Introduction To

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Introduction ToSoftware Engineering

Carnegie Mellon UniversityThe Practical Software Engineering Series

History of the Computer

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CourseObjective

† Upon completion of this course, students will have the ability to:„ Understand the discipline and principles of Software

Engineering.„ Understand the evolution of software in industry and global

competitive trends.„ Understand software process, product and services.„ Understand software modeling & techniques.„ Demonstrate an appreciation for the breadth of software

engineering.

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Lecture Learning Objectives

† Upon completion of this lecture, students will be able to:„ Understand basic computing terms and definitions.„ Appreciate the evolution and history of the computer

industry.

† Outcomes:„ Receive a broad view of the evolution of the computer

and its applications.„ Demonstrate an understanding on how information

technologies improve business in the 21st century.

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What Is A Computer?

† An electronic device that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data, and can be programmed with instructions to perform tasks.

† An electronic machine capable of performing calculations and other manipulations of various types of data, under the control of a stored setof instructions.

† A machine that accepts data in digital formatand manipulates it for a specific result, basedon a sequence of instructions that describes how the data is to be manipulated or processed.

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Computer Hardware

† Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, which is distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware.

† Most computer hardware is not clearly visible.It is usually embedded in machines or electronic devices.

† The computer hardware familiar to most people is thePersonal Computer (PC).

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Computer Software

† Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of computer programs that perform tasks on a computer hardware system.

† Computer software includes:„ Application software such as word processors that

perform productive tasks for users,„ System software such as operating systems, that

interface with hardware to provide the necessary services for application software, and

„ Middleware which controls and co-ordinates distributedsystems.

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Computer Network

† A computer network is an interconnected group of computers. Networks can be classified by the network layer which operates according to standard reference models.

† For example:„ The four-layer Internet Protocol model.„ The seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

model.

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Computer Industry

† Computer industry is a term used to describe thewhole range of businesses from designing computer hardware, building computer networking infrastructures, manufacturing computer components, developing computer software, and providing of computer technology services.

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The Software Industry† Software industry is a collection of

businesses involved in the development, maintenance and publication of computer software.

† The software industry started in the mid-1970s at the time of the introduction of the personal computer. The industry also includes software services, such as training and consultancy.

† The largest and most profitable software companies are located in the United States. Since 1980, the software industry is dominated by a few companies such as Microsoft, Oracle, and IBM.

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History OfComputers

Who invented the computer?† The answer is that many people and inventors contributed

to the development of computers.† A computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of

many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention.

The ENIAC: First electronic computer

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History Of Computers: BC† Chinese inventors created the abacus around 500 BC.† The oldest computer probably is the abacus, a

mechanical device used to perform mathematical calculations.

† Similar devices are also found in Mesopotamia around200 BC.

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History Of Computers: 18th Century

1617 John Napier invented a system called "NapiersBones," made from horn, bone and ivory tomultiply by adding numbers and divide by

1622 The circular slide rule is invented by William Oughtred to perform arithmetic.

1623 The first known workable mechanical calculating machine is invented by Wilhelm Schickard.

1642 Frances Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, amachine that can add, subtract, and carry between digits.

1674 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz created a machine that could add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

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18th Century Computers

Napiers Bones

Schickard Calculating Machine

A Modern Slide Rule

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1804 Frances Joseph-Marie Jacquard created his fully automated loom that is programmed by punch cards.1820 Thomas de Colmar created the first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculatingmachine.1821 Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine. Lady Ada Byron, countess of Lovelace became the first computer analysts, founder ofscientific computing.1883 American Thomas Edison discovered the Edison effect, in which an electric current flows through a vacuum.1896 Herman Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine Company, the company later became thewell-known International Business Machines (IBM).

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19th Century Computers

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

Charles Babbage’s Difference Machine

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History Of Computers: 20th Century1943 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer), the first general-purpose electronicdigital computerwas built. This computer is considered to be the first1945 The Von Neumann Architecture is introduced in John von

1947 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories.

1949 The Harvard-MARK III, the first computer to use an internally stored program and indirect addressing, went into operations again under the direction of Howard Aiken.

1953 IBM introduced the first computer, the IBM 701.

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The Transistors

The IBM 1400 Series was the first large-scale computer to utilize transistors, as well as take advantage of development in magnetic- core memory ware. These computers also marked the onset of assembly language, allowing short programming codes to replace the long and tedious binary code. IBM introduced the first transistorized computer in 1959 and quickly became a commercial data-processing powerhouse.

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History Of Computers: 20th Century1954 IBM produced the IBM 650 computer and the

first version of programming language: FORTRAN(Formula Translator).

1955 Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors were faster, smaller and created less heat than traditional vacuumtubs, which made these

1960 IBM manufactured the IBM 1400 series machines,aimed at the business market. The CommonBusiness-Oriented Language (COBOL) programminglanguage was invented.

1961 The Scientific programming language FORTRAN IVwas created.

1964 John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, Dartmouth University, developed the programming language:Beginners All- purpose Symbolic Instruction Language (BASIC).

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The Mainframe Computer

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The IBM System 360 was a computer family that shared a similar operating system and architecture that were compatible with each other. This allowedusers to upgrade their machines following the IBM migration path without having to rewrite all of their software. A side effect of this benefit was that users became increasingly dependent on IBM for their data-processing needs. IBM became the largest computer company in the industry, with sales exceeding many multi-million dollars each year for more than 20 years.

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The Computer Family

The Paper Tape

The IBM 360 Series

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1969 AT&T Bell Laboratories developed Unix.

1971 Niklaus Wirth invented the Pascal programming language.

1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs invented the C programming language.

1974 Intel improved the microprocessor chip, the 8080 became a standard in the micro-computing industry.1974 Paul Allen and Bill Gates write the first computer language program for the Altair personalcomputers.

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Early 20th Century Computers

IBM Computer Punch Card The IBM Mainframe

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Early 20th Century Computer Industry† The acceptance of computers in business created a

computer industry with corporations like IBM, DEC, NCR, NEC, and Wang, who competed against each other.

† Each corporation developed their own computers with their ownsystem software and applications to run on their systems, then sold to businesses.

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IBM DEC NCR NEC WANG

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The Microchip

The next historical event in computer hardware development was the invention of the i n t e grat e d ci r c uit used to produce m e m o ry c hi ps . The Integrated Circuit, orchip, combined multiple transistors onto a small silicon disc.The silicon chip was the enabling technology behind the development of smaller systems - the Personal Computer.

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Moore’s Law

The computer chip was a revolutionary device dueto its phenomenal rate of performance improvement over time. Gordon Moore, Intel's co-founder, quantified this rate inwhat is known today as M oore's L a w: “The numberof components in a single chip doubles every two years”. Later it was changed into: “The speed of a computer doubles every two years and computing knowledge changes every seven years”.

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The Mini-Computer

In 1974, Popular Electronics magazine published an article describing the "World's First Minicomputer called Altair.” This story excited two students –Bill Gates and Paul Allen.

Bill Gates recalled: "The event that started everything for us was when we found an article about a small computer using Intel 8800 microprocessor. I told Paul that this computer is going to get better and better - Now we understand how Moore's Law really worked -- that each generation of a microprocessor chip was basically twice as fast as the previousone and that they got cheaper too. So Paul and I went out andbought our own computer. We realized things were starting tohappen. We had a vision where this computer could go, what it could mean and the industry was going to be big, so we started our own company to build software for the computer industry…”

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History Of Computers: 20th Century1976 Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I computer.

Wozniak and Steve Jobs co-founded Apple Computers.

1976 Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft and introduced an improved version of BASIC.

1977 Apple computers introduced the first personal computer with color graphics: The Apple II.

1978 Microsoft introduced a new version of COBOL. The5.25-inch floppy disk became an industry standard.1978 Apple introduced Apple DOS 3.1, the first operating system for the Apple computers.

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Apple Computer

Two computer enthusiasts, Stephen Wozniak and Steve Jobs joined the Homebrew Computer Club to learn about building computers. Steve Wozniak recalled: "Everybody was interested in computers so I started building a smallcomputer at home and let people type on the keyboard and I would explain what's in it.” Steve Jobs saw that people were interested in his computer and said, “Let's start selling it and let's make this into a company. That is why we started Apple Computer.”

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The First Personal Computer

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Application Software

† Apple computers were viewed as toys until it developed applications (software) that would make it useful.

† The first application for Apple computer was VisiCalc, thespreadsheet that could be used for accounting, where if any value inthe worksheet changed, all other effected values would be automatically recalculated.† The VisiCalc concept was further enhanced and developed

into modern spreadsheet programs like Lotus 1-2-3 andMicrosoft Excel.

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History Of Computers: 20th Century1980 IBM hired Microsoft to create an operating

system for a new Personal Computer called PC.DOS and later asked Microsoft to develop versions of BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, and Pascal

1983 More than 10 million personal computers were inuse in the United States.

1984 Microsoft Windows was sold globally. The 3.5-inch floppy diskette was introduced and later became an industry standard.

1986 Microsoft was listed on the New York Stock Exchange selling shares to the public, which made Bill Gates one of the world’s youngest

1990 Microsoft released Windows 3.0 and sold more than 3 million copies in one year, exceeded $1 billion in salesand became the largest software company.

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The Personal Computer

The first IBM PC

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History Of Computers: 20th Century1991 Linus Torvald created Linux, a Unix-like

operating system that was free and open.1991 Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at the European

Partial Physics Laboratory (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland developed the Web as a research tool, then launched

1992 Microsoft introduced Windows 3.1. It sold morethan 1 million copies within the first months.Later it released Windows NT which sold morethan 3 million copies.1993 Intel released the Pentium Processor.

1995 Microsoft released Windows 95, within four days the software sold more than 1 million copies. Bill Gates became the world’s richest businessman.

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The World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (commonly called the Web) is a system of interlinked documents that can be accessed via the Internet. Users can view these Web pages containing text, images, videos, and other multimedia by using a Web browser to navigate between them.

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History Of Computers: 20th Century1998 Sergey Brin and Larry Page founded Google, a

search engine for the internet.2000 The Year 2000 bug (Y2K) was caused by the

practice of old computers that relied on the last two digits of a yearrather than 4 digits (such as 99 for 1999).This createdconcern when we turned to year 2000, that the computer would change to 1900. Many companies

2000 Microsoft Windows 2000 is released. Bill Gatesbecame the richest man on earth.

2000 The stock market NASDAQ hit its record high(double in value in one year), and marked theturning point of the dot-com boom.

2001 Dell computers became the largest PC producer.Apple introduced the iPod.

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The Dotcom Phenomenon

† As the internet became popular and the use of home computers grew, many people found that they could do business throughthe internet and internet-based companies were called “dotcoms”.

† As investors in stock markets saw their value increase rapidly inthis new sector, they pumped more money in and created an exuberantenvironment in which many businesses dismissed standard practices, focusing on increasing market share at the expense of the profit margin.

† The Federal Reserve began to increase interest rates to controlthe runaway economy. The dot-com bubble burst and most companies went bankrupt, marking the beginning of a relativelylengthy recession in the developed world.

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History Of Computers: 20th Century2001 Approximately 1 billion PCs were sold

worldwide. Hundreds of thousands of companiesdid business on the Internet, which gave rise

2004 Google introduced Gmail to compete with Microsoft Hotmail. MySpace was founded as an Internet destination which enabled usersto create their own personal space.

2004 IBM sold its computing division to China’s Lenovo Group, ending their computer manufacturing business. IBM also announced that all sales and support for

2005 YouTube was founded. Microsoft announced their new operating system called Windows Vista.

2006 eBay acquired Skype for approximately $2.6 billion and announced that it had over 150 million users.

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2006 Google purchased YouTube for 1.65 Billion dollars. IT Outsourcing business reached 40 Billion dollars.2007 Apple iPod captured 78% of MP3 players market and announced the release of the iPhone.2007 Microsoft released Microsoft Windows Vista and Office2007.2007 IT business is valued at 3 Trillion dollarsworldwide. India’s Bangalore become the capital of IT services

2007 The list of 25 richest people in the world now has seven Indian and five Chinese – all work in the information

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The Computer Industry - 1† The Industrial revolution that created

significant economic changes in the 19th and early 20th century, hit a saturation point in themid 20th century where profits and economic growth began to slow down.

† Many businesses turned to information technology as away to reduce costs, improve productivity and create competitive advantage. This fueled a new economic growth based on knowledge, stemmed largely from the computer industry. The result was so significant that two- thirds of U.S. manufacturing productivity grew in efficiency, by applying information technology.

† The United States dominated the computer industry with80 percent of the industry's revenues worldwide.Most of these revenues were produced by ten companies, with Microsoft, IBM, and Oracle as leaders.

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The Computer Industry - 2† Business is about competition a n d striving

for a d van t a ge . The business that can sustain competitive advantage wins, those who do not… lose.

† Although some businesses began to use computers in theearly 20th century the cost was very high, and only large companies could afford it.

† The personal computer allows businesses, large and small,to use computing technology at a fraction of the cost of large mainframe computers.

† The new computing technology enabled businesses toreduce costs, expedite decision making, improve productivity and provide significant competitive advantage. Thus, the information technology markethas grown into a3 trillion dollar industry worldwide within a very short time.

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Information Technology† The effect of entrepreneurial ingenuity and

creativity coupled with the development of the microchip has fueled waves of innovation that favored significant economic growth.

† Beginning with the computer industry, the application ofinformation technology in business had a far reaching impact across the entire U.S. economy.

† Today, information technology has stimulated the overallU.S. computer and electronics industry with total revenue exceeding the combined revenue of all U.S. automobile, steel, and chemical manufacturers that the industrial revolution brought.

† The value of information technology has changed theentire economic and market value of global business.

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Results

† American Express reported that it reduced its annual cost by over $1 billion through process automation.

† AT&T Communication Systems turned a billion dollar lossinto a billion dollar profit by using computers to automate its process for manufacturing, services and order fulfillment.

† Texas Instruments reported that it reduced cycle time ofits order fulfillment process for integrated circuits by 56%which achieved record financial results.

† Progressive Insurance reduced cycle time for claimprocessing from several weeks to one day, reduced costs, fraud, and litigation and increased revenue by 70%.

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The Software Industry† The invention of personal computers led to the creation

of fourteen thousand new software companies and several hundred new computer hardware manufacturers in the 1970s.

† In the end, software was the dominant force, with millions of people turning to the personal computer with all their energy and ingenuity, completely changing the way business is conducted.

Coal, steelTextile

Railroad &Transportation

?

Electric power& Chemistry

Electronics & Information Technology

Kondriatiev Waves of Innovation

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Questions & Answers

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