i

A Research Report On

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INDUCED CONFLICT

A study of Ghorepani, Myagdi District, Nepal

Submitted to: Department of Conflict Peace and Development Studies

Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal (In Partial fulfillment of the requirements of the

Degree of Master in Conflict Peace and Development Studies)

Submitted by Bipin Ghimire

Master of Conflict Peace and Development Studies, Tribhuvan University

2012

©Author

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Acknowledgements

The practical knowledge is very necessary and which will helps us in daily life and is one of

more importance in Social Sciences. I get the opportunity to explore the practical work

environment on Department of Conflict, Peace and Development studies while going for field

Research. Therefore, at first I would like to thanks to Department of Conflict, Peace and

Development studies (DCPDS) for providing me the wonderful opportunity of the field Visit at

Annapurna Conservation area Project (ACAP) as per the course.

I would like to express my profound gratitude to Dr. Hemraj Subedi, Coordinator, Conflict,

Peace and Development Studies for his insightful guidance and helpful suggestions throughout

the research work.

Thanks are due to my Field Supervisor Mr. Pitambar Bhandari, whose supervision help me

extremely by providing valuable times for all sorts of index, techniques work from the very

beginning to the end and enabled me to present this research in this form. His enthusiasm,

patience, kindness and generosity are ever memorable.

I am very thankful to Dr. Ramesh Raj Kunwar for his Kind Inspiration and help and for his

proactive and inspirational guidance.

My special thanks go to Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) office for providing me

some materials for the study. I am also indebted to all reputed authors, whose writing provided

me an insight and understanding towards the issue.

I would like to convey my deep gratitude and well wishes to all those who have contributed

during the Field research period directly or indirectly. Last but not least, my sincere thanks go

out also to all the respondents and my colleagues especially Krishna K.C, Kamal Kandel, Saroj

Giree, Kishor Shah, Asmita Sharma, Sawana Bhatta and my family member who have been

directly and indirectly helpful in bringing out this research in present form.

July 2012 -Bipin Ghimire

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ABBREVIATIONS

ACA - Annapurna Conservation Area

ACAP - Annapurna Conservation Area Project

CBO - Community Based Organization

CBS - Central Bureau of Statistics

DCPDS - Department of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies

DDC - District Development Committee

FGD - Focus Group Discussion

ILO - International Labor Organization

INGOs - International Non Governmental Agencies

KMTNC - The King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation

LNP - Langtang National Park

NGO - Non Governmental Organization

NPC - National Planning Commission

NTNC - National Trust for Nature Conservation

SLC - School Leaving Certificate

UK - United Kingdom

UNDP - United Nation Development Programme

VDC - Village Development Committee

WWF - World Wildlife Fund

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACRONYMS Page no

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………………………..……………. 1-4

1.1.Back ground of the Study................................................................................................... 1

1.2.Statement of the Study………………………………………………………………….…….……2

1.3.Research questions…………………………………………………………….……….……….…3

1.4.Objectives of the Study…………………………………………………………….…..………….3

1.5.Conceptual framework ……………………………………………………………….………….3

1.6.Rationale of the Study.......................................................................................................4

1.7. Organization of the study………………………………………………………..…….……….4

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………….………......................5 - 11

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………….…………...11 - 13

3.1. Research Design………………………………………………………………………………..11

3.2 Rationale of the site selection …………………………………………….……….…..…..…11

3.3 Universe and Sampling ……………………………………………….…..……………..…...11

3.4 Nature and Sources of Data…………………………………….………………….…………11

3.5. Technique of Data Collection ……………………………….………………...…......….…12

3.6. Limitation of the study…………………………………………………………………….….13

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS...............................14 - 16

CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

……..……………………………………………………………………………………17 - 33

5.1. Major Findings ………………………………………………….…………….…..………….17

5.2. Summary …………………………………….……………………………….…………..……19

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5.3 Conclusions...............................................................................................................21

5.4. Recommendations....................................................................................................22

REFERENCES

ANNEXES

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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Conflict and infrastructure development are interlinked with each other. Conflict may hamper to

the development activities and sometime the development activities create conflict. This

interwoven relationship between development and conflict is very much complex issue to deal

upon that needs a very sensitive and serious approach to depict the interrelationship.

The greed and the grievances are the two major factors that lead any situation to turn into violent

conflict and serious disagreement. The greed reflects the competition over valuable resources

whereas the later argues that relative deprivation which produces fuel conflict. Not only is this

the world facing many conflicts which occurred from the divergence of interest and the variation

of the perspective to look to any specific development or the situation. Weather it is the conflict

created by early settlement in south Florida or the conflict in Gold mine in Papua New Guinea or

it may be the “environment impact of Infrastructure development in Biodiversity of Nepal.

(Sherstha T. B, 2005).

Nepal is a land locked country which is situated between the large nation China and India. China

lies in the north and India in the east, west and south. Nepal's total area is 1, 47,181 sq.km.

According to census report, 2011 total population of Nepal is 2,66,20,769 Among them

1,36,93,338 are male and 1,29,27,431are female. The population growth rate of Nepal is 2.1

Percent per annum with the population density 157.3 per square kilometer. Nepal is the

Developing country there are many problems such as Employment, lack of Development,

illiteracy, poverty and many more. Lack of development is one of the major problems that the

people of Nepal are facing.

Nepal is a famous tourist destination and the pilgrimage for the anthropological research. Many

tourist visit Nepal every year to join knot with its natural beauty. Among the many tourists

destinations Ghorepani is very much famous for the ecotourism and the cultural study. Taking

this into consideration some people of the area are trying to modify the traditional infrastructure

and even are welcome the new technological development in the area which may create new job

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opportunities and to develop economically. On the other hand the critic of the notion believes

that the beauty of the place lies in its actual form. They point out that emergence of the modern

infrastructure development may have serious impact on the local culture. They also argue that

the massive flow of tourist from the roadway hamper the biodiversity and also the tourist

business of the local people.

Operational definition of some of the concepts

Development - an act of improving by expanding or enlarging

Infrastructure Development, here should be understood as an act of expanding physical

structure like roadway, trekking route or the drinking water taps and hotels

Economic empowerment , here, should be taken as any income generating activity--self-

generated and government and private jobs –deemed legal.

Social organizations, here, should be understood as any organization involved in social

activities such as mothers’ group and community forest users’ group.

Literate, here means anyone who has capacity to read and write

1.2 Statement of the problem

Ghorepani, because of their untouched and virgin natural beauty without the modern

disturbances becomes the famous tourist destination especially ecotourism. It is especially

popular for the trekkers and the adventure tourist as they have to walk more than two days to

reach the heavenly place. Touristswho wish to visit there cannot reach there unless he/she has

the determination to walk. Taking this scenario into concern some people are willing to

welcome the modern infrastructure like roadway and telecommunication as they believe this

lead to further economic prosperity of the area. On the other hand some people believe the

construction of the infrastructure and the unlimited flow of the short-span tourist may be

harmful to their economic sustainability and their tourism profession, the biodiversity, to the

beauty and even to the local and indigenous culture of Magar community. The conflict

prevails there.

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So to reveal the actual situation of the conflict and to depict the clear perspectives of the

people the research need to be done which further may be helpful to lunch the conflict

sensitive development activities in the area.

1.3 Research questions

The research sets out to study the development induced conflict in Ghorepanione of the

tourist destinations of Myagdi district. There are many disagreements arisen due to

developmental project as well as due to the conflict among people regarding the upcoming

infrastructure development in the area. The research aims to find out:

• What are the areas and the issue where the conflict is prevailing?

• Do the people involving in tourism sector and other general people have same

perception regarding the issue?

• How the people deal with the conflict arisen in the process of development?

1.4 Objectives of the study

Aims and objectives are the vision of the study stated in measurable terms.

A. General objectives

The main general objective of the study is to examine the areas of development

induced conflict andpeople’s perception regarding it in Ghorepani, a Magar

community in Myagdi district of Nepal.

B. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study are:

i. To find out the major areas of contrasting interest among the villagers

ii. To study the resolution practices of these development induced conflict

1.5 Conceptual Framework

Conflict hampers the development activities and sometime the development activities and the

upcoming physical development plan creates conflict. Development induced conflict is likely to

be affected by many variables. The interest conflict may arise to do developmental project.

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Different people look the upcoming development plan differently. If the plan seems not to be

favorable to them they may be disagreed and the conflicts emerge. Similarly some ecologist and

anthropologist seem to havecreated conflict as they believe that due to physical infrastructure

development project like roadway the massive \number of the tourist come in that area as a result

the cultural identities of indigenous people may be affected and also the ecology may be

disturbed. Moreover some people who are already involved in tourism may create conflict as

they are likely to think if the infrastructure is made their profession of tourism is in the tip of the

sword. Similarly the local people might support the upcoming development as they tend to have

make mind that they would get more job opportunities as entrepreneur and as the seasonal jobs

holders. Hence the economic opportunities seem to have positive correlation with development

induced conflict.

1.6 Rationale of the study

There are many researches and study conducted to show the hindrances caused by conflict in

developmental activities but there is very less study about the conflict that is caused by the

developmental activities. This study analyzes the areas and potential cause of development

induced conflict which is very important in the time when almost everybodyis in favor of

development without considering its long-term impact. This research was carried out to fill some

of the information gap. This study becomes very useful for the researcher; moreover this

research is very much fruitful for the government planners, policy makers, social workers and

other organization to lunch conflict sensitive developmental activities.

1.7 Organization of the Study

The report is organized into various chapters altogether five. The first chapter basically contains

the background of the study, Statement of the problem, Objectives and research questions and

the rationale of the study. The second chapter deals with the available literature on the concerned

topic by many previous scholars, institutions and organizations. The third chapter discusses the

research methodology followed to carry out the study. The fourth chapter describes the profile of

the Ghorepani village and analysis of the data and all other relevant information contributed for

the study. The final chapter will lead to findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

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CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

The history of the rural infrastructure development efforts in Nepal dates back to time immoral.

However more systematic efforts were lunched only after 1950. Since then a variety of rural

development model have been introduced. The most one are Tribhuvan Village development

Model, Panchyat Development Model and District development Plan. (Shrestha J K, 1974)

In every infrastructure development there may arise the conflict of interest as peopledevelop and

have their own eyes to look towards the specific project of development. When two parties fight

for the same resources’ obviously there come the various analyses regarding the development

project.“A conflict exists when two people wish to carry out acts which are mutually

inconsistent. They may both want to do the same thing, such as eat the same apple, or they may

want to do different things where the different things are mutually incompatible, such as when

they both want to stay together but one wants to go to the cinema and the other to stay at home.

A conflict is resolved when some mutually compatible set of actions is worked out. The

definition of conflict can be extended from individuals to groups (such as states or nations), and

more than two parties can be involved in the conflict. The principles remain the

same.”(Nicholson.M 1992:11)

Conflict is the situation when two parties strives to acquire the same scare resources at the same

time.(Wellensteen.P). “Two phenomena have been recently utilised to explain conflict onset

among rational choice analysts: greed and grievance. The former reflects elite competition over

valuable natural resource rents. The latter argues that relative deprivation and the grievance it

produces fuels conflict. Neither the presence of greed or grievance is sufficient for the outbreak

of violent conflict, something which requires institutional breakdown, which we describe as the

failure of the social contract. The degradation of the social contract is more likely in the context

of poverty and growth failure. We provide a synthesis of the greed and grievance hypotheses”

(Murshed, S. M. and Tadjoeddin, M. Z., 2009)

While in the process of any infrastructure development project the conflict may arise anytime as

there are many parties interested to fulfill their goals through the developmental activities. And

the result is contradiction. The contradiction in value rank, goal, interest and complexity further

leads to the conflict emergence. (Galtung.J, 1960).

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When there is interest conflict obviously people start analyzing any situation, and any

development fromtheir own angle. “Interest conflicts are caused by competition over perceived

incompatible needs. Conflicts of interest result when one or more of the parties believe that in

order to satisfy his or her needs, the needs and interests of an opponent must be sacrificed.

Interest-based conflict will commonly be expressed in positional terms. A variety of interests and

intentions underlie and motivate positions in negotiation and must be addressed for maximized

resolution. Interest-based conflicts may occur over substantive issues (such as money, physical

resources, time, etc.); procedural issues (the way the dispute is to be resolved); and

psychological issues (perceptions of trust, fairness, desire for participation, respect, etc.). For an

interest-based dispute to be resolved, parties must be assisted to define and express their

individual interests so that all of these interests may be jointly addressed. Interest-based conflict

is best resolved through the maximizing integration of the parties' respective interests, positive

intentions and desired experiential outcomes”.(Pruitt and Rubin,1986)

The development in infrastructure may lead towards the economic prosperity as well as it may

result in massive and futile spending too in some cases. According to World Bank study, a 1%

increase in infrastructure stock is associated with a 1% increase in GDP (Goldman Sachs 2008,).

A recent study by J. Luis Guash found that a 1% increase in telephone lines can result in a 0.2%

increase in GDP (Guasch 2004, 2-3). Unfortunately, causality also occurs in the reverse, as

investment in infrastructure is also a function of economic growth, which results in a demand for

new services and projects. Canning and Bennathan use panel data on infrastructure stocks to

estimate an aggregate production function, and then calculate the marginal returns of

differenttypes of infrastructure on output. They find the economic returns to infrastructure are

30-40% for telecommunications, 40% for power generation, and 80% for roads, again, higher in

poor countries (Canning and Bennathan, 2000).

Any development projects not only bring the positive outcomes in the targeted area but also it

may create serious social problems like displacement, identity crisis and many

other.“Development projects –from road, dam and other infrastructure construction to rural land

grabbing by foreign investors–are said to displace more than ten million people a year around the

world. While the projects promise economic boons for the nation, for industry and the middle

class, the greatest negative impacts are felt by already marginalized local communities, with the

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majority suffering at least short-term impoverishment. These projects may even exacerbate

inherent ethnic tensions or lead to irresolvable conflict over land tenure or access to natural

resources.” (International Geographical Congress in Cologne, 26-30 August 2012).

It is the obligation of the state and the project authority to maintain the HumanRights and legal

consideration, So that the equitable access to resources and the feeling of common ownership of

the land and that development activities may generate within the targeted group. It is also

important to organize resistance and advocacy for affected population and the project

implementation should aware about conflict generation and policies for defusing conflict.

“Before launching such infrastructure development the human and the environmental impacts

like livelihood and living standard, mental and physical health, social network, political change

and community cohesion need to be properly considered and analyzed.”(International

Geographical Congress in Cologne, 26-30 August 2012).

Needless to say, ACAP is one of the world's ten topmost trekking destinations for the tourist

however; different people have different views with regards to the impacts of new roads on

tourism. below provides how two tourist( William and Gery Pers. Comm, study period) from the

Netherland describe the likely impact of new roads on tourism in their own words." when new

roads are construct, there will probably be more tourist, who don’t want to fly or walk, but yet

want to see everything by car. Those tourists will be different than those who visited the area till

now. They probably will be people who want to consume everything in a very short time.

People, who want to enjoy nature and silence, will look for other areas where there will be no

motor traffic. In Annapurna area this means that many villages will be past by vary quickly and

they will have less income from the tourist. For local people and for the tourist who are in a

hurry, it is very good that roads are constructing. for the other tourist, the once who want only

nature and quietness, enjoy from its overwhelming mountains, roughness and the emptiness

north of Jomsom, strong wind in the river area, forest hills south of Tatopani, brilliant forest with

rhododendrons at Ghorepani, and very beautiful village and very friendly people, it will be very

good if there are alternative trekking path without any traffic"

As depicted above, roads currently under construction and those already constructed will have

large impacts over many foreign trekkers. Every year total length of the main tourism treks as

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well as other short treks, which have wider economic impact on local area will be shortened with

less economic impact through the tourism to the local community. However, being a journey less

strenuous and of short duration, there will be more opportunity to promote the domestic tourism

industry too. Likewise, the existing cost of tourism product and service will go down due to the

less amount of transportation cost. Other essential tourism facilities like rescue operation,

banking services, communications facilities and logistic support will be cost effective and easily

available.

A study carried out with support of national planning commission by NTNC on road status

survey of Besisahar- Chame road project noted the following impact of this road on tourism

industry of ACAP region (Shah, 2006). Although this appears specific to manage, similar types

of impact could be expected from that of Beni- Jomsom route too.

"In Manang district, internal tourism will increase. Natural beauty like Tilecho Lake and other

places of religious importance will attract more people when the road makes them more

accessible. Many Indian tourists are expecting to visit the areas due to easier and cheaper assess.

More elderly tourists are likely to visit the area when it is more assessable. The elderly and

retired tourists tend to spend more money than backpacker trekkers do. The Annapurna trek

currently takes 21 days; this is too long for those not staying in Nepal a great length of time and

who would prefer to do a shorter trek. This people are more likely to visit the area if access is

easier. Likewise, villages further down the road will receive significantly fewer tourists than

villages like Chame and Manang. Culture may be affected by the influx of many more people,

clothing style etc. new materials may lead to the construction of the buildings different from the

traditional old- style housing to be found in Manang district."

A road status survey has also been carried out in Jomsomilaka for Muktinath to Pahirothaple

section (shah, 2007) with regard to the impact of road on tourism promotion; the conclusion of

this study is almost similar to that of Manang study.

The conflict between indigenousIpili and the Porgera joint ventured Gold mine in the highland of

Papua Nue Guinea is very much applicable to analyze the developmental activities induced

conflict.Collier,P and Rohner,D., (2008) in their essay ‘Democracy, Development and Conflict’

write that Regulators, investors, and communities are increasingly aware of the potential

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environmental and social harm associated with open-pit mining projects. Local-level conflict is

now commonly associated with proposed and operating mines as community members struggle

to protect economic and social values of importance to them, to assert the right to refuse a mine,

or to advance claims on mining companies for damages. In response, mining companies seek

partnerships to help them secure a so-called social license to operate and manage risk to

reputation. This essay examines the role of anthropologists, development organizations, and

socially responsible investment companies in the context of conflicts between indigenous Ipili

and the Porgera Joint Venture gold mine in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. In dialogue with

the mine, these corporate engagement actors define the problems to be addressed and implement

solutions that may impede the agency of the Ipili by not reflecting and advancing Ipili claims on

the mine, providing information and advice regarding the community to the company (where it

often becomes proprietary), lending legitimacy to corporate social responsibility strategies, and

remaining silent about the environmental and human rights abuses to which they become privy

According to the study to explore the impact of rural electrification project on the peace and

conflict dynamic in Uganda in 2005 by Safer world (UK) and Center for Conflict resolution

(Uganda)“Overall the proposed electrification project will have a positive impact on the situation

in Pader. This is a widely held view from stakeholders from different groups – including local

government, central government, national NGOs, international NGOs and the IDPs themselves.

The over-riding positive impact will be on developing the infrastructure in a district that has been

neglected and this will begin to challenge the notion that Pader is being marginalized. However,

the manner in which the project is implemented can either deepen some tensions or can be used

to impact positively on some of the stated divisions, thus pro-actively contributing to peace.”

The need of accountability and democracy is currently the strategy for promoting international

peace through sustainable development. If people feel unequal in selection and implementation

of the project that may lead them to be rebellion resulted to the conflict of serious manner

(Collier P and Rohner D, 2008).

The early settlement attempts create in South Florida.(Cramer C.,2003). The principal native

tribe in the region that is now Miami-Dade County was the Calusa (renamed Tequesta by de

Leon), who’s members built villages along the Miami River. Spanish conquistadors, attracted by

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the mild climate, abundant food sources, and fresh water supply—and by tales of gold and other

riches—made repeated attempts to colonize the Miami region during the early sixteenth century

but were met with hostility from the Calusas. Nevertheless, by the early 1700s, less than two

hundred years after the arrival of the Spanish, most of the native population of south Florida had

disappeared. The few Calusas who remained were threatened by invading Creek and Seminole

Indians, and in 1711 many fled to Havana, Cuba. In 1783, after the American Revolution,

Florida briefly reverted to Spanish possession, but in 1821 Spain ceded Florida to the United

States for $5 million.”

Development work often involves changing power dynamics in host societies through the

provision of technical assistance combined with human and financial resources. Conflicts often

revolve around issues of power - fighting, for instance, over which groups will have access to

political, economic and social resources. Consequently external assistance challenges existing

power relations and, in contributing resources in a polarized environment, may inadvertently fuel

conflict.

An increasing number of international agencies have recognized this and adopted a conflict-

sensitive approach which involves scrutinizing the potential positive and negative impacts of

their work on the conflict context and vice-versa. Based on this understanding, agencies should

then take steps to ensure that at a minimum they do no harm and, ideally, they have a positive

impact on the contexts in which they work.

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CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

As the research did not start with any presumed premise or hypothesis, the design was

exploratory. It was undertaken to orient the researcher and the study.

3.2 Rationale of the site selection

The researcher has established some criteria for the selection of the site. The first one wasthat

Ghorepaniis an indigenous ethnic community with the high potentiality for tourism industry.

Secondly, the rural and hilly community was selected as researcher wish to see the effects of

infrastructure development in ecology. On the basis of these criteria the researcher selected the

site Ghorepani of Myagdi district.

3.3 Universe and Sampling

The universe of the study was the people of two communities- TalloGhorepani and

UpalloGhorepani, the hotel owners, tourist guides and civil society members. The rural villages

that some data and information are collected are Saulibazzar, Ghandruk, Ghorepani, Shikha, and

Ghara and few other places that lie on the Annapurna Trekking Route from Ghandruk to Pun Hill

The purposive sampling procedure was used as there was limitation on time, budget and

resources and work force for data collection. The research is more descriptive because of its

nature. The table is presented and analyzed to fulfill the objective of this very work. Tables and

Figures are also used.

3.4 Nature and sources of data

The research is both qualitative and quantitative nature of data. The data was gathered by

observing the community and by interacting with the people of very community. Moreover other

primary and secondary source of data were used and analyzed.

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Primary sources of data:

i. Directly observing the field/site

ii. Data gathered from small community bases association

Secondary sources of Data:

i. Data from the published material was used

ii. Data from the Central Bureau of Statistic was taken

iii. Other data from website and internet also were analyzed

3.5 Techniques of Data collection

The foremost techniques of data collection used to grab the data were;

Interview: -In order to understand the perception of people on the issue, interview method was

used. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview schedule was used. In order assertain proper

recording of information, audios of the respondents were recorded.To ensure collection of

specific informations an interview with key informants from various sectors like mother’s group,

hotel owners, ACAP project member, was conducted. The researcher took interview with the

hotel owner, with the tourist guides, with some people. Focused group discussion was also

organized with small community bases association and locals to gather the qualitative

information. The data was collected informally even on the way to Ghorepani through

interaction and discussion with the local people and the tourist guides.

Observation: - Observation of their culture and their ecology was also done for the primary

information.

Questionnaire: - Questionnaire fill up was done among some household in that specific

community.

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3.6 Limitations of the Study

Due to constraints of time, resources and budget, the findings of the research may not match the

national figure. Hence, the findings from this research cannot be generalized. The information

was collected through primary sources. Therefore, the researcher shall not be answerable for any

misinformation from the side of the respondents.

The analysis of collected data is carried out accurately. The researchers not only being an expert

on conflict theories, there can be few errors nevertheless.

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CHAPTER IV: DATA PRESENTATION FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

Annapurna Region: A Short Glimpse

The national Trust for Nature conservation lunched the Annapurna Conservation Area

Project(ACAP), the first and largest conservation area in Nepal, covering 7,629 square kilometer

in 1986 as an innovation concept in the protected area management system of the country. The

conservation area embraces a multiple land use principle of resources management that combines

environmental protection with sustainable community development. Traditional subsistence

activities are woven into a framework of sound resources management, supplemented by

conservation, development and alternative energy programmers to minimize the negative impact

of tourism and enhance the living standard of the local people.

The biological diversity of the Annapurna region is equally rivaled by its cultural diversity. Since

the first trekker came to the Annapurna Area in 1950, the natural and cultural features of ACAP

have made it the most popular tourist destination in Nepal, drawing more than 60 percent of the

country total trekkers. ACAP follows the three grassroots philosophy of maximum people's

participation, sustainability, and its role as a facilitator where by the local people are involved in

all aspect of the conservation and development process, both as principle actors and prime

beneficiaries.

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Pic: Map of ACAP Trail Route

Geographical setting

Geographically the ACAP region is located between 83° 34' to 84°25'E longitude 28°15' to

28°50'N latitude covering an area of 7,629 sq. km. situated between middle to high mountain eco

zone area of Nepal, it is a bordered by Marsyangdi valley in the east, Kligandaki river in the

west, the dry alpine desert of mustang and Tibet in the north and the valley and foothills of

Pokhara in the south.

Administratively, it lies in five hilly and mountain district of Nepal, namely Lamjung, Kaki,

Myagdi, Manang and Mustang. It spans over all part of Mustang (all 16 VDCs), must of

Manang( all 13 VDCs except 4 wards of Dharapani VDC) and part of Lamjung (8 VDCs),

Kaski(17 VDCs) and Myagdi (13 VDCs). The world's highest glacier lake of the Tilicho is

located in ACAP.

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Livelihoods

The large majority of the ACAP regions still rely on subsistence agriculture and livestock

rearing. There are very limited off- farm livelihoods activities, nearly three fourth of the

population are economically active and this proportion is almost similar among male and female.

The main livelihood of the people in the area is agriculture with livestock as a secondary

occupation. major crop species are rice, maize, millet, wheat, potato, barley and buckwheat and

the major live stocks species are buffalo, cattle, ship, goat, hare and chicken large majority of the

people continue to rely on agriculture for fulfilling their basic needs, followed by foreign jobs

and others. The main external cash income source for the people in the southern sector is military

service, either in the British or the India army, whereas it is trade and business for the people in

the northern sector. Other socio economic activities in the region include pottering, operating

teashops and lodges, bartering, producing and selling handicraft and collecting the medical

plants.

Infrastructure in ACAP

ACAP efforts on integrated conservation and development over a period of more than to decades

have result in the construction, rehabilitation and reconstruction of various community and

private infrastructure ACAP region. while some infrastructure have been developed with local

peoples active participation( voluntary labor and cash support) and ACAPs sole founding( core

fund)generated due to the revenue collected from the tourist, other have been developed in

partnership and/ or collaborations with many external funding agencies, INGOs and NGOs,

particularly UNDP, WWF, SNV( Netherland Development Organization), and JICA.

Meanwhile, mention should be made about the district development committees which have

substantially invest in the ACPA region for the improvement of the community and private

infrastructure.

In the ACAP region, many community infrastructures have been constructed, repaired and

maintained through the partnership and collaborations between the conservation area

management committee formed in each VDC as per the conversation area management.

Regulations 1996 and self governance act 1999. Aside from the DDC and VDC sources some

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central level project such as Besishahar- Manang road are also constructed in the ACAP region.

Present key community infrastructure construct in the ACAP region by the unit conservation

office. ACAP has been mostly focusing on the development of the following types/ categories of

infrastructure:

� Trekking Trails

� Bridges

� Drinking Water System

� micro hydro power

� improvement in the physical facilities in the school

� health post

� community buildings

Short introduction to Ghorepani

Ghorepani offer panoramic view of mountains within a short span of timeframe. It takes couple

of days from Pokhara to reach Ghorepani, which is the native homeland of world famous Gurkha

Soldiers as well as known for the great views including the both famous mountains Mt.

Annapurna and Mt. Dhaulagiri as well as other prominent snow-capped peaks in the Western

Development Region of Nepal. For a panoramic view of northern mountains, Pun hill (3,210m.

which is about an hour's climb away from Ghorepani Pass above Ghorepani Village also offers

best view of Mt. Dhaulagiri, Tukchey Peak in the northwest and Mt. Annapurna and Mt. Nilgiri

in the northeast. The Pun hill also offers far-sighted aerial view of Kaligandaki Valley (former

main trading route between Nepal and Tibet via Mustang) which is considered as world's deepest

gorge between Mt. Dhaulagiri and Mt. Annapurna range and one of the popular trekking spots in

Nepal.

How it is named- Ghorepani

Ghorepani lies on the way to climb down to Pokhara and other places. People believe that, the

king of Mustang used to come along the way of

other places. Ghorepani lies in between so the king has to stay in that places at night. The lexical

meaning of the word Ghorepani

the king in his trip to other places, waited to make his horse drink water and for his queen rest;

since that time the places is known as

TalloGhorepani and UpalloGhorepani

Ghorepani but UpalloGhorepani

of Himalayas and sunrise can be viewed in the morning.

18

Pic 1: Ghorepani

lies on the way to climb down to Pokhara and other places. People believe that, the

king of Mustang used to come along the way of Ghorepani to get down hill towards Pokhara and

lies in between so the king has to stay in that places at night. The lexical

Ghorepani is that 'Ghora' means horse and 'Pani' means water. And when

her places, waited to make his horse drink water and for his queen rest;

since that time the places is known as Ghorepani. To be fact the Ghorepani is divided into two;

UpalloGhorepani. Previously TalloGhorepani was known as the actual

UpalloGhorepani gained popularity now a days as from that places the nice view

of Himalayas and sunrise can be viewed in the morning. Ghorepani is highly populated with the

lies on the way to climb down to Pokhara and other places. People believe that, the

to get down hill towards Pokhara and

lies in between so the king has to stay in that places at night. The lexical

means water. And when

her places, waited to make his horse drink water and for his queen rest;

is divided into two;

was known as the actual

gained popularity now a days as from that places the nice view

is highly populated with the

19

pun magar, an ethnic group of Nepal which has a close cultural system with, own language and

helmet like territory. This does not mean that there is no existence of other caste group or other

people.

Topography

The topography of Ghorepani is very similar to the overall hilly region of the country. The stiff

hilly, the slippery small path, rhododendron forests, very cold temperature are the major

Geographic characteristic of Ghorepani. The Trekking route has been reached but the motor able

way has not been reached till now. People have to depend on the moles for transportation as a

result the life is very difficult and very challenging. Only few of the crops like buckwheat, potato

and cabbage are grown in the area where as other essential things should be brought from

Pokhara. Therefore the expanses of the food are bit high.

Education status

So far the education status of the people living in that area is concerned; people are almost

illiterate except those who go outside for their study and some Gurkhas who are back in their

home. People are happy in their own traditional way of life and do not much concerned much

about the study. Despite of it people use to send their children to major cities like Pokhara and

Kathmandu for the study. Those who are not so much financially sound send their children to the

primary school that is near the village. The condition of the primary school is not so good, as

there are only 43 children studying. The school used to give education up to class five before but

because of the number o the students and their resources it is downgrade up to grade four. The

other homemaker and the male members of those areas are quite illiterate. Their main work is to

work in the household. Almost half of the household owned the hotels which are the main source

of their income, some do service and few people are enterpriser.

Social harmony

Another main thing that can be noticed by any observer is that the number of the youth is very

less in Ghorepani as they go outside the village for the earning especially in the British army, the

Indian army and for the study purpose. Few youth and the children and old age people occupy

the places. The social coherence is seen in Ghorepani. People stay without quarrel and without

20

disturbing each other. Mostly houses are not closed even in the night time as they are not afraid

of the thieves. To be clearer no one thieves from other house. This very positive thing seems like

miracle for the researcher as the researcher is from the place where there is no any guarantee of

security and have to be fully conscious about everything every time. This social harmony and the

sense of cooperation also make the security office easier.

Hospitality

The people of Ghorepani are very ordinary who are out of the touch of the modern

industrializations and urbanization. They are busy doing their own household works and do not

remain in contact with the cities and the modern culture except from the internal and external

tourists who go there. The hospitality of the people is good as they perform their cultural

programmers to welcome the tourist and to collect some funds which are later used in the

management of the villages and taps.

Management of the village and the hotels

People are so cooperative and do their work in collaborative manner. Every 'Sankranti', the first

of the month they organized 'Jhara', a discussion and fund raising programmers. the collected

fund is later used for the development of village and for cleanliness, for road construction and for

the drainage and 'kulo', a water channel. This traditional and indigenous way of the development

is still practicing there. not only this for the management of hotels they have formed 'Hotel

management committee' which is responsible for making the Menu of the hotels and for

developing viewpoint and rest point on the way to Ghorepani. Similarly, the women's' group

popularly known as 'AamaSamuha' has also some responsibilities for the village development.

They organize cultural programmers and collect funds and there is a cultural museum from

where they collect some funds which is also used for the development of the place.

Divided view regarding the construction of new roads

Source: Field Study Survey 2012

Regarding the construction of the road, people are divided and they do poses different

perspectives and views regarding the issue. Most of the respondents said that they do not need

the roads in the village. They also said that the motor able road lead to

They are totally against the construction.

respondents share that they are against the idea of bringing road in t

30% said that they needed the road in the

strongly need the motor able way. And 9

the issue.

not needed

52%

don't know

9%

Perspectives regarding road construction

among the respondents

21

Divided view regarding the construction of new roads

Source: Field Study Survey 2012

Regarding the construction of the road, people are divided and they do poses different

perspectives and views regarding the issue. Most of the respondents said that they do not need

the roads in the village. They also said that the motor able road lead to the decrease their income.

the construction. To be fact, among 23 respondents

respondents share that they are against the idea of bringing road in the village. On

the road in the village and 9% of the respondents share that they

strongly need the motor able way. And 9% of the respondents said they did not know regarding

very needed

9%

needed

30%

don't know

9%

Perspectives regarding road construction

among the respondents

Regarding the construction of the road, people are divided and they do poses different

perspectives and views regarding the issue. Most of the respondents said that they do not need

the decrease their income.

23 respondents, 52% of the

On the other hand

% of the respondents share that they

% of the respondents said they did not know regarding

22

Conflict related to the road construction

While asking the reason to prefer the road way, the respondents provides some major and

common reasons. They said that the road construction is very much helpful in transportation and

for the health reason. One of the respondents said, "If we are seriously ill it takes us two days to

reach to the major cities on foot, and it is very difficult for the people like us". He further said

that the road makes the things cheep. Another respondents from the Ghorepani said that," the old

age and the children would be more benefitted with the development of the road way". He

further blamed the hotel owner for not cooperating to bring the road in the village.

In response to the question, some of the respondents prefer the trekking route and said that the

trekking route is very helpful for the economic sustainability of the villagers as they are

benefitted by the small teashops, by the hotels and by being guides and as a potter. One of the

hotel owner said," Tourist are our god. They gave us money which is the only source of income

for us. if the tourist do not stay in our places, we cannot earn our living." She also said that they

cannot come into agreement if that hampers their profession.

As the motor able road has been reached up to ThekeDhunga, a nearby village of Ghorepani

Village, and to the south up to Ghara, people believe that the road would reach their village soon

but they also point out that some of the serious conflict regarding the issue. The researcher asked

the question related to the existing conflict that has brought by the infrastructure development in

that area. One of the respondents shared his views, " People who are from outside and only few

years ago come in that place are the main problem to bring the road in that area. They do not

come into agreement and only looking for their business." People have very pathetic feeling as

they said that no one in the village listen to them. One of the farmer said" they make their rules

and said that it is decided by the meeting. They allow us to speak but do not consider it in the

decision."

Analyzing this frustrating feeling with full of agony people d have the mixed feeling and also

there exist serious disagreement among the people though that is not seen outside in the floor.

From the outside we can see people very collaborative and coordinating, but if we take the closer

look, it is also visible that people are in serious contagion and conflict.

23

Source: Field Study Survey 2012

Among 23 respondents there can be seen a division as they were divided in terms of preferences

they give to. 57% of the respondents gave preference to the trekking route whereas slightly less

35% respondents prefer the motor able road to the trekking route. Only 9% respondents want

both to come to the village. by analyzing the data and seeing their profession, it is seen that the

hotel owner and those whose occupation are related to tourism, said they n do not need the road

and those who depend on the agriculture and other profession are very much positive for the road

construction.

Impacts of new roads on tourism

A number of studies point to a significant impacts of roads on poverty reduction through

economic growth. Road investments can lead to higher farm and nonfarm productivity ,

employment and income opportunities, and increased availability of wage goods, thereby

reducing poverty by rising main income and consumption. however, study often show mixed

impacts of roads on tourism, particularly in ACAP region because it is likely to reduce the

number of tourist who came to ACAP for trekking and in the meantime, see and experience its

unique scenery and culture.

Road way

35%

Trekking Route

56%

Both roadway and

alternative trekking

route

9%

0%

preferences given by the respondents

24

As depicted above, roads currently under construction and those already constructed will have

large impacts over many foreign trekkers. Every year total length of the main tourism treks as

well as other short treks, which have wider economic impact on local area will be shortened with

less economic impact through the tourism to the local community. However, being a journey less

strenuous and of short duration, there will be more opportunity to promote the domestic tourism

industry too. Likewise, the existing cost of tourism product and service will go down due to the

less amount of transportation cost. Other essential tourism facilities like rescue operation,

banking services, communications facilities and logistic support will be cost effective and easily

available.

Conflict related to the Construction of the new Hotels

Ghorepani is a world 10th most popular trekking route This trek is a wonderful opportunity to

witness the beauty of the Annapurna region with a shorter trek. The trip starts just north of

Pokhara that means we start Ghorepani trekking from Dhampusphedi (Surkhetphedi), Nayapul

or from Beni Bazaar. You will enjoy Ghorepani poon hill trekking in the spectacular mountain

scenery through charming villages inhabited by the Gurungs, dense rhododendron forests full of

birds and deep subtropical valleys. Rewarding Ghorepani poon hill treks, this can be enjoyed by

every lover of nature and beautiful landscape. Ghorepani Poon Hill circuit trek is world popular

trekking destination where you enjoy beautiful mountains view, culture and people of Annapurna

region.

The hotel Business in very successful business in Ghorepani . Among fourty two house hold 26

household owns the hotel and also there are also small tea shop and coffee house along the way.

The hotel management committee decided that no other people are permitted to make another

new hotel.

This decision brought a serious disagreement and the conflict among the people of that area.

Only the old hotel can enlarge their hotel business but no new one is permitted. people are

divided. Some people are in favor of the decision and some are completing opposing it. One of

the respondents said, "It is a good decision, as it stops other people outside the village to come

25

and do business in that place and earn money." He also point out that the decision is helpful to

circulate the money within the village and the money do not go outside the village.

But other fraction is completely opposing this idea. They point out that this decision is very bias

decision as they argue that every individual in the country poses right to go anywhere and do the

business they like. There should not be bias and discrimination. Moreover, one of the

respondents said, "I don’t like this decision. The big hotel owners make this decision in their

favor and this prevents us from doing business." he blamed the hotels owner for carrying out this

decision and also becomes very angry. Another female respondent shared," my son is in foreign

country and we were planning to open small hotel after his return but this decision of Hotel

Management Committee band to make new hotels. They did injustice for the people like us."

Conflict related to the management of the Drinking Water Taps

Respondents shared that they faced many conflict regarding to the management of the water taps

in the village. There was conflict regarding to the distribution of the water taps too. The people

of UpalloGhorpani hesitate to provide the taps to the people of TalloGhorepani, the problem

which was solved at present, was the hot issue when in the time of constructing the taps.

Moreover the people of Ghara are not getting the benefit of the drinking water. One of the

respondents shared "the people of the Ghorepani are bias while providing the number of taps in

our village." He further said," We have to share one taps among two- three households whereas

the other get one per household." on the other hand, the people of UpalloGhorepani shared that

there is not any discrimination while sharing the water taps. Further one of the respondents said,"

they do not need much water for their household but in hotel we need more water." The conflict

has escalated that the people had stop sharing their labor and had stopped moving around

another's places, which finally led to the many other social problems in the village like; theft, not

participating in the occasions and festivals, not sharing labor and maintaining secrecy inside the

village. Though the problem has solved in the current period, it had been a serious issue in the

past.

26

How the villagers solve the conflicts

In spite of many conflict regarding the infrastructure development the villagers are capable of

solving the conflict on their own. For that the intellectuals like ex gurkha soldiers and hotel

business person and the local teacher of the village have the vital responsibilities. People used to

gather in one place and decide what has happened in the village. One of the respondents said "we

have never taken the help of the police to solve the conflict and fight, which happened in the

village". The first step to solve the conflict is to hold the multi party meeting within the village

which they believe is capable to solve the conflict and disagreement among the people.

The intellectuals and the existing political parties have the vital role in solving the conflict.

TheEx-Gorkha soldiers and intellectuals aremuchrespected in the village and have got big hands

in the decision of the village and hotel management committee. People seldom go against

decision. This social harmony of respect and hierarchy hasbound the villagers.

27

CHAPTER VI: FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Major Findings

The major findings of the research have been enumerated below:

� The main livelihood of the people in Ghorepani is agriculture with livestock as a

secondary occupation. Major crop species are maize, millet, potato, barley and

buckwheat and the major live stocks species are buffalo, cattle, ship, goat, hare and

chicken large majority of the people continue to rely on agriculture for fulfilling their

basic needs, followed by foreign jobs and others. The main external cash income source

for the people in the southern sector is military service, either in the British or the India

army, whereas it is trade and tourism business for some of the people.

� So far the education status of the people living in that area is concerned; people are

almost illiterate except those who go outside for their study and some Gurkhas who are

back in their home. People are happy in their own traditional way of life and do not much

concerned much about the study. Despite of it people use to send their children to major

cities like Pokhara and Kathmandu for the study.

� The social coherence is seen in Ghorepani. People stay without quarrel and without

disturbing each other. Mostly houses are not closed even in the night time as they are not

afraid of the thieves. To be clearer no one thieves from other house. This very positive

thing seems like miracle for the researcher as the researcher is from the place where there

is no any guarantee of security and have to be fully conscious about everything every

time. This social harmony and the sense of cooperation also make the security office

easier.

� Every 'Sankranti', the first of the month they organized 'Jhara', a discussion and fund

raising programmers. the collected fund is later used for the development of village and

for cleanliness, for road construction and for the drainage and 'kulo', a water channel.

This traditional and indigenous way of the development is still practicing there. not only

this for the management of hotels they have formed 'Hotel management committee'

28

which is responsible for making the Menu of the hotels and for developing viewpoint and

rest point on the way to Ghorepani. Similarly, the women's' group popularly known as

'AamaSamuha' has also some responsibilities for the village development. They organize

cultural programmers and collect funds and there is a cultural museum from where they

collect some funds which is also used for the development of the place.

� Regarding the construction of the road, people are divided and they do poses different

perspectives and views regarding the issue. Most of the respondents said that they do not

need the roads in the village. They also said that the motor able road lead to the decrease

their income. They are totally against the construction. Whereas some respondents prefer

motor able road for transportation and for the health reason.

� The decision of not allowing making new hotels in the village is the one that help escalate

the conflict. The locals and other people who want to construct the new hotel for the

tourist are not permitted which brings serious disagreement and conflict among the

people. They further said that the decision is very much self centered and motivated by

personal gain rather than the thinking for others people. They argued that only the current

hotel owners are benefitted and they monopolize the business. In opposition to it, the

hotel owner said that this decision of not letting newcomer in hotel business is fruitful for

the local economy. They opine that if we let other people to come and make hotels in the

area the local money go outside the village and the villagers do not get any benefit from

the business

� The management of drinking water tap also cannot be secure from the conflict. Some

household get one tap personally but some has to share one tap by two to three

households. This situation has brought conflict among the villagers. The hotel owner who

are getting more than one tap, argue that the distribution of the tap was done on the need

based basis. In opposition to this view the locals who have to share one tap by three

household argue that the big businessperson monopolizes the decision.

� The hotels of TalloGhorepani argued for making two different menus, which they think

would give some compensation. They point out that if the menu of TalloGhorepani is

29

made cheaper, the flow of tourist would become more in there. But this view has been

seriously opposed by the hotel owner of UpalloGhorepani. They opine that making two

different is to 'hammering own knee.'

Summary

Infrastructure development is very much necessary for the society to compete with the

modern world. Not only this infrastructure development makes life easier and comfortable as

people can go one place to another without any difficulties and also they can enjoy with

modern facilities of communication and modern culture. Especially the places like

Ghorepani, where many tourists come every year, would certainly be benefitted by the

infrastructure development. Saying this we cannot go out of the potential conflict before the

infrastructure development project and during the project too. In Ghorepanithere was seen

many conflict and disagreement related to the infrastructure development.

This research especially focuses on the conflict related to the development of the motor able

road in the area, conflict related to the construction and management of the new hotels and

conflict related to the management of the drinking ware taps in the village. So far the motor

able road conflict is concerned, people are divided between two views; it is good to bring

motor able road in the villages and another is that it is not good to bring the motor able road

in the touristic places like Ghorepani. Some of the locals and intellectuals gave their point for

the development of motor able road in the village. They also argued that the road facilities

make the life easier and they can travel one places to another in very little time and also it is

very easier to go to hospitals in the time of emergency. Some of the students opine that is

would be good for many purposes like; going to school, going to relatives and many more.

Similarly, local people believe that the construction of the new roads makes the goods

cheaper

On the other hand the people who are involving in the tourism business think totally

opposite. They argued that it would be doom to bring the motor able road in the area as it

challenges their tourism profession. They further said that if the motor able road is

constructed in the area the tourist come in the motor and stay for the short duration in the

village and spend less money, which they think, is very challenging for their profession.

30

Because of that reason these groups are opposing the idea of bringing road in the area. Rather

they are in favor to construct alternative trekking route which would be more beneficial for

them.

The conflict related to the construction of the new hotel is very much seen in Ghorepani. The

hotel management committee has decided that they do not further allow making new hotels

in the village. This decision is the one that help escalate the conflict. The locals and other

people who want to construct the new hotel for the tourist are not permitted which brings

serious disagreement and conflict among the people. They further said that the decision is

very much self centered and motivated by personal gain rather than the thinking for others

people. They argued that only the current hotel owners are benefitted and they monopolize

the business. they point out that each and every people irrespective of from where he/she

belongs to, has the equal right to go everywhere in the country and do their business.

In opposition to it, the hotel owner said that this decision of not letting newcomer in hotel

business is fruitful for the local economy. They opine that if we let other people to come and

make hotels in the area the local money go outside the village and the villagers do not get any

benefit from the business. They further said that people from outside come and construct big

tourist hotels, monopolizes the hotel business, earn much money and go outside.

The management of drinking water tap also cannot be secure from the conflict. Some

household get one tap personally but some has to share one tap by two to three households.

This situation has brought conflict among the villagers. The hotel owner who are getting

more than one tap, argue that the distribution of the tap was done on the need based basis. If

you need more water you get single or more taps for your purpose, if you do not need much

water it is not necessary to give single tap to the single household. In opposition to this view

the locals who have to share one tap by three household argue that the big businessperson

monopolizes the decision. They further said" we also need more water for the purpose of

feeding our animals and for other purpose."

The management of the existing hotel is also another serious challenge. The Ghorepani area

has been divided into two; UpalloGhorepani and TalloGhorepani. Tourists prefer the

UpalloGhorepani because it lies in the upper places of the mountain and from where they

31

can see the clear view of the mountain. As the tourists prefer the UpalloGhorepani, the hotel

of the TalloGhorepani has remained in the verge of extension. Less number of the tourist

visit TalloGhorepani. Considering all these the people and the hotels of TalloGhorepani

argued for making two different menus, which they thin would give some compensation.

They point out that if the menu of TalloGhorepani is made cheaper, the flow of tourist would

become more in there. But this view has been seriously opposed by the hotel owner of

UpalloGhorepani. They opine that making two different is to 'hammering own knee' and

directly said that "if tourist come to our place that is not our fault."

Conclusion

"Devolvement cannot treat equally for everyone". The benefit of the development

depends on the perception of the people. People want to get more benefit from the

development activities and do not consider of others. Same situation has occurred in

Ghorepani village as the hotel owner are in favor of the trekking route whereas the local

ordinary people and students are in favor of the road way. Whichever development

project is implemented it cannot cover the interest of all the people.

Another point to conclude the study is that the sustainable developments require the

feasibility study and proper and detailed research. If the development activities lack the

pre study, it cannot be reliable and according to the will of the people. This situation has

been seen in the research site. Because of the lack of pre information and feasibility

study, the construction of the motor able roadway has to be limited up to Sikha in the

south and up to Thikhedhunga in the north of Ghorepani.

The imposed development activities cannot be long lasting and reliable. Development

should consider the people living in the local area because they are the people who have

to deal with that and they are the same people who are benefitted and hampered in the

long run. Though the development activities cannot cover the perspectives of all people,

it should take the consideration and try to search for an alternative method and ways.

32

Finally to conclude development is a continuous process and people slightly has to be and

is adopting the changes in spite if their efforts of preserving the local culture and their

local traditions and business. The mode of the development is changing in this globalized

scenario and people should react according to that. They need to develop and are

developing the new strategies and new programmers to sustain their business rather than

obstructing the modern development.

Recommendations

These are some recommendations that is given to many bodies and for the further research:

� The policy maker and the government should use the 'bottom-up' approach for the

development. the policies that has considered the views and points of the locals can be

more sustainable and effective.

� The villagers also should focus on the majority benefit of the development project rather

than just opposing the developmental activities. if the huge majority of the people are

infavour of the development the minority should sometimes adopt for the sake of the

community.

� ACAP should be more capable and should play the role of negotiator among the existing

bodies regarding the development in ACAP area.

� the researcher, who are doing the research in that area and who are planning to do

research in the site should provide the clear information and situation regarding the issue

which is very much helpful in planning the new developmental programmes in other

areas by using relevant and prescribed approach.

� The women's groups and other local bodies should play the role of negotiator for the

common interest. They should focus on the community development in long run.

33

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34

ANNEX-A

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CONFLICT PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES (DCPDS)

KATHMANDU, NEPAL

2012

"INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INDUCED CONFLICT"

QUESTIONAIRE:

Name: ……………………….. ………...………..… Age: ………………… Sex: ……………………….…

Religion: ……………………………. Address: …………………… Marital status: ……………………...

1. What do you think whether the roadway is needed here or not?

Very needed Needed Not needed Don't Know

2. What Do You Prefer?

Roadway Trekking Route Both

3. If Roadway? Why?

………………...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................

4. If Trekking Route? Why?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Have you noticed any change in the places where the roadway has been reached compared to

the virgin places? If yes, what kind of changes?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6. Who do you think are/ would be more benefitted by the roadway?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. Who do you think are more benefitted by the trekking routes?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8. Have the compensation of the estate given to the people while making the roadway on ones

estate?

Yes No Not Enough Don't Know

9. What kind of challenges do you think are prevailed to bring the roadway in the village?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

...........................................................................................................................................................

10. Do you see any problem or conflict while using the public Taps in the Village? If yes, specify.

35

………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

11. In your view, do the water facilities are enough for all the villagers?

…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12. How do the villagers solve any differences/ conflict emerged in the areas?

………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

13. Who do you think should be more responsible to solve the conflicts?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

14. Are you satisfied with the physical development of the area? If not, what do you think there

should be?

……………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

36

ANNEX- A

"INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT INDUCED CONFLICT"

Interview Schedule Date of Interview:-

SOCIO-DEMOGRAFIC FACTORS:

Name of the Respondent: ……………………...………..……………………………………………………………………………………...

Age: ………………… Sex: ……………………….…

Religion: ……………………………. Address: …………………… Marital status: ……………………...

1) Could you please describe the physical development of the area (Ghorepani)?

…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) What do you think whether the roadway is needed here or not? Why?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

...........................................................................................................................................................

3) Could you please say something about how the safe drinking water is brought in the village?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4) Do you see any conflict while using the water or any other public services? If yes, describe.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5) How the villagers are solving conflicts that are emerged in their daily life basis?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

37

ANNEX-B

RESPONDENTS DETAILS

S/

N

NAME AGE OCCUPATION RELIGION MARITAL

STATUS

FAMIL

Y(me

m)

ADDRESS EDUCATIONAL

STATUS

1 Mukti Pun 42 Social Worker Hindu Married 5 Tallo Ghorepani Literate

2 Chhitra

Pun

38 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 7 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

3 Kumari

Garbuja

30 Housewife Hindu Married 5 Upallo Ghorepani Illeterate

4 Kshiring

Sherpa

60 Housewife Buddhist Married 7 Tallo Ghorepani Illiterate

5 Hira B. Pun 47 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 6 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

6 Gom B.

Magar

41 Enterpriser Hindu Married 5 Saulibazzar Illiterate

7 Gyanu

Maya

Magar

36 Enterpriser Hindu Married 5 Saulibazzar Illiterate

8 Shiva

Baruwal

27 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 6 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

9 Binu Thapa 25 Nurse Hindu Unmarried 5 Nawalparasi/Upall

o Ghorepani

Literate

10 Nepa Pun 60 Housewife Hindu Married 6 Upallo Ghorepani Illiterate

11 Kamala

Pun

35 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 4 Upallo Ghorepani illiterate

12 Jugdevi

pun

45 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 7 Upallo Ghorepani Illiterate

13 Punisaga

Pun

40 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 6 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

14 Sita Bhatta 35 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 4 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

15 Gyan B.

Garbuja

45 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 7 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

16 Gita Pun 27 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 3 Upallo Ghorepani Literate

17 Lila Burja

Pun

30 Teacher Hindu Married 3 Chhitre Literate

18 Lal B.

Baruwal

59 Social Worker Hindu Married 5 Ghara Literate

19 Juna

Baruwal

47 Housewife Hindu Married 5 GHara Illiterate

20 Sakuntala

Shrestha

31 Hotel Owner Hindu Married 5 Daurali Literate

21 40 Police Officer Hindu Married 6 Ghorepani Literate

22 Ram kumar

BK

26 Agriculture Buddhist unmarried 8 Ghorepani Literate

23 Hari Bd.Giri 40 Agriculture Hindu Married 9 Sikha Literate

38

ANNEX- C

Some Glimpse and snaps during data collection

Researcher interacting with ACAP officer

Motor able road under construction

39

Small local level hydro power being constructed

Drinking Water facilities in Ghorepani; water tap constructed with Nepal- india cooperation

Locals carrying the mechine: arm power is the mode of transportation

40

Researcher collecting information from the respondents in Tallo Ghorepani

Researcher and other friends seeking information in healthpost

Researcher interviewing respondent