Integrated pest Integrated pest management of stored management of stored

products pestsproducts pests Represented byRepresented by

Prof Dr Manal Mohamed Prof Dr Manal Mohamed Adel Adel

Pests and Plant Protection DepartmentPests and Plant Protection Department National Research CenterNational Research Center

Quality Grain is Job 1

What is IPM

IPM can reduce environmental contamination through the judicious use or reduced use of pesticides an IPM program allows for maximum utilization of cultural practices and natural enemies (for plant pests) and physical methods (for storage pests)

Importance of pest IDImportance of pest ID

ID insects that are injurious to ID insects that are injurious to stored grain stored grain ndash Internal FeedersInternal Feedersndash External FeedersExternal FeedersDetermine ActionsDetermine Actionsndash PreventativePreventativendash RescueRescueLimited effective control Limited effective control strategiesstrategies

Stord products pests

Major vertebrate pests of stored products1 Rodents

Norway Rat

Deer Mouse House Mouse

It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily and sometimes the amounts eaten

in a year so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk When 5 roof rats (3-4 kgyearrat) 3 bandicoots (6-9 kgyearrat) and 10 house mice (1 kgyearmouse) eat into a farmers stored 1000 kg of rice the aggregate amount consumed equals 43 to 57 kgyear a 4-6 percentage loss

Damage caused by rodentsDamage caused by rodents

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Quality Grain is Job 1

What is IPM

IPM can reduce environmental contamination through the judicious use or reduced use of pesticides an IPM program allows for maximum utilization of cultural practices and natural enemies (for plant pests) and physical methods (for storage pests)

Importance of pest IDImportance of pest ID

ID insects that are injurious to ID insects that are injurious to stored grain stored grain ndash Internal FeedersInternal Feedersndash External FeedersExternal FeedersDetermine ActionsDetermine Actionsndash PreventativePreventativendash RescueRescueLimited effective control Limited effective control strategiesstrategies

Stord products pests

Major vertebrate pests of stored products1 Rodents

Norway Rat

Deer Mouse House Mouse

It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily and sometimes the amounts eaten

in a year so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk When 5 roof rats (3-4 kgyearrat) 3 bandicoots (6-9 kgyearrat) and 10 house mice (1 kgyearmouse) eat into a farmers stored 1000 kg of rice the aggregate amount consumed equals 43 to 57 kgyear a 4-6 percentage loss

Damage caused by rodentsDamage caused by rodents

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

What is IPM

IPM can reduce environmental contamination through the judicious use or reduced use of pesticides an IPM program allows for maximum utilization of cultural practices and natural enemies (for plant pests) and physical methods (for storage pests)

Importance of pest IDImportance of pest ID

ID insects that are injurious to ID insects that are injurious to stored grain stored grain ndash Internal FeedersInternal Feedersndash External FeedersExternal FeedersDetermine ActionsDetermine Actionsndash PreventativePreventativendash RescueRescueLimited effective control Limited effective control strategiesstrategies

Stord products pests

Major vertebrate pests of stored products1 Rodents

Norway Rat

Deer Mouse House Mouse

It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily and sometimes the amounts eaten

in a year so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk When 5 roof rats (3-4 kgyearrat) 3 bandicoots (6-9 kgyearrat) and 10 house mice (1 kgyearmouse) eat into a farmers stored 1000 kg of rice the aggregate amount consumed equals 43 to 57 kgyear a 4-6 percentage loss

Damage caused by rodentsDamage caused by rodents

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Importance of pest IDImportance of pest ID

ID insects that are injurious to ID insects that are injurious to stored grain stored grain ndash Internal FeedersInternal Feedersndash External FeedersExternal FeedersDetermine ActionsDetermine Actionsndash PreventativePreventativendash RescueRescueLimited effective control Limited effective control strategiesstrategies

Stord products pests

Major vertebrate pests of stored products1 Rodents

Norway Rat

Deer Mouse House Mouse

It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily and sometimes the amounts eaten

in a year so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk When 5 roof rats (3-4 kgyearrat) 3 bandicoots (6-9 kgyearrat) and 10 house mice (1 kgyearmouse) eat into a farmers stored 1000 kg of rice the aggregate amount consumed equals 43 to 57 kgyear a 4-6 percentage loss

Damage caused by rodentsDamage caused by rodents

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Stord products pests

Major vertebrate pests of stored products1 Rodents

Norway Rat

Deer Mouse House Mouse

It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily and sometimes the amounts eaten

in a year so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk When 5 roof rats (3-4 kgyearrat) 3 bandicoots (6-9 kgyearrat) and 10 house mice (1 kgyearmouse) eat into a farmers stored 1000 kg of rice the aggregate amount consumed equals 43 to 57 kgyear a 4-6 percentage loss

Damage caused by rodentsDamage caused by rodents

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

It is important to know about how much stored foods the several rodent species may consume daily and sometimes the amounts eaten

in a year so this can be related to the amounts of stored foods at risk When 5 roof rats (3-4 kgyearrat) 3 bandicoots (6-9 kgyearrat) and 10 house mice (1 kgyearmouse) eat into a farmers stored 1000 kg of rice the aggregate amount consumed equals 43 to 57 kgyear a 4-6 percentage loss

Damage caused by rodentsDamage caused by rodents

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

The prevention of losses of stored foods due to rodents by subsistence and small-holding farmers comes down to relatively inexpensive methods

that the farm family can afford These consist mainly of three things

1 (sanitation and good housekeeping

2 (denying rodents access to stored foods and

3 (elimination or reduction of rodents in the farm structures

Management of rodent populations

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Chemical control

The rodenticides used as baitsThe type of bait station used will depend on its location

Chemical control may include the use of rodenticides as tracking powder These materials kill rats when the animal grooms itself after having been in touch with the powder Tracking powders (like other baits) should

not be used in production areas

Physical controlThe best known method of physical control is traps Trapping is of special importance in an environment where cosmetic product is produced handled or stored because poisonous baits cannot be used for safety reasons

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

2 - Birds

House Sparrows Starlings Pigeons

Birds not prone to living inside the farm or village structures as rodents It is only in those outdoor situations where grains or seeds are exposed during drying or threshing that birds have the chance to eat them or they may get into stored grains where they are stored in open cribs

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Damage caused by birdsDamage caused by birds The amounts of grains they consume by birds are negligible as compared

to rodents ( about 73 kgyard for the 30-day )

Management of birds

The easiest method of control is to keep birds from access to stored foods This is done by using wire mesh as screening or using local-made netting where foods are to be stored in open crib-type structures

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Irri-Tape

Its a Visual Deterrent Irri-Tape flashes as it moves with the wind Reflecting sunlight or any light it produces constantly changing colours

and patterns This brilliant flashing ripple effect is picked up by the birds as an

unsettling danger signal

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

B- Drive Birds Away with Pulsing Strobe Explosions with the New Bird-X BIRD-LITE

The all-new MULTI-COLOR Stroboscopic BIRD-LITE from Bird-X chases birds and keeps them away sends out intense white red blue and amber light at 75

flashes per minute Then the frightening shadows create at this frequency are intolerable and disorienting to birds causing them to fly away from the source of annoyance

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Are all insects Are all insects found in stored found in stored grain equally grain equally importantimportant

NoNoWellhellipat least they Wellhellipat least they

shouldnrsquot beshouldnrsquot be

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Invertebrate pests of Stored products

1 -Insects

Insects are important pests of cereal grains and stored food Underoptimum conditions many of the species can complete their life cycles in less than 30 to 35 days and lay many eggs This results in rapid build-up of populations that consume and contaminate various stored products

Stored product insects are in most cases insects of small size with a hight reproductive poteintial

there fore they are easy concealed in grain and grain shipment and have been carried to all parts of the world

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Assessment of damage

Damage can be of different nature eg

bullLoss of products bullQuality changes

bullDamage to structures bullHealth hazards

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Where do the insects Where do the insects come fromcome from

Already in bin Already in bin Flay in through openingFlay in through openingBrought in with contaminated Brought in with contaminated grains grains

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Best opportunities for monitoring

Emigration Dispersal Immigration

Uninfested patch

Infested patch

Stored-product pests actively move among patches of resource in search of food mates or places to lay eggs

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

bull Insects considered as Insects considered as primary pestsprimary pests of of stored stored products cause damage to stored grains by products cause damage to stored grains by directlydirectly feeding on the grain at some point in feeding on the grain at some point in their lifecycle their lifecycle and and feed internally in grain kernelsfeed internally in grain kernels Secondary pests generally feed on grain that is damaged or is going out of condition The presence of secondary insect pests often indicates that the grain is not at optimal condition and that measures should be implemented to protect the grain from a further decline in quality

Stored Grains Insect PestsStored Grains Insect Pests

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Stored Grains Insect Stored Grains Insect PestsPests

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders Develop in or on grain kernelDevelop in or on grain kernelCan destroy whole grainCan destroy whole grainAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelAdults lay eggs on or in the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelLarvae hatch and develop inside the kernelCan reduce grain to sample grade Can reduce grain to sample grade classificationclassificationMay be found in any portion of the grain binMay be found in any portion of the grain bin

Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Eg Granary Weevil Maize Weevil Rice Weevil Lesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain MothLesser Grain Borer and Angoumois Grain Moth

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Weevils or Snout Beetles

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Rice weevil

Sitophilus oryzae

Maize weevil

Bean weevil Bruchus pisorum Sitophilus zeamais

Granary WeevilsSitophilus granarius

Lesser Grain BorerLesser Grain BorerRhyzopertha dominica

Angoumois Grain MothAngoumois Grain MothSitotroga cerealella

Stored Grain Insect Stored Grain Insect PestsPests

External Feeders or ldquoBran BugsExternal Feeders or ldquoBran BugsrdquordquoMost adults are red-brown to black in color Most adults are red-brown to black in color with hardened shellswith hardened shellsMay inhabit any portion of the grainMay inhabit any portion of the grainfound where there is an abundance of broken found where there is an abundance of broken kernels or when a fungus is present on moist kernels or when a fungus is present on moist graingrainOften described as secondary pestsOften described as secondary pestsndash ldquoldquoBran bugsrdquoBran bugsrdquondash ldquoldquoFungus feedersrdquoFungus feedersrdquo

Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid BeetlesBeetles

Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Plodia interpunctella

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Granary WeevilsSitophilus granarius

Lesser Grain BorerLesser Grain BorerRhyzopertha dominica

Angoumois Grain MothAngoumois Grain MothSitotroga cerealella

Stored Grain Insect Stored Grain Insect PestsPests

External Feeders or ldquoBran BugsExternal Feeders or ldquoBran BugsrdquordquoMost adults are red-brown to black in color Most adults are red-brown to black in color with hardened shellswith hardened shellsMay inhabit any portion of the grainMay inhabit any portion of the grainfound where there is an abundance of broken found where there is an abundance of broken kernels or when a fungus is present on moist kernels or when a fungus is present on moist graingrainOften described as secondary pestsOften described as secondary pestsndash ldquoldquoBran bugsrdquoBran bugsrdquondash ldquoldquoFungus feedersrdquoFungus feedersrdquo

Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid BeetlesBeetles

Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Plodia interpunctella

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Lesser Grain BorerLesser Grain BorerRhyzopertha dominica

Angoumois Grain MothAngoumois Grain MothSitotroga cerealella

Stored Grain Insect Stored Grain Insect PestsPests

External Feeders or ldquoBran BugsExternal Feeders or ldquoBran BugsrdquordquoMost adults are red-brown to black in color Most adults are red-brown to black in color with hardened shellswith hardened shellsMay inhabit any portion of the grainMay inhabit any portion of the grainfound where there is an abundance of broken found where there is an abundance of broken kernels or when a fungus is present on moist kernels or when a fungus is present on moist graingrainOften described as secondary pestsOften described as secondary pestsndash ldquoldquoBran bugsrdquoBran bugsrdquondash ldquoldquoFungus feedersrdquoFungus feedersrdquo

Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid BeetlesBeetles

Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Plodia interpunctella

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Angoumois Grain MothAngoumois Grain MothSitotroga cerealella

Stored Grain Insect Stored Grain Insect PestsPests

External Feeders or ldquoBran BugsExternal Feeders or ldquoBran BugsrdquordquoMost adults are red-brown to black in color Most adults are red-brown to black in color with hardened shellswith hardened shellsMay inhabit any portion of the grainMay inhabit any portion of the grainfound where there is an abundance of broken found where there is an abundance of broken kernels or when a fungus is present on moist kernels or when a fungus is present on moist graingrainOften described as secondary pestsOften described as secondary pestsndash ldquoldquoBran bugsrdquoBran bugsrdquondash ldquoldquoFungus feedersrdquoFungus feedersrdquo

Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid BeetlesBeetles

Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Plodia interpunctella

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Stored Grain Insect Stored Grain Insect PestsPests

External Feeders or ldquoBran BugsExternal Feeders or ldquoBran BugsrdquordquoMost adults are red-brown to black in color Most adults are red-brown to black in color with hardened shellswith hardened shellsMay inhabit any portion of the grainMay inhabit any portion of the grainfound where there is an abundance of broken found where there is an abundance of broken kernels or when a fungus is present on moist kernels or when a fungus is present on moist graingrainOften described as secondary pestsOften described as secondary pestsndash ldquoldquoBran bugsrdquoBran bugsrdquondash ldquoldquoFungus feedersrdquoFungus feedersrdquo

Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Indianmeal Moth (IMM) Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat Grain Beetles Red and Confused Flour Beetles Flat and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign and Rusty Grain Beetles and grain mites Foreign Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid Grain Beetle Hairy Fungus Beetle and Dermistid BeetlesBeetles

Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Plodia interpunctella

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Indian Meal Moth (IMM)Plodia interpunctella

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

IMMIMM

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Mediterranean flour mothEphestia kuehniella

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Sawtoothed Grain BeetlesSawtoothed Grain BeetlesOryzaephilus surinamensis

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Red Flour BeetleRed Flour BeetleTribolium castaneum

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Confused Flour BeetleConfused Flour BeetleTribolium confusum

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Rusty Grain BeetlesRusty Grain BeetlesCryptolestes ferrugineus

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Foreign Grain BeetleForeign Grain BeetleAhasverus advena

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

- - Flour or Grain Flour or Grain MitesMites22 Acarus siro

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Tyrophagus putrescentiae

The mould mite

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

2 -Stored products mites ( grain mites)

Mites are common pests in grain storages and mostly occur in damp or moist grain residues oilseeds and

animal feeds They are not readily seen because they are the size of specks of dust

When present in large numbers mites appear as a moving carpet of brown dust on the grains

Damage caused by mitesmites cause direct damage by eating the germ of the grain and spreading fungi in the commodities

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

During heavy infestation from the mould and grain mite the dead and live Mites settle as a brownish dust layer on stacks of commodities and floors of stores and emit a lemon-flavoured odour leading to the popular name

acuteLemon-scented miteacute In this situation they can cause discomfort to workers handling infested grain and packaged commodities

Infested are also been reported to have caused feeding problems

and allergic conditions in stock The markets reject heavily infested commodities

Damage caused by mites

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Why monitor

Monitoring involves special equipment and a high level of knowledge on pest behaviour

MonitoringMonitoring

we canrsquot manage what we donrsquot know is there

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Questions Monitoring Data can Address1048766 What insects are present1048766 Where are they located1048766 How do populations change over time1048766 Which are the important sources of infestation1048766 How effective are control tactics

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Monitoring Methods

Trapping insects

Trapping to determine the presence of insect pests in stored grains is a simple and cost-effective way to monitor for infestations and identify insect pests so that you can make decisions about insect control

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Pheromone Traps

1Most widely usedmethod for monitoringstored-products pests2 Use an attractant (sexpheromone aggregationpheromone food odor)3 Species specificresponse4 Wide range of trap andlure types commerciallyavailable

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

pit-fall trapspit-fall traps

A pheromone-A pheromone-baited probe baited probe pit-fall trap pit-fall trap

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Pheromone Traps

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Pheromone Traps

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Light Trap with Glue Board

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Probe sampling and sievesProbe sampling and sieves

use the following use the following sizes of sievessizes of sievesNo 10 sieve-two-No 10 sieve-two-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for wheat and for wheat and barley barley No 20 sieve-085-No 20 sieve-085-millimetre aperture millimetre aperture for canola for canola A sieve used for screening grain samples

and a material collection pan

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Using a Berlese funnel

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

22 - -Monitoring grains temperature and Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grainsaerating grains

How temperature and moisture workHow temperature and moisture work

Convection currents in bin-stored grains

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

This diagram shows the cycle of convection currents in bin-stored grain when

ambient air outside the bin is cold and the grain is warm In the bin

bullThe surface of the grain pile forms a peak bullGrain at the surface and just below the surface has a high moisture content bullWarm grain is located in the centre of the grain pile

bullCold air flows down from the surface of the grain along the interior of the bin wall bullThe flow of cold air surrounds the warm grain bullAt the bottom of the grain pile the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain by an upward flow of warmer air

bull The upward flow is a convection current created at the centre of the grain pile bullAs the cold air is drawn to the centre of the grain it warms up and flows up to the surface of the grain pile where there is moist grain

bullThe warm air is cooled as it reaches the surface condenses and the cycle is

repeated

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

ndash Sources of InfestationsSources of InfestationsMost originate from migration from Most originate from migration from outside to inside of the binoutside to inside of the binOther sources of infestationsOther sources of infestationsndash Old grainOld grainndash Spilled grainSpilled grainndash Feeds seeds grain debrisFeeds seeds grain debris

Preventing Insect Infestations

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Preventing Insect Preventing Insect InfestationsInfestations

Tips for preventing insect Tips for preventing insect infestation during grain storageinfestation during grain storage

1Decide which bin you will use for each crop2Clean your bin thoroughly before you store grain in

it3 When you add clean grain to the bin make the grain

as level as you can4 Bring the temperature of the grain down to +15degC as

soon as possible5 Monitor the temperature of stored grain and aerate

the grain bulk6 If you need to temporarily store grain on the

ground prepare the site properly

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Sanitation

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Sanitation is pest prevention throughgood design of buildings permanentmaintenance repair and cleaningcleaning cleaning

Sanitation

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Insect Pest Management of Insect Pest Management of Stored GrainsStored Grains

ndash SanitationSanitation2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all 2 weeks before introducing new grain clean all old grain from the bin both inside and outold grain from the bin both inside and outSweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain Sweep or vacuum then discard or feed all grain still in wagons augers etcstill in wagons augers etc

ndash Bin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationBin Sprays and Empty Bin FumigationInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningInsects can remain even after thorough cleaningndash Where might they hideWhere might they hide

Application of insecticides should eradicate any Application of insecticides should eradicate any remaining insectsremaining insectsndash Create a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsCreate a barrier to prevent migration of new insectsndash Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)Can supplement cleanup efforts (doesnrsquot replace)

Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all Apply to walls floor ceiling and roof of all bins that will store grain through warm weatherbins that will store grain through warm weatherndash Apply 2-3 wks Before new grainApply 2-3 wks Before new grain

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Internal SprayExternal Spray

Pest Prevention

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Pest Prevention

Top Dressing with aResidual Protectant

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Vacuuming

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Aeration

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Insect Pest Management Insect Pest Management of Stored Grainsof Stored Grains

Physical controlPhysical controlBiological control Biological control Microbial controlMicrobial controlChemical control Chemical control Botanical insecticidesBotanical insecticides

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Physical controlPhysical controlndash11 - -Grain Grain

vacuatorvacuator

Cyclone-based grain Cyclone-based grain vacuators can not only be vacuators can not only be used to remove grain from used to remove grain from storage but they are also storage but they are also effective in killing effective in killing insects The percussion insects The percussion effect created by the effect created by the cyclone causes insect cyclone causes insect mortality mortality

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

2- 2- Using high temperatureUsing high temperature

A grain dryerA grain dryer HHeat produced by a eat produced by a grain dryer can cause grain dryer can cause mortality to insects mortality to insects Expose insects to a Expose insects to a temperature between temperature between +50degC and +55degC for +50degC and +55degC for approximately 15 approximately 15 minutes Grain minutes Grain temperatures above +40degC temperatures above +40degC will kill insects at all will kill insects at all life stageslife stages

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Time and temperature effects in relation to insect growth activity or death

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Disinfestation time periods required at Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatureslow temperatures

Constant grain tem perature Tim e period required for disinfestation

-5ordmC 12 weeks -10ordmC 8 weeks -15ordmC 4 weeks -20ordmC 1 week

3 -Using low temperature

Stored product insect pests generally do not feed or reproduce at temperatures below +17degC

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Groups

bullClays sand ash bullMinerals (lime

salt ) bullSynthetic silicas bullDiatomaceous earths

4- Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Diatomaceous earth is a method of physical control against infestations in stored grain it is an inert dust comprised of fossilized algae called diatoms

It kills insects by absorbing the waxy covering on the exoskeleton Causing damage to theinsect cuticle and lead todehydration

Inert Dusts

Diatomaceous earth sample)photo Kean University

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Basically radiation can be used tokill insects in products such ascereal grains

Problems which prevent widespread usebull High cost of investmentbull Field performancebull Limited capacitybull Consumer acceptance

5 -Radiation

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Pesticides or mixtures of Pesticides or mixtures of pesticides which produce vapors pesticides which produce vapors (gases)(gases)Toxic when absorbed or inhaledToxic when absorbed or inhaledSold as solids liquids or Sold as solids liquids or gasesgases

FumigantsFumigants2 -Chemical Control

They must reach the target pests as gases to be effective

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Advantages

bullToxic to many pestsbullCan be applied by various methodsbullSome may be applied without disturbing the commoditybullPenetrate structures commodities and equipmentReadily available and economicalbullQuick actingbullOnly practical method for infested commodities such

as stored grain

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Disadvantages

bullToxic to humansbullRequire trained applicatorsbullTarget area or commodity must be enclosedbullMay injure seed germinationbullTemperature requirements may be hard to meet especially in northern climatesbullControl is temporarymdashno residual actionbullMay damage some commodities andor equipment

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Fumigation types 1 -Aluminum and Magnesium Phosphides

Various forms of aluminum or magnesium phosphides react with

moisture to evolve phosphine gas (PH3)Phosphine easily penetrates into products

2 -Methyl Bromide At normal temperatures and pressures methyl bromide is an odorless colorless gas

MB quickly and deeply penetrates into grains and cereal products

Repeated or excessively high dosage fumigations of seeds or cereal product may result in reduced viability

of the seeds and cumulative increase in inorganic bromide residues in raw agricultural products and processed

cereal products

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Phosphine and m ethyl brom ide as fum igants advantages (highlighted) and disadvantages Phosphine M ethyl brom ide Easy to transport Refillable cylinders are expensive to transport Easy to apply Difficult to apply requiring special equipment

and skill Good penetration and distribution Distribution rather poor Taint residues and loss of viability in treated seeds are generally negligible

Sorption occurs and may cause taint bromide residues and loss of viability in treated seeds

Slow acting particularly at low temperatures and humidities

Rapidly toxic and widely effective even at lower temperatures

Flam mable spontaneously explosive ignition can occur in some circumstances Non-flam mable High acute mammalian toxicity but low chronic toxicity

Dangerous acute and chronic poison with delayed symptoms

Fairly easy to detect Very easy to detect Rapidly lost by leakage unless fum igation space is well sealed and gas tight soon after application

Needs very good seeing before application

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

The use of contact insecticides i) Grain admixture treatmentsAdmixture treatments depend upon reasonably uniform application of

a suitable contact insecticide or in some cases a mixture of insecticides

ii) Insecticide deposits on bulk grain surfaces and bagstacksSpraying the surface of a bulk of uninfested grain in a bin or in flat bulk

storage can give quite good protection against reinfestation for a limited period depending on the persistence of the insecticide usedSpace treatmentsThis term is used to describe insecticidal treatments by aerosols or vapours

intended to kill insects exposed to the treatment in the free space of a store or other enclosure to which the treatment is applied

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Carbon dioxide or nitrogen with lowresidual oxygen levels are used tocontrol stored product pests

There are three basic techniques bullHermetic storage

bullHigh N2 levels bullHigh CO2 levels

Modified atmospheres

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Hermetic storage

Hermetic storage is based onthe principle of depletion ofoxygen through respiration ofinsects

Vacuum cocoon )photo S Navarro

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Replacing the naturally occurring air by about 98 nitrogen results in insect control provided that the

residual oxygen content is below 3

Nitrogen (N2)

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Carbon dioxide has a toxic effect to insects at levels ofabove 35 by volume irrespective of the level ofresidual oxygen

it kills the insects by dehydration by causing their breathing apparatus to stay open

Carbon Dioxide (CO2

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Bacillus thuringiensis)photo A Huger(

Microbial Control

Dust preparations or aqueous suspension of these pathogens can be applied to stored products in bulk in much the same

way as conventional insecticides Another way of application of the pathogens is

through food baiting with pheromone or other attractants

Transmission of the pathogens 1 (larval eating on cadavers on infected

larvae or adults 2 (consumption of infected stored food

3 (contamination during mating and 4 (infection from the female during

oviposition to its progeny

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be used during grain storage to kill moth caterpillars that hatch after the grain is stored

Bt is effective only against the larval stage of insects in the moth family such as grain moths and Indian meal moths Eggs pupae and adults are not affected

The product must be ingested by the caterpillar in order to work

Bt kills caterpillars by damaging their digestive tract over a period of two or more days

There are several product formulations of Bt including Dipeltrade and Javelintrade

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

IPM Tactics for On-Farm Stored Grain

Clean the storage bin thoroughly to eliminate starter colonies of insects

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Seal any gaps or holes in the sides

of the bin

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Apply an approved insecticide on the floors and sides of bins to eliminate

insects hiding in cracks and crevices and to create a first line of defence against any

insects that do find their way into the bin

Clean the grain to remove excess fine particles and other foreign debris Fine particles

reduce aeration

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Dry the grain to the recommended moisture content (Table 1) Insects and molds require moisture to survive

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Planned storage time before Planned storage time before marketingmarketing

CropCrop66 monthsmonths66 to 12 to 12 monthsmonths

more than more than 1 year1 year

Corn and sorghumCorn and sorghum1414 percentpercent

1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

SoybeansSoybeans1313 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

Small grainsSmall grains1212 percentpercent

1111 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Edible beansEdible beans1414 percentpercent

1212 percentpercent

1010 percentpercent

Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 Decrease each moisture content percentage by 2 percent if storing grain without aerationpercent if storing grain without aeration

Table 1 Recommended Maximum Moisture Content for Grain in Aerated Storage Conditions

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Moisture accumulates in a grain peak Microbial activity in the wet area will

heat the grain and attract secondary insects The peak also reduces

aeration efficiency

Aerate the grain to cool it

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Initiate a systematic and thorough

insect-monitoring system Check the grain every

20 days from spring to fall and every

30 days in winter

Five trier samples should be

sufficient on each sampling date

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Pheromone traps in the head space may also be useful

Probe traps can be inserted intothe top layer of grain for 1 to 5 days to

detect insects

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

If you begin to find insects fumigate as necessary to keep insect populations below levels

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Use the mix of IPM methods whichsuits you best in terms of efficiency

cost safety and other requirements

Conclusion

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

Implementing IPM is not a matter ofsome days but an ongoing processwhich will never come to an end ascircumstances and availabletechnologies change all the time

Conclusion

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

This is why IPM requires in the first place

DEDICATION and EDUCATION

On the other side cost for implementing a sound IPM system is rather modest

Conclusion

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98

• Integrated pest management of stored products pests
• Slide 2
• Slide 3
• Importance of pest ID
• Slide 5
• Damage caused by rodents
• Slide 7
• Slide 8
• Slide 9
• Damage caused by birds
• Slide 11
• Slide 12
• Are all insects found in stored grain equally important
• Slide 14
• Slide 15
• Where do the insects come from
• Slide 17
• Slide 18
• Stored Grains Insect Pests
• Weevils or Snout Beetles
• Slide 21
• Slide 22
• Granary Weevils
• Lesser Grain Borer
• Angoumois Grain Moth
• Stored Grain Insect Pests
• Indian Meal Moth (IMM)
• IMM
• Slide 29
• Sawtoothed Grain Beetles
• Red Flour Beetle
• Confused Flour Beetle
• Rusty Grain Beetles
• Foreign Grain Beetle
• - Flour or Grain Mites2
• Slide 36
• Slide 37
• Slide 38
• Monitoring
• Slide 40
• Slide 41
• Slide 42
• pit-fall traps
• Slide 44
• Slide 45
• Slide 46
• Probe sampling and sieves
• Slide 48
• Slide 49
• 2- Monitoring grains temperature and aerating grains How temperature and moisture work
• Slide 51
• Slide 52
• Preventing Insect Infestations
• Slide 54
• Slide 55
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Slide 57
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Slide 61
• Slide 62
• Slide 63
• Insect Pest Management of Stored Grains
• Physical control
• 2- Using high temperature
• Slide 67
• Disinfestation time periods required at low temperatures
• Slide 69
• Slide 70
• Slide 71
• Slide 72
• Fumigants
• Slide 74
• Slide 75
• Slide 76
• Slide 77
• Slide 78
• Slide 79
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88
• Slide 89
• Slide 90
• Slide 91
• Slide 92
• Slide 93
• Slide 94
• Slide 95
• Slide 96
• Slide 97
• Slide 98