information system in libraries
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1 Nadia butt M. Phil 1307 Dr. Muhammad Rafiq Theoretical Foundations of Information Science
Transcript of information system in libraries
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Nadia butt M. Phil 1307
Dr. Muhammad RafiqTheoretical Foundations of Information Science
Outline
Why Information system is important?
Definitions BackgroundWhat is a CBIS?ComponentsTypesIS developmentRole of ISIS management conclusions
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Why IS is important to organizations?
• Managing the process of gathering, processing, storage and retrieval.
• To meet the information needs of the organization
• To save labor ,time and to somehow money.• Understand the role and relevance of an information system
• information systems are critical to business, and play a central role in supporting strategic, operational, managerial, and financial objectives
• Aids decision making. 3
Definitions
SystemInformationInformation systemsComputer based information system
Information technology
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Information
o Information is organized understandable data that has been converted into useful context for specific users.
o Information brings clarity and creates an intelligent human response in the mind
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information
“Information is data that has been processed into a form that is meaningful to the recipient and is of real perceived value in current or prospective action or decisions”
Davies and Olson,1985
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System
System is a set of interrelated components, with a clearly defined boundary, working together to achieve a common set of objectives.
( Marakas and O’brien, 2006)
a system is a collection of elements and procedures that interacts to accomplish a goal.
( Morley and Parker, 2009)
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System
Example UniversityInput; students, facultyprocessing mechanism;teaching,research
Output; graduatesGoal ;acquisition of knowledge
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Types of System
Closed system: stand- alone system has no connection with other systems.
Open system: system that interfaces with other system.
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Information System
.Information Systems is the study of how such systems store, process, manage and make information available for use. It is a fascinating field that also encompasses the socio-technical interface between systems and the people who use them.
(Witwatersrand Ins.)
Information system(IS) is a collection of elements and procedures that interact to generate information needed by the users in an organization or library
(Morley and Parker, 2009)
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Information System
An information system can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications networks, and data resources that stores and retrieve, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.
(Marakas and O'Brien,2006)
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Basic perspectives of ISInformation system has also been defined in terms of two perspectives:
1.Related to function 2.Related to structure
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Functional perspective
information system is a technologically implemented medium for the purpose of recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions as well as for the supporting of inference making.
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Structural perspective
From a structural perspective; an information system consists of a collection of people, processes, data, models, technology and partly formalized language, forming a cohesive structure which serves some organizational purpose or function.
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What Is A Computer-Based information system?
A computer-based information system (CBIS) is an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks.
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Information technology
“the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems". Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data.
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Glimpses from the Past
History of information processing
The processing information have been invented over the millennia.
o The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century.
o The invention of a mechanical calculator by Blaise Pascal in the 17th century .
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History of information processing
The first large-scale mechanical information system was Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator. Invented in time to process the 1890 U.S. census, Hollerith’s machine represented a major step in automation, as well as an inspiration to develop computerized information systems.
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History of information system
Since its inception in the mid- 1960s the IS field has made significance progress.
IS progress can be divided into two principal considerations:
Technology shifts
Theoretical shifts
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History of information system
Theoretical shifts: in early stage IS considered as “data processing”.
In next stage its considered as management
“management support”. At third stage they believe that IS situate organization in a competitive position.
IS thought to be strategic in today’s organization environment.
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year Main activity
Required skills
1970s Mainframe computers were usedComputers and data were centralizedSystems were tied to a few business functions: payroll, inventory, billing Main focus was to automate existing processes
Programming in COBOL
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Technological shifts
year Main activity Required skills
1980s PCs and LANs are installedDepartments set up own computer systemsEnd-user computing with Word Processors and Spreadsheets makes departments less dependent on the IT department Main focus is automating existing processes
PC support, basic networking
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Technological shifts
year Main activity
Required skills
1990s Wide Area Networks (WANs) become corporate standardsSenior management looks for system integration and data integration. Main focus is central control and corporate learning
Network support, systems integration, database administration
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Technological shifts
year main activity Required skills
2000s Wide Area Networks expand via the Internet to include global enterprises and business partners – supply chain and distributionSenior management looks for data sharing across systems.
Network support, systems integration
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Technological shifts
COMPONENTS & RESOURCES OF IS
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Components of information system
Components
1.Hardware: Hardware in the computer world, refers to the physical components that make up a computer system. . There are many different kinds of hardware that can be installed inside, and connected to the outside, of a computer.e.g.
MotherboardCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Random Access Memory (RAM)Power SupplyVideo Card, RFID chip,networkinterface cards
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components
2. Software: The term software refers to computer programs that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data. two major categories are; ---- system software
---- application software29
software
System software; programs, such as the operating system, that control the operation of a computer and its device, as well as enable application software to run on the PC.
operating system software helps to;
--------- configure your computer system
--------- managing files on your hard drive
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Software
Application software; programs that enable users to perform specific tasks on a computer such as viewing a web page, listening to download music files, checking the inventory of a particular product.
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Components
3.Data:Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information.
Like programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them.
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Components
4.Procedures:Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system.
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components
5.People:Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most over-looked element of the system are the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems
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Information System Resources and productsPeople Resources: Specialists; system analyst, software developers, system operators.
End users; anyone else who use information system.
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Information System Resources
Hardware Resources : Machines; computers, video monitors, printers, optical scanners. Media; floppy discks,optical disks, plastic cards
paper forms
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Information System Resources
Software Resources: Programs ; operating system programs, word processing programs,
Procedures; data entry procedures, paycheck distribution procedures, error correction procedures.
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Information System Resources and products
Data Resources; product descriptions, customer records, employee files, inventory databases.
Networks Resources; Communication media, communication processors, network access and control software.
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Information system model
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PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Foundation concepts: fundamental behavioral, technical,buisness and managerial concepts.
Information technology: hardware, software, networks, data management and internet based technology.
Business applications; major user of IS in the organizations
Development process: how to plan, develop and implement information system to meet opportunities
Management challenges; the challenges of effectively and ethically managing IT
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What should a professional know about information systems
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Model for professionals
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Performance model of an information system
Automation of Manual TasksHardware and Software IntegrationSupport of a Multi-Processing EnvironmentSystem PartitioningProvides Data for Decision Support Minimize information load Assemble, process store , retrieve, evaluate, and disseminate the information
To safeguard vital information.44
Role of information systemshow information system useful to organizations?
TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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Process control systems
Enterprise
collaboration system
Operational support system
Enterprise collaboration systems: Support team, workgroup and enterprise communications and collaboration.
• Examples'-mail, chat, videoconferences etc.
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Transaction Process Systems(TPS)
Transaction process support systems:o A transaction is an event that can occur as a series of steps, such as taking and fulfilling an order from a customer Process and record business transaction,
e.g. sales and inventory processing and accounting systems
Data processing system: Process day to day transaction
e.g. collect data on sold items by barcode scanner. 48
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Order entry in TPS
A management information system (MIS) is designed to provide information that is design for use by different types of managers.
This type of system can create reports that meet the needs of managers at different levels.
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Management information system
An MIS provides managers with information and support for effective decision making, and provides feedback on daily operations
Output, or reports, are usually generated through accumulation of transaction processing data.
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Management information system
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Relation ship of TPS & MIS
A decision support system collects various types of business data, and is used to generate special reports that help managers make decisions.
A decision support system may use data from a company's transaction processing system and from external sources, such as stock market reports, information about competitors, and so on.
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Decision support system
These reports use for future plans.These systems provide highly tailored, structured reports that can be used for very specific business situations.
e.g. advertising manager DSS provide
Special assistant and give them right picture of business situations then managers decide where should he spend money
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Decision support system
These are knowledge based information system
That support the creation, organization, and dissemination of business knowledge to employees and managers.
e.g. customer problem resolution system, access to best business practices, sales proposal strategies.
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Knowledge management systems
Office information system
Office Information SystemsOffice Information Systems provide information to the organization and employ that is not directly available from operational support systems. Often this is textual data. it may called as:
Office automationUser productivity support system
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Office automation systems
Office automation systems are used to automate routine office tasks, such as the creation of documents, billing, and others.
In some office systems, commercial software may be customized to perform specific tasks, but this is not always necessary.
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Office systems are use by virtually all employees.
Examples of office systems are:Document processing systemDocument management system
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Office automation systems
An expert system is a specialized information system that performs tasks normally done by people, such as making decisions.
Expert systems are used to approve bank loans, make large-scale purchasing decisions, and assist with medical diagnoses.
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Expert system
Expert systems rely on huge, detailed database(knowledge bases). Special software, called an inference engine, analyzes data to answer questions or make choices.
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Expert systems
Geographic information systems (GISs)Enables managers to pair pre-drawn maps or map outlines with tabular data to describe aspects of a particular geographic region
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Geographical information system
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Who uses information system?
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CYCLE(SDLC)
A system development project typically contains the following six steps or phases.
Phase 1:Preliminary investigationPhase 2:System analysisPhase3:System designPhase 4:System acquisitionPhase 5:System implementationPhase 6:operation and maintenance
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Development of information system
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Development of information system
Automation of Manual TasksHardware and Software IntegrationSupport of a Multi-Processing EnvironmentSystem PartitioningProvides Data for Decision Support Minimize information load Assemble, process store , retrieve, evaluate, and disseminate the information
To safeguard vital information.66
Role of information systemshow information system useful to organizations?
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SCOPE
A key component of the resources, infrastructure, and capabilities of today’s networked organizations.
A vital ingredient in developing competitive products and services that give an organization a strategic advantage in the global market place.
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Scope of IS
IS also taught as an discipline’An important contributor to operational efficiency, employee productivity, customer service and satisfaction.
A dynamic, rewarding, and challenging career opportunity for different people in business organization.
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scope of IS
conclusions
IS a collection of people, process and technology and useful in organization for managing information needs. in today's life people like to go with automatic and up-to-date systematic things, therefore IS becomes basic component for the success of organizations, in fact business organizations use IS as competitive weapons.
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THANK YOU
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