Intravenous (IV) Therapy Calculations Workbook - Canvas

Clinical Skills Team Version No. 1.0 January 2016

Intravenous (IV) Therapy

Calculations Workbook

Includes:

- IV Drug Calculations Preparation

- IV Fluid and Electrolyte Theory

1

Aims 3

Converting weights and volumes 4

Calculating amounts for bolus administration 6

Calculating the concentration of bolus drug 8

Titrating drugs and Patients weight 11

Preparing Intravenous Infusions 13

Variable Rate Intravenous Insulin Infusion (VRIII) Preparation 15

Administering Medication via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Hours 17

Administering Medication via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Minutes 19

Calculating Drip Rates 22

Answers to Quizzes 1 - 10 27

IV Drug Calculation Mock Test 29

Answers to Mock Test Questions 1 - 10 32

2

IV Fluid and Electrolytes 33

- Define Fluid Balance 34

- Fluid Intakes and Outputs 34

- Sensible and Insensible Losses 34

- Fluid Status Assessment 35

- Hypovolaemia 36

- Hypervolaemia 37

- Prescription Information 38

- Define Isotonic, Hypertonic & Hypotonic 38

- Reflection 39

Appendix 1 – IV Drug Calculations Formula Care 41

Aims

3

By the end of this workbook you will be able to:

Convert weights and volumes from a large unit to a smaller unit and from a small unit to a larger unit

Identify the correct formulae for the administration of bolus drugs

Identify the correct formulae to calculate the correct drug dose based on the patient’s weight

Identify the correct formulae for the administration of drugs and fluids via infusions pumps / medical devices

Accurately calculate doses for drugs and fluids

Identify the correct formulae and safely calculate drip rates over a number of hours or minutes using gravity flow giving sets

Work through the drug calculations quizzes allocated to each section

Complete the IV drug calculations mock test

Describe what is meant by the term fluid balance monitoring

Identify various routes of fluid intake and different sources of fluid output

List fluid outputs into sensible or insensible losses

Identify what clinical details should be included in a fluid status assessment

Explain the potential signs and symptoms, causes and management of hypovolaemia and hypervolaemia

Describe what is meant by the terms: Isotonic, Hypotonic and Hypertonic

Write a reflective piece of work relating to a patient you have providing nursing care who was prescribed and receiving IV fluids

IV Calculations Preparation

4

Converting Weights and Volumes Conversion 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg) 1 milligram (mg) = 1000 micrograms (mcg) 1 litre (L) = 1000 millilitres (ml) Example 1: Convert a large unit to a smaller unit MULTIPLY by 1000 6 g to mg (6 x 1000) = 6000 mg 5 mg to mcg (5 x 1000) = 5000 mcg 4.3 L to ml (4.3 x 1000) = 4,300 ml Example 2: Convert a small unit to a larger unit DIVIDE by 1000 3000 mg to g (3000 ÷ 1000) = 3 g 200 g to kg (200 ÷ 1000) = 0.2 kg 1000 ml to L (1000 ÷ 1000) = 1 L


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Quiz 1 – Converting Weights and Volumes

Convert the following: a) 3.5 L to ml

b) 6700 g to kg

c) 8 g to mg

d) 175 mg to g

e) 20 mcg to mg

f) 10 mg to mcg


6

Calculation Amounts for Bolus Administration

Formula: What you want X What it is diluted in What you’ve got For the above formula to work ‘what you want’ and ‘what you’ve got’ MUST be converted to the same unit of measurement i.e. ml, mg and g. Example: 750 mg of Vancomycin has been prescribed. The drug is available in 1 g (1000 mg) diluted in 20 ml of water for injection.

How many ml will be required to administer the prescribed dose?

Answer: 750 mg x 20 ml = 15 ml 1000 mg

N.B: NEVER round the answer up or down during any stage of the calculation when using this formula. This will change the prescribed dose and the amount of medication to be administered.


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Quiz 2 – Amounts for Bolus Administration Calculate the following: a) 1.2 g of Benzylpenicillin has been prescribed. The medication is available as

600 mg diluted in 10 ml of water for injection. How many ml will be required to administer the prescribed dose?

b) 280 mg of Gentamicin has been prescribed. The medication is available as 80

mg in 2 ml. How many ml will be required to administer the prescribed dose?

c) 10 mg of Morphine has been prescribed. The medication is available in vials

containing 30 mg in 1 ml. The drug is further diluted with 8 ml of 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) giving a total volume of 9 ml. How many ml will be required to administer the prescribed dose?

d) 1 g of Ampicillin has been prescribed. The medication is available as 500 mg

diluted in 10 ml of water for injection. How many ml will be required to administer the prescribed dose?


8

Calculating the Concentration of Bolus Drugs

Certain types of IV medication are available in vials that is ‘already in solution’ but require further reconstitution. These types of medication can cause extreme pain or irritation on injection and MUST be diluted prior to administration. This will reduce incidence of tissue damage and deliver the medication at the recommended dilution. Formula: Drug Dose subtract Volume = Volume of Concentration in vial Diluent Example: 2.5 mg of Morphine has been prescribed. The medication is available in vials containing 10 mg in 1 ml. To make the concentration 1 mg per ml, how many mls of diluent would need to be added to the current volume?

Answer: 10 mg subtract 1 ml = 9 mls of diluent 1 mg

N.B: The concentration now equates to 10 mg in 10 ml or 1 mg / ml.

(9 mls of diluent + 1 ml of Morphine = total volume of 10 ml).


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Calculating the Concentration of Bolus Drugs There are other types of IV medication that MUST also be reconstituted with a small volume of diluent. This does not allow the clinical practitioner to accurately prepare and administer the prescribed dose. Diluting the medication with an appropriate volume of diluent enables the practitioner to administer the prescribed dose more accurately and safely. Formula: Drug Dose subtract Volume = Volume of Concentration in Vial Diluent Example: Cyclizine 50 mg in 1 ml has been prescribed. To make the concentration 5 mg per ml, how many mls of diluent would need to be added to the current volume?

Answer: 50 mg subtract 1 ml = 9 mls of diluent 5 mg

N.B: The concentration now equates to 50 mg in 10 ml or 5 mg / ml

(9 mls of diluent + 1 ml of Cyclizine = total volume of 10 ml)


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Quiz 3 – Calculating the Concentration of Bolus Drugs Calculate the following: a) Vials containing 50 mg in 1 ml of Pethidine is available for use. How many mls

of diluent will be required to make the concentration 10 mg in 1 ml?

b) Vials containing 10 mg in 2 ml of Midazolam is available for use. How many

mls of diluent will be required to make the concentration to 1 mg in 1 ml?

c) Vials containing 4 mg in 1 ml of Dexamethasone is available for use. How

many mls of diluent will be required to make the concentration 1 mg in 1 ml?

d) Vials containing 20 mg in 2 ml of Furosemide is available for use. How many

mls of diluent will be required to make the concentration to 1 mg in 1 ml?


11

Titrating Medication to Patients Weight Certain IV medications are prescribed based on the drug dose per kilogram. This is to ensure therapeutic doses relate to the Patients weight in kg. Formula: To calculate the amount of medication a patient requires, multiply the Patient’s weight by the mg / kg prescribed. Example: The patient weighs 70 kg. The medication dose prescribed is 5 mg / kg. How many mg of medication would need to be prepared and administered to the patient?

Answer: 70 kg x 5 mg = 350 mg


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Quiz 4 – Titrating Medication to Patients Weight Calculate the following: a) The medication dose prescribed is 2 mg / kg. The patient weighs 60 kg.

How many mg are required?

b) The medication dose prescribed is 5 mg / kg. The patient weighs 55 kg.


c) The medication dose prescribed is 10 mg / kg. The patient weighs 79 kg.


d) The medication dose prescribed is 4 mg / kg. The patient weighs 40 kg.



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Preparing Intravenous Infusions (IVI) To prepare intravenous infusions (IVI) the volume of the prescribed medication is added to a diluent e.g. 0.9% NaCl. The volume of the medication should be subtracted from the total volume of the IVI to confirm the amount of diluent to be prepared. N.B: The total volume of the IVI MUST correspond to the prescription. Example: A Morphine infusion of 120 mg has been prescribed. Ampoules containing 30 mg in 1 ml are available. The total volume of the IVI must be prepared to 60 ml.

How many ml of diluent is required to administer the prescribed dose?

Answer: 120 mg x 1 = 4 ml 30 mg

NB: To calculate the drug volume required (refer to page 6 for the formula) 60 ml (IVI total Vol) subtract 4 ml (Drug Vol) = 56 ml (Diluent) Therefore: 56 ml of Diluent + 4 ml of Morphine = 60 ml (IVI Total Vol)


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Quiz 5 – Preparing Intravenous Infusions (IVI) Calculate the following: a) Furosemide 50 mg has been prescribed. Ampoules containing 50 mg in 5 ml

are available. The IVI must be prepared to a total volume of 50 ml.


b) A Bumetanide infusion of 4 mg has been prescribed. Ampoules containing 2

mg in 4 ml are available. The IVI must be prepared to a total volume of 50 ml.


c) A Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) infusion of 4 mg has been prescribed.

Ampoules containing 2 mg in 2 ml are available. The IVI must be prepared to a total volume of 50 ml.


d) A Morphine infusion of 240 mg has been prescribed. Ampoules containing 60

mg in 2 ml are available. The IVI must be prepared to a total volume of 60 ml.



15

Variable Rate Intravenous Insulin Infusion (VRIII) Preparation Human Insulin (Actrapid) is only available in 10 ml vials containing 100 units per ml. IV Insulin is prescribed as 50 units, which equates to 0.5 ml (prepared using an Insulin Syringe). 50 units (0.5 ml) of IV Insulin must be diluted with 49.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl to make a total volume of 50 ml. Formula: 50 units of IV Insulin divided by the total volume of the infusion (50 ml) equates to administering 1 unit per ml of IV Insulin. Example:

How many ml per hour (ml / hr) will it take to administer 4 units of Insulin via a medical device?

Answer: 4 units X 50 ml = 4 ml / hr 50 units

N.B: For every unit of IV Insulin (Actrapid) administered via the infusion pump, 1 ml of

the IV Insulin Infusion will be delivered to the patient i.e: - 1 Unit = 1 ml / hr

- 2 Units = 2 ml / hr

- 3 Units = 3 ml / hr Etc.


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Quiz 6 – Variable Rate Intravenous Insulin Infusion (VRIII) Preparation Calculate the following: a) A VRIII has been prescribed and prepared. How many ml /hr will it take to

administer 2 units of Insulin?

b) A VRIII has been prescribed and prepared. How many ml / hr will it take to

administer 5 units of Insulin?

c) An IV Insulin infusion pump is set at 4 ml / hr. How many units of Insulin will be

administered per hour?

d) A VRIII of 50 units has been prescribed. Ampoules containing 100 units per ml

are available. The IVI must be prepared to a total volume of 50 ml.

How many ml of 0.9% NaCl is required to administer the prescribed dose?


17

Administering Medication and Fluids via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Hours

Infusion pumps are used to deliver a specific amount of medication or fluids over a specific period of time. The ‘Volume To Be Infused’ (VTBI) button can be used to achieve this. The infusion rate is measured in millilitres per hour (ml / hr). The ml / hr rate is achieved by dividing the Volume of the infusion by the number of Hours. Formula: Volume to be infused = ml / hr Number of Hours Example: How many ml / hr will it take to administer 1 L (1000 ml) of 0.9% NaCl over 12 hours?

Answer: 1000 ml = 83.3 ml / hr (round down to 83 ml / hr) 12 hrs

NB: The ml / hr rate MUST be rounded up or down to the nearest whole number at the end of the calculation. If the rate is equal to or greater than 0.5 round-up, less than 0.5 round-down.


18

Quiz 7 – Administering Medication and Fluids via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Hours

Calculate the following: a) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 1 L (1000 ml) of fluid over 8 hours via

an infusion pump?

b) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 1 L (1000 ml) of fluid over 6 hours via

an infusion pump?

c) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 250 ml of fluid over 2 hours via an

infusion pump?

d) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 1 L (1000 ml) of fluid over 10 hours via

an infusion pump?


19

Administering Medication and Fluids via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Minutes

To deliver a specific volume of medication or fluid over a number of minutes the rate of ml / hr needs to be calculated. Divide the volume of the Infusion by the number of minutes. Multiply this figure by 60 to convert the value into ml / hr. Formula: Volume To Be Infused x 60 = ml / hr Number of Minutes Example: How many ml / hr will it take to administer 100 ml of fluid in 30 minutes via an infusion pump?

Answer: 100 ml x 60 mins = 200 ml / hr 30 mins



20

Administering Medication and Fluids via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Minutes (An Alternative Way of Working)

Establish the number of time periods within 1 hour i.e. - 30 minutes = 2 time periods

- 20 minutes = 3 time periods



Formula: Multiply the Volume of the infusion by the number of time periods equals ml / hr Example: How many ml / hr will it take to administer 100 ml of fluid via an infusion pump in 30 minutes?

Answer: 100 ml x 2 (time periods) = 200 ml / hr



21

Quiz 8 – Administering Medication via an Infusion Pump over a Number of Minutes

Calculate the following: a) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 200 ml of fluid in 30 minutes via an

infusion pump?

b) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 100 ml of fluid in 20 minutes via an infusion pump?

c) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 300 ml of fluid in 20 minutes via an infusion pump?

d) How many ml / hr will it take to infuse 50 ml of fluid in 30 minutes via an infusion pump?


22

Calculating Drip Rates Gravity Flow Giving Sets: Not all medication or fluids are administered using medical devices e.g. infusion pumps. Many fluids and medications can be administered safely using gravity flow giving sets. Gravity flow giving sets are designed to administer a specific number of drops / ml. Example: Crystalloids are administered using a flow rate of 20 drops / ml

0.9% Sodium Chloride

5% Glucose

Glucose 4% in Saline 0.18%

Hartmanns Solution Colloids are administered using a flow rate of 15 drops / ml

Blood Products

Dextran

Gelofusin

N.B: Always check the flow rate on the giving set packaging before use.


23

Calculating Drip Rates over Hours To calculate the number of drops per minute (dpm) for IV Infusions (IVI) over a number of hours the following formula can be used: Formula: Volume Prescribed x Drops / mls of Giving Set = dpm Hours of Infusion 60 mins NB: For the above formula to work the Volume Prescribed MUST be converted to ml Example: How many dpm will it take to administer 1 L (1000 ml) of 5% Dextrose over 8 hours?

Answer: 1000 ml x 20 drops / ml = 41.6 round up to 42 dpm 8 hrs 60 minutes

NB: The dpm rate MUST be rounded up or down to the nearest whole number at the end of the calculation. If the rate is equal to or greater than 0.5 round-up, less than 0.5 round-down.


24

Quiz 9 – Calculating Drip Rates over Hours Calculate the following: a) 1 L of 0.9% NaCl has been prescribed over 12 hours. How many dpm will it take

to administer this Crystalloid?

b) 1 unit (215 ml) of Blood has been prescribed over 3 hours. How many dpm will it

take to administer this Colloid?

c) 500 ml of 0.9% NaCl has been prescribed over 3 hours. How many dpm will it

take to administer this Crystalloid?

d) 1 L of Glucose 4% in Saline 0.18% has been prescribed over 4 hours. How many

dpm will it take to administer this Crystalloid?


25

Drip Rates over Minutes To calculate the number of drops per minute (dpm) for IV infusions (IVI) over a number of minutes the following formula can be used: Formula: Volume Prescribed x Drops / ml of Giving Set = dpm Minutes of Infusion NB: For the above formula to work the Volume Prescribed MUST be converted to ml Example: How many dpm will it take to administer 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl over 30 minutes?

Answer: 100 ml X 20 drop / ml = 66.6 dpm (round up to 67 dpm) 30 minutes

NB: The dpm rate MUST be rounded up or down to the nearest whole number at the end of the calculation. If the rate is equal to or greater than 0.5 round-up, less than 0.5 round-down.


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Quiz 10 – Calculating Drip Rates over Minutes Calculate the following: a) 100 ml of 20% Human Albumin has been prescribed over 30 minutes. How many

dpm will it take to administer this Colloid?

b) 500 mg of Metronidazole diluted in 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl (Crystalloid) has been

prescribed over 20 minutes. How many dpm will it take to administer this medication?

c) 100 ml of 5% Dextrose has been prescribed over 30 minutes. How many dpm will

it take to administer this Crystalloid?

d) 50 mls of 5% Dextrose has been prescribed over 30 minutes. How many dpm will

it take to administer this Crystalloid?


27

Answers to Quizzes 1 – 10

Quiz 1:

a) 3,500 ml

b) 6.7 kg

c) 8000 mg

d) 0.175 g

e) 0.02 mg

f) 10, 000 mcg

Quiz 6:

a) 2 ml / hr

b) 5 ml / hr

c) 4 units / hour

d) 49.5 ml

Quiz 2:

a) 20 ml

b) 7 ml

c) 3 ml

d) 20 ml

Quiz 7:

a) 125 ml / hr

b) 167 ml / hr

c) 125 ml / hr

d) 100 ml / hr

Quiz 3:

a) 4 ml

b) 8 ml

c) 3 ml

d) 18 ml

Quiz 8:

a) 400 ml / hr

b) 300 ml / hr

c) 900 ml / hr

d) 100 ml / hr

Quiz 4:

a) 120 mg

b) 275 mg

c) 790 mg

d) 160 mg

Quiz 9:

a) 28 dpm

b) 18 dpm

c) 56 dpm

d) 83 dpm

Quiz 5:

a) 45 ml

b) 42 ml

c) 46 ml

d) 52 ml

Quiz 10:

a) 50 dpm

b) 100 dpm

c) 67 dpm

d) 33 dpm


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IV Drug Calculations Mock Test

1. Convert the following:

a) 4 kg to g

b) 500 g to kg

c) 2 g to mg

d) 200 mg to g

e) 5 mg to mcg

f) 6000 mcg to mg

g) 3 L to ml

h) 2000 ml to L


29

2. 1 L of 5% Dextrose has been prescribed over 8 hours.

Calculate the dpm to administer this crystalloid via a gravity flow giving set.

3. 1 unit (378 ml) of blood has been prescribed over 1 hour.

Calculate the dpm to administer this colloid via a gravity flow giving set.

4. An antibiotic has been prescribed and reconstituted in 10 ml of water and further

diluted in 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl (crystalloid). The total volume to be administered is 110 ml infused over 30 minutes.

Calculate the dpm to administer the medication via a gravity flow giving set.

5. 1 g of Amoxicillin has been prescribed. The medication can be diluted with 10 ml

of water per 500 mg vial.

How many mls will be required to administer the prescribed dose?


30

6. A drug has been prescribed as 500 mcg per kg. The patient weighs 60 kg.

a) Calculate the total dose to be administered in mg.

b) Ampoules containing 10 mg in 5 ml are available for use.

How many mls will be required?

7. Vials containing 5 mg in 1 ml of Haloperidol are available for use.

How many mls of diluent will be required to make the concentration 1 mg per ml?

8. 50 Units of IV Insulin has been prescribed. Ampoules containing 100 units in 1 ml

of IV Insulin are available for use. The total volume of the infusion is 50 ml.

a) How many ml of 0.9% NaCl is required to administer the prescribed dose?

b) The VRIII is currently administering 3 units of Insulin per hour.

How many ml / hr of Insulin will this be?


31

9. An antibiotic has been prescribed and reconstituted in 10 ml of water and further

diluted in a 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl. The total volume to be administered via an infusion pump is 110 ml over 30 minutes.

How many ml / hr will it take to administer the prescribed medication?

10. 40 mg of Furosemide has been prescribed. Vials containing 20 mg in 2 ml are

available for use.

a) How many ml will be required to administer the prescribed dose?

b) The British National Formulary (BNF) states that a rate of 4 mg per minute

should not be exceeded.

How long will it take (in minutes) to administer the prescribed dose?


32

Answers to Mock Test Questions 1 - 10

1.

a) 4000 g

b) 0.5 kg

c) 2000 mg

d) 0.2 g

e) 5000 mcg

f) 6 mg

g) 3000 ml

h) 2 L

6.

a) 30 mg

b) 15 ml

2.

- 41.6 dpm rounded up to 42 dpm

7.

- 4 ml

3.

- 94.5 dpm rounded up to 95 dpm

8.

a) 49.5 ml

b) 3 ml / hr

4.

- 73.3 dpm rounded down 73 dpm

9.

- 220 ml / hr

5.

- 20 ml

10.

a) 4 ml

b) 10 minutes

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Intravenous (IV) Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy It is important to understand the effects IV fluids have on patients, why IV fluids are prescribed to patients in your clinical area, recognise how to manage patients receiving IV fluids, manage and monitor any adverse signs and symptoms of fluid therapy and prevent further complications or exacerbation of the patient’s current clinical condition. To successfully complete this section of the IV therapy pre-course workbook it is recommended that you access and utilise the following links below: NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence). [online] Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. December 2013. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg174/chapter/introduction [Accessed 24/12/2015] The Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. 9th Edition. [online]. Chapter 7: Nutrition, fluid balance and blood transfusion. Available from: http://uhbhome/Microsites/Policies_Procedures/search-results.htm?sitekit=true&task=search&indexname=Test&search=royal+marsden [Accessed 24/012/2015] University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust. Intranet@QEHB [online]. Bedside Clinical Guidelines. Available from: http://uhbhome/Microsites/Policies_Procedures/electrolyte.htm [Accessed 24/12/2015] University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust. Intranet@QEHB [online]. Medicines Code. Available from: http://uhbpolicies/assets/MedicinesCode.pdf [Accessed 24/12/2015] University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust. Intranet@QEHB [online]. Medicines Policy. Available from: http://uhbpolicies/assets/MedicinesPolicy.pdf [Accessed 24/12/2015]

http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg174/chapter/introduction

http://uhbhome/Microsites/Policies_Procedures/search-results.htm?sitekit=true&task=search&indexname=Test&search=royal+marsden

http://uhbhome/Microsites/Policies_Procedures/search-results.htm?sitekit=true&task=search&indexname=Test&search=royal+marsden

http://uhbhome/Microsites/Policies_Procedures/electrolyte.htm

http://uhbpolicies/assets/MedicinesCode.pdf

http://uhbpolicies/assets/MedicinesPolicy.pdf

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1. What is meant by the term ‘fluid balance’ monitoring?

2. List three routes of fluid intake and five sources of fluid output.

3. Fluid outputs can be classified as ‘sensible losses’ (measured) or ‘insensible losses’

(cannot be measured). Categorise the identified fluid outputs from the previous question into sensible or insensible losses.

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It is important to also consider fluid and electrolyte balance, the physical condition of the patient and monitoring plasma levels of electrolytes. 4. If the clinical condition of the patient changes, become critically ill or a fluid deficit has been

identified, what sort of clinical details should be documented in a fluid status assessment?

Fluid Status Assessment

36

The clinical signs and symptoms of Hypovolaemia can be very subtle as the body initiates compensatory mechanisms to cope with the loss of circulating volume. If these indicators are not identified early and treated appropriately this could lead to hypovolaemic shock. 5. Identify problems associated with hypovolaemia by listing:

- Potential signs and symptoms - Causes - Management

Hypovolaemia

Possible signs and symptoms

Causes

Management

37

Colloids are generally used for the maintenance of plasma volume if a patient’s blood volume does not improve with the administration of crystalloids. Patients must be monitored closely to reduce the risk of becoming hypervolaemic. 6. Identify problems associated with hypervolaemia by listing:

- Potential signs and symptoms - Causes - Management

Hypervolaemia

Possible signs and symptoms

Causes

Management

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7. You will be responsible for administering IV fluids. What information do you need to check

on the prescription chart (pre and post administration) and why?

8. Describe what is meant by the following terms:

- Isotonic - Hypertonic - Hypotonic

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9. Write a reflective piece of work about a patient you have recently been involved with who has

had IV fluids prescribed as part of their medical treatment. Consider the following elements when writing your reflective piece of work:

- What were the reasons for prescribing IV fluids for this patient?

- Who identified there was a clinical need for administering IV fluids?

- Explain the clinical signs and symptoms of the patient

- How was this assessment carried out?

- When was the fluid assessment completed?

- What type of fluid(s) were prescribed and administered?

- Was the patients’ clinical condition affected by the administration of IV fluids?

Appendix 1 – IV Drug Calculations Formula Card

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Intravenous (IV) Therapy Calculations Workbook - Canvas

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