν (σελ 790-791) ποὺ περιγράφουν μὲ περισσὴ ὑπερβολὴ οἱ κατὰ πολὺ μεταγενέστερες τῶν γεγονότων εἰκονόφιλες πηγὲς (σελ 203-210 237) Ἀπὸ τὴ λεπτομερὴ ἀνάλυση τῶν προσεκτικῶν προετοιμασιῶν τῆς Ζ΄ Οἰκουμενικῆς Συνόδου στὴ Νίκαια τῆς Βιθυνίας (787) ἀναδεικνύε-ται τὸ ἰσχυρὸ ἔρεισμα τῶν Εἰκονομάχων ὄχι μόνο στὸ Παλάτι ἀλλὰ ἐπίσης στὸ στρατό στὴν ἐν γένει κρατικὴ διοίκηση καὶ στὴν Ἐκκλησία φορεῖς οἱ ὁποῖοι τελικὰ κατάφεραν νὰ ματαιώσουν τὴν ἀρχικὴ σύγκλησή της ποὺ εἶχε προγραμματισθεῖ γιὰ τὸ 786 στὴν Κωνσταντινούπολη (σελ 269-272) Ἡ ἀνάλυση αὐτὴ ἐν συναρτήσει καὶ μὲ ἄλλα δεδομένα ὁδηγεῖ στὸ συμπέρασμα πὼς ἡ Εἰκονομαχία δὲν ἀποτέλεσε ἕνα γεγονός ὀφειλόμενο στὴ σύγκρουση κέντρου καὶ περιφέρειας ὅπως εἶχε παλαιότερα ὑποστηριχθεῖ2 ἢ ποὺ ἐρείδε-ται σὲ σύγκρουση κοινωνικῶν τάξεων (σελ 792) Ἡ Εἰκονομαχία σημειώ-νουν οἱ συγγραφεῖς οὐδέποτε ὑπῆρξε ἕνα μαζικὸ κίνημα ὁρμώμενο ἀπὸ τὸ λαό ἀλλὰ ξεκίνησε μᾶλλον ὡς διαμάχη μεταξὺ τῶν ἱεραρχῶν καὶ στὰ μέσα τοῦ η΄ αἰῶνος μετετράπη σὲ ἐργαλεῖο τῆς αὐτοκρατορικῆς πολιτικῆς καὶ ἀντα-νάκλαση τῶν ἀπόψεων τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος Κωνσταντίνου Ε΄ ἐν συναρτήσει τῶν πολιτικῶν ἐξελίξεων τῆς ἐποχῆς (σελ 400-401) καὶ ἐξαπλώθηκε σὲ ὅλη τὴν αὐτοκρατορία στὰ πολιτικὰ συμφραζόμενα τοῦ σφετεριστῆ Λεόντος Ε΄ λαμβάνοντας τελικὰ χαρακτήρα ὑποταγῆς ἢ ἀντίστασης στὸν αὐτοκράτορα ἐφαρμόσθηκε χλιαρὰ ἀπὸ τὸν Μιχαὴλ Β΄ καὶ πιὸ αὐστηρὰ ἀπὸ τὸν αὐτοκρά-τορα Θεόφιλο ἀποσυνδεόμενο οὐσιαστικὰ ἀπὸ τὸ κατὰ λέξιν περιεχόμενο τοῦ ὅρου laquoΕἰκονομαχίαraquo (σελ 262) Προσέλαβε σταδιακὰ λαϊκὸ ἔρεισμα ἀπὸ τὸ στράτευμα καὶ πιθανῶς ἀπὸ μερίδα τῶν Κωνσταντινουπολιτῶν κυρί-ως διότι θεωρήθηκε θεόσταλτο συνδεόμενο μὲ τὶς περιφανεῖς στρατιωτικὲς νίκες τῶν εἰκονομάχων αὐτοκρατόρων ἐναντίον τῶν πολλαπλῶν ἐχθρῶν τῆς αὐτοκρατορίας καὶ τὴν ἦττα τῶν Βουλγάρων καὶ ἐπειδή ἐν ὄψει τῆς νέας

2 D Pallas ldquoEine anikonische lineare Wanddekoration auf der Insel Ikariardquo JOumlB 23 (1974) 271-314 καὶ ἰδίως 310 ὑποσ 249


πολιτικῆς τάξης πραγμάτων ποὺ θὰ ἐπέφερε τυχὸν ἐπικράτηση τῆς εἰκονό-φιλης παράταξης οἱ ἀξιωματοῦχοι τοῦ κράτους καὶ οἱ ἐπίσκοποι ποὺ εἶχαν συνταχθεῖ ἕως τότε μὲ τὴν Εἰκονομαχία φοβοῦνταν γιὰ τὴν ἀπώλεια τῶν θέσεών τους (σελ 382-383 789 793-796)

Μεταξὺ τῶν ἀπόψεων ποὺ ὑποστηρίζονται ἢ ἀναδεικνύονται -χωρὶς αὐτὸ νὰ σημαίνει ἀποκλειστικὰ ὅτι διατυπώνονται γιὰ πρώτη φορά- ξεχωρίζουμε τὴν laquoεἰκονοφοβίαraquo (ἀπαγόρευση ἀπεικόνισης κάθε ζωϊκῆς μορφῆς) στὴν τέ-χνη τοῦ ἰσλαμικοῦ κόσμου (σ 106-115 232-4 245-6) ἡ ὁποία παρατηρεῖται λίγο νωρίτερα καὶ παράλλ ηλα μὲ τὴν Εἰκονομαχία (ἀπαγόρευση ἀπεικόνισης μόνο τῶν θείων μορφῶν) στὸ Βυζάντιο καὶ θεωρεῖται ὑπὸ τῶν συγγ ραφέων συμπτωματικὴ (σελ 106-107 114-115) Παράλλ ηλα ὑποστηρίζεται ὅτι ἡ ἀντικατάσταση τῶν ζωϊκῶν ὄντων ἀπὸ γεωμετρικὰ κοσμήματα σὲ ψηφιδωτὰ δάπεδα ναῶν τῆς Ἀνατολῆς (Συροπαλαιστίνη Ἰορδανία κτλ) ἔγινε ἀπὸ τοὺς ἴδιους τοὺς ἐν Ἀραβίᾳ Χριστιανοὺς καὶ δὲν ὀφείλεται στὴ βυζαντινὴ Εἰκονο-μαχία ἀλλ ὰ στὴν ἐπιβαλλ όμενη ἀνεικονικὴ παράδοση τῶν Μουσουλμάνων (σελ 106-115)middot περαιτέρω ὑποστηρίζεται ὅτι ὁ Λέων ὁ Γ΄ δὲν ἦταν ὁ laquoὁρκι-σμένος εἰκονοκλάστηςraquo ὅπως τὸν παρουσιάζουν οἱ μεταγενέστερες εἰκονόφι-λες πηγές (σελ 151-155) ἡ Θεοδώρα δὲν κινήθηκε ἀπὸ λόγους εὐσεβείας γιὰ τὴν ἀποκατάσταση τῶν εἰκόνων (σελ 447-449) οἱ laquoΠεύσειςraquo ἀναχρονολο-γοῦνται (τοποθετοῦνται πιθανὸν μετὰ τὸ 748) ἀποσυνδεόμενες ἀπὸ τὴν εἰκο-νοκλαστικὴ Σύνοδο τῆς Ἱερείας (754) καὶ τέλος ἀμφισβητεῖται ἡ ἀπαγόρευ-ση τῆς laquoλειψανολατρείαςraquo ποὺ ἀποδιδόταν στὸν αὐτοκράτορα Κωνσταντῖνο Ε΄ (σελ 211 227-228)

Συχνὲς ἀναφορὲς γίνονται στὸ Βίο τοῦ ὁσίου Στεφάνου τοῦ Νέου ὁ ὁποῖος ἀποτέλεσε πρότυπο γιὰ πολλ οὺς ἄλλ ους ἁγιολογικοὺς Βίους (πχ Γεωργίου Μοναχοῦ Ἀνδρέου ἐν Κρίσει) (σελ 400 καὶ ὑποσ 137) καὶ ἕνα ἀπὸ τὰ κατε-ξοχὴν κείμενα εὐρείας διάδοσης τῶν Εἰκονοφίλων τὰ ὁποῖα συνδιαμόρφωσαν τὴν ἀντίληψη ποὺ ἔχουμε ἕως σήμερα γιὰ τὴν Εἰκονομαχία καὶ γιὰ τὸν ὁποῖο οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς διακηρύττουν μὲ κάθε εὐκαιρία ὅτι ἀποτελεῖ μία laquoπεριώνυμη ἀναξιόπιστη πηγὴraquo (σελ 300) Ἀποσυνδέεται ἐπίσης ἡ θανάτωσή του ἀπὸ τὰ γεγονότα τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας ἀποδιδόμενη σὲ τιμωρία του ἕνεκα τῆς συμμε-τοχῆς τοῦ Στεφάνου μαζὶ μὲ τὸν Οἰκουμενικὸ Πατριάρχη Κωνσταντῖνο Β΄ σὲ συνωμοσία ἐναντίον τοῦ αὐτοκράτορος (σελ 234-239)middot τέλος τονίζεται μὲ


ἔμφαση ὁ συμπιληματικὸς χαρακτήρας τοῦ κειμένου τοῦ Βίου καὶ ἡ ἀναξιοπι-στία του ὡς πηγῆς ἱστορικῶν γεγονότων τῆς ἐποχῆς (σελ 89-90 208 234-239 300-302)

Ἐνδιαφέρουσες εἶναι οἱ ἀναφορές ποὺ ἅπτονται τῆς Κύπρου Σχετικὰ μὲ τὸν ἅγιο Ἐπιφάνιο Κωνσταντίας οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς μολονότι συμφωνοῦν στὴν ἀποσύνδεση τοῦ ἁγίου ἀπὸ τὰ εἰκονομαχικὰ κείμενα ποὺ τοῦ ἀπέδιδαν οἱ Εἰκο-νοκλάστες καὶ προσγράφονται στὸν Δοκητή Ἐπιφανίδη Κύπρου (σελ 46 ὑποσ 172) ὑποθέτουν πὼς ὁ Ἐπιφάνιος κατὰ τὸν δrsquo αἰώνα δὲν θὰ συνηγοροῦσε ὑπὲρ τῶν εἰκόνων (σελ 44-48) Προσγράφουν τὸ κείμενο τῶν Θαυμάτων τοῦἁγίου Θεράποντος πιθανότατα στὸν Ἀνδρέα Κρήτης (σελ 21) ἐνῶ ἀποδίδουν σὲ φιλολογικὸ laquoτόποraquo καὶ χαρακτηρίζουν ὡς μυθώδεις καὶ μεταγενέστερες προσθῆκες τὶς ἀναφορὲς τοῦ Κωνσταντίνου Κωνσταντίας στὰ Πρακτικὰ τῆς Ζ΄ Οἰκουμενικῆς Συνόδου περὶ θείας τιμωρίας τῶν Εἰκονοκλαστῶν στὴν Κύ-προ (σελ 210-211) Ἀναφερόμενοι στὸ χωρίο τοῦ Βίου τοῦ ὁσίου Στεφάνου τοῦ Νέου ὅπου ὁ ὅσιος ὑπαγορεύει στοὺς μοναχούς του τὶς περιοχὲς τῆς βυζαντινῆς ἐπικράτειας (Χερσών Ν Ἰταλία κτλ) ποὺ τάχα ἀντιστέκονταν στὸν εἰκονομά-χο βυζαντινὸ αὐτοκράτορα καὶ προσέφεραν ἀσφαλὲς καταφύγιο σὲ Εἰκονοφί-λους καταδεικνύουν ὅτι πρόκειται περὶ μυθευμάτων (σελ 234-5) ἀφοῦ ἄλλ ες πηγὲς ἀποδεικνύουν μὲ βεβαιότητα πὼς οἱ περιοχὲς ἐκεῖνες παρέμεναν πιστὲς στὶς αὐτοκρατορικὲς ἐντολές3 Ὅσον ἀφορᾶ στὸν Κύπριο εἰκονοκλάστη καὶ Οἰκουμενικὸ Πατριάρχη Παῦλο ἀπορρίπτουν τὶς ἀπόψεις ποὺ τὸν θέλουν νὰ πρότεινε τὸν διάδοχό του Ταράσιο (σελ 264) Ἀποδεικνύοντας τέλος πὼς ὁ μόνος λόγος ποὺ ἡ εἰκονοκλαστικὴ Σύνοδος τῆς Ἱερείας (754) δὲν χαρακτη-

3 Στὰ ἐπιχειρήματα τῶν συγγ ραφέων μποροῦν νὰ προστεθοῦν ἐπίσης καὶ οἱ ἀναφερόμε-νες πόλεις τῆς Ἐγγ ὺς Ἀνατολῆς Τρίπολις τοῦ Λιβάνου Συριακὴ Τύρος καὶ Ἰόππη (σημ Γιάφα) οἱ ὁποῖες εἶχαν ἀπολεσθεῖ ἀπὸ τὸ βυζαντινὸ ἔλεγχο τουλάχιστον 80 χρόνια πρὶν τὴ γέννηση τοῦ Στεφάνου Χ Χοτζάκογλου laquoΕἰκονομαχία (726-787 καὶ 813-843) καὶ τέχνη στὴν Κύπρο καὶ τὸ θεωρητικό της ὑπόβαθρο μιὰ κριτικὴ ἐξέταση βάσει τῶν πηγῶν καὶ τῶν μνημείων τῆς Μεγαλονήσουraquo στό Πρακτικὰ Α΄ Διεθνοῦς Συνεδρίου Κυπριακῆς Ἁγιολογίας (ἐπιμ Θ Γιάγκου) Παραλίμνι-Ἁγία Νάπα (ὑπὸ ἔκδοσιν) Σχετικὰ μὲ τὴ Χερσῶνα ἡ ὁποία σύμφωνα μὲ τὸ Βίο Β τοῦ Θεοδώρου Στουδίτου βρισκόταν ὑπὸ τὴν ἐξουσία τοῦ εἰκονομά-χου αὐτοκράτορα πρβλ St Albrecht ldquoDie Krim der Byzantinerrdquo στό Die Houmlhensiedlun-gen im Bergland der Krim (ἐκδ St Albrecht F Daim M Herdick) Mainz 2013 101-123 καὶ ἰδίως 115-6


ρίσθηκε ὡς laquoοἰκουμενικὴraquo ἦταν ἡ ἀπουσία τῶν παπικῶν ἀπεσταλμένων (σελ 275 καὶ σελ 114 ὑποσ 140) μᾶς ὁδηγεῖ οὐσιαστικὰ στὸ νὰ ὑποθέσουμε πὼς οἱ ἐπίσκοποι τῆς Κύπρου εἶχαν ἀναμφίβολα παρευρεθεῖ καὶ προσυπογράψει τὴν εἰκονοκλαστικὴ πολιτικὴ τοῦ βυζαντινοῦ αὐτοκράτορα

Μολονότι δὲν εἶναι δυνατὸν νὰ συζητηθοῦν ὅλα τὰ θέματα ποὺ ἐγείρονται σὲ ἕνα κοπιῶδες ἔργο 918 σελίδων ἂς μᾶς ἐπιτραπεῖ νὰ καταγράψουμε κάποιες σκέψεις μας γιὰ μερικὰ ἀπὸ αὐτά

Ὅπως ἔχει παρατηρηθεῖ καὶ ἀπὸ ἄλλ ους μελετητὲς καὶ ἀποδέχονται καὶ οἱ ἴδιοι οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς (σελ 7) στὸ βιβλίο τονίζονται ἀναπόφευκτα κάποια θέ-ματα περισσότερο ἀπὸ κάποια ἄλλ αmiddot δίδεται πχ μεγαλύτερη ἔμφαση στὴν πολιτικο-οἰκονομικὴ ἱστορία τῆς εἰκονομαχικῆς περιόδου4 ὑπερτονίζονται οἱ πολιτικὲς παράμετροι τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας ἀναδεικνύεται λιγότερο τὸ θεο-λογικό πνευματικὸ καὶ δογματικὸ ὑπόβαθρο ἐνῶ ἐπισημαίνεται ἐμφαντικὰ ὁ βουλγαρικὸς κίνδυνος στὸν ὁποῖο οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς ἀποδίδουν καίριο ρόλο (σελ 366-367) σχετικὰ μὲ τὴν ἔκρηξη τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας5 Ἀπὸ τὴν ἄλλ η πλευρὰ ἡ παρουσίαση μνημείων ποὺ ἔχουν χρονολογηθεῖ ἐπὶ Εἰκονομαχίας θὰ ἦταν πληρέστερη μὲ τὴν συμπερίληψη καὶ τῶν εἰκονογραφημένων ναῶν τῶν Νή-σων τοῦ Αἰγαίου τῆς Πελοποννήσου καὶ τῆς Κύπρου6 Ὅσον ἀφορᾶ στὰ πα-ρουσιαζόμενα μνημεῖα τῶν ὁποίων εἰκονιστικὲς παραστάσεις καλύφθηκαν

4 Γιὰ τοὺς τομεῖς αὐτοὺς ἐξαιρετικὰ χρήσιμα εἶναι καὶ τὰ συμπεράσματα τοῦ Π Τσορμπα-τζόγλου Εἰκονομαχία καὶ Κοινωνία στὰ χρόνια τοῦ Λεόντος Γrsquo τοῦ Ἰσαύρου Κατερίνη 2002middot τοῦ ἰδίου laquoἩ φύση καὶ προοπτικὴ τῆς Εἰκονομαχίαςraquo Θεολογία 66 (1995) 681-7375 Ath Markopoulos Βιβλιοκρισία BZ 105 (2012) 842 845 8476 Ἀγ Καρακατσάνη-Βασιλάκη laquoΕἰκονομαχικὲς ἐκκλησίες στὴ Νάξοraquo ΔΧΑΕ Δ΄Γ΄ (1962) 49-74middot Μ Ἀχειμάστου-Ποταμιάνου laquoΝέος ἀνεικονικὸς διάκοσμος ἐκκλησίας στὴ Νάξο Οἱ τοιχογραφίες τοῦ Ἁγ Ἰωάννη τοῦ Θεολόγου στrsquo Ἀδησαροῦraquo ΔΧΑΕ Δ΄ ΙΒ΄ (1984) 329-382 καὶ ἰδίως 369 ὑποσ 87 μὲ πλούσια προγενέστερη βιβλιογραφίαmiddot X Χοτζάκογλου laquoΒυζαντινὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ καὶ τέχνη στὴν Κύπροraquo στό Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος (ἐκδ Θ Παπαδοπούλλ ου) (σειρά Ἱστορία τῆς Κύπρου) Λευκωσία 2005 τ Γ΄ 465-787 καὶ ἰδίως 575-584middot τοῦ ἰδίου laquoἩ ἐντοίχια μνημειακὴ διακόσμηση στοὺς ναοὺς τῆς Καρ-πασίας (4ος -15ος αἰ)raquo στό Καρπασία Πρακτικὰ Αrsquo ἐπιστημονικοῦ Συνεδρίου (ἐπιμ Παν Παπαγεωργίου) Λεμεσὸς 2010 421-460 καὶ ἰδίως 426-8∙ Ἀνδ Φούλια laquoἈνεικονικὸς δι-άκοσμος καὶ μία πρώιμη βυζαντινὴ ἐπιγραφὴ ἀπὸ τὸν ναὸ τῆς Ἁγ Ἀθανασίας στὸ Ριζοκάρ-πασοraquo Βυζαντινὰ 30 (2010) 203-229


ἀπὸ κονίαμα ἤ ἀντικαταστάθηκαν ἀπὸ σταυρούς προξενεῖ ἐντύπωση ἡ ἀπο-σιώπηση τῆς περίπτωσης τῶν ψηφιδωτῶν τοῦ Ὁσίου Δαυὶδ (Μονὴ Λατόμου) Θεσσαλονίκης7 τὰ ὁποῖα σύμφωνα μὲ βυζαντινὲς πηγὲς ἐπιχρίσθηκαν ἐπὶ Εἰκονομαχίας καὶ ἔτσι διεσώθηκαν ἕως τὶς ἡμέρες μας Ἡ ἀναφορὰ τῶν συγ-γραφέων σὲ κανόνες τῆς Πενθέκτης ὡς ἀποτύπωση ἐκ μέρους τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τοῦ φόβου τῆς διάδοσης φορητῶν εἰκόνων (σελ 772-799) χρειάζεται περαιτέ-ρω διερεύνηση ἀπὸ τοὺς συγγ ραφεῖς ἀφοῦ στοὺς Κανόνες αὐτοὺς ἀπαγορεύ-ονται οἱ παραστάσεις laquoτὸν νοῦν διαφθειρούσας hellip καὶ κινούσας πρὸς τὰ τῶν αἰσχρῶν ἡδονῶν ὑπεκκαύματαraquo (Κανὼν πβ΄) ἐνδεχομένως ἀπεικονίσεις ὑπὸ τὴν ἐπίδρασιν τῆς ἑλλ ηνορωμαϊκῆς εἰκονογραφικῆς παράδοσης καὶ ἐντέλλ ε-ται ἡ ἀπεικόνιση τοῦ Θεανθρώπου (Κανὼν ρ΄ laquohellipΧριστοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἡμῶν κατὰ τὸν ἀνθρώπινον χαρακτῆρα καὶ ἐν ταῖς εἰκόσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἀντὶ τοῦ παλαιοῦ ἀμνοῦ ἀναστηλοῦσθαι ὁρίζομενraquo)

Πιθανολογεῖται ὑπὸ τῶν συγγ ραφέων ὅτι ἡ ἀναφορὰ (σελ 210) τῆς κατα-στροφῆς εἰκονιστικῶν παραστάσεων ναῶν τῆς Κύπρου ἀπὸ Εἰκονομάχους σύμ-φωνα μὲ τὴ διήγηση τοῦ ἐπισκόπου Κωνσταντίας Κωνσταντίνου ποὺ κατεγρά-φη στὰ Πρακτικὰ τῆς Συνόδου τοῦ 787 ἐντάσσεται στὸ πλαίσιο μεταγενέστε-ρων συμπιληματικῶν κειμένων μυθευμάτων καθrsquo ὑπερβολήν Ἡ διαφορὰ ὅμως μὲ τὴ συγκεκριμένη διήγηση εἶναι πὼς δὲν ἀποτελοῦσε ἕνα ἁπλῶς ἐπεισόδιο ἀπὸ τὸ Βίο ἑνὸς ἁγίου ποὺ χαλκεύθηκε μεταγενέστερα ἀλλ ὰ ἦταν σύγχρονη τῶν γεγονότων τοῦ 787 καὶ κατεγράφη στὰ ἐπίσημα Πρακτικά8middot ἂν πράγματι δὲν ὑπῆρξαν τέτοια ἀκραῖα φαινόμενα καταστροφῆς εἰκονιστικῶν παραστάσεων ἡ μαρτυρία θὰ ἠχοῦσε παράξενα στὰ αὐτιὰ τῶν ὑπολοίπων μελῶν τῆς Συνόδου τὰ ὁποῖα θὰ ἀντιδροῦσαν μὲ κάποιον τρόπο Τοὐναντίον ἡ ἀκρόαση τοῦ Κυπρίου ἀρχιερέως καταγράφεται σὰν νὰ περιέγραφε κάτι σύνηθες καὶ ὄχι πρωτάκουστο Καὶ ἐνῶ οἱ μεταγενέστερες προσθῆκες συμπιλήματα καὶ παραποιήσεις στὸ Βίο τοῦ ὁσ Στεφάνου ἔτυχαν ἐκμετάλλ ευσης ἀπὸ τοὺς Εἰκονοφίλους καὶ ἐντάχθη-

7 Εὐτ Κουρκουτίδου-Νικολαΐδου ndash Χρ Μαυροπούλου-Τσιούμη laquoΜονὴ Λατόμου (Ὅσ Δαβὶδ)raquo στό Ψηφιδωτὰ τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης 4ος -14ος αἰ (ἐπιμ Χ Μπακιρτζῆ) Ἀθήνα 2012 183-195 καὶ ἰδίως 184 μὲ προγενέστερη βιβλιογραφία8 J D Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio Florentiae 1767 xiii 77C-E


καν στὴν εἰκονόφιλη προπαγάνδα καὶ σὲ Βίους ἄλλ ων ἁγίων ἡ συγκεκριμένη ἀναφορὰ δὲν φαίνεται νὰ βρῆκε περαιτέρω ἔδαφος εἰκονόφιλης ἐκμετάλλ ευσης Ἂν ἐπιμείνουμε ἑπομένως στὴ χάλκευση τῶν Πρακτικῶν τῆς Συνόδου τοῦ 787 στὸ χωρίο αὐτό θὰ ἀναμένουμε εὔλογα πέρα ἀπὸ τὴν ὑπόθεση νὰ παρουσια-σθοῦν καὶ τὰ ἀπαιτούμενα φιλολογικὰ ἐπιχειρήματα

Μολονότι οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς ὑποστηρίζουν πὼς ἡ ἐκτεταμένη χρήση τῶν εἰκό-νων ἀπὸ τὴ μεγάλη μάζα πιστῶν ὁδήγησε σὲ προβληματισμὸ τὴν ἐκκλησια-στικὴ ἱεραρχία ἡ ὁποία ἤδη στὴν Πενθέκτη μὲ τὸν ρrsquo κανόνα μεταξὺ ἄλλ ων ἐπιδιώκει νὰ ἐπιβάλλ ει ὅρια γιὰ νὰ μὴν χάσει τὸν ἔλεγχο τῆς κατάστασης (σελ 772-799) ἀπὸ τὴν ἄλλ η ἰσχυρίζονται πὼς τὸ θέμα τῆς Εἰκονομαχίας δὲν προκάλεσε ποτὲ ἰσχυρὴ καὶ μαζικὴ ἀντίσταση (σελ 790-791) Ὁμοίως ἐνῶ σημειώνουν πὼς ὁ κόσμος στήριξε τὴν Εἰκονομαχία ἐπειδὴ συνδέθηκε μὲ νικηφόρους εἰκονομάχους αὐτοκράτορες κατὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν τοῦ βυζαντινοῦ κράτους (σελ 382) ὅπως ἄλλ ωστε φαίνεται καὶ ἀπὸ τὴν ἐπιτυχία διοικητικῶν ἀξιωματούχων στρατοῦ καὶ ἱεραρχῶν ποὺ τελικὰ κατάφεραν καὶ ἀκύρωσαν τὴν ἀρχικὴ διενέργεια τῆς Ζ΄ Οἰκουμενικῆς Συνόδου τὸ 786 (σελ 269 ἑξ) καταλήγουν σὲ ἄλλ ο σημεῖο τῆς μελέτης τους πὼς οὐδέποτε ὑπῆρξε ἕνα μα-ζικὸ κίνημα ὁρμώμενο ἀπὸ τὸ λαό ἀλλ ὰ ξεκίνησε μᾶλλ ον ὡς διαμάχη μεταξὺ τῶν ἱεραρχῶν (σελ 400-401)

Εἰδικότερα γιὰ τὴν Κύπρο ἴσως δὲν θὰ ἔπρεπε νὰ παραξενεύει τὸν ἀνα-γνώστη ἡ υἱοθέτηση ἀπόψεων τῆς laquoἀγγ λοσαξωνικῆς σχολῆςraquo9 ὑπὸ τῶν συγ-γραφέων περὶ τῆς πολιτικῆς κατάστασης τοῦ νησιοῦ ἡ ὁποία στὸ πλαίσιο τοῦ ἀντιβρετανικοῦ ἀγῶνος τῶν Κυπρίων τὴ δεκαετία τοῦ rsquo50 δημιούργησε τὴ θεωρία τῶν Ἐτεοκυπρίων10 καὶ τῆς laquoσυγκυριαρχίαςraquo (laquocondominiumraquo)

9 R Jenkins ldquoCyprus between Byzantium and Islamrdquo στό Studies presented to D M Robinson St Louis 1953 II 1006-1013 A Dikigoropoulos ldquoTh e political Sta-tus of Cyprus AD 648-965rdquo Report of the Department of Antiquities in Cyprus 1940-1948 (Nicosia 1958) 94-114 Γιὰ κριτικὴ τῶν θέσεων αὐτῶν βλ Σπ Βρυώνη Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος Λευκωσία 1990 7-10middot Γ Καραμπελλ ιᾶ Ἡ ἀποστασία τῶν διανοουμένων Ἀθήνα 2012 120-13110 M Given ldquoInventing the Eteocypriots Imperialist Archaeology and the Ma-nipulation of Ethnic Identityrdquo Journal of the Mediterranean Archaeology 111 ( June 1998) 3-29


μεταφέροντας ἄκριτα νομικοὺς ὅρους τοῦ 20οῦ αἰῶνος ποὺ χρησιμοποιοῦσε ἡ Μ Βρετανία γιὰ τὶς ἀποικίες της στὸν μεσαιωνικὸ κόσμο τοῦ Βυζαντίου Ἀπὸ τὴν ἄλλ η ὅμως σὲ μία περισπούδαστη μελέτη ὅπως ἡ παρούσα ἡ ὁποία ἐπιχειρεῖ ὅπως σημειώθηκε νὰ ἀνατρέψει παγιωμένες ἀπόψεις διεισδύοντας στὶς πηγὲς καὶ ἐξετάζοντάς τις μὲ κριτικὸ πνεῦμα θὰ ἦταν ἀναμενόμενο νὰ μὴν υἱοθετηθοῦν laquoπαραδεδομένεςraquo θεωρίες ἀποικιακῆς ἔμπνευσης στὸ συ-γκεκριμένο θέμα Τοῦτο μάλιστα ὅταν ἀρκετοὶ Βυζαντινολόγοι (R Brown-ing11 W Kaegi12 Ν Οἰκονομάκης13 Εὐάγ Χρυσός14 Σπ Βρυώνης15 Δημ Τριανταφυλόπουλος16 Χ Χοτζάκογλου17) νομισματολόγοι (D Metcalf18) καὶ Ἀραβολόγοι (Β Χριστίδης19) ἔχουν σημειώσει τὴν ἀδυναμία τεκμηρίω-

11 R Browning ldquoByzantium and Islam in Cyprus in the Early Middle Agesrdquo ΕΚΕΕ ΙΧ (1977-1979) 101-116middot τοῦ ἰδίου Ἡ Κύπρος καὶ οἱ Ἄραβεςraquo στό Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος (ἐκδ Θ Παπαδοπούλλ ου) (σειρά Ἱστορία τῆς Κύπρου) Λευκωσία 2005 τ Γ΄ 235-291 καὶ ἰδίως 250-312 W Kaegi ldquoTh e Byzantine Armies and Iconoclasmrdquo Byzantinoslavica 27 (1965) 48-70middot τοῦ ἰδίου ldquoTh e disputed Muslim negotiations with Cyprus in 649rdquo στό 14th Annual Byzantine Studies Conference (1988) Abstract of Papers Houston 1988 5-613 Ν Οἰκονομάκη laquoἩ Κύπρος καὶ οἱ Ἄραβες (622-965)raquo Μελέται καὶ Ὑπομνήματα 1 (Λευκωσία 1984) 278 ὑποσ 129 σ 316 ὑποσ 233 σ 335 ὑποσ 29214 Εὐάγ Χρυσοῦ laquoΤὸ βυζαντινὸ πρόσωπο τῆς Κύπρουraquo στό Κύπρος τὸ πολιτιστικό της πρόσωπο διὰ μέσου τῶν αἰώνων Πρακτικὰ Συμποσίου (Λευκωσία 19-21 Ἀπριλίου 2001) (ἐπιμ Ἰω Θεοχαρίδη) Λευκωσία 2003 145-915 Sp Vryonis ldquoByzantine Cyprusrdquo στό Κύπρος ἀπὸ τὴν Προϊστορία στοὺς Νεότερους χρόνους Λευκωσία 1995 127-134 καὶ ἰδίως 130-133middot τοῦ ἰδίου Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος Λευ-κωσία 1990 5-1016 D Triantaphyllopoulos G Christodoulou ldquoEarly Christian and Εarly Byzantine LeucosiaLedraLedroiNicosia An Essay on Historical Topography and Hagio-to-pographyrdquo στό Byzantina Mediterranea Festschrift fuumlr Johannes Koder zum 65 Geburt-stag (ἐκδ Kl Belke Ew Kislinger An Kuumllzer M Stassinopoulou) Wien-Koumlln-Weimar 2007 671-692 καὶ ἰδίως 683 ὑποσ 5017 Χοτζάκογλου laquoΒυζαντινὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ καὶ τέχνη στὴν Κύπροraquo (ὑποσ 6) 749-75018 D Metcalf Byzantine Lead Seals fr om Cyprus Nicosia 2004 71 120-119 V Christides Th e Conquest of Crete by the Arabs (ca 824) A Turning Point in the struggle between Byzantium and Islam Ἀθῆναι 1984 169-170middot τοῦ ἰδίου Th e Image of Cy-prus in the Arabic Sources Lefk osia 2006 29-45


σης τῆς laquoσυγκυριαρχίαςraquo στὴν Κύπρο βάσει τῶν πηγῶν καὶ τῶν ἀρχαιολο-γικῶν εὑρημάτων τῆς ἐποχῆς καθὼς καὶ τὴν αὐθαιρεσία τοῦ νὰ laquoμεταφράζε-ταιraquo ὁ διαμοιρασμὸς τῶν φορολογικῶν ἐσόδων τῆς Κύπρου βάσει συνθήκης μεταξὺ Ἀράβων καὶ κεντρικῆς βυζαντινῆς διοίκησης σὲ διαμοιρασμὸ ἐξουσίας καὶ ἐδαφῶν ἐπὶ τῆς νήσου Δὲν ἀποκλείεται νὰ ὀφείλεται στὸ λόγο αὐτὸ ἡ προσπάθεια ἐκ μέρους τῶν συγγ ραφέων τῆς παράλλ ηλης χρήσης τοῦ ὅρου laquocondominiumraquo μαζὶ μὲ τὸν κάπως ἠπιότερο ὅρο laquoequilibriumraquo (σελ 358)

Ὀρθά κατὰ τὴ γνώμη μας οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς ὑποστηρίζουν πὼς οἱ ἐξορίες Εἰκονο-φίλων σὲ ἕναν τόπο δήλωναν τὴν ἀπόλυτη ἐφαρμογὴ τῆς αὐτοκρατορικῆς ἐξουσίας στὸν τόπο ἐκεῖνο (σελ 239) Παρόλα αὐτὰ καὶ ἐνῶ κάνουν λόγο γιὰ τὶς ἐξορίες Εἰκο-νοφίλων στὴν Κύπρο (σελ 242 ὑποσ 367) καὶ σημειώνουν πχ πὼς τὸ ταξίδι τοῦ ἁγίου Βιλλ ιβάλδου ndashστὸ ὁποῖο περιλαμβανόταν καὶ ἡ Κύπρος- σχεδιάσθηκε βάσει τῶν ἀσφαλῶν λιμένων ποὺ βρίσκονταν ὑπὸ πλήρη βυζαντινὸ ἔλεγχο καὶ μποροῦσε νὰ προσεγγ ίσει τὸ καράβι του (σελ 515) παρὰ ταῦτα δὲν περιλαμβάνουν τὴν Κύπρο στὴ βυζαντινὴ ἐπικράτεια (σελ 732 χάρτης 6 καὶ σελ 725 χάρτης 5)

Ἐν συνεχείᾳ ἐνῶ σημειώνουν πὼς ἡ ἐπίκληση ἐξορίας στὴν Κύπρο ἐνεῖχε τὴν ἀπειλὴ καὶ τὸν κίνδυνο τοῦ θανάτου ἕνεκα τῶν ἀραβικῶν ἐπιδρομῶν (σελ 242-243 καὶ ὑποσ 367) ἀπὸ τὴν ἄλλ η ἀποφαίνονται γιὰ μία εἰρηνικὴ συμβίω-ση καὶ διαμοιρασμὸ ἐξουσίας Ἀράβων καὶ Βυζαντινῶν στὴ Μεγαλόνησο (σελ 358 457) Ἐνῶ σφραγιστικὰ τεκμήρια τῆς Κύπρου κάνουν λόγο γιὰ ἀξιωμα-τούχους μὲ στρατιωτικὲς δικαιοδοσίες (πχ δρουγγ άριοι κανδιδάτοι κλεισου-ράρχες καθὼς ἐπίσης σπαθάριοι καὶ στρατηλάτες20) (σελ 762 ὑποσ 134) οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς ἐπιμένουν πὼς ἡ Κύπρος εἶχε βυζαντινὴ παρουσία μὴ στρατιωτι-κοῦ χαρακτῆρος (σελ 762) Ἐνῶ βάσει νομισματικῶν εὑρημάτων στὸ Κού-ριο οἱ συγγ ραφεῖς δηλώνουν πὼς ἰδίως μετὰ τὸ 630 τὰ βυζαντινὰ νομίσματα κωνσταντινουπολίτικης κοπῆς κυριαρχοῦν ὁλοκληρωτικὰ στὴν Κύπρο (σελ 485) ἔρχονται νὰ σημειώσουν σὲ ἄλλ ο σημεῖο τοῦ βιβλίου πὼς ἀπὸ τὸ 685 τὸ νησὶ βρισκόταν ὑπὸ συγκυριαρχία Ἀράβων καὶ Βυζαντινῶν (σελ 457) παρὰ τὸ γεγονὸς τῆς ἀνυπαρξίας ἀνάλογων ἀραβικῶν νομισματικῶν ἀλλ ὰ καὶ κερα-μικῶν μαρτυριῶν (σελ 496-9) καὶ παρὰ τὶς περὶ ἀντιθέτου κρίσεις εἰδικῶν21

20 D M Metcalf Byzantine Cyprus 491-1191 Nicosia 2009 10221 Metcalf ὅπ 478 ἑξ μὲ προγενέστερη βιβλιογραφία


Στὶς ἀναντίρρητες ἀδυναμίες τοῦ τόμου συγκαταλέγεται ἀσφαλῶς τὸ Εὑρετήριο Σὲ αὐτὸ εἴτε ἀπουσιάζουν παντελῶς τοπωνύμια (πχ Μονὴ Καθάρων Κωνσταντι-νουπόλεως (σελ 290) Μονὴ Θεοτόκου στὰ Σύμβολα (σελ 314) ὄρος Ὄλυμπος) ἤ ἀξιώματα (πχ ἄρχων πρβλ σελ 761-2) εἴτε τὰ ἴδια πρόσωπα εὑρετηριάζονται ὡς διαφορετικὰ (πχ Ἐπιφάνιος Κωνσταντίας καὶ Ἐπιφάνιος Κύπρου) εἴτε εὑρετηριά-ζονται ὅροι πλημμελῶς (πχ ἡ Κύπρος πέραν τῶν πέντε ἐγγ ραφῶν τοῦ Εὑρετηρίου ἀναφέρεται στὸ βιβλίο ἐπιπρόσθετα τουλάχιστον στὶς σελ 210 322 497 499 501 504 505 507 511 517 762 ὁ Βίος τοῦ Στεφάνου τοῦ Νέου ἐπιπλέον στὶς σελ 234 235 ὁ Ἐπιφάνιος Κωνσταντίας ἐπιπλέον στὶς σελ 45 46 47 52)

Συμπερασματικά δύσκολα θὰ μποροῦσε νὰ ἰσχυρισθεῖ κάποιος πὼς ὁ σκοπὸς τῶν συγγ ραφέων δὲν ἐπετεύχθη Πολλ ὲς ἀπὸ τὶς παραδεδομένες ἀπόψεις τοῦ παρελθόντος ἀναθεωροῦνται ἐνῶ γιὰ πολλ ὲς ἄλλ ες ἐρρίφθη ἤδη ὁ σπόρος τῆς ἀμφιβολίας ἀπαιτώντας περαιτέρω ἔρευνα πρὸς τὴν κατεύθυνση αὐτή Μὲ τὴν κοπιώδη ἔρευνά τους καὶ τοὺς καρποὺς τῶν ἀποτελεσμάτων τους θέτουν μὲ βεβαιότητα τὰ θεμέλια γιὰ τὴ μελέτη τῶν αἰτίων καὶ τῶν ἐκφάνσεων τῆς Εἰκο-νομαχίας σὲ νέα βάση Πολλ ὲς ἀπὸ τὶς ρηξικέλευθες προτάσεις τους θὰ συζητη-θοῦν θὰ ἀπασχολήσουν τὴν ἐπιστήμη μὲ ἐξαιρετικὸ ἐνδιαφέρον καὶ θὰ γονιμο-ποιήσουν τὴ μελλ οντικὴ ἔρευνα γιὰ τὴν Εἰκονομαχία στὸ Βυζάντιο

Χαράλαμπος Γ ΧοτζάκογλουἙταιρεία Κυπριακῶν Σπουδῶν


a history Cambridge University Press 2011173X246 cm 944 pp with BW photos and maps

ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull

Th e Iconoclast controversy one of the most important of Byzantine history still att racts the att ention of researchers Many questions remain unanswered and researchers still have diffi culty in off ering satisfactory explanations regarding many aspects of the birth of Iconoclasm as most of the relevant sources were writt en by Iconoclasmrsquos op-ponents and fi nal winners of the dispute Th is major work of the writers fruit of their research over the last 20 years is the successor to a previous volume

which examined in critical detail the surviving writt en sources of the period1In this volume aft er the Contents (p v-viii) follows a Note on names and

placenames (p ix) the List of illustrations (p xi-xiv) Photographic Credits (p xv-xvi) List of Maps (p xvii) and Abbreviations (p xviii-xxiv) Aft er the Introduction (p 1-8) follow the chapters Belief ideology and practice in a changing world (p 9-68) Leo III iconoclast or opportunist (p69-155) Constantine V and the institutionalization of Iconoclasm (p 156-247) with a detailed presentation of monuments and preserved artistic material of that period the Triumph of tradition Th e Iconophile intermission 775-813 (p 248-365) the Second Iconoclasm (p 366-452) the issues of

I would like to thank Prof T Sinclair who read my text and shared his opinion with me1 L Brubaker J F Haldon Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca 680-850) Th e Sources an annotated Survey Aldershot 2001

KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548

538 Charalampos G Chotzakoglou

Economy Society and State (p 453-530) the patt erns of sett lement urban and rural life (p 531-572) the Social elites and the court (p 573-624) the triptych Society-Politics and Power (p 625-664) the fi scal management and administration (p 665-722) the strategic administration and the origins of the Th emata (p 723-776) and fi nal the chapter with the conclusions and the summary of the new approach of the writers regarding Iconoclasm under the title Iconoclasm representation and rewriting the past (p 772-799) As last parts of the book follow the Sources (p 800-814) the secondary Literature (p 815-906) and the Index (p 907-918)

As the authors several times state their purpose was to rewrite the past (p 787) to challenge modify and interrogate several of the established as-sumptions made by older and recent historians (p 6-8) and in this context they claim the title of the ldquohereticrdquo in the sense that they introduce new ideas against established theories We could summarize one of the main basic ideas of the authors as follows the years around 680 were crucial for the development of Byzantine society Although portable icons existed already since the fi rst Christian centuries mainly restricted to the images-not-made-by-human-hand (ldquoacheiropoietesrdquo) and few more Iconoclasm was the response to the popularization and their mass production (p 774ff ) Th e gradual strengthening of the Arabs and the institutionalization of Islam resulted not only in the fi nal loss of the Byzantine territories in the Near and Middle East and in northern Africa but also in mass conver-sion to Islam and the transformation of many churches into mosques In this historical context the eschatological texts were widespread the sense of insecurity became evident and the Byzantines felt the need to treat the holy images as a means of access to the divine presence Th e holy images appeared to off er according to the authors the answer to the spiritual and psychological needs of the Byzantines Th ese needs provoked diff erent or-der of demand for holy icons where the believer would keep a holy portrait in his own house the icon was addressed as if it was the saint himself and prayers could be said directly to it the worshipper would receive strength through the contact and be relieved from the phobia occasioned by the wars without needing to travel every time to the holy tombs or places


which kept the rare images-not-made-by-human-hand Th is uncontrolled prevalence of the holy images the superstitions which were oft en related with them the anxiety of the Church that it would lose control over these holy images the transformation of the icon to an image of private devo-tion and ldquovenerationrdquo as well as the weakening of the pilgrimage centers (p 782ff ) combined with the great natural disasters of the period (volca-nic explosion of Th era and Th erasia of 726) and the Islamic accusation of Byzantine idolatry led to the Iconoclastic reaction Th e practice of hon-oring sacred images was an innovation and as such a deviation state the authors this led to the need of purifi cation as it was understood by the court and many churchmen and was expressed through the imperial poli-cy which probably removed some icons from churches and restricted the public display of certain type of images (p 153) Th ese anxieties were al-ready expressed in the Canons of the Quinisext Council (692) -especially Canons 62 82 100 - (p 772-799) Th e authors conclude also that under Leo III no substantive evidence exists regarding a systematic and destruc-tive iconoclastic activity ndashnot even for the removal although it is possible that some were removed (p 153)- of images (p 153) but rather some im-ages were whitewashed (p 207-210) Th e relevant anti-iconoclastic refer-ences in the texts lie to the later iconophile propaganda and are proven to be either inventions and legends or later interpolations and embroideries att ached by iconophilepost-iconoclast writers to stories of iconoclast ac-tivities (p 210-211) Th e only iconic presentation which undoubtedly was replaced by a cross is the church of the Koimesis of Holy Virgin in Nicaea the monument is placed in a context of a new iconographic program with the depiction of crosses in the apses which was initiated in Constantinople (St Sophia and St Eirene) and was gradually widespread to the provinces of the empire (St Sophia in Th essalonike) (p 296-297) Th e authors con-clude that the characteristic preserved mosaic representations of the early Christian period in the church of St Demetrios in Th essalonike as well as the replacement of the crosses in the apses of the churches (St Sophia in Th essalonike church of Koimesis in Nicaea) ca 200 years later and not immediately aft er the ldquoTriumph of the Orthodoxyrdquo (843) as it would be


expected specially in such big towns demonstrate that there was not such a fury against the images by the Iconoclasts as it was with exaggeration de-scribed in the later texts of the iconophile propaganda (p 203-210 237) Th rough the detailed description of the preparation of the VII Ecumenical Council in Nicaea (787) they demonstrate the power of the Iconoclasts not only in the court but also in the army the civil administration and the Church who at the end succeeded to call off the initial planned Council of 786 in Constantinople (p 269-272) Taken into consideration also other facts the authors conclude that Iconoclasm was not a matt er of opposi-tion between the centre and the periphery as it was previously believed2 or related to social and administrative reforms (p 792) As the writers un-derline Iconoclasm was never a mass popular movement but begun rather as ldquoa debate between churchmen and by the mid-eighth century became an instrument of imperial policy and a refl ection of Constantine Vrsquos be-liefs and interpretation of its own timesrdquo (p 400-401) It was widespread in the empire in the context of a usurper Leo V receiving the meaning of justifi cation of his power and a symbolic avowal of the public expression of their loyalty to the emperor applied only lukewarmly by Michael II and more strictly under Th eophilos and was disconnected by the exact mean-ing defi nition of the word ldquoIconoclasmrdquo (p 262) Gradually the victories of the Isaurian emperors at the batt le-fi elds and the defeats of the Bulgars were founded upon the iconoclastic dogma by the Byzantine soldiery and probably elements of the population of Constantinople Th e support of the iconoclastic military and ecclesiastical elite to the iconoclast emperor ensured also their social status off ered access to power and authority in their provinces and guaranteed their physical security and survival from the iconodule opposition (p 382-383 789 793-796)

Among the theories which are being put forward or re-presented in the book we pick out the ldquoiconophobiardquo in the art of Islam (prohibition of every living creaturersquos presentation) (p 106-115 232-234 245-246) which

2 D Pallas ldquoEine anikonische lineare Wanddekoration auf der Insel Ikariardquo JOumlB 23 (1974) 271-314 and spec 310 note 249


is observed just before and during the Byzantine Iconoclasm (prohibition only of the holy fi guresrsquo presentation) and the authors consider to be a coincidental phenomenon (p 106-107 114-115) Th e authors argue also that the replacement of the living creaturesrsquo presentations with geometric patt erns in the mosaic fl oors of the East (Syropalaistine Jordan etc) was carried out on the initiative of Christians and by Christian artists and is not connected to Byzantine Iconoclasm but to the enforced aniconic tradition of the Muslims (p 106-115) Furthermore they dispute the profi le created by the later iconophile sources of Leo III as a fanatic iconoclast (p 151-155) they share the view that the motivation of Th eodora to restore the icons was not rooted in her purism (p 447-9) they re-date the ldquoPeuseisrdquo possibly aft er 748 disconnecting them from the iconoclastic Council of Hiereia (754) and dispute the prohibitions of the ldquorelicrsquos venerationrdquo att ributed to the emperor Constantine V (p 211 227-228)

Th ey refer very oft en to the Vita of the holy Stephen the Younger which off ered as text the model for many other hagiological Vitas (eg monk Georgios Andreas en Krisei) (p 400 and note 137) and one of the most widespread texts of the Iconodules contributing to the formation of the opinion we have today for Iconoclasm commenting in every occasion that it has to be considered as a ldquonotoriously unreliable sourcerdquo (p 300) Th e authors disconnect also his persecution from Iconoclasm att ributing it to his participation along with the ecumenical patriarch Constantine II in conspiracy against the emperor (p 234-239) Finally they emphasize several times the compilative character of the Vita and its unreliability as historical source of that period (p 89-90 208 234-239 300-302)

Extremely interesting are the references to Cyprus Th e authors disagree with the Iconoclastsrsquo att ribution to Epiphanios of Cyprus of the texts which have been connected with his name -they att ribute these texts to the Docetist Epiphanides of Cyprus- (p 46 note 172) but they suppose that Epiphanios in the fourth century was defi nitely not in favor of icons (p 44-8) Th ey att ribute the text of the Miracles of holy Th erapon most possible to Andrew of Crete (p 21) and they characterize the references of Constantine of Constantia in the Acts of the VII Ecumenical Council regarding the divine punishment of the


Iconoclasts of Cyprus as ldquotoposrdquo andor later legendary additions to the Acts (p 210-211) Regarding the part of the Vita of the holy Stephen the Younger who dictated to his monks the districts of the Byzantine empire (Cherson southern Italy etc) which allegedly resisted the iconoclast Byzantine emperor and off ered a secure shelter to the Iconodules they prove that we are faced with legendary information (p 234-235) since other and more reliable sources demonstrate that these regions remained loyal to the imperial orders3

Regarding to the Cypriot iconoclast and ecumenical patriarch Paul they reject the arguments who want him as the person who proposed his successor Tarasios (p 264) Th eir reference that the only reason that the Council of Hiereia (754) was not characterized as ldquoecumenicalldquo was the absence of the papal representatives (p 275 114 and note 140) leads us to a diff erent suggestion the hypothesis that bishops of Cyprus were present and endorsed the iconoclastic policy of the Byzantine emperor

Although it is not possible to comment on all aspects presented in such a comprehensive work of 918 pages we will express our opinion only on certain of these As has been observed by other scholars -and admitt ed by the writers themselves- (p 7) inevitably the book draws more att ention to some aspects than others the economic history and the political pa-rameters of Iconoclasm are overemphasized4 while the theological dog-

3 To the arguments of the authors could be also added one more the towns of Tripolis in Lebanon Tyros in Syria and Ioppe (mod Jaff a) mentioned in the Vita of Stephen to be allegedly under byzantine rule were in fact lost from byzantine control at least 80 years before the birth of Stephen the Younger Ch ChotzakogloulaquoΕἰκονομαχία (726-787 καὶ 813-843) καὶ τέχνη στὴν Κύπρο καὶ τὸ θεωρητικό της ὑπόβαθρο μιὰ κριτικὴ ἐξέταση βάσει τῶν πηγῶν καὶ τῶν μνημείων τῆς Μεγαλονήσουraquo in Acts of the I International Congress of Cypriot Hagiology (ed Th Giangou) Paralimne-Hagia Napa (in print) Regarding Cher-son which also according to the Vita B of Th eodore Stoudites was under the control of the byzantine emperor see St Albrecht ldquoDie Krim der Byzantinerrdquo in Die Houmlhensiedlun-gen im Bergland der Krim (ed St Albrecht F Daim M Herdick) Mainz 2013 101-123 and spec 115-64 Regarding these aspects we fi nd the studies and the conclusions of P Tzorbatzoglou Εἰκονομαχία καὶ Κοινωνία στὰ χρόνια τοῦ Λεόντος Γacute τοῦ Ἰσαύρου Katerine 2002 and laquoἩ φύση καὶ προοπτικὴ τῆς Εἰκονομαχίαςraquo Th eologia 66 (1995) 681-737 extremely useful


matic and spiritual background is downplayed the writers underline the Bulgarian danger which they consider as crucial (p 366-367) regarding the emergence of Iconoclasm5 On the other hand the discussion of build-ings dated to the iconoclast era would be well-rounded and complete if the relevant painted monuments of that period on Peloponnese and the islands of the Aegean and Cyprus had been included6 Regarding the pre-sented monuments whose iconic presentations were covered by plaster or replaced by crosses no mention is made of the church of Holy David (Latomou-Monastery) in Th essalonike the mosaics of which according to Byzantine sources were covered with plaster during the iconoclast era and therefore preserved7

Th e reference of the authors that anxieties regarding the widespread of icons were already expressed by the churchmen in the Canons of the Quinisext Council (p 772-799) needs further and more solid research In connection with Canon C ldquoTh erefore we order that henceforth there shall in no way be made pictures whether they are in paintings or in what way so ever which att ract the eye and corrupt the mind and incite it to the enkindling of base pleasuresrdquo the authors conclude that according to this text icons in general

5 Ath Markopoulos Book Review BZ 105 (2012) 842 845 8476 On Greece see Ang Karakatsanis-Vasilakis laquoΕἰκονομαχικὲς ἐκκλησίες στὴ Νάξοraquo DChAE D3 (1962) 49-74middot Μ Acheimastou-Potamianou laquoΝέος ἀνεικο-νικὸς διάκοσμος ἐκκλησίας στὴ Νάξο Οἱ τοιχογραφίες τοῦ Ἁγ Ἰωάννη τοῦ Θεολόγου στrsquo Ἀδησαροῦraquo DChAE D12 (1984) 329-382 and spec 369 note 87 with the previ-ous bibliography On Cyprus see Ch Chotzakoglou laquoΒυζαντινὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ καὶ τέχνη στὴν Κύπροraquo in Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος (ed Th Papadopoullos) (σειρά Ἱστορία τῆς Κύπρου) Lefkosia 2005 vol III 465-787 and spec 575-584middot idem laquoἩ ἐντοίχια μνημειακὴ διακόσμηση στοὺς ναοὺς τῆς Καρπασίας (4ος -15ος αἰ)raquo στό Καρπασία Πρακτικὰ Αrsquo ἐπιστημονικοῦ Συνεδρίου (coord Pan Papageorgiou) Lemesos 2010 421-460 and spec 426-8∙ An Foulias laquoἈνεικονικὸς διάκοσμος καὶ μία πρώιμη βυ-ζαντινὴ ἐπιγραφὴ ἀπὸ τὸν ναὸ τῆς Ἁγ Ἀθανασίας στὸ Ριζοκάρπασοraquo Byzantina 30 (2010) 203-2297 On these mosaics see the recent study of Eut Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou and Chr Stavropoulou-Tsioume laquoΜονὴ Λατόμου (Ὅσ Δαβὶδ)raquo in Ψηφιδωτὰ τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης 4ος -14ος αἰ (ed Ch Bakirtzis) Athens 2012 183-195 and spec 184 where the rich pre-vious bibliography is gathered


were prohibited On our opinion the text appears to prohibit only icons with obscene scenes infl uenced possibly by Greco-Roman art on the con-trary the representation of Jesus himself is recommended in the phrase of the Canon LXXXII of the same Council ldquoChrist our God be henceforth ex-hibited in images instead of the ancient lambrdquo

Th e writers suppose (p 210) that the destruction of the iconic presenta-tions in the churches of Cyprus by the Iconoclasts according to the narra-tion of the bishop of Constantia Constantine which was preserved in the texts of the Council of 787 has to be understood in the frame of later com-pilations and exaggerated narrations Th e problem with this specifi c narra-tion is that it does not occur in a saintrsquos Vita which was later falsifi ed but in the formal Acts of the Council8 which report actual conversations taking place during the Synodrsquos (787) meeting and have the historical value of al-most contemporaneous reports if such extreme incidents of destruction of iconic presentations never happened this would sound strange to the other members of the Council who would react On the contrary the testimony of the Cypriot bishop is recorded as a description of a usual fact and not of something unique and unprecedented Furthermore while the later addi-tions compilations and interpolations in the Vita of Stephen the Younger were exploited by the Iconodules and were included in the iconophile pro-paganda and the Vitas of further saints this specifi c reference was never used by the iconophile propaganda Consecutive emerges the question if the Iconodules falsifi ed also this text why didnrsquot they use it in their favor Th erefore if we have to suppose the falsifi cation of the Acts of the Council of 787 solid philological arguments would be necessary to be provided in order to prove such a hypothesis

Although the authors on the one hand argue that the extensive use of icons by the mass of the believers led the upper clergy to serious consideration and eff orts as the insertion of the above named Canons of the Quinisext Council in order to restrict the phenomenon and control the situation (p 772-799) on

8 J D Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio Florentiae 1767 xiii 77C-E


the other hand they insist that Iconoclasm never faced a strong resistance in the population at large (p 790-791) Similarly while they argue that soldiery clergy and parts of the population supported Iconoclasm because it was linked with the victorious iconoclastic emperors against the enemies of the Byzantine state (p 382) a fact proven also by the success of the administrative offi cials army and the clerics who managed to cancel the initial works of the VIIth Ecumenical Council in 786 (p 269ff ) they conclude in another chapter of their study that Iconoclasm was never a massive movement but began rather as a confrontation within the clergy (p 400-401)

In such a study where the authors proclaim that they challenge and interrogate several of the established assumptions the reader is surprisingly faced with older theories of the ldquoAnglo-Saxon-schoolrdquo regarding the political situation of Cyprus adopted by the writers these theories were formulated in the 50s during the Cy-priotsrsquo anti-British struggle and led to the so-called theory of the ldquoEteocypriotsrdquo9 and ldquocondominiumrdquo10 uncritically transferring legal terms of the 20th century used by Great Britain for its colonies and applying them to the medieval society of Byzantium Several Byzantinists (R Browning11 W Kaegi12 N Oikonomakes13

9 M Given ldquoInventing the Eteocypriots Imperialist Archaeology and the Ma-nipulation of Ethnic Identityrdquo Journal of the Mediterranean Archaeology 111 ( June 1998) 3-2910 R Jenkins ldquoCyprus between Byzantium and Islamrdquo στό Studies presented to D M Robinson St Louis 1953 II 1006-1013 A Dikigoropoulos ldquoTh e political Status of Cy-prus AD 648-965rdquo Report of the Department of Antiquities in Cyprus 1940-1948 (Nico-sia 1958) 94-114 For their critic see also Sp Vryonis Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος Lefk osia 1990 7-10middot G Karampellia Ἡ ἀποστασία τῶν διανοουμένων Athens 2012 120-13111 R Browning ldquoByzantium and Islam in Cyprus in the Early Middle Agesrdquo ΕΚΕΕ ΙΧ (1977-1979) 101-116middot idem Ἡ Κύπρος καὶ οἱ Ἄραβεςraquo in Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος (ed Th Papadopoullos) (serie Ἱστορία τῆς Κύπρου) Lefk osia 2005 vol III 235-291 and spec 250-312 W Kaegi ldquoTh e Byzantine Armies and Iconoclasmrdquo Byzantinoslavica 27 (1965) 48-70middot idem ldquoTh e disputed Muslim negotiations with Cyprus in 649rdquo in 14th Annual Byz-antine Studies Conference (1988) Abstract of Papers Houston 1988 5-613 N Oikonomakis laquoἩ Κύπρος καὶ οἱ Ἄραβες (622-965)raquo Μελέται καὶ Ὑπομνήματα 1 (Lefk osia 1984) 278 note 129 p 316 note 233 p 335 note 292


Ev Chrysos14 Sp Vryonis15 Dem Triantaphyllopoulos16 Ch Chotzakoglou17) numismatists (D Metcalf18) and Arabologists (B Christides19) have underlined that the literary sources and the archaeological evidence do not support a ldquocon-dominiumrdquo in Cyprus Furthermore the sharing of Cyprusrsquo tax-revenues on the ground of a Treaty between Arabs and the central Byzantine administration does not prove a shared administration of the island Is this actually the reason which led the writers to use next to the term of ldquocondominiumrdquo also the weaker one of ldquoequilibriumrdquo (p 358)

Th e writers argue ndashand also agree- that the banishment of Iconodules to a remote place demonstrated that the place of banishment however remote was under normal Byzantine administrative control (p 239) If that is the banishment of Iconodules to Cyprus (p 242 and note 367) indicates also that Cyprus was under the Byzantine control Furthermore the authors argue that St Willibaldrsquos journey ndashwhich included Cyprus- was planned so as to call at a series of safe harbors under Byzantine control (p 515) Surprisingly they do not include Cyprus in the lands of the Byzantine empire (p 732 Map 6 and p 725 Map 5)

14 Ev Chrysos laquoΤὸ βυζαντινὸ πρόσωπο τῆς Κύπρουraquo in Κύπρος τὸ πολιτιστικό της πρόσωπο διὰ μέσου τῶν αἰώνων Acts of the Proceedings (Lefk osia April 19-21 2001) (coord Io Th eocharides) Lefk osia 2003 145-915 Sp Vryonis ldquoByzantine Cyprusrdquo in Κύπρος ἀπὸ τὴν Προϊστορία στοὺς Νεότερους χρόνους Lefk osia 1995 127-134 and spec 130-133middot idem Βυζαντινὴ Κύπρος Lefk osia 1990 5-1016 D Triantaphyllopoulos G Christodoulou ldquoEarly Christian and Εarly Byzantine LeucosiaLedraLedroiNicosia An Essay on Historical Topography and Hagio-to-pographyrdquo in Byzantina Mediterranea Festschrift fuumlr Johannes Koder zum 65 Geburtstag (ed Kl Belke Ew Kislinger An Kuumllzer M Stassinopoulou) Wien-Koumlln-Weimar 2007 671-692 and spec 683 note 5017 Chotzakoglou laquoΒυζαντινὴ ἀρχιτεκτονικὴ καὶ τέχνηraquo (note 6) 749-75018 D Metcalf Byzantine Lead Seals fr om Cyprus Nicosia 2004 71 120-119 V Christides Th e Conquest of Crete by the Arabs (ca 824) A Turning Point in the struggle between Byzantium and Islam Ἀθῆναι 1984 169-170middot idem Th e Image of Cyprus in the Arabic Sources Lefk osia 2006 29-45


Furthermore while on the one hand they note that the threat of being banished to Cyprus included the danger of death because of the Arabic raids (p 242-243 and note 367) on the other hand they describe a peaceful coexistence and sharing of power between Arabs and Byzantines in Cyprus (p 358 457) While lead seals of Cyprus refer to offi cers with military duties (eg drouggarioi candidatoi cleisourarchai as well as spatharioi and stratelates) 20 (p 762 note 134) the writers declare that Cyprus had a Byzantine presence of non-military character (p 762) While on the basis of evidence from Curium the writers declare that especially aft er 630 the numismatic fi nds consist almost exclusively of coins minted in Constantinople (p 485) they note in another part of their book that since 685 the island was under the ldquocondominiumrdquo between Arabs and Byzantines (p 457) despite the absence of similar Arabic coins as well as Arabic pott ery (p 496-9) and despite the agreement of previous specialists21 on the matt er

To the undoubted weaknesses of the volume we have to include the Index Either some geographical names are totally absent (eg Monastery of Katharon in Constantinople (p 290) Monastery of the Holy Virgin in Symbola (p 314) the mountain Olympos etc) as well as titles (eg archon (p 761-2) furthermore the same persons are found in the Index under diff erent entries without any connection registered (eg Epiphanios of Constantia and Epiphanios of Cyprus) in other cases terms and geographical names are only partially registered (eg ldquoCyprusrdquo is mentioned in the book beyond its fi ve entries additionally in the pages 210 322 497 501 504 505 507 511 517 762 the Vita of St Stephen can be also found in the pages 234 and 235 Epiphanios of Constantia is also mentioned in the pages 45 46 47 and 52)

Summarizing it could be difficult to argue that the aim of the writ-ers was not realized Several established theories have been challenged and persuasively revised while for several others the seed of doubt has been plant encouraging further work and research in this direction Due

20 D M Metcalf Byzantine Cyprus 491-1191 Nicosia 2009 10221 Metcalf oc 478ff with previous bibliography


to their laborious work the fruits of their investigation invite further re-search on the background of the Iconoclasm and the manner of its impo-sition Many of their more adventurous suggestions will engage the aca-demic community and encourage further study in order to enlighten the phenomenon of Iconoclasm perhaps the most prominent controversy in Byzantine history

Charalampos G ChotzakoglouSociety of Cypriot Studies

ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 14 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true DetectCurves 00000 ColorConversionStrategy CMYK DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedOpenType false ParseICCProfilesInComments true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveDICMYKValues true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveFlatness true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments true PreserveOverprintSettings true Start SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false CropColorImages true ColorImageMinResolution 300 ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false CropGrayImages true GrayImageMinResolution 300 GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI 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 NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR 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 ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 50 and later) gtgt Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (10) ] OtherNamespaces [ ltlt AsReaderSpreads false CropImagesToFrames true ErrorControl WarnAndContinue FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false IncludeGuidesGrids false IncludeNonPrinting false IncludeSlug false Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (40) ] OmitPlacedBitmaps false OmitPlacedEPS false OmitPlacedPDF false SimulateOverprint Legacy gtgt ltlt AddBleedMarks false AddColorBars false AddCropMarks false AddPageInfo false AddRegMarks false ConvertColors ConvertToCMYK DestinationProfileName () DestinationProfileSelector DocumentCMYK Downsample16BitImages true FlattenerPreset ltlt PresetSelector MediumResolution gtgt FormElements false GenerateStructure false IncludeBookmarks false IncludeHyperlinks false IncludeInteractive false IncludeLayers false IncludeProfiles false MultimediaHandling UseObjectSettings Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (20) ] PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector DocumentCMYK PreserveEditing true UntaggedCMYKHandling LeaveUntagged UntaggedRGBHandling UseDocumentProfile UseDocumentBleed false gtgt ]gtgt setdistillerparamsltlt HWResolution [2400 2400] PageSize [612000 792000]gtgt setpagedevice

ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΑΙ ΣΠΟΥΔΑΙΔEΛTION THΣ ETAIPEIAΣ KYΠPIAKΩN ΣΠOYΔΩN

bull

BPABEYΘEN YΠO THΣ AKAΔHMIAΣ AΘHNΩN

ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΑΝΗΓΥΡΙΚΟΣ ΕΠΙ ΤΗ ΕΒΔΟΜΗΚΟΝΤΑΕΤΗΡΙΔΙ ΤΗΣ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑΣ ΚΥΠΡΙΑΚΩΝ ΣΠΟΥΔΩΝ

TOMOΣ OEacute12011

Λ E Y K Ω Σ I A K Y Π P O Σ2013





ISSN 1450-0299

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bull





bull



bull

































bull








































ISBN 978-0521-430-93-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 525-536













































ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548












































ltlt ASCII85EncodePages false AllowTransparency false AutoPositionEPSFiles true AutoRotatePages None Binding Left CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20) CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CalCMYKProfile (US Web Coated 050SWOP051 v2) sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-21) CannotEmbedFontPolicy Error CompatibilityLevel 14 CompressObjects Tags CompressPages true ConvertImagesToIndexed true PassThroughJPEGImages true CreateJobTicket false DefaultRenderingIntent Default DetectBlends true DetectCurves 00000 ColorConversionStrategy CMYK DoThumbnails false EmbedAllFonts true EmbedOpenType false ParseICCProfilesInComments true EmbedJobOptions true DSCReportingLevel 0 EmitDSCWarnings false EndPage -1 ImageMemory 1048576 LockDistillerParams false MaxSubsetPct 100 Optimize true OPM 1 ParseDSCComments true ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true PreserveCopyPage true PreserveDICMYKValues true PreserveEPSInfo true PreserveFlatness true PreserveHalftoneInfo false PreserveOPIComments true PreserveOverprintSettings true StartPage 1 SubsetFonts true TransferFunctionInfo Apply UCRandBGInfo Preserve UsePrologue false ColorSettingsFile () AlwaysEmbed [ true ] NeverEmbed [ true ] AntiAliasColorImages false CropColorImages true ColorImageMinResolution 300 ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleColorImages true ColorImageDownsampleType Bicubic ColorImageResolution 300 ColorImageDepth -1 ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeColorImages true ColorImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterColorImages true ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG ColorACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt ColorImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000ColorImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasGrayImages false CropGrayImages true GrayImageMinResolution 300 GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleGrayImages true GrayImageDownsampleType Bicubic GrayImageResolution 300 GrayImageDepth -1 GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeGrayImages true GrayImageFilter DCTEncode AutoFilterGrayImages true GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy JPEG GrayACSImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt GrayImageDict ltlt QFactor 015 HSamples [1 1 1 1] VSamples [1 1 1 1] gtgt JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt JPEG2000GrayImageDict ltlt TileWidth 256 TileHeight 256 Quality 30 gtgt AntiAliasMonoImages false CropMonoImages true MonoImageMinResolution 1200 MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy OK DownsampleMonoImages true MonoImageDownsampleType Bicubic MonoImageResolution 1200 MonoImageDepth -1 MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 150000 EncodeMonoImages true MonoImageFilter CCITTFaxEncode MonoImageDict ltlt K -1 gtgt AllowPSXObjects false CheckCompliance [ None ] PDFX1aCheck false PDFX3Check false PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false PDFXNoTrimBoxError true PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 000000 000000 000000 000000 ] PDFXOutputIntentProfile () PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () PDFXOutputCondition () PDFXRegistryName () PDFXTrapped False CreateJDFFile false Description ltlt ARA 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 BGR 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 CHS ltFEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002gt CHT ltFEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002gt CZE 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 DAN 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 DEU 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 ESP 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 ETI 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 FRA 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 GRE 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 HEB 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 HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 50 i kasnijim verzijama) HUN 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 ITA 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 JPN ltFEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002gt KOR ltFEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002egt LTH 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 LVI ltFEFF0049007a006d0061006e0074006f006a00690065007400200161006f00730020006900650073007400610074012b006a0075006d00750073002c0020006c0061006900200076006500690064006f00740075002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006100730020006900720020012b00700061016100690020007000690065006d01130072006f00740069002000610075006700730074006100730020006b00760061006c0069007401010074006500730020007000690072006d007300690065007300700069006501610061006e006100730020006400720075006b00610069002e00200049007a0076006500690064006f006a006900650074002000500044004600200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400750073002c0020006b006f002000760061007200200061007400760113007200740020006100720020004100630072006f00620061007400200075006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002c0020006b0101002000610072012b00200074006f0020006a00610075006e0101006b0101006d002000760065007200730069006a0101006d002egt NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 50 en hoger) NOR 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 POL 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 PTB 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 RUM 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 RUS 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 SKY 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 SLV 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 SUO 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 SVE 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 TUR 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 UKR ltFEFF04120438043a043e0440043804410442043e043204430439044204350020044604560020043f043004400430043c043504420440043800200434043b044f0020044104420432043e04400435043d043d044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d044204560432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020044f043a04560020043d04300439043a04400430044904350020043f045604340445043e0434044f0442044c00200434043b044f0020043204380441043e043a043e044f043a04560441043d043e0433043e0020043f0435044004350434043404400443043a043e0432043e0433043e0020043404400443043a0443002e00200020042104420432043e04400435043d045600200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043800200050004400460020043c043e0436043d04300020043204560434043a0440043804420438002004430020004100630072006f006200610074002004420430002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002004300431043e0020043f04560437043d04560448043e04570020043204350440044104560457002egt ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing Created PDF documents 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ISSN 1450-0299

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ISBN 978-0521-430-93-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 525-536













































ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548














































bull

































bull








































ISBN 978-0521-430-93-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 525-536













































ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548
































































bull








































ISBN 978-0521-430-93-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 525-536













































ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548









































































ISBN 978-0521-430-93-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 525-536













































ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548

























































































ISBN 978-0-521-43093-7

bull





KΣ ΟΕ (2011) 537-548













































Βιβλιοκρισία του έργου/Book Review: L. Brubaker, J. Haldon, Byzantium in the...

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Transcript of Βιβλιοκρισία του έργου/Book Review: L. Brubaker, J. Haldon, Byzantium in the...