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Tie State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

SUMMER 1968

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the

laws of this State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1959, Chapter 183.

OFFICERS 1965-68

LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville, President L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia, Second Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Third Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Fourth Vice President JOHN A. WINKLER, Hannibal, Fifth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Sixth Vice President R. B. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER, Columbia, Secretary Emeritus and Consultant RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary, and Librarian

TRUSTEES

Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society E. L. DALE, Carthage E. E. SWAIN, Kirksville RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau ROY D. WILLIAMS, Boonville GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1968

LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence ROBERT NAGEL JONES, St. Louis


ROY COY, St. Joseph W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry L. E. MEADOR, Springfield HENRY C THOMPSON, Bonne Terre JOSEPH H. MOORE, Charleston ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico


WILLIAM AULL, III, Lexington GEORGE FULLER GREEN, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE H. SCRUTON, Sedalia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia JAMES TODD, Moberly ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

The twenty-nine Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, and President of the University of Missouri constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE

Four members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the fifth member, compose the Finance Committee.

T. BALLARD WAITERS, Marshfield, Chairman

WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City ELMER ELLIS, Columbia LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

MISSOURI

HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

R I C H A R D S. B R O W N L E E

EDITOR

D O R O T H Y CALDWELL

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

J A M E S W . GOODRICH

ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, corner Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $25 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine.

VOLUME LXII

NUMBER 4

JULY 1968

CONTENTS

ANNOUNCEMENT OF AWARDS iv

PROHIBITION COMES TO MISSOURI, 1910-1919. By G. K. Renner 363

TWAIN'S LAST MONTHS ON THE MISSISSIPPI. By / . Stanley Mattson 398

T H E BARTH FAMILY: A CASE STUDY OF PIONEER IMMIGRANT MERCHANTS.

By Harvey A. Kantor 410

T H E MISSOURI PAW PAW MILITIA 1863-1864. By Howard V. Canan 431

JOSEPH LABARGE STEAMBOAT CAPTAIN. By T. S. Bowdern, S.J 449

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Professor Frederick B. Shane Gives Painting to the Society 471

Views from the Past: Ladies' Fashions of the Gay '90s 472

News in Brief 474

Local Historical Societies 476

Honors and Tributes 491

Gifts 494

Missouri History in Newspapers 500

Missouri History in Magazines 504

In Memoriam 507

BOOK NOTES 509

EDITORIAL POLICY 534

HORSE AND BUGGY DAYS 535

ROSE O'NEILL Verso Back Cover

T H E COVER: This view of St. Louis in the mid-1800s was one of the excellent scenes of the Mississippi Valley produced by the American artist Henry Lewis in the 1850s. Enough interest in his work Das Illustrirte Mississippithal, which included this lithograph of St. Louis, occasioned a second printing in 1923 by H. Schmidt and C. Gunther at Leipzig and Otto Lange at Florence. This publication was the third in their series Reprints of Rare Americana. It is from a copy of the 1923 edition that the cover illustration has been reproduced.

[SSSSSKSSSSffifflSStMffiSfflllK

® m m m m ®

m

Society Announces

Annual Awards

Leo J. Rozier, president of the State Historical So

ciety of Missouri, has announced that for the first time

in its seventy-year history, the Society will confer two

awards at the Annual Meeting in September. A printed

| citation and a medallion will be awarded to a member

§ who has given distinguished service to the Society and ® — p} to the State of Missouri in the promotion and dissemi- j | § nation of knowledge concerning the history of our region. J§ ® A second printed citation and a one-hundred-dollar cash m m ® H award will be given for the REVIEW article during the | |

J| calendar year which has contributed most in depth in [§

ffl a scholarly and popular sense to the history of our State. pi m ® ® ®

1 The Distinguished Member will be selected an- |j

§j nually by a three-member committee appointed by the i

H Society president. One member of the selection com- ®

H mittee will serve for two years and two members for

H one year. No active officers or trustees of the Society,

jl with the exception of past presidents, may be nomi-

| nated for the Distinguished Member Award. Nomina-

m tions should be made in writing to Richard S. Brownlee, ®

® director of the Society, any time during the calendar | year. The prize-winning article will be selected by IE three historians appointed by the editor of the REVIEW.

The selection committee will be changed each year with the exception of one member who will be replaced after two years.

iv

® ® ® ®

® ®

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 30, 1919

Prohibition Comes to Missouri,

1910-1919 BY G. K. RENNER*

Prohibition was legalized in the United States on July 1, 1919. The Eighteenth Amendment became part of the Constitution on January 16, 1919, and under its provisions was slated to become effective January 16, 1920, but due to those machinations which seemed ever to characterize the movement, actual prohibition came through the enforcement of a war-time emergency act more than seven months after the war ended.1

Most of Missouri accepted its inception quietly, but in St. Louis there was considerable chagrin—and with understandable reason. St. Louis, as one of the nation's leading beer-producing cities, stood to lose far more financially than the rest of the state. As the

* A previous contributor to the REVIEW, G. K. Renner, a native of Southwest Missouri, is a member of the faculty at Missouri Southern College, Joplin. He received the M.A. in Education from the University of Missouri, Kansas City, and the M.A. in History from the University of Missouri, Columbia. He is presently a candidate for the Ph.D. degree in History at the University of Missouri.

i James H. Timberlake, Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900-1920 (Cambridge, Mass., 1963) , 178-180.

363

364 Missouri Historical Review

hour of enforcement neared, numerous farewell parties were held in St. Louis and elsewhere. But these were celebrations by the losers. The real winners, the Anti-Saloon League and other organized groups in this strange business, had celebrated their hour of triumph in January when the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified. Now they stood quietly by in nervous anticipation. Some of the celebrations were drunken "last flings," others were more in the nature of memorial toasts to a gracious manner of life that was passing, but one of the most prestigious affairs was at the Riverside Club in St. Louis.

To add a note of solemn symbolism to the merriment, club members interred an effigy in a real coffin and in a genuine grave as midnight neared. The effigy consisted of a demijohn, a red wig and a suit of clothes. The coffin had footrails to sustain the imbibing mourners. There were wreaths of flowers as well as a wreath of pretzels and a pair of skates on the coffin. A eulogy was pronounced over the casket and as it was lowered into the ground, a quartet sang, "How Dry I Am," and "Pickle My Bones in Alcohol." Several city officials were said to have been among the 300 or more who reviewed the ceremony.2

On the last two days, saloons were crowded, but the main rush was in package liquors. Wholesalers and semi-wholesalers reported the heaviest business they had ever known. Where a week before most sales had been by the bottle, as prohibition neared, buyers were purchasing by the case and even by the barrel. Whiskey became the big seller. The largest individual sale reported was $3,700. Hotels were filled even though there were no big conventions in town, and porters reported that they were carrying empty suitcases to the hotel rooms.3

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch which, along with most of the business community of St. Louis had fought prohibition bitterly, made this gloomy prediction:

Intolerance always has been insatiable and to imagine the dry zealots will prove a shining exception to the rule is to cherish an illusion. It requires no prophet to foresee the coming of an inquisition which shall trample over thresholds once held impassable and sleuth and snoop into sanctuaries which law, custom and decency had declared

2 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 29, 1919. 3 Ibid., June 30, 1919.

Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-1919 365

inviolable. The destruction of one right always involves the destruction of others.4

Most of the rural areas in Missouri could accept prohibition quietly because they already had it. Since 1887 a local liquor option law had allowed towns of 2,500 population and the people of counties outside of such corporate towns to decide the liquor issue by local referendum. As a result, by 1917, ninety-six of Missouri's 114 counties (aside from St. Louis which is legally a county in itself) were dry. Significantly, however, this law, which allowed towns of over 2,500 to vote separately from the rest of their respective counties, resulted in sixteen wet cities existing in dry counties. These included Missouri's largest towns and cities aside from St. Louis: Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, and Joplin. Four of these wet towns were in the one dry county of Jasper. Jasper County was an important mining center early in this century, and apparently the miners who lived in Joplin, Carthage, Webb City, and Carterville objected to being deprived of this means of relaxation.5

From 1910 to 1919 is a particularly appropriate period for studying prohibition sentiment in Missouri, not only because it culminated in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment, but also because four statewide referendums were held on the issue during these years. Votes were held in the regular elections of 1910, 1914, 1916, and 1918. Three of the referendums were directly on the question of adopting statewide prohibition, the fourth one, in 1914, was aimed at taking away from municipalities of over 2,500 people the right to decide the liquor option issue independently of their respective counties. It was, of course, aimed specifically at those sixteen wet towns existing in dry counties. Because it took on overtones of the rural-urban struggle for political power, it is not so useful for studying prohibition sentiment. It was decisively defeated as were the other three.6

Prohibition can be thought of as one of the major movements of the Progressive Era in American history. In this respect, three of these referendums in Missouri were not only manifestations of Progressivism, but results of it. Among the more popular reforms of this era were the devices of direct democracy by which Missouri adopted the initiative and referendum in 1908. One of the first

4 Ibid., June 25, 1919. 5 Eugene Morrow Violette, History of Missouri (New York, 1918), 463. 6 Ibid., 465; Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1919-1920 (Jefferson

City, Mo.), 424-429.


two issues put on the ballot by initiative petition was the prohibition referendum of 1910. Various prohibition forces did the same thing in 1916, but the 1918 referendum was referred to the voters by joint resolution of the General Assembly. The 1914 vote on local county option was also one of the original uses of the referendum in Missouri. In 1913 the General Assembly passed a law denying cities the right to decide the liquor question independently of their counties. Alarmed groups were successful in presenting a petition to the Secretary of State with sufficient signatures to compel the issue to be submitted to the voters; they were then able to defeat it.7

In any assessment of prohibition sentiment in Missouri, major consideration must be given to the economic interests and particularly to the brewing industry that centered in St. Louis. Nationally, Missouri ranked seventh among the states in the production of beer, but within the state it was a giant industry.8 Census figures show that in 1909, brewing ranked fifth among all the industries of the state in terms of the value of the products it turned out. This amounted to $27,447,000. More significantly it ranked second among the state's industries in terms of the value added by its manufacturing operations. This amounted to $19,879,000.

St. Louis, at this time, was by far the largest industrial center of Missouri. Employed there were 87,370 wage earners and 4,823 of these were employed directly by the brewing industry.9 These figures, however, fail to show the true scope of the brewing industry's influence on the St. Louis economy. There were many related industries either completely or partially dependent on brewing. Propaganda put out by the brewing interests in the 1910 and 1916 referendum campaigns reported that there were 45,000 workmen in St. Louis at least partially dependent on brewing. These sources stated that $80,000,000 was invested in brewing and related industries; in 1916 this figure was raised to $140,000,000. They also claimed that the alcoholic beverage industries of Missouri consumed twenty percent of the corn produced in the state.10

7 Robert F. Karsch, The Government of Missouri (Columbia, Mo., 1966) , 100-103.

8 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 103. 9 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth

Census of the United States, "Manufacturers, Reports by States, with Statistics for Principal Cities," IX, 1909 (Washington, D. C , 1912) , 637-643.

10 Why State-Wide Prohibition Would Mean Missouri-Wide Stagnation (Citizens Defense Committee, c.1910), 4-7; What Prohibition Would Mean for

St. Louis and Missouri (Citizens Defense Committee, 1916) , 4.


These figures may be somewhat inflated, but at least the economic interests involved were quite large. Census figures also show that 5,373 of the 6,348 wage earners and salaried workers employed in brewing in Missouri were employed by the ten St. Louis breweries. Most of the remaining 975 workers were employed by the three breweries in Kansas City and the three in St. Joseph.11 The census further shows that only thirty-four were employed in the liquor distillery industry in Missouri, and that it turned out a product valued at $613,000 yearly.12 So this branch of the alcoholic beverage industry was insignificant economically compared with brewing and would have had practically no effect on the prohibition movement by itself.

This enormous brewing industry in St. Louis, and its related economic interests, must have seemed like the most monstrous of all evils to the temperance forces, and, indeed, they were never able to break it in a direct confrontation at the polls, but in propagandizing its own cause the industry proved particularly inept when compared with the smooth efficiency of the prohibitionists.

The liquor interests had long been tied together in national organizations, but in the last decade of the prohibition movement there were three main organizations: the United States Brewers' Association, the National Wholesale Liquor Dealers Association, and the National Retail Liquor Dealers Association. Of these three, the Brewers' Association was the richest and most powerful, a fact that was particularly true in Missouri. There were also various sub-organizations of businessmen who acted as a front for the brewers because they had an economic stake in their activities. In addition the brewers had trade union liberty leagues, and the National German-American Alliance which proved a real liability when anti-German sentiment developed during World War I. The brewers also joined forces with the two liquor organizations to create personal liberty leagues in many states.13 However, this was an uneasy alliance because the brewers and California wine interests stood ready to sacrifice the hard liquor industry if they could have obtained a compromise on prohibition outlawing only the distilled spirits and leaving beer and wine legal. But the wine industry had little in common with the brewers because of the institution of the saloon. Wine was almost wholly

iiCensus, "Manufacturers," 1909, 656-665. No separate breakdown was given for Kansas City and St. Louis.

12 Ibid., 637. 13 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 106-108.


home-consumed14 while the saloons were the mainstay of the beer industry which owned about seventy percent of them.15 To many prohibitionists the saloon was the greatest villain of them all; a corrupting influence on the lives of workingmen and a source of political corruption because many of the big-city political machines had used saloons as local organizational units. Many of the Progressive-oriented middle class believed this was a sufficient cause for action whether they regarded drinking as a moral wrong or not.

The Brewers' Association was quite active in Missouri. As early as 1881, the St. Louis Brewers' Association circulated a pamphlet against prohibition.16 During the campaigns for the three referendums of 1910, 1916, and 1918, they were a powerful force often operating behind the scene. In September 1910, the Anti-Prohibition League of Missouri met in Kansas City. The Kansas City Star reported that many of the forty-five delegates were saloon owners and brewery representatives, and that they had locals in practically every town in the state.17 The Citizens Defense Committee was circulating pamphlets in the 1910 and 1916 campaigns.18

In the 1916 campaign, The Word and Way and Central Baptist acknowledged the receipt of campaign literature from the Breweries and Brewing Agents of Kansas City asking for their cooperation and moral influence in regulating the liquor traffic.19 Just prior to the 1910 election, The Kansas City Star commented that various wet committees were buying up space in country newspapers to such an extent that it gave some of them the appearance of a wet sentiment. They also contended that the editors, fearful of local drys, were often charging three to five times their regular rates.20 Nationally this practice of buying newspaper influence, while not illegal, eventually brought the liquor interests bad publicity tied in with charges of pro-German propaganda during World War I.21

Closely related to the liquor interests in their attitude toward prohibition, if not in their overall outlook, were the labor

14 Gilman M. Ostrander, The Prohibition Movement in California, 1848-1933 (Berkeley, Calif., 1957), 99.

i s Andrew Sinclair, Prohibition; The Era of Excess (Boston, 1962), 76. 16 Prohibition in Missouri (St. Louis Brewers' Association, 1881). 17 Kansas City Star, September 17, 1910. 18 Why State-Wide Prohibition, 1-8; What Prohibition Would Mean, 1-8. 19 "The Enemy Getting Busy," Word and Way and Central Baptist, LIII

(October 19, 1916), 2. 20 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910. 21 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 108.


unions. The Brewery Workmen was perhaps the first large union to organize a single industry one hundred percent. They were always closely related to the brewers as is evidenced by the trade union liberty leagues which had joint management-union support. By 1910, the Brewery Workmen occupied a unique position in the American Federation of Labor; it was an industrial union in an organization largely set up on craft lines.22

Up to 1909 the American Federation of Labor, except for the Brewery Workmen and the Wood Workers, worked for temperance; but as the fury of the prohibition campaign mounted after 1910, they withdrew more and more from the field and never endorsed prohibition. Most members saw it as a scheme that would deprive many of their fellow unionists of jobs and, perhaps more importantly, they saw it as a hypocritical attempt by management to control their personal habits in order to extract more work from them.23

As early as 1916, Joseph Proebstle, Secretary of the Brewers and Makers Local No. 6 in St. Louis, warned members that prohibition was the greatest danger to the brewery workers. Speaking in German at their thirtieth anniversary convention, he called prohibition a movement "guided by fanaticism" and criticized the brewery proprietors for not doing all that they could to combat the movement.24

In 1915 the Missouri State Federation of Labor Convention, held in Moberly, organized the Trades Union Liberty League for the purpose of combating local option and the state and national prohibition movements. Apparently wanting to sever all connections with the liquor interests, Proebstle, speaking for the United Brewery Workers at this convention, said:

This must be a clean, working-class movement, for the protection of our working class interests, and not one penny shall be accepted from the employers and liquor interests to carry on the work of the Missouri Trade Union Liberty League.25

Faced with the referendums of those years, the Missouri State Federation of Labor Conferences of 1916 and 1918 passed

22 Stanley Baron, Brewed in America; A History of Beer and Ale in the United States (Boston, 1962), 284.

23 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 89-92. 24 St. Louis Labor, April 1, 1916. 25 ibid., October 2, 1915.


Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910

An artist's sketch of some of the banner carriers in the Kansas City Prohibition Parade.

resolutions against prohibition and all members were requested to work and vote against the amendments. In the 1916 conference, support was also solicited from the 20,000 agricultural workers whom they estimated were dependent on the brewing industry.2^ That same year, with similar purposes in mind, the Workingman's Liberty League of St. Louis was organized.27

With the beginning of prohibition just weeks away, the Central Trades and Labor Union of St. Louis held a mass meeting at the Coliseum on Sunday, March 30, 1919, to arouse public sentiment. Between eight and ten thousand were present, and charges were made that it was folly to think that a man could be made temperate by law. The union resolved to send copies of protest to the

26 Ibid.; and ibid., September 21, 1918. 27 Mary Jane Quinn, "Local Union No. 6, Brewing, Malting and General

Labor Departments, St. Louis, Missouri" (M.A. Thesis, University of Missouri, Columbia, 1947) , taken from St. Louis Labor, August 12, 1916.


President, Congress, the Governor, and the Missouri General Assembly.28

All these activities show that the American Federation of Labor craft unions were very vocal in their opposition to prohibition. However only about ten percent of the wage earners were organized at this time, but studies indicate that the remaining percentage were of a kindred spirit and were far from being enthusiastic about prohibition. Prohibition found its staunchest supporters among the urban middle classes and the farmers.29

The economic considerations manifest in the opposition of business and labor groups to prohibition were important, and likely most decisive with all those who opposed it, but prohibition, like any other broad social movement, was complex and there were many forces at work. One that cannot be neglected in any overall view is the racial factor. It is generally conceded that prohibition found its main current of strength among the "old stock" Americans and particularly those of an evangelical Protestant, Anglo-Saxon background.30 Looked at from this standpoint, Missouri was primarily an "old stock" state, but with highly significant exceptions. The 1910 census shows that twenty-three percent of Missouri's population were first or second generation immigrants—that is, either born in a foreign country or with one or both parents born there. Of this foreign element, fifty-three percent were Germans or Austrians; groups that tended to identify either with the brewing industry or to accept the temperate drinking of mild intoxicants as part of their customary way of life. Another sixteen percent of this foreign element was made up of Irish and Italians. They too brought with them firmly established customs of moderate drinking.31 This is very evident in the eighteen wet counties that had not adopted local prohibition by 1917. Census figures reveal that a majority of these counties had heavy concentrations of first and second generation Austrians and Germans, averaging about thirty percent of the total population and ranging up to nearly fifty percent in some counties near St. Louis.32

A similar pattern existed in Missouri's largest city, St. Louis,

28 St. Louis Labor, April 5, 1919. 29 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 98-99. 30 Sinclair, Prohibition, 64-65; Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive

Movement, 2. 31 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth

Census of the United States, "Abstract of the Census with Supplement for Missouri," 1909 (Washington, D. C , 1913), 599.

32 ibid., 604-625.


and to a lesser extent in Kansas City. St. Louis' enormous population, for that era, of 687,029 included 54.2 percent first and second generation foreigners; of this foreign element, forty-two percent were from Germany or Austria and fourteen percent were of Irish or Italian extraction. Kansas City was more nearly representative of the statewide average: 28.6 percent of its population included first or second generation foreigners and only twenty-one percent of this foreign element were of German or Austrian ancestory while eighteen percent were Irish and Italian.33 But Kansas City was never such a stronghold of anti-prohibition sentiment as St. Louis.

These figures reveal a predominately native population for the State except for the St. Louis area where there was an especially heavy concentration of German peoples in the city opposed to prohibition and in a string of wet counties that ranged up the Missouri River from St. Louis and southward down the Mississippi. Nor was this fact lost on the prohibitionists of that time. When William Jennings Bryan delivered a prohibition address before the Missouri General Assembly in 1917, the preponderantly dry legislature resolved to have 7,500 copies of the speech printed for circulation; 2,500 of these being in the German language.34 Of course, the census figures are rather arbitrary and there may have been many so called "natives" in these areas who still identified strongly with the customs and ideals of the immigrant group.

Closely related to the racial factor was the matter of religion. Prohibition was an old movement that had been traditionally allied with the churches and its real roots lay in the evangelical Protestant movement of the nineteenth century. While supported by the majority of Protestant churches, prohibition had its greatest strength among the Baptists and the Methodists.35 The Protestant Episcopal and most Lutheran groups along with the Roman Catholic Church generally opposed prohibition. These churches, though they had their evangelical wings, tended to place more emphasis on liturgy, confession, creed, and sacraments, rather than traumatic conversion as a means of salvation. "They tended to frown upon revivalism and were far more lenient and forgiving in matters of private morality, such as drinking."36

33 Ibid., 592-595. 34 William Jennings Bryan, Address of the Honorable William Jennings

Bryan to the Forty-Ninth General Assembly of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo., 1917), 3.

35 Sinclair, Prohibition, 23-24. 36 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 5.


The evangelical Protestants, aspiring as they did to the middle-class ideals of material well-being and individual self-reliance, tended to see intemperance, not only as a moral wrong, but also of importance to the church in everyday life. Intemperance might destroy the well-being of the individual and prevent him from achieving success; it could lower his efficiency and might also make him a social burden. Then too the evangelical Protestants saw intemperance as a threat to political liberty. "Democracy demanded an enlightened and virtuous electorate."37 To them this required a Christian electorate of their own standards of ethics. Thus they felt they had a stake in being their "brothers' keepers" and imposing social sanctions to regulate individual standards of morality. Imbued with the reform zeal of the Progressive era, some middle-class evangelical Protestants felt that the only satisfactory solution to the social problems of that day lay in a new wave of Christian revivalism, and to them temperance reform was a necessary perquisite of this revivalism.38

Various religious and affiliated organizations in Missouri reflected these attitudes in their writings from 1910 to 1919. A clear example of the evangelical Protestant viewpoint is provided by the Baptist organ, The Word and Way and Central Baptist. It was strongly prohibitionist during the referendum campaigns of this period and was especially vocal during the 1916 campaign. On October 19, 1916, they editorialized: "It is our deliberate judgement that the only sane and safe way to regulate the liquor traffic is to regulate it out of existence." An October 26, 1916, editorial entitled, "Moral Questions," implied that any man who looked at the liquor question from the standpoint of economic bad effects was neglecting his moral responsibilities. As the election neared, they appealed, on the front cover of the November 2, 1916, issue, to the electorate to "vote as you pray," and on the editorial page they congratulated the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and The Anti-Saloon League for "their persistent and continuous efforts to drive the liquor traffic from our state." For several weeks before the election, The Word and Way ran a special column for letters from the readers entitled: "Shall We Make Missouri Dry?" No letters unfavorable to prohibition ever appeared in this column nor did they ever publish anti-prohibition advertisements. After the election was over they lamented, in a November 16, 1916, editorial, that not all

37 Ibid., 40. 38 Ibid., 17.


Baptists had voted dry. In another editorial, "Gaining Ground," they considered the special problem of St. Louis. "St. Louis," the editorial charged, "constitutes Missouri's menace." The article then declared that the big brewery interests had such a hold on the city that the only solution was to garner enough out-state votes in Missouri to overcome the city vote. In a statement doubtless intended as a hyperbole they concluded by calling St. Louis, ". . . that beer-soaked and brewery ridden city."39

However, Catholics took a more equivocal stand during this period of time. Their position was best summarized by the Reverend Father J. J. Curran speaking before the 1915 convention of the Anti-Saloon League. He remarked that the vast majority of Catholics held aloof from the Anti-Saloon League and only a small proportion would support prohibition. These two groups, he termed the conservatives and the radicals. He also asserted that the Anti-Saloon League was no more a Protestant organization than the labor unions or the Republican and Democratic parties.40 Father Curran, obviously of the radical camp, was also a member of the Catholic Prohibition League of America.

In the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918, The Catholic Register of Kansas City consistently reflected the conservative viewpoint. Though not active editorially before the referendum of 1910, its editor, The Right Reverend Bishop Thomas F. Lillis, commented afterward that even though he had abstained totally for a quarter of a century and he had taught total abstinance by advice and example, he could not bring himself to support prohibition. It was not, he said, a real cure for the evil.41

During the 1916 referendum, the Register continued its opposition. Making a stand on the practicality of the issue, it editorialized:

Eliminating the moral questions involved, the one unanswerable question against Prohibition in large cities is that it does not prohibit. It has been tried and found wanting. . . . The futile attempt to promote temperance by statute is an old story. It never has accomplished its purpose and it never will.42

39 Word and Way and Central Baptist, LIII (October 12, 1916), 2; (October 26, 1916), 2; (November 2, 1916) , 1, 8; (November 16, 1916), 2.

40 Reverend Father J. J. Curran, "Temperance Progress Among Catholics," in Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Convention of the Anti-Saloon League of America, Atlantic City, New Jersey, July 6-9, 1915 (Westerville, Ohio) , 130-133.

41 Kansas City Catholic Register, November 11, 1910. 42 ibid., October 26, 1916.


After the 1916 election, the Register published the strongest and most lucid statement of its position on the issue. In an article entitled, "Catholics and the Prohibition Movement," by "Omen," the author stated that he was worried because prohibition seemed to be gaining ground among Catholics. He then charged that prohibition is a Protestant movement. It is, he continued, born of the excessive rationality which has robbed Protestantism of its emotional content. It has never been able to reconcile the rights of both reason and the heart therefore it alternately gives license to one or the other. He then accused the Methodist Church of playing politics. He summed up his argument with this statement:

. . . we Catholics cannot afford to lend a hand in transplanting private morality from the rich soil of moral suasion to the arid wastes of the police club. And instead of assisting in unwarranted interference of religion in state matters, it would prove to our advantage to catch the boomerang which Protestants are making for themselves. . . .43

Like the Word and Way, the Register was relatively quiet about the 1918 referendum possibly because of the influenza epidemic that coincided with the election. However it did oppose the amendment. During the period of these three referendums, the Register published only advertisements opposed to the amendments.

Another important religious group opposed to prohibition was the Jews. This opposition appears to have been fairly consistent. In 1914, the Central Conference of American Rabbis denounced prohibition as a movement "born of fanaticism."44 The St. Louis journal, The Jewish Voice, demonstrated a consistently anti-prohibitionist tone during the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918. Quiet editorially on all political matters, the Voice commented only once during all these campaigns. On November 4, 1910, there appeared a short "Editorial Note" stating simply: "Every Jew is opposed to 'State-wide Prohibition.'"45 Several advertisements appeared on these referendums, but all were in opposition. Apparently the editorial policy was opposed to accepting material favorable to the cause.

Another possible insight into what bearing the religious de-

±3 Ibid., November 16, 1916. 44 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 32. 45 St. Louis Jewish Voice, November 4, 1910. See also the issues for Oc

tober 26 and November 3, 1916, October 25 and November 1, 1918.


nominations would have on the prohibition issue in Missouri are the census figures. The 1916 religious census shows that of those religious groups most likely to support prohibition, the percentage of total church membership held by each was:

Roman Catholic 32.5 % Jewish 6.2 Lu the ran 3.3 Episcopal ian 1.0

All the other religious groups, totaling fifty-seven percent of the total church membership, were largely Protestant and could be expected to give considerable support to prohibition.46 However the religious composition was noticeably less favorable to prohibition in the wet counties and the big cities. The eighteen wet counties showed heavy concentrations of Catholics and Lutherans; in a majority of these counties forty to fifty percent and around St. Louis even higher.47 In St. Louis and Kansas City, the concentrations were also heavy as is shown in the following table:

Kansas City St. Louis Roman Catholic 31 .1% 71.8% Episcopalians 2.2 1.7 Lu the ran (less t h a n 1 %) 4.1 Jewish 3.6 1.0

Total 36.9% 78.6% 4 8

These figures indicate that Missouri's two large cities, and especially St. Louis, would be more anti-prohibitionist than the countryside, as indeed they were. Church memberships in Missouri's second-rank cities, St. Joseph, Springfield, and Joplin, were more closely in line with the statewide average.49

However, these census figures can be quite misleading as a barometer of prohibition sentiment. Figures for the Roman Catholic Church include all those born and baptized into the church even though as adults they had not maintained active membership while a number of Protestant churches follow a tighter system in maintaining church membership rolls. This is best evidenced where St. Louis, with a heavy Roman Catholic population, showed a church membership of almost sixty percent of the total population while Kansas City, with a much smaller Roman Catholic membership was near the statewide average of forty percent.50

With sixty percent of the population not belonging to any church,

46 Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Re l ig ious Bodies, 1916; S u m m a r y a n d Genera l T a b l e s " (Wash ing ton , D . C , 1919) , 109.

47 ibid., 500. 48 ibid., 123-127. 49 ibid., 280. 50 ibid., 123-127.


religious affiliation can at best be only an approximate guide to prohibition sentiment. Very likely, many of the non-church members nominally thought of themselves as Protestants, but not all Protestants favored prohibition and it is even more likely that the non-member would be less militant than an active church regular.

When the prohibitionist activities of the Protestant churches passed beyond the point of moral suasion, independent but affiliated organizations became necessary because the church as a spiritual body could not enter into politics and propaganda campaigns. From 1910 to 1919, the most active of these groups were the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.

The Anti-Saloon League was founded in 1893 and organized on a national basis in 1895.51 As the name implied, its original aim was suppression of the saloon, but after Congress passed the Webb-Kenyon Act in 1913 enabling a dry state to block individuals from bringing in liquors from out of the state even for private use, the League shifted to what seemed to them an even more desirable goal: absolute prohibition. First they supported this on a statewide basis but from 1917 on, they worked for a national prohibition amendment.52 The League became the archetype of the modern political pressure group. It utilized a staff of paid professionals who gave full time to political agitation and mass propaganda and it concentrated on the liquor question to the exclusion of all others. Though many of the League leaders were Republicans, the "dryness" of the candidate was the principal criterion, and the members would support candidates from either party.53 The League's chief strength lay in its ability to work through the local churches. It was charged with being a Protestant organization and indeed its major strength lay in the Methodist and Baptist churches54 with many of its leaders being Methodists, but the League claimed to be non-denominational and a Catholic priest regularly served as one of its vice presidents.55 Many references can be found to the work of the League in Missouri during the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918. In 1912 it was busy setting up a statewide organization on a county and

51 Baron, Brewed in America, 289. 52 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 147. 53 Sinclair, Prohibition, 85-88. 54 Baron, Brewed in America, 290. 55 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 31.


McClure's Magazine, May, 1919


township basis, using local ministers as its representatives.56 From that time on, if not before, the League was perhaps the principal directing force in the prohibition campaigns.

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.), founded in 1873, was an older organization than the Anti-Saloon League. Its founding marked the organized entrance of women into the temperance movement and it was also active in other women's causes, such as the suffrage movement. Like the League it supported those candidates who were dry regardless of party affiliation and in many ways was the women's counterpart of the League.57 In the early years, the W. C. T. U. was very active in working up petitions to force a vote on local option in the towns and counties.58 Doubtless they were a prime factor in getting many of these rural towns and counties declared dry.

In the referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918, the W. C. T. U. was very active in organizing parades and working with local church groups. At their 1916 state convention held at Moberly, this organization could boast that it had succeeded in nominating a dry majority for both houses of the General Assembly in the primary of that year. For all their sentimentality about the effects of liquor on the individual and the home, W. C. T. U. members were sharp political realists. For example, they opposed circulating the initiative petition that put the statewide prohibition question on the ballot in 1916 because they felt it would be defeated, but once it was on the ballot, they vigorously campaigned for their cause.59

To further their objective of promoting prohibition on all fronts, the 1916 W. C. T. U. convention resolved to send a request to Mrs. Woodrow Wilson—

. . . begging her to abolish alcoholic liquors from her table, reminding her that, as her noble husband, our President, has used his influence to protect our land from enemies without, so she will use hers to help protect us from our worst enemy within, alcoholic liquors.60

In 1910 the W. C. T. U. cooperated with other temperance

56 Columbia University Missourian, April 19, 1912. 57 Ernest H. Cherrington, The Evolution of Prohibition in the United

States of America (Westerville, Ohio, 1920), 170-172. 58 Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Convention of the Woman's

Christian Temperance Union of Missouri (1910) , 35. ^Proceedings, Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U. (Mexico,

Mo., 1916) , 46-47. 60 ibid., 37.


groups in forming the Amendment Association, a statewide organization to promote the referendum amendment campaign, but during the 1918 campaign they were much better organized. The statewide Citizen's Dry Alliance was set up that year on a county basis under the overall direction of the Anti-Saloon League with the W. C. T. U. directing the Women's Branch.61

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the League's and the W. C. T. U.'s activities in the prohibition movement in Missouri. With all their local chapters and their connections with the churches, they were effective on both the organizational and the personal level. Perhaps it was on the latter level that they were most successful. Through the haze of the intervening years we can only get a glimpse of the thousands of talks given before small church congregations; of the temperance messages instilled into Sunday school lessons week after week and year after year; and the excitement of women, sensing for the first time their ability to turn a moral cause into political power, as they influenced their husbands and fathers and brothers to vote for the cause.

The referendum campaigns of 1910, 1916, and 1918 for a statewide prohibition amendment were hotly contested between the wet and dry forces. Since most of the countryside was already dry, and could be presumed safe for the cause, these campaigns focused on the cities where increasingly the population was being concentrated. Missouri's five largest cities at this time and their populations were:

St. Louis 687,029 Kansas City 248,381 St. Joseph 77,403 Springfield 35,201 Jopl in 32,07362

Though the campaign was by no means limited to these cities, it is possible to get an overall view of the forces at work through an examination of the contests in these municipalities. Some mention has already been made of St. Louis and the special position it occupied in the prohibition struggle because of its size and its brewing interests. Approximately fifty-seven percent of all wage earners in the State of Missouri were employed in St. Louis and over eighty percent of the brewing was carried on there.63 The

61 Proceedings, Twenty-Eighth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 38; Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U. (Mexico, Mo. , 1918) , 52.

62 Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of the Census; Thirteenth Census of the United States, "Abstract of the Census, 1910" (Washington, D . C , 1913) , 568.

63 Census, "Manufacturers," 1909, 643.


p o w e r f u l Workmen's Liberty League systematically listed all candidates supported by the Anti-Saloon League and urged workers to vote against them.64 The Citizens Defense Committee was backed by banking, mercantile and manufacturing interests of the city other than the direct brewing interests. It put out anti-prohibition literature, backed newspaper advertising and other related propaganda media.65

In addition there was the press, like the influential Post-Dispatch which followed a consistently wet editorial policy.

In the 1910 campaign, as well as the other two, support for the prohibition a m e n d m e n t centered around the churches, with the Anti-Saloon League and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union furnishing speakers at various temperance rallys held in the churches. There was also some advertising,

but the highlight of the campaign ordinarily was a parade held on the Saturday before election day and sponsored by the local W. C. T. U.

The most dramatic parade of the 1910 campaign was in Kansas City. It consisted mainly of some 3,000 to 10,000 women and children forming a line several miles long. Beer wagons forced their way into the line of marchers to break up the parade while the police made little effort to intervene. The marchers sang, "Glory, Glory Hallelujah, Missouri's Going Dry," while hecklers in the half-hostile crowd of onlookers sang, "How Dry I Am."66 Acting as grand marshall was R. A. Long, a local millionaire lumberman, who rode at the head of the parade on a white horse and wore

Kansas City Times, March 10, 1934

R. A. Long

64 st. Louis Labor, August 12, 1916. 65 What Prohibition Would Mean, 1-3. 66 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910.


a flowing white silken sash given to him by the W. C. T. U. of Kansas City.67

Most of the opposition to the 1910 amendment appeared in editorials and especially advertisements, mainly concentrating on economic arguments. The charge that a forty-five percent increase in property taxes would occur if the tax revenues from liquors should be abolished was probably the most prominent. Other arguments suggested that prohibition would wipe out jobs, destroy valuable property, and interfere with the rights of individuals. The arguments were best summed up by an editorial in the Springfield Daily Leader which said:

If liquor is to continue to be sold—and everybody knows that it will be—is it good business sense to wipe out $140,000,000 worth of property at one blow and deprive the state treasury of one of its greatest sources of revenue, merely to satisfy the fancy of a lot of well-meaning but impractical idealists? Think it over.

Charging that the average prohibition orator confined himself entirely to the sentimental phase of his theme, the Leader then continued:

Don't you think, brother, that Missouri better let well enough alone? Don't you think we are getting along pretty well under the present local option system?68

Though the Leader covered the news of local temperance meetings and published advertisements for and against the amendment, its editorials and a series of feature articles gave a completely wet bias to the paper, thus lending some credence to the Kansas City Stars charge that anti-prohibition groups were buying influence in country newspapers.69

Another leading southern Missouri newspaper, the Joplin Daily Globe remained editorially neutral during this campaign. Though the Globe covered the news of local temperance meetings, it did no more than mention the nature of the amendment editorially. There was a small half-page advertisement by the Missouri Anti-Prohibition Association and some small, unsigned advertisements by temperance groups, but the Globe demonstrated nothing like the agitation over the issue that the Leader did.70

The Kansas City Star also carried a few advertisements, but

67 St. Joseph News-Press, November 5, 1910. 68 Springfield Daily Leader, October 31, 1910. 69 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910. 70 Joplin Daily Globe, see issues for November 3-8, 1910.


remained neutral editorially. However the tone of the many news articles on the controversy was generally sympathetic to the temperance forces.

The St. Joseph News-Press for this period indicates considerable activity over the issue in that city. The Citizens' Protective Committee backed by various business and real estate men sponsored a series of anti-prohibition advertisements that the local Tenth Amendment Club favored. Forty-eight automobiles were rented by the Retail Liquor Dealers Association to transport people to the polls; the requisitioning of such a large number of vehicles was an accomplishment in itself.71 The Press editorially opposed the amendment though it did not overly stress the issue.72

The anti-prohibition forces won a resounding victory in 1910, defeating the amendment more than two to one, but six years later when the voters were faced with another referendum on the same issue, the wet forces were considerably muted. This period saw a remarkable growth in prohibition sentiment, and it was especially evident in the attitude of the business community. The old economic arguments of increased taxes and loss of property values no longer seemed so relevant. Mrs. Deborah Livingston, speaking for the National W. C. T. U. at this time, saw the most encouraging developments in prohibition sentiment as stemming from the growing vote of women (not yet granted in Missouri) and the changing attitude of businessmen who were beginning to see total abstinence as a way to greater efficiency.73 But there was more to the changing attitude of businessmen than the efficiency concept. Many were receptive to the view that if the consumer did not spent his money on intoxicating beverages, he would spend it on other products and that increased sales in these areas would offset economic and tax losses incurred from destruction of the liquor trade.

The Springfield Daily Leader, so vociferous in 1910, now remained editorially silent.74 A few advertisements appeared for and against the issue, but it is clear no great amount of money or effort was going into this media. The same was true for the Joplin Daily Globe, the Kansas City Star, and the St. Joseph News-Press, though in the case of the latter there was still considerable

71 St. Joseph News-Press, see issues November 2-8, 1910. 72 ibid., November 7, 1910. 73 Springfield Daily Leader, November 6, 1916. I^lbid., see issues November 1-7, 1916.


advertising. However, this time, St. Joseph businessmen, who were so vocal against the amendment in 1910, had formed the Business. Men's Prosperity League which ran advertisements favorable to prohibition.75

Nevertheless all was not so quiet; the anti-prohibition forces may have lost their initiative, but in the temperance camp there was feverish activity. It was just that the kind of campaign the prohibitionists were conducting did not require extensive use of advertisements. The newspapers contain innumerable references to temperance meetings in the churches and public places as well as parades. A major effort was being made to win over the urban voter and Kansas City appears to have been the focal point of the drive.

A highlight of this campaign was the appearance of Billy Sunday, the famous evangelist, at a gigantic prohibition rally in May, 1916. Forty thousand men pledged themselves at this gathering to work for prohibition.76 Just before the election, on Sunday, November 5, 1916, another huge public rally was held at Convention Hall. A full-page advertisement in the Kansas City Star for that day urged everyone to attend and to bring his Billy Sunday song book.77 The Men's Bible Class Movement that morning had passed out more pledge cards and urged voters to honor their Billy Sunday pledges.78

Another massive W. C. T. U. parade was held in downtown Kansas City on the Saturday before the election. Every Sunday school in town had its students in the line. One group of children chanted as they marched:

We can't vote, Neither can Ma, If Missouri goes wet, Shame on Pa.

All business came to a standstill during the parade; the crowds were enthusiastic; the police were cooperative; and this time the brewery wagons did not dare intervene. So long was the parade that after one and one-half hours the police finally broke it to let traffic through.79

75 Joplin Daily Globe, Kansas City Star and St. Joseph News-Press, see issues November 1-7, 1916.

76 Proceedings, Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 50. 77 See page 9c for the advertisement. 78 Kansas City Star, November 11, 1916. 79 Ibid., November 6, 1916.


But Missouri did vote wet once again, though at a reduced majority; however the issue was before the voters again at the next election, so powerful had the prohibition sentiment become. A noticeably different contest occurred in 1918. The country was at war and the influenza epidemic coincided with the election campaign period. In many places all public meetings were forbidden by the health authorities. Therefore the referendum campaign was largely conducted by advertisements. This time the opposing forces were well organized and apparently well supplied with money. Temperance forces united under the banner of the Anti-Saloon League's "Citizens' Dry Alliance," which sponsored a series of full-page advertisements in newspapers. The liquor forces in Springfield had their, "Citizens Committee," headed by T. H. Glancy, which also sponsored extensive newspaper advertising; but it was an unequal contest. The liquor group could only air the same old arguments with a little more emphasis on the need to preserve personal liberties and the danger of a Federal enforcement army that, with nationwide prohibition, might invade the privacy of the home.80

On the other hand, the Citizens' Dry Alliance capitalized on the emotional issue of the war and the German background of the major brewing interests. This is exemplified by a full-page advertisement in the Springfield Daily Leader. The advertisement was headlined:

The Kaiser Must Go! The Saloon Must Go!

I t charged that the saloons had wasted more foodstuff than German submarines had sunk as well as tying up transportation and making workers and soldiers inefficient and incompetent. It further charged that the saloon had been the chief agency in promoting German propaganda in America. The advertisement concluded:

A dry vote is a vote against the Kaiser— A dry vote is a vote for Democracy— A dry vote is a vote for health, home and

happiness; for prosperity, efficiency and order.81

The anti-prohibition forces seemed splintered by this propaganda

so Springfield Daily Leader, November 4, 1918. 81 See the November 3, 1918, issue.

Jasper County

{Joplin)

7,067 6,058

9,914 8,487

3,392 1,448

Greene County

(Spgfd.)

3,700 4,299

8,503 5,021

6,894 3,137

Buchanan County

(St. Jos.)

4,159 12,519

7,670 10,252

5,639 5,773

Jackson County (K. C.)

16,822 38,319

38,419 34,473

23,541 21,916

St. Louis

8,247 134,336

13,529 141,070

14,510 102,736

Statewide

207,281 425,406

294,288 416,826

223,618 297,58282


barrage of wartime hysteria, but it did not prove to be so at the polls for once again they triumphed. However there was another way to defeat them as the prohibitionists knew.

The vote on all these amendments is very revealing as a barometer of the changing prohibition sentiment among Missouri voters:

Prohibition Referendum 1910:

Yes No

1916: Yes No

1918: Yes No

An analysis of these votes shows that Jasper County voted for statewide prohibition in all three referendums. This was due in part to the rural vote overcoming the city vote in Joplin and the nearby mining towns, though by 1916, these towns had also become dry by small margins.83 Jasper and Greene counties contained large concentrations of native-born Americans of evangelical Protestant faith—largely Baptists and Methodists—who were rural in orientation even though they were not farmers. Obviously, prohibition tended to be strong among these peoples.84

Greene County exhibited a remarkable shift between 1910 and 1916 from a moderately wet to a heavily dry area. Where the vote was about fifty-four percent for the wets in 1910 it shifted to sixty-three percent for the dry forces in 1916. This trend was further reinforced in 1918 when the county went dry by more than two to one. Of course much of this change was due to a shift in the city vote of Springfield. Efforts of the temperance forces appear to have been highly successful there.

Buchanan County is an example of a metropolitan center that remained consistently wet in all three referendums though by decreasing margins. Where the vote had been almost three to one in favor of the wets in 1910, by 1918 it had dwindled to a scant 50.6 percent. St. Joseph was the key factor in this change for by 1916 the county, excluding St. Joseph, went dry by a small mar-

82 Official Manual of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo.) , Vol. for 1911-1912, pp. 784-789; Vol. for 1917-1918, pp. 577-584; Vol. for 1919-1920, pp. 424-429.

83 Springfield Daily Leader, November 7, 1918. 84 Census, "Religious Bodies," 1916, 280; and, "Abstract of the Census,"

1910, 606-623.


gin.85 The temperance forces made great inroads into this wet sentiment apparently among the middle classes, but St. Joseph had a sizable immigrant population as well as three breweries that made it a brewing center of some importance. These factors likely were decisive in keeping St. Joseph in the anti-prohibition camp.

Perhaps the most remarkable change in prohibition sentiment occurred in Jackson County between 1910 and 1916 when a wet margin of more than two to one was overcome and the county went dry in 1918 by a majority of almost 2,000 votes. The massive 1916 prohibition campaign in Kansas City was highly effective. However, when the figures for Kansas City are separated from the rest of the county, they show that the city went dry by a bare fifty-one percent of the vote.86 The campaign evidently failed to sway many of the working class, the Catholics, Episcopalians, Jews, or other groups who were lukewarm toward the movement. In spite of the emotionalism generated over the war, the prohibition forces actually lost ground in the 1918 referendum; they still carried the city but by a "razor-thin" margin of sixteen votes out of 38,930 cast.87

The huge anti-prohibition vote in St. Louis was always the most important electoral fact in these referendum campaigns. Not only was it the largest single block of votes in the State, but it was not sharply divided as were the votes in Missouri's other large cities and towns. St. Louis showed a growing dry sentiment but it was rather insignificant in the face of such an avalanche of wet votes. The wet majority ran ninety-four percent of the total in 1910, it dropped to ninety-one percent in 1916, and finally it fell to eighty-eight percent in 1918 on a greatly reduced total vote. Combinations of racial and religious factors plus a strong economic interest in brewing proved insurmountable even in the face of appeals to patriotism during World War I. It is no wonder that the temperance forces regarded St. Louis' massive wet vote as the rock around which they would have to work. For publication, they claimed that St. Louis was really dry, and that the vote was fraudulent.88 Although there may have been some dishonesty, it is not likely that such overwhelming majorities could have been built up fraudulently without being successfully challenged.

85 Springfield Daily Leader, November 7, 1918. 86 Kansas City Star, November 8, 1916. 87 Official Manual, 1917-1918, 424-429. 88 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 51.


The towering wet vote of St. Louis was supported strongly by the neighboring communities in St. Louis and St. Charles counties. These counties, like the city, had a predominately German population of kindred economic interests. The following table shows the heavy anti-prohibitionist vote registered there:

St. Char les County St. Louis County

1910 Yes No 499 4,670

1,582 13,894

1916 Yes No 592 4,538

3,089 15,960

1918 Yes No 577 3,554

2,977 10,77989

Statewide the vote on the three referendums followed the pattern of the increasingly dry majorities already noted, but was never sufficient to carry the state as it did so many of the counties and towns. An analysis of the 1918 referendum vote (see p. 387) will show that the prohibition forces did indeed carry Missouri by 14,262 votes outside of St. Louis. But if the vote for St. Charles and St. Louis counties as well as St. Louis is excluded, it is found that the prohibition forces carried Missouri by only fifty-three percent of the vote cast in the rest of the state—a perilous basis for so drastic an experiment as prohibition; yet this was the last referendum on the issue before nationwide prohibition went into effect. Perhaps this is a distorted view. The fact was St. Louis and its vicinity were part of Missouri and the overall Missouri vote had been fifty-seven percent against statewide prohibition.

The vote in the 1918 referendum was exceedingly light. It was not a presidential election year and this would account for a drop in the vote, but probably a larger part of it was due to the influenza epidemic which had been ravaging the state. Whether this affected the outcome is problematical for it doubtless reduced the vote on both sides of the issue.

Another question involving these referendums was how many rural voters in the dry counties either failed to vote on the issues or voted against them. Some observers expressed the view that these local options would never have carried in the first place if those opposing them had bothered to vote. The Kansas City Star pointed out in 1910 that only about sixty-six percent of the voters in 1900 were expressing themselves in rural option elections while approximately ninety percent were voting when the issue came before a town.90 The Springfield Daily Leader in 1910 reported that one political candidate in a dry county explained the statewide

89 Compiled from Official Manual, Vol. for 1911-1912, pp. 784-789; Vol. for 1917-1918, pp. 577-584; Vol. for 1919-1920, pp. 424-429.

90 Kansas City Star, November 6, 1910.


Kansas City Star, October 4, 1914, used these three maps, captioned "How Missouri Is Shaking Out The Saloon," to depict the change from wet (b lack) to dry counties in 1906, 1910 and 1914.

JkpU£ iQi-fe


prohibition issue to his constituents in this manner: "The people of St. Louis say prohibition will not work in their city, and they should know. We voted in local option and it has worked well for us. The people of St. Louis have not come down and tried to interfere with our system. Why should we try to interfere with theirs?"91 This was the argument for local option that was becoming more and more of an anathema to the organized prohibition forces, but evidently it carried some weight with rural and small town voters. After the 1916 referendum, the W. C. T. U. expressed concern because twenty-four dry counties had voted wet.92

Examining a map of Missouri showing the dry counties in 1917 illustrates, at first glance, that the state was largely dry; but most of the principal towns and cities were still wet. The population of the wet areas was 1,556,553 (forty-seven percent) while the dry areas totaled 1,736,782 (fifty-three percent).93 Furthermore, access to wet cities was not a formidable difficulty for most people not living there, and there was no law that prohibited them from bringing liquors into the dry areas for private consumption. Local option's chief effect had been to abolish the rural and small town saloon which to many people had been the chief evil of the traffic in intoxicating beverages.

Missouri at this time was already a rapidly urbanizing state. The 1910 census showed that 42.5 percent of the population lived in town and cities of 2,500 or more people; in 1900 this figure had been 36.3 percent. Seventy-one counties had decreased in population between 1900 and 1910, losing 152,568 people which had been more than made up for by the growth of St. Louis and Kansas City. These two big cities by then accounted for almost thirty percent of Missouri's population.94 Such growing urban populations had to be taken into account in the referendums on statewide prohibition. The Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U. were well aware of this, but this shifting population mass was not very well reflected in the composition of the Missouri General Assembly, and the prohibition organizations were also alert to this fact.

By the time of the 1916 referendum, the temperance forces in Missouri were becoming less interested in statewide prohibition.

91 Springfield Daily Leader, November 1, 1910. 92 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 51. 93 Census, "Abstract," 1910, 574-595. 94 ibid., 568-570.


Looming ever larger on the horizon was the possibility of a national constitutional amendment by which they could realize the ultimate of their dreams—nationwide prohibition. This also had another attraction; it was becoming more and more evident that they might never muster a popular majority in favor of statewide prohibition, but the methods of amending the Federal Constitution made it possible to secure nationwide prohibition without a popular referendum. This was not possible under the Missouri Constitution.

From 1916 the temperance forces in Missouri were striving with renewed vigor to elect as many dry candidates as possible, regardless of political affiliation. For the 1916 campaign, the Anti-Saloon League worked to elect twelve of Missouri's sixteen Congressmen who would be willing to support a national prohibition amendment; also an effort was made to elect a much drier Missouri State Senate because this legislative body would be needed to ratify the national amendment.95 In the same election, Charles M. Hays, a prominent temperance leader campaigned for Frederick D. Gardner, the Democratic nominee for governor.96

The League's ambitions were largely realized. Not only was Gardner elected, but the Sixty-fifth Congress—elected in 1916— passed the resolution proposing the Eighteenth Amendment. Just as the League and the W. C. T. U. had hoped, twelve of Missouri's sixteen Congressmen cast their votes for the amendment; three negative votes came from St. Louis Congressmen and Speaker of the House Champ Clark abstained.97 The Forty-ninth Missouri General Assembly in 1917 passed an act establishing a Frances Willard Day in the public schools of the state and "requiring instruction and appropriate exercises upon said day relative to the history and benefits of the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors."98 By the time of their 1918 convention, the W. C. T. U. boasted that they felt sure of twenty-three votes in the Missouri Senate to ratify the Eighteenth Amendment while the House was overwhelmingly dry.99

This was no idle boast. But the dry forces urged the General

95 Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention, Anti-Saloon League of America, 453.

96 St. Louis Labor, August 12, 1916. 97 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 53. 98 Journal of the House of Representatives of the Forty-ninth General As

sembly of the State of Missouri (Jefferson City, Mo., 1917), 1515. 99 Proceedings, Thirty-Sixth Annual Convention, W.C.T.U., 52.


Assembly to ratify the amendment quickly, ostensibly because they wanted Missouri to be among the first thirty-six states to ratify—the number required to carry the amendment into effect. Actually they feared that the wets would try to cloud the issue by insisting on its submission to the voters; a procedure which, the dry leaders quite accurately pointed out, was not provided for in the Federal Constitution. To hasten action in the General Assembly, the Anti-Saloon League urged all churches to pass resolutions favoring direct ratification immediately.100 Such pressures proved effective and all attempts to submit the issue to the voters were beaten down. The ratification resolution was passed on January 15, 1919, by a vote of 22 to 10 in the Senate and 104 to 36 in the House. Short speeches by two Representatives, D. F. Warren, Republican from Grundy County, and Francis M. Norman, Democrat from Stoddard County, favorable to the Amendment delayed the vote in the House a few minutes, and in those intervening minutes, Nebraska passed its resolution thereby becoming the thirty-sixth and deciding state to ratify.101 Thus the prohibition leaders were denied their dream that Missouri might be among the "immortal 36." When Governor Gardner signed the measure in a formal ceremony the next day, he quite appropriately presented the pen to Dr. W. C. Shupp, president of the Missouri Anti-Saloon League.102

In this manner, Missourians were presented with the spectacle of the General Assembly ratifying the national Prohibition Amendment only fourteen months after the people had voted down statewide prohibition and without any intervening elections. How could this happen? It was possible because of the district system of electing representatives and senators whereby strong minorities of wets would be defeated by a small majority of dries; it was also possible because of other issues: the war and Republicans and Democrats—sufficient reason in many cases to make a voter disregard his feelings about prohibition when voting for individual candidates. But perhaps most importantly it was possible because the Missouri General Assembly did not accurately represent the people. The Senate came closest. St. Louis had six senators and Jackson County, including Kansas City, had two. This was eight senators out of a total of thirty-four or less than twenty-five percent; whereas these areas contained about thirty percent

100 "Will Missouri Ratify?" Word and Way, LV (January 9, 1919), 2. 101 Jefferson City Democrat-Tribune, January 16, 1919. 102 ibid., January 17, 1919.


of the population of the State. The House of Representatives made no pretense of representing people; it basically represented counties with some adjustment for the big population centers. Thus St. Louis had six representatives and Jackson county had six; on the other hand, St. Louis had more than double the population of Jackson County. But this was of minor importance because both regions combined had only twelve out of a total of 132 representatives.103 Every rural county in the State regardless of how small its population might be was guaranteed at least one representative. Thus the great population centers of Missouri spoke with a rather weak voice when it came to making laws.

However it is easy to belabor this point. Missouri had a dry governor and he was elected by a statewide vote. WThile the fear of incurring the wrath of the Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U may have terrorized some legislators, it is also probable that there were a good number of Missouri legislators who supported the Eighteenth Amendment not out of fear of what might happen to them in the next election, but because they sincerely believed in prohibition personally and because they honestly felt it represented the will of most people.

That prohibition was a deep-seated movement which built toward a climax over a period of many decades is a fact not to be obscured. The years 1910 to 1919 marked a fruition of this process. At first it was largely a rural movement, but as the cities grew it was adopted there as part of the ethics of the evangelical Protestant, "old stock" middle classes.104

It was in accord with the Progressive movement after the turn of the century. Well meaning, middle class people could sincerely believe that here was a reform just as important as cleaning up the corruption in the big cities—in fact it was part of the same thing. This was also a way to elevate the lower classes; a thing that made good sense to them for it was Christian, it strengthened the roots of democracy, and it made them more efficient.105 Many middle class Missourians must have regarded with horror the saloons of Kansas City and St. Louis. They were not only dens of evil, they were cancers on society and so good people were justified in abolishing them. This was reinforced by the Progressive movement because it seemed to advocate the

103 Official Manual, 1915-1916, 556-598. 104 Timberlake, Prohibition and Progressive Movement, 2. 105 ibid., 154.


This cartoon entitled "Have the Book Reviewers Made Up Their List of the Six Best Cellars Yet This Week?" appeared in the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 1, 1919.


greater use of governmental powers to correct social evils. An example of this attitude can be gained from the following speech delivered at the 1915 convention of the Anti-Saloon League in Atlantic City, New Jersey, by Democratic Congressman Perl D. Decker of Joplin:

How shall you and I answer when we hear the mother cry, whose boy is slain by this damning trade, that we could stop. Merchant, lawyer, doctor, busy with your many cares and things of the moment, while men are being weakened and debauched, 'where is thy brother?' Farmer, laborer, with you and yours strong and safe, perhaps, while your neighbors fall, Vhere is thy brother?' Woman, shielded, wrapped in comfort and contentment; woman, you in the humbler sphere, you in the higher station; woman with your quiet power for good, Vhere is thy brother?' Statesmen, with your perplexities, your many troubles, here is a problem worthy of your brain. Why indifferent? Are you afraid? Vhere is thy brother?'106

Perhaps this old-fashioned oratory has a maudlin quality about it that would not appeal to the more sophisticated person of a later generation, but from it can be grasped some of the intense moral feeling and sense of duty that motivated the prohibitionists.

However, World War I was the factor that gave the prohibition movement its final boost toward victory. It had the effect of adding one more cause, patriotism, to the many emotional factors already fueling the movement and it reinforced the more rational arguments in favor of the greater efficiency of the working man and soldier as well as a new one: saving food. But the greatest gain to the movement resulting from the war came almost as a windfall. This was the German background of the brewing interests. They were vulnerable on this point and opened themselves to further criticism by buying influence in newspapers and intervening in newspaper campaigns. They were probably no worse in this respect than the prohibitionists, but the latter could easily identify their activities with a good cause, whereas the brewers could not avoid the opposite label. The Anti-Saloon League and the W. C. T. U. seemingly missed no opportunity to equate the brewers and the liquor interests in general with the wartime enemy.

This leaves one more factor which may have been the most

106 Proceedings, Sixteenth National Convention, Anti-Saloon League of America, 153.


important of all: the economic interest. The average person might thoroughly disapprove of the use of intoxicating liquors, he might see their use as immoral, degrading, and a curse on society. But if he feels the pinch of making a living and he can even remotely see how its continuance might ease his own economic plight, he may become tolerant. It is only when his own affluence is such that he feels their destruction will make little difference to him that he is likely to don the garb of a reform crusader. A number of reforms of the Progressive Era were of this nature, but prohibition was the prime example. It was a luxury reform; an attempt to gild the good life, to elevate the less fortunate so that all might partake of the bounty. That this might also involve trying to impress one group's style of life and ethical values on another group either did not occur to them or else seemed unimportant to those who were sure of their own rectitude.

Prohibition grew mightily in the rich soil of economic prosperity just before and during World War I. As late as 1910 the economic arguments against it seemed to have a powerful grip on Missouri voters; by 1916 they had lost much of their relevance; in 1918 they were either ignored in the flush of wartime emotion or were transferred—that is, for example, the grains going into alcoholic beverages were needed to feed the soldiers overseas. Prohibition was put across in this artificial climate of wartime excitement and economic opulence. Had the movement been stalled until 1921 when the wartime enthusiasm had turned to disillusionment and a sharp economic recession had set in, it might well have been soundly defeated. In the case of Missouri, there is no positive proof that a majority of the citizens ever favored prohibition. During those months of 1918 when the war in Europe reached its height of intensity, sentiment in Missouri was likely divided fairly evenly but that was a transitory situation.

Heroic Rescue

Calhoun Clarion, July 30, 1904. The Moberly Democrat says that J. Q. Kelly saved a man's life while attend

ing the St. Louis convention. A woebegone, cadaverous looking man approached Mr. Kelly and asked for money. Mr. Kelly drew a dollar from his pocket and asked: "What would you do if I gave you this?" "I'd drop dead," replied the man. Mr. Kelly carefully replaced the dollar in his pocket and saved the man's life.

Harper's Weekly, March 30, 1861

Twain's Last Months

on the

Mississippi BY J . STANLEY MATTSON*

Few segments of Twain's life have been more shrouded in confusion and ambiguity than the period immediately preceding the Civil War. Answers to the rather simple question concerning Twain's whereabouts have proven particularly elusive.

In 1899, while writing an autobiographical sketch to assist his nephew, Samuel Moffett, in the preparation of a biographical essay,1 Mark Twain recalled,

*J. Stanley Mattson received his B.S. from the State University of New York, Oswego, and his M.S. in History from the University of Wisconsin. He is currently a University Teaching Fellow and doctoral candidate in history at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

1 Mark Twain, The $30,000 Bequest (New York, 1906) , 330-349.

398

Twain's Last Months on the Mississippi 399

I was in New Orleans when Louisiana went out of the Union, January 26, 1861, and I started North the next day. Every day on the trip a blockade was closed by the boat, and the batteries at Jefferson Barracks [the site of a Union fortification just south of St. Louis] fired two shots through the chimneys the last night of the voyage. In June I joined the Confederates in Ralls County, Missouri, as a second lieutenant under General Tom Harris. . . r

While such an account would generally be received with few reservations, one finds among those familiar with Twain's persistent indifference to facts a healthy tendency to approach the passage in a manner suitable to the treatment of potentially apocryphal material. Not unsurprisingly, therefore, scepticism and outright repudiation have more often than not characterized the scholar's reception of this particular segment of Twain's "history."

Professor Fred W. Lorch, for example, in an article on Twain's "Private History of a Campaign That Failed," takes issue with Twain's narrative and professes to offer the student of Twain "a chronology of events established beyond reasonable doubt." Lorch observes,

Samuel Clemens was in New Orleans on this day [January 26, 1861, the date of Louisiana's secession] but did not make his last trip up the river at this time nor was the river blockaded at this early date, as Samuel E. Mof-fett states in his biographical sketch of Mark Twain.3

Furthermore, Lorch declares,

Notices . . . concerning the Uncle Sam [the packet on which Twain is supposed to have made his last trip up-river] do not allude to any incident at Jefferson Barracks. . . . Paine's statement that it was 'the last steamboat to make the trip from New Orleans to St. Louis' is dramatic but incorrect.4

In an even more recent article which attempts, at least in part,

2 Charles Neider, ed., The Autobiography of Mark Twain (New York, 1959), 102.

3 Fred W. Lorch, "Mark Twain and the Campaign That Failed," American Literature, XII (January, 1941) , 459-460. In taking issue with Moffett, Lorch appears oblivious to the actual source of Moffett's information, namely Twain himself. It should also be noted that, contrary to the impression given by Lorch (see Lorch, p. 460, fn. 20), no evidence appears in Twain's "Private History" which would conflict with the account prepared by Twain for Moffett (see Century Magazine, XXXI [December, 1885], 193) .

4 Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 461. Once again, Lorch takes issue with the wrong party inasmuch as Twain's official biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine, was merely repeating Twain's original statement on this point.


to construct "a reasonably accurate account" of the whereabouts of Twain during the first half of 1861, John Gerber writes,

In the winter of 1860-61, Twain, was apparently a member of the Louisiana Guard. . . . his experience with the militia must have been slight since he was still an active pilot on the lower Mississippi. In April he went north as a passenger on the packet Uncle Sam, arriving in St. Louis on April 19. . . . From then until the middle of June he apparently spent most of his time in St. Louis. . . . Shortly after June 12 . . . he made the relatively short trip north to Hannibal where . . . he helped organize the "Marion Rangers."5

Although we find Twain's narrative largely discredited by both of these writers, it is perhaps significant to note that their purportedly reliable chronologies are themselves riddled with misinformation, much of which can be attributed to an inconsistent handling of material provided by Twain's official biographer, Albert Bigelow Paine.

Paine writes,

He [Twain] went up the river as a passenger on a steamer named the Uncle Sam . . . they heard war-talk all the way and saw preparations, but they were not molested, though at Memphis they barely escaped the blockade. The Uncle Sam came steaming up toward St. Louis. . . . They were not quite through, however. Abreast of Jefferson Barracks they suddenly heard the boom of a cannon and saw a great whorl of smoke drifting in their direction. They did not realize that it was a signal—a thunderous halt—and kept straight on. Less than a minute later there was another boom, and a shell exploded directly in front of the pilot-house, breaking a lot of glass and destroying a good deal of the upper decoration. . . . Clemens [who at the time was visiting in the pilot house] stepped to the wheel and brought the boat around. . . .

They were examined and passed. It was the last steamboat to make the trip from New Orleans to St. Louis. Mark Twain's pilot days were over.6

5 John Gerber, "Mark Twain's Private Campaign," Civil War History, I (March, 1955), 39. Gerber's erroneous observation concerning Twain's partici

pation in the activities of the Louisiana Guard, based upon material found in The Letters of Quintus Curtius Snodgrass (Dallas, 1946), preceded the appearance of research proving the contrary.

6 Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain (New York, 1912), I, 161-162. For a thoroughly apocryphal version of Twain's last trip up the Mississippi, written in the tradition of the southwestern humorists, see "Mark Twain's Last Trip As Pilot," Missouri Historical Review, XXI (January, 1927), 279-281.


Both Lorch and Gerber chose to accept Paine's statement concerning Twain's return north on "a steamer named the Uncle Sam" and rejected the balance of the account on the grounds that the Uncle Sam (more accurately, the New Uncle Sam) arrived in St. Louis without incident on April 19, 1861, considerably before the establishment of the blockade at Memphis.7 Neither seems to have considered the possibility that Paine may have been mistaken concerning the lesser detail of the vessel's identity and generally correct in every other regard. Fortunately, however, the means are available for disposing of this long perplexing question as to Twain's specific whereabouts during this period without resort to the expediency of mere conjecture.

Many of the facts relative to Twain's activities during the early months of 1861 were first brought to light in the course of Allan Bates's investigation into the authorship of the controversial "Snodgrass Letters."8 Drawing upon the combined resources of Twain's early correspondence and notebook, Bates demonstrated beyond doubt "that from January through March of 1861, Sam Clemens was a pilot on the Alonzo Child."9 One can even go as far back as September 28, 1860, when Twain, having just come down the river with Bixby aboard the Alonzo Child, wrote his brother Orion from New Orleans telling of a night on the town in which they "ate, drank, and smoked, from 1 p.m. until 5 o'clock. . . ." Although twenty-five at the time, the would-be worldly pilot was not above warning his brother to "breathe it not unto Ma!"10

7 Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 461. See also St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 20, 1861. Lorch seems to leave the door open to the possibility that some damage may have been inflicted upon the New Uncle Sam by conceding that the steamer was "laid up for a few days" after its arrival in St. Louis. However, this concession proceeds from an inadequate examination of the sources. For not only was the boat's retirement considerably more enduring (I have been unable to find any mention of its return to service in the reports

of 1861) , but the cause was more commonplace. As was the case with virtually every other steamer on the river, the impact of approaching hostilities wreaked havoc with commerce, rendering impossible the profitable conduct of the carrying trade. In characteristic fashion the Missouri Republican of April 28, 1861, reported "A large number of New Orleans and St. Louis packets are doing nothing."

8 Allan Bates, "The . . . Snodgrass Letters . . .," American Literature, XXXVI (March, 1964), 31-37. This excellent analysis, together with Claude S. Brinegar's statistical study, "Mark Twain and the . . . Snodgrass Letters . . .," Journal of American Statistical Association, LVIII (March, 1963) , 85-96, argues conclusively against Twain's authorship of the Snodgrass series.

9 Bates, "Snodgrass Letters," 35. 10 Albert Bigelow Paine, ed., Mark Twain Letters (New York, 1929) , I, 48.

While October proved a busy month aboard the Child,11 the need for repairs in November (due probably to the reported grounding of the Child on a return voyage to St. Louis12) and the subsequent drastic fall of the Mississippi's water level in December, combined to bring the vessel to a virtual standstill until January of 1861.13 It is at this point, immediately following Louisiana's act of secession on January 26, 1861, that

11 Twain piloted the packet on two trips to St. Louis and back during this period. Although the New Orleans Bee failed to note the activities of the Child with but few exceptions, the following represents a reliable guide to its whereabouts at the time.

Sept. 29, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Oct. 7, 860.

Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct.

860. Oct. Oct. Nov

6, 9, 20, 21

27 31 9,

1860. 1860. 1860. 1860.

1860 1860. 1860.

Arr. St. Louis, Ibid. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Oct. 10, 1860. Arr. New Orleans, New Orleans Bee, Oct. 22, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Oct. 28,

Arr. St. Louis, Ibid., Oct. 29, Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Nov. 1,

1860. 1860.

1860. Arr. New Orleans, Ibid., Nov. 18, 1860. 12 St. Louis Missouri Republican, November 16, 1860. That Twain was

aboard the Child at this time is evident from a notebook entry reading, "November, 1860 1st high water trip of 'Child'." (See Notebook, Copyright 1963, by the Mark Twain Company) .

13 The itinerary of the Child during this period was as follows: Nov. 10, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Nov. 19,

1860. (The same issue of the Missouri Republican reports the subsequent grounding of the Child on Nov. 16, 1860.)

Nov. 18, 1860. Arr. St. Louis, Ibid., Nov. 19, 1860. (On November 19th, the vessel went to a shipyard for repairs where it remained until November 22nd. See Ibid., November 20, 22, 1860.)

Nov. 23, 1860. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Nov. 24, 1860. Dec. 1, 1860. Arr. New Orleans, New Orleans Bee, Dec. 3, 1860. Dec. 4, 1860. Dep'd. New Orleans, St. Louis Missouri Republican, Dec. 12,

1860. Dec. 11, 1860. Arr. Cairo, Ibid., Dec. 13, 1860. (Due to the low water

conditions north of Cairo, the Child hoped to store its St. Louis-bound freight and operate on the Cairo-New Orleans run until matters improved. She failed to get any cargo, however, and laid idle until January.)

Jan. 8, 1861. Dep'd. Cairo, Ibid., Jan. 12, 1861. Jan. 11, 1861. Arr. St. Louis, Ibid. Jan. 14, 1861. Dep'd. St. Louis, Ibid., Jan. 15, 1861. Jan. 24, 1861. Arr. New Orleans, New Orleans Bee, Jan. 25, 1861. A second entry in Twain's notebook reads, "2d high water trip—Jan. 1861 —

Alonzo Child. . . ."


we pick up Twain's narrative as related to Moffett in the Autobiography.

Twain did not, it is true, start North "the next day" after Louisiana's secession as noted in the Autobiography. The facts were misrepresented by only two days, however—Louisiana seceded on Saturday, the port was idle on Sunday, and the Child, though scheduled to sail on Monday, was delayed until Tuesday.14

When it finally did get away from Dixie's great port city on the 29th, the vessel steamed north for St. Louis, making its first scheduled stop at Cairo.15 That the young pilot was aboard the Child at the time is evident from a letter datelined "'Steamer Alonzo Child,' Cairo, Feb. 6th, 1861," in which Twain wrote Orion telling of his experiences in New Orleans at the house of Madame Caprell.16 While in Cairo, for some unstated reason the Child transferred its freight to the St. Louis-bound steamer White Cloud, took another cargo on board, and returned to New Orleans, arriving there on February 16, 1861.17 From that point on, until late April, the journeys of Twain aboard the Child are easily traced:

February 18, 1861. Departed New Orleans.18

February 25, 1861. Arrived St. Louis. February 27, 1861. Departed St. Louis.19

March 6, 1861. Arrived New Orleans. March 8, 1861. Departed New Orleans.20

1* New Orleans Bee, January 27, 28, 29, 1861. 15 Ibid., January 29, 1861. 16 Samuel C. Webster, Mark Twain, Business Man (Boston, 1946) , 52-57.

Unnecessary confusion has been generated by Paine's much used edition of Twain's letters where a fragment of the famous Madame Caprell letter was erroneously dated "New Oleans [sic] February 6, 1861," thus lending credence to the conclusion that Twain did not leave New Orleans immediately after Louisiana's secession. See Paine, Letters, I, 48-51.

17 New Orleans Bee, February 18, 1861. Although Bates correctly quoted the Daily True Delta's February 17, 1861, report concerning the Child's arrival "from St. Louis" (see Bates, "Snodgrass Letters," 37) , his source was uninformed as to the Child's change of schedule. (See St. Louis Missouri Republican, February 7, 1861.)

Some mention should perhaps be made here of Lorch's rather ambiguous observations to the effect that on December 26, 1860, "Samuel Clemens petitioned the Polar Star Lodge No. 10, at St. Louis, for membership," and that on February 13, 1861, "Samuel Clemens, in St. Louis, was elected to receive degrees in the Masonic Order" (Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 459-460) . If by this it is meant that Twain was in St. Louis on either of these dates, Professor Lorch is clearly mistaken. Nor does this run counter to his Masonic sources, inasmuch as Twain would not have been permitted to attend the meeting of a lodge considering his candidacy under any circumstances. It is, of course, possible that Lorch intended merely to present interesting bits of Twainianna, though, if this is so, one might question their relevance to such a chronology.

is New Orleans Bee, February 18, 1861. 19 St. Louis Missouri Republican, February 26 Sc 28, 1861. 20 New Orleans Bee, March 7 & 8, 1861.


March 15, 1861. Arrived St. Louis. March 20, 1861. Departed St. Louis.21

March 26, 1861. Arrived New Orleans. March 28, 1861. Departed New Orleans.22

April 5, 1861. Arrived St. Louis. April 9, 1861. Departed St. Louis.23

April 16, 1861. Arrived New Orleans. April 18, 1861. Departed New Orleans.24

April 25, 1861. Arrived St. Louis.25

That Twain was aboard the Alonzo Child during this period is evident from a 1905 notebook entry reading, "Alonzo Ch. heard of firing on Fort Sumter, April 18 [sic~]— at Vicksburg on way down (the day after it happened). We hoisted stars & bars & played Dixie."26 Thus, when Twain was supposed to have been approaching St. Louis as a passenger aboard the New Uncle Sam, according to Paine, Lorch, and Gerber, he was, instead, down river whistling "Dixie" aboard the Child.

On April 25th, the Alonzo Child arrived in St. Louis where, on the very next day, Twain boarded the popular Keokuk packet, Hannibal City. The young pilot was "on the wing for Hannibal to collect money" due him.27 It is here where his trail grows somewhat faint. Contrary to the opinion of most recent scholars, however, there is no basis for believing that Twain terminated his life on the river at this time and every reason to believe he did not.28

The evidence clearly establishes that Twain was present in St. Louis in late April of 1861 and on May 22nd of the same year, at which time Twain was initiated Entered Apprentice in the

21 St. Louis Missouri Republican, March 16 & 21, 1861. 22 New Orleans Bee, March 27 & 28, 1861. 23 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 6 & 10, 1861. 24 New Orleans Bee, April 17 & 19, 1861. 25 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 26, 1861. 26 Notebook No. 38. Copyright, 1963, by the Mark Twain Company. Twain

obviously was mistaken as to the exact date, for not only was the Child in New Orleans on the 18th, but Beauregard's Confederate batteries opened up on Fort Sumter on April 12th. This is not to say that Twain did not learn of the event "the day after it happened," however, for on that date, April 13, 1861, the Child should have been approximately abreast of Vicksburg as the story broke, via telegraph and newspaper, all up and down the valley.

27 Webster, Twain, Business Man, 61. Twain's letter is headed, "Steamer 'Hannibal City,' Under Way, Apl. 26." Although the manuscript lacks any notation as to the year, the above chronology would seem to confirm Webster's estimate of 1861.

28Lorch's statement that Twain's "pilot license expired within a few weeks" after April 9, 1861 (Lorch, "Campaign That Failed," 460) runs counter to his own source which reads, "Twain's license had been reissued . . . March 20, 1861. . . ." (The Twainian, I [December, 1939], 2) . This fact further establishes the validity of this chronology in that it coincides perfectly with Twain's departure from St. Louis aboard the Alonzo Child on the evening of the same day.

St. Louis Levee

Polar Star Lodge.29 But these facts do not necessitate the arbitrary dismissal of a rather substantial body of testimony relative to Twain's activities in the interim. Horace Bixby (Twain's pilot mentor), for example, states that "at the outbreak of the war," Twain was "down the river on some boat and was caught in the blockade."30 Annie Moffett Webster, Twain's niece, recalls that "In the spring of 1861 . . . Uncle Sam returned home to St. Louis, his occupation of pilot lost forever. He came on the last boat from New Orleans to get through the Union lines."31 Moreover, in addition to those already cited references to hostilities which were supposed to have accompanied Twain's last voyage upriver, there is the passage in Twain's autobiography in which he asserts that he served as a pilot "until the Mississippi River traffic was brought to a standstill by the breaking out of the Civil War."32 Thus, in spite of minor discrepancies in detail, there seems to be complete agreement among the primary sources concerning the fact of Twain's presence on the river during the period immediately preceding May 21st, at which time river traffic all but ceased with the imposition of the Union blockade at Memphis.33

29 Grand Lodge Bulletin, Grand Lodge of Iowa, A. F. & A. M., XXIX (May, 1928), 575-576.

30 st. Louis Republic, April 22, 1910. 31 Webster, Twain, Business Man, 60. 32 Mark Twain, Autobiography (New York, 1929), II, 290. 33 St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1861.


Assuming Twain did not leave the river in April, 1861, can we, with a reasonable degree of accuracy, trace his whereabouts from the day of his arrival in Hannibal on April 26, 1861, until the day of his reappearance in St. Louis on the 22nd of May? The answer would seem to be in the affirmative, for on the basis of all of the available information, a fairly reliable picture does present itself.

In his letter, written while on the way to Hannibal, Twain informed Orion of his intention to return to St. Louis on the very next day. Whether he actually got away on the 27th as planned is uncertain. If matters proceeded as usual, however, we can be reasonably confident that Twain was in St. Louis in time for the departure of the Alonzo Child on May 2, 1861,34 and that he was aboard that craft when it put in at New Orleans six days later.35

Within twenty-four hours of its arrival there, the Child's pro-Confederate owner-captain, D. E. DeHaven, anticipating the up-river blockade, decided to reschedule his vessel as a Memphis-New Orleans packet, a decision which, no doubt, left the young pilot stranded on the delta without a way home.36 It is this development which perhaps explains why Twain was forced to make his last trip north "as a passenger," as noted by Paine,37 and correspondingly raises a problem with regard to the particular identity of his return carrier.

At the time of Twain's layover in New Orleans, there were six St. Louis-bound steamers at the levee, any one of which might have booked him for the trip north; these were the Imperial Rogers, the Gladiator, the Henry Chateau, the Hiawatha, the Nebraska, and the Sovereign. In attempting to ascertain which of these actually did so, we are quite fortunately, not without clues. Both Paine and Annie Webster, for example, observed that Twain came through on the last vessel to clear the Union blockade. Again, both Twain and Paine spoke of a cannonading from the Jefferson Barracks just south of St. Louis. Lastly, we know that Twain was back in St. Louis in time to take part in the Masonic initiation rites on May 22, 1861. Although the authenticity of the first two statements has heretofore been judged highly questionable, it now

34 ibid., May 3, 1861. 35 New Orleans Bee, May 9, 1861. 36 Ibid. 37 Paine, Letters, 161.


appears they coincide almost perfectly with the facts relating to the return voyage of one of the six steamers, namely, the Nebraska.

When the Nebraska slipped out of New Orleans on the 13th of May and began its way upstream for St. Louis, it was soon to become the last boat bound for the Upper Mississippi to be granted free passage through the blockade at Memphis.38 What is more, on May 18th, three days prior to the arrival of the Nebraska in St. Louis, the Missouri Republican announced, "All steamboats now bound up [the river] are now stopped at the Old Quarantine Station and searched. They are brought to by several heavy ordinance [sic'] planted there."39 Thus, if we are to believe the report of the Missouri Republican, it is certain that the Nebraska was treated to a dose of cannon fire similar to that described by both Twain and Paine.40 Finally, not least important is the fact that the Nebraska was back in St. Louis on May 21st, in time for Twain

38 New Orleans Bee, May 14, 1861. The Sovereign, following not many days later, was caught south of the blockade. St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1861.

39 There were two quarantine stations in St. Louis during this period; one was at the Old Arsenal on Second and Arsenal Streets, the other at Jefferson Barracks. The reference here, however, more than likely concerns a third station located south of St. Louis on Quarantine Island (known also as Arsenal Island) which had been in use prior to 1854. The military records of Jefferson Barracks make no mention of such an incident.

40 Although this in itself may well have provided the basis for their accounts, additional material was made readily available when, on the day after Twain's arrival in St. Louis, two river boats had unusually close encounters with the shore batteries stationed at Hyde Park, in the northern part of the city. Reporting on the first such incident of its kind in the area, the St. Louis Missouri Republican angrily announced that "Two shots were fired at the LaSalle, one of which came very nearly striking the boat," adding that the Robert Campbell, Jr. had also "received two signal shots, passed on notwithstanding, but was boarded and searched upon tying up in St. Lo." (see the St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 23, 1861).

Inasmuch as the Gladiator, the Henry Chateau, and the Hiawatha arrived in St. Louis on the day prior to the Missouri Republican's report of May 18th, it is, of course, conceivable that they too could have been hailed via cannon. However, due to the fact that they cleared the Memphis blockade fully a week before its closing, they can hardly be thought to rival the Nebraska's claim to Twain. The Imperial Rogers must also be ruled out as a possibility inasmuch as it tied up in St. Louis on May 15, 1861, several days prior to the deployment of cannon at Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 16, 1861) .

A possibly significant clue to Twain's presence on the Nebraska may be found in published reports concerning the fate of the Alonzo Child. On May 16, 1861, immediately after the arrival of the Imperial Rogers, the Missouri Republican reported that the Child was expected in St. Louis shortly. On the 18th, following the arrival of the Gladiator, the Henry Chateau, and the Hiawatha, the same newspaper reported that the Child had been laid up in New Orleans. It was not until the Nebraska arrived that the true fate of the Child was finally known (see St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 22, 1861) . Obviously, if Twain had been aboard any of the earlier vessels at the time of their arrival, their reports to the press would not have been so mistaken.


to join in the initiation rites of the Masonic order on the following day.

As for Twain's whereabouts from May 22, 1861, until mid-June, at which time he joined the Confederate para-military band known as the "Marion Rangers," there can be little doubt. His cousin, Annie Webster, relates that Twain spent the largest part of this time hiding in St. Louis, "obsessed with the fear that he might be arrested by government agents and forced to act as a pilot on a government gunboat. . . ."41 That he remained in St. Louis until the last minute before returning to Hannibal to join the Confederates seems corroborated not only by the Webster

narrative, but also by the records of the Polar Star Lodge which indicate that on June 12, 1861, "Samuel Clemens" was passed to the Fellowcraft Degree in Masonry in a ceremony that would have required his presence.42 On that very same day, Missouri's Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson issued a proclamation calling for the enlistment of fifty thousand militia to aid in the defense of the Confederacy. Responding to that call, Twain found himself, for the rest of June and early July, locked in a titanic struggle against rain, rats, and a stubborn mule, all of which is delightfully recorded in the semi-historical, tragi-comical essay, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed."43

In the final analysis, it would appear that both Twain and Paine were considerably more careful of the facts than we have

Mark Twain about 1859-1860

41 Webster, Twain, Business Man, 60. Absalom Grimes, in his book Confederate Mail-Runner, submits that he (Grimes), Twain, and a third pilot named Bowen, were subsequently arrested in this fashion while "sitting on a pile of skids . . . below the landing" at Hannibal (see Absalom Grimes, Confederate Mail-Runner [New Haven, 1926], 3 ) . The reliability of Grimes's account has been called into serious question, however, by the editor of the volume, M. M. Quaife. (See "Mark Twain's Military Career," The Twainian III [June, 1944], 4-7.)

42 Grand Lodge Bulletin, 575-576. 43 Mark Twain, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed," Cen

tury Magazine, XXXI (December, 1885), 193-204.

Twain s Last Months on the Mississippi 409

heretofore been led to believe. For although one would be foolhardy to regard either of these writers as being reliable without qualification, it must be admitted that the general outline of events which they have provided with respect to this period of Twain's life does stand up to historical examination.44

To be sure, Twain professed to take great delight in seeing "the detected and truculent historians of this land . . . brought to shame and confusion . . .,"45 and was not above doing his part to deliberately mislead any of their kind. Yet, in spite of his ill-veiled hostility to the seemingly vexatious scruples of the professional historian, Twain was by no means enamored of pure fancy. He rarely, it seems, fabricated history in toto. He much preferred playing with history to creating it. If only tangentially, this reappraisal of Twain's last months on the Mississippi will serve as a case in point.

44 Even Twain's seemingly preposterous assertion to the effect that "Every day on the trip a blockade was closed by the boat. . . ." proves hardly absurd. In the first place, as early as January 24, 1861, the Louisville Journal reported that in Vicksburg, "The battery still frowns from the bank, compelling all descending boats to come up to, undergo a formal search, and pay wharfage, although they have no business in the port." The same was true in Memphis. (See Thomas J. Scharf, History of the Confederate States Navy [New York, 1887], 240.) In addition to these more official "blockades," there were scores of little river towns where self-organized vigilantes took great sport in leveling their rusty pieces of parade ordinance at passing Yankee vessels during the early months of 1861. (See H. Allen Gosnell, Guns on the Western Waters [Baton Rouge, 1949], 25-30.)

45 "Mark Twain's War Experiences," The Twainian, XIII (March-April, 1954), 2.

Soap Facts and Remedies In Grandma's Day. Compiled by the Cape Girardeau County Historical Society.

One pound washing soda, add a half pound of unslacked lime, put in a large dish and pour over this boiling hot water, stir till dissolved; let stand until clear, pour off the clear liquid, add one pound of lard, can use clear tallow or bear grease, 1 tablespoonful salt. Boil four hours, then pour into pans to cool. If inclined to curdle or separate pour in a little more water and boil again.

For hand soap perfume may be added. Cool, cut into bars.

The Weaker Sex Paris Mercury, May 13, 1873.

Miss Phoebe Cozzens [sic] is practicing law and lecturing. Dr. Jonson once said: 'Sir, a Woman's preaching is like a dog standing on his hinder legs; it is not done well, but you wonder to see it done at all.'

The Barth Family

Harper's Weekly, June 20, 1868

A Case Study

Of Pioneer Immigrant Merchants

BY HARVEY A. KANTOR*

In 1824 the American western frontier was experiencing dynamic growth. Into the area west of the Mississippi River had come masses of settlers whose adaptation to the new region helped create the great American tradition of democratic pioneer life. In that year Andrew Jackson, soon to become the symbol of the new frontier community, received the largest number of popular votes for the Presidency only to be thwarted by Congressional maneuver-

*Harvey A. Kantor, a native of Kansas City, is currently a teaching assistant and a Ph.D. candidate in American Urban History at New York University. He received the Louis Lerner Fellowship, New York University, 1967. He holds the B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Missouri where he served as a teaching assistant in 1967.

410

The Rarth Family 411

ings. The American West was destined to wait four more years for the Jacksonian reign.

From the vast expanse of the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri was formed and had just been admitted into the Union. Drawing settlers in increasing numbers from Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia, the new state developed its nature out of this southern origin.

But in 1824 amidst the predominantly Southern population a German physician by the name of Gottfried Duden settled in Warren County in eastern Missouri. Prior to his arrival, few Germans had migrated to the State. Duden was pleased with his new life on the midwestern frontier and dreamed of attracting more of his countrymen to America. Therefore during the three years in which he lived on his Warren County farm, he made a careful study of the surrounding country and recorded his observations. In his famous book, Report of a Journey to the Western States of North America, published in Germany in 1829, he pictured the freedom of the forest and of democratic institutions in America in contrast to the social restrictions and political embarassments of Europe. He encouraged natives of his home land who were faced with dwindling property or growing families to accept the uncertainties of immigration and come to the United States.1

The year 1824 is particularly important because it marks the birth date of an individual who became the personification of Duden's dream. Moses Barth, the son of Michael and Sarah Barth of Illingen, Prussia, did not rise to the fame of other German immigrants like Carl Schurz and Oscar Straus, but he is significant as a representative of the unique integration of nationalities which was possible on the western frontier in the early nineteenth century. His story illuminates that peculiar blend of cultures which comprises the amorphous pattern of "the American character."

For indeed it was an integration of nationalities and a blend of cultures when Moses Barth left his Jewish parents in Frederick William IV's Prussia and came to settle in the Boone's Lick Country of Central Missouri. Barth's story is not only a testimony to his personal enterprise and industry, but it is a useful case study for describing the immigrant and his role in pioneer life.

This case study also allows popular notions of frontier life to be tested by the specific actualities of the time. For example, it

i William G. Bek, tr., "Gottfried Duden's Report, 1824-1827," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XII (October, 1917), 1-9.


would seem that a German-Jewish immigrant settling in Missouri at this time, with the increased activities of the anti-foreign Know-Nothing group, might have experienced a great deal of bitterness and hostility. In the microcosmic study of this immigrant family the fact that no trace of prejudice or harassment can be found lends credence to the conclusions of a study by Frederick Brock on the American party in Missouri.

It was Brock's contention that "according to the original doctrines of the order [nativism and anti-foreign sentiment], true Know-Nothingism did not exist in Missouri. It may be said that in spite of the basic principles of the order, rather than because of them, the American Party grew to be as successful as it was."2

Since the Barth family was assimilated into the frontier with relative ease, factors of foreign prejudice must be minimized in the study of the American Party and other political concerns such as the waning influence of the Whig and Democratic parties must be highlighted.

The study of the Barth family shows the absence of nativism directed toward the immigrant on the frontier. Thus Frederick Brock's contention that the American Party came to serve as a base for homeless politicians seems more historically accurate than the notion of the party serving as a haven for prejudiced Missourians.3

The significance of Moses Barth's story is increased by the influence he had on the future. At the end of the second generation the Barth family seemed to fulfill Duden's dream. It was written of his son at the time of his death—"Isadore Barth brought integrity into his business and into his attitudes and his work as a citizen. . . . Columbia has lost one of those American citizens who without fame or great fortune, have with quiet integrity and working civic concern built our national tradition."4

This then is the story—a German-Jewish immigrant, his assimilation into the frontier community during the period of Know-Nothing activity, his role in early merchant trade and the legacy he left in his family's activity.

Moses Barth was reared and educated in his native city of Illingen and entered the business of his father as a money ex-

2 Frederick Elmo Brock, "American Party in Missouri; 1854-1860" (M.A. thesis, University of Missouri, 1949) , 145.

3 Ibid., 146. 4 Columbia Missourian, December 18, 1936.


changer. In 1847, when he was twenty-three, Moses severed this business relationship, left his family in Germany, and migrated to America. His reasons for departure are not recorded, but it is known that the severe winter of 1846-1847 in Germany caused great suffering and food shortages. An American consul in Amsterdam reported the sentiments of the German emigrants as they passed through his port, "All well informed persons express the belief that the present crisis is so deeply interwoven in the events of the present period, that 'it' is but the commencement of the great Revolution, which they consider sooner or later is to dissolve the present constitution of things. . . ."5

On June 15, 1847, Moses landed in New York City and proceeded immediately to Philadelphia. There he became an itinerant peddler in Berks and Lancaster counties. Shortly he left this venture, moved farther into the interior of his adopted land and stopped in the Boone's Lick Country in Central Missouri. To the tide of immigrants who came to Missouri from Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia and the Carolinas after the War of 1812, the Boone's Lick Country, with its abundant game, vast forests and fertile valleys, was a land of promise.

Moses again took up the occupation of itinerant merchant peddler exhibiting his goods on horseback as he rode from farm to farm in Boone and Howard counties. He was soon joined by his younger brother Alex, who had followed a similar course to Missouri. The two brothers set up headquarters for a small dry goods business in Fayette.

Moses, however, was not ready to establish his roots. When news of the discovery of gold in California reached him, like so many other young men of the area, he set out across the plains to make his fortune. Alex stayed behind to run the store.

Moses fell ill with fever when he arrived in San Francisco in 1852 and relinquished his search for gold to return to his merchant trade in Missouri. His brother had taken up partnership with Alexander Greenabaum, and when Moses arrived, the three men organized a branch store in Rocheport, a small town located on the Missouri River. In 1853 Moses went there to run the outlet.6

At this time Rocheport enjoyed active river trade and traffic,

5 Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860 (New York, 1940), 252.

6 William F. Switzler, History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1883) , 1013.


and the branch store on Central Street shortly became a thriving enterprise. An advertisement placed in the largest newspaper of the area, the Missouri Weekly Sentinel, describes the store in its first year of operation:

NEW ERA FOR 1853 GREENABAUM AND BARTHS

ROCHEPORT, MISSOURI

Have in store one of the heaviest stocks of goods ever brought to the Western interior, purchased with great care by one of the firm in New York and Philadelphia embracing a large and miscellaneous stock of

SPRING AND SUMMER GOODS

Call for we are selling rapidly and cheap. For the ladies, we have a rich and beautiful assortment of fashionable goods of every description.

READY-MADE CLOTHING

A very heavy stock of ready made clothing from the best eastern manufacturers.7

The advertisement, placed regularly in the Sentinel, is important not only because it shows the nature of the business that was established in Rocheport, but also because it points out one of the most interesting aspects of Barth's trade—his close connections with merchants in the East. These contacts were established when both brothers originally landed in this country and went to Philadelphia. The business ties were cemented through marriage. Alex married the sister of Michael Jacobs, a Philadelphia merchant, who was associated with the firm of Arnold, Nusbaum and Nirdlinger.8 Jacobs became a close business associate with his brother-in-law. He not only provided him with the latest goods from the East, but also reported the business activity in Philadelphia. Their frequent correspondence shows he was a financial confidant. The ties with the East were further strengthened when, on March 21, 1855, Moses married Minna Arnold, the daughter of merchant Isaac L. Arnold of Philadelphia.9

Moses returned with his new bride to Rocheport and pur-

7 Columbia Missouri Weekly Sentinel, April 21, 1853. 8 Michael Jacobs, Philadelphia, to Alex Barth, Rocheport, Mo., November

4, 1862, in the Barth Family Papers, Western Historical Manuscripts Collection, University of Missouri, Columbia.

9 Switzler, History of Boone, 1014.

Courtesy Mrs. W. Whitaker

Minna Arnold Barth


Moses M. Barth

The 1855 Barth Home as it Appears Today.

Courtesy Jack Hackethom


chased a lot and house for nine hundred dollars.10 He was settled at last and Rocheport became the home where he fathered his seven children and managed his dry goods business until his death.

The Barth brothers succeeded as merchants in Rocheport because they constantly strived to offer their customers the finest goods in the area at the lowest prices. This was accomplished by providing an extensive and varied assortment of merchandise obtained through their connections in the East. Both men made frequent trips to Philadelphia or ordered goods by mail through Jacobs.

The Barths succeeded for another reason; they worked hard at their business and took pride in the stock they could offer. They tried to maintain a reputation for honest and fair business practices and frequently built their public image through advertisements merely thanking their customers for patronage. They dealt primarily on a cash basis and attempted to keep prices competitive with the other merchants in the area.11

In 1856 the Barth brothers ended their business connections with Alexander Greenabaum and Alex Barth moved to Rocheport to concentrate all effort on the Rocheport store. An advertisement placed in the Weekly Missouri Statesman shows the effect of this consolidation and the expansion of merchandise:

NEW FALL AND WINTER GOODS AT ROCHEPORT

BARTH AND BROTHER

Most respectfully call the attention of their old friends and the public to their mammoth stock.

VARIETY, QUALITY, AND PRICE

our stock cannot be surpassed by any establishment in the West. We shall be in constant receipt of NEW SUPPLIES during the season, and are determined to keep our stock complete in all respects. All we ask is for buyers to call and see the stock—no trouble to show goods. . . .

LADIES' DRESS GOODS

Flounced silks; brocades, black, plaid and fancy dress silks from 75c to $2.50 per yard; crape tissues, berages, challies, organdies, brilliantines, lawn, embroidered swiss and

io Leopold and Magdalena Grossman, Boone County, Missouri, Deed to Moses and Alexander Barth, December 27, 1855, Barth Papers.

11 Columbia Weekly Missouri Statesman, March 5, 1858.


chintz flounces, white goods, ladies' collars, undersleeves, jewelry of all kinds and latest styles, all warranted goods. Toys and fancy notions.

MANTLES AND SHAWLS

A large stock of black and fancy mantles; white and black crape shawls, Bonnets, ribbons, flowers, rueben, ladies' shoes, hosiery, gloves, &c.

READY-MADE CLOTHING

Carpeting, oil cloths, curtain goods, &c., together with our usual supply of Queensware, Hardware and Groceries. Call at our stand on Central St., Rocheport, and you will be sure to get goods cheap as the cheapest.12

By the outbreak of the Civil War in 1860, Moses Barth, at the age of thirty-five, owned his own home—where he housed his wife, his brother, and his children. He operated a successful dry goods business, and had an estate valued at $2,250 in real property and $8,500 in personal property13 which included three female slaves.14

Although he owned slaves, Moses opposed secession. In November, 1860, his name was included in a published list of Boone County citizens who wanted to maintain the Union at any cost.15

Business continued to operate normally during the early stages of the war, and in 1861-1862 Alex traveled to the East about every three months. On many of these buying trips he would carry up to $3,000 to purchase goods from his brother-in-law in Philadelphia.16

In 1862 the Barths became interested in expanding their business operations and felt it would be profitable to enter the tobacco market. Unable to raise enough capital themselves, they again turned to their Philadelphia relatives for aid. Evidently they were convincing because Michael Jacobs and Simon Arnold agreed to invest $50,000 in the tobacco speculation, with the Barth brothers receiving equal shares of the profits. With all the money furnished by the Philadelphia investors the partnership of Arnold, Jacobs, and Barth was consummated in a letter sent to Alex on November 4, 1862:

12 Ibid. 13 Census Record, Schedule I—Free Inhabitants in the town of Rocheport

in the County of Boone, State of Missouri, June 6, 1860, on microfilm, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

14 Slave Schedule, Schedule II—Slave Inhabitants in town of Rocheport, Missouri, Township in the County of Boone, State of Missouri, June 5, 1860, on microfilm, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

15 Columbia Missouri Statesman, November 16, 1860. 16 Alex and Moses Barth, Financial Statement, 1862-1863, Barth Papers.


Mr. Arnold just returned from New York and Missouri tobacco is worth from 14 to 25c. . . .

Now Sir I expect you to write me full particulars at once. Don't delay a second. What kind of Tobacco it is. What you can buy at. What it formerly was worth. . . . In fact we both think well of the speculation if the Tobacco is good and if we can get it at low prices, at the same time. If your letter meets with my views I likely will come out and we may double the amount of money I propose to put in. . . . Dear Brother times will be critical our money has depreciated and will eventually depreciate more therefore take a Brothers advice and collect and raise in all the money you can of your outstanding debts and so you will be safe when the dreadful blow may come. . . .1T

The blow did come and it struck hard enough on both fronts to destroy the Barth-Jacobs-Arnold combine permanently. In the East unwise investment and over-extension of credit ruined Michael Jacobs' finances. By February, 1863, he was afraid that rising prices would wreck his speculations and was determined to collect his debts and extend no further credit.18 There is no recorded data on the extent of the losses incurred in the tobacco trade but in 1862-1863 more than $100,000 was recorded in tobacco transactions.19 By July, Jacobs had suffered such severe losses that he even attempted to borrow from his brother-in-law Alex.20

Unfortunately, the Missouri brothers could be of no assistance. Guerrilla fighting among the Civil War forces was destroying the effectiveness of the business they had developed the decade before.

The history of the Civil War in Missouri is unique because of the small bands that formed to carry on their own crusades, and nowhere can the uncertainties of the times be better seen than in the little town of Rocheport. The townspeople were known to be Southern sympathizers, and "Bloody Bill" Anderson used Rocheport as his base of operations for so long that it became known as his "capital." But the town was devastated by both sides, and the frequent fighting, burning, and looting destroyed any possibility of future progress for Rocheport.21

The first major bushwhacker raid came in October, 1863. Several stores were robbed, and Moses Barth was listed as a

17 Jacobs to Barth, November 4, 1862, Barth Papers. 18 Michael Jacobs, Philadelphia, to Alex and Moses Barth, Rocheport, Mo.,

February 10, 1863, Barth Papers. 19 Alex and Moses Barth, Financial Statement, 1862-1863, Barth Papers. 20 Jacobs to Barth, July 20, 1863, Barth Papers. 21 Switzler, History of Boone, 1002.


"principal loser."22 Anderson left the town and it was immediately occupied by Federal troops. Moses felt Rocheport was no longer safe and decided to set up a small dry goods operation and take his family to live temporarily in the nearby military post of Columbia. In 1864 Alex enrolled in the draft.23

Moses made arrangements for a long-time employee, William Crump, to remain in Rocheport and run the store as long as it was possible. The correspondence between these two men illustrates the devastating effect the war had on Rocheport and the steady deterioration and final ruin of the Barth mercantile enterprise.

On August 28, 1864, Crump related to Moses in Columbia, "Our cash sales have been from $6 to 16 per day since you left."24

On September 5 he described the effect Federal occupation was having on the town:

There has been so much excitement in the vicinity of Rocheport that no person comes to Town except for their mail or to the Mill. I have not been able to collect any money last week except from John Maxwell his small acct. . . . Quite a number of our citizens in the country have had demands made of them for money and had to raise it or forfeit their life.25

The next day Crump again replied to his employer's request for information:

Our town looks completely desserted [sic~\. Business of every kind completely dead. No person comes in from the country. If times get any worse I shall have to move my base of operations. . . . Now I want your advice shall I go on and collect and run the risk or shall I stop business altogether for awhile?26

Crump endeavored as best he could to wind up the financial affairs of Barth's business. But fear of the uncertainties of the future as well as the fluctuation of the greenback currency hampered his ability to manage the affairs effectively: He wrote:

In regard to business thats dead dead . . . Persons you owe want their money and you want to pay them but cannot do so until we collect . . . I hope as you do that I

22 ibid., 1003. 23 Columbia Missouri Statesman, January 8, 1864. 24 William Crump, Rocheport, to Moses Barth, Columbia, Mo., August

28, 1864, Barth Papers. 25 Crump to Barth, September 5, 1864, Barth Papers. 26 Crump to Barth, September 6, 1864, Barth Papers.


may not have to leave the stand in Rocheport for I want to remain here and attend to the business.27

By early September it appeared that in Rocheport almost all normal operations had ceased. Poor business conditions and bloody fighting drove the townspeople out of the community. On September 7, a friend wrote to Moses: "Everything excepting death seems suspended and almost every business except the coffin maker has closed."28

A week later William Crump reflected the same attitude:

I write you a few lines to let you know that I am yet in the land of the living. Times have been rather quiet here for 4 or 5 days have had no person in Town. We scarcely see a Farmer come to Town.29

Two weeks later, on October 2, 1864, the Federal troops burned Rocheport and Moses Barth lost the physical plant and inventory of his business.30 At the end of the year he estimated his loss from the fire at $3,000.31 But this figure fails to represent adequately his entire losses suffered from the Civil War. It does not account for the actual value of the store building nor does it reflect his loss of slave property after the Emancipation Proclamation.

Although Rocheport was "scarred and blackened and considerably prostrate"32 after the war ended, Moses was determined to return to his home town and attempt to rebuild. The move was unwise because Rocheport was crippled and offered dim prospects for real business activity, especially for a man in poor financial standing.

He continued his small operation in Columbia and went into partnership with A. Victor and H. W. Meyer to begin again in Rocheport.33 The company of Barth, Victor, and Meyer filled their storeroom with a wide assortment of all kinds of goods. They catered primarily to trade in dress and piece goods but offered boots and shoes, glassware, and groceries as well; all offered at "Anti-War Prices."34 But the decline in population and activity in Rocheport

27 Crump to Barth, September 7, 1864, Barth Papers. 28 John N. Hartman, Rocheport, to Moses Barth, Columbia, Mo., Sep

tember 7, 1864, Barth Papers. 29 Crump to Barth, September 14, 1864, Barth Papers. 30 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 31 Barth Brothers, Profit and Loss Statement, 1864, Barth Papers. 32 Switzler, History of Boone, 1005. 33 Ibid., 1013. 34 Columbia Missouri Weekly Statesman, April 17, 1868.


after the war coupled with Barth's personal losses proved too much to overcome with the same type of operation that had succeeded before. The business collapsed.35

In 1870 the forty-five-year-old merchant was worth $7,000 in real property and $6,000 in personal property.36 But a year later his brick store house in Columbia and his lots of property in Rocheport were placed in a deed of trust. Moses Barth declared bankruptcy owing his creditors $6,000.37

The war destroyed Barth's opportunity to become a prominent merchant and trader in a bustling community. Some friends gave him assistance and little by little he began to rebuild after he was relieved of his debts. Barth then accumulated a line of merchandise and became engaged in the shipping of grain, wool, and general produce.38

But if the war years gave him anything good it was the fortune to have two of his nephews migrate from Germany and settle in Central Missouri.39 This immigration was followed by other members of the same family and soon through a combination of business relationships of brothers and cousins the Barth name became well-known throughout merchandising circles in the Midwest. Soon there were clothing stores run by a member of the Barth family in Rocheport, Columbia, Boonville, Mexico, Lamar, and Trenton, Missouri, as well as in Atchison, Kansas, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Joseph V. and Victor Barth, two nephews who came to Missouri at the close of the Civil War, opened the Barth Store in Columbia.

The nephews followed a course which paralleled the one Moses pursued twenty years earlier. They left their home in Germany, went to Philadelphia, and then took up the task of peddling their goods in Boone County, Missouri. They rode from house to house on horseback and within two years had accumulated enough profit to enable them to locate in a single place. In 1868 they opened a small store room with a twenty-foot frontage40 on Ninth

35 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 36 Census Record, Missouri Township, County of Boone, State of Missouri,

July 14, 1870. 37 Moses Barth to Squire Turner, Jr., Deed of Trust, May 27, 1871, Barth

Papers. 38 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 39 Information obtained in correspondence with Mrs. Sora Barth Loeb,

November 15, 1966. 40 Walter Williams, ed., History of Northeast Missouri (Chicago, 1913),

1145.

Joseph V. and Victor Barth's Columbia Store.

and Broadway in Columbia and began a clothing company with a few furnishing goods and a few suits of men's clothing.4 1 The store stands on the same spot today and still bears the family name.

Through extensive use of credit the brothers entered the competitive market quickly, and the J & V Barth Clothing Store became a popular new addition to the Columbia business world. Joseph and Victor worked hard and turned their profits constantly back into their inventory. They built an extensive and varied stock and advertised frequently.

C O M E AND SEE

T H E GREAT STOCK

OF

CLOTHING

A T THE POPULAR HOUSE OF

J & V BARTH

They take great pleasure in announcing to their number-ous friends and customers, that they have just received direct from the manufacturers a magnificent assortment of the latest and most improved styles of

GENTS AND BOYS CLOTHING

COMPETITION

41 Columbia Evening Missourian, October 18, 1909.


We defy any house to offer greater INDUCEMENTS Prepared to dress the smallest boy and the largest man.42

Four years after the store opened, in 1872, a third brother Gustav came to the country. Joseph and Victor put him to work clerking in their shop.43

In 1876 the bonds between Moses Barth and his nephew Victor were tightened as the twenty-six-year-old merchant married his uncle's oldest daughter Nettie. The marriage of first cousins is related in the Columbia newspaper:

NOTABLE EVENT IN ROCHEPORT

A JEWISH WEDDING

BARTH—BARTH

No social event for a long period is regarded so notable in the annals of Rocheport as the celebration of this marriage. The bride a universal favorite, young, beautiful, and accomplished; the groom an enterprising clothing merchant of Columbia, united in the holy bonds of wedlock according to the rites of the Jewish church.

No marriage banquet in a western village ever exceeded in exquisite taste, elegance, and variety as this occasion.44

A year later a son Irvin was born to the new couple.

The business in Columbia continued to build and in 1880 the brothers decided to expand and opened a new branch in nearby Mexico. Joseph left Columbia to manage the new store.45 Several years later Victor joined with a cousin in Lamar, Missouri, and his field of business interest was broadened by the partnership.46

In Rocheport his Uncle Moses remained in his small stand on Central Street and continued to ship wheat. His family was now complete; and in the 1880s his two sons—Joseph A., born in 1857, and Isadore A., born in 1868,—helped him occasionally in the store. His eldest daughter Nettie was happily married to Victor in Columbia where the couple participated in the town's business affairs and civic development projects.47 Another daughter, Pauline, married her first cousin Gus Barth. Moses and Minna Barth had three other daughters, Sakie, Carrie and Linda, making a total of seven children.

42 Columbia Weekly Advertiser, April 30, 1869. 43 History of Grundy County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1881), 422. 44 Columbia Missouri Statesman, August 25, 1876. 45 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. 46 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, February 17, 1888. 47 Columbia Evening Missourian, December 8, 1921.


In 1888, after Joseph left home to strike out on his own in Columbia, Isadore gave up his job as a traveling salesman and returned to Rocheport to help his father run the store. Years later he related this merchandising experience:

We figured twenty-five dollars a year for advertising, three hundred and sixty for rent, and three hundred a year for each salesman. The biggest expense we had then was insurance. The rates were high. The storeroom we paid thirty a month for was 24' X 90' giving us plenty of room for all departments . . . Farmers used to bring butter and eggs into the little River shipping town in exchange for merchandise. Occasionally they would sell them for cash, however. But rather than send their customers home with products which they had brought in to sell, merchants often bought butter and eggs and threw them out. In these days we had a great deal of credit business, nearly every customer we had was on the books at one time or another. But we never lost a cent on most of them. He knew how much he owed and that was that.48

48 Columbia Missourian, February 1, 1928.

Moses M. Barth's Store in Rocheport in the late 1800s.

Courtesy Mrs. Grover Young


Credit was fairly easy to extend in those days for several reasons. Jobbers and manufacturers gave the merchants six months to settle their accounts and the relatively slow turnover in stock did not necessitate a great deal of cash on hand.

Moses and his son Isadore sold a good suit of clothes for ten dollars and men's hose ran about ten cents a pair or three pair for twenty-five cents. They carried a large stock of sweaters which sold for a dollar and a half or two dollars and the top price for underwear was seventy-five cents.49

But while these experiences in merchandising were unique for young Isadore, they were old stories for his pioneer father. On August 31, 1888, Moses Barth left on the last of many trips to the East to buy new goods. He said at his departure that he expected "the new stock to be the largest he has purchased for years and expects to surprise the people on low prices."50

But the new stock was no real boon to his business and soon even his health deteriorated. Moses wrote to his son Joseph in Columbia:

You can see by this letter that I am still in the land of living. Today is the first day I can write and I hope I will improve all along and write this letter in the store. Business is still dull but hope soon will improve.51

In the last year of his life Moses continued working in his store although business was constantly declining. He always expressed hope for the future but knew his successes could only come with the younger generation.

I hope you succeed in your business and doing well Dear Jo. I hope business is good with you. It slow here. Sales yesterday cash $88 cr $32.52

On September 7, 1890, Moses wrote to his son, "Business here is slow this week sold $403."53 Two months later on November 29, the pioneer merchant died at the age of sixty-six. He had successfully adapted to his new environment and although faced with financial catastrophe caused by forces beyond his control, he always held to his principles of decent and honorable business

49 Ibid. 50 Rocheport Commercial, September 31, 1888. 51 Moses Barth, Rocheport, to Joseph Barth, Columbia, Mo., April 10,

1890, Barth Papers. 52 Moses Barth to Joseph Barth, July 27, 1890, Barth Papers. 53 Moses Barth to Joseph Barth, September 7, 1890, Barth Papers.


practices. He was active in the affairs of his community as a member of the Boone Lodge, the IOOF, and the Masons and was known as the "foreign-born gentleman."54 He was a true representative of the finest German tradition, and his sons reflected the spirit of his guidance.

After his death his son Isadore operated the business for a few years. He later became a traveling salesman for a Kansas City merchandising firm and operated a clothing store in Wichita Falls, Texas, for eight months.55

His cousin Victor continued the business on Ninth and Broadway in Columbia. Victor had tireless energy and worked constantly at his trade. Astute management of the small amount of capital with which he began caused his business to grow steadily. He bought small amounts of merchandise and always reinvested the profit in a new stock of goods. He gained a reputation for being very progressive because of his effective management and extensive use of credit. Often it was easier to get credit from Victor Barth than any other merchant in town. This trust in his clientele served his purpose well, especially in building up trade with the students of the University of Missouri.56

In 1906 he bought out his brother's interest in the store and changed the name to the Victor Barth Clothing Company.57

In 1909 he outgrew the shop he had opened in 1868 and began to construct a modern storeroom. Keeping his same location on what became known as "Barth Corner," Victor built a two-story 62' X 52' store to house his merchandise. The new building became one of the largest and finest mercantile establishments in the Midwest.58

But Victor did not live to enjoy the new quarters. He had attended so closely to his business that illness forced him to retire, and on October 18, 1909, he died. At the time of his death Victor Barth was the oldest merchant in Columbia59 and had gained the reputation of being one of the town's most prominent businessmen and respected citizens.60 He and his wife had worked closely in Columbia civic affairs, and when the University's Academic Hall

54 Switzler, History of Boone, 1013. 55 Columbia Missourian, December 18, 1936. 56 Statement obtained from employee of over 43 years in the Barth Com

pany, Mrs. Wallace Whitaker, Columbia, Missouri, November 1, 1966. 57 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. 58 ibid. 59 Columbia Missourian, January 18, 1909. 60 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145.


Victor Barth

Walter Williams, ed., A Hist, of N. E. Mo.

burned Barth contributed a thousand dollars toward its reconstruction. He had developed from an immigrant peddler on a merchant route to one of the largest clothiers in the Midwest. In 1909 his stock was appraised at over $28,000.61

A year later the company became incorporated with his wife Nettie, as president; his son Irvin, vice-president; his cousin Isadore, secretary-treasurer; and his cousin Joseph, a director.62

Isadore moved to Columbia to manage the store and increased the size of the trade from year to year. In 1916 he was elected president of the Missouri Retail Clothier Association.63 By the 1920s he had tripled the stock and capital from the time he had taken charge.64

In the late 1920s Isadore and his brother Joseph decided to buy the remaining interest of the corporation and conducted gigantic merchandise sales to raise necessary capital. The sale was the largest in the store's history and included fantastic reductions. The brothers ran full-page advertisements to attract customers:

61 Victor Barth Administrator's Inventory, Boone County Probate Court, Columbia, Missouri, Granted, October 30, 1909.

62 Williams, Northeast Missouri, 1145. 63 Columbia Missourian, February 17, 1916. 64/fcjd., May 8, 1922.


Joseph Arnold Barth and

Isadore Arnold Barth


OUR FIRST SALE IN 10 YEARS

To buy out the interest of the Victor Barth Estate in the Victor Barth Clothing Company, Joseph A. and Isadore A. need

$30,000 IN CASH

We are not going out of business but we are buying the remaining interest of this estate so that with the entire ownership under our control we may give you even better service than in the past. In order to do this we are putting on this tremendous

MONEY RAISING SALE 59 YEARS OF HONEST MERCHANDISING65

After the estate was settled Isadore reflected on his business activities in the past twenty-five years. He had always maintained a close relationship with university students. Because credit was easily obtained and a wide variety of latest styles was offered, Barth's became Columbia's most popular and stylish men's clothing shop. But Isadore had seen many changes both in the demands of students for more varied styles and their purchasing power. He wrote:

A quarter of a century has brought a great change in the appearance of the young man on the streets of Columbia. Quiet rides in the carriage on a dirt pathway are bygones, and the youth of '27 seems to enjoy a "collegiate" car, or a low slung roadster with its quiet purring motor.

QSIbid., May 10, 1927.


With this disappearance of the horse and carriage and the coming of the motor car comes a dash and snap to mens styles.

One great difference between the two periods is the demand of men. With about the same income to spend and the same proportional buying power, the student of a quarter century ago was not as fickle in his demand, nor did he require as much for his wardrobe as the college youth of today . . . While there are literally thousands of cuts for mens suits today, we had a few hundred at that time.66

The attitude Isadore had toward students was representative of his general nature. He extended credit when no other Columbia merchant would, thus reflecting the great trust he had of the students and of his clientele. Isadore ran a popular store and he was proud of it. Many of his former students came back to shop or mailed in their orders. He always strived to offer the latest and finest goods of merchandise and had a reputation for courtesy. He was a friendly man of high morals67 and it is truly a reflection of his character when he was referred to as a "gentleman of the old school."68 Active in community affairs, he served as president of the Columbia Rotary Club in 1932 and he was a charter member of the Round Table Club, organized in 1922 by Walter Williams, dean of the University of Missouri School of Journalism.69

When Isadore Barth died in December, 1936, it was more than the loss of a single businessman:

There was this in particular about Isadore Barth that will make his passing a bitter privation to the community which he vitally helped to build: he cared deeply for Columbia and Boone County, and he served not with mere utterance, and emotion, but brain and work and time . . . He brought integrity into his business and into his attitude and his work as a citizen. He gave liberally in money and time to improve the way of life in his town and county . . . He so enjoyed telling stories of incidents and personalities of the old days in Boone County, particularly those in Rocheport. He loved Missouri people.70

66 Columbia Missourian Magazine, March 26, 1927. 67 Undated newspaper article in files of the University of Missouri Alumni

Office, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. 68 Statement by Mrs. Wallace Whitaker. 69 Columbia Missourian, December 18, 1936. 70 ibid.


This was the son of Moses Barth, a pioneer immigrant merchant.

When his brother Joseph died ten years later the Barth establishment came into the hands of another family.71 But even today —as the store approaches its one-hundredth anniversary—it is known as Barth's.

The case study of the Barth family is an interesting one. For the history of the family captures the spirit of immigration, the establishment of a merchant enterprise on the western frontier during a period of Know-Nothing activity, the devastation caused by the American Civil War, the close inter-relationship of Jewish family activity and the integration of newcomers into their adopted communities. The story demonstrates the finest blend of a foreign culture with the realities of American society.

Today the Barth name is still displayed on the store's front on Ninth and Broadway in Columbia and a picture of Victor Barth hangs inside. If you drive west from Columbia on Interstate Highway 70 and take the exit before the Missouri River, the access road will wind down the valley into the town of Rocheport.

Rocheport has not grown since the days before the Civil War when Moses Barth was its most active merchant. The grassland which has grown where the river used to flow signifies Rocheport's era of activity has long passed. On Central Street where the Barth store was located there remains only the false-front of a bank, an antique shop and a garage. But in the sandstone sidewalk, which has cracked and buckled with age, is imbedded a foot-high inscription that contains a great deal of the river town's history. The inscription now lies in front of a vacant lot, but once marked the entrance to a merchant's bustling stand and reads simply BARTHS.

71 James W. Hourigan bought a half-interest in Barth's during 1936 and secured the remaining interests in 1946.

Premiums Paid for Triplets Doniphan Prospect-News, February 2, 1899.

A man in St. Clair county, who is the father of triplets, wrote Gov. Stephens asking him his advice as to what he was entitled for adding so much to the population of the state at one time. The governor referred the matter to the senate in executive session, and it was voted unanimously that each senator give one dollar for the support of the children. Senator Mott was authorized to collect the money and forward it.

Frank Leslie's Illustrated, October 1, 1864

Administering the Oath of Allegiance to Rebels.

The Missouri Paw Paw Militia

of 1863-1864 BY HOWARD V. CANAN*

The coming of the Civil War found the population of Missouri divided over the question of secession. The Missouri General Assembly convened a state convention to resolve the issue. Since it was clear that the majority of the people of the state did not favor secession, the convention, under the leadership of Hamilton R. Gamble, voted that the state remain in the Union. Many Missourians, favoring secession, never gave up trying to bring their state into the Confederate fold. The result was bitter internecine war. Some Southern sympathizers banded together in guerrilla units which spread quickly across the state. Abraham Lincoln,

* Colonel Howard V. Canan, U.S.A. (Ret.) , is a graduate of the United States Military Academy, the Command and General Staff College and the Naval War College. A previous contributor to the REVIEW, he has also published articles in the Maryland Historical Magazine, Civil War History, Armor and Signal.

431


President of the United States, did not understand conditions in Missouri and failed to assign sufficient troop strength to control the guerrillas. It was left largely to state authorities to provide Federal officers commanding in Missouri with the number of state troops required to ensure peace within the state borders.

Major General Henry W. Halleck commanded the Department of the Mississippi in 1862. His command included Union troops in Missouri. He established field headquarters in Tennessee in April 1862, preparatory to an advance on Corinth, Mississippi, leaving Brigadier General John M. Schofield behind to command in Missouri. Acting under the instructions he received from Halleck in May, Schofield transferred all his available infantry to Tennessee. This left him only a skeleton force to protect Missouri from the ravages of the guerrillas present in the state. His command consisted chiefly of 13,800 Missouri State Militia scattered thinly throughout the state. The Confederates took immediate advantage of the situation. Large numbers of recruiting officers infiltrated Missouri, recruiting and organizing guerrilla bands which were ordered to further disrupt the already divided border state.1

There was no possibility of securing additional Federal troops. The Missouri State Militia received its pay from Federal funds and its numbers were limited by Congressional action. General Schofield persuaded Governor Hamilton R. Gamble to authorize a new military force, the Enrolled Missouri Militia, which comprised all the able-bodied male citizens of the state. The general orders organizing the Enrolled Missouri Militia provided that only loyal men would be accepted as active members. The orders further provided that disloyal men should report to the nearest headquarters to be enrolled as disloyal. Any arms they possessed would be confiscated. They could then return to their homes where they would be permitted to remain as long as they "shall . . . in no way give aid or comfort to the enemy." By the fall of 1862, 52,056 men were enrolled in seventy regiments.2

i The War of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (130 Volumes, Washington, D. C , 1880-1902), Volume XIII, 9-10—Hereafter cited as O.R. Unless otherwise specified, all references will be to Series 1; Richard S. Brownlee, Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy (Baton Rouge, 1958) , 79, 157, 158; Wiley Britton, Civil War on the Border (New York, 1899) , I, 337, II, 9.

2 Brownlee, Gray Ghosts, 81, 83, 127; William E. Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, Missouri and the Union, 1861-1865 (Columbia, Mo., 1964), 91, 92, 95; Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Missouri for the Year 1863 (Jefferson City, 1863), 15, 16, 22, 23, 27-Hereafter cited as Mo. A. G. Annual Report: O. R., XIII, 8, 10, 11, 12, 505, 506, 518, 519, 534, 535.

The Missouri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864 433

From the time of its organization, the Enrolled Missouri Militia was disliked by many disloyal Missourians and was unpopular among certain loyal elements of the population. German radicals in St. Louis and Radical Republicans preferred Federal troops protecting the state. Although no Federal troops were available for that purpose, many loyal citizens continued almost open opposition to the enrolled militia.3

Some Kansans retained a hatred of all Missourians because of the slavery question and the border difficulties prior to the admission of their state into the Union. In the first years of the war, Kansans frequently raided Missouri, looting throughout the countryside and encouraging slaves to escape with them. Again during the summer of 1863, there was a lack of troops to protect Missourians from attacks by guerrillas or raids by Kansans who had become known as "Kansas Red Legs" or "Kansas Jayhawkers." Hamilton R. Gamble, who became provisional governor after the regularly elected state administration fled the state, organized additional militia in Northwest Missouri to quell unrest there. The newly formed companies were composed, in part, of returned officers and soldiers from the Confederate army who were previously enrolled as disloyal. Many of these men were under bond to assure their keeping the peace.4

Although the general orders, previously referred to, specified that the "disloyal" would not be formed into companies or do duty with the Missouri militia, Governor Gamble authorized Colonel James H. Moss of the 48th Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia, to organize the "disloyal" as home guards for the protection of the civilian population. Disloyal men from Platte and Clinton counties were formed into companies and placed in the 81st and 82nd Regiments of the Enrolled Missouri Militia. Colonel John Scott commanded the 81st while Moss assumed command of the 82nd Regiment. Since these units would serve only in the northwestern part of the state, it was not contemplated that they would fight Confederates. Both of the regiments became known as the "Paw Paw Militia."5

3 John M. Schofield, Forty-six Years in the Army (New York, 1897), 60; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 94-96, 219.

4 John Henry Frick, "Recollections of the Civil War," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XIX (July, 1925), 634.

5 O. R., Ser. 2, VII, 240, 258, 297; Ibid., Ser. 1, XIII, 534, 535; Ibid., XXII, Pt. II, 587, 588, 590, 591, 697-698, 1143; Ibid., XXXIV, Pt. IV, 226; W. M. Paxton, Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, 1897), 349; Liberty Tribune, November 17, 1864; History of Clay and Platte Counties, Missouri (St. Louis, 1885), 691-693.


There are two versions of the origin of the name "Paw Paw Militia." Some believe the name was adopted because many of the units camped among the Paw Paw bushes of the Missouri River bottoms in Clay and Platte counties. Others think that the companies were derisively called "Paw Paws" because of the supposed sympathy they held for the bushwhackers who infested the brush in northern Missouri.6

The Paw Paws served in a largely disloyal area. In the area, local, antagonisms toward the enrolled militia existed from the time it was formed in 1862. These antagonisms had assumed dangerous proportions by 1863. Because the regularly enrolled militia units found it

increasingly difficult to maintain peace in Northwest Missouri, it appeared desirable to relieve them. There were few Unionists in the area and the Paw Paws were less objectionable to the majority of the local inhabitants.

The formation of the Paw Paw militia was a political appeasement that did not achieve its desired objective. It increased Radical discontent and gave the Radicals an opportunity to begin a virulent campaign against Schofield and Gamble. Demands were made that Schofield be relieved and the Enrolled Missouri Militia disbanded because it contained ex-Confederate soldiers who were driving Unionists from their homes.7

Conditions along the border had improved temporarily. While traveling throughout the state, Missouri's Lieutenant Governor Willard P. Hall wrote General Schofield on October 21 about conditions in St. Joseph and Northwest Missouri. Hall stated that there was more security for people and property there than had existed since the war began.8

John M. Schofield

6 "Paw Paw Militia," MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, XXVI (October, 1931), 85-87; Frick, "Recollections of Civil War," 634.

7 O. R., XXII, Pt. II, 581-584, 591, 595, 680, 697-698, 1143. 8 Ibid., 677-678.


Still irate Union Radical Republicans clamored for Schofield's removal. President Lincoln refused to relieve him but requested a report of conditions in Schofield's theater of operations. Schofield replied on November 9 that he had fully investigated the conditions and while there were from five to ten percent ex-Confederates in the St. Joseph militia, this was a lesser percentage than had been accepted in Kansas units. The ex-Confederates in the St. Joseph militia were guarding property of loyal citizens and, in Schofield's estimation, they appeared to be good soldiers. He noted that it was to their advantage to obey orders as their own property was held in security to assure loyal service. He informed the President that the officers were especially selected for their loyalty and, after the new companies assumed their duties, there was no report of murder, robbery or arson in the area. Schofield also believed that the Paw Paw militia presented no threat to the Union.9

But Schofield was too optimistic. Many members of the militia in the northern part of the state were disloyal. The officers were supposed to be loyal, although in reality many were not. With a preponderance of ex-Confederates and Southern sympathizers, many of the companies might be useful for guard duty but when the guerrillas became menacing each spring the very existence of the Paw Paw companies was dangerous to peace and strengthened the ever strident complaints of the Radicals. Reliance on this type of militia led to an aggravating situation which was not easy to correct when conditions became serious.10

Because of Colonel Moss's role in organizing the Paw Paw regiments he, not Governor Gamble, incurred the blame for their existence. Almost every time the Paw Paws were mentioned by the Radicals, Moss was criticized. After serving as colonel in the Mexican War, Moss became an attorney at Columbia, Missouri. After he organized the two Paw Paw regiments he was made commander of the military post at Liberty, a sub-post of the Northwest District of Missouri. His background added impetus to Radical criticism. Not only was he a Conservative and a second cousin of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy, but his brother-in-law, the Confederate Colonel John C. Calhoun Thornton, was known to be in the northwest area of Missouri on a recruiting mission. Among the unsubstantiated accusations against

9 Ibid., 585-586, 666-668, 677, 680, 697-698. io Ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 56-59.


Moss was that he refused a Confederate commission because he feared he might be shot if captured. Another accusation held that he was a member of the notorious Knights of the Golden Circle, a Southern oriented subversive secret society, and that he played an integral part in arming members of that organization in Missouri. Moss was also alleged to have advised Southern sympathizers that taking the Union oath of allegiance meant nothing because it was administered under duress. Regardless of the truth of the charges, made to Department and District headquarters, it seemed unwise to continue Moss as commander of the sub-district. Perhaps his promotion to brigadier general in the enrolled militia furnished the excuse for his removal; he was not referred to as the district commander after June 30, 1864.13-

The Radical Republicans were also critical of the Paw Paws. They contended that Confederate sympathizers considered the Paw Paws to be loyal Southerners. It was also maintained that the majority of the Paw Paws, like Moss, belonged to the Knights of the Golden Circle. If the Confederate General Sterling Price moved north, the Radicals felt sure that the Paw Paws would flock to his standards.12 To make sure that the Paw Paws were disbanded, the Radicals, more often than not, were not truthful.

On December 26, 1863, W. T. Reynolds and seven other loyal men from Liberty, where Colonel Moss had his headquarters, wrote the commander of the Department of Missouri that the country was protected solely by Paw Paws who were denouncing Unionists. They reported that the Paw Paws openly admitted they would not fight against "their Southern brothers." They recommended there be no delay in getting rid of them. However, the command situation was so confused that department headquarters sent the letter to Colonel Moss instead of district headquarters.13

Major General William S. Rosecrans, who assumed command of the Department of Missouri on January 30, 1864, was recipient of a letter from George S. Parks which was typical of the Radical correspondence:

i i O. R., XXXIV, Pt. II, 759, 760; Ibid., Ser. 2, VII, 240, 249, 258, 270, 297; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (St. Louis, 1943) , III, 19; History of Boone County, Missouri (St. Louis, 1884), 956; W. R. Jackson, Missouri Democracy (St. Louis, 1936), 22-40; Mo. A. G. Annual Report, 1864, 357; Report of the Committee of the House of Representatives of the 22nd General Assembly of the State of Missouri, Appointed to Investigate the Conduct and Management of the Militia (Jefferson City, 1864) , 189.

12 O. R., Ser. 2, VII, 240, 250; Paxton, Annals of Platte County, 352. 13 O. R., XXXIV, Pt. II, 382-384.


The day your forces were over here [Parkville] a Union scout of 14, from Parkville, tracked the stolen horses to the rebel camp in Dr. Joseph Walker's pasture, near the head of Todd's Creek. . . . They had been camping there some time. Your troops were purposely misled. Dr. Walker and others belong to the Paw Paw for cloak.

When Wilson's men found the camp, then Dr. Walker reported to Major Clark, but he took good care not to go there or let your troops know it. Moss played his part of the role in arming Paw Paws and permitting rebels to get private arms; now the Paw Paws will save their property under cloak, and secretly aid rebels, while they rob and assassinate Union men. Paw Paws will never find the bushwhackers. Secesh are laughing in their sleeves. . . .

. . . . Two weeks ago Mr. Morris' horses were stolen, and he got some men and tracked them into this pasture, but was warned by a secesh friend not to go into the brush, and he did not. . . . the great crime of Schofield and Moss & Co. in arming the rebels is now felt. When the Government has no troops and the leaves are out they [the guerrillas] act.14

When conditions in Northwest Missouri became extremely perilous, Brigadier General Clinton B. Fisk commanded the Northern District. When he first arrived at his headquarters, Fisk had no preconceived ideas about the quality of the troops he would command. The 82nd Regiment, Enrolled Missouri Militia, was guarding critical positions but the 81st had been relieved from active duty. The latter were allowed to take their arms home with them. It was reported that some of them were "slipping into the brush" with their arms and joining the rebels. Understandably, Fisk ordered that all men of the 81st be disarmed and the arms shipped to the St. Joseph Armory. Upon receipt of the order, the arms of twelve men of Captain R. H. Bywater's company at Camden Point were collected and stored in a building for shipment the next morning. That night arms were stolen by a small body of guerrillas. In spite of similar occurrences adding doubt to Paw Paw loyalty, General Fisk necessarily retained some of the best Paw Paw companies. He could not secure other troops at the time and the Paw Paws were almost all he had to defend the northwestern part of the state from the guerrillas.15

General Rosecrans learned of Colonel Moss's part in organizing the Paw Paws but he did not believe the companies represented a

14 ibid., Pt. IV, 476-477. 15 Ibid., 23; Ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 56-57.


W. S. Rosecrans

real threat. On April 29, 1864, he telegraphed directly to Moss concerning the new Confederate recruits north of the Missouri River and expressed the hope that they, and the recruiters, would meet a reception from Moss that would "vindicate" charges of disloyalty being made against him. Moss sent Rosecrans' telegram to Fisk with the remark that there was little to fear as the people would put down any uprising by local guerrillas. The reply led Rosecrans to conclude that Fisk and Moss could manage the situation.16 Fisk, how

ever, did not share this optimism and, on May 15, he instructed Captain William B. Kemper of the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry to, "Clean out and kill" all disloyal Paw Paws and find out to whom Moss distributed arms.17

Unexpected difficulties arose for Fisk in late April. An outbreak of murders in his district gave Radicals the opportunity to accuse Paw Paws of the crimes. As the accusations involved his troops and threatened the peace of his district, Fisk, personally, investigated the killings. The investigation required many disagreeable hours of labor.18 In the end, Fisk reported to department headquarters that the murders probably "were the result of little personal animosities existing between two militia companies . . . one a Paw Paw organization and the other not." He also upheld that the Paw Paws and the Enrolled Missouri Militia were working well together.19

Agitation continued against the Paw Paws. Fisk was informed in May, by Ray County Unionists, that while Confederate sympathizers were protected by Federal troops during the day and by bushwhackers at night, loyal men were without protection from either source and lacked weapons to protect themselves. The Ray County Unionists wanted to form a company of home guards.20

16/fcid., XXXIV, Pt. I l l , 351, 405, 445. n Ibid., 612-613. 18 Ibid., Pt. IV, 13, 23, 36-38, 90, 170, 263-264. 19 Ibid., 263-264. 20 Ibid., 37, 38; Kansas City Western Journal of Commerce, June 4, 1864.

Frank Leslie's Illustrated, April 4, 1863

Rebels Burning House of Unionists.


Soon after this request, twenty-three kegs and 150 cans of gunpowder were discovered on the premises of four of the first families of St. Joseph. This gunpowder, stolen from Camp Jackson in 1861, was hidden in the barns and dwellings of men who professed loyalty to the Union and were leaders of the Paw Paws.21

Although Fisk knew that President Lincoln believed the Paw Paws had saved northwestern Missouri from anarchy, the events in May made Fisk skeptical about their military effectiveness. By early June, he was completely disillusioned as to their value. Fisk telegraphed Rosecrans, on June 3, concerning the bitter feeling existing between the loyal and disloyal militia. His next report told Rosecrans that the Paw Paw militia on duty at New Market had surrendered to the bushwhackers and then joined them. Receiving unbiased information highly unfavorable to the Paw Paws, Fisk again telegraphed Rosecrans stating that none of the Paw Paws were trustworthy. From then on, Fisk attempted, although without success, to use only loyal Enrolled Missouri Militia companies with loyal officers.22

The next incident in June found the Paw Paws allowing seven guerrillas to escape from jail in St. Joseph. A few days later a loyal militia company skirmished with guerrillas at Ridgely. Eleven of the guerrillas encountered were recognized as being on the Platte County Enrolled Missouri Militia (Paw Paw) muster rolls and had been on active duty all winter. Other reports from Platte County indicated that Paw Paws were assisting guerrillas in stealing horses. Major General Samuel B. Curtis, commanding Federal forces in Kansas, commented that bushwhackers stole six horses near Farley, on June 15, and that there was an agreement among "bushwhackers and Paw Paws to let each other alone."23

Through the spring and into June, the bushwhackers drifted in large numbers across the Missouri River into General Fisk's district where there was more to steal. Fisk was without means to curtail their activities effectively but kept department headquarters informed of their movements. On June 19, 1864, he believed it was now time to send a separate report of the situation to General Rosecrans. The number of bushwhackers in his district was increasing greatly and Fisk asked for reliable troops to cope with

21 o. R., XXXIV, Pt. IV, 115. 22 ibid., 72, 200, 203, 263, 264. The two classes of militia were the loyal

and the Paw Paws who had been enrolled for the militia as "disloyal." 2S Ibid., Pt. I, 999; Pt. IV, 248, 417-418.


them, particularly in Clay and Platte counties. Fisk had only Paw Paw militia stationed in the four western counties of Andrew, Buchanan, Platte and Clay. In all, the Paw Paws represented over fifty percent of the militia force assigned to his district. He acknowledged that some of the Paw Paws were fair soldiers but none of them had much "zeal for fighting anything or anybody but Kansas Jayhawkers and Red Legs." The Paw Paws had not tried to capture Confederate recruiters who were active in the area. In Clay and Platte counties, no bushwhacker had harmed a Paw Paw. Lieutenant Governor Hall, who became governor after the death of Governor Gamble on January 31, 1864, still retained faith in the Paw Paws, which did not improve the situation. Additional companies of militia, presumably loyal, had been enrolled in Andrew and Buchanan counties but they had not received the official approval of Hall.24

General Fisk's troop strength consisted of some 1,500 Enrolled Missouri Militia and approximately 800 men of the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment.25 The number of State Militia Cavalry in his district was about one-fourth of the number of similar troops assigned to any other district. As conditions in his district continued to deteriorate and with no acknowledgement from Rosecrans of receipt of the June 19 letter, Fisk wrote again, on the 25th, amplifying his previous report. He wanted the Paw Paw militia in Clay and Platte counties relieved. Even though he had replaced all the ex-Confederates in those companies with the best men the counties afforded, the units were not dependable and would not fight. When calling up additional militia, Fisk carefully tried to secure the best loyal officers and men available and those with the least prejudice and bias. Still, undesirables filtered in. Fisk suggested in lieu of the enrolled militia, a force of two regiments of 150-day United States Volunteers be called for duty. He ended his letter by saying that he would do his best with the men available but the time had come when the Unionists now accused him of personal admiration for the Paw Paws.26

Fisk's reports should have clearly explained the precarious situation in his district. As he prophesied, an outbreak occurred in early July which required a combined force of Missouri-Kansas Federals to put down. Apparently Rosecrans had not read or con-

24 ibid., 263-264, 457. 25 ibid., 523, 623. 26 ibid., 552-553.


sidered Fisk's previous reports seriously. On July 16, he ordered Fisk to submit a complete report on the defection of Paw Paws in Platte and adjoining counties. He asked that the causes and circumstances of the outbreak be included. Fisk, in his report of August 1, sketched the background of the Paw Paws and covered their early operations. He stated that the 82nd Regiment of the Enrolled Missouri Militia had permitted Colonel John H. Winston, of the Confederacy, to remain in Clay County during the winter of 1863-1864, although Winston's presence in the area was well known. The Paw Paws were equally remiss in not arresting Colonel John C. Calhoun Thornton and his Confederate recruits whose activities in the area were common knowledge.27

Colonels Winston and Thornton recruited for the Confederacy in Northwest Missouri as early as June of 1863. Although previous attempts at recruiting in Missouri had failed, many Confederate leaders, including Major Generals Sterling Price and Joseph O. Shelby, now believed that a coordinated effort by rebel recruiters would be highly successful. Both Winston and Thornton were Clay Countians and when Winston was captured by the 9th Missouri State Militia Cavalry Regiment, on March 23, 1864, Thornton continued the recruiting alone. His headquarters were in Clay County and he traveled throughout the northwestern part of the state, often in a Confederate uniform. Thornton appointed agents in various townships and his recruiting efforts began meeting with some success.28

By June 1, 1864, Thornton and his agents had signed a sizable force to fight for the Confederacy. At the end of the month, it was conservatively estimated that Thornton's strength was approximately 500, including from 250 to 300 Paw Paws, not on active duty, who had joined him. Thornton and his recruits appeared before Parkville on July 7 and the Paw Paw company stationed there offered no resistance; some of the men joined the rebel force. Three days later, Thornton's force arrived at Platte City and raised the Confederate flag over the town. This particularly rankled the Union commanders. Thornton instructed his men to spare no Federals on any terms, although in practice he did not personally follow his own orders. The five companies of Paw Paws in Platte

27 ibid., XLI, Pt. 1, 56-59; Pt. II, 216, 293. 28 ibid., XXXIV, Pt. I, 999-1000, 1005; Pt. II, 707, 817; Pt. I l l , 287; Pt. IV,

457; Ibid., Ser. 2, VII, 240; History of Clay and Platte Counties, 720-723; O. R., XLI, Pt. I. 57.


City, with a strength of 130 men, surrendered to Thornton and within fifteen minutes, were in Confederate uniforms. Later, part of the Paw Paw company in St. Joseph joined Thornton and the remainder refused to fight. By this time it was estimated that Thornton's force was 800 strong.29

Thornton's activities led General Fisk to write Rosecrans on July 12 that there had been a general uprising in his district. The people had thrown off their masks and declared "openly for Jeff. Davis and the Southern Confederacy." Fisk asked for reinforcements to combat Thornton and his rebels.30 Thornton's force was potentially the most dangerous to Fisk.

After the fall of Parkville, Rosecrans informed the War Department of the acute situation in Northwest Missouri. He reported that Thornton was boasting of a general uprising north of the Missouri River and that he was resorting to conscription to augment his forces.31

Rosecrans had made little effort to secure reinforcements for Fisk who was left to his own devices to secure additional militia needed. He could not persuade Governor Hall to replace the Paw Paws with newly enrolled militia. Finally, Rosecrans realized that the Platte City affair indicated that the Union position in Northwest Missouri had declined to the point where positive action was needed. Both he and Hall responded to Fisk's dilemma—Rosecrans by assigning Federal troops to the district and Hall by authorizing additional militia.32

Thornton could not remain inactive after taking Platte City. He learned through his spies of the concentration being made against

Willard P . Hal l

Straus Portrait

j r ^ ? ^ ^

29 ibid, XXXIV, Pt. IV, 416, 417; Ibid., XLI, Pt. I, 56-59; Pt. II, 11, 126, 127, 133, 134, 137, 138, 145, 159, 312-313.

so Ibid., 158, 159; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 190.

31 O. R., XLI, Pt. II, 126, 133-134. 32 ibid., 128, 129, 149, 152, 204, 247,

249, 270, 292-296, 298, 313, 320, 339, 340, 392, 409; Parrish, Turbulent Partnership, 190-191.


him. Passive action no longer sufficed to hold his men together and guerrilla tactics became necessary. He had previously contacted all guerrilla leaders in the area, including John Thrailkill, George Todd, Richard Yeager and Fletcher Taylor, to secure their cooperation.33 Now was the time to use them.

General Curtis, in Kansas, kept abreast of the situation in Missouri. A spy, sent into Fisk's district, reported to Curtis on July 11 that there were 200 men in Platte City, recruiting rapidly, while waiting for General Shelby, who was coming up from Arkansas to join them. While they were waiting, these men in Platte City were cooperating with the guerrillas in the vicinity.34 Although he knew that Missourians distrusted most Kansans, General Curtis offered to assist the Union forces in Northwest Missouri. Rosecrans accepted the offer. When the combined force of Kansans and Missourians assembled at Weston on July 13, it was learned that Thornton had evacuated Platte City and moved to Camden Point, a few miles to the northeast. As the Union force marched on Camden Point, advanced troops of the column met Thornton with a detachment of 300 men and decisively defeated him. From then on, Thornton and his entire force of some 1,500 recruits were ruthlessly pursued. They were harried from place to place by one Union force working from the west and another from the southeast. Missouri River crossings were guarded by Union troops. Home guards were formed and defended the towns while the newly organized militia provided valuable assistance.35

Colonel Thornton's force, now joined by Thrailkill's guerrillas, was pushed eastward toward Cameron and part of it as far south as Carrollton. By July 23, Thornton's men seemed to have lost their military ardor. Rumors circulated that Thornton's forces were breaking up. Hundreds of young men, from Platte, Clay and Ray counties who had joined Thornton because they believed that the Confederacy would hold Missouri, now deserted and were hiding in the woods. Loss of his recruits and the number of loyal Missourians who combined against him came as a surprise to Thornton. His problems magnified when General Shelby did not reach Missouri as planned. With pursuers pressing in on all sides, Thornton scattered his force. On the 24th, he fled to the woods near Cameron.36

33 o . R., XLI, Pt. I, 53-63, 255; Pt. II, 145. 34 ibid., 136, 137, 145, 159, 161. zzibid., Pt. I, 49, 52-54, 56-59; Pt. II, 136, 145, 149, 153-156, 160-162, 174,

175, 187, 188, 191, 249-251, 295, 314. 36 ibid., 342, 343, 362, 365, 374, 375.

Trapping Rebel Guerrillas.


Convinced that the rebel force had disintegrated, General Fisk divided the area north of the Missouri River into sectors and assigned troops to each. The troops were to drive south in their respective sectors and kill or capture any enemy found. Between the 25th and the 30th, Fisk's plan was carried out successfully.87

He reported on the 28th that Thornton's conspiracy was "flickering out." A few guerrillas crossed the river near Lexington and small bands were still in the brush.38 They represented no problem and many of them were soon "mustered out." Thornton escaped from Cameron and, with Thrailkill, crossed the Missouri River in late August. Two hundred of Thornton's recruits were killed and 100 were captured during this operation. At the conclusion of the operation, men who deserted the rebel colors earlier were still surrendering to Union authorities.

The persistent Union dragnet had further results. Great numbers of former Paw Paws who had joined Thornton were now sending their friends to Federal headquarters to plead for mercy. One complete company petitioned to return. All they wanted was the right to live in peace. On July 28, General Fisk queried department headquarters on what he should do about those young men who first deserted the Paw Paw Militia and now had deserted Thornton. While he awaited a reply, he stipulated that they, and others desiring to surrender, would be protected when coming to his headquarters. He would make disposition of their cases after their arrival.39

The department commander answered Fisk promptly. Fisk was informed that in all history there was no example of deserters who joined the enemy being pardoned when caught. Paw Paws captured in arms would not be considered prisoners of war. That meant they would be held responsible for their acts while in Federal service. Under no circumstances were they to escape punishment for their unpardonable crimes. If they surrendered without being compelled by force, the Paw Paws should be held for action by due course of law.40 It was announced on August 5 that all guerrillas captured would be tried as quickly as circumstances permitted.41

A few Paw Paw companies were required to take the field

37 Ibid. 390, 409, 421, 422, 425, 441. 38 ibid., 439. 39 ibid. 40 ibid., 459. 41 Ibid., 574.


against Confederate Major General Sterling Price when he invaded Missouri later in the year. However, for the majority of the Paw Paw companies the July outbreak signalled the end of their active duty. It appears that some of the companies were disbanded on March 12, 1865, under the provisions of a militia law passed by the General Assembly of Missouri on February 10, 1865.42

It is difficult to understand why the Paw Paws were retained in service. It was contemplated, when they were organized, that their chief responsibility would be police guards. It was apparent that they would be worthless against Confederate troops. The District of Northern Missouri, sharply divided in sentiment, should have been supplied more reliable troops.

A proper evaluation of the role of the Paw Paws is difficult. Accounts of their activities vary according to the bias of the author. It is significant that the greatest criticism of the Paw Paws came from Kansas. One author wrote: "Remembering the bitterness and fanaticism engendered by civil war, it is well to discount at least part of the accusations made against the Paw Paw militia."43 Immediately after the units were formed they were accused of driving Union men from Northwest Missouri. But on October 1, 1863, Union Brigadier General Odon Guitar denied that the Paw Paws had been guilty of any misdoing.44 Perhaps his faith in the Paw Paws was one of the reasons for Guitar's later removal as district commander. It is undoubtedly true that many of the Paw Paws joined with Thornton or "took to the brush." However Governor Hall claimed they brought peace to the area and their services were invaluable.45 Their loyalty aside, the evidence indicates that the Paw Paws were of value in protecting the lives and property of citizens in Northwest Missouri during the winter of 1863-1864. They were also effective in stopping raids across the border by the "Kansas Red Legs."46 Nevertheless they were worthless against Confederates or guerrillas. Looking back, it is evident that the

42 "Paw Paw Militia," 86. 43 ibid. 44 o . R., XXII, Pt. II, 590. 45 ibid., 677-678. 46 'Taw Paw Militia," 86. On March 4 and 18, 1864, the Liberty Tribune

commented on the peace and quiet enjoyed by Clay and Platte counties and commended the Paw Paw Militia. By May 27, 1864, A. G. Beller, editor of the Weston Border Times, wrote of the "disloyalty of the Paw Paws" and proceeded to organize a company of men to protect Weston. A. F. Cox, editor of the Weston Sentinel, had been one of the defenders of the Paw Paws. In June, 1864, events forced him to alter his views and condemn their actions. See Paxton, Annals of Platte County, 362, 366.


Paw Paws should have been relieved when the guerrillas resumed their activities.47

47 in the History of Clay and Platte Counties, it was written that "The Paw Paws did valuable service for the county [Platte] and freed it of thieves and plunderers. Comparative peace prevailed under their surveillance until the summer of the following year [1864], when Col. Calhoun C. [sic] Thornton and others came into the county recruiting for the Southern service . . . ." See p. 717.

Bible, Pin Used to Select Name for Festus, Mo. By Allan Hale

St. Louis Globe-Democrat, November 18, 1966. Would you believe that the city of Festus, Mo., gets it name from Porcius

Festus, the Roman official who was procurator of Judea at the time of St. Paul? Not that the inhabitants picked him out specially for distinction. In fact,

they picked him out with a pin. It happened, the story goes, when 19th-century residents decided to give

the city a new name. At that time it was known as Tanglefoot. Legend is that they opened the Bible, stuck in a pin and took the

nearest name. The volume fell open at the Book of Acts and the pin fell on the line "Then Agrippa said unto Festus. . . ."

The town of Emma, near Sedalia, legend alleges, was named in honor of Paul Revere's horse . . . at least, that's what they say in Lafayette County, even though the Revere Society, in Boston, believes the patriot's horse was called Brown Beauty.

Enon, not far from Jefferson City, was named to keep the railroad company records straight, they say. It was policy, when the Mo-Pac was driving its line, to establish a station at fixed distances. WThen the railroad builders failed to establish one station they filled in the space on the form for "Station Estab-lishd"—None. Some clerk in the office forestalled any inquiries from high officials about deviation from company policy by reversing the word and entering "Enon" on the form.

Conclusive Evidence Sarcoxie Record, January, 29, 1904.

An amusing little incident happened in Judge Dabb's court last evening during the trial of the Oliver divorce case. The attorney for the plaintiff placed Bud Wormington, of Sarcoxie, on the stand to testify as to the good reputation of the plaintiff. After he had given the required information, the attorney conducting the cross examination asked,

"Pretty good fellow, is he?" "Yes, sir." "Hard working man?" "Yes, sir." "Associates with good men?" "Yes, sir. He associates with me." "That's enough," said the attorney.

Joseph LaBarge

Steamboat Captain BY T. S. BOWDERN, S.J.*

Some of the most exciting episodes in America's frontier history during the nineteenth century involved the steamboat traffic and trade. Explorers, traders, adventurers, merchants, artisans and farmers relied on this mode of transportation to take them, or their goods to points on the western frontier and beyond. Joseph LaBarge, whose lifetime (1815-1899) spans the history of the Missouri River steamboat trade, traveled the river for fifty-three eventful years. His fortunes rose and fell concurrently with the success and failure of the steamboat trade.

Joseph LaBarge was born in St. Louis on October 1, 1815. At that time, St. Louis was an important center of steamboat activity. The community's geographical position, near the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, made it a natural meeting place, base of operation and point of embarkation for those connected with any operations involving river traffic.

His father, Joseph Marie LaBarge, had followed the river

*T. S. Bowdern, S.J., received his B.A., his M.A. in Scholastic Philosophy and his Ph.D. in Education from St. Louis University. Former president of Creighton University, he is now a professor of Education at Rockhurst College, Kansas City, Missouri.

Editor's Note.—The story of Joseph LaBarge and the historic nineteenth century steamboat era appears in the two-volume work, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River, by Hiram Martin Chittenden. Using these volumes and other related works, Professor Bowdern has reconstructed LaBarge's career in that exciting era.

449


routes from Canada to St. Louis in 1808. Born in Assomption, Quebec, in 1787, Joseph Marie on his arrival in the St. Louis area began selling charcoal to the inhabitants of that community. Eventually, he opened a boarding house that he later transformed and expanded into a hotel, tavern and livery stable.

Joseph Marie led an exciting and often dangerous life. He carried dispatches during the Indian wars with the Sac and Fox, fought against the British during the War of 1812 and periodically joined various fur trading expeditions.

In 1813, Joseph Marie married Eulalie Alverez Horitz, a young woman whose father, Joseph Alverez Horitz, had served as military attache to Spanish territorial governors Zenon Trudeau and Charles Dehault DeLassus. Their son, Joseph LaBarge, was the second oldest of seven children in the family.

Shortly after Joseph's birth, the family moved to a farm at Baden, north of St. Louis. As he grew older, Joseph received what elementary education was available in St. Louis. This education included the learning of English. For three years, he was a student at St. Mary's College, Perry County, Missouri. He probably acquired some semblance of a high school education at this institution before he was sent home at the age of fifteen. St. Mary's, a preparatory school for candidates for priesthood, discovered that young LaBarge was not really interested in becoming a member of the religious order.

After his dismissal, Joseph worked for John Bent, a lawyer in St. Louis. Because of Bent's excessive drinking, young LaBarge left his employ and for almost a year clerked in a clothing store. Bored with this occupation, and wanting adventure and excitement Joseph found himself attracted to the fur trade. In 1831, with his father's blessing, Joseph LaBarge started looking for a fur trading venture.

When young LaBarge made his decision to leave the clothing business the fur trading expeditions were already on their way up the Missouri. This predicament afforded Joseph the opportunity to travel down the Mississippi River as a clerk on the steamboat Yellowstone, which was engaged in the sugar trade downriver.

Because he spoke both French and English, LaBarge proved most useful as an interpreter on this trip. The next spring, as an engage, or hired hand, of the American Fur Company, he started up the Missouri on the Yellowstone on her historic trip "farthest north" to the Yellowstone River. At Council Bluffs, a few miles above the

Joseph LaBarge, Steamboat Captain 451

&

George Catlin's Study of Fur Traders Which Appeared in His North American Indians, Vol. I.

site of the present city of Omaha, he was drafted off the boat by John P. Cabanne, the bourgeois, or head man, of the trading post there.

When the Yellowstone came down the Missouri on her return trip, Cabanne boarded her with his favorite new hand, LaBarge, and went to St. Louis. While Cabanne was busy with affairs of the company, LaBarge shipped on the Warrior for a trip up the Mississippi to Prairie du Chien at the mouth of the Wisconsin River, where the famous Jesuit Father Marquette had discovered the Mississippi in 1673 and where his own father had entered the Mississippi in 1808.

On his return to St. Louis LaBarge joined Cabanne. Together


they went up the Missouri to Council Bluffs for LaBarge's first winter among the Indians. With four men under his command and a supply of merchandise to trade for furs he spent the winter of 1832-1833 in a village of Pawnees on the Loup Fork of the Platte River in Nebraska about 100 miles west of modern Omaha. LaBarge was popular with the Indians because he possessed the knack of making himself agreeable to all. The Pawnees were especially infatuated by his writing down their language and reading it back to them. This procedure helped LaBarge master the language which, in turn, added to his stature in the Indian community.

With spring's arrival in 1833 LaBarge took his stock of furs in bull boats down the Loup to the Platte to the Missouri and then in mackinaw boats to St. Louis.

On the Yellowstone's second trip up the Missouri in the summer of 1833 LaBarge went aboard for Council Bluffs. Cholera broke out on board and by the time the steamboat reached the Kansas River, so many of the crew were dead including the pilot, engineer and all the firemen that Captain Anson G. Bennett had to put ashore. Bennett left for St. Louis to engage another crew leaving young LaBarge in command.

LaBarge, on previous voyages, made the most of his opportunities to learn how to handle a steamboat. When the Missouri settlers heard that cholera was rampant on the Yellowstone, they proceeded to the river to burn the boat unless LaBarge moved it. He became a one-man crew—fireman, engineer, pilot. He got up steam and single-handedly piloted the Yellowstone far enough upstream to be free from the threats of the Missourians. Eventually Captain Bennett returned with a new crew and proceeded to finish the trip to Council Bluffs.

That winter LaBarge rode for the Pony Express. The American Fur Company exchanged messages between its St. Louis headquarters and all its posts. This precious packet of letters went by horseback from St. Louis to Fort Pierre and by dog-sled between Fort Pierre and the posts above. At Pierre the St. Louis messenger usually met the messenger coming down from the outposts. Exchanging packets, each returned to his starting point. In this way the headquarters obtained invaluable and timely information about supplies needed all along the line and on the prospects of the season's procurement of furs.

The express rider from St. Louis to Council Bluffs in January, 1834, was none other than LaBarge's father, Joseph Marie. As a

Joseph LaRarge, Steamboat Captain 453

young man, the elder LaBarge had paddled a birchbark canoe from Quebec to St. Louis with only eight miles of portage. In his own right he was a hero of the West. Named for him is the La-Barge Creek (also called Battle Creek) that flows into the upper Missouri and the LaBarge Creek that flows into the Green River in Wyoming.

After a brief reunion between father and son, Major Joshua Pilcher asked the younger LaBarge to take the express to Pierre. The day after his arrival at Fort Pierre the express from Fort Union came in by dog-sled. LaBarge took the express down the river to Council Bluffs, or Cabanne's Post as the company's establishment was called.

That spring, Joseph LaBarge was sent to St. Louis with furs and buffalo robes collected at Cabanne's Post. Again, in the spring of 1835, he transported furs to St. Louis. Concluding this venture, his three-year contract with the American Fur Company was completed and he signed to work for the winter with Joseph Robidoux in the Black Snake Hills. Robidoux's post, named St. Joseph, eventually developed into the Missouri city of the same name.

The next four years LaBarge traveled on the Missouri River serving on different steamboats as clerk, pilot and master. With his reputation as a pilot established he could command almost any steamboat he wanted. Returning to the employ of the American Fur Company in 1840, he received an order to transfer to a new steamboat, the Trapper. By refusing to obey he shocked and angered the company's officials. The American Fur Company's discipline with their employees and their crushing of competitors was ruthless and unscrupulous. Expecting to be obeyed without a word, the owners were undoubtedly surprised when LaBarge not only walked out on them but, also, immediately became one of their competitors or the "opposition."

With his own savings and the backing of two partners, J. B. Roy and Henry Shaw of St. Louis, LaBarge bought a store of goods to trade with the Indians and chartered the Thames to carry them as far as Council Bluffs. The cargo included a number of wagons for which LaBarge hoped to buy enough horses or oxen to pull. Starting late in the season from Council Bluffs he proceeded by wagon to the Niobrara River. There, because of snow, he changed to sleds and traveled on the ice of the frozen Missouri. These actions were construed as a declaration of war by the American Fur Company.


Henry Shaw

At the Niobara, LaBarge found Narcisse LeClerc, a casualty of a previous "opposition" war with the company. In fact, LaBarge had helped Cabanne put LeClerc out of business eight years before this meeting. The latter was in desperate need of employment to feed his family who were with him and LaBarge hired him.

The caravan proceeded up the frozen Missouri, past the Vermillion and Handy's Post. At the post, they met a white man, Bruyere, and ten Indians who said they were on their way to Vermillion. LeClerc did not believe their story and warned La-Barge of h i s apprehension. LaBarge then plied the strangers

with liquor. Inebriated, Bruyere admitted the party was sent to ambush the trading venture. While his new "friends" slept off their stupor, LaBarge slipped away reaching safely the abandoned Fort Lookout, took possession of the buildings, and set up his own trading post.

Another plot against him unfolded when a single unarmed Indian, a brother-in-law of the agent at Pierre, brought LaBarge an invitation to visit Pierre. LaBarge discovered that the Indian was not unarmed when he found the latter's weapons hidden in a tree. Hiding the weapons himself, the captain left the next day with his would-be assassin. His unexpected arrival at Pierre embarrassed the treacherous agent. However, he feigned welcome, fed LaBarge and kept the unexpected guest awake all night trying to get him drunk in hopes of killing him or cheating him while he was in the desired condition.

LaBarge, wary of this plot, refused to drink and, as he expected, the agent offered to buy him out. At first the offer was rejected but when the captain discovered that LeClerc, through imprudence or disloyalty, had placed him and his property in even greater danger, he yielded. Selling all of his stock at cost-plus-ten-


percent, LaBarge, in 1841, signed a three-year contract with the American Fur Company. His first job under the contract was to bring furs, trapped by the Pawnees, down the Platte and the Missouri to St. Louis.

The year 1845 was a turning point in the history of the Missouri River. Until that year, LaBarge and others, making their living in the steamboat trade, spent the majority of their time immersed in the fur trade. But with the coming of the Mexican War, the westward trek of the Mormons and the discovery of gold in California and adjacent areas, the volume of business destined for the steamboat trade swelled enormously. With these windfalls rapidly developing, LaBarge took the necessary steps to increase his own fortune.

In 1846, he purchased his first steamboat, the General Rrooks, for $12,000. Selling the boat at the end of the trading season, La-Barge stayed in Cincinatti to supervise the construction of a new steamboat, the Martha, which was readied for the 1847 season. LaBarge became master of the Martha due to the retirement of Captain Joseph A. Sire. Accompanying him on the Marthas maiden voyage was his wife, the former Pelagie Guerette, whom he had married in 1842. Pelagie's Louisiana French father, Pierre, was a millwright and architect who constructed one of the first grist mills in St. Louis for Auguste Chouteau. The mother of LaBarge's five sons and two daughters, she achieved distinction on this voyage of being the first white woman to travel the upper Missouri River.

On the return trip of 1848, LaBarge brought a menagerie of wild animals to St. Louis. At this time he experienced more difficulties with the American Fur Company which he solved by selling the Martha to the company. Immediately he built a new steamboat named the St. Ange, after the first military governor of Upper Louisiana. Both LaBarge and the steamboat were commissioned by the Quartermaster's Department for army service.

Under the commission, one of LaBarge's duties was to transport supplies from St. Louis to army posts. On the second return trip from Fort Leavenworth, being delayed by a storm kept the St. Ange from being destroyed. Arriving at St. Louis after midnight, LaBarge discovered the levee enveloped in a roaring inferno. If the St. Ange had not been delayed, it might have been destroyed in the "Great Fire" of 1849 which devastated twenty-three other steamboats and the main business district of the city.


LaBarge established the speed record for steamboats on the Missouri River in 1850 when he piloted the S*. Ange from St. Louis to the Yellowstone River in twenty-eight days. He achieved another record the next year when he navigated the same steamboat to the Poplar River, the farthest point reached by that mode of travel at that time.

His passenger list on the latter trip included the famous Jesuit missionary, Father Pierre Jean DeSmet, and his companion, Father Christian Hoecken. During the trip up the rivers, Father Hoecken died of cholera and was buried at the Little Sioux River. On the return, LaBarge exhumed the remains and brought them to St. Louis where they were received by the Jesuit Fathers.

After the record-breaking trip, LaBarge sold the St. Ange and, at the age of thirty-six, retired from the river to enjoy the fortune he now possessed. Some of this fortune he invested in a large section of real estate called Cabanne Place. The captain chose to sell this property and undoubtedly regretted his move as later developments made the site extremely valuable.

LaBarge returned to the river in 1852 and, until 1855, he bought, sold and built steamboats and once again began trading. The American Fur Company, in 1855, sold Fort Pierre to the

E. B. Trail Coll.


United States government. This prompted the beginning of the military conquest of the upper Missouri country and LaBarge, with a new boat named the St. Mary, moved the fur company out to a new post and returned to bring the army to the newly acquired fort.

Pierre Chouteau invited LaBarge to become a partner, supervise the construction, and command the St. Mary. The former's action was not unselfish. A mutiny on the fur company's voyage of the preceding year resulted in a great financial loss. Knowing that LaBarge had never failed in any of his voyages, the owners, for their own protection, wanted the captain to become a member of their company. LaBarge agreed and obtained a quarter interest in the St. Mary.

In 1849 a delay was responsible for LaBarge's missing the levee fire at St. Louis. His daring and seamanship, in turn, saved the St. Mary in 1856. Usually the river ice in the Mississippi would break and move gradually because of melting, causing only small ice-floes. But in 1856 the ice was four feet thick and the water level very low. With an unexpected rise in the river, the entire ice-surface moved from its shore anchorage in a solid, unbroken mass. It crushed all the steamboats and other craft wintering at St. Louis except the St. Mary. Reacting quickly, LaBarge got up steam while the mate persuaded several men to volunteer to come aboard. At the proper moment, the captain backed the St. Mary out into the moving ice and went down the river; he traveled twenty miles before he could maneuver the boat free.

In spite of saving this steamboat in which the American Fur Company owned half interest and other services he performed, LaBarge ended his employment with the company in the same year. This parting of the ways stemmed from an incident involving the chief clerk of the St. Mary, one of the sons of the partners in the fur company. The clerk's wife went along on a trip under the protection of LaBarge. At Fort Clark, the "bourgeois," or head of the post came aboard to travel to Fort Union. To make room for the man, two junior clerks were put out of their stateroom to sleep on cots elsewhere. The "bourgeois" resented this, and, holding an important post in the fur company hierarchy, said he would commandeer the lodging of the chief clerk, with pointed reference to the young man's wife. That night LaBarge allowed the bully to get as far as the cabin door, then collared him and literally kicked him to the other end of the boat. He ordered the crew to put the


man off to spend the remainder of the night in the willows along the shore.

When the St. Mary returned to St. Louis, the young wife at once called on Mrs. LaBarge to thank her for the captain's gallant protection. In the meantime, the clerk proved himself an ungrateful coward by omitting all reference to LaBarge's chivalry and submitted to his father an official report that the captain was guilty of severe conduct to the company's employees. The report led to LaBarge's dismissal from the company. He accepted the disgrace silently and, in three years, when the father learned the truth, he called on the captain to apologize and attempted to repair the damage caused by his son's actions. LaBarge declined the offers of the father and did not rejoin the fur company. He never could accept the cruel injustices and unscrupulous methods of that dictatorial monopoly.

Captain LaBarge did not have to worry about unemployment. The years 1855 to 1860, were the peak years of the golden age of Missouri River steamboating and the Missouri River pilot was the king. A natural highway to the West, the Missouri's banks were settled higher and higher, year after year, until by 1852, the tide of settlement reached Sioux City, Iowa. In 1858, there were fifty-nine steamboats in regular traffic between Omaha and St. Louis. During the next year, more steamboats left St. Louis for Missouri River points than for the upper and lower Mississippi River together.

The farthest point of navigation on the Missouri was constantly changed by the daring river pilots. Finally, in 1859, the Chippewa traveled to a point fifteen miles from Fort Benton. John LaBarge, brother of Joseph, captained the Chippewa during this venture. The former was also a famous pilot and in the opinion of the only woman pilot on the Missouri, Mrs. Woolfolk, (later Mrs. M. I. Draper), the brothers were the greatest steamboat men in the history of the Missouri River. Captain John LaBarge, who died at the wheel while making a landing at Bismarck, North Dakota, in 1885, accomplished a memorable feat on that 1859 journey. He piloted the Chippewa farther from the sea than any steamboat on any river in history—3,500 miles.

On October 1, 1859, Joseph LaBarge celebrated his forty-fourth birthday by taking his new steamboat, the Emilie, on her maiden voyage. Designer, builder, owner and pilot, the captain named the vessel for one of his daughters. The Emilie was 225


feet long, 32 feet wide in the beam, six feet deep in the hold with a capacity of 500 tons; the average steamboat carried 200 or 300 tons.

The Emilie's most famous passenger was Abraham Lincoln. In modern Council Bluffs, a monument marks the spot where Lincoln stood in August, 1859, and looked out over the majestic Missouri River Valley. He gave a speech, examined some real estate and conversed with General Grenville M. Dodge, just returned from making surveys for the route of the Union Pacific Railroad. Later, when Lincoln was president, and because of these talks, he decreed that the Union Pacific should start in Council Bluffs instead of Omaha.

In the fall of that same year, ice stymied the Emilie near Atchison, Kansas, and forced LaBarge to stay there for the winter. The next spring, at the request of the citizens of Atchison, he used the Emilie as an ice-breaker, opening a channel between Atchison and St. Joseph by maneuvering the boat up on the ice until her weight broke through. Ice caught LaBarge and his vessel the next year near Liberty, Missouri, and while there he heard that his tall passenger of the previous year had been elected president.

Within a few months the Civil War became a reality. The Missouri River was a "Southern" river. Most of the people along her banks and almost all the river pilots were Southern sympathizers. LaBarge, although in sympathy with the South, preferred union to disunion and took an oath of allegiance to the United States government. Operating his boat in the service of that government, he suffered rough treatment from the armies of both North and South because neither side completely trusted him.

The traffic on the Missouri reached enormous proportions during the war. This increased volume did not originate solely because of the civil conflict. A gold rush in Montana attained its peak in the same period and naturally added names to the passenger lists of the steamboats. For those who traveled the Missouri at this time it was an exciting and dangerous experience. Below Omaha, in the lower river, boats were fired upon by both armies, while on the upper river, they were attacked by the Indian tribes who were becoming bitterly hostile.

LaBarge, hoping to reap an even larger share of the government trade, went into business in 1861 with his brother John, Eugene Jaccard, James Harkness and Charles Galpin. Each of the partners invested $10,000 in LaBarge, Harkness & Company. The


captain sold the Emilie to the company and the smaller Shreveport was also purchased. At the end of April, 1862, the "fleet" prepared to sail.

John LaBarge departed in the Shreveport and two weeks later, his brother followed with the Emilie. Still the pride of the river, the Emilie not only overtook the Shreveport but lost time in helping her into port at Fort Benton. Still, with loss of time, the Emilie completed its trip upriver which totaled 2,300 miles in thirty-two days and the return trip to St. Louis in fifteen days, an average speed of 71 miles per day up and 152 miles per day down the river. This feat was considered remarkable in 1862. In fact, it was so remarkable that Pierre Chouteau, Jr., sent his carriage to the St. Louis levee to bring LaBarge to him to discuss the record trip. This was an extraordinary courtesy from a member of the American Fur Company and a leader of LaBarge "opposition."

One incident, which occurred during the record trip was less surprising and more in keeping with the American Fur Company policy. The Spread Eagle, a fur company boat, attempted to ram the Emilie above Fort Berthold. This transpired during the first steamboat race on the upper Missouri. The Spread Eagle left St. Louis three days before the Emilie and the latter overtook her near Fort Berthold. For two days the boats were together; then the Emilie began to pull away. Captain Robert E. Bailey maneuvered

the Spread Eagle into the regular channel to the right of the island while LaBarge turned to the left. The course to the left provided the captain with a shorter channel and it was navigable only because of a recent flooding of the river. As soon as Bailey realized that he was beaten, he brought his boat around in pursuit and rammed the Emilie amidships. Under the threat of being shot Bailey backed away before much damage occurred. Triumphant, the Emilie proceeded to Fort Benton and arrived four days before the Spread Eagle and returned

Pierre Chouteau, Jr.


to St. Louis a week ahead of her adversary. Charges were preferred against Bailey for his actions and the steamboat inspector revoked his license which was eventually restored through the efforts of LaBarge.

Before Bailey was reinstated, LaBarge returned up the Missouri with a group of people, including his wife. At Sioux City they met the Shreveport coming down and the cargo and passengers were transferred from the Emilie to the lighter steamboat which returned to Fort Benton. Here, LaBarge, Harkness & Company planned to construct their main trading post. On June 28, 1862, Mrs. Joseph LaBarge drove the stake of the new post named Fort LaBarge. To celebrate the event a pleasure trip was taken to see the Great Falls of the Missouri, thirty-seven miles away, by a party that included Mrs. LaBarge, Margaret Harkness and Father De Smet; the two ladies from St. Louis were the first white women to see the Great Falls.

After the departure of the Shreveport with the tourists from St. Louis, James Harkness left Fort LaBarge with an ox train of merchandise for the new mining camps in Montana. He exhibited the telltale signs of an unregenerate tenderfoot and by the time he reached Deer Lodge Valley he gave up his mission, turned over his goods to Nick Wall and hurried back to St. Louis. Captain La-Barge later said in disgust, "He was back in St. Louis almost as soon as I was." Wall was instructed to sell the goods and receive a commission. However, the company never obtained any money from the goods left with him. Ironically, Wall's trading post was named LaBarge City although two years later the name was changed to Deer Lodge.

The year 1862 was a busy one for the Emilie. After the two voyages on the Missouri Captain LaBarge took her into government service on the Mississippi during late summer, fall and through the winter. Union armies under General Ulysses Grant were fighting their way south to the climax of the siege and capture of Vicksburg in 1863 as the Emilie carried stores between St. Louis and Memphis.

In the spring of 1863, Captain LaBarge expected to make the usual trips up the Missouri with the Emilie and the Shreveport. To his surprise the quartermaster at St. Louis told him he could not take the Emilie out of government service. Captain LaBarge then sold the Emilie for $25,000 to the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad and left them to argue with the quartermaster. He


chartered the Robert Campbell and began to load her and the Shreveport. The Shreveport left in the latter part of April with a cargo for the mines of Montana and the trading posts of the LaBarge, Harkness & Company while the Robert Campbell was under contract to transport the goods which the government was to distribute to the Indians. The year 1863 was a year of low water. In any year the steamboats always left as early as they could to have the advantage of the high water necessary to reach the farthest posts and forts on the upper river. But the Department of Indian Affairs delayed Captain LaBarge forty-two days! Even then he had to leave without some goods which were shipped by railroad to meet him at St. Joseph.

An armed guard of thirty soldiers went on the boat as far as St. Joseph. Their original orders were to see the government cargo safely through the war zone. However, they were just as important in defending against hostile Indians as they were against Confederates. Unfortunately the soldiers disembarked at St. Joseph and LaBarge continued his slow journey unprotected. By June 20, 1863, the Robert Campbell reached Fort Pierre.

Samuel M. Latta, the Sioux Indian agent, began distributing the goods assigned to the Indians by the United States government. Because of Latta's dishonesty, he held back one-third of the total goods; the Indians became incensed. Their anger was aroused even earlier when eight of their tribe were killed by soldiers. Hoping that LaBarge could help them, the Sioux appealed to the captain for help. However, LaBarge was powerless and could not persuade the Indian agent to deal honestly.

Latta ordered LaBarge to proceed on his journey. Still angered by the failure in receiving their allotted goods, the Indians pursued the Robert Campbell. Whenever the current carried the steamboat close to a high bank the Indians fired their weapons. LaBarge, to protect lives and property, ordered the building of a barricade using the freight on board.

For 600 miles this running fight continued—all the way to Fort Union. The worst incident occurred at Tobacco Garden where 1,500 Sioux lay in ambush planning to capture the boat and massacre the crew and passengers. An attempted parley was ended by the treachery of the Indians who killed three and severely wounded one out of a volunteer crew of seven men who rowed a small boat ashore to meet them. Retaliating with all their firearms,


including three howitzers, those aboard the two steamships killed eighteen Indians and wounded many others.

The annuity goods destined for the Montana tribes of Crows, Assiniboines and Blackfeet were to be carried as far as Fort Benton but the boats could not make it because of low water. Progress halted at the mouth of the Yellowstone River and Dr. Henry W. Reed, agent for the Blackfeet, proposed that the cargo be unloaded and stored in the American Fur Company warehouse at Fort Union to be delivered as soon as possible. Past experience reminded La-Barge that he could not trust the fur company but under the circumstance there was nothing that he could do. He did, however, insist that full receipts be made with Captain W. B. Greer, United States Army, as witness and that agent Reed sign a statement concerning the transaction.

The empty steamboats started for St. Louis under the command of the two LaBarge brothers. They were stopped at Crow Creek, eighty-two miles below Fort Pierre, by General Alfred Sully who commandeered the Shreveport. John LaBarge refused to stay with the vessel, so his brother traded boats with him and John took the Robert Campbell back to St. Louis while Joseph operated the Shreveport in support of Sully's victorious expedition against the Indians.

LaBarge started home again but at Leavenworth he was ordered to bring a cargo of supplies to Sioux City. As late in the season as it was, the trip was successful and when LaBarge finally returned to St. Louis he was exhausted from the rigors of the past months.

He then went to Washington, D. C , to straighten out his unsatisfactory affairs. Unfortunately, the government paid him only for the goods delivered to the Indians and renewed his contract to pick up the goods stored with the American Fur Company and carry them on to Fort Benton. By the next spring, the American Fur Company sold these goods and since the goods never reached Fort Benton, the government refused to honor the contract; this meant a loss of $20,000 for LaBarge.

LaBarge, Harkness & Company could expect no mercy from the American Fur Company. Being in opposition, both were involved in a war to the death. With a better partner than Harkness, LaBarge might have combatted the company more effectively. To make matters worse, in 1863, the Roe and Wall Company of St. Louis was also fighting for the right to supply the Montana

John S. McCune

mines. Although LaBarge had done many substantial favors for Nick Wall, the latter now used all his resources to ruin his benefactor. He succeeded, with the help of LaBarge's incompetent partners and staff. Court proceedings continued through 1865, and LaBarge, Harkness & Company were then out of "opposition" and the captain incurred a loss of $100,000.

Before the court reached its final judgment, LaBarge decided on his own initiative to enter the still profitable trade with the Montana mines. He sold the Shreveport earlier for $25,000 and was

without a boat; but this predicament was soon remedied. John S. McCune, president of the Keokuk Packet Company,

brought to St. Louis the steamboat, Effie Deans which, being inadequate for his business, he decided to sell. LaBarge bought three-fourths interest in the boat for $40,000 and McCune retained the other fourth as a partner's share. On March 22, 1864, the Effie Deans left for Montana and, because she could not get as far as Fort Benton, the cargo for the mines was transferred to a wagon train and the captain's brother, John, took the boat back to St. Louis.

Moving the supplies overland, LaBarge succeeded in selling out at Fort Benton and Virginia City. Everyone in Virginia City seemed to know that he accumulated $100,000 in gold-dust from his trading and a group of citizens kept an eye on the captain while they planned to rob the stagecoach in which he would depart for St. Louis. Since it was too dangerous to return home via the Missouri River because of the potential Indian attacks, La-Barge announced his departure for Salt Lake City by stagecoach and then left at an earlier date. The stagecoach on which he had announced his departure was waylaid and a passenger killed.

In Salt Lake City, he visited with his old friends, Brigham Young and the Mormon leaders. Because it was the least expensive way to return home, he organized a party of fellow travelers and together they purchased a team and wagon. Going by way of Fort


Bridger and the South Platte Valley, they were informed near the Platte River, that an Indian war party was running amuck. For several days the travelers hid on an island in the Platte and when they started again, they found a party of emigrants who had been massacred the previous day. At Nebraska City, south of Omaha, they reached the Missouri River just in time to catch the last boat for St. Louis. On his arrival LaBarge discovered that his partner's company had chartered the Effie Deans for a trip to Montgomery, Alabama. When the steamboat returned to St. Louis the long distance record for one season, 8,400 miles, was completed.

The next spring, Captain LaBarge left for Montana hoping to repeat the preceding year's success. On the way, he heard the news of Lee's surrender and Lincoln's assassination. When he arrived at Fort Benton, the cargo was put ashore and Captain Thomas Ray took command of the Effie Deans' return voyage. LaBarge again hired a wagon train and journeyed to a new mining town in Montana named Helena. Deciding to retail his goods, he bought a house, used it for a store and appointed himself and his son as salesmen.

While LaBarge was selling his goods in Helena, McCune sent another cargo of supplies to Fort Benton on the Kate Kearney with LaBarge's brother John as captain. Potential Indian attacks caused the Kate Kearney to turn back above Fort Union. When the Montana miners heard of this they sued McCune for $300,000. Remembering LaBarge's $100,000 disaster, McCune hurried an overland message to his partner. Leaving his son in charge at Helena, Joseph LaBarge started for Fort Benton.

Fortunately, Captain Ray met the Kate Kearney and transferred the cargo to the Effie Deans and prepared to travel back to Fort Benton. Shallow water forced Ray to unload at Fort Galpin, a little above the Milk River. He then sent a message to Fort Benton and LaBarge, already there, at once hired thirty ox teams and went to Fort Galpin. Taking over the cargo from Ray, he delivered it to the Montana mines. LaBarge reached the mines in time to prevent the suit and with $50,000 profit in gold-dust the trading venture ended in success.

After his return to St. Louis in 1865, LaBarge became sole owner of the Effie Deans. During the winter months he overhauled the steamboat and made ready for the annual trip to Fort Benton. He secured contracts for a full cargo and decided, on McCune's advice, not to insure the boat. After refusing an offer of $40,000 for


the Effie Deans he was awakened at home, that same night, and informed that the Effie Deans had caught fire from another steamboat, the Nevada, and was a total loss.

This was a staggering blow but, backed by credit advanced by McCune, a new steamboat was ordered at once. Needing a boat for the summer, LaBarge leased the Ren Johnson and was engaged by the Northwestern Treaty Commission, popularly known as the Peace Commission of 1866, to transport the members at $300 a day. The commission's ignorance of Indian ways and character plus their contempt for advice handicapped their success and even endangered their lives. Only LaBarge's courage and skill kept the commission's summer work from becoming a total failure.

On his return, LaBarge gave back the Ren Johnson to the owners, claimed his new boat and brought her to the wharf to finish her construction. "I drew the entire plans and specifications for the boat, machinery and all, and she was built that summer accordingly. . . . She cost $57,000 and was a splendid boat. I paid for her partly in cash and gave my notes for the balance." On October 1, 1866, the Octavia, named for his second daughter, began her first trip on the lower Missouri and then on the Mississippi. She wintered at Kimmswick, twenty miles south of St. Louis.

The steamboat season of 1867 was a golden harvest for the Octavia and her master. With every member of his family on board, LaBarge sailed on the lower river in early spring and, on May 7, he started his most successful and important trip to Fort Benton; according to the Montana Post, this trip was also the fastest ever made.

By special order of General William T. Sherman, 100 troops were taken aboard at Omaha. These troops were mostly Irish Fenians under the command of a lieutenant who was as openly hostile to the English as his men. A British officer, Captain Spear, also boarded the Octavia at Omaha. He quickly sensed his danger and spoke of his apprehension. After midnight, as Spear and LaBarge mounted some steps, the sentinel posted on the hurricane deck fired his weapon and the bullet struck the Englishman in the head and killed him instantly. The sentry was released without a trial and this action led to an international incident. A civil trial was demanded by the British government and, at the trial, the soldier was acquitted.

The 300 passengers and 300 tons of cargo made this trip the largest in LaBarge's career. His assumed responsibilities kept him


at work night and day allowing him very little sleep. He stated that "The moment we landed at Benton and I knew the danger was over, I went to sleep and instructed my wife not to awaken me even for meals. I slept almost continuously for twenty-four hours." At the end of the season, LaBarge made a profit of $45,000 and to the delight of McCune, he was able to pay the remaining notes on the Octavia.

LaBarge had another good season in 1868, but it did not measure up to the previous year. Returning to St. Louis in 1868, he chartered the Octavia to the Department of Engineers of the United States Government for service in their river work. At the end of the season, he sold them the boat for $40,000. The captain admitted that he should have quit the river at that time. "I had the $40,000 which I had received for my boat. I had about $50,000 in the bank. My home, 40 acres at Cabanne Place, was easily worth $40,000 even at that time; and I was entirely out of debt."

Instead of quitting, he built a bigger and better steamboat, the Emilie LaRarge, for $60,000. The new steamboat was ready for service in 1869. By this time, however, railroads were rapidly replacing steamboats. About the only lucrative trade left was with the government and, although the captain missed a government contract, he spent a profitable summer working for the successful bidder and then made two trips to New Orleans. In 1870, he worked again for the government and during the next year, he spent the season trading between St. Louis and Omaha. He sold his boat for $30,000 in the fall.

In 1872, LaBarge built the DeSmet, in honor of the Jesuit missionary. Finishing the steamboat in time to engage in the Mississippi-Red River trade between St. Louis and Shreveport, Louisiana, LaBarge suffered great financial losses because of the low water in the Red River. To offset this inconvenience, the captain shipped his cargo overland, at his own expense, and fulfilled his contract.

During the next year, the DeSmet made profitable trips to Shreveport and Fort Benton. At Fort Benton and preparing to return to St. Louis, LaBarge was arrested by Deputy United States Marshall and sub-Indian agent, C. D. Hard. The latter charged the captain with selling whiskey to the Indians and seized the DeSmet expecting LaBarge to bribe her free. Instead, the captain traveled to Helena and secured an order from Chief Justice Wade of Montana, for the release of his boat. After this incident, La-Barge competed for trade between St. Louis and Alton, Illinois.


E. B. Trail Coll.

Steamer DeSmet at Fort Benton, Montana

This did not prove successful, and when his friend McCune died unexpectedly, LaBarge sold the DeSmet to his competitors, the Eagle Packet Company.

Captain LaBarge built another steamboat, the John M. Chambers, and was trading again the next year. The best trade in 1877, was out of Yankton, South Dakota, and LaBarge was a part of this trade until engine trouble forced him to return to St. Louis for repairs. He entered the Yankton trade again the next season. At the close of the season he sold the last steamboat he ever owned. In 1879, he was a pilot on the lower river and from 1880 through 1885 he served as pilot on the government steamboat Missouri which carried a Missouri River Valley surveying party. The survey was completed in 1885 and as LaBarge walked off the Missouri he marked the end of a career and the end of an era.

At the age of seventy-five, in 1890, the captain was an old and poor man. His fortunes had risen and fallen with the fortunes of the steamboat trade. Friends secured a position for him with the St. Louis city government from 1890-1894, and, in 1897, he was employed by the United States government to aid the Missouri


River Commission in compiling a list of s teamboat wrecks on the Missouri. Two years later, at the age of eighty-four, Joseph La-Barge died.

Bibliography

Chappell, Philip E., "A History of the Missouri River," Kansas State Historical Collections, IX (1906).

Chittenden, Hiram Martin, History of Early Steamboat Navigation on the Missouri River (Minneapolis, 1962).

, The American Fur Trade of the Far West (New York, 1935).

-, and Richardson, Alfred Talbot, Life, Letters and Travels of Father Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J. 1801-1878, 4 vols. (New York, 1905).

"Diary of James Harkness of the Firm of LaBarge, Harkness & Co.," Contributions of the Historical Society of Montana, II (1896).

Garraghan, Gilbert J., The Jesuits of the Middle United States, 3 vols. (New York, 1938).

Hyde, William, and Conard, Howard L., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York, 1899).

Johnston, Allen, and Malone, Dumas, Dictionary of American Biography. (New York, 1930).

Lamb, Mrs. Martha J., ed., Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries, XXIII & XXIV (1890).

Miers, Earl Schenck, ed., Lincoln Day by Day: A Chronology, 1809-1865, 3 vols. (Washington, 1960).

Sunder, John E., The Fur Trade on the Upper Missouri, 1840-1865 (Norman, Okla., 1965).

Vestal, Stanley, The Missouri (New York, 1945). Works Progress Administration, Missouri (New York, 1941). Various articles in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW.

"Tree Molasses"

Monroe City News, August 13, 1931. Sorghum cane was not raised in the county until several decades after it

was settled. But nearly every settler had what they called "tree molasses," the luscious maple syrup made from hard maple trees. They tapped the trees in the spring when the juicy sap first began to flow, usually about February. They hoarded the sap in huge kettles or whatever receptacle they had until the "stirring off." The watery sap had to be boiled until it attained the consistency of syrup. They usually made the maple syrup down in the woods and put the huge brass kettle over the fire, stirring the boiling mess down. Part of the juice was put in jars and kept as syrup and part was boiled down to hard cakes of maple sugar.


'Grocery Store" by Fred Shane

HISTORICAL

NOTES AND

COMMENTS

Professor Frederick D. Shane Gives Painting to the Society

Professor Frederick D. Shane, chairman of the Art Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, recently gave the Society a painting entitled "Grocery Store." Approximately 45" X 60", "Grocery Store" was completed by Shane in 1942 and exhibited in his one-man show sponsored by the Associated American Artists, in New York, October 4-16, 1943.

The idea for "Grocery Store" came from visits to the former Piggly Wiggly Grocery in Columbia, where Shane accompanied his wife on shopping expeditions. While waiting for Mrs. Shane to complete her shopping the artist sketched the people in the store. These sketches prompted the painting.

Shane spent many hours "roughing in" his projected painting. His first inclination was to create a horizontal painting which included many people, but then he decided on a vertical painting with four adults and one child. After he roughed the vertical painting he secured models for the five persons depicted.

As he painted Shane became disenchanted with the overall study. Not until he was almost finished with the painting did he realize that what was making him unhappy was the facial position of the man between the two women. The face was positioned exactly the same as that of the woman's holding the groceries. Shane then painted several different facial positions of the man's face on acetate. When they were completed he placed the acetates on the painting until he found the position which balanced the grouping.

"Grocery Store" is a mixed-technique painting consisting of tempera un-derpainting, resin-oil glazes and a mixed tempera white. In addition to the original painting, Shane gave to the Society the horizontal and vertical "roughs" and a series of slides that illustrate various levels of work involved in the painting.

471

Views from the Past

Ladies' Fashions

of the Gay '90s

This 1894 tennis suit of linen and cotton duck was made with a pilgrim skirt and Zouave jacket and worn with a tennis belt, sailor hat ascot scarf and stiff bosom shirt waist—a very fetching outfit for girls in the field for show but worth-Jess for real sport.

The bathing beauty of 1893 wore a hooded cloak of bengaline for short walks to the beach. At the beach the cloak was removed to reveal a daring bathing suit designed with a short skirt ol three abbreviated silk ruffles. The silk waist was open with a V shape to the belt over a sYlk chemisette. Around the armholes were silk ruf-fles tied with ribbons. Drawers, tied at the knees were trimmed with a ruffle. Stockings a n d s l f t

tZCaeTb0w^eThet 1 * ^ and Silk * ™ «^T£ m^d ,1 T h o u g h v e r ^ uncomfortable, society's maid always wore a corset and when she left the water she knew her figure would be shown to the very best advantage.

A storm costume for 1897 was made of wiry, light weight but durable English brilliantine. The five-gored skirt, reaching just below the shoe tops, was made full at the bottom and fitted over the hips. Matching leggings, umbrella and stout shoes completed the outfit.

The school girl wore a winter frock of storm serge or heavy Cheviot. Sleeves were stylishly given a tiny puff at the shoulders and then well fitted to the arms. The Tarn O'Shanter hat was very fetching with a bunch of five quills to take away the bare look. The coat was a double-breasted reefer with a soft liberty satin bow beneath the chin. A fur muff, fitted gloves and low-heeled, round-toed kid boots, reaching midway to the knee, completed the ensemble.

Women in 1893 were alerted to the latest in fashion styles. Skirts, no longer so voluminous, were usually trimmed and hung gracefully in graduating fullness. A close-fitting bodice was very ornate. The upper sleeve puffed but ended abruptly a little above the elbow with the lower sleeve tight enough to reveal the shape of the arm. Low square-cut gowns were appropriate for evening wear, the theater and dinner. All authorities agreed that the hair should be worn high in the evening and many piled it in elaborate twists, looping it to a height of several inches. Grecian knots were very fashionable on top or at the back of the head.

^V"


NEWS IN BRIEF

The Ste. Genevieve County Court in February announced the return of the area's valuable historical documents from the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis. They were taken to St. Louis for preservation in 1916. As area residents became aware of the need for these records, petitions were passed asking for their return. The documents are now deposited in the courthouse at Ste. Genevieve.

The city of Branson, recently honored posthumously, two outstanding writers of the area.

Rose O'Neill, author of The Loves of Edwy, is best remembered for the Kewpies, which she created at her "Bonniebrook" home near Branson. The "Rose O'Neill Kewpiesta," April 5-7, was sponsored by the Branson Chamber of Commerce and the Rose O'Neill Club. Included in the festivities were a musical interpretation of Rose O'Neill by oboist Jean Cant-well; lecture by Ralph Alan McCanse, author of the book, Titans and Kewpies; tours of the collections of Rose O'Neill memorabilia at the Shepherd of the Hills Farm's Memorial Museum and School of the Ozarks; and a tour of Bonniebrook homestead.

The memory of Harold Bell Wright, author of The Shepherd of the Hills, was honored at the annual Plumb Nelly Days Celebration, May 16-18. The traditional season-opener for the Branson area tourist season, Plumb Nelly Days featured a parade, square dance festival, musical entertainment, chicken barbecue and games for young and old. Visitors were able to see Old Matt's Cabin, Barn, Grist Mill and Sawmill and the Lizzie Mc-Daniels Memorial Museum.

Special services, a basket dinner and homecoming of former members marked the 100th anniversary of the First Baptist Church, Versailles, April 5-7. The centennial sermon was delivered by Dr. Lesley Christian, Independence, at the Sunday afternoon session. The Reverend Robert Stokes, church pastor, gave a short history of the church.

Residents of Louisiana, Missouri, are this year celebrating their 150th anniversary. The original plat of the town was laid out in 1818 by Joel Shaw and Samuel Caldwell, who came from Kentucky to settle in the fertile valley of the Mississippi River.

Sesquicentennial plans were climaxed the week of June 8-15. Special events were scheduled each day. Governor Warren E. Hearnes officially opened the week on June 11 with the crowning of a queen.

A costumed pageant, "Our Precious Heritage," was presented for five nights by a cast of about 350 people. A fireworks display closed each presentation.

One of the many historical attractions, visited by tourists of the area, was the two-room log cabin, built about 1830 by James Stark, founder of the famous Stark Brothers Nurseries. The cabin, shown below, is located near old U.S. Highway 54 and was the home of Stark's son William.

Historical Notes and Comments 475

According to announcements made Louis, April 12. William Clark Eng-early in March, Thornhill, the farm man, great-great-great grandson of home of Missouri's second governor, explorer Captain William Clark, Frederick Bates, was given to St. Louis placed a wreath at the statue of County by Mr. and Mrs. Leicester B. Thomas Jefferson located in the Old Faust of Chesterfield. The gift in- Courthouse. The ceremony was spon-cluded some 98 acres of land, an 1807 sored by Jefferson National Expansion house, outbuildings, and the family Memorial Association. burial ground in which the former governor's grave is located. Bates A month-long display at the Kan-served as governor from 1824 until sas City Museum of History and Sci-his death in 1825. The county plans ence, entitled "Heritage, '68," opened to develop the area into a historical April 28. Historical items were ex-park. hibited, including a painting on loan

from Kansas City artist Thomas Hart Former Governor John M. Dalton Benton. The painting was used as a

delivered an address at the 225th basis for Benton's mural, "Independ-birthday anniversary of President ence and the Opening of the West," Thomas Jefferson at a ceremony in at the Harry S. Truman Library in the historic Old Courthouse, St. Independence.

It Required Self-Control University City Woman's National Daily, January 31, 1910.

Columbia, Mo., Jan. 30—Fourteen Columbia ladies have organized the Harmony and Embroidery club. Members are bound by the constitution and by-laws not to comment on the dress, complexion or behavior of their neighbors under penalty of fines ranging from $1 for the first offense, $5 for the second and expulsion for the third. The club is inexpensive for those with a perfect vocal control. Each member is assessed 5 cents for refreshments at each meeting. At the end of the year a prize is to be given to the hostess who concocted the best lunch with the funds at her disposal. At each meeting one member is allowed to have a visitor.

In Defense of the Missouri Mule Ava Douglas County Herald, April 20, 1911

Capt. J. C. McArthur of the Twenty-eighth Infantry is about the first army officer to be guilty of seriously and deliberately slandering the Missouri mule. The officer has been abroad and attending foreign army maneuvers and through a "service" paper has fired a broadside into the ranks of muledom. Capt. McArthur would relegate the mules to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture and common everyday drayage, using the proceeds of their sale to purchase motor trucks. He declares an auto truck can carry the same amount of supplies as a mule team six times as far and faster. He adds that an automobile can work all the time, while a mule must rest, and says "mules are now a useless expense to the army." Friends of the Missouri mule venture the prediction that the faithful animal will be "on the job" long after Capt. McArthur is placed on the retired list.


LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Pictorial Collections Preserve History of Local Community

One of the major projects of a local historical society should be the collection, preservation and use of photographs, paintings, drawings and other types of illustrations of its local area. No other group is as competent or as interested in preserving this kind of regional history. Provisions should be made soon after the society is organized for the preservation of pictorial items offered to it.

Almost every community has numerous sources from which to begin a picture collection but the gathering of pictorial items should be done with discretion and thoughtfulness. The society must decide what and whom it will collect for posterity, and make special appeals for these items. Prominent area persons, businesses, public buildings, homes, street scenes and pictures depicting social history (everyday life) are of most historical value. Family photos or portraits have less historical value, although they may have use as illustrations of period costumes.

Older residents probably have the largest collections of photographs of historic interest. Negatives of a generation or two ago, made on glass, are often found tucked away in attic trunks and can still be used to print new pictures. Appeals for picture donations may emphasize the importance of preservation long after this generation is gone. If the owner cannot part with his picture collection, perhaps arrangements could be made for copying the most historically valuable ones.

Photograph studios that preserve old negatives are another source for picture gathering. Photographers will

often deposit or donate items in return for credit upon their use, or the society may be able to obtain copies of these prints at special rates.

If the local newspaper office uses photographs in its publication, it may provide another valuable resource. Old pictures are often used to illustrate historical stories and articles and the editor may have a sizable collection. He will often deposit his holdings in the local historical society in return for use of the society's picture collection. If the editor has no photographs he may know persons in the community who might be contributors to the picture collection and he may help search for pictures through his newspaper columns.

Old county platbooks, atlases and histories abound in lithographic reproductions of leading citizens and their homes. These may be copied for society files or noted for quick reference in case of need in the future.

Societies should also attempt to collect present-day views and portraits of prominent citizens, for they too will soon become history. Probably every local group has some member who is interested in photography as a hobby, and his assistance will be invaluable.

When an important historical item or collection is given to the society it can be the occasion for a notable display and for publicity. The attention paid to one success often leads to others.

Pictures do not always carry their own documentation and written identification of each item is of utmost importance. Care must be taken to include the title or full name of the

Historical Notes and Comments All

subject. Where and approximately when was the view taken? Who made it? Any other facts that add interest or information about the subject should be recorded. This identification along with the donor's name, address and the date it was given, should be written on the back of each item.

The society will need to establish a convenient, simple method of filing pictures. Steel letter files are relatively inexpensive, easy to use, provide sufficient care for items and can be expanded as the need arises. Negatives and pictures to 8" X 10" size can be filed in large individual envelopes. The title of the contents should appear at the top left corner of each envelope.

Pictures are usually grouped in two major categories—persons and subjects. Both are filed in alphabetical order by the person's last name and the title of the subject. Oversize items, portraits in frames and family snapshot albums should be kept intact in a special storage area.

A small card file may also be kept containing information on each pictorial item. This will eliminate needless handling of the photograph envelopes, provide cross references and direct the researcher to pictures found in an oversize collection or in published works.

Although the collection and preservation of pictures are important projects for historical societies, the use of such material is also of major concern. Societies find that collection is easier when the donors are able to see their gifts utilized.

A popular use for old photographs is to publish them regularly in a series in the local newspaper. In what better way can the society publicize its picture holdings? Old photographs have in the past year been featured regularly in the Jackson Journal, St.

Louis Globe-Democrat, Columbia Missourian, Salem News, Buffalo Reflex, Ste. Genevieve Fair Play and the Shelbyville Shelby County Herald. In only one instance, however, were these series the result of a local historical society project.

Pictures can also be reproduced in the society's publications—bulletins, handbooks or guidebooks. Authors of historical books and articles may want to publish pictures from the society's collection.

Window displays in local business establishments for anniversary celebrations are effective and appropriate uses of pictures and excellent publicity for the society. The society should also exhibit its picture collection in its own headquarters. Excellent displays are made up of photographs, a few related manuscripts and museum items, accompanied with correct and informative legends.

The society must determine how its pictorial items are to be used and who will use them. The society's pictures are public property like books in the local library and should be loaned to those who have a legitimate need for them. Unlike books, pictures are almost impossible to replace if lost, but relatively easy and inexpensive to copy from the original. It is well for the society to establish contact with a photographer who is responsible and able to make good reproductions. He should be allowed to make copies from the society's collection when requests are made for photographic purchases. If pictures are borrowed, reasonable care and protection in transporting and handling, and prompt return should be agreed to by the borrower, preferably in writing. When pictures are published, a credit line is expected, giving public acknowledgment of the user's indebtedness to the owner of the picture.


All local historical societies should make their picture holdings known to the public. One item of their collections may be of vital interest to a historian in another community. Since many requests for photographs come to the State Historical Society, a list of the collections of local historical societies would be of great value to the general public. Societies are encouraged to send their list, provisions for loan and reproduction work, to the editorial office of the State Historical Society. Historians widening their search for new material will be able to make greater use of these rare illustrations and readers throughout the country may enjoy a picture of a local Missouri scene.

Atchison County Historical Society Members discussed future projects

and plans at the February 25 annual meeting in the Tarkio Community Center. Neal Perz, in charge of development at Tarkio College, outlined the college's plans for improvements at the historic Mule Barn on the campus. Quarters for the Society will be maintained on the second floor of that building.

A large manuscript copy of the educational history of the county was presented to the Society by S. W. Skelton, Rock Port, former county superintendent of schools. A committee composed of Mr. Skelton, Mrs. William Sly, Mrs. Gladys Martin and Dick Altman was named to put the manuscript in book form.

Officers elected for the coming year were Harry Broermann, Tarkio, president; Mrs. Anna Vogler, Rock Port, first vice president; Everett Deardorff, Fairfax, second vice president; Mrs. Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Port, treasurer; and Dick Altman, Rock Port, secretary.

Boone County Historical Society Some 70 members attended the an

nual dinner meeting, April 17, at Magnolia Inn, Columbia. Dr. John Crighton, professor of History at Stephens College, Columbia, spoke on "Early Days in Columbia," with special emphasis on community life in the 1830s.

Officers elected for 1968-1969 were James E. Clark, president; Mrs. Jack Matthews, vice president; Mrs. Paul Burcham, secretary; Willard Eckhardt, treasurer; and Mrs. James Comfort, historian.

"History of a County," presented on KOMU-TV, Columbia, April 16, was co-sponsored by the Society and the University of Missouri School of Journalism. Pictures and stories of Columbia, Rocheport and Centralia were presented by Patterson Bain, Mrs. George Russell, "Cab" Atkins, Mrs. Dorothy Caldwell and George Ogden. Dr. Edward Lambert was moderator.

Boonslick Historical Society Some 100 persons attended the

April 10 meeting at Hotel Frederick, Boonville, and heard Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes, Missouri's First Lady, speak on the "Governor's Mansion." Books, photographs and memorabilia of the mansion were displayed.

Membership in the Society has risen this year to 125.

Butler County Historical Society At the April 18 meeting in the

Poplar Bluff Loan and Building Association, Mrs. Beverly Marvel reported on the Butler County bridges across Black River. Special emphases were placed on the Vine Street Bridge in Poplar Bluff and the Old Hargrove Bridge, a "turntable bridge," south of Poplar Bluff.

Camden County Historical Society Mrs. Fern Moreland spoke on the

Dry Ridge community of southern


Camden County at the February 8 meeting in St. George Episcopal Church, Camdenton.

At the March 14 meeting Mrs. Ethel Houston, Montreal, presented a program on the early history of the Riverview Baptist Church of Osage Beach.

In 1967 the Society initiated a publishing program designed to establish better communication and greater rapport between members, provide more research coordination, to publish and preserve the writings and data collected by various Society members, to advertise the activities of the Society, and perform more public services. A four-part plan was adopted. The Society sponsored the publication of a tourist guidebook of the region's scenic and historical features in 1967, and members are expanding the publication for 1968. The group printed and distributed meeting and program notices in the form of an open letter which considerably improved meeting attendance. The publication of a regular newsletter, "The Bulletin," was begun in September, 1967, and increased from 50 to 210 copies with the March, 1968, issue. A journal for the preservation of large documented manuscripts and the serialization of the county history will appear late in 1968. The Society is to be commended for this outstanding project.

Carondelet Historical Society At the April 8 meeting in the

Carondelet Branch Library, St. Louis Attorney Arthur Litz, spoke on "The Spanish Influence in Early Carondelet." Mr. Litz is the author of several legal publications and book review editor of the St. Louis Bar Journal.

The Society is to be commended for its recent publication of a directory of its organization. The booklet includes a listing of the officers and

board of directors, committee members, membership list and by-laws o£ the Society.

Chariton County Historical Society Mrs. J. A. Collet presented a paper

on "Butter Making and Butter Churns," at the April 21 meeting in Dulany Library, Salisbury. Several historical items were on display.

The Society Museum was opened to the public, May 2. Hours are from 2-5 p.m., Thursday-Sunday, and on other days by appointment for groups and classes.

Civil War Round Table Of Kansas City

At the February 27 meeting in Hotel Bellerive, Kansas City, the Round Table presented the Harry S. Truman Award for Meritorious Service in the Field of Civil War History to Dr. Howard N. Monnett. Dr. Monnett, Kansas City author, historian, professor, administrator and charter member of the Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, is the first member of that group to receive this award. He is a former president of the organization and served for many years as regular editor of its monthly bulletin. After receiving his Doctorate from the University of Colorado, he taught history and served as dean of faculty at the Kansas City Metropolitan Junior College where he is now acting president. In 1964 he published the Civil War book, Action Before West-port. Following presentation of the award, Dr. Monnett addressed the group on "March to the Sound of Trumpets."

At the March 26 meeting, Lloyd D. Miller, co-founder of the Chicago Civil War Round Table, spoke about the "Second Day of Gettysburg." His talk emphasized the controversial and decisive day of the duel between Meade and Lee.


Civil War Round Table Of the Ozarks

At the March 13 meeting at Ra-mada Inn, Springfield, members viewed the film, "Meet Mr. Lincoln," which depicted the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. The film, of still photographs and period drawings, was produced by the National Broadcasting Company and issued by the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Dr. William E. Hammond, associate professor of History at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, spoke at the April 10 meeting on "Napoleon III, and His Foreign Policy with the United States During the Civil War."

Civil War Round Table Of St. Louis

At the February 28 meeting at Le Chateau, Fred Barton of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, spoke on the little-known but interesting Civil War Battle of Port Hudson, south of Vicksburg. The talk was illustrated with pictures and sound recordings.

Lloyd D. Miller, member of the Chicago Civil War Round Table, spoke on "The Union Left Second at Gettysburg," at the March 27 meeting.

Clay County Museum Association Mrs. Samuel Clay Chapman, Regent,

Alexander Doniphan Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Liberty, presented a program on "Revolutionary War Veterans of Clay County," at the February 22 meeting in the Clay County Historical Museum, Liberty. The museum show windows were decorated for the historic month of February by members of the D.A.R. Chapter.

A program on "Antique Clocks" was given at the March 21 meeting by Gordon Byler. Mr. Byler, a widely known authority on clocks, placed

samples of his collection on display in the museum show windows.

Dr. T. R. Beveridge, chairman of the Department of Geology, University of Missouri at Rolla, was the featured speaker at the second annual spring dinner meeting, April 25, at the new William Jewell dining room, Liberty. Dr. Beveridge discussed "Band Music of the Civil War," illustrated with recordings, and exhibited some items from his collection of band instruments.

Cole County Historical Society The Society has announced that its

Museum, 109 Madison Street, Jefferson City, is now open from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. Tuesday-Saturday. Mrs. Theodore Schweer, curator, has been cataloging and filing pictures in the Museum to make them more accessible.

The Historical Sites Preservation Committee of the Society, under the chairman, David Brydon, has outlined three functions to be carried out this year. They include the selection of sites within Jefferson City to be designated as historic sites, the designation of historic sites to be preserved within the county, and the selection of sites which the Society would like to have registered as National Historic Landmarks by the National Park Service.

The Society recently published a booklet, The Jefferson City Story, by Myrene Houchin Hobbs, reprinted from the Capital City Telephone Company Directory of 1956. It sells for 25 cents.

Dallas County Historical Society Some 30 persons attended the Feb

ruary 16 meeting in the Dallas County courthouse, Buffalo. Reports on area mills were given by Lucille Scott, Sarah Beth Bradley and Earl Hurst.

At the March 15 meeting members


voted to sponsor an essay contest for high school and junior high school students of the county. Essays will have the title, "My Most Interesting Ancestor Who Lived In Dallas County." First prizes will be $5.00 in cash, plus memberships in both the State Historical Society and the Dallas County Historical Society.

Mrs. Lucille Scott read a paper, prepared by Clifton Stafford, on the Stafford Mill in Buffalo. Histories of some Buffalo churches were given by Thelma Reed.

Some 22 persons attended the April 18 meeting. The winning essays of a recent contest sponsored by the Society, were read during the program. Anne Clay was the winner in the high school division and Sam Pittman Clay was a winner in the junior high division. Runners up were Reba Wingo and Jimmy Price. Mrs. Belva Stafford presented a review of the book, Martyrs of Missouri, by W. M. Leftowich.

Dent County Historical Society A covered-dish dinner preceded the

March 8 meeting at the Salem Christian Church. Table decorations consisted of antique items from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. James Coffman. On the program were the following: Mrs. Joe Hirsch who spoke on the origin and history of surnames; Mrs. Julia Ogle presented stories of her family, the Lewis Ogles, in Civil War days; and the Reverend Virgil Parker gave the history of rural schools which have progressed to present-day consolidated systems.

On display was a picture album of Dent County history compiled by the Fortnightly Civics Club.

Officers elected for the coming year were Mrs. Pearl Craddock, president; Ed Gill, vice president; Mrs. Ed Bennett, secretary; and Dr. M. M. Hart, treasurer.

Florissant Valley Historical Society The Society held its 10th annual

birthday dinner, April 18, at Holiday Inn, Hazelwood. Professor Homer Clevenger, instructor of History and Government at Lindenwood College, spoke on restoration of the St. Charles community including the First State Capitol.

As part of the Valley of Flowers celebration, the Society sponsored its 9th house tour, May 4-5. The group visited some 13 homes and gardens in the Old Town section of Florissant, and the Trinity Missionary Baptist Church.

Officers of the Society are Charles Harke, president; Mrs. William Crume, first vice president; Mrs. D. Moore, second vice president; Mrs. Fred Glad-bach, Jr., secretary; Robert Hendel, treasurer; and Charlotte Bindbeutel, historian.

Foundation for Restoration Of Ste. Genevieve

At the February 13 meeting in Cafe Genevieve at Ste. Genevieve, directors of the Foundation heard Lee Carter of Allied Architects speak on the city's restoration plan. Allied Architects formulated the restoration plan through extensive research and assisted in the organization of the Foundation. They will help to put the plan into a usable form.

On April 1, the Foundation received news from the Economic Development Corporation that it had qualified and completed the first two phases for a $30,000 grant from the agency. It will now be necessary for the Foundation to raise matching funds.

At a meeting of the Foundation, April 18, at Cafe Genevieve, Lee Carter again spoke and suggested a number of projects. Plans were adopted for a permanent French Market Building for use at the annual Jour de Fete


a Ste. Genevieve, a tourist information center and for making a film on Ste. Genevieve to be produced by KETC Channel 9 Educational TV Station.

The Jour de Fete a Ste. Genevieve is planned for August 10-11.

Friends of Rocheport Some 200 members attended a coun

try ham dinner and business meeting, March 22, at Pete's Cafe, near Rocheport. Plans for the second annual Friends Fest, June 22, were discussed.

Gentry County Historical Society At the April 14 meeting in the

Gentry County Library, Stanberry, Aletha Whittington spoke on the origin and progress of the library in Stanberry. Mrs. Homer Pyle and Verno C. Humphrey gave the history of Old Palmer College in Albany.

Officers elected for the coming year were George Manning, Albany, president; Loy Hammond, Darlington, first vice president; Mrs. Ora Smith, Stanberry, second vice president; Mrs. Chester Burks, King City, recording secretary; Mrs. Pearl Feldman, Stanberry, corresponding secretary; H. H. Manring, McFall, treasurer; Robert Birbeck, Stanberry, historian; Verno C. Humphrey, Darlington, parliamentarian; and Mrs. Helen Hen ton, Albany, librarian.

Grand River Historical Society At the April 18 meeting in the Liv

ingston County Memorial Library, Chillicothe, Leo Hopper presented the history of Sturges. The town, established because of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, now consists of only a few residences.

Greene County Historical Society At the February 29 meeting at the

Springfield Art Museum, the Honorable York Johnson read a paper, entitled "Their Day in Court," which gave an account of court cases that

had special interest. Judge York received his college education at Drury College in Springfield and Washington University Law School in St. Louis. He served for a time as Presiding District Judge of the U.S. District Courts and in 1958 was appointed Clerk of the Springfield Court of Appeals.

The Society announced that copies of the 1840 Census Report of Greene County were placed on sale, February 15. Work on these booklets was done by Mrs. Adrian Morrison, Mrs. Frank Cain and Allan S. Humphreys.

At the March 28 meeting in the Springfield Art Museum, Dr. J. David Lages, professor of Economics at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, spoke on "Springfield Shoppers." His talk was based on a report entitled "A Religious and Economic Survey of Springfield, Missouri," which he and Dr. Clarence W. Ketch, professor of Sociology at Southwest Missouri State College, published in 1966.

Mrs. Arlene Webb Moore, a student at Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, presented a paper on "A Study of Springfield's First College and Its Founder, Charles Carlton," at the April 25 meeting. In a discussion that followed the talk, Dr. B. B. Lightfoot, professor of History at SMS, expressed the wish that descendants of students of Carlton College who have material concerned with the institution make it available for research work.

Harrison County Historical Society A program on antique guns was

given by Robert Calloway, January 7, at the First National Bank, Bethany.

Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial Association

The fifth annual Arbor Day program and planting was held at Memorial Friendship Park, near Ana-


conda, April 28. Trees were planted and numerous roses added to the rose garden. Ralph Gregory, Florida, Missouri, opened the program.

Henry County Historical Society A program on potteries in Calhoun

and Clinton around the turn of the century was presented by Ireby Barrow, Calhoun, at the February 15 meeting in the First National Bank, Clinton. Examples of the potters' art were displayed.

At the March 21 meeting, Dr. Roy Stubbs, professor of History at Central Missouri State College, Warrensburg, spoke on guerrilla warfare on the Missouri-Kansas border during the Civil War.

A "show and tell" program, at the April 11 meeting, featured a large collection of rare photographs depicting Clinton scenes and citizens.

Display rooms were opened in the courthouse, Clinton, on May 18.

Hickory County Historical Society Members brought a variety of his

torical items for display at the March 19 meeting in the courthouse, Hermitage. A report on the history of the Parke, Crow, Wilson and Perry families was given by Mrs. Claude Carpenter. Mrs. Ester Malstrom gave a short history of the Mustain place in the county and Mrs. Lucille Parke presented a short sketch of her family.

Officers elected for the coming year were Nannie Jinkens, president; Dillon Tipton, vice president; Faye Cof-felt, secretary; Eugene Harryman, assistant secretary; and Frankie Bartshe, treasurer.

Historical Association of Greater St. Louis

"Indian Life in the Rocky Mountains, 1840-1847, as Depicted in the Diaries and Color Paintings of Father Nicolas Point, S. J." was the topic of an illustrated talk given by Joseph

P. Donnelly, S.J., of Marquette University at the April 5 meeting in Knights' Hall, St. Louis University.

Johnson County Historical Society The annual spring meeting was

held, April 28, in the Old Courthouse, Warrensburg. Attorney Charles Fitzgerald spoke on "The Responsibilities of a Historical Society and its Board of Directors." Kim Null, a junior member of the Society, wearing a costume of the 1870s, read the "Eulogy on the Dog," by Senator George G. Vest. An exhibit of a deer rifle, powder horn and pouch and stuffed birds, native to Johnson County, were displayed.

The Old Courthouse, now being restored by the Society, will be open weekends during the summer, 1:00-5:00 p.m. The initial opening was May 30 and the weekend following. The Country Store will be open the same hours in the Pioneer Museum on the grounds. Items on sale at the store include homemade preserves, jellies, pickles, handcrafts, aprons, souvenir note paper and cards.

Joplin Historical Society During 1967 the Society raised a

separate Mineral Museum fund by voluntary contributions which was more than sufficient to finance an additional three month's operation of the city-owned Mineral Museum. The museum was therefore kept open for nine months and had an attendance of over 13,200. The museum opened for the 1968 season on March 15. A new exhibit features old mining town miniature buildings, made by Matt Vickrey.

An overflow crowd of some 400 persons attended the March 24 meeting of the Society at Connor Hotel, an occasion marking the city's 95th birthday. The program, entitled "A History of Music in Joplin," included special


musical entertainment and a special tribute to Joplin's music leaders, past and present, given by Mrs. Henry Warten, president of the Joplin Council for the Arts. Guest speaker, Evelyn Milligan Jones, addressed the group on "Joplin Hits a High Note." Master of Ceremonies Robert T. Hubbard impersonated D. K. Wenrich, an early prominent citizen, poet, composer and father of nationally-known Percy Wenrich. A special historical exhibit featured scrapbooks of musical events, programs, old music and original music by local composers.

Robert I. Johnson, author, lecturer and director of the Kansas City Museum of History and Science, spoke at the April 30 meeting, on "The Value of a Historical Museum to a City." He also showed a color motion picture on "The Gifts of Time," a tour of the highlights of Kansas City museum buildings.

Membership in the Society now totals 600.

Kansas City Westerners Some early western movies were

shown by Mac McConnell, Kansas City movie collector, at the February 13 meeting at Hotel Bellerive. The Great Train Robbery (1903) and Knight of the Trail (1923) were two of the featured attractions.

At the March 12 meeting, Professor Donald Danker, Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas, presented a paper on frontier experiences of authoress Ena Raymonde.

Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society

At the September 18 meeting in the R.E.A. Building, Fulton, Harold Slusher spoke on "The Early History of Extension Work in Callaway."

A number of souvenir artifacts were displayed and described at the October 16 annual meeting. Mrs.

Ward Darnell, Mineola, read excerpts from the paper, "The Life and Influence of Danville and Danville Township," written in 1912 by Olive Baker.

Dedication ceremonies for the Boone Rock and rededication ceremonies for the Captain James Callaway monument were held on the courthouse lawn, Fulton, November 4. The rock, on which Daniel Boone carved his name when he passed through the county in 1801, now stands in the courthouse yard. Judge Hugh P. Williamson delivered the dedicatory address. Two descendants of Daniel Boone, present at the ceremony, were Mrs. Roger Weeks, Montgomery City, and Mrs. Vivian Pen-dergraft, Fulton. The dedication was arranged by the Society and the Callaway County Court.

Orval Henderson, Jefferson City, historian for the State Park Board, presented an illustrated talk on historic sites at the February 19 meeting.

A paper on "The History of the Ovid Bell Press," was read by Ovid Bell at the March 18 meeting in the Library of Fulton Senior High School.

The April 15 meeting was held in connection with the Annual Green Foundation Lecture at Westminster College, Fulton. Dr. Franc L. Mc-Cluer spoke on "Little Iron Curtains Which Divide the United States."

Kirkwood Historical Society Professor Donald Alter spoke on

"The Uses of History," at the March 12 meeting in the Kirkwood City Hall.

The Society participated in the Festival of the Arts, sponsored by the Kirkwood Art Council, April 18-20. A display, planned by Herbert C. Meier, assisted by Josephine Farrington, featured objects of art and curios of the past, from Mr. Meier's collection. The Society's publications and memberships were on sale.

Membership cards, bearing the So-


ciety's emblem of a railroad engine and the date of organization, have been designed by Mr. Meier.

Knox County Historical Society At the April 16 meeting in the

courthouse, Edina, Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, director of the State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, spoke on the life and military career of Ulysses S. Grant.

Officers elected for the coming year were Mrs. Claude Parcell, president; Raymond Hall, vice president; Mrs. Don McGlothlin, secretary; and Mrs. Delbert Flawkins, treasurer.

The society was first organized in April, 1966, and its Historical Room Museum, in the courthouse, opened in April, 1967. To commemorate these two anniversaries, the group sponsored an open house at the museum each afternoon, April 15-19.

Lawrence County Historical Society At the April 21 meeting in Jones

Memorial Chapel, Mount Vernon, members discussed plans for the compilation of cemetery inscriptions. Hol-lis Heagerty, Aurora antique dealer and collector, spoke on "Antique Glassware and Bottle Collecting." Historic items were displayed by members for a "show and tell" session.

Lewis County Historical Society At the April 18 meeting in La

Grange, Delmar Lake, Lewistown, was elected to serve as president for the remainder of the year. Reports were given on the progress of locating and identifying old burial sites.

The Canton Chapter of the Society held its regular meeting, March 5, in the Canton city hall. Members heard a report on "Stage Coaches and their Routes in Lewis County and Surrounding Areas," presented by Ben Plank. Following the talk, Mr. Plank showed slides of bridges, stagecoach models and remaining inn sites of the area.

Macon County Historical Society Some 55 members and guests at

tended the April 25 dinner meeting at Traveller Cafe in Macon. Mrs. Kath-erine Robnett, a teacher of world history and sociology at Macon High School, presented "The History of High School Education in Macon County."

Officers elected for the coming year were Gerald Kerr, president; Mrs. Evalyn Ratliff, vice president; Mary Graves, secretary; and Mrs. Howard Gilleland, treasurer.

Marion County Historical Society Ladies of the Christian Women's

Fellowship served the dinner for the April 10 meeting at Mt. Zion Church. A map marking churches and inventoried cemeteries and two books cataloging these locations were given to the Society by Tom Clatworthy, a history teacher from Palmyra High School. State Representative Harold L. Volkmer, Hannibal, spoke on new laws recently enacted or about to be passed by the State.

McDonald County Historical Society Seventy-one members and guests at

tended the February 4 meeting in Pineville. Judge Paul E. Carver, Neosho, spoke on the two Civil War battles of Newtonia. Numerous historical items were displayed.

At the May 5 meeting at Simsberry Church 73 persons heard reports on early Simsberry a n d Whittenburg community history. A paper, written by Mrs. Nellie Warren Head, Golden, on early Whittenburg school days was read by Mrs. Ida Wolfe Burnett. The following former teachers were present and honored: Alva De-Witt, Southwest City; Mrs. Ella Spur-lock Armstrong, Pineville; and Norma Wescott, Stella. Each gave short comments. J. B. Sims presented the B. E. Berry family story, written by Glen


Berry of Imperial Beach, California, and told about the Wescott family who settled in the area in 1897. Mrs. Meda Feasel gave the history of Simsberry Church.

Mementoes of pioneer days were on display.

Mercer County Historical Society Elford Horn gave a program on

Princeton High School football teams from 1900 to 1909, at the April 30 meeting in East Pine School House, near Princeton. A paper, on "Interesting Facts About Pioneer Churches," was read by Mrs. Perry Coon. Mrs. Frank Lowry reported on exhibits in the History Room at Mercer County Library and Joe Linn stated that he and Mrs. Linn had restored and cleaned the old Norwood Cemetery near Princeton. A letter from the Library of Congress was read concerning General John J. Pershing's appointment to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point which was received from Congressman Joseph H. Burrows, a former Mercer County resident.

Missouri Historical Society At Steinberg Hall, Washington Uni

versity, St. Louis, March 22, the Society presented an illustrated lecture on "John Deere's Buried Plow Factory," given by Richard S. Hagen, corporate historian for Deere and Company. Mr. Hagen has currently been doing restoration work at the John Deere Historic Site in Grand Detour, Illinois. His talk related the life of a New Englander who came west in 1837 and invented the first self-scouring steel plow.

Missouri "Show Me" Club Members enjoyed a bus trip, March

2, to the William S. Hart County Park, California, where they toured the zoo, museum and ranch house.

Moniteau County Historical Society Some 56 persons attended the March

18 meeting at the Masonic Hall, California. Clarence Putnam, California car dealer, spoke on the art of weaving the split white oak seats in ladder back chairs.

A museum case, built by Francis Ketterlin, Tipton, was installed at the courthouse, California. Items were prepared for public display in it, April 21.

Morgan County Historical Society Forty-five members and guests at

tended the March 25 meeting in the Morgan County Bank, Versailles. It was announced that the Society was ready to receive items for display in its museum. Old school furnishings were donated by the Prairie Valley Community for exhibit of a typical rural schoolroom.

Mrs. Dorothy Houston, a member of the Morgan County R-2 High School faculty, gave the early history of Missouri. Bob Arnold, Kenneth Erickson and Walter Eickholz displayed antique firearms and presented their histories.

Native Sons of Kansas City Dr. Sterrett S. Titus, Native Sons'

historian and archives chairman, spoke on the "History and Views of Early Kansas City," at the February 21 meeting in Twin Oaks Restaurant, Kansas City.

Nodaway County Historical Society "Old School Days" was the theme

of the program for the February 28 meeting at the home of Mr. and Mrs. R. Bruce Montgomery, Maryville. Emery Airy, retired businessman of Maryville, spoke on changes in the area during his lifetime. Teaching experiences at the Old Hagey School, near Burlington Junction, were reviewed by Mrs. Montgomery. The Colonel Pruitt family sang old school


songs and Mrs. Laurel River Sewards read some well-known school poems. A picture of the last graduating class of Gaynor Public School was presented to the Society by Mrs. L. F. Bosch of the Maryville Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Tape recordings of the meeting were made by Dr. James Lowe.

The hosts served a typical rural school sack lunch to the 57 persons who were present.

Richard Wiles, of the Nodaway Valley Bank, Maryville, spoke on the early county history at the March 28 meeting in the Dream Kitchen of the Electric Light and Power Company, Maryville.

A review of the late Homer Cray's novel, Wonderful Neighbor, was given by Thomas R. Hooper, county historian and member of the Society's board of directors, at the April 25 meeting in the Dream Kitchen. Mr. Hooper is the owner of the original manuscript of the book.

The first marker of a series designating historical sites of the county was placed in the courthouse yard, Maryville, in April. Others will be located in Franklin and Bertha Beal parks, Maryville.

Pike County Historical Society Mrs. Helen Morgan, Worland, Wyo

ming, gave an account of the early history of Big Horn Basin at the April 30 dinner meeting at Duvall Cafe, Clarksville.

Platte County Historical Society The spring covered-dish dinner was

held, April 24, at the Platte City Christian Church. The Kansas City Park and Recreation Department presented a program of slides depicting historical scenes of the old river front and projected roads and parks for the area north of the river.

Officers elected for the coming year

were G. Z. Hull, Weston, president; Darwin Martin, Kansas City North, first vice president; John Hoy, Parkville, second vice president; Mary B. Aker, Parkville, executive secretary; and Ira Hassenpflug, Kansas City North, treasurer.

Pony Express Historical Association Officers elected at the December 3

meeting at the Y.W.C.A., St. Joseph, were D. V. Frame, president; Lee Starnes, executive director; Larry Foutch, first vice president; Francis Ross, second vice president; John Karle, treasurer; Mrs. Earl Stuber, recording secretary; Mrs. Larry Foutch, corresponding secretary; Mrs. E. Taylor Campbell, historian; Mrs. Lee Starnes, parliamentarian; and Dwaine Chesnut, sergeant-at-arms.

Some 5,000 persons attended the first semi-annual Pony Express Gun and Antique Show for 1968, held March 30-31 at Patee House. Larry Foutch and Jack Akines were co-chairmen of the event. Five awards were presented for outstanding displays.

Historical authors, newspaper publishers and businessmen who helped publicize St. Joseph's historical heritage and the Pony Express were honored, March 31, at Hotel Robidoux, St. Joseph. Milton F. Perry, curator of the Harry S. Truman Library-Museum, at Independence, addressed the group on "Our Historical Heritage."

Awards were presented to John Edward Hicks, Kansas City author and historian; First National Bank; Byron Guise, owner and editor of the Marys-ville [Kansas] Advocate; Charles A. Browne, Jr., publisher of the Horton [Kansas] Headlight; Mayor Paul V. Murphy, Elwood, Kansas; John J. Waldron, president of the St. Joseph Pepsi-Cola Bottling Company; and Paul Jenkins, Gothenburg, Nebraska.

Barrett Jones, city administrator,


welcomed the Association and told of St. Joseph's efforts to participate in the model cities program.

Historical displays were shown by Frank Popplewell and Glenn M. Set-zer. A new western painting, by Kansas City artist Byron Wolfe, was also on exhibit.

Patee House prepared a special historical display for the Homebuilders Association show on the mall at East Hills, St. Joseph, April 24-28.

The summer tourist season for Patee House began May 30. Hours will be from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. weekdays, and 2-5 p.m. Sundays, until Labor Day, with no admission charged.

Two benefits for Patee House development included the third annual Antique Dealer Show, May 24-26, and an antique and gun show on June 8-9, both held at Patee House.

Ray County Historical Society More than 160 persons attended the

annual banquet held March 6, in the Richmond High School. Guest speaker for the evening was Missouri Governor WTarren E. Hearnes who addressed the group on "Progressive Leadership: Bulwark of Democracy." The Richmond Kiwanis Theatre Guild presented musical entertainment.

Raytown Historical Society Charles Kerr, historical curator for

the Jackson County Park System, gave a slide program on historical sites of the area, at the April 24 meeting in St. Matthew's Episcopal Church.

St. Charles County Historical Society

The history of St. Charles churches was the subject of a talk given by the Reverend Dr. Frederic Niedner at the April 25 dinner meeting at the Lutheran Church in Harvester.

Indian relics of the St. Charles vicinity, dating back some 7,000 years,

are on display at the museum, 515 South Main. George Feltz supervised the exhibit.

St. Joseph Historical Society Officers of the Society are Leonard

Gasper, president; Ray Waldo, first vice president; Mrs. Bartlett Boder, second vice president; Sheridan A. Logan, secretary; and Mrs. Leonard Gasper, treasurer.

St. Louis Westerners Fred L. Lee, secretary of the Kansas

City Westerners, spoke on "Sha Ha Ka: Lewis and Clark's Mandan Indian Friend" at the March 15 meeting at Garavelli's Restaurant, St. Louis.

At the April 19 meeting a program on the "Rise and Fall of the Southern Pacific's Political Power in California" was presented by James L. Becker, assistant librarian for the Municipal Reference Library at the St. Louis Public Library.

Members attended the May 17 dinner meeting at the Student Center, Southern Illinois University, Edwards-ville. Professors William Baker and Robert Koepke gave a program on "Maps of the American West," in the Lovejoy Library Auditorium. A special display of maps from the library's collection was exhibited for the occasion.

Officers for 1968-1969 are George R. Brooks, president; Russell Fisher, vice president; J. Orville Spreen, secretary; Harold T . Smutz, assistant secretary; Carl A. Brummett, treasurer; and Lewis M. Blanton, assistant treasurer.

Saline County Historical Society The Saline County History, contain

ing 552 9X12 pages and over 175 pictures, was published by the Society early in 1968. First copies of the volume were sold out in a few days and more were printed. This society project was featured in a longer arti-


cle in the January, 1968 issue of the REVIEW, pp. 174-175.

A recognition dinner, March 12, at McKay's Wings, Marshall, honored A. H. Orr and approximately 150 writers of the new history. Mr. Orr, president of the Society, was editor of the book, printed by the Wals-worth Publishing Company of Mar-celine. The work involved in the gathering and writing of the history was told by Mr. Orr. A copy of the book was presented to him with his name printed in gold on the front cover. Memorial services paid tribute to 13 of the original writers who died before the book was published.

Arrangements for the dinner were coordinated by the Executive Committee of the Marshall Chamber of Commerce.

An organized, county-wide, membership drive was conducted by the Society during the month of May.

Shelby County Historical Society Twenty-six persons were present at

the April 29 meeting in the Shelbina Baptist Church. George Bunney, Shelbyville, member of the Shelby County Soil Conservation Service staff, presented a program on the American Indians. He displayed his collection of Indian relics consisting of arrow heads, tools and weapons.

Smithville Historical Society Regular all-day meetings are held

at Smithville Paterson Memorial Museum each month on the second Tuesday and the fourth Saturday for genealogical sessions. Mrs. Lee Sims, family history chairman, reported a wide interest and an increase in reference material in the historical library of the Museum.

The Society is sponsoring a weekly column, entitled "What's New About T h e Old," in the Smithville Democrat-Herald, which began with the April

11 issue. The contents for this report are varied and for the present time are being written by the Society president, Mrs. Harold Harris.

Harry S. Truman Library Institute A conference of scholars on civil

rights and the Truman Administration at the Library in Independence, April 5-6, was held in conjunction with the 11th annual meeting of the Institute's board of directors, April 6. Those participating in the conference were able to attend a public address at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, given by Professor John Hope Franklin, chairman of the History Department, University of Chicago.

An addition to the east end of the library building, completed in February, will be used for office space, storage and work areas and an additional exhibit room. More than 174,-000 people visited the museum in the last calendar year.

Westport Historical Society Some 100 members attended the

February 29 meeting at the Westport United Presbyterian Church. Edmund D. Fink, of the Kansas City Star, spoke on "Stars on Your Doorsteps," tracing the history of the newspaper from its founding by William Rockhill Nelson. Souvenir copies of the first edition of the Kansas City Evening Star, September 18, 1880, were presented to the audience.

"The Literature of the Santa Fe Trail" was the subject of a talk given by John Hicks at the May 17 dinner meeting at the Westport Presbyterian Church.

Wright County Historical Society At the February 29 meeting in the

county courthouse, Hartville, members discussed the possibilities of purchasing the E. C. Steele Mansion in Hartville for use as a museum. Action


was taken to determine the extent of zens, to be filed in the courthouse, interest in the project. Members have voted to award hon-

In February the group published orary membership plaques to all their first bulletin and urged mem- county residents who are 90 years of bers to suggest a name for the publi- age or over, ation. The Society reported that a file of

The Society has a tape recorder "Family Trees" will be maintained available for interested members and for the benefit of genealogists at the a project is underway to establish a Society's headquarters in the county library of recordings from senior citi- courthouse, Hartville.

The War Problem Weston The Border Times, February 20, 1864.

After a lapse of time, some one has been found competent to set forth the problem of the rebel dilemma. We find it in twenty propositions, . . . . Each proposition establishes a quandary; and, though the rebellion may be a powerful fact, it is at least a logical impossibility:

1. If they increase their army they cannot feed it. 2. Unless they increase their army they are whipped. 3. Unless the press speaks out, their liberties are gone. 4. If the press speaks out their government will be gone. 5. Unless they draft the whole population they must surrender. 6. If they draft the whole population, they must starve. 7. Unless they recover East Tennessee they can get no saltpeter. 8. If they undertake to recover East Tennessee they will get more salt

peter than they want. 9. Unless they free the negroes they have nothing left to fight with.

10. If they free the negroes they've nothing left to fight for. 11. Ever since the rebellion began negroes have been falling. 12. Nevertheless, their greatest fear now is, lest the negroes should rise. 13. Unless Jeff Davis repudiates his present debts he can't borrow from

anybody. 14. If he repudiates, nobody will lend to him. 15. If he impresses food he turns the land into a desert. 16. Unless he impresses food he turns his men into deserters. 17. They can't succeed in the war until they have got the means of building

railroads. 18. They can't get the means of building railroads. 19. If they fight they lose the day. 20. Unless they fight they lose every day.

Testimonial Lancaster Schuyler County Republican, July 4, 1913.

A Kansas man sent the following testimonial to a patent medicine company "My wife took a bottle of your medicine and died, I am married again. Please send me another bottle."


Honors and Tributes

Kemper Dedicates MacNeely Room

A special ceremony dedicated the Colonel Carlton O. MacNeely Room of Military History at Kemper Military School and College, Boonville, on April 28. The dedication honored the memory of an illustrious son, who bequeathed to the school his personal collection of some 500 rare and valuable military history books. M. C. Jennings, Columbus, Georgia, a close personal friend of Colonel MacNeely, paid a special tribute to him at the dedication ceremonies during a Kemper Corps of Cadets Dress Parade. Guests toured the campus, library and MacNeely Room, where they viewed the prized book collection exhibited in walnut, custom-made glass-enclosed bookshelves. The display is examined above by (left to right) Cadets Timothy A. Terry, Covington, Georgia; SSG Karl A. Hodge, St. Louis; and Major Thomas E. Speer, Ottawa, Kansas. Also on exhibit were pictures of Colonel MacNeely, his Kemper diploma and certificate of achievement and medals for military service, presented by Mrs. Carlton O. MacNeely of Columbus, Georgia.

Colonel MacNeely came to Kemper from Parkersburg, West Virginia.

After graduation from high school in 1922, he attended the University of Illinois and the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. In World War II he commanded an Infantry Battalion in combat operations in Normandy, France, where he was wounded, July, 1944. In his home community, Columbus, Georgia, he was a highly respected business executive and prominent accountant. He died, March 1, 1966.

Kemper Military School and College is the oldest military school west of the Mississippi River, and under President Colonel James P. Kelly, is now in its 124th year. Founded in 1844, it offers today an academic program of four years of high school and two years of college.

Cape Girardeau Honored As All American City

Cape Girardeau was one of 11 city-communities recognized as a 1967 All American City by Look magazine and the National Municipal League. Winners were selected for their citizens' demonstration of grass-roots ability and desire to better community surroundings. Some of the winners were spotlighted because their people had jointly averted an economic crisis, mastered a civic disaster or brought local social attitude fully in step with the 20th century.

Cape Girardeau was recognized for its citizens' response to major problems caused by a sudden upward surge of population. Efforts were made to modernize the community through the establishment of a council-manager form of city government, the annexation of more land to improve the Municipal Airport, and the financing of new playground facilities and a portion of a new 300-bed hospital.


The ten other winning cities, selected from a field of 116, included Auburn, Maine; Fresno, California; Grand Island, Nebraska; Hickory and Laurinburg, North Carolina; Leavenworth, Washington; Royal Oak, Michigan; South Bend, Indiana; Tupelo, Mississippi; and Wheaton, Illinois. Two other Missouri communities listed as runners-up, were Jackson County and St. Louis. The 1967 All American Cities were saluted in the April 16, 1968 issue of Look.

John G. Neihardt Receives Thomas Jefferson Award

Dr. John G. Neihardt, lecturer emeritus in English at the University of Missouri, Columbia, was presented the Thomas Jefferson Award, April 12, at the annual Jefferson Day ceremony at Francis Quadrangle, on the campus. The award is given annually to an individual from any of the University campuses who best exemplifies the attributes of Jefferson. The award consists of a citation and some $400 from the Robert Earl McConnell Foundation.

Dr. Neihardt, a poet, literary critic and Indian history authority, is especially noted for his major work, The Cycle of the West. He came to the University in 1949.

University Chancellor John W. Schwada presided at the ceremony. The principal speaker, Dr. Carl H. Chapman, University professor of Anthropology and director of Archeology, discussed "Jefferson in Science and Exploration."

Dr. L. E. Meador Honored In Springfield

Dr. Lewis E. Meador, first vice president of the State Historical Society of Missouri and Drury College professor, Springfield, was honored at the Meador Endowment Inaugura

tion, in Springfield, April 30-May 1, by former students, co-workers and friends. Dr. Meador began teaching economics and political science at the college in 1913 and was head of the department from 1914 to 1953. Gifts to the endowment came from alumni, parents of students, businessmen and friends of the college. From the endowment a chair in political science will be established in the name of Dr. Meador.

The inauguration included two convocations and a dinner. Former Missouri Governor John M. Dalton discussed state government and Dr. William N. Chambers, Washington University, St. Louis, spoke on American political history at the convocations. Dr. Franc L. McCluer, former president of Linden wood and Westminster colleges, spoke at a dinner in Kentwood Arms Hotel.

Dr. Meador is an honorary member of the Rotary and Kiwanis clubs, a member of the State Commission for Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park and a board member of the Springfield Association for the Blind, the Missouri Public Expenditures Survey and the Guaranty Federal Savings and Loan Association.

Dr. Meador received his M.A. degree in 1913 from Columbia University, New York, and completed his work there for the Ph.D. degree. He holds honorary doctor's degrees from Westminster College, 1945; University of Missouri, 1949; and Drury College, 1953.

In governmental service, Dr. Meador is most widely known for his work in the Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1943-44, where he served as delegate-at-large.

Rev. A. R. Suelflow Recognized For 20-Year Service

The Reverend Dr. August R. Suelflow, director of the Concordia His-


torical Institute, the Department of Archives and History of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, St. Louis, was recognized by the Board of Governors of the Institute, for his 20 years service to that organization, the Synod and the Church.

He was elected to his present position in January, 1948, and has greatly expanded the Institute's archival work. The archives today contain the largest collection of Lutherana Americana in the world.

Mrs. Truman's Portrait Unveiled At White House Ceremony

A new portrait of the former First Lady, Mrs. Harry S. Truman, Independence, was unveiled, April 18, at the White House, Washington, D. C. Mrs. Truman did not attend the ceremony but was represented by her daughter Mrs. Clifton Daniel, of New York. The portrait, by Greta Kemp ton, was a gift of the White House Historical Association for the Executive Mansion's permanent collection of paintings of presidents'

Missouri Honors Thomas Hart Benton

Missouri's Governor Warren E. Hearnes proclaimed April 15 as Thomas Hart Benton Day in honor

of the Kansas City artist's 79th birthday anniversary. A ceremony at the Mayfair Hotel, St. Louis, also marked the publication of a collection of paintings by the artist, published by the University of Missouri Press.

R. M. White, II, Elected To Board of Directors Am. Soc. of Newspaper Editors

Robert M. White, II, editor and publisher of the Mexico Ledger and trustee of the State Historical Society of Missouri, was elected to the board of directors of the American Society of Newspaper Editors at a meeting in Washington, D. C , April 18. Mr. White was chosen for a two-year term to fill a vacancy on the board created by a pending shift in the slate of officers.

Lee Starnes Named National Director Of Pony Express Assn.

Lee Starnes, executive director of the Pony Express Historical Association of St. Joseph, has been named national director of the National Pony Express Centennial Association. Originally created to promote the centennial of the Pony Express in 1960, the Association holds annual meetings to help co-ordinate efforts to maintain accurate Pony Express history.

The Phrenologist Was Right

Kingston Caldwell County Sentinel, December 10, 1886. A phrenologist says that "fullness under the eye denotes language." When

the fullness is caused by another man's fist it denotes very bad language, generally.


GIFTS

DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg, donor:

"Consolidated Descriptive Roll, 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 1861-1865," by donor. R*

MRS. RUTH ASHER, Galena, donor:

John B. Williams family material. R

BANK OF CARTHAGE, Carthage, donor: Bank of Carthage—100 Years of Banking & Community Service, 1868-1968. R

PAUL R. BECK, Jefferson City, donor: Copies: Diary of Garland Jefferson Mahan of Cole County, "Ox Train Trip West in 1864," and "Homes Erected in Jefferson City Before 1860," by Jean Ann Harrison. M

MRS. H. L. BENSON, Columbia, donor: The Barbee Family. R

MRS. ZORA PETTY BILLINGSLEY, Amarillo, Texas, donor:

The Petty and Francis Families and Allied Lines, by the donor. R

MRS. W. A. BLOOM, Fayette, donor: Bishop William F. McMurry Papers: trip journal, calendar books, pastor's books, visitation books, expense books, and other miscellaneous books; newspapers; clippings; and correspondence. M Autobiography of William W. McMurry. M

MRS. P. F. BLUM, Kahoka, donor: Booklet: Centennial History of St. Paul United Church of Christ, Kahoka. R

E. DORA BOHM, Edwardsville, Illinois, donor: Letter from Louis Frederick Bohm, at college in Warrenton, October 6, 1866. M Copy: Catalogue of Western Educational Institute, Warrenton, 1866. M

REVEREND THOMAS S. BOWDERN, S.J., Kansas City, donor:

Copy of a diary of Dr. Elias Joseph Marsh, concerning a steamboat voyage from St. Louis to Fort Benton, 1859. M

TRENTON BOYD, Columbia, donor:

Xeroxed copy: "Maternal Genealogy of the Family of Garret Minor and Elizabeth McWilliams," compiled by Page Minor. M

STEPHANIE BRUNDA, Boonville, donor:

Framed sketch of Thespian Hall, Boonville, "Oldest Theatre West of the Alleghenies." A

*These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society headquarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscripts Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room.


BUSINESS & PROFESSIONAL WOMEN'S CLUB, Columbia, donor:

Official minutes: Columbia Business & Professional Women's Club, 1941-1966. M

MRS. DANIEL BYRNE, Mill Valley, California, donor: "Notes on McDaniel/McDonald Families," compiled by donor. R

REVEREND JOHN H. BYRNE, New Haven, donor:

An Epoch of Love and Sacrifice, a history of Assumption Church, New Haven, 1853-1967, by Sister Mary Louis Jasper. R

ARTHUR B. CALDWELL, Chevy Chase, Maryland, donor, through MRS. A. A. STEINMETZ, Union:

Franklin County Tax Lists, 1819, 1820 & 1824. M

RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly, donor:

Randolph County Warranty Deeds, 1879-1910. M Special tax bill receipts, 1890s. M

CITY COUNCIL, Miami, donor:

Miami, City Council Proceedings, 1915-1965. M

T O M CLATWORTHY, Fayette, donor: Cemetery inscriptions, Mitchell Cemetery, near Palmyra and old town of Newmarket, and misc. telephone directories. R Marion County Cemeteries and Index. R

WALLACE CRANE, Columbia, donor:

Genealogy: Fortney Family, Boone County. R

MRS. DOROTHY ROBNETT DOYLE, Kansas City, donor:

Genealogy: Robinett, Robinette, Robnett. R

ROY H. DUNGAN, St. Louis, donor: Genealogy Records and Ancestry of Asher, Barkley, Dungan, German, Jordan, Hodgson, Light, Stephenson and Other Related Families, by Roy H. Dungan and Erma Olander. R

MRS. LOYS I. EDWARDS, Silver Spring, Maryland, donor: The Caples Family and Some of Its Allied Families of Early Maryland, by Almarie Moore Edwards. R

J. ALLEN EICHENBERGER, Saverton, donor, thru MRS. OLIVER HOWARD, Columbia:

Pictures loaned for copying: Mark Twain's last visit to Hannibal, May, 1902. E

WALTER L. ESCHBACH, Planning & Zoning Commission, Hillsboro, donor; Jefferson County Historic Sites Study. R

ROLPH FAIRCHILD, Upland, California, donor: Picture postcard: A. Ross Hill and Champ Clark (1910) . E

MSGR. C. J. FLAVIN, Richmond Heights, donor: Immacolata, in dedication of the new Immacolata Parish Church, St. Louis, December 17, 1968. R


E. M. FUNK, Columbia, donor: History of the Department of Poultry Husbandry, by donor. R

GEORGE J. GERMAN, Dallas, Texas, donor: Letter: Orion Clemens, brother of Mark Twain, to Atlanta Constitution, June 5, 1875. M

GREENE COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, thru DR. H. LEE HOOVER, Spring

field: Greene County Missouri—United States Census, 1840, transcribed by Barbara H. Morrison and Irma A. Cain, alphabetized by Allan S. Humphreys. R

PAUL HEITMAN, Maplewood, donor, thru GOVERNOR WARREN E. HEARNES, Jef

ferson City: Picture postcards of Jefferson City, 1906. E

HENRY CHAMPION CHAPTER, DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN COLONISTS, donor, thru

MRS. JOSEPH SOETAERT, Kansas City:

The Saga of the Parman Family, by Opal Miller Soetaert. R

MRS. SAMUEL C. HICKS, Walla Walla, Washington, donor: Copy: Rodgers Family Flistory and Genealogy, by Beulah Bennett Hicks. R Unsigned Civil War Letter from Campbell Hospital, Washington, D. C , December 31, 1863. M

MRS. ROY HOWELL, Kansas City, donor: Kinfolks of William Parke & Synah Perry & Josiah Wilson & Margaret Crow, compiled by donor. R

A. S. HUMPHREYS, Springfield, donor: Humphreys Genealogy, by donor. R

MRS. KATE MITCHELL KING, Dadeville, donor:

History of the King Family, edited by donor. R

KNOX COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, thru STIEFEL JUNIOR WILKERSON, Presi

dent, Novelty: Old photographs of Knox County loaned for copying. E

SIDNEY LARSON, Columbia, donor:

Two sketches of National Military Home in Leavenworth County, Kansas, and Andersonville Prison. E

RICKA LEIMKUEHLER, Mount Sterling, donor: Reverend August Rauschenbusch Letters, 1849-1854, regarding experiences in, and opinions of, German-American communities in Missouri and Illinois. M Record Book, 1856-1865, and other misc. records of the Pin Oak Creek Baptist Church. M Der Sendbote, December 13, 1899, obituary of August Rauschenbusch. M Walter Rauschenbusch, Leben u. Wirken von August Rauschenbusch (Cas-sell, 1901) . M

MRS. JACK MATTHEWS, Columbia, donor:

National Farmers and Laborers Union, Charter of Incorporation, Hazel Mound Union, #1046, St. Louis, January 17, 1890. M


MERCER COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, thru MRS. JOE LINN, President,

Princeton: Photographs: Football teams of Princeton High School, 1904 & 1905. E Booklets: Princeton High School, Courses of Study & Announcements, 1914-1915 (reprinted, 1967). R

ELSA NAGEL, Columbia, donor:

Books: Unsichten Von Der Weltausstellung in St. Louis Mit Dem Hochst Interessanten "Pike" and Das Christenthum Im Krieg. R

VINCEL PADGETT, Jefferson City, donor: 1st Baptist Church, Centennial History [Versailles]. R

D. R. POLLARD, Fresno County Historical Society, Fresno, California, donor: Account books, 1876-1880, of the Reverend A. N. Odell, financial agent for Marionville Collegiate Institute. M

PONY EXPRESS HISTORY AND ART GALLERY, San Rafael, California, donor:

Pony Express Versus Wells Fargo Express, or Hoof Prints That Can Not be Eroded by Time, with preamble by Waddell Smith. R

L. D. PREWITT, Barbourville, Kentucky, donor: Prewitt, Pruitt Family, compiled by donor. R

HOMER PYLE, Bethany, donor:

Typescript: "Old Palmer College," by donor. M

RANDY ROTT, Columbia, donor: Minutes of the North Missouri Baptist Association (63rd annual session, La Grange, August, 1928). R

MRS. RUTH D. SCHERR, Columbia, donor:

Dedication of First Presbyterian Church, Mexico, Mo., April 28, 1968. R

EDWARD T. SCHOENBERGER, thru MARATHON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, Wausau,

Wisconsin, donor: Postal card views made by James Colby, Wausau, Wisconsin, of the following Missouri towns: Cairo, Calhoun, Centralia, Clarence, Green Ridge, Higbee, Kirksville, Queen City and Windsor. E

MRS. EARL T. SECHLER, Springfield, donor: The One and Only City, Marionville, U.S.A., by the donor. R

P. O. SELBY, Kirksville, donor: "Missouri's Governors and Lieutenant Governors," "Past and Present Membership of the Missouri Supreme Court," and "The Langdon-Clemens Cemetery Plot at Elmira [New York]," all compiled by the donor. R "Mark Twain Holdings" in the Missouriana Library at Northeast Missouri State College, Kirksville, Missouri, compiled by David S. Webb and Paul O. Selby. B "Mark Twain's Relatives," compiled by donor. R

MRS. JAMES B. SHAWHAN, Lee's Summit, donor: The Story of Lone Jack, by Romulus L. Travis. R


DR. J. M. SHOCKLEY, Joplin, donor: "The Boone Family in Maries County, Missouri," prepared by donor. R

GUY SMITH, Walnut Creek, California, donor: Letters and papers concerning Conrad Andreas Schmidt (Smith) , Warren County, Missouri (1813-1848) . M

DR. WILLIAM E. SMITH, Oxford, Ohio, donor: Belton Zeppelin September 26, 1922-May 15, 1923; and Walnut Grove Tribune, May 2, 1929. N

FELIX E. SNIDER, Cape Girardeau, donor: Booklet: Otahki—Trail of Tears Princess, by Aileen Lorberg, drawings by Eva Jane Lesem. R

ST. JOHN'S UNITED CHURCH OF CHRIST, St. Charles, donor:

Booklet. A Heritage from the Past, A Gift to the Future, 100th Anniversary of the Founding of St. John's Church, 1868-1968, St. Charles, Mo. R

ST. LOUIS PIONEER CHAPTER, NATIONAL SOCIETY OF U.S. DAUGHTERS OF 1812, donor,

thru MRS. MAURICE CLYDE, Marshall:

"Tombstone Inscriptions, St. Louis Co., Mo. & Franklin Co., Mo." R

, thru MRS. JOSEPH JANNUZZO, Clayton:

Grave location blanks for Archibald H. Roberts, Robert Wash, Thomas Wood and Martrom Lewis. R

J I M STRICKER, Linneus, donor: Typescript: "Joseph C. Moore [of Linn County], May 1, 1791-May 19, 1873." R

JOHN L. SULLIVAN, Flat River, donor: Copy of article: "St. Joe's Lead Belt," by Sheldon Moyer, published in The Big Magazine, Volume 7, 1951. M

WILLIAM L. TALBOT, Keokuk, Iowa, donor: Fort Edwards Military Post and Fur Trade Center, by donor. R

ANDY TAU, Columbia, donor: Photograph: View from entrance of Rock Bridge, Boone County, about 1933. E

MRS. IRENE TAYLOR, Columbia, donor: Booklet: "Saint Jo" Buchanan County—Honoring Eugene Field (n.d.) . B

TUESDAY CLUB, Columbia, donor:

Yearbook: Tuesday Club, Columbia, Missouri, 1967-1968. R

ROBERT M. WHITE, II, Mexico, donor:

Books: Thomas W. Jackson, Through Missouri on a Mule; William J. Bryan, The First Battle, A Story of the Campaign of 1896; and Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States, Vol. I. R Color circus poster of Ringling Bros and Barnum & Bailey Circus, 1945, used on front cover of April, 1968, issue of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL R E VIEW. A


MARIE WOODS, Columbia, donor:

Photographs: Union Station and Milles Fountain in St. Louis, and views of Central College, Fayette. E

WILBUR A. ZINK, Appleton City, donor: Booklet: The Roscoe Gun Battle, The Younger Brothers vs Pinkerton Detectives, by donor. R

JAX ZUMWALT, Portland, Oregon, donor: Copy: Plat map of Cuivre Township, St. Charles County, ca. 1823. R

Census Takers Abroad Chilhowee News, April 29, 1910.

One of the favorite topics of conversation thro the length and breadth of Johnson county now is the census. The enumerators started on their work last Friday morning. As this count is made only once in ten years, Uncle Sam has prepared an elaborate lot of questions which must be answered by all. You must not only know your own pedigree and be able to rattle it off without killing any time for the enumerator, but you must be able to tell the name, age, and every detail about your children and live stock of every description. Blanks had been sent in advance to the farmers in order to give them an idea of the line of information wanted, so they could be studying up answers to the questions.

If the farmers are able to answer the questions as fast as the enumerators can ask and write them, the agents of Uncle Sam will be happy. Whatever you do, don't refuse to answer the questions, for if you get balky, the enumerator is liable to have you pinched for contempt, just to show you that they can. Be good when the census taker comes around—J.-D.

"The Marrying Parson"

Hartsburg Truth, January 10, 1913. "The Marrying Parson" Rev. A. W. Pasley, of Columbia, holds the record

for performing the greatest number of marriage ceremonies in Boone County during 1912, and is now known to his friends as "The Marrying Parson." Two weddings every day in the year was Rev. Pasley's average.

Times Had Changed

Ironton Arcadia Enterprise, March 12, 1926. "What became of the fine old names of Prudence and Patience?" the old

sage asked. "They wouldn't be appropriate these days," he replied. "If I had a couple of daughters, I'd christen them Extravagance and Hysteria."


MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Buffalo Dallas County Republican

January 25, February 1, 22, March 14 & 21, 1968—A series of old photographs of the Dallas County area.

Buffalo Reflex April 4, 1968—Vaxt of a series of old photographs on the Dallas County area.

Camdenton Central Mo, Leader March 12, 1968—"Historical Society [of Camden County] Report on Dry

Ridge," given by Mrs. Clyde Moreland.

Camdenton Reveille April 26, 1968—"History of Riverview Baptist Church," by Ethel Houston.

Columbia Missourian February 4, 1968—"Missouri River Is Historical Bane Of Area Farmers," by

D. M. Kreisher. March 10—"Education Celebrates 100 Years [at the University of Missouri,

Columbia]," by Alan Leahigh. March 10—A picture story of George Caleb Bingham, "Missouri's Frontier

Artist," was produced by Herb Hemming. March 10, April 28—The column, "Do You Remember?" featured respectively

the University of Missouri School of Journalism and University of Missouri football.

March 17—"A Bridge into the Past," a picture story of the old Union covered bridge near Paris, by Willis Knight and Harry Hawblitzel.

March 25—A brief history of Zaring School, near Columbia, by Steve Wynn. March 31— "Fires Singe Ashland's Past," by Leslie Krantz and Willis Knight. April 7—"[H. A.] Henley, 83, Recalls Tiger Cage [University of Missouri

Basketball] History," By Richard Liefer. April 7—"Hartsburg . . . 'The Garden Spot of Boone County'," by Roy

Inman. April 28—A picture story, "Memories of Journalism Week 40 Years Ago."

Hannibal Courier-Post April 4, 1968—"[William Hepburn Russell] 'Napoleon Of The West'—Dream

And Nightmare," by John Lyng.

Jackson Journal February 7, 1968—"Jackson Missouri is 154 Years Old on February 8," writ

ten and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. February 14-April 24—A weekly series of old photographs of Jackson area

scenes. February 14, 21, 28 & March 6, 1968—"Bell, Book and Candle," a series on

the history of the first schools in Jackson and Cape Girardeau. This, and all the articles below, written and illustrated by K. J. H. Cochran. March 13—"Aunt Rhody and her Grey Goose, The Story of the Riverview

Hotel." March 20, 27, April 3 6> 10—A four-part article on the Civil War's effect in

the Jackson area.


April 17 & 24—A series, "Once Upon an April Day, The [Civil War] Battle of Cape Girardeau."

Kansas City Star February 3, 10, March 2, 9, 23, 30, April 13 & 27, 1968—"Missouri Heritage,"

by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Belle Starr, 12 most famous names in Missouri history, U. S. Senator James S. Green, the State Historical Society of Missouri, William F. Switzler, George and Mary Sibley, George S. Park, and Hiram M. Bledsoe.

February 3, 17, 24, March 16, April 6, 20 & 27—A series of old postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured Kansas City scenes.

March 3—"Verona Hills Extension Recalls Old Santa Fe Trail." March 10-l [Clark Clifford] Calm Hand at Defense Helm," by Saul Pett. March 19—"Many Remembered Rose O'Neill's Art and Poetry," by Ralph

Alan McCanse, author of her recently published biography. April 12—The illustrated article, "Settlers Grew Own Fruit for Table and

Cellar," by Roderick Turnbull , recalled the rivalry between Missouri and Kansas fruit growers.

April 21—"Council of Jewish Women, Since 1893, a Community Force," by Gloria Joffee Goodfriend.

Kansas City Times February 8, 1968—Biographies of two Kansas City newspapermen, WTilliam

Allen White and Frederick H. Funston, were written by John Edward Hicks in the article entitled "They Had Fun Here on Way to Fame."

February 10, March 2, 9, 23 & 30—A series of old postcards from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray featured Kansas City scenes.

February 17, 24, March 16, April 4 & 20—"Missouri Heritage," by Lew Larkin, featured respectively Joseph Washington McClurg, the University of Missouri's School of Mines at Rolla and the College of Agriculture at Columbia, the Civil War battle of Pea Ridge, Missouri's pre-historic era, and James S. Rollins.

February 20—"Clark Clifford Likes a Challenge," by John R. Cauley. February 28—"The Story 'Bonnie and Clyde' Ignores," by Mike Royko. March 4—The news item, entitled "Old Group to Modern Quarters," re

lated a brief history of the Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce. March 14— "[Kansas City] Fire Department's First Century," by Calvin

Manon. March 26—"When Kansas Citians Struck Gold," by Frank H. Strickland. April 25—A history, "Tunnel was Vital Link in Transit Here," by Calvin

Manon.

Linn Osage County Observer February 8, 15, 22, March 7, 14, 28, April 11, 18 & 25, 1968-A series, "His

tory of Osage County," by Hallie Mantle.

Marshall Democrat-News April 29, 1968—-The text of Mrs. Warren E. Hearnes's address at the dedica

tion of the George Caleb Bingham house in Arrow Rock, reprinted.

Owensville Gasconade County Republican March 21, 1968—"How a Horseshoe Game Gave Owensville Its Name," by

Tom Warden.


Poplar Bluff Daily American Republic February 24, 1968-"The Probate Court in Butler County," by G. R. Loug-

head. March 25—"The Carpenter and Patterson Cemeteries [Butler County],"

by Mrs. Betty Hanks.

Poplar Bluff Three Rivers Times April 11, 1968—"Views from the Past," by Bob Manns, featured the Poplar

Bluff tornado of 1927 and ferries in Butler County.

Princeton Post-Telegraph January 4, 1968—"Notes on Ravanna Post Office," by Mary Casteel Linn.

St. Charles Journal December 7, 1967—"[Spanish-American] Soldier Roster." This, and all the

articles below, written by Edna McElhiney Olson. December 14, 1967 6- March 28, 1968—Featured reminiscences of by-gone

years. December 21, 1967—"Revolutionary Soldiers." December 28—"Leona Ehrhard." February 8, 1968—"Venerable Mother [Philippine] Duchesne." February 15—"Three Flags." February 29—"Home of Col. Timothy Kibby." March 7—"Railroad Construction." March 14—"Genealogy." April 4—"Augusta, Missouri." April 11— "Missouri State Flag."

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play February 2, 16, 23, March 1, 8, 15, 29, April 26, 1968—A series, "History of

Our Town," by Mrs. Jack Basler. April 5—An old photograph of World War I draftees.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat February 4, 1968—This Week Magazine contained the article, "[Charles A.]

Lindbergh's Latest Triumph," by Allen Greenacre. February 4, 11, 18, 25, March 3, 17, 24, 31, April 7, 21 & 28-The column,

"Looking Backward" featured respectively air travel, downtown St. Louis, railroad terminal, World War I, first Union Station, World's Fair, old Southern Hotel, beer garden, Colonel Charles A. Lindbergh, Old Rock House, and the National Democratic Convention of 1888.

February 24-25—"[Washington University] Law School of Distinction," by Sue Ann Wood.

March 1— "Reaching Out From the River Bank," a history of St. Louis' Second Presbyterian Church, by John Brod Peters.

March 10—"When the Railroad Came to St. Louis." March 25—"Rome of the West, Dubourg . . . Rosati . . . Kenrick . . . Kain

. . . Glennon . . . Ritter . . . Carberry [St. Louis Catholic Bishops]," by Martin L. Duggan.

April 20-21—"Post Mortem Of Riot in Kansas City: Why Did the Town Explode?" by Larry Fields.


April 21— Architecture at Stephens College, Columbia, was featured in the article, "Chapel by Saarinen," by Nell Gross, photos by Marvin Kreisman.

April 28—"Portrait of a Citizen [William Clark]."

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 3, 1968—"Wake for the River Queen and Riverfront," by Jack

Rice. February 4—"Benevolent, Convivial Elks Mark Centennial," by Dickson

Terry. February 6—A history of Lutheran Family and Children's Service was writ

ten by Dorothy Gardner. February 16—"[University of Missouri Chancellor and Mrs. John W.

Schwada] Their Home, a Landmark in Columbia for a Hundred Years," by Dorothy Brainerd.

February 23—"[Charles A.] Lindbergh Saga," by Theodore P. Wagner. February 25—An article about Miss America Vespucci's visit to St. Louis

was told by Paul J. Reale in "Escapes of the First 'Miss America'." March 3—"Missouri's Honored Ladies," a picture story of governors' wives,

by Richard M. Jones and Herb Weitman. March 3—The article by Dickson Terry, "Plans to Revive Creve Coeur,"

presented history of the area. March 10—"[Daniel R.] Fitzpatrick, Retired Cartoonist Sketches His Reac

tions to a Visit to Yucatan," by Richard M. Jones. March 10—"New Man At the Pentagon," a picture story of Clark Clifford. March 21—"Bitter Memories of Bonnie and Clyde," by Mike Royko, was

illustrated with old photographs found in Joplin. March 27—"[Hotel] Coronado's Golden Days," by Donald F. Burnes. March 31—"The Mississippi of Long Ago," a picture story of Henry Lewis'

1854 book, Das Illustrirte Mississippithal, by William J. Nazzaro. April 20—A short history of Dawt Mill near Tecumseh, recently restored by

Mr. and Mrs. Wayne W. Dinnell, was written by Wayne Leeman.

Sikeston Daily Standard February 24, 1968—The progress edition noted the renovation and history of

the Hunter-Dawson Home of New Madrid in an article written by Nadine Townsend.

Stover Morgan County Press April 4, 1968—"History of Stover Cemetery," by Mrs. R. J. Blackman, Sr.

Washington Missourian February 1-April 25, 1968—A weekly series, on German contribution to

Washington, by Ralph Gregory.

Beading Between the Lines

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play, August 22, 1872. Several people who have answered an advertisement promising a "correct

likeness of yourself, and your fortune told," for fifty cents, have received a three cent mirror, and are informed that they can tell their own fortunes by counting their money.


MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, April 1968: "[Walt Disney] Bringing Forth The Mouse," by Richard Schickel.

American Legion Magazine, March, 1968: "Ste. Genevieve—Missouri's First Town," by Alden Stevens.

Annals, Association of American Geographers, March, 1968: "The Ozark Culture Region As Revealed By Traditional Materials," by Joan Wilson Miller. R

Arizona and the West, Winter, 1967: "The Mississippi River, Spillway of Sin," by Philip D. Jordan; and "The Mormons in the Mountain West, A Selected Bibliography," edited by Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen.

, Spring, 1968: "Alfred Henry Lewis: Western Storyteller," by Flournoy D. Manzo.

Bulletin, Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, March, 1968: "History of the Agricultural Extension Service in Callaway County, Mo.—1919-1960," by Harold Slusher.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, April, 1968: "The Road to Jefferson City: David R. Francis's Campaign For The Governorship, 1888," by C. Joseph Pusateri; "The Kansas-Pacific Railway Survey, 1867," with photographs by Alexander Gardner; "Aeronautics At The World's Fair of 1904," by James J. Horgan; "Music on The Streckfus Steamers," by Dolores Meyer Williams; "James MacDonald Barnsley: St. Louis Period, 1879-82," by Dorothy Garesche Holland; and "Christ Church Cathedral and Its Music," by Eugene L. Rodgers.

California Historical Society Quarterly, March, 1968: "Sketches of Dr. Glen Owen Hardeman: California Gold Rush Physician," by Nicholas P. Hardeman.

Civil War Times Illustrated, February, 1968: "Nathaniel Lyon," by Stephen B. Oates.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, March, 1968: "The Hughes Family in Clay County," by Harley Wyatt, Jr.

, April, 1968: "The John Wilkerson Family in Clay County History," by Catherine D. Wilkerson.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly, February, 1968: "Ernst Friedrich Wil-helm Meier," by William H. Traugott.

Greater Saint Louis Magazine, February, 1968: "Cordwainers of St. Louis"; and "Resurrecting Jefferson Barracks," by Judson W. Calkins.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Winter, 1967: "The Artist Gustav Pfau," by William K. Alderfer.

, Spring, 1968: "John Rice Jones, Citizen of Many Territories," by Charles E. Burgess.


Journal of the West, January, 1968: "Water in the Missouri Valley: The Inter-Agency River Committee Concept at Mid-Century," by John R. Ferrell.

Kansas Historical Quarterly, Winter, 1967: "Humorist on Tour: Artemus Ward in Mid-America, 1864," by Robert W. Richmond.

Kirkwood Historical Review, March, 1968: "Mooreland Farm," by Elizabeth S. Donovan; and "The Diary Of Miss Mary Elizabeth Hunt," Part III.

Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1968: "Verona Founded by Judge James Madison White a Century Ago," by Fred G. Mieswinkel; "The White Family Genealogy," and "Some Interesting Facts About the White Family," by Rex L. Gatton; "First Sunday-School in Southwest Missouri Located Near Verona," reprinted from Mount Vernon Lawrence County Record, February 16, 1939; and "The Spring River Cemetery," by Fred G. Mieswinkel.

Lincoln Herald, Winter, 1967: " 'Private Joe' Fifer in the Civil War," by Loren Keltner.

Mark Twain Journal, Winter, 1967-1968: "Mark Twain's Unpublished Letter to Tom Taylor—an Enigma," by James R. Sturdevant; "Geographical Delimitation of the Dialect Areas in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," by Curt M. Rulon; "Universality in 'Huckleberry Finn'; A Comparison of Twain and Kivi," by Daniel J. Casey; " 'Huckleberry Finn'; A Final Irony," by W. Keith Kraus; and "Structural Unity in 'The Man That Corrupted Hadleybury'," by D. S. Bertolotti.

Montana Magazine of Western History, April, 1968: 'The Galpin Journal: Dramatic Record of An Odyssey of Peace [with the Reverend Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J.]," edited by Reverend Louis Pfaller, O.S.B.; and "Kit Carson and the Navajo Expedition," by Richard C. Hopkins.

Museum Graphic, Spring, 1968: "Reuben Kay," by Charles Radcliffe.

National Genealogical Society Quarterly, March, 1968: "Some Cemeteries of the Ozarks," by Louise Hamby Skaggs.

Nebraska History, Spring, 1968: "Rock Creek Ranch Fight: An Introduction," by Addison E. Sheldon; "True Story of Wild Bill [Hickokj-McCanles Affray in Jefferson County, Nebraska, July 12, 1861," by George W. Hansen; "The Only Living Eye Witness," by William Monroe McCanles; "Descriptive Bibliography of 'Wild Bill'," by Addison E. Sheldon; and "Wild Bill in Harper's," by Colonel George Ward Nichols.

Oregon Historical Quarterly, March, 1968: "Meriwether Lewis: Zoologist," by Paul Russell Cutright.

Ozarks Mountaineer, March, 1968: "The Turnback Mill [near Miller]," by Nolan Gunter; and "The Pine Log War," by Warren Cook.

, April, 1968: "The Blacksmith Shop," by Harold Hatzfeld; and "Memories of Rose O'Neill," by Rose Fechner.


Pacific Historian, Winter, 1968: "New Light On [William H.] Ashley & Jedediah Smith," by Dale L. Morgan.

Palimpsest, February, 1968: "Pike's Mississippi Expedition," edited with commentary and illustrations by William J. Petersen.

Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, October, 1967: "Travelers on the Western Waters," by John Francis McDermott.

Raytown Trail News, April, 1968: "Letters of John J. Frost, 1875."

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly, March, 1968: "Hold The Fort, A Brief History of Fort Jefferson," by Judith Ann McClung Toler.

True West, June, 1968: "It's Death to Bonnie [Parker] and Clyde [Barrow]," by William Cx Hancock.

West Virginia History, January, 1968: "Stonewall Jackson's Jolly Chaplain, Beverley Tucker Lacy," by W. G. Bean.

Westport Historical Quarterly, February, 1968: "The History of Westport High School," Part I, 1885-1929 (reprinted), compiled by Sharon Ruth Erwin Chapter, "Quill Scroll," journalism organization, Westport High School; "The Allen School," reprinted from Kansas City Times, September 5, 1938; "The Penn School," by Edith Turner.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly, Summer &: Fall, 1967: "The Eglinton Colony in Missouri, 1882," by Roy E. Stout; "World War I Veterans of Taney County, Mo.," compiled by Elmo Ingenthron: "Uncle Ben," from "Stories of the Pioneers," by E. J. and L. S. Hoenshel; "Life in the Ozarks —Then and Now," by Margaret Gerten Hoten; "Ozark and Vicinity in the Nineteenth Century," by William Neville Collier; and "Civil War Letters," by Cletys R. Ackerman.

Most Were Honest St. Joseph Gazette, February 5, 1925.

Hotel men declare that 97 per cent of their guests are honest. For the other 3 per cent they have signs in the rooms asking, "Have you left anything besides the Gideon Bible?"

A Perfect Excuse Kansas City Star, September 1, 1964.

Somebody figures out that you work two hours a day to pay your taxes. So why should the boss object if you come in late? After all you're not working for him until about 11 o'clock.

A Political Barb Jonesburg Journal, April 16, 1908.

The Republican campaign slogan this year is to be a "full baby carriage and an empty dinner pail."


IN MEMORIAM

DONALD ZUERL Donald Zuerl, Fulton, member of

the State Historical Society and a director of the Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, died April 20. Born July 10, 1911, at Brunswick, he was a graduate of the University of Missouri School of Engineering. At the time of his death he was vice president of manufacturing at the Danuser Machine Company in Fulton. Mr. Zuerl was an active member of the First Christian Church and in many civic and social organizations. For several years he had been editor of the Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society Bulletin.

Mr. Zuerl is survived by his wife, the former Mildred Kuhne, whom he married on March 10, 1946.

FANNIE HURST Fannie Hurst, author and graduate

of Washington University, St. Louis, died at her home in New York, February 23. Born in Hamilton, Ohio, in 1889, she married Jacques S. Daniel-son, a pianist and composer, in 1915. A writer of short stories, plays, essays and novels, Miss Hurst is perhaps best known for her book, Back Street (1930), which was made into a

movie. She served on a number of civic boards and various governmental positions including the board of directors of the New York Urban League and a special delegate to the U.N. Assembly of World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.

BABCOCK, GRAFTON, Liberty: July 5,

1904-September 1, 1966.

BAIR, MRS. WALTER L., Richmond:

March 3, 1904-March 14, 1968.

BECKMAN, ALLEN E., Kansas City:

June 20, 1928-October 6, 1967.

BOWLES, KARL C , San Carlos, Cali

fornia: July 23, 1882-March 21, 1968.

BROOME, GEORGE E., Amarillo,

Texas: August 25, 1893-January 15, 1968.

CAMPBELL, HOWARD, Kansas City:

May 9, 1882-May 30, 1967.

CLINE, N. C , Buffalo: February 2, 1896-March 21, 1967.

CLOUD, ROY T., Pleasant Hill: October 3, 1878-April 8, 1968.

CONGER, ARTHUR, JR., Harrisonville:

June 15, 1893-January 28, 1968.

CORNETT, Miss BRACY, Linneus:

1883-June 4, 1967.

CUPP, DR. HENRY C , Memphis,

Tennessee: July 8, 1871-August 12, 1967.

DAVIS, JOHN E., Kansas City: February 2, 1883-October 28, 1966.

DAVIS, MRS. SYLVIA KIMZEY, Kan

sas City: February 15, 1888-October 13, 1967.

DEACY, THOMAS E., Kansas City:

April 23, 1894-August 7, 1967.

DOWNS, MRS. OLLIE B., Marshall:

December 6, 1882-May 12, 1967.

DUNCAN, WILLIAM C , Greenville,

South Carolina: April 15, 1897-June 11, 1966.

BECK, FRED W., St. Louis: March 13, FISHER, A. E., Glasgow: April 19, 1888-October 29, 1967. 1883-June 14, 1966.


FITZGERALD, FRED, Festus: April 21,

1897-March 6, 1968.

Fix, P. G., St. Louis: July 3, 1892-August 15, 1967.

GISSLER, FRED A., University City:

January 25, 1884-June 6, 1967.

HIATT, VIVIAN E., Sallisaw, Okla

homa: May 12, 1887-May 17, 1967.

JOHNSTON, VIRGIL A., Fulton: Jan

uary 8, 1890-April 4, 1968.

JONES, ROY F., Marble Hill: October 3, 1891-April 7, 1967.

LAWSON, MRS. EDWIN A., Los An

geles, California: March 18, 1880-April 4, 1968.

MAGILL, MRS. ANNIE RUSSELL, Farm-

ington: April 23, 1885-December 31, 1967.

NELSON, MRS. AXEL S., Farmington:

October 21, 1889-October 31, 1967.

PARRISH, LORENA, Fayette: Died

February 5, 1968.

PAUL, MRS. ESTELLE G., St. Louis:

May 18, 1885-September 10, 1967.

PENN, DOROTHY, Kansas City: Died April 1, 1968.

POINDEXTER, FRANCIS, Kansas City:

February 26, 1894-July 10, 1967.

POWELL, EARL, Boonville: June 16,

1897-December 15, 1967.

POWER, SARAH, Kansas City: May 9,

1880-October 30, 1966.

PRANGE, LOUIS H., St. Louis: March

22, 1887-July 12, 1966.

RACINE, MRS. FRANK W., Chilli-

cothe: April 28, 1898-August 29, 1967. President Grand River Historical Society.

RAINSBURG, NELSON J., Raytown:

September 28, 1908-January 21, 1968.

REDFORD, MARTHA, Holden: August

8, 1882-October 27, 1966.

Ross, MRS. LEONE F., Excelsior Springs: February 5, 1899-August 1, 1967.

ROSSER, MRS. MARIE MCCALL, Dallas,

Texas: March 13, 1887-November 30, 1965.

ROZIER, CARLISLE E., Farmington:

March 31, 1889-April 8, 1968.

SASSE, ARNO R., Brunswick: October

31, 1891-June 2, 1967.

SHAW, COL. JOHN A., USA RET.,

Springfield: July 8, 1881-February 19, 1968.

SHELEY, O. C , Independence: February 2, 1881-April 18, 1967.

SINCOX, F. L., Independence: September 18, 1894-February 6, 1968.

STEINKAMP, MRS. FRANCES, Union:

January 17, 1906-December 1, 1967.

STEVENS, COL. BEVERLY CORDELL, St.

Louis: May 24, 1885-February 10, 1968.

STUTENROTH, CARL, Seal Beach, California: April 5, 1885-September 18, 1967.

VAWTER, O. E., Carthage: November 16, 1887-May 14, 1967.

WATERS, GEORGIA L., Columbia:

September 16, 1891-September 25, 1967.

WAYMAN, MRS. EDNA, Bethany: Au

gust 1, 1892-August 26, 1967.

WELLING, JOHN, Montrose: March 26, 1897-March 13, 1968.


BOOK NOTES

Ewing Young, Master Trapper. By Kenneth L. Holmes (Portland, Oregon: Binford & Mort Publishers for the Peter Binford Foundation, 1967). 180 pp. Index. Illustrations. $5.95.

The name Ewing Young frequently appears in the nineteenth-century history of the Far West. Until this work by Professor Kenneth L. Holmes, chairman of the History Department of Lin-field College, McMinnville, Oregon, no lengthy biography of this trader, trapper, explorer and mountain man had been published. By using contemporary accounts, government documents, secondary sources and reminiscences, Holmes has constructed an interesting and scholarly study of Ewing Young.

Young was born in Tennessee; the exact date, as are many aspects of his life, is not known. In his early life, Young trapped, tended livestock and was apprenticed to a carpenter. Holmes, after studying Young's few existing letters, concludes that the Tennessean received some education while in his native state.

With partner Thomas P. Gage, Young purchased a farm, on January 18, 1822, not far from the Missouri town of Chariton. Farming did not prove successful and within six months, events beyond their control forced Young and Gage to sell the farm. The sale was made on May 24, 1822, and the next day Young left with his friend William Becknell on a trading venture to the Mexican borderlands. This was the beginning of Young's experiences in the Far West.

Young's adventures took him from the southwest Mexican to the northwest British borderlands. After trapping beaver from the Pecos to the San Joaquin rivers he traded stock in the Southwest.


In California Young hunted sea otter and, in 1837, he bossed the first cattle drive from there to Willamette Valley in Oregon. The transplanted Tennessean had settled in Oregon a few years before the cattle drive. During that time he was constantly feuding with John McLoughlin of the Hudson's Bay Company.

Young acquired extensive land holdings in the Oregon Country. His farm in Chelahem Valley became the farthest western outpost of American settlement. When Young died in 1841, a squatter government was set up by the Americans in Oregon to probate his estate. This action was a major factor leading to the confrontation between the United States and Great Britain known as the Oregon Question.

Holmes's study will be of great interest to the student of the history of the Far West. The treatment of the problems between Young and the Mexican authorities in the Southwest is most informative. Young's dealings with the Indians once again illustrates the harsh treatment the red man received from most American traders and trappers. The difficulties encountered by the Americans in the Oregon Country, especially with the Hudson's Bay Company, are useful in understanding the eventual rift between England and the United States. Although some may disagree with certain interpretations offered by Holmes most will agree that this treatment is a useful addition to the study of the Far West.

A Rio-bibliography of Langston Hughes, 1902-1967. By Donald C. Dickinson with a Preface by Arna Bontemps (Archon Books, 1967). 267 pp. Index. $10.00

Through his published works Langston Hughes gained an international reputation as the most eloquent spokesman for the American Negro. In the 1920s he was a leader in the drive toward social and economic equality for the Negro, as expressed by a group of young Negro writers who broke away from stereotyped characters to portray their people with realism. Although Dr. Dickinson presents a chronology of important events in Hughes's life, the main emphasis of the volume is on his literary works and the development of his career as a writer. Dr. Dickinson concludes that Hughes always gave credit to the Negro people for his source material but he stamped this material with his own talent to make it come alive as literature.

Hughes, at the beginning of his career, published his works in The Crisis and Opportunity, the journals of the National Associa-


tion for the Advancement of Colored People and the National Urban League. His first-prize award in Opportunity's literary contest in 1925 for the poem, "The Weary Blues," was instrumental in launching his literary career. Afterward his writings were accepted by prominent book publishers and quality magazines. A prolific and versatile writer, from 1920 to 1930 he was best known for his poems. Dr. Dickinson believes that this was the most important period of his career. In the 1930s he concentrated on fiction and drama. Editorial work, writing for the theatre and translation of works from the French and Spanish were included in his later activities.

The son of James and Carrie Langston Hughes, he was born in Joplin, Missouri, February 1, 1902. From 1902 until 1914 he lived in Mexico, Missouri, and Kansas for short periods with his mother and father, then, after they separated, with his grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas. He attended Columbia University, New York, and was graduated in 1929 from Lincoln University in Philadelphia. He received the Guggenheim Fellowship in 1935 and the Rosen-wald Fellowship in 1941. Lincoln University, Philadelphia, and Western Reserve University, Cleveland, conferred upon him the Hon. Litt. Degree. He died May 22, 1967, in New York.

In the second part of the volume Dr. Dickinson presents a bibliography of Hughes's books and the books he edited. Also included are his book-length translations; works published in foreign languages; contributions to other publications; prose and drama; poems; and the reviews of his works. Dr. Dickinson is associate librarian, University of Missouri Library.

Creve Coeur and Surrounding Area. By the Citizens' Historical Committee (Encore Printing Co., 1968). 78 pp. Illustrations. Not indexed. $1.50.

Stories abound as to how Creve Coeur (broken heart) in west St. Louis County acquired its name. One Indian legend, noted in this booklet, is that a beautiful young Indian girl fell in love with a Frenchman traveling through the area. When a band of braves from her tribe later killed the white man, she jumped from the cliff into the lake below. Creve Coeur Lake appears heart-shaped, broken by a finger of land.

This spiral-bound booklet was written to acquaint new residents with the history of the Creve Coeur community. It should be informative and interesting to all area residents.


The history deals primarily with the community now incorporated into the city, the communities immediately surrounding, and the Creve Coeur Lake area, which has helped to add popularity and color to the community.

Information for the volume was obtained from histories of St. Louis County; courthouse records; interviews with older residents; records of businesses, churches and schools; and many private sources.

Topics in this booklet include early settlement and the settlers; the formation of the county; brief histories of social organizations and cultural institutions; economy and businesses of the area; history of city utilities and services; community recreation; and a look to the future.

Numerous old photographs illustrate the work.

A Masculine Viewpoint LaGrange Weekly Indicator, January 26, 1899.

A lady of this place, after viewing the dancing scene in the Ladies Home Journal for January, remarked to us that the women at that ball were all dressed in "full" evening costumes, but we thought and remarked that their costumes would better be called "scant"' than "full". Perhaps, though, we are a little behind the times on women's dresses. If a man should attend one of these fashionable balls without a collar, or even with a "lay-down" collar, the people would be greatly horrified, but what would they think should the men appear at one of these fashionable balls or theaters, wearing no outer shirts, but undergarments with out sleeves, having perhaps little ruffles around the collars, and only a waist-coat over them? There would be a great stampede among the fair sex.

Summertime Folly Sainte Genevieve Representative, June 13, 1867.

During the hot days of last week the "little mackerels" around town spent most of their time sporting in the pellucid waters of the Gabourie. Had an observer stopped for a few moments near the creek, many "a solitary boy might have been seen," aproaching in haste, and as he came towards the water, hurriedly "shucking his linen," preparatory to the cooling process. But the sun is the natural enemy of boys' backs and we saw one "swimming hole" full of boys, with their backs burned nearly to a blister, and the scene strongly reminded one of a huge kettle of boiled lobsters. There is no little complaint among the boys that their "gallusses hurt." Sweet cream is an excellent remedy.

INDEX TO VOLUME LXII COMPILED BY MRS. SUE PLATT

Abbott, Clayton, donor, 330 Abell, Peter, 20 "Acquisition of St. Louis' Forest Park,"

by Kevin C. Kearnes, art., 95-106 Adair, Margaret, 63 Adams, Alexander B., "John James

Audubon: A Biography," book note, 355-356

Adams, Charles (Babe), 337 Adams, David, 329 Adams, W. Howard, 181 Adkins, Katie M., 328 "Administering the Oath of Allegi

ance to Rebels," 431 (illus.) Agassiz, Louis, 273, 281 Airy, Emery, 486 Aker, Mary B., "Southern Platte Coun

ty, Yesteryear, Today and Tomorrow," book note, 356-357; 487

Akers, Muriel Eva, 171 Akines, Jack, 487 Albin, Edgar A., 62, 63 Alderson, William T., 178 Alexander, John White, 57 Alexander, Perry, 329 Alexander, Mrs. R. W., donor, 70 Alexander, Thomas, 83 Allen, Lois, 185 Allred, James, 113 Alonzo Child, 401-409; 402 (illus.) Alter, Donald, 484 Altman, Dick, 478 Amberg, Richard H., obit., 202 Ambler, W. King, 65, 332 Amendment Association, 381 American Federation of Labor, 369,

371 American Fur Company, 452, 453, 455,

456, 457, 460, 463 Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite,

Orient of Missouri Valley of St. Louis, donor, 70

Anders, Leslie, 177; donor, 494 Anderson, Bill, 318 Anderson, "Bloody Bill," 58, 418 Anderson, George, 182 Anderson, James, 66, obit., 350 Anti-Prohibition League of Missouri,

368 Anti-Saloon League, 373, 374, 377, 381,

382, 386, 391, 392, 393, 396 Apfelbaum, Earl P. L., 324

"Army of Israel Marches into Missouri," by Warren A. Jennings, art., 107-135

Arnold, Bob, 486 Arnold, Isaac L., 414 Arnold, Simon, 417 Asboth, Alexander, 139, 142, 144 Ashby, Daniel, 49 Ashe, Thomas, 162 Asher, Ruth, donor, 494 Atchison County Historical Society,

175, 478 Atchison, David R., 16 (illus.) , 17,

21, 24, 27, 121 Athens Park Development Association,

175, 327 Atherton, Lewis E., 168, 178 Atkins, "Cab", 478 Attebery, James, 63 Atterbury, Robert L., (Uncle Bob) ,

304 Aubry, Charles, 155 Audrain County Historical Society, 60,

175, 327, donor, 339 Audubon, John J., 164 Aull, Edward, donor, 339 Aull, William, III, 168 Austin, James C , 335

B

Babcock, Grafton, obit., 507 Backman, John, 301 Bailey, Robert E„ 460, 461 Bain, Patterson, 478 Bair, Mrs. Walter L., obit., 507 Baker, William, 488 Baldwin, Lester, 180 Ballard, Ed, 302, 306 Ballew, Clay, obit., 80 Baltimore, Lester B., "Benjamin F.

Stringfellow: The Fight for Slavery on the Missouri Border," 14-29

Bank of Carthage, donor, 494 Bank of Missouri, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42 "Banking in Early Missouri," Part II,

by Harry S. Gleick, art., 30-44; 30 (illus.)

Bannon, John F., 168 Barclay, Esther, 176 Barger, Mrs. R. L., obit., 202 Barkley, Esther, 60 Barnes, Al. G., 305

513

514 Index

Barnes, Gerald, 61 Barnett, George, 68 Barnett, Ray, 333 Baron, David, 331 Barrett, Carroll, 61, Mr. & Mrs., 177 Barrow, Ireby, 483 Barth, Alex, 413, 414, 416, 417, 419 Barth, Carrie, 423 "Barth Family: A Case Study of

Pioneer Immigrant Merchants," art. by Harvey A. Kantor, 410-430

Barth, Gustav, 423 Barth Home, 415 (illus.) Barth, Irvin, 423, 427 Barth, Isadore, 412, 424, 425, 426, 427 Barth, Isadore A., 423, 428, 429 Barth, Joseph A., 423, 428, 430 Barth, Joseph V., 421, 422, 423, 427 Barth, Linda, 423 Barth, Michael, 411 Barth, Minna Arnold, 414, 415 (illus.) ;

423 Barth, Moses, 411-415 (illus.); 417,

418, 423, 425 Barth, Nettie, 423, 427 Barth, Pauline, 423 Barth, Sakie, 423 Barth, Sarah, 411 Barth Store, 422 (illus.) Barth, Victor, 42L427 (illus.), 430 Barton, Fred, 480 Barton, John A., 300 Bartshe, Frankie, 483 Bass, B. R., obit., 80 Bates, Allan, 401 Bates County Historical Society, 328 Bates, Frederick, 475 Bates, Maud, obit., 80 Battle of Shiloh, 150 Battle of Wilson's Creek, 137 Baucus, Mr. 8c Mrs. W. N., 184 Baudendistel, C. H. (Highpockets) , 309 Bauman, Mrs. Alvin, 331 Bauman, G. Duncan, 337 Baumeister, Ed, 293 Bear, William M., obit., 202 Beard, Ike, 309 Beardsley, Charles G., obit., 350 Bearss, Edwin C , 177 Beasley, Josiah, 286 Beattie, J. W., 302 Beatty, H. M., 172 Beauvais, Vital St. Gemme, 165 Beck, Fred W., obit., 507 Beck, Paul R., donor, 339, 494 Becker, James L., 488 Becker, John, 67 Beckman, Allen E., obit., 507 Beinke, Franz R., donor, 188 Bell, Charles, 330, Mr. & Mrs., donors,

339

Bell, Nicholas M., 100 Bell, Ovid, 484 Bender, Mrs. A. B., 331 "Benjamin F. Stringfellow: The Fight

for Slavery on the Missouri Border," art. by Lester B. Baltimore, 14-29

Benjamin, Judah P., 150 Bennett, Anson G., 452 Bennett, Mrs. Ed, 481 Benson, Mrs. H. L., donor, 494 Bentley, Jordon R., 176 Benton, Thomas Hart, 43 (illus.) , 44,

67, 172,221,233,276,475,493 Bernard, Burton C , 331 Bernheimer, Marcus, 331 Berry, Glen, 485 Berthold, Ernest C , obit., 202 Bestor, Arthur, 91 Bethel Mennonite Church, donor, 188 Beveridge, T. R., 480 Biddle, Nicholas, 205 Billingsley, Mrs. Zora Petty, donor, 494 Bindbeutel, Charlotte, 481 Bingham, George Caleb, 172, 179, 220,

233 Bio-bibliography of Langston Hughes,

1902-1967, by Donald "c. Dickinson, book note, 510

Birbeck, Robert, 330, 482 Bixby, Horace, 405 Black, Mrs. Robert A., 337 Black, Van Leer, 302 Blackwell, Henry, 181 Blair, James T., Jr., 186 Blanton, Lewis M., 488 Bless, Mrs. B. J., donor, 70 Bless, Mr. & Mrs. Charles A., donors,

188 Bloch, E. Maurice, George Caleb Bing

ham: The Evolution of an Artist and George Caleb Bingham: A Catalogue Raisonne, book review, 352-353

Bloom, Mrs. W. A., donor, 494 Blow, Susan Elizabeth, 171 Blum, Mrs. P. F., donor, 494 "Board Meeting of Bank Directors," ar

tist's conception, publ. 1859, 37 (illus.)

Boatman, Don Earl, 181 Boatmen's Savings Institution, 34, 40

(illus.) Boatwright, William E., obit., 202 Boder, Mrs. Bartlett, 488 Boder, Bartlett C , 168 Bodmer, Carl, 169 Boggs, Lilburn W., 31 Bohm, E. Dora, donor, 494 Bolduc Home, 164 (illus.) Bonnell, Josephine Brady, 185 Bonnewitz, Mr. & Mrs. Arthur L., 331

Index 515

Book Notes, 86-92; 207-210; 354-358; 509-512

Book Reviews, 81-85; 203-206; 352-353 Boone County Historical Society, 175,

328, 478 Boone, Sally Knox, donor, 70 Boonslick Historical Society, 175, 328,

478 Bosch, Mrs. L. F., 487 Bowdern, T . S., S.J., art., "Joseph La-

Barge Steamboat Captain," 449-469; donor, 494

Bowles, Karl C , obit., 507 Bowling, Robert A., 168 Bowness, Mrs. John, 175 Boyd, Julian P., 325 Boyd, Trenton, donor, 70, 494 Brackenridge, Henry Marie, 158, 161,

162, 163 Bradbury, 125 Braddy, Haldeen, Pershing's Mission

in Mexico, book note, 357 Bradley, Harry, donor, 70 Bradley, Henry D., 186 Bradley, Larry, 182, 333 Bradley, Omar, 170 Bradley, Sarah Beth, 480 Branch, Harold F., obit., 80 Branson, P. H., 248 Branson, P. M., 250 Branson, W. W., 250 Branton, William Coleman, 63, 331

(illus.) Bray, Robert T., 62 Breech, Ernest R., 186 Breihan, Carl, 60 Brennan, J. F., 290 Brent, John, 450 Brewery Workmen, 369 Briesacher, L. J., obit., 202 Brightwell, A., 329 Brinkley, Thelma, 182 Brock, Frederick, 412 Broderick, Mrs. William L., 184 Broermann, Harry, 478 Brooks, George R., 325, 333, 488 Brooks, Philip C , 63, 331 (illus.) Brooks, Mrs. Robert F., donor, 188 Broome, George E., obit., 507 Broughton, William B., 67 Brown, Mrs. Albert, 332 Brown, Mrs. Ethel, obit., 202 Browne, Charles A., Jr., 487 Brownlee, Richard S., 63, 168, 173,

186, 353, 485 Brummett, Carl A., 488 Brunda, Stephanie, donor, 494 Brush & Palette Club, 175, 176 Bryan, John A., 325 Bryan, John Albury, 171 Bryan, Monk, 173

Bryan, Paul R., 67, obit., 350 Bryant, William Cullen, 100 Brydon, David, 480 Buchanan, Billy, 184 Buchanan, Fred, 293, 298, 306, 307, 310 Buck, Archie, 327 Buckley, Charles E., 325 Budde, G. Edward, 332, 334 Buffum, Mrs. Charles, 335 Buford, Jefferson, 24 Bulger, Harold A., obit., 80 Bull, John, 48 Bunch, Mrs. W. F., 311 Bunney, George, 489 Bunning, Roy F., obit., 350 Burbank, David T., Reign of the

Rabble: The St. Louis General Strike of 1877, book note, 87

Burcham, Mrs. Paul, 478 Burk, Russell, 65 Burkhart, Mr. & Mrs. Fred J., donor,

70 Burks, Mrs. Chester, 482 Burnett, Ida Wolfe, 485 Burnham, Mrs. H. S., 63 Burning Morman Houses, 116 (illus.) Burnside, John, 328 Burrows, Joseph H., 486 Bushnell, David I., 98 Business Mens' Prosperity League of

St. Joseph, 385 Business & Professional Women's Club,

donor, 495 Butler County Historical Society, 176,

328, 478 Buttram, Leo, 336 Byler, Gordon, 480 Byrd, Clarence, 330 Byrne, Mrs. Daniel, donor, 188, 339,

495 Byrne, Dick, 332 Byrne, John H., donor, 495 Byrnes, St. Louis family, 243 By water, R. H., 437

Cabanne, John P., 451 Cabeen, William, 46 Cabell, Charles J., 46, 48 Cabell, Edward Blair, 48 Cabell, Harriett Forbes Monroe, 48 Cady, Elwyn L., Jr., donor, 339 Cain, Mrs. Frank, 482 Caldwell, Arthur B., donor, 495 Caldwell, Dorothy J., 56; Part II of

"Missouri's National Historic Landmarks: Ste. Genevieve," art., 152-165; 173, 324, 330, 478

Caldwell, Pearl, 185 Caldwell, Samuel, 474

516 Index

Call, Fred, 62 Callahan, S. J., obit., 202 Callaway, Robert, 330, 337 Calloway, Robert, 482 Calvert, Harold N., art., on "Old

Chariton," 45-50 Camden County Historical Society, 60,

176, 328, 478 Cameron, Ross J., 332 Campbell, Al. G., 297, 302 Campbell, Mrs. E. Taylor, 487 Campbell, Howard, obit., 507 Campbell, James, 125 Campbell, Joyce Cooper, donor, 70 Campbell, Lloyd, 185 Campbell, Robert, 243 Campbell, Samuel, 117 Canaday, Dayton, 335 Canan, Howard V., art., "The Mis

souri Paw Paw Militia of 1863-1864," 431-448

Cannon, Clarence, 170 Cannon, Joe, 184 Canon, Reverend, 175 Cantwell, Jean, 474 Cape Girardeau Honored, 491 Caprell, Madame, 403 Carnell, Pauline, 333 Carondelet Historical Society, 60, 176,

328, 479 Carpenter, Mrs. Claude, 483 Carr, Eugene A., 139, 142, 143, 144 Carroll County Historical Society, 328 Carter, Charles B., donor, 188 Carter, John, 133 Carter, Lee, 481 Carver, George Washington, 170 Carver, PaulE. , 485 Gary, Clarence J., obit., 350 Cary, Jefferson, 125 Cashman, George L., 329 Cass County Historical Society, 60, 176 Castel, Albert, "A New View of the

Battle of Pea Ridge," 136 Cates, Mrs. Dean, 329 Cather, Willa, 205 Catholic Prohibition League of Amer

ica, 374, 377 Cauble, Albert Monroe, 293, 295 Cauger, Ted H., 63, 331 Central Methodist College One Hun

dred and Ten Years, by Frank C. Tucker, book note, 209

Central Trades and Labor Union of St. Louis, 370

Chambers, William N., 492 Chamier, Richard J., donor, 188, 495 Chapman, Carl H., 492 Chapman, Mrs. Samuel Clay, 480 Chariton County Historical Society,

176, 479 Chesnut, Dwaine, 487

Chick, William Winship, donor, 188 Chilcote, Gary, 67 Chittenden, Hiram, 272 Chouteau, Auguste, 256, 455 Chouteau, Charles P., 103, 105 (illus.),

282 Chouteau Family, 99, 240 Chouteau, Gil, 242 Chouteau, Pierre, 256, 457 Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 460 (illus.) Christian, Lesley, 474 Christiansen, Thelma, 60 Christman, Mrs. Edith, obit., 350 Christopher, Adrienne, 185, 331, 338 Christopher, Mrs. O. H., 335 Church, Mildred S., 63, 180 Churchill, Sir Winston, 58 Circus Poster, 299 (illus.) Citizens Defense Committee, 368, 382 Citizens' Historical Committee, Creve

Coeur and Surrounding Area, book note, 511

Citizens' Protective Committee, 384 City Council of Miami, donor, 495 Civil War, 15 "Civil War Reminiscences at Danville

Female Academy," by Mary Lee Kemper, 314-320

Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 177, 328, 479

Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, 60, 177, 328, 480

Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 60, 177, 329, 480

Clark, Bill, 330 Clark, Champ, 392 Clark County Historical Societv, 329 Clark, Edward Hardy, 330 Clark, George Rogers, 247 Clark, Helen, donor, 188 Clark, James E., 478 Clark, Maj., 437 Clark, W. A., obit., 80 Clark, Wade, 295 Clark, William, 247 Clatworthy, Tom, donor, 188, 339;

485; donor, 495 Clay, Anne, 481 Clay County Museum Association, 61,

177, 329, 480 Clay, Mrs. Ewing, 334 Clayton, Mrs. LaReine Warden, 175 Clemens, Clara, 57 Clemens, Cyril, donor, 70, 339 Clemens, Samuel, 52, 57, 399, 408 Cleveland, Grover, 1-13, and Mrs.

Cleveland, 12 (illus.) Clevenger, Homer, 335, 481 Cline, N. C , obit., 507 Clinton Daily Democrat, 207 Clock, Edward, Jr., donor, 339 Cloud, Roy T., obit., 507

Index 517

Clough, Wilson O., 206 Coffelt, Faye, 483 Coffman, Mr. & Mrs. James, 481 Cole, Arthur C , 82 Cole County Historical Society, 178,

480 Cole, Hannah, 171 Cole, Harry, 180 Cole, William C , 67 Coleman, C. R., 290 Collet, Mrs. J. A., 479 Collier, George, 243 Collier, Lee, 182 Columbia Rotary Club, 429 Combs, Mrs. Monro P., obit., 350 Comegys, J. G., 160 Comfort, Mrs. James, 478 Conant, Mrs. George K., Jr., 337 Concordia Historical Institute, 61, 178 Conger, Arthur, Jr., obit., 507 Connally, Ernest Allen, 164 Connelly, Jim, 60 Conover, Richard E., 306 Conrad, Mrs. Pat, 66 Cook, D. C , 303 Cook, Lawrence, 334 Cook, Mrs. Steve, "St. Ludgers' Cath

olic Church—Germantown," book note, 207

Coon, Mrs. Perry, 486 Cooper, John, 130 Cornett, Miss Bracy, obit., 507 Cornett, Winifred, donor, 339 Corrill, John, 115, 118 Corse, Mrs. Wahneta, donor, 188 Corwin, Edward S., 91 Cotton, W. Philip, Jr., 321 Coues, Elliott, 46 Coulter, Wade H., 295, 298 Counsell, C. M., obit., 80 County Circuit Court No. 1, 103 Couzins, Phoebe, 171 Cowden, Mrs. Bernard, 183 Cox, John C , 181 Coxe, Mrs. Howard, 61 Coxey, William, 290 Coy, Roy, 168 Craddock, Pearl, 481 Crain, Ed, 334 Cramer, Buell B., donor, 189 Crane, Lucy, 277, 285 Crane, Wallace, donor, 189, 495 Crank, Rose, 335 Crans, Mrs. Grace, obit., 350 Creve Coeur and Surrounding Area,

by the Citizens' Historical Committee, book note, 571

Crighton, John, 478 Criswell, E. H., obit., 202 Crockett, William E., 64 Crook, Leo, 308

Cross, Debbie, 169 Cross, Mr. & Mrs. Paul, 169 Cross Section of a Typical Western

River Boat, 51 (illus.) Crouch, Anna J., 328 Crume, Mrs. William, 481 Crump, William, 419, 420 Culver, Mary, 170 Cupp, Henry C , obit., 507 Curran, Rev. J. J., 374 Curti and Carstensen, 214 Curtin, Virginia Lee, donor, 70 Curtis, Samuel B., 440', 444 Curtis, Samuel R., 137-150 Curtis, William, donor, 70 Cruzat, Don Francisco, 157

D

Dade County Historical Society, 178 Dallas County Historical Society, 61,

329, 480 Dalton, John M., 475, 492 Daly, Leo A., 171 Dangerfield, George, 83 Daniel, Mrs. Clifton, 493 Danker, Donald, 484 "Danville Female Academy," 316

(illus.) Darby, John F., 245 Darling, John M., obit., 350 Darnell, Mrs. Ward, 484 Datchurut, Jean, 163 Daughters of the American Revolution,

Jane Randolph Jefferson Chapter, donor, 70

Daughters of Old Westport, 61, 179, 329

Davis, Jefferson C , 139, 142, 144, 435-443

Davis, John E., obit., 507 Davis, Sylvia Kinzey, obit., 507 Davison, Michael S., 328 Deacy, Thomas E., obit., 507 Deardorff, Everett, 478 De Armond, Fred, 328 Decker, Perl D„ 396 DeHaven, D. E., 406 Deines, E. Hubert, obit., 80 DeLassus, Charles Dehault, 450 Denny, Hugh, donor, 70 Denslow, William R., 168, 187 Dent County Historical Society, 62,

179, 329, 481 Dependent Pension Bill, 3, 5 DeSmet, Pierre Jean, 456, 461 DeSmet Steamer at Fort Benton, 468

(illus.) De Voto, Bernard, 205 Dew, Thomas R., 23 DeWitt, Alva, 485

518 Index

Dickey, D. I., 250 Dickinson, Donald C , A Bio-bibli

ography of Langston Hughes, 1902-1967, book note, 510

Dickinson, Leon T., book review by, 205-206

Dietrick, Benjamin E., obit., 80 Dill, Sam B., 309 Dillman, L. Wyman, obit., 350 Disney, Walt, 170 Dissly, Karl W., 66 Dixon, Ben F., donor, 340 Dixon, Mrs. Clyde G., 64 Dodge, Grenville M., 143, 459 Doniphan, Alexander, 121, 122, 275 "Doniphan's Army of Missourians,"

276 (illus.) Donnan, Mrs. Mary E., obit., 350 Donnelly, Harold K., 334 Donnelly, Joseph P., S.J., 483 Dorman, J. G., 330 Dorothy, Doris B., 182, 333 Dorsett, E. Lee, obit., 202 Douglass, Frederick, 86 Dowell, Vern, donor, 340 Downie, Andrew, 298 Downs, Mrs. Ollie B., obit., 507 Doyle, Dorothy Robnett, donor, 495 Drake, J. J., 252 Draper, Mrs. M. I., 458 Dred Scott Decision, edited by Stanley

I. Kutler, book note, 91 Drissen, Ladean, 183 Duchesne, Mother Rose Philippine,

171, 335 Duden, Gottfried, 411 Duke, Mrs. Merton, 337 Dulin, Thomas S., obit., 80 Duncan, T. O., 252 Duncan, William C , obit., 507 Dungan, Roy H., donor, 495 Dunklin, Daniel, 107, 111, 118, 119, 121

(illus.) Duralde, Martin, 324 Dwite, Lafe, 250 Dye, Russell V., 168 Dyer, Robert L., donor, 189

Eads, Mrs. David F., 330 Eads, James B., 282 Eagleton, Thomas F., 57 Earle, Carville V., donor, 70 Earp, Claude C , obit., 80 E. B. Trail Collection, 52, (illus.) Eckart, Conrad, 335 Eckhardt, Willard, 478 Edelman, Mary, donor, 189 Edmondson, Mrs. Lloyd, 184 Edson, Mr. & Mrs. Elmer, 62

Edwards, Dr. Ben, 49 Edwards, Hilliard, 332 Edwards, Mrs. Loys I., donor, 495 Edwards, Ninian, 49 Ehrlich, Mrs. Donald B., donor, 71 Eichenberger, J. Allen, donor, 495 Eickholz, Walter, 183, 486 Eidelman, Mrs. Jack, donor, 189 Eighteenth Amendment, 365, 392 Eldridge, Art, 298 Elliott, Lawrence, George Washington

Carver: The Man Who Overcame, book note, 86

Elliott, Leona, obit., 80 Ellis, Elmer, 168 Ellsworth, Phil, 290 Elmer, Philip, 67 Elmore, Fletcher, 61 Elsea, Mrs. C. Wayne, 330 Embree, George H., 298 "Emperor" a fire wagon by C. W.

Hoffman, 242 (illus.) Engelmann, George, M.D., 273, 277,

281, 283, (illus.) England, John B., 69 Englemann, Theodor, 269 English, W. Francis, book review by,

203-205 Engman, William Clark, 475 Enrolled Missouri Militia, 432, 433,

434, 438, 440, 441 Erickson, Kenneth, 486 Erwin, Mr. 8c Mrs. Paul, 67 Eschbach, Walter L., donor, 495 Eschman, J. H., 300 Everett, Ann, "Trials of Our Women

in the War," book note, 207 Everett, William, 124, 125 Ewing Young, Master Trapper, by

Kenneth L. Holmes, book note, 509

Faherty, William Barnaby, S.J., 176, 185

Fairchild, Lucius, 5 Fairchild, Rolph, donor, 340, 495 Falconer, P., 160 Falstaff Brewing Corp., St. Louis,

donor, 340 Farrington, Josephine, 484 Farris, J. W., 175 Faubion, Mrs. R. P., obit., 202 Faust, Mr. & Mrs. Leicester B., 475 Fay, Tom, 290 Feasel, Meda, 486 Feazle, John M., 49 Feder, Sara, 171 Federal Constitution, 393 Feldman, Pearl, 482 Feltz, George, 488

Index 519

Fencil, George, 332 Ferguson, Oliver B., 57 "Ferrying Missouri Voters to the Kan

sas Shore," Cover October issue (illus.)

Fessler, Theodore, 176 Fike, Stanley R., 186 Fink, Edmund D., 489 Fire of 1892 on University Campus,

231 (illus.) Fire Wagon, 259 (illus.) Fischer, Charles L., obit., 80 Fischer, R. J., 334 Fisher, A. E., obit., 507 Fisher, Walter, 325 Fisk, Clinton B., 437, 438, 440, 441,

443, 446 Fitzgerald, Charles, 483 Fitzgerald, Fred, obit., 508 Fitzhugh, George, 23 Fix, P. G., obit., 508 Flavin, Msgr. C.J., donor, 495 Fletcher, John, obit., 351 Flint, Timothy, 161, 205 Florissant Valley Historical Society,

62, 179, 329, 481 "Footsteps in the Corridors Behind

Us," by John C. Weaver, 213-234 Forest Park in 1875, 95 (illus.) Forest Park Bill, rev., 102, 103 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 88 Forsyth, Robert, 97 Forsyth, William, 102, 103 Foundation for Restoration of Ste.

Genevieve, 481 Foutch, Mr. & Mrs. Larry, 487 Fowler, Richard B., 168 Frame, D. V., 67, 487 Francis, David Rowland, 1-13; 1 (illus.) Franken, Leo G., donor, 340 Franklin, Benjamin, 236 Franklin, John Hope, 489 Franzwa, Gregory M., 171; The Story

of Old Ste. Genevieve, book note, 207 Fratcher, William F., donor, 189 Frazier, Mrs. Forrest, 184 Fremont, Jessie, 72 Fremont, John C , 137, 273 Frick, William M., 66 "Friedrich Adolph Wislizenus: From

Student Rebel to Southwestern Explorer," by Douglas D. Hale, Jr., art., 260-285

Friends of Arrow Rock, 62, 179, 330 Friends of Rocheport, 62, 482 From West to East: Studies in the

Literature of the American West, by Robert Edson Lee, book review, 205-206

Frost, Daniel M., 143 Fuerbringer, Alfred O., 168 Fullayer, William, 244

Fuller, Hubert, donor, 189 Funk, E. M., donor, 496 Fur Traders, 451 (illus.) Furry, Edith, 328 Fusco, Tony, The Story of Jefferson

Barracks National Cemetery, book note, 91; donor, 189

Fussell, Edwin, 206

Gabriel, Don, obit., 351 Gage, Thomas, 153 Gallatin, Albert, 38 Galloway, George, 17 Galpin, Charles, 459 Gamble, Hamilton R., 431-435, 441 "G.A.R. celebration at St. Louis," 7

(illus.) "G.A.R. Delegates Badge," 3 (illus.) Gardner, Frederick D., 392, 393 Garesche, Ferd, 243 Garner, Ida E., 61 Garner, John M., 177 Garrett, John H., 293 Garvin, Mrs. Wilma Peery, obit., 202 Gasper, Mr. & Mrs. Leonard, 488 Gaty, Samuel, 252 Gay lord, Mrs. Jessie, 56 Gentry, Ann Hawkins, 171 Gentry County Historical Society, 62,

179, 330, 482 Gentry, Richard, 330 Gentry, William R., Jr., 236, 237 George, B. J., 67 George Caleb Bingham: The Evolu

tion of an Artist and George Caleb Bingham: A Catalogue Raisonne, by E. Maurice Bloch, book review, 352-353

George Washington Carver: The Man Who Overcame, by Lawrence Elliott, book note, 86

Gerber, John, 400, 401, 404 Gerbig, Francis C , 183 German, George J., donor, 496 Germany Uprising, 265 (illus.) Gertz, Elmer, 177 Gibson, Ruth McCann, 330 Gifts, 70-72; 188-191; 339-342; 494-499 Gilbert, Algernon, 121, 133 Gilbert, Elsie, 335 Gill, Ed, 329, 481 Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 66, 485 Gilliam, Cornelius, 130 Gilligham, Al. G., 290 Gilmore, Robert K., 180 Girard, Monsieur, 160 Gissler, Fred A., obit., 508 Gladbach, Mrs. Fred, Jr., 481 Gladiator, 406

520 Index

Gleason, George D., 330 Gleick, Harry S., "Banking in Early

Missouri," Part II, art., 30-44 Glenn, Mrs. Luther A., Sr., donor, 340 Goebel, Rudolph, 90 Golden, James, 67 Golden, Nellie Warren Head, 485 Goldman, Mrs. Alfred, 337 Goldwater, Barry M., 69 Golterman, Elizabeth, 169 Goodman, Mrs. B. F., 66 Goodman, Eva Wassung, 334 Goodrich, James W., 179 Goodson, McVeigh, 61 Goodwin, Thelma P., editor, State of

Missouri, Official Manual, 1967-1968, book note, 355

Gordon, Mrs. Hollis J., 60 Gorman, Patrick, 243, 244 Gorman, Mrs. T. F., obit., 351 Gorrell, Larry, 332 Gossler, John, 90 Graff, Mrs. Richard, 179 "Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri

History," 200-201 Graham, Mrs. Kenneth L., 331 Gramms, Virginia R., 335 Grand Army of the Republic, Dele

gates Badge, 3 (illus.) ; celebration at St. Louis, 7 (illus.)

Grand River Historical Society, 62, 180, 482

Grant, John W., 250 Grant, Ulysses, 461 Gratiot Family, 99 Graves, Mary, 66, 485 Gray, Asa, 273 Gray, Fern, 64 Gray, Kenneth, 327 Green, Duff, 48 Green, George Fuller, 168, donor,

340 Green, Martin, 141, 145, 147 Green, Mary Fitzgerald, 64 Greenabaum, Alexander, 413, 416 Greene County Historical Society, 62,

180, 330, 482; donor, 496 Greer, Ellsworth, 145 Greer, Lee, 297 Greer, W. B., 463 Gregg, Josiah, 126, 273 Gregory, Ralph, 483 Grennan, Jacqueline, 171 Griffith, Ralph, 329 Grimes, Mrs. Champ, 335 Grindstead, Frances, donor, 189 Griswold, William D., 103 "Grocery Store," 470 (illus.) by Fred

Shane Guerette, Pelagie, 455 Guise, Byron, 487 Guitar, Odon, 447

Gunn, O. S., obit., 80 Gunnels, H. Jay, Jr., 335

H

Hagen, Richard S., 486 Hagenbeck, Carl, 287 Hailey, Mrs. E. E., 330 Halbert, E. J., obit., 202 Hale, Donald R., 58 Hale, Douglas D., Jr., art. on "Fried

rich Adolph Wislizenus," 260-285 Hall, Ben, 290 Hall, Bert, Jr., 335 Hall Farm Office, 304 (illus.) Hall, Gordon Langley, 185 Hall, James, 205 Hall, Leonard, 186 Hall, Louis, 287, 308 Hall, Mary A., obit., 202 Hall, Raymond, 485 Hall, Roy H., donor, 71 Hall, Sidney, 286 Hall, Willard P., 434, 441, 443 (illus.) ,

447 Hall, Mrs. William P., 312 Hall, William P., Jr., 311, 312 Hall, William Preston, 286-313, 286

(illus.) Hall, William Spurgeon, 286 Hallauer & McReynolds, 171 Halleck, Henry W., 138, 432 Halls, Norman, 61 Halter, Millard M., obit., 80 Hamilton, Mrs. Henry, 330 Hammond, Loy, 330, 482 Hammond, William E., 480 Hancock, Joseph, 132 Hanks, Mrs. William, 328 Hard, C. D., 467 Hardin, Hord, obit., 351 Hardy, Estel, 67 Hargus, Clark, 66, 182 Harke, Charles, 481 Harkness, James, 459, 461 Harkness, Margaret, 461 Harlan, Lane, 175 Harlow, John, 335 Harmon, Lydia, obit., 80 Harmon, M. Don, 64 Harrington, Phyllis, 57 Harris, Gilbert, 181 Harris, Mrs. Harold, 489 Harris, Moses, 270 Harris, Tom, 399 Harris, W. H., 288 Harrison, Bernard, 65 Harrison County Historical Society

63, 330, donor; 340, 482 Harrison, William H., 156, 247 Harry S. Truman Library Institute,

489

Index 521

Harryman, Eugene, 483 Hart, Cornelia, obit., 202 Hart, H. B., 176 Hart, M. M., 481 Hartje, Robert J. Van Dorn: The

Life and Times of a Confederate General, book note, 87

Hartwell, Lee M., Jr., 332 Harvey, George Y., obit., 80 Hassenpflug, Ira, 487 Hatfield, Fred, 297 Haukenberry, Mrs. Herbert H., 63,

331 "Have the Book Reviewers Made Up

Their List of the Six Best Cellars Yet This Week?" Carton from St. Louis Paper, 395

Hawken, Samuel, 242 (illus.) Hawkins, Mrs. Delbert, 485 Hawn, D. C , 300, 305 Hayes, Thomas, 132 Hayes, William C , 334 Haynes, C. C , 64 Hays, Charles M., 392 Hays, Paul, 176 Hazer, Mrs. William, 184 Head, Glenn L., donor, 71 Heagerty, Hollis, 485 Hearnes, Warren E., 56, 69, 172, 186,

474, 493 Hearnes, Mrs. Warren E., 186, 337,

478 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, back cover

Oct. issue (illus.) Hearst, Phoebe Apperson Memorial

Association, 330 Hebert, Louis, 138, 144, 148 Heimbeck, Willard, 66 Heitman, Paul, donor, 496 Helm, Tommy, 335 Helms, Mrs. Harley, 60 Hendel, Robert, 481 Henderson, Orval, 484 Henderson, P. M., 110 Hendren, Mrs. John H., 178 Henry Champion Chapter, Daughters

of the American Colonists, donor, 496

Henry Chateau, 406 Henry County Historical Society, 63,

180, 330, 483 Henry, Robert, 335 Hensley, Jack L., 184 Henton, Helen, 482 Heritage Foundation of Florissant, 63 Hester, Hubert Inman, Jewell Is Her

Name: A History of William Jewell College, book note, 89; 209

Hewitt, R. Floyd, obit., 80 Hewitt, W. C , obit., 79, 168 Hiatt, Mrs. Robert J., Jr., 184

Hiatt, Vivian E., obit., 508 Hiawatha, 406 Hibbard, Fred C , 170 Hickman, Donna, 169 Hickory County Historical Society, 63,

180, 483 Hicks, John, 489 Hicks, John Edward, 487 Hicks, Mrs. Samuel C , donor, 496 Hight, Mrs. Knox, 65 Hildner, George J., obit., 80 Hillhouse, J. D., 65 Hilpert, Mrs. Elmer E., 337 Hindman, Thomas C , 151 Hirsch, Mrs. Joe, 481 Historical Association of Greater St.

Louis, 63, 180, 331, 483 Historical Notes & Comments, 71-92;

168-210; 321-359; 471-512 Historical Saint Charles, Missouri,

compiled by Edna McElhiney Olson, book note, 90

History of Missouri, by David D. March, 203-205

Hitchcock, Seth, 133 Hlad, Richard, 170 Hobart, Carl, obit., 351 Hobart, Mrs. O. E., obit., 202 Hobbs, Myrene Houchin, 480 Hockaday, E. I., 186 Hodder, Frank H., 91 Hodge, Karl A., 491 Hoecken, Father Christian, 456 Hoehn, John P., 90 Hoff, Marilyn England, 69 Hoffhaus, Charles, 184 Hoffman, Arthur, 308 Hoffman, C. W. "The Emperor,"

(illus.) Hoffstetter, Ray, 61 Hogan, Mr. & Mrs. Cecil, 184 Hogue, Adda, obit., 202 Holladay, Ben, 185 Holliday, Samuel N., 103 Holmes, Kenneth L., Ewing Young,

Master Trapper, book note, 509 Honors and Tributes, 69; 186-187; 337-

338; 491-493 Hook, Clayton H., 65 Hooper, Thomas R., 487 Hoover, Mrs. David, 64 Hoover, H. Lee, 180 Hopper, Leo, 180 Horitz, Eulalie Alverez, 450 Horitz, Joseph Alverez, 450 Horn, Elford, 486 Horton, Frank, 333 Hosmer, Charles B., Jr., 325 Houston, Bernie, 309 Houston, Dorothy, 486 Houston, Ethel, 479

522 Index

Houts, Mrs. Hale, Revolutionary Soldiers Buried In Missouri, book note, 92

"How Missouri is Shaking Out the Saloon," 390, maps

Howard, John, 252 Howell, Mrs. Roy, donor, 496 Howery, David, 63 Hoy, John, 487 Hubbard, Robert T., 484 Hudson, William W., 223 Huff, Leo E., 329 Hughes, Fred G., 181 Hughes, James Langston, obit., 79 Hughes, Russell, 335 Hull, A. C , 241 Hull, G. Z., 487 Hull, Nelle, 330 Humphrey, Mr. & Mrs. Verno C , 179,

482 Humphreys, Allan S., 482; donor, 496 Hungate, William, 66 Hunter, D. K., 334 Huntley, Spencer, 309 Huntman, John W., 185 Hurliman, Mrs. Sam, 184 Hursig, George E., Sr., 66 Hurst, Earl, 480 Hurst, Fannie, obit., 507 Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 66, 183 Hutton, John W., obit., 351 Hyde, Florence Fuller, donor, 189 Hyde, Orson, 118, 119

I

"Immigrant Merchants," 410 (illus.) Imperial Rogers, 406 Impey, Mrs. William F., 65 Important Firsts in Missouri Imprints

1808-1855, by Viola Anderson Perotti, revised by R. F. Perotti, edited by T. N. Luther, book note, 208

In Memoriam, 79-80; 202; 350-351; 507-508

Indian Mound in Forest Park, 98 (illus.)

Ingenthron, Elmo, 60 Ingraham, Robert J., obit., 80 Irving and Parkman, 205

j

Jaccard, Eugene, 459 Jackson, Andrew, 48, 410 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 408 Jackson County Historical Society, 63,

180, 331 Jacobs, Michael, 414, 417, 418 Jaeger, Joseph, Jr., 67

Jefferson, Albert, 60 Jeffries, Charles B., 179; donor, 189 Jekel, Oscar H., 65 Jenkins, Paul, 487 Jennings, Gayle, map by, route of

Zion's Army, 126-127 Jennings, M. C , 491 Jennings, Warren A., "The Army of

Israel Marches into Missouri," 107-135, 177, 329

Jerabek, Don, 207 Jesse, Richard H., 230-234 (illus.) Jessee, Randall S., 172 Jewell Is Her Name: A History of

William Jewell College, by Hubert Inman Hester, book note, 89

Jewell, William, 89 Jewish Historical Association of Great

er St. Louis, 181, 331 Jinkens, Nannie, 483 John James Audubon: A Biography,

by Alexander B. Adams, book note, 355-356

Johnson, Ewing, 63 Johnson County Historical Society, 64,

181,483 Johnson, Helen, 180 Johnson, Helen Moore, obit., 350 Johnson, Luke, 127 Johnson, Mrs. Lyndon, 237 Johnson, Robert D., 178 Johnson, Robert I., 484 Johnson, York, 482 Johnston, Albert Sidney, 137, 150 Johnston, Virgil A., obit., 508 Jones, Barrett, 487 Jones, C. S., 309 Jones, Evelyn Milligan, 181, 484 Jones, Grace G., obit., 80 Jones, J. A., 301 Jones, James, 172 Jones, Paul C , 186 Jones, Rolla, 330 Jones, Roy F., obit., 508 Joplin Historical Society, 64, 181, 483 "Joseph LaBarge Steamboat Captain,"

art., by T. S. Bowdern, S.J., 449-469; 449 (illus.)

Joy, Harper, 295 Julian, Allen P., 177 Julian, Vance, donor, 71 Jungmeyer, Mrs. Robert, 334

K

Kansas City Westerners, 64, 182, 331, 484

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 15 "Kansas Red Legs," or "Kansas Jay-

hawkers," 433, 441, 447

Index 523

Kantor, Harvey A., art., "The Barth Family: A Case Study of Pioneer Immigrant Merchants," 410-430

Kaplan, Justin, editor, "Mark Twain: A Profile," book note, 357-358

Karle, John, 487 Katsey, Robert, 61 Kearnes, Kevin C , "The Acquisition

of St. Louis Forest Park," art., 95-106

Kearney, Stephen W., 273, 274 Keeley, Mary Paxton, 324 Keller, Henry J., 329 Keller, Lucille, 328 Kemper Dedicates MacNeely Room,

491 (illus.) Kemper, Mary Lee, art. on "Civil War

Reminiscences at Danville Female Academy," 314-320

Kemper, William B., 438 Kempton, Greta, 493 Kendrick, Wilmer, 180 Kennedy, Con. T., 301 Kerdolff, Mrs. G. W., obit., 202 Kern, John, 245, 254 Kerr, Charles A., 61, 488 Kerr, Christina, 329 Kerr, Gerald, 65, 485 Kerrick, Howard, donor, 189 Ketch, Clarence W., 482 Ketterlin, Mr. & Mrs. Francis, 66, 486 Keyte, James, 49 Keytesville Fair, 1877, 46 Kimball, Heber C , 112 King, Austin, 89 King, Floyd, 288, 296 King, Kate Mitchell, donor, 496 King, Lewis, 62 King, Tom, 290 Kingdom of Callaway, by Hugh P.

Williamson, book note, 356 Kingdom of Callaway Historical So

ciety, 65, 182, 484 Kirby, Milton, 329 Kirkendall, Richard S., editor, The

Truman Period as a Research Field, book note, 354-355

Kirkpatrick, James C , 324 Kirkwood Historical Society, 65, 182,

332, 484 Kitchen, L. L., 252 Knifong, Mrs. Kenneth, donor, 189 Knights of the Golden Circle, 436 Knowles, Ed, 182 Knowles, Lois, 171 Knox County Historical Society, 65,

332, 485; donor, 496 Knox, Mrs. Robert, obit., 202 Kober, Charles A., Jr., obit., 202 Koepke, Robert, 488 Koerner, Gustav, 269 Kotz, Mrs. Charles W., 328

Kramer, Gerhardt, 173, 178 Krenkel, Don, 64 Krum, C. H., 103, 104 (illus.) Kubly, Ben J., 307 Kuhn, Kate Ray, 184 Kutler, Stanley I., editor, The Dred

Scott Decision, book note, 91

LaBarge, John, 458, 459, 460, 463 LaBarge, Joseph Marie, 449, 450, 452 LaBarge, Mrs. Joseph, 458, 461 LaBudde, Kenneth, J., 332 Lac, Perrin de, 161 la Coudreniere, Henri Peyroux de, 156 La Fonde, Jean Baptiste, 163 Lager, J. David, 482 Lake, Delmar, 182, 485 LaMar, Stephen G., 183 Lamb, Mrs. Harvey D., obit., 351 Lambert, Edward, 478 LaMont, C, R., 303 Lamont, Daniel, 8 Lampe, A. B., art. on "St. Louis Vol

unteer Fire Department 1820-1850; A Study in the Volunteer Age," 235-259, 331

Lampe, John W., obit., 202 Lancaster Excelsior Circus adv., 292

(illus.) Lane, William Carr, 238 Lang, Mrs. Howard, Sr., donor, 71 Langdon, Al, 303, 309 Langston, P. S,, 243 Langworthy, Irene, 179 Lankford, John, 178 Larkin, Lew, 328 Larson, Sidney, 325, 496 Lasswell, J. V., 332 Lathrop, John H., 214-220, 216 (illus.) Lathrop, John L., 57 Latta, Samuel M., 462 Lawrence County Historical Society, 65,

182, 332, 485 Lawrence, John, 330 Laws, Samuel Spahr, 225-230, 227

(illus.) Lawson, Mrs. Billie Tom, 66 Lawson, Mrs. Edwin A., obit., 508 Lay, Nora, 59 LeClere, Louis, 165 LeClere, Narcisse, 454 Lee, Fred L., 332, 488 Lee, Robert Edson, From West to

East: Studies in the Literature of the American West, book review, 205-206

Leeson, Mr. & Mrs. J. W., 67 Leffingwell, Hiram W., 99, 100 (illus.)

101, 106

524 Index

Lehmer, I. HM 333 Leimbrock, C. H. O., obit., 80 Leimkuehler, Ricka, donor, 340, 496 LeMire, Clarence Plato, 337 Lemmon, Mrs. Sidney, donor, 189 Leonard, Abigail, 134 Leonard, James M., 181 Lethworth, Dorsey, 334 Lewis & Clark, 205 Lewis County Historical Society, 65,

182, 332, 485 Leyba, Ferdinand de, 155 Lichtenstein, Mrs. Philip F., 337 Liggett, John F., 245 Lightfoot, B. B., 329, 482 Lillis, Thomas F., 374 Lincoln, Abraham, 431, 434, 440, 459 Lindbergh, Charles A., 57 Lindsay, Mrs. T. C , 329 Linn, Mr. & Mrs. Joe, 486 Linn, Mary Casteel, 333 Little, Henry, 138, 143 Littlefield, Lyman, 114, 129, 134 Litz, Arthur, 479 Livingston, Mrs. Deborah, 384 Loan Office Bank, 49 Local Historical Societies, 60-68; 174-

185; 326-335; 476-490 Locke, Jas. H., 252 Loeb, Isidor, 232 Loeber, G. H., 170 Loeber, Walter C , 170 Loen, John, 250 Logan, Sheridan A., 488 Long, R. A., 382 (illus.) Lorch, Fred W., 399, 401, 404 Lorenzo, Jack, 309 Lorie, Percy S., Jr., 66 Lorton, Byron, obit., 202 Lottes, John F., Sr., obit., 351 Loughead, G. R., 176 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 95, 96 Lowande, Oscar, 297 Lowe, Albert W., 57 Lowe, James, 183, 334, 487 Lowell, Arthur, 335 Lowry, Mrs. Frank, 486 Luck, Robert L., 332 Lunbeck, Herbert T., donor, 71 Luther, T . N., 208 Luthy, James, 257 Lykens, Whitey, 290 Lykins, Mattie Livingston, 179 Lynch, David, 125 Lynch, D. D., 257 Lynch, F., 250 Lynch, Tom, 243 Lynch, William, 244 Lyon, Nathaniel, 136, 149

Mc

McAlester, B., 89 McAnally, David Rice, 209 McCallister, Raymond, 65 McCanless, Adele Littrell, 179 McCann, Charles, 330 McCanse, Ralph Alan, 474 McClain, Bert, 312 McClain, Mabel, 332 McCleary, Glenn A., obit., 202 McCluer, Franc L., 484, 492 McCollister, Myron T., 66 McConnel, John W., 64 McConnell, Mac, 484 McCormack, Frank, 290 McCue, George, 325 McCue, Mary Patricia, 325 McCullock, Ben, 88, 137-148 McCullough, John, 257 McCune, John S., 464-468; 465 (illus.) McCurdy, Edith, 335 McCurdy, Frances, 175 McDonald County Historical Society,

182, 333, 485 McDonald, Johanna, 183 McElhiney, Mary Johnson, 90 McFarland, Mrs. Frank Carter, donor,

188 McGee, James, 116 McGinnis, Mike, donor, 341 McGlothlin, Mrs. Don, 485 McGrew, M. S., 288 McHolland, J. H., 19 Mcintosh, James, 139, 140, 141, 148 Mcintosh, Robert, 337 Mcintosh, Mrs. Robert, 330 McKinley, Andrew, 102 McLain, Bert, 290 McMullin, Mr. & Mrs. Sam, 180 McNeal, Theodore D., 186 McNeely, Lester R., obit., 80 Mc Williams, C. M., obit., 351

M

MacLeod, Mrs. Ellsworth, donor, 189 MacNeely, Mrs. Carlton O., 491 Macon County Historical Society, 65,

182, 485 Maddox, Mr. & Mrs. Wallace, 329 Maffitt, Julia, 103 Magill, Annie Russell, obit., 508 Magill, Arthur Clay, 186 Majors, Alexander, 125, 172 Makovsky, Mrs. Donald, 331 Mallory, Arthur L., 186 Malstrom, Ester, 483 Maness, Rose Green, obit., 351 Mankato, E. L. Christeson, donor, 188 Manley, Mrs., donor, 71

Index 525

Mann, Clair V., donor, 340 Mann, Robert H., obit., 202 Manning, George, 482 Manon, Calvin, 182 Manring, H. H., 482 March, David D., The History of Mis

souri, book review, 203-205 Margreiter, John, 60, 61 Marienfeld, Mrs. Carl, donor, 341 Marion County Historical Society, 66,

333, 485 Mark Twain: A Profile, edited by

Justin Kaplan, book note, 357-358 Markwardt, William C , 64 Marlows, St. Louis family, 243 Marquette, Father, 99, 451 Marsh, George Perkins, 277, 278, 281 Marsh, Mrs. George Perkins, 279 Marshall, Mrs. A. B., donor, 340 Martin, Darwin, 487 Martin, Edward J., obit., 351 Martin, George, 250 Martin, Gladys, 478 Martin, John L, 102, 105 (illus.) Martin, Sophie, 334 Marty, Myron A., 331 Marvel, Beverly, 478 Masin, Jack, 328 Massie, Mrs. Gerald, 178 Mathews, Mr. & Mrs. Harry B., Jr.,

164 Mathison, Bob, 184 Matthews, Mrs. Jack, 478; donor, 496 Mattson, J. Stanley, art., "Twain's Last

Months on the Mississippi," 398-409 Maury, Dabney H., 144 Max, Mrs. Ralph, 336 Maxwell, John, 419 Mayes, Walter Wilson, obit., 80 Mays, St. Louis family, 243 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 266, 267, 268 Meador, Lewis E., 492 Meadows, Mrs. Hugh, 184 Meier, Herbert C , 484 Mendelson, Wallace, 91 Men's Bible Class Movement of Kan

sas City, 385 Mercer County Historical Society, 183,

333, 486; donor, 497 "Merchants' Bridge, St. Louis," 360

(illus.) Merrier, M., 153 Mering, John Vollmer, The Whig

Party in Missouri, book review, 81-85 Merriam, Mrs. Bernard W., donor, 190 Merrifield, Douglas, 59, 67 Messing, Mrs. Roswell, Jr., 337 Metcalf, Joe, 309 Metz, Richard, 61 Meurin, Sebastian Louis, 155 Meyer, Carl S., 178

Meyer, Caroline 8c Charlotte, donors, 190

Meyer, Ellis, 178 Meyer, H. W., 420 Meyer, Nancy Frazer, 65, 332 Meyers, Marvin, 83 Meyr, Albert E., 170 Meyr, Vernon R., donor, 71, 170 Middleton, Mrs. Willard, 335 Mieswinkel, Fred G., donor, 71, 332 Milbanks, Mr. 8c Mrs. Eldon, 334 Miles, Kathleen White, 207 Millar, Leola, 334 Miller, Albert Daniel, obit., 202 Miller, Hamlin, 65 Miller, Jessie, 332 Miller, Joe H., 328 Miller, Lloyd D., 479, 480 Miller, Nyle H., 180, 181 Miller, Robert W., obit., 351 Miller, William L., donor, 190 Milster, Percy, 335 Miner, Mrs. S. R., 59 Mink, Charles R., donor, 190 Minor, Benjamin B., 223 Missouri Compromise, 15 Missouri General Assembly, 366, 372,

380, 391, 392, 393, 431, 447 Missouri Historical Society, 183, 333,

486 Missouri History in Magazines, 77-78;

197-199; 348-349; 504-506 Missouri History in Newspapers, 73-

76; 192-196; 343-347; 500-503 Missouri Museum Directory, edited by

Don Jerabek, book note, 207 "Missouri Paw Paw Militia," art., by

Howard V. Canan, 431-448 Missouri Retail Clothier Association,

427 Missouri "Show Me" Club, 183, 333,

486 Missouri State Federation of Labor,

369 Missouri State Legislature, 101, 103 Missouri State Militia, 432, 441 Missouri Supreme Court, 101, 103 Missouri University's Main Building,

1842-1892, 217 (illus.) "Missouri Women in History," verso

back cover Oct. issue, "Phoebe Apperson Hearst;" verso back cover Jan. issue, "Vinnie Ream;" verso back cover Apr. issue, "Sara Teas-dale;" verso back cover July issue, "Rose O'Neill"

"Missouri's National Historic Landmarks," Part II, Ste. Genevieve, by Dorothy J. Caldwell, art., 152-165, 152 (illus.)

Mitchell, Charles, 290

526 Index

Mitchell, Mary Prewitt, 64 Mitchell, Sadie E., 311 Moberly, O. H., obit., 80 Mock, James E., 66 Moentmann, Fred, 328 Moffett, Semuel, 398, 403 Moniteau County Historical Society,

66, 333, 486 Monnett, Howard N., 68, 335, 479 Monroe, James, 48, 49 Monroe, Joseph J., 49 Monroe, Mark, 290 Montague, Samuel A., 184 Montgomery, Mr. & Mrs. Bruce, 486 Moon, Parker, 329 Moore, Arlene Webb, 482 Moore, Mrs. D., 481 Moore, Dorothy O., 330 Moore, H. Miles, 19 Moore, John, 47 (illus.) ; 48 Moreland, Mrs. Clyde, 176 Moreland, Fern, 478 Morgan County Historical Society, 66,

183, 334, 486 Morgan, Helen, 487 Morgan, John, 88 Morgan, Maysia J., 176 Morris, Hobart, 175 Morris, Mrs. Walter E., 337 Morrison, Mrs. Adrian, 482 Morton, David, 67 Moss, James H., 433, 435, 436, 438 Mueller, George H., obit., 351 Muench, Cora E., obit., 351 Mugivan, Jerry, 295, 306 Muhkeman, E. D., 332 Murphy, Eugene P., S.J., 335 Murphy, Patrick, 257 Murphy, Paul V., 487 Musgat, W. R., 290 Myers, William C , Jr., 57

N

Nagel, Elsa, donor, 497 National Retail Liquor Dealers Assoc,

367, 384 National Wholesale Liquor Dealers

Assoc, 367 Native Sons of Kansas City, 66, 183,

486 Nebraska, 406, 407 Negro Slavery; No Evil; or the North

and the South, by Benjamin F. Stringfellow, 21

Neihardt, John G., 492 Neill, Robert, 57 Nelson, Mrs. Axel S., obit., 508 Nelson, Edith, 60 Nelson, Mrs. W. E., 334

"New View of the Battle of Pea Ridge," by Albert Castel, 136 (illus.), art., 136-151, 140 (illus.), 143 (illus.) , 146 (illus.)

Newman, Ralph, 61 News in Brief, 56-59; 168-173; 324-325;

474-475 Newton, William, Jr., 305 Nicely, Helen, 185 Nicholson, Terry, 61 Nickerson, Truman, 337 Niedner, D. Frederic, 488 Noble, George, 337 Nodaway County Historical Society,

183, 334, 486 Nohl, Fred, 178 Noonans, St. Louis family, 243 Norbury, Alfred, obit., 202 Norman, Francis M., 393 Null, George M., obit., 80 Null, Kim, 483

O

Oakley, Annie, 298 O'Fallon, John, 246 (illus.) Ogden, George, 478 Ogg, Mrs. Clarence, 184 Ogle, Julia, 179, 481 O'Gorman, James F., donor, 341 Ohlhausen, Mrs. M. M., 185 "Old Chariton," by Harold N. Calvert,

45-50, (map) Old Trails Historical Society, 184, 334 Old Ste. Genevieve Scene, front cover,

winter issue (illus.) O'Leary, Mrs. James L., 176 Oliver, Mrs. Roger B., 182 O'Loughlin, Ivan, obit., 80 Olson, Edna McElhiney, compiled by,

Historical Saint Charles, Missouri, book note, 90

O'Neil, William James, obit., 202 O'Neill, Rose, 171, 474; back cover

July issue (illus.) O'Neill, Thomas, 102 Ornduff, Donald R., 332 Oro, Sylvio Francesco Cartabono de,

155 O'Rourke, Tim, donor, 71, 341 Orr, A. H., donor, 71, 174, 175, 489 Orton, R. Z., 301 Ortuno, Manual, 62 Osterhaus, Peter J., 139, 142, 144 Otten, Mrs. M. S., 334 Otten, Roy E., 66

Out of the Attic, compiled by members of the Phelps County Historical Society, book note, 208

Index 527

Out of the Past, by Julia West Parker, book note, 358

Owen, Ada Campbell, 179 Owens, St. Louis family, 243 Owens, Samuel C , 121

Pace, John L., obit., 80 Padberg, John W., 63 Padgett, Vincel, donor, 497 Page, Daniel O., 240 Paine, Albert Bigelow, 400, 401, 404,

406 Papin, family, 99 Papin, Lewis Bernard, obit., 202 Parcell, Mrs. Claude, 485 Park, Mr. 8c Mrs. Lee I., donors, 71 Parke, Lucille, 483 Parker, Julia West, Out of the Past,

book note, 358 Parker, Rev. Virgil, 481 Parks, George S., 436 Parrish, Betsy, 133 Parrish, Lorena, obit., 508 Parrish, William E., 182 Partridge, Edward, 126 Parvin, R. J., 290 Pate, Sharon J., obit., 202 Patterson, Don, 335 Patton, Leonard, 66 Paul, Estelle, G., obit., 508 Peck, John Mason, 45 Pendergast, Thomas J., 204 Pendergraft, Vivian, 484 Penn, Dorothy, obit., 508 Pennock, Gretchen, 180 Perotti, R. F., 208 Perotti, Viola Anderson, 208 Perry, A. O., 293, 307 Perry, Milton F., 64, 487 Pershing, John J., 170, 486 Pershing's Mission in Mexico, by

Haldeen Braddy, book note, 357 Perz, Neal, 478 Petigru, James Louis, 329 Petrowski, William R., 331 Petty, Evelyn, 178 Peyroux, Commandant, 163 Pfening, Fred, III, art. on "William P.

Hall," 286-313 Pharis, Donald, 61 Phelps County Historical Society, 208,

334 Phelps, William Wine, 116 Phifer, Lyndon B., donor, 341 Phillips, Grace D., donor, 190 Phillips, U. B., 82 Phillips, Udolpha Dorman, 330 Phillips, V. E., obit., 351

Philpott, Charles H., donor, 190 Phoebe Apperson Hearst Memorial

Association, 180, 482 "Pictorial Collections Preserve History

of Local Community," 476-478 Pieper, Franz, 61 Pierce, Franklin, 23 Piernas, Don Pedro, 155, 162, 324 Piggott, Joseph, 173 Pike, Albert, 137, 139, 142, 145 Pike County Historical Society, 66, 334,

487 Pilcher, Maj. Joshua, 453 Pitcher, Thomas, 117 Pittenger, Pauline, donor, 341 Pittman, Clay, 481 Pittman, Philip, 155, 161 Plank, Ben, 485 Plank, Pearl, 182 Platte County Historical Society, 184,

487 Platte Purchase, 49 Platz, Mrs. Howard, 65 Poague, Haysler Allen, "Post-Civil

War Era," book note, 207 Pohlman, Mrs. George, donor, 341 Poindexter, Francis, obit., 508 Pollard, D. R., donor, 497 Pollock, Elizabeth, 182 Pollock, Samuel, 335 Pony Express, 452 Pony Express Historical Association,

67, 184, 487 Pony Express History 8c Art Gallery,

donor, 497 Pope, Charles, 177 Popplewell, Frank, 488 Poulin, Louis, 153 Powell, Earl, obit., 508 Powell, Ray, 61 Power, Sarah, obit., 508 Powers, Gladys, 185 Prange, Louis H., obit., 508 Pratt, Parley, 108, 113 (illus.), 118,

119 Pratte, Bernard, 239, 240 Preemption House, Lawrence, Kansas,

1854, 27 (illus.) Preston, S. J., 188 Prewitt, L. D., donor, 497 Price, A. M., donor, 71 Price, Jimmy, 481 Price, Sterling, 39, 88, 137-150, 143

(illus.) ; 436, 442, 447 "Pro-Booze or Pro-hibition," artist

sketch, 378, 379 Proebstle, Joseph, 369 "Prohibition Comes to Missouri, 1910-

1919," art., by G. K. Renner, 363-397 "Prohibition Parade," artist sketch,

370

528 Index

Propst, Mrs. C. M., 337 Pruitt, family of Col., 486 "Public Quarrels and Private Plans:

The President, the Veterans, and the Mayor of St. Louis," by C. Joseph Pusateri, 1-13

Pulley, E. P., obit., 80 Pusateri, C. Joseph, "Public Quarrels

and Private Plans: The President, The Veterans, and The Mayor of St. Louis," 1-13

Putman, Clarence, 486 Putnam County Historical Society, 184 Pyle, Homer, 62, donor, 72, 330, 497 Pyle, Mrs. Homer, 482

Quinlan, Mrs. Albert F., 337

R

Racine, Mrs. Frank W., obit., 508 Ragsdale, Mr. 8c Mrs. E. E., 169 Ragsdale, Retta, 169 Rains, James R., 143 Rainsbury, Nelson J., obit., 508 Randall, John Deacon, donor, 190 Rathgeber, Ron, 61 Ratliff, Evalyn, 485 Ray County Historical Society, 184, 488 Ray, Thomas, 465 Raytown Historical Society, 67, 184,

488 Read, Daniel, 223, 225 "Rebels Burning House of Unionists,"

439 (illus.) Redford, Martha, obit., 508 Reed, Henry W., 463 Reed, Thelma, 329 Reeder, Andrew H., 22 (illus.) , 27 Rees, Amos, 115 Reese, Mrs. E., donor, 72 Rehme, Virginia A., 60 Reign of the Rabble: The St. Louis

General Strike of 1877, by David T. Burbank, book note, 87

Reis, David F., obit., 202 Reiter, Ebert, 332 Renner, G. K., art., "Prohibition

Comes to Missouri," 363-397 Repp, Arthur C , 178 Reps, Louis W., 180 Revolutionary Soldiers Buried in Mis

souri, compiled by Mrs. Hale Houts, book note, 92

Reynolds, Sterling Price, obit., 350 Reynolds, Thomas, 35 (illus.) Reynolds, Thomas C , 104, 105

Reynolds, W. T., 436 Rhodes, James Ford, 91 Rhodes, Neva, 334 Rice, W. R., 290 Richardson, Paul, 271 Richmond, Robert, 64, 65 Rieckus, Helen, 60 Rigdon, Sidney, 109, 111 "Ringling Bros and Barnum and

Bailey Circus," from 1945 advertising poster, front cover, Spring issue (illus.)

Riseling, Levi, 181 Ritchie, Everett J., 64 River Boat, 398 (illus.) Roach, Paul Gerhardt, 176 Roach, Ruth Hunter, St. Louis Silver

smiths, book note, 91 Roberts, Steve N., "Developments of

the Pottery Industry of Missouri, 1800-1950," book note, 207

Robertson, Mrs. Bruce, 173 Robidoux, Joseph, 453 Robinson, James F., 60 Robinson, Mr. & Mrs. James Henry,

315-320, 318 (illus.) Robinson, Spencer, 332 Robnett, Katherine, 485 Rocheblave, Philip Francois Rastel de,

155 Rollins, George, 297, 300 Rosati, Joseph, 160 Rosecrans, Maj. Gen. William S., 436,

437, 438 (illus.), 440, 443 Ross, Francis, 487 Ross, Leone, F., obit., 508 Rosser, Marie McCall, obit., 508 Rott, Randy, donor, 497 Round Table Club, 429 Rowell, Miriam A., donor, 341 Rowen, Clyde, 335 Roy, J. B„ 453 Royal, Rhoda, 301, 305 Rozier, Carlisle E., obit., 508 Rozier, Ferdinand, 164 Rozier, Firmin A., 165 Rozier, Mrs. George A., 178 Rozier, Mrs. Henry Louis, Jr., obit., 79 Rozier, Leo J., 168 Rubenstein, Ruth, 178 Rucker, Jessie, 334 Ruffin, Edmund, 329 Russell, Mrs. George, 478 Russell, William H., 172 Ryland, John F., 120

Saalberg, Harvey, donor, 72

Index 529

St. Charles County Historical Society, 67, 335, 488

St. John's United Church of Christ, donor, 498

St. Joseph Historical Society, 488 "St. Louis Levee," 405 (illus.) St. Louis Pioneer Chapter, National

Society of United States Daughters of 1812, donor, 498

St. Louis Public Library, donor, 190 St. Louis Silversmiths, Ruth Hunter

Roach, book note, 91 "St. Louis Volunteer Fire Department

1820-1850; a Study in the Volunteer Age," art., by A. B. Lampe, 235-259, 235 (illus.)

St. Louis Westerners, 185, 335, 488 Saline County Historical Society, 174,

175, 488 Salisbury, Lucius, 58 Sanders, Charles E., Jr., 175 Sanders, Ted, 61 Sanders, Mrs. T. J., donor, 72 Sandman, Mrs. Jack C , obit., 202 Sandweiss, Jerome W., 181 Sasse, Arno R., obit., 508 Sautelle, Sig, 297, 300 Scarritt, Nathan, 209 Schechter, Mrs. Samuel, 331 Scheperle, Hope, 169 Schermerhorn, Ed, 181 Scherr, Ruth D., donor, 497 Schifferdecker, Charles, 181 Schiller, Bros. Robert & Richard, 288 Schnedler, Kurt, 67 Schneider, Aleene, 331 Schoenberger, Edward T., donor, 497 Schoenlein, Johann Lukas, 266 Schofield, G. P., donor, 341 Schofield, Brig. Gen. John M., 432, 434,

435 (illus.) Schroeder, Richard, 66 Schroeder, Walter A., donor, 72 Schultz, Christian, 162 Schurz, Carl, 411 Schwada, John W., 171, 492 Schweer, Mrs. Theodore, 480 Scott, David, 172 Scott, Everett O., donor, 190 Scott, George, 250 Scott, Herbert H., 61 Scott, John, 165 Scott, Lucile, 61, 480, 481 Scott, Mrs. Wendell G., 337 Scripps, John, 173 Scruton, George H., 168 Seat, Mr. & Mrs. Emmet, 62 Seat, Jay, 180 Sechler, Mrs. Earl T., donor, 497 Second Bank of the United States, 30 Seifert, Robert, 176

Selby, P. O., donor, 497 Selders, Eugene L., 180 Sellers, Charles, 82 Sellers, Paul, 182 Semple, James, 49 Settle, Raymond W., obit., 351 Setzer, Glenn M., 488 Sewards, Laurel River, 487 Sexton, Henry Clay, 255 Shalhope, Robert E., book review by,

81-85 Shane, Fred, "Grocery Store," 470

(illus.), 471 Shannon, James, 219-223, 222 (illus.) Shaver, Virginia, 333 Shaw, Henry, 453, 454 (illus.) Shaw, Joel, 474 Shaw, Col. John A., obit., 508 Shawhan, Mrs. James B., donor, 497 Shelby County Historical Society, 67,

185, 489 Shelby, Gen. Joseph O., 442, 444 Shelby, Kathryne, 337 Shelby, Mrs. V. L., 337 Shelby, Vesper L., 336 Sheldon, Mrs. Stephen, 328 Sheley, Eleanor, 335 Shelley, O. C , obit., 508 Shelton, A. B., 184 Sherman, William T., 466 Shields, Mr. & Mrs. William, donors,

190 Shifflett, Lee, 58 Shippee, J. Mett, 178 Shirley, Mrs. Virgil, 184 Shockley, J. M., donor, 498 Shoemaker, Floyd, 214, 232, 233 Shoemaker, Mrs. Jack, 176 Shupp, W. C , 393 Sibley, Mary Easton, 171 Siegel, Mrs. Leonard, 183 Sievers, Rebecca M., donor, 190 Sigel, Franz, 139, 140 Simcox, F. L., obit., 508 Simon, John Y., 177 Simrall, H. R., 178 Sims, J. B., 485 Sims, Mrs. Lee, 489 Sire, Joseph A., 455 Sites, John P., 179 Sixty-fifth Congress, 392 Skeens, James, 175 Skeens, Ruth, 327 Skelly, James William, obit., 202 Skelton, S. W., 478 Skinker, Thomas, 102, 103 Slack, W. Y., 138, 143 Slaughter, Carl, 330 Sloan, Robert T., 183 Slusher, Harold, 484 Sly, Mrs. William, 478

530 Index

Smallwood, Alice, 334 Smiley, Mrs. William L., 337 Smiser, Mrs. A. Lee, donor, 190 Smith, E. W., 328 Smith, Frank, 293 Smith, Guy, donor, 498 Smith, Harry L., 178 Smith, Henry Nash, 206 Smith, Hyrum, 110, 113 (illus.), 114

134 Smith, Joseph, 107, 108, 131 (illus.),

134 Smith, Ora, 482 Smith, Mrs. Orie, 330 Smith, Peggy, 185, 335 Smith, Ruby, 330 Smith, T. Berry, 209 Smith, WTaddell, 67 Smith, William E., donor, 341, 498 Smithville Historical Society, 68, 185,

335, donor, 341, 489 Smutz, Harold T., 335, 488 Snell, Joseph W., 65 Snell, Robert J., donor, 341 Snider, Felix E., donor, 191, 498 Snip, Mrs. Cornelius, obit., 351 Snipes, Leroy Francis, 337 Snow, L. J., donor, 191 Sonnenschein, Vida, obit., 202 Southern Platte County, Yesteryears,

Today and Tomorrow, by Mary B. Aker, book note, 356

Sovereign, 406 Sowers, Edward Walter, donor, 342 Spann, Mrs. William, obit., 351 Sparks, Charlie, 296 Speer, Thomas E., 491 Spehar, Warren E., "The Walter Scott:

A Steamboat Ahead of its Day," art., 51-52

Speyer, Albert, 273 Spiegel, Dorothy Helen, 184 Spilker, Ronald, 185 Spreen, J. Orville, 488 Spurlock, Ella, 485 Stafford, Belva, 481 Stafford, Clifton, 481 Stamper, Ed, 328 Stapel, Mrs. John, donor, 191 Stapleton, Jack, Jr., 168 Stark, Art, 302 Stark, James, 474 Stark, William, 474 (illus.) Starnes, Mr. 8c Mrs. Lee, 67, 487, 493 Starr, Frederick, 19 (illus.) "State Council on the Arts Exhibit,"

321 State of Missouri, Official Manual,

1967-1968, edited by Thelma P. Goodwin, book note, 355

"State University, Columbia, Missouri," 226 (illus.)

"Steamboats Burning in the Great Fire of 1849," 257 (illus.)

Stearns, Dan, donor, 191 Steinkamp, Frances, obit., 508 Stephens, Earl, 330 Stephens, Frank, 209, 214, 219, 220,

225, 229 Stephens, George, 250 Stephens, Louisa, 331 Sterett, Mrs. William C , 335 Sterling, Thomas, 153 Stevens, Beverly Cordell, obit., 508 Stewart, James, 243 Stiegemeier, Reinhart, 90 Stimson, Dave, 65 Stockton, Robert, 170 Stokes, Robert, 474 Stones, Ross E., donor, 342 Story of Jefferson Barracks National

Cemetery, Tony Fusco, book note, 91 Story of Old Ste. Genevieve, by

Gregory M. Franzwa, book note, 207 Straus, Oscar, 411 Stretch, George, 309 Strieker, Jim, donor, 498 Stringfellow, Benjamin F., 14 (illus.) Stringfellow, John, 21 Stroud, Elizabeth, 328 Stuart, James, obit., 202 Stubbs, Roy, 483 Stuber, Mrs. Earl, 487 Stutenroth, Carl, obit., 508 Sublette, Andrew, 49 Sublette, Milton, 49 Suelflow, August, 170, 492 Suffolk Bank of Boston, 36 Sullivan, John L., donor, 72, 191, 342,

498 Sullivan, William Victor, obit., 80 Sully, Alfred, 463 "Summer Rendezvous," 270 (illus.) Summers, Basil, 336 Sunday, Billy, 385 Supreme Court of United States, 104 Sursa, Mrs. Henri, obit., 202 Sutherland, Duchess of, 324

Taggart, Mrs. Ross, 178, 332 Talbot, William L., donor, 498 Tarbet, William, 185 Targee, Thomas B., 250, 251 (illus.) Tattle-Tales: This Is The Way It

Was, compiled by Kathleen White Miles and Kathleen Kelly White, book note, 207

Tatus, Stewart E., 64 Tau, Andy, donor, 498

Index 531

Taylor, Elizabeth, 478 Taylor, Fletcher, 444 Taylor, Frank, 308 Taylor, Irene, donor, 498 Taylor, R. B., 180 Taylor, Woodford C , 66 Taylor, Zachary, 278 Teasdale, Sara, verso back cover April

issue (illus.) Teegarden, Earle E., 180 Templeman, Robert, 337 Tenth Amendment Club of St. Jo

seph, 384 Terry, Timothy A., 491 "Testing a New Engine," 239 (illus.) Thayer, Eli, 15 Thayer, Ezra, 132 Thilman, Louis D., 298 Thomas, Mrs. Henry K., donor, 191 Thomas, Martin, 240 Thomason, Robert, 178 Thompson, A. Paul, 64 Thompson, Cecile, 335 Thompson, Macklot, 243 Thomson, A. Cal, donor, 191 Thomson, Esther, obit., 351 Thornton, John, 119 Thornton, John C. Calhoun, 435, 442-

447 Thorp, Joseph, 122 Thrailkill, John, 444, 446 Tipton, Dillon, 483 Titus, Sterrett S., 66, 486 Todd, David, 47 Todd, George, 444 Todd, James, 168 Todd, Robert B., 218 Todd, Robert L., 218 Tofflemire, William F., donor, 191 Tolland's Lessee vs. Hagan, 104 Torrance, Richard M., 63, 331 Townsend, John K., 117 Trades Union Liberty League, 369 "Transportation," "Trial Balloons," 93-

94; "Ferrying Across the Rivers," 211-212; "Spanning the Rivers," 360-361; "Horse and Buggy Days," 535-537

"Trapping Rebel Guerrillas," 445 (illus.)

Traw, Zilpha, 176 Trudeau, Zenon, 156, 450 Truman, Harry S, 170, 325 Truman, Mrs. Harry S, 493 "The Truman Period as a Research

Field," edited by Richard S. Kirkendall, book note, 354-355

Tucker, Frank C , 209 Tucker, O. H., 180 Tucker, Raymond R., 186 Tucker, William C , 168

Tuesday Club, donor, 498 Turner, Ruth, 332 Turnham, Joel T., 122 Tuttle, James M., 5 Twain, Mark, 170, 204, 205 "Twain's Last Months on the Missis

sippi," art., by J. Stanley Mattson, 398-409, 408 (illus.)

Tyson, Edwin, 175

U

Union Army Veterans Organization, 1 United States Bank, 33, 40 United States Brewers' Association, 367,

368 University of Missouri Library, donor,

342 Upton, Lucile Morris, 62, 186

Valle, Felix, 160, 165 Valle, Francois, I, 155 Valle, Francois, II, 156 Valle, J. B., 164 Valle, Jean Baptiste, 156 Valle, Odile Pratte, 160, 165 Van Buren, Martin, 36 Van Deusen, Glyndon, 83 Van Dorn, Earl, 87, 137-150, 149

(illus.) Van Dorn: The Life and Times of a

Confederate General, by Robert J. H. Hartje, book note, 87

Vawter, O. E., obit., 508 Vernon County Historical Society, 185,

335 Vest, George G., 64 Vickery, Margaret, 329 Vickrey, Matt, 483 Victor, A., 420 "Views From the Past," "Missouri Rec

reation," 54-55 (illus.) ; "Missouri Recreation," 166-167 (illus.) ; "Missouri Industries," 322-323 (illus.) ; "Ladies' Fashions of the Gay '90s," 472-473 (illus.)

Vogler, Anna, 478 Volkmer, Harold L., 485 Voile, Herbert S., obit., 202 Vollrath, Bess Chouteau, 62 Von Humboldt, Alexander, 277, 280,

283

W

Waddell, William B., 172 Waggoner, Mrs. Hugh H., 178

532 Index

Waldo, Ray, 488 Waldron, John J., 487 Walker, Joseph, 437 Walker, Lena Woods, 333 Walker, Mr. 8c Mrs. R. V., 184 Walker, Wayne, 182 Wall, Nick, 461 Walrod, Mary, 329 Walsh, Edward, 243 Walsh, John, 243 "Walter Scott: A Steamboat Ahead of

its Day," art., by Warren E. Spehar, 51-52 (illus.)

Walther, C. F. W., 61 Wampler, Dee, 329 Ward, Anthony, 338 Warrell, Atherton, 90 Warren, D. F., 393 Warten, Mrs. Henry, 484 Washington, Booker T., 86 Wasson, Mrs. Paul, donor, 191 Waters, Georgia L., obit., 508 Watrin, Francois Philibert, 156 Watson, Mrs. Raymond, 184 Watson, Thomas M., 332 Watters, T. Ballard, 168 Wax, Bernard, 181 Wayman, Edna, obit., 508 Weaver, H. Dwight, 176, 328 Weaver, John C , 168; "Footsteps in

the Corridors Behind Us," art., 213-234, 213 (illus.)

Weaver, Rosie, 176 Webb-Kenyon Act, 377 Webb, Opal R., obit., 351 Webster, Annie Moffett, 405, 406 Webster, J. G., obit., 80 Weeks, Mrs. Roger, 484 Weiss, Francis Xavier, 160 "Welcoming the President to St.

Louis," 9 (illus.) Welling, John, obit., 508 Welsh, Elvin, 309 Wenrich, D. K., 484 Wescott, Norma, 485 Wesner, Mrs. Charles T., 63, 331 West, C. O., 182 Westerhold, E. Lorene, donor, 188 Westfall, Ruth Rollins, donor, 72 Weston Historical Museum, 185 Westport Historical Society, 68, 185,

335, 489 Wheeler, Joseph, 88 Whig Party in Missouri, by John

Vollmer Mering, book review, 81-85 Whitaker, Roma," 184 White, Mrs. Herbert H., 63, 331 White, Kathleen Kelly, 207 White, Mrs. Orlyn, 183 White, Robert M., donor, 342, 493;

donor, 498

Whitefield, John, 28 Whitmer, John, 115, 117, 129 Whittington, Aletha, 482 Wiedemann, Thomas F., 295, 300, 301 Wight, Lyman, 108, 114, 134 Wilcox, Eber, 133 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 171 Wilder, William, 335 Wiles, Richard, 487 Wilke, Mrs. Arthur, 67 Wilkerson, Catherine, 61 Willard, Frances, 392 "William P. Hall," art., by Fred Pfen

ing III, 286-313 Williams, I. Stanley, donor, 191 Williams, James A., obit., 202 Williams, Walter, 429 Williamson, Hugh P., 65; The King

dom of Callaway, book note, 356; 484

Williamson, Mrs. Hugh P., 65 Wills, John, 182 Wilson, Charles C , 288 Wilson, Milbourne O., donor, 191 Wilson, Ola B., 185 Wilson, Perry, 334 Wilson, Richard, 327 Wilson, Mrs. Woodrow, 380 Winfrey, Julia, 332 Wingo, Reba, 481 Winkler, John A., 168 Winston, Col., 442 Wisdom, Bill, 66 Wiseman, Mrs. Henry, obit., 80 Wislizenus, Friedrich Adolph, 260

(illus.) , 261-285 Withers, Conn, 178 Wobus, Paul, 184 Wodehouse, Lawrence, 325 Wolbrecht, Walter F., 178 Wolf, Delilah Ann, 183 Wolfe, Byron B., 332, 488 Woman's Christian Temperance Un

ion, 373, 380, 381, 382, 391, 392, 394 Wood, Dean Earl, obit., 80 Wood, Eugene L., donor, 342 Woodcock, Mrs. W. H. (Babe) , 302,

310 Woodcock, William, 309 Woodruff, Wilford, 135 Woods, Mrs. Farris, 175 Woods, Marie, donor, 499 Woodside, Mae, 179 Woolfolk, Mrs., 458 Workingman's Liberty League of St.

Louis, 370, 382 World's Fair 1904, 97 Wright County Historical Society, 335,

489 Wright, Donald T., 333 Wright, Glenda, 176

Index 533

Wyatt, Kitty, 64 Wymore, Jack, 64, 72, donor; 329 Wyneken, F. C. D., 61

Young, Mrs. E. B., obit., 80 Young, G. C , 62 Young, Mrs. Grover, donor, 191

Yancy, Mrs. Russel, 67 Yarnell, Mrs. Gerald, 66 Yarnell, Ilene Sims, donor, 191, 342 Yates, Marian L., obit., 351 Yates, Marion Templeman, 63 Yates, Virgil Templeman, 63 Yeager, Richard, 444 Yocum, Mrs. Warren W., donor, 191 Young, Brigham, 133, 135

Z

Zelleken, Edward, 181 Zimmermann, E. L., obit., 80 Zink, Wilbur, 60; donor, 499 Zion's Army Route, map by Gayle

Jennings, 126-127 Zogbaum, Mrs. Rufus F., donor, 191 Zuerl, Donald, obit., 507 Zumwalt, Jax, donor, 499

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MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

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534

» ****

TRANSPORTATION

HORSE AND BUGGY DAYS

Overland travel in Missouri from the middle of the 19th century to the early 20th century has been colorfully referred to as the "horse and buggy era." Some settlers, in the earlier period, traveled in crude two-wheeled carts and a few St. Louisans imported barouches from England, but roads were so few and poor that demands for light carriages were small.

A majority of Missouri roads were still dirt roads in the 1840s but they had begun to improve sufficiently for carriage travel. Many plank road companies were chartered in the 1850s and some wooden highways constructed, but the timber warped and decayed, proving their impracticality. Gravel and macadam roads met with greater success. They could withstand temperature changes and heavy traffic, and rocks from creek beds provided a cheap source for their repair.

Building of the railroad across the country forecast the end of the heavy conestoga wagon's long distance trek, and manufacturers turned their attention to lighter vehicles. As demands for carriages increased builders established agents for wider distribution and sales. Prospective buyers could examine brand new wagon models or used ones left for trade. H. C. Stude-baker Company of South Bend, Indiana, opened its first branch house in 1870 in St. Joseph.

Realizing the importance of advertising, all large wagon companies sent out booklets, handbills, posters, purchased ads in local newspapers or issued catalogues describing their products. Salesmen regularly attended state fairs, farm shows and Grange meetings where they collected trophies and blue ribbons for the best equipment. Companies encouraged public weight-

535


carrying contests with rival firms. Studebaker gave a wagon to the University of Missouri agriculture school, Columbia, in 1871, for greater publicity.

Missouri town squares in the late 1800s teemed with horses and wagons of various kinds. Horses were tied at hitching rails located along the streets, but sometimes on Saturdays, when business was at its peak, it was difficult to find a vacant spot. For errands and travel, townspeople owned a horse and carriage which they kept in a stable behind the house. Almost all relatively prosperous farmers owned a buggy. When it was not necessary to bring back a big load of supplies from town, they drove this light one-seated, four-wheeled covered carriage.

The whole family, on their way to church, a program at the schoolhouse or a picnic in the park, could bob along the country roads in a four-wheeled, two-seated surrey covered with a fringed roof. Several people could also travel in the light four-wheeled phaeton, a vehicle similar to the surrey except that the body frame was higher under the seats than elsewhere. In the wintertime the sleigh whisked the family over the snow as they sat snugly in heavy lap robes, their feet warmed by hot flat irons wrapped in blankets.

An expensive new carriage and best quality horseflesh was a status symbol in the horse and buggy days. A driver in an open front seat often chauf-fered prominent merchants or country squires in a light enclosed one- or two-seated brougham. In an expensive four-wheeled covered rockaway, the driver sat on a level with his passengers and the roof extended over him for protection in bad weather. The aristocratic victoria, an underslung, four-wheeled, folded-top vehicle, with a low seat over the rear axle and a raised front seat for the driver, presented a sleek appearance as it swept gracefully down the boulevards.

Large cities were crowded with delivery wagons of various kinds. Gooseneck drays, pulled by six-horse teams transported heavy items of furniture and machinery to and from factories, railroad stations and stores. Built close to the ground for easy loading, drays were designed with an arch at the front which allowed the wheels to turn sharply for easy maneuverability. Omnibuses transported numerous passengers from trains and river steamers to uptown hotels. Two passengers could ride in a covered one-horse hansom cab operated by a driver who sat in a dickey at the rear and communicated with them through a trap door in the roof. When a fire broke out horse-drawn engines and hook and ladder wagons raced through the streets behind the fastest horses. Occasionally high-stepping black horses pulled a shiny black hearse at the head of a funeral procession.

Rural roads accommodated farm wagons and brightly painted drummer wagons which hauled merchandise and sales samples to storekeepers in smaller towns. In a wagon the medicine man came to town to sell bottles of tonic and entertain spectators with tricks, jokes, dancing and music. Rural postal employees delivered the mail in a single-door, boxlike wagon which could be closed quickly for inclement weather.

The horse and buggy era promoted a flourishing industry for all items related to horse-power travel and provided occupations for wheelwrights, drivers, horse dealers, blacksmiths and livery stable keepers. At livery stables horses and carriages were rented by the hour, day or week, and travelers, on

Horse and Ruggy Days 537

a visit to town, could put up their vehicles and have the horses cared for, for a few cents a day. The livery was the center of horse talk and horse trading.

The coming of the automobile and motor truck in the early 1900s was a severe blow to the horse and buggy era in Missouri. Wagon and carriage sales dropped sharply. The livery stable and blacksmith establishments were replaced by the service station, garage and auto mechanic. All that remains of the bygone era are nostalgic memories and numerous antique relics, some used today for museum attractions.

He Was "Defenseless"

Memphis Conservative, August 15, 1872. One of the young men belonging to a choir here had his hair cut by a

generous barber, Saturday. Sunday he sang for a solo: "Cover my defenseless head," and blushed like a lobster while doing it.

Object to Fences Green City Press, February 8, 1907.

Wire fences have been built about the works of the Drury college campus to keep the students off the grass. A student emancipator exhorts his fellows to be "not like dumb driven cattle hedged in by wire fences. What can the students do but stampede and then they would be roped up and branded by the disciplinary committee."

Two Good Reasons

Canton Missouri Plebeian, September 15, 1848. A school master, who had an inveterate habit of talking to himself when

alone, was asked what motive he could have in talking to himself. Jonathan replied that he had two good and substantial reasons; in the first place, he liked to talk to a sensible man; and in the next place he liked to hear a man of sense talk.

A Dire Threat

Cedar City Chronicle, August 16, 1900. An anti-chicken thief society has been organized at Clarence, Shelby county,

and the next offender caught will be harshly treated. Three methods of punishment are under discussion—hanging, a coat of tar and feathers and the whipping post.

MISSOURI

HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY

OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

DOROTHY CALDWELL ASSOCIATE EDITOR

JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

VOLUME LXII

OCTOBER, 1967

JULY, 1968

CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME LXII

BALTIMORE, LESTER B., Ph.D. candidate in History, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

BOWDERN, THOMAS S., S.J., professor of Education, Rockhurst College, Kansas City, Missouri.

CALDWELL, DOROTHY J., Associate editor, MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia,

Missouri.

CALVERT, HAROLD N., Carrollton, Missouri.

CANAN, HOWARD V., retired Colonel, U.S.A., Alexandria, Virginia.

CASTEL, ALBERT, professor of History, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan.

GLEICK, HARRY S., lawyer, St. Louis, Missouri.

HALE, DOUGLAS D., JR., associate professor of History, Oklahoma State Univer sity, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

JENNINGS, WARREN A., associate professor of History, Southwest Missouri State College, Springfield, Missouri.

KANTOR, HARVEY A., Ph.D. candidate in History, New York University, New York, New York.

KEARNS, KEVIN C , associate professor of Geography, Colorado State College, Greeley, Colorado.

KEMPER, MARY LEE, St. Joseph, Missouri.

LAMPE, A. B., chairman of the department of History, Forest Park Community College, St. Louis, Missouri.

MATTSON, J. STANLEY, Ph.D. candidate in History, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

PFENING, FRED, III, student, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio.

PUSATERI, C. JOSEPH, assistant professor of History, John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio.

RENNER, G. K., member of the faculty at Missouri Southern College, Joplin, Missouri.

SPEHAR, WARREN E., Ph.D. candidate in English, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

WEAVER, JOHN C , president, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri.

CONTENTS VOLUME LXII

Page ACQUSITION O F ST . L O U I S ' FOREST P A R K .

By Kevin C. Kearns 95

A R M Y OF ISRAEL MARCHES I N T O MISSOURI.

By Warren A. Jennings 107

BANKING IN EARLY MISSOURI, P A R T I I .

By Harry S. Gleick 30

B A R T H F A M I L Y : A CASE STUDY OF P I O N E E R IMMIGRANT MERCHANTS.

By Harvey A. Kantor 410

B E N J A M I N F. STRINGFELLOW: T H E F I G H T FOR SLAVERY ON THE MISSOURI BORDER.

By Lester B. Baltimore 14

CIVIL W A R REMINISCENCES AT DANVILLE F E M A L E A C A D E M Y .

By Mary Lee Kemper 314

FOOTSTEPS IN T H E CORRIDORS B E H I N D U S .

By John C. Weaver 213

FRIEDRICH A D O L P H WISLIZENUS.

By Douglas D. Hale, Jr 260

J O S E P H L A B A R G E STEAMBOAT C A P T A I N .

By T . S. Bowdern, S.J 449

MISSOURI P A W P A W M I L I T I A OF 1863-1864.

By Howard V. Canan 431

MISSOURI'S N A T I O N A L H I S T O R I C LANDMARKS.

By Dorothy J. Caldwell 152

N E W V I E W OF THE BATTLE OF P E A RIDGE.

By Albert Castel 136

O L D C H A R I T O N — O N L Y A M E M O R Y .

By Harold N. Calvert 45

PROHIBITION C O M E S TO MISSOURI, 1910-1919.

By G. K. Renner 363

PUBLIC QUARRELS AND PRIVATE P L A N S : T H E PRESIDENT, VETERANS AND T H E

M A Y O R O F S T . L O U I S . By C. Joseph Pusateri 1

ST. L O U I S VOLUNTEER FIRE D E P A R T M E N T , 1820-1850.

By A. B. Lampe 235

T W A I N ' S L A S T M O N T H S ON THE MISSISSIPPI.

By / . Stanley Mattson 398

W A L T E R SCOTT: A STEAMBOAT A H E A D OF ITS D A Y .

By Warren E. Spehar 51

W I L L I A M P . H A L L .

By Fred Pfening, III 286

Missouri Women """ ^ K E T -In History

Rose O'Neill Rose O'Neill, illustrator, poet, nov

elist and sculptress, is best remembered as the originator of the Kewpies. From 1901 until 1928 drawings of the roly-poly, top-knotted little figures, with verses to chronicle their exploits, were published serially in turn by four national women's magazines. They appealed to all ages and a Kew-pie "craze" resulted. Four Kewpie books, Kewpie Kutouts (paper dolls), and German-made bisque Kewpie dolls enhanced their creator's fame

and fortune. The idea for the Kewpies came to Rose at Bonniebrook, her Missouri home in the Ozark hills, soon after separation from her second husband, Harry Leon Wilson, best-selling author.

Rose O'Neill was born June 25, 1874, in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, and educated in New York. Her father, an intellectual Irishman, concerned with books and publishing, retired with his family to the Ozark wilderness in 1893 and built a log-cabin home which he named Bonniebrook. Rose first visited Bonniebrook in 1896. Soon afterward, she married Gray Latham, son of a University of Virginia professor, and continued her New York career as illustrator for Life and Puck. In 1901 she was divorced, and the following year married Wilson, then literary editor of Puck. During this marriage she published her first novel and illustrated several of Wilson's more famous works.

Through the years she wrote and illustrated four novels and a book of verse. Her allegorical pictures (monster drawings) were exhibited in Paris and New York and her most famous statue, "The Embrace of the Tree," was exhibited at the Academy of Arts, Paris.

Although she presided over a center of old-world culture at her villa on the Isle of Capri, a studio in New York which served as a rendezvous for celebrities in the arts, and "Carabas Castle," a Connecticut country home, she often longed for Bonniebrook, with its "ragged rascal beauty."

In 1936 she brought her world treasures to Bonniebrook, then a 14-room rambling frame home, where she worked and lived until her death in 1944. At work she wore rose or wine-colored velvet flowing robes over Grecian-style gowns of peach silk. These robes were often referred to as her "aura." O'Neill memorabilia are displayed in the Shepherd of the Hills Museum, Branson, and the School of the Ozarks Museum, Hollister.

ISTOBICAL IE1 • - Digital Collections

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